Organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs) can incorporate gate-modulated electrical switching functions and light-emitting characteristics in a single device, which has attracted great interest from both academia and industry. Among these, OLETs with ambipolar materials have the capability of transporting both holes and electrons depending on the applied voltages, and they commonly demonstrate higher emission efficiency than unipolar devices. The light emission zone can be adjusted in the channel by modulating the gate and source–drain voltages. Well-balanced carrier mobilities between holes and electrons are thus preferred. Meanwhile, the state of highly efficient OLETs with ambipolar materials and a plausible method to solve some problems have been demonstrated. This chapter mainly concentrates on device physics and architectures in the progression of ambipolar OLETs, including devices made from thin films, single crystals, heterojunction structures and perovskite semiconductors, for the purpose of providing a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic mechanisms of ambipolar OLETs.


The challenge of video grounding - localizing activities in an untrimmed video via a natural language query - is to tackle the semantics of vision and language consistently along the temporal dimension. Most existing proposal-based methods are trapped by computational cost with extensive candidate proposals. In this paper, we propose a novel proposal-free framework named Contextual Pyramid Network (CPNet) to investigate multi-scale temporal correlation in the video. Specifically, we propose a pyramid network to extract 2D contextual correlation maps at different temporal scales (T*T, T/2*T/2, T/4*T/4), where the 2D correlation map (past to current & future to current) is designed to model all the relations of any two moments in the video. In other words, CPNet progressively replenishes the temporal contexts and refines the location of queried activity by enlarging the temporal receptive fields. Finally, we implement a temporal self-attentive regression (i.e., proposal-free regression) to predict the activity boundary from the above hierarchical context-aware 2D correlation maps. Extensive experiments on ActivityNet Captions, Charades-STA, and TACoS datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods.


We aimed to screen the feature genes related to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The datasets (GSE73378 and GSE36791) were downloaded from National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Limma package in R was used to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Single sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm was used to evaluate the type of immune infiltration. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were used to analyze function of DEGs. The support vector machine (SVM) was used to constructed classifier, which was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves. The E‑TABM‑421 was used to verify the DEGs related to immunity and the classifier. Seven types of immune cells with significant differences were screened, such as activated CD8 T cell and center memory CD4 T cell. We then obtained 408 DEGs related to immune cell. Subsequently, 10 overlapped KEGG pathways related to the DEGs were obtained, such as hematopoietic cell lineage, NOD‑like receptor signaling pathway and T cell receptor signaling pathway. Finally, 9 DEGs related to immune cells (CCL5, CD27, CD3D, CREB5, FYN, ITPR3, TAB1, NCR3 and S1PR5) were screened to constructed SVM classifier. The area under the curve was 0.865 in training dataset and the AUC was 0.75 in the validation set. A SVM classifier based on the 9 DEGs (CCL5, CD27, CD3D, CREB5, FYN, ITPR3, TAB1, NCR3 and S1PR5) related to immune cells might effectively identify SAH patients or healthy people.


A solvothermal process can be define as a chemical reaction in a close system involving different reactants in presence of a solvent (aqueous or non aqueous) at a temperature higher than its boiling temperature. Consequently pressure is involved. Two different cases are possible :(i) pressure is autogeneous and closely dependent of the percentage of filling for the reaction vessel and of temperature, (ii) pressure is imposed. Solvothermal processes are governed by different key factors : (i) the composition of the reactants, (ii) the nature of the solvent (in particular its physico-chemical properties), (iii) the additives used and (iv) the thermodynamical parameters : temperature and pressure. The main objective being to control the chemical mechanisms governing the preparation of the target material the selection of the key parameters is an important challenge for Solvothermal processes. Solvothermal processes have been developed in different scientific fields as : (i) the synthesis of novel materials -in particular metastable materials with specific physical properties-, (ii) the crystal growth of functional materials for industrial applications, (iii) the preparation of nano-crystallites well defined in size and morphology and nano-composite systems, (iv) the deposition of thin nano-structured films... During these last fifteen years, pressure was in the major cases an autogeneous pressure (pressure developed in the reaction vessel by only the thermal expansion of the liquid phase versus temperature). An important challenge for the near future is to evaluate how pressure parameter can help the control of the reaction mechanisms governing the formation of the target product.


Ben and the Ghost is a story for Year 3/P4 guided and independent reading. This book is part of Story Street. RRNN Book Band RR9. Story Street titles inspire a lasting enjoyment in reading for all children from ages 4-7. For ages 7-11, Streetwise offers thrilling and absorbing novels and short story collections by exceptional authors. Story Street is part of Literacy Land which includes fiction, a range of genres and non-fiction for ages 4-11.


Using the experimental technique developed during earlier work on the binaural threshold (Hughes 1938), the effect on the monaural threshold of subliminal notes has now been investigated. It was hoped that the experiments, when carried out with two notes of various frequency differences, would yield information on the extent to which the cochlear resonators postulated by the resonance theory could be influenced by notes of frequencies different from their natural frequencies, and thus permit the determination of the amount of damping to which they were subject. It was anticipated that the threshold of a note of given frequency would be lowered by the simultaneous application to the ear of a second subliminal note provided that the two frequencies were not too far apart. In practice it was found that no matter how different the frequencies, a process of central summation produced such lowering of threshold. The purely physical question of what range of resonators in the cochlea responds to a given exciting tone cannot therefore be investigated in this way. The lowering of threshold of one ear due to simultaneous subliminal stimulation of the other (Hughes 1938) made it of interest to investigate the case when the note applied to the second ear is audible. Previous workers (e.g. Harvey Fletcher 1929) have shown that when a " masking tone" is well above threshold no change of contralateral threshold is produced. The experimental results described below bear this out in a general way, but the presence of a weak audible tone causes so much difficulty in determining the contralateral threshold that it is not possible to find any critical intensity at which summation ceases. When, however, the two notes were in unison a rise in this threshold occurred, the explanation of which is discussed later.


This study aims to analyze the educational practices in the professional training of university students regarding violence against women.This descriptive, exploratory study utilized a qualitative approach, addressing eight university students from a public institution. The study used a semi-structured interview, and the statements were recorded and transcribed in full. Data analysis was conducted through content analysis. It was observed that most students said they had not studied violence in undergraduate programs.By enabling the development of skills to deal with abused women, the educational practices of the extension project are significant to the learning process, contributing to academic and professional development, despite the difficulties encountered during these activities. Therefore, it is concluded that academics and professionals should be trained in a multidisciplinary way to work within the community in the care of victims of violence.


Ginger, Zingiber officinale is one of the most cultivated spices in the world. Therefore its production is often subject to high pest and disease pressures, particularly that of plant parasitic nematodes. For the sustainable management of parasitic nematodes of ginger, a trial was conducted at Agronomic Research Station of the Graduate School of Agronomy at the University of Lomé to assess the efficacy of some organo-mineral fertilizers on parasitic nematodes. An organic manure based on house waste valorization in three doses (0tha -1 ; 15tha-1 and 25tha-1 ) and five mineral fertilizer formulations from simple mineral fertilizers (Urea 46%, the chloride of potassium and the triple superphosphate): N0P0K0; N45P15K60; N70P50K50; N90P30K100 and N125P90K100) were used according to a split plot design. The inventory of the nematodes permitted to count five genders of nematodes: Meloidogyne; Xiphinema; Longidorus; Helicotylenchus and Pratylenchus. The results indicated that an input of 25 tons of organic manure associated with mineral fertilizer of N70P50K50 and N125P90K100 reduce nematode density by up to 58.62% in roots and 95.88% in soil compared to the treatment without manure and mineral fertilizer. The yield of fresh rhizomes vary from 2.9 to 7.7 t/ha with little statistically effects of the manures. This study reveals that nematodes constitute a serious phytosanitary problem for ginger and that the contribution of organo-mineral fertilization makes it possible to reduce the density of nematodes under ginger.


Localization of adenylate cyclase (ACLase) activity was studied in biopsies of diseased human myocardium by means of electron microscopic cytochemistry. Five right and seven left ventricular biopsy specimens were obtained from patients with idiopathic dilated (3 cases) and hypertrophic (3 cases) cardiomyopathies, various acquired (3 cases) and congenital (1 case) heart diseases, and other heart diseases (2 cases). Catecholamine-stimulated ACLase activity was assessed relative to the fine structure of cardiocytes. The most intense ACLase activity was found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), but activity was also present in the sarcolemma. The enzyme activity was present in a wide morphologic spectrum of components of the SR, including junctional SR of internal and peripheral coupling (12 cases), free SR in association with myofibrils (6 cases), and free SR in association with mitochondria (5 cases). ACLase activity in junctional SR in the human myocardium resembles the findings in hearts of other mammalian species. The enzyme activity in human myocardial SR may represent a local regulatory function of the ACLase-cyclic AMP-phosphodiestrerase system in the SR components.


Information theoretic properties of flat fading channels with multiple antennas are investigated. Perfect channel knowledge at the receiver is assumed. Expressions for maximum information rates and outage probabilities are derived. The advantages of transmitter channel knowledge are determined and a critical threshold is found beyond which such channel knowledge gains very little. Asymptotic expressions for the error exponent are found. For the case of transmit diversity closed form expressions for the error exponent and cutoff rate are given. The use of orthogonal modulating signals is shown to be asymptotically optimal in terms of information rate.


Effects of coupling distance on synchronization and coherence of chaotic neurons in complex networks are numerically investigated. We find that it is not beneficial to neurons synchronization if confining the coupling distance of random edges to a limit dmax, but help to improve their coherence. Moreover, there is an optimal value of dmax at which the coherence is maximum.


Movements and activity patterns were compared for caribou ( Rangifer tarandus granti ) near two active drilling sites on the periphery of the Prudhoe Bay oilfield and for caribou from a control site. Caribou on the experimental and control sites had similar movement rates and activity budgets, but many localized responses to the roads, pipelines, vehicle traffic, and other structures and activities were observed. Insect harassment had an appreciable effect on caribou movements and activity budgets. Groups harassed by insects moved approximately twice as fast and spent at least 50% less time lying and feeding than did unharassed groups. Of the 99 groups that approached a road, pipeline, and/or drill site, 70.7% crossed directly, 19.2% detoured around the drill site, and 10.1% reversed direction and left the study area. No evidence was found that caribou cows and calves were avoiding the area because of drilling operations. Key words: caribou, Rangifer tarandus granti , movements, disturbance, insect harassment, Prudhoe Bay, petroleum development


Silicon- or silicon nitride-based microclips have recently been developed to hold optical fibres in micro-optical systems for high optical coupling efficiency. The fabrication process is simple, with one or two lithographic steps required on a thin film deposited on a silicon substrate. Single-mode optical fibres are inserted and held in position in V-shaped grooves etched in silicon substrates by the cantilever clips protruding from the edges of the V grooves. As the fibre core is, in general, either level with or above the silicon surface, the clips are deflected by the fibre and act as springs holding the fibres kinematically in place. Ideally, the mass and thickness of the film clips should be minimized. However, the design of the microclips is faced with apparent contradicting constraints: on the one hand, the clips need to be sufficiently flexible for fibre connections and disconnections; on the other hand, they need to be sufficiently stiff so that the clamping force exerted on the fibres is reliable. Additional problems that must be addressed in designing the clips include substrate spalling and interfacial debonding due to stress concentrations at the clip-substrate joint. In this work the optimal thickness, mass and shape of the fibre-holding clips are studied with an effective optimization procedure, called `metamorphic development' (MD). This procedure, coupled with the method of finite elements, aims at finding structural shapes and topologies of the microclips that minimize their structural compliance and weight, subject to stress and deflection constraints. It allows the clips to grow and degenerate from the simplest possible start-up geometry towards an optimum topological layout.


Conditionally sampled, ensemble-averaged velocity measurements, made with a laser velocimeter, were taken in the flowfield over the rear half of an 18°70thick circular arc airfoil at zero incidence tested at M= 0.76 and at a Reynolds number based on chord of !1 × 10 6. Data for one cycle of periodic unsteady flow having a reduced frequency f of 0.49 are analyzed. A series of compression waves, which develop in the early stages of the cycle, strengthen and coalesce into a strong shock wave that moves toward the airfoil leading edge. A thick shear layer forms downstream of the shock wave. The kinetic energy and shear stresses increase dramatically, reach a maximum when dissipation and diffusion of the turbulence exceed production, and then decrease substantially. The response time of the turbulence to the changes brought about by the shock-wave passage upstream depends on the shock-wave strength and position in the boundary layer. The cycle completes itself when the shock wave passes the midchord, weakens, and the shear layer collapses. Remarkably good comparisons are found with computations that employ the time-dependent Reynolds averaged form of the Navier-Stokes equations using an algebraic eddy viscosity model, developed for steady flows. comparisons with with a length of current predictive


Polygonatum cirrhifolium commonly known as Sobnyam in Kinnaur is rich source of starch, pectin, protein and fiber content. In the present study, two accessions of P. cirrhifolium belonging to family Asparagaceae were studied for male meiosis from the cold desert region of Kinnaur. Both the accessions showed the presence of 16 bivalents (based on x=8) at diakinesis and metaphase, which is in conformity with the previous reports. Earlier, floristic diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants was studied by various workers, but the cytological study along with the meiotic abnormalities in the species has been carried out for the first time from the study area. Therefore, there is need to generate awareness among the local people regarding the conservation and utilization of medicinal plants.


M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography are now firmly established as routine noninvasive diagnostic procedures in cardiac patients. Echocardiography is particularly useful in elderly patients because most forms of heart disease affecting this age-group produce typical echocardiographic patterns. Notable examples include idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, mitral stenosis, mitral anulus calcification, various forms of mitral regurgitation, and aortic valve calcification and stenosis. Echocardiography can often provide information that could previously only be obtained by cardiac catheterization; it also helps in screening elderly cardiac patients so as to select those in whom more drastic procedures and perhaps surgery are really necessary.


The major English physical contact verbs strike, hit and beat are compared with their primary Swedish translation equivalent sla on the basis of data from the English-Swedish Parallel Corpus. The analysis is carried out within two theoretical frameworks concerning the underlying conceptual representation and the linguistic cues that can be used for word sense identification. In addition to a rather detailed account of points of contrast in the fairly extensive patterns of polysemy that are characteristic of the verbs, an attempt is made to provide a general characterisation in contrastive terms. In comparison with the English verbs, the conceptual representation of sla is grounded more firmly in sensorimotor experience and the fact that hitting prototypically is a hand action. As in other languages such as Chinese, the main verb of hitting in Swedish has extended senses that refer to other types of hand actions. With respect to word sense identification, the semantic classification of the subject and object is a prominent cue for the distinction between the major meanings of the main physical contact verbs but to various degrees in English and Swedish. Several examples are also given of cases where linguistic cues are not sufficient and disambiguation must be based on topical or pragmatic information.


The core matter in education lies in values. Values pose as the spirit of each process and educational result. Therefore, without any value, education has left its spirit. Philosophically, values lie behind an empirical phenomenon. Values are neutral and are not bound to any actor, space, and time.
Each educational process is an empirical phenomenon wherein value is included. It is an appropriate means to plant a moral value to students. Generally, every teacher and parent knows well the importance of moral values for students or children; however, most of them do not know the way how to plant or develop the values to their students or children. The gap is one of problems that should be overcome by boarding school system.
The problems in this study were as follows: (1) why did moral values become the basic principles of education in Abu Bakar Islamic integrated junior high school (SMP Islam Terpadu), Yogyakarta?; (2) what values were planted and developed in the school and how is the implementation?; (3) how was the appropriateness of boarding school system for value education?
This study was done and designed in a line with principles of field research using naturalistic approach. Therefore, the object was placed within a double construction and was seen in the natural context holistically. The source was determined in a way of snowball and purposive. For the understanding of meaning, follow your nose was used. Data were collected through in-depth interview, observation, dialog, and documentation. Various techniques were used in order to do check and recheck of data so that reliable data were obtained. Besides, additional time for data collection was done to get more convincing information, especially toward those unconvincing ones. Observation, cross-check of peer's data through discussion, and member check were performed as triangulation steps. Data gathered were then followed by steps of description, reduction, and selection. Data analysis was done using descriptive-qualitative analysis.
The results of the study can be presented as follows: first, SMP Islam Terpadu Abu Bakar made values as the basic principle of education because the school prioritizes the education of character (akhlak) for the students, prioritizes academic achievement and develops students' skills in accordance with students' talent and interest. Basic principle of education is written in the school vision, mission and goals. Second, moral values planted and developed within students' mental were values contained in guide book theoretically covered in 67 moral values integrated incurricular activity, co-curricular, and extra-curricular in school, dormitory, and the surrounding. Practically, there are 40 moral values done by students in their daily life at school. Third. pattern of value education done in the school were in a line with the concept of basic value education constructed in this study that included goals of value education, basis, approach, strategy, and the way the students received values and value awareness. Pattern of value education developed in the school covered six components: (i) educational guide for moral values, (ii) curriculum of integrated value education, (iii) specific materials of value education, (iv) principles of moral value education, (v) implementation exercises of morals and akhlak building, and mental transformation. Fourth, theoretical and practical implementation of value education as a study finding included things as follows: (1) theoretically components of educational guide and analysis of moral values consisted of basis and goals of value education, while practically moral values planted and developed to students were based on moral values contained in guide book and were adjusted with mission, vision, and goals as well as basis of value education, (2) theoretically components of principles of value education ethic included approach of value education, while practically value education was executed though examples, guidance, aids, development, and making of moral decision, (3) theoretically components of value implementation exercises and akhlak building as well as mental transformation included identification dynamics and internalization of value education, while practically value education was conducted in real activities such as praying together, zikir ma'surat together, and night reflection (muhasabah), and (4) theoretically components of curriculum and material included strategy, method, and technique as well as the way ho to receive values while practically value education could be chosen and programmed in a line with the expected output and output.
Fifth, implementation of boarding school system was appropriate with implementation of value education as follows: (i) boarding school as an institution of value education, (ii) tradition and history of boarding school posed as a guidance of character education in many schools and gave positive impacts for those schools, (iii) generally community understood boarding school system as independence education, (iv) education of boarding school system strived to avoid scientific dichotomy and prevent students from being split personality, and (v) educational service and guidance given to students were generally better and were full of moral value teaching.
Theoretically, the results of this study can give contribution toward the emergence of theory or new concept that is believed to enrich theory in Islamic education, especially in moral education relevant with moral of Indonesian culture. Practically, these study results can be an alternative reference of current educational system problems and as an offer methodologically of value education with boarding school system.


"Now, let us move to our conversation — please name characteristics of a parable". On questions students are asked during their high school oral leaving exam in PolishIn the article I present the results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 149 questions asked by teachers during 30 high school oral leaving exams in Polish. In this I use the classification formulated by Elizabeth Perrott, who, taking into account Benjamin Bloom's "taxonomy of educational objectives", has proposed a division of the questions by the type of thinking process launched during answering, distinguishing lower-level questions recall, understanding, application and higher-level questions analysis, synthesis and evaluation.The article consists of two main parts. In part one I present the category of question from pragmatic, grammatical and didactic perspectives; in part two I discuss the results of a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the question, which unequivocally demonstrates that examiners overuse lower-level questions over 70 percent in the studied material.


A quasi-optical beam steering multilayer lens with scanning in E -plane is analyzed. A full-wave mathematical model is developed to predict the scanning characteristics of the lens. The model is used to optimize the performance of a three-bit beam steering lens. It is demonstrated that the calculated conversion coefficients for the optimized lens are better than -2.1 dB in the frequency band from 27.5 to 32.5 GHz for transmission elevation angles up to 28°. A two-bit lens that corrects the phase front at the aperture of a short .E-plane sectoral horn has been designed, fabricated and tested to verify the model. Measured radiation pattern of the E -plane sectoral horn with correcting lens agrees well with the predictions based on the model.


Visible light positioning (VLP) is a promising indoor localization system in which light emitting diode (LED) luminaires are used as positioning beacons. Data communication is an essential aspect of any VLP system, as each luminaire must transmit information about its own location to the receiver. The quadrature angular diversity aperture (QADA) is a new receiver designed specifically for VLP systems using angle-of-arrival estimation. Previous QADA research has focused only on positioning and assumed error-free communication. In this paper, we investigate, via simulations and experiment, the actual communication characteristics of a VLP system that uses a QADA receiver. We calculate the signal-to-noise ratio and bit-error-rates for a range of scenarios and demonstrate the impact of the dimensions of the receiver. We show that reliable communication is assured in typical operating scenarios, proving that communication will not be a limiting factor when using QADA in VLP systems.


One of the greatest challenges in making optimistic synchronization techniques such as Time Warp practical tools is making state saving efficient and easy to use. State saving is necessary so that when optimistic execution is found to be out of order, rollback can be used to recover an earlier execution state. Previous work has shown that the most robust and efficient technique for saving state is to incrementally save copies of small parts of the state at the point that they are modified. Unfortunately, this requires sig nificant programmer intervention to insert additional code. In this paper, C++ language extensions for trans parent incremental state saving are presented. Operator overloading and type parameterization are used to incrementally save basic data types. Building on this, two new type-specifiers, "recover" and "nourecover" are described. They allow a single declaration to specify, for example, that all the member variables of a class are to be state saved, and for all the resulting state saving calls to be automatically generated. Issues, including how these specifiers interact with class inheritance and function declarations are examined and solved.


Click-through rates are still the de facto measure of Internet advertising effectiveness. Unfortunately, click-through rates have plummeted. This decline prompts two critical questions: (1) Why do banner ads seem to be ineffective and (2) what can advertisers do to improve their effectiveness? To address these questions, we utilized an eye-tracking device to investigate online surfers' attention to online advertising. Then we conducted a large-scale survey of Internet users' recall, recognition, and awareness of banner advertising. Our research suggests that the reason why click-through rates are low is that surfers actually avoid looking at banner ads during their online activities. This implies that the larger part of a surfer's processing of banners will probably be done at the pre-attentive level. If such is the case, click-through rate is an ineffective measure of banner ad performance. Our research also shows that banner ads do have an impact on traditional memory-based measure of effectiveness. Thus, we claim that advertisers should rely more on traditional brand equity measures such as brand awareness and advertising recall. Using such measures, we show that repetition affects unaided advertising recall, brand recognition, and brand awareness and that a banner's message influences both aided advertising recall and brand recognition.


Recent findings showed the role of late-night eating in metabolic disorders, highlighting the importance of meal timing for health. No evidence is available on the role of meal timing for longevity. The aim of this study was to survey, in a cross-sectional study, meal timing and dietary habits of 68 nonagenarians and centenarians of the Abruzzo region, Italy. Results showed an early dinner (7:13 p.m.) and a calorie restriction lapse of 17.5 h between dinner and the following lunch. The frequency of consumption was high for cereals, vegetables, fruits, and legumes; low for meat, processed meat, and eggs; and negligible for sweets. Subjects were physically active throughout life. Our results support the importance of a daily caloric restriction lapse, hampering nocturnal postprandial stress and optimizing metabolic response, associated with high consumption of plant-based foods and physical activity for the longevity of centenarians from Abruzzo.


Teleost fish have been shown to contain many superfamilies of transposable elements (TEs) that are absent from most tetrapod genomes. Since theories predict an increase in TE activity following polyploidization, such diversity might be linked to the 3R whole-genome duplication that occurred approximately 300 million years ago before the teleost radiation. To test this hypothesis, we have analyzed the genome of the spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus, which diverged from the teleost lineage before the 3R duplication. Our results indicate that TE diversity and copy numbers are similar in gar and teleost genomes, suggesting that TE diversity was ancestral and not linked to the 3R whole-genome duplication. We propose that about 25 distinct superfamilies of TEs were present in the last ancestor of gars and teleost fish about 300 million years ago in the ray-finned fish lineage.


The recognition of the origin of cardiomyocytes are of critical consequence for the development of strategies capable of enhancing the growth response of the myocardium; in fact, cell therapy for the decompensated heart must be based on the acquisition of this fundamental biological knowledge areas. Cardiomyocytes are belonging to the family of muscle cells; however, they are highly different from other muscle cells in the human body. For instance, they lack my satellite cells that are associated with regular muscle cells and are used for repair and healing. Additionally, cardiomyocytes are typically imposed branch out whereas regular muscle cells are do not and instead form singular fibers.


Introduction Continuous Veno Venous Haemofiltration (CVVH) is the extracorporeal renal support therapy of choice in PICU at OLCHC.1 It is an extracorporeal blood treatment where ≤8% of patients blood is passed through a haemofilter. It removes fluid and waste products from the body in a gradual and controlled way avoiding massive fluid shifts.2 CVVH in PICU OLCHC CVVH in OLCHC has seen a considerable expansion over the last 5 years. There are currently 21 CVVH specialists, including a CVVH co-ordinator in post. 2–3 specialists are on duty every shift which ensures continuous service availability. CVVH specialists require 60 pump hours/year to maintain competency. Wet labs are used to facilitate training. CVVH is provided using the Aquarius® which offers a paediatric mode, a safer therapy choice in children (Nikkiso, Co, Ltd). Results The CVVH service has progressively developed, as is evident in Figure 1. In 2011, 8 patients were supported with CVVH with a run time of 639 h, by 2013 this number increased to 15 patients and the run time had tripled. Discussion The progressive increase in patients supported with this therapy mirrors its remarkable growth internationally. CVVH is the most dominant form of artificial renal support in Australian and European critical care, and its role as adjuvant therapy in sepsis is attracting increased focus.3 Conclusion CVVH activity is increasing at our institution, facilitated by a competent and flexible team of CVVH specialists. Future adequately powered multivariate logistic regression analysis should address outcomes of patients supported on CVVH. Abstract PO-0788 Figure 1 Abstract PO-0788 Figure 2


An analysis of magnetic anisotropy in RCo 5 compounds is performed with account of screening of ion point charges by conduction electrons. A crucial role of non-uniform distribution of screening electrons (the terms containing derivatives of charge density) is demonstrated. Influence of anisotropy of screening, that is connected with the anisotropy of the Fermi surface, on the magnetic anisotropy sign is discussed.


This thesis reports on a study of the lived experience of men who became fathers for the first time in their 40s and 50s. It is therefore study of 'older fatherhood'. As interest in fatherhood has grown over the last 40-plus years there has been little attention paid to the increasing trend towards men becoming fathers at more advanced ages (in their 40s, 50s' and beyond) . There is limited evidence of what it is like to be an 'older father'. This contrasts with comparable parental experiences such as younger fatherhood and older motherhood, both of which have been extensively explored.

Employing interpretative phenomenological analysis, the experiences of ten men who became fathers for the first time in their 40s or 50s are examined. Semi-structured interviews with these older fathers generated a body of data which, when subjected to analysis, produced rich and evocative findings. The process of analysis focused on the meanings the men ascribed to the experience of older fatherhood. Close, interpretative engagement with the data ensured that participants' voices remained at the heart of both the analytic process and subsequent findings.

The men who participated in this study portrayed a positive, optimistic experience of fatherhood; each demonstrating that being an older father contributed to his individual paternal identity. However, they also showed that ambiguity and uncertainty lay at the heart of that experience. Participants encountered uncertain social attitudes towards older fatherhood and were concerned for its impact on their children's lives.

The findings and conclusions presented in this thesis complement, enhance and assist the interpretation of existing evidence concerning the lives of fathers, families and children and thus contribute to the broader field of fatherhood research.


Whole-genome comparisons of Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa and V. vinifera subsp. sylvestris are expected to provide a better estimate of the valuable genetic diversity still present in grapevine, and help to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a major crop worldwide. To this aim, the increase of molecular marker density across the grapevine genome is fundamental. Here we describe the SNP discovery in a grapevine germplasm collection of 51 cultivars and 44 wild accessions through a novel protocol of restriction-site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing. By resequencing 1.1% of the grapevine genome at a high coverage, we recovered 34K BamHI unique restriction sites, of which 6.8% were absent in the 'PN40024' reference genome. Moreover, we identified 37,748 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 93% of which belonged to the 19 assembled chromosomes with an average of 1.8K SNPs per chromosome. Nearly half of the SNPs fell in genic regions mostly assigned to the functional categories of metabolism and regulation, whereas some nonsynonymous variants were identified in genes related with the detection and response to environmental stimuli. SNP validation was carried-out, showing the ability of RAD-seq to accurately determine genotypes in a highly heterozygous species. To test the usefulness of our SNP panel, the main diversity statistics were evaluated, highlighting how the wild grapevine retained less genetic variability than the cultivated form. Furthermore, the analysis of Linkage Disequilibrium (LD) in the two subspecies separately revealed how the LD decays faster within the domesticated grapevine compared to its wild relative. Being the first application of RAD-seq in a diverse grapevine germplasm collection, our approach holds great promise for exploiting the genetic resources available in one of the most economically important fruit crops.


Abstract Continental shelves are the key interfaces between terrestrial sediment source areas and deep-sea depositional systems, promoting the transfer of sediment across continental margins. Work on shelves in the context of entire continental-margin sediment-routing systems has focused on their importance as capacitors of sediment during several to tens of thousands of years of post-glacial shoreline transgression and sea-level highstand. We demonstrate that the tectonically active Oceanside shelf offshore southern California has served as an efficient conveyor of sediment from land to the deep sea during millennia of significant climatic fluctuations. This conveyance is a result of littoral drift of sediment to canyon heads at narrow segments of the shelf. We compare insights from the Oceanside shelf to other shelves across the tectonically active Pacific margin of the United States, and demonstrate the importance of shelf width, climatic forcings and timescale of observation in assessing the role of shelves as sediment capacitors or conveyors.


We study the problem of differentially private constrained maximization of decomposable submodular functions. A submodular function is decomposable if it takes the form of a sum of submodular functions. The special case of maximizing a monotone, decomposable submodular function under cardinality constraints is known as the Combinatorial Public Projects (CPP) problem (Papadimitriou, Schapira, and Singer 2008). Previous work by Gupta et al. (2010) gave a differentially private algorithm for the CPP problem.
We extend this work by designing differentially private algorithms for both monotone and non-monotone decomposable submodular maximization under general matroid constraints, with competitive utility guarantees. We complement our theoretical bounds with experiments demonstrating improved empirical performance.


The present analysis derives a stability criterion for long‐term equilibrium channel heads. The concept of finite perturbation analysis is presented, during which the surface is subjected to perturbations of a finite amplitude and resulting changes in flow path structure and slope are computed. Based on these quantities the analysis predicts whether the perturbed location is going to erode, be filled in or remain steady. The channel head is defined geometrically as the focus point of converging flow lines at the bottom of hollows. It is demonstrated that stability at the channel head grows out of the competition between the rate of flow path convergence and the degree of profile concavity. Analytical functions are derived to compute channel head‐contributing area and ‐slope, flow path convergence and profile concavity as a function of perturbation depth, distance from the crest and the initial slope. In a numerical model these quantities point to the long‐term equilibrium channel head position, which is shown to depend also on the width to length ratio of hollows. It is also demonstrated that the equilibrium channel head position is sensitive to the base‐level lowering/non‐dimensional slope length ratio and to the slope of the initial topography. Morphometrical measurements both in the field and on simulated topographies were used to test the theoretical predictions.


Human articular chondrocytes lose their native phenotype when expanded in traditional monolayer cultures. As a consequence, hydrogel encapsulation has been investigated as a means to maintain the natural phenotype. Alginate has been widely used for cartilage engineering as it has been shown to enable the recovery of a native collagen type II expressing chondrocyte phenotype. This study has evaluated whether the capacity of the materials to maintain/revert the phenotype is due to the composition of the material or the physical entrapment provided by the gel. To achieve this, an alginate "fluid gel" (a shear-thinning structured gel system) was produced of identical chemistry to a traditionally gelled alginate structure. Both were seeded with passaged primary human articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes in quiescent alginate showed the recovery of the native phenotype and a spherical morphology. Chondrocytes in alginate fluid gel were unable to maintain the recovered phenotype despite having a spherical morphology and were shown to have a lower level of entrapment than those in quiescent alginate. These findings indicate that geometric entrapment is essential for the maintenance of a recovered chondrocyte phenotype in alginate.


Objectives: This study describes an intradermal injection technique for reducing bleeding during a percutaneous dilatation tracheotomy (PDT).Methods: Fifty-two consecutively recruited patients who underwent PDTs were analysed in a prospective study that was conducted between May 2019 and January 2020. This is a prospective study and fifty-two patients who underwent PDT were recruited from May 2019 to January 2020. They were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group. The patients in the observation group accepted the execution of the intradermal injection technique during their local anaesthesia. A comparison was made between the two groups' intraoperative bleeding, postoperative bleeding, operation time and length of incision.Results: A total of 52 patients were enrolled in this study, 33 males (63.5%) and 19 females. The mean age was 63.0±9.9 years, with the patients' age ranging from 45 to 80 years. The mean BMI was 29.2±5.1 kg/m2. There was no significant difference in gender, age, BMI index and whether they had an endotracheal tube between the two groups (P > 0.05). The observation group's intraoperative bleeding was less than that of control group (χ2 = 8.308, P = 0.009). There was no significant difference in operation time between the two groups (t = -0.904, P = 0.372). There was no PDT-related death.Conclusion: The intradermal injection technique can be used to effectively and safely reduce bleeding during PDTs. This technique provides a lower intraoperative bleeding grade without increased the procedure's duration.


Abstract Eliassen-Palm cross sections and residual meridional circulations are presented for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for summer and winter based on the data of Newell et al. (1972, 1974). The cross sections are similar to those presented by Edmon et al. (1980) for the Northern Hemisphere except that, in the Southern Hemisphere, there is much less variation between summer and winter than in the Northern Hemisphere.


The direct effects of a renin inhibitor, N-acetyl-pepstatin and five angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, captopril and the active diacid forms of enalapril, ramipril, cilazapril, and CS-622, on the vascular renin-angiotensin system were examined in isolated perfused rat mesenteric arteries. Vascular renin activity and angiotensin II (Ang II) released into the perfusate were determined. Infusion of N-acetyl-pepstatin (5 × l0−3-5 × l0−6 M) suppressed vascular renin activity and Ang II release dose dependently. Isoproterenol (10−6 M) induced a 135±30% increase in Ang II release from the basal value. A'-Acetyl-pepstatin (5 × 10−6 M) suppressed isoproterenol-induced Ang II release. Infusions of 5 × 10−6 M captopril and the diacid forms of enalapril, ramipril, cilazapril, and CS-622 by themselves had little effect on Ang II release, but concomitant infusion of isoproterenol with these angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors significantly decreased Ang II release (71±21%, 51±40%, 8±21%, 69±24%, and 44±29% increase, respectively, from the basal values). These results indicate that iV-acetyl-pepstatin suppresses the vascular renin-angiotensin system. This effect may in part contribute to the hypotensive actions of renin inhibitors. Although angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors also suppress locally generated Ang II, the mechanism and physiological significance still remain to be clarified.


This report presents a rare case of buphthalmos with aniridia in a six year old Nigerian boy who presented with bilateral large eyeballs from birth with associated loss of vision. Had initially presented in the eye clinic of the Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital at the age of 18 months (five years ago) with a diagnosis of congenital glaucoma but defaulted due to lack of funds for surgery. Examination this time not only supported the initial diagnosis but also revealed aniridia. On family contact tracing, his father, elder sister also had aniridia suggesting an autosomal dominant form of aniridia. This is a case of aniridia in two generations of the same family in keeping with autosomal dominant inheritance in association with primary congenital glaucoma. The rare possibility of primary congenital glaucoma with aniridia in a Nigerian should be considered in all cases of congenital glaucoma and a careful family history is important in order to determine the type of inheritance.


It is estimated that up to ten per cent of people with motor neurone disease (MND) have an inherited form of the disease. Families with a history of inherited MND may face specific issues around managing the condition in relatives and adapting to life knowing that they too could develop the disease, which we refer to as living 'at risk'. This qualitative study is based on a thematic analysis of posts from 37 threads shared on the MND Association Forum between 2010 and 2019. Through this analysis we explore how forum users make sense of, and negotiate, genetic risk in this online space. We unpack how risk is constructed through a tracing and reframing of family history in relation to MND; we draw out the different ways uncertainty is expressed by people living with the threat of the disease; and we outline how future decisions around genetic testing and reproductive choices play out on the forum. Genetic risk was articulated temporally, with posters reflecting on past, present and expected future experiences across posts. This was crosscut by profound uncertainty. How people understood and expressed experiences of living 'at risk' – and the responses they received from others – were grounded in different forms of experiential knowledge, intertwined with biomedical and genetic information. We propose the MND Association forum as an interactional site where uncertainties are negotiated and risk is made sense of by individuals with a family history of MND, alongside those affected by 'sporadic' forms of the disease.


The IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) exhibits potent mitogenic, antiapoptotic, and transforming activities. Previous studies have suggested that the expression of the IGF-IR gene is negatively regulated by certain cytokines, including interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). The potential involvement of STAT proteins in transcriptional regulation of the IGF-IR gene by IFN-gamma was addressed by transient coexpression of vectors encoding STAT1 and STAT5b, together with an IGF-IR promoter luciferase reporter, in the osteosarcoma-derived cell line Saos-2. Physical interactions between IFN-gamma-induced transcription factors and the IGF-IR promoter region were examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA). The results obtained indicate that the mechanism of action of IFN-gamma involves stimulation of STAT1 which, in turn, binds IFN-gamma activation sites (GAS) in the IGF-IR regulatory region, thus suppressing promoter activity. Taken together, our results suggest that the IGF-IR gene is a novel target for STAT1 action and that at least part of the inhibitory effects of STAT1 may involve repression of the strongly antiapoptotic IGF-IR gene.


A practical and efficient synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines and 5,6-dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazolines, including several spiro compounds, through copper-catalyzed tandem reaction of 5-(2-bromoaryl)-1H-pyrazoles with carbonyl compounds and aqueous ammonia under air has been developed. Compared with literature methods toward pyrazolo[1,5-c]quinazoline derivatives, the synthetic method reported in this paper has the advantages of readily available and inexpensive starting materials and reagents, broad scope of substrates, and mild reaction conditions.


Although strategic voting theory predicts that the number of parties will not exceed two in single-member district plurality systems, the observed number of parties often does. Previous research suggests that the reason why people vote for third parties is that they possess inaccurate information about the parties' relative chances of winning. However, research has yet to determine whether third-party voting persists under conditions of accurate information. In this article, we examine whether possessing accurate information prevents individuals from voting for third-placed parties in the 2005 and 2010 British elections. We find that possessing accurate information does not prevent most individuals from voting for third-placed parties and that many voters possess reasonably accurate information regarding the viability of the parties in their constituencies. These findings suggest that arguments emphasizing levels of voter information as a major explanation for why multiparty systems often emerge in plurality systems are exaggerated.


This paper presents modelling and simulation of DC-DC converter with matrix converter as its basic topology. The proposed converter performs the four quadrant chopper operation. This topology can perform many different converter functions. This DC-DC converter can be utilized in speed control of dc motor in electric automobiles and traction where supply is dc voltage. The simulation model was developed in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Pulse width modulation technique is used for output synthesis of the converter. The analysis of converter was done considering resistive and inductive both loads separately. Finally, state space model is presented.


A greater understanding of the molecular and genetic bases of cardiovascular diseases has made the design of therapeutic genetic interventions feasible in these clinical entities. Bypass vein graft failure represents a serious limitation in the long-term treatment of occlusive disease in the coronary and peripheral circulations, and traditional pharmacotherapeutic approaches have not significantly affected the course of vein graft disease. Direct access to vein graft tissue at the time of operation may provide a practical means of manipulating graft function at the genetic level, and an intraoperative genetic engineering strategy has, in fact, been developed that inhibits the neointimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis that are at the root of most graft failures. The molecular basis for this approach is explored, as is the potential for other genetic vein graft manipulations.


Anton Tomaž Linhart (1756–1795), is a critical intellectual and scholar of the age of Slovenian Enlightenment, who introduced causal interpretation of history into Slovenian historiography and started its scientifical philosophy by his historical work Versuch einer Geschichte von Krain und den ubrigen Landern der sudlichen Slaven Osterreichs (1778, 1791). He was an open-minded man, at first deist under the influence of English philosophers, and afterward agnostic under the influence of French materialists and atheists, a man torn between his work as a scholar and a reformer and between the German and the Slovenian language. Linhart's first works were written in German. Miss Jenny Love (1780) is an attempt of a tragedy, written according to the rules of the Enlightenment period tragedy, exhibiting the contrast between the corrupted nobility and the middle class. The collection of poems Blumen aus Krain fur das Jahr 1781 is Linhart's attempt of contemporary classicist poetry in the rococo fashion and after the manner of the Anacreontic and even Pre-Romantic poetry. Linhart wrote his first Slovenian-language drama Županova Micka (1789), while his second Slovenian drama called Ta veseli dan ali Mati c ek se ženi (1790) is the most important literary work of the Slovenian Enlightenment and the most wide-ranging echo of the French revolution in the Slovenian literary production of the 18th century. Linhart's dramas Županova Micka and Mati c ek are a manifesto of Slovenehood and democracy expressed in dramatic form, and a declaration of support to the Slovenian people and their struggle against feudalism.


BACKGROUND
The survival rate and quality of life of extremely low birthweight infants remain to be one of the main challenges of modern neonatology. Therefore, pre-term children born after 32 weeks of gestation with more normal birthweight, have become a relatively minor medical problem in comparison.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of the following work was to compare the frequency of complications occurring in neonatal period in groups of late preterms and full-term neonates.

METHODS
A group of 725 late pre-term babies, born between 34-36 6/7 GA, constituted the study group and has been analyzed retrospectively 5040 neonates born at term comprised the control group. The results were analyzed statistically using chi-square test.

RESULTS
Respiratory disturbances were diagnosed in 178 neonates in the study group (24.55%), while in the control group in 138 cases (2.74%), p = 0.0000. Intrauterine infections were present in 92 neonates in the study group (12.69%) and in 327 infants in the control group (6.49%), p = 0.0000. Hiperbilirubinemia developed in 520 neonates in the study group (71.72%), and in 1895 babies in the control group (37.60%), p = 0.0000.

CONCLUSIONS
(1) Respiratory disturbances, hiperbilirubinemia and intrauterine infections are more frequently observed in late preterms. (2) Increased morbidity in late preterm neonates prolongs the time of hospitalization.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the effect of Jiangtang Xiaozhi capsule (JXC) on morphological changes of islets and liver at rat model of type 2 diabetic mellitus and provide the experimental basis for the clinical therapy of type 2 diabetic mellitus.

METHOD
Wister rats were fed on a diet enriched in fat and glucose to induce insulin resistan, the rats were injected intrapertoneally with a low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) twice (25 mg x kg(-1)) to induce hyperglycemia, so the successful rat model of type 2 diabetes were established. The experimental rats were divided into model group, high dose JXC group, middle dose JXC group, low dose JXC group, Erjiashuanggua group, Jinqijiangtang group and normal control group. After all the treatment groups received their own medicine for two months, all the rats were sacrificed and morphological examination on their islets and livers were performed.

RESULT
Fatty liver in various degrees was seen in the model group and all the treatment groups, but the liver steatosis in middle and low dose JXC groups was significantly milder than that in model group (P < 0.05). Islets in the high dose JXC group were significantly more than that in the model group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
JXC can improve significantly the pathological change in islets and liver steatosis at rat model of type 2 diabetic mellitus.


The Aznalcollar mine is well known since the disaster in 1998. A dam of the tailings impoundment broke and about 4 million m 3 of acidic water and 2 million m 3 of sludge contaminated the river system Rio Agrio-Rio Guadiamar- Rio Guadalquivir with heavy metals. A lot of research has been done to quantify the consequences of the disaster for the river system and to prove the success of the remediation measures. But little is known about the state and the perspectives of the rising lake in the former mine pit. Parts of the Aznalcollar pit have been used to dump waste rock from the neighboring pit Los Frailes. Additionally, tailings material and contaminated soil from the river system were deposited in the former mine pit. Consequently, the pit lake sediments are very heterogeneous and highly enriched in heavy metals reaching ore-grade concentrations for some elements. Actually, the pit lake water level is regulated by pumping to stay at least 6 m below the natural groundwater level. The water is acidic (pH 3.6) and has high concentrations of metals (e.g. 800 mg/L Zn, 200 mg/L Mn, 100 mg/L Al, 2000 µg/L Cd). The major concern is that the contaminated lake water may enter the river system and the top aquifer when the lake reaches its natural water level. Based on recent knowledge, options of future remediation of the lake water quality are discussed.


Erectile dysfunction (ED) was once assumed to be a psychological condition but has now been shown to share risk factors with cardiovascular disease including age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia, suggesting an underlying vascular pathology. Evidence reveals that there is a potential link between ED and subsequent development of coronary artery disease. ED itself may also increase cardiovascular risk. The relative risk of developing coronary artery disease within ten years, in patients with moderate to severe ED, has been calculated as 14% in men aged 30-39 years and may be as high as 27% in those aged 60-69. The association appears greater when younger men presenting with ED are considered. The severity of ED has also been linked with the severity of coronary artery disease The proposed pathological mechanisms are based on a theory of endothelial dysfunction which eventually leads to atherosclerosis. This occurs first in more vulnerable narrow diameter vessels such as the cavernosal arteries. The artery size hypothesis may explain why ED occurs before manifestation of coronary artery disease. There is likely to be a delay between presentation with ED and clinical presentation with coronary artery disease. In one study, ED was found to present 39 months prior to coronary symptoms. This provides GPs with a valuable window of opportunity for risk assessment, subsequent primary prevention and early referral to a cardiologist.


In
this investigation, we focus on the current energy sources and future projects
situation in East Africa up to 2040. Electricity generation potential of energy
mix and electrical capacity will be analyzed. For both electricity generation
and electrical capacity, the data source shows that some forms of energies such
bio-energy, solar PV, etc. will contribute less as well as with insignificant
contribution of nuclear energy. Whereas hydro is dominating comparing with gas,
oil, coal, solar PV, bio-energy and other renewables energies. From 2000 up to
2012, hydro and oil were only the one source of electricity generation.
Starting from 2020, other forms of energies will appear and continue to
increase at different rate. The international trade of electricity in this
region will appear in 2020 and continue to increase as predicted by the data.
Up to 2040, hydro will play a big role in electricity generation with other
renewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, Gas, bio- energy and solar PV that
will continue to increase at different rate. The share of solar PV in energy
generation will slowly increase compared to other sources. The capacity of
hydro and renewable energy sources will be high compared with other sources of
energy such as bioenergy, coal, oil, PV solar, and gas. The results show also
that bio-energy will increase slowly in electricity generation in comparison
with other source of energies. The present report shows that oil will continue
to emit a lot carbon dioxide compared to gas and coal. The emission of CO2 from total final consumption (TFC) of oil will continue to be high in comparing
with CO2 emission from power generation (PG) of oil. But the
emission of carbon dioxide from power generation of coal from 2025 until 2040
will be high compared with emission of CO2 generated from FTC of
coal. In this period, the emission from TFC for gas will remain insignificant.
The total final consumption emission of oil in general will dominate other
emissions from both coal and gas. Due to this high emission of CO2,
new technologies should be introduced in order to reduce gas pollution from
TFC.


Abstract 2321

Poster Board II-298

The role of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT) in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a subject of controversies as several prospective studies failed to prove its advantage over maintenance chemotherapy. Those studies, however, did not take into account the status of minimal residual disease (MRD), which is now recognized a potent predictor for relapse among patients treated with conventional-dose chemotherapy. The goal of this analysis was to determine the impact of MRD on outcome of autoHSCT.

Data on 123 autoHSCT recipients collected from 6 study groups cooperating in the European Leukemia Net were analyzed. Median age of 77 B-lineage and 46 T-lineage high-risk ALL patients was 31 (16-59) years. Ph+ ALL was recognized in 20 cases. All patients were in first complete remission (CR) lasting 6 (1.5-22) months. Peripheral blood was used as a source of stem cells in 67 patients whereas bone marrow, in 56 cases. Conditioning was based on chemotherapy alone (n=76) or total body irradiation (n=47). MRD was evaluated in bone marrow with the use of either multiparametric flow cytometry (n=79) or molecular techniques (n=44). MRD level of 0.1% bone marrow cells was used as a cut-off point for the purpose of this study. At the time of autoHSCT MRD was &0.1% in 93 patients and ≧0.1% in 30 cases.

With the median follow up of 5 years, the probability of leukemia-free survival (LFS) at 5 years for the whole group equaled 48% (+/-5). Three patients died of transplantation-related complications. The LFS rate was significantly higher for patients with the MRD level at transplantation &0.1% compared to those with MRD ≧0.1% (57% vs. 19%, p=0.0002). The difference was particularly pronounced for peripheral blood HSCT (66% vs. 20%, p=0.0006) and for T-lineage ALL (62% vs. 8%, p=0.001). In a multivariate analysis adjusted for other potential prognostic factors (age, CR duration, Ph+ ALL, immunophenotype, source of stem cells, type of conditioning), the MRD status &0.1% remained the only independent factor associated with increased LFS (HR=2.5, p=0.0009).

CONCLUSIONS: MRD status is the most important predictor for LFS after autoHSCT in adults with ALL. More than half of patients with high risk disease and low MRD level at the time of transplantation may be cured. This observation may contribute to re-evaluation of the role of autoHSCT in the therapy of adult ALL.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Lightwood, R. G., and Cleland, W. P. (1974).Thorax, 29, 349-351. Cervical lung hernia. Lung hernias occur in the cervical position in about one third of cases. The remainder appear through the chest wall. Some lung hernias are congenital, but trauma is the most common cause. The indications for surgery depend upon the severity of symptoms. Repair by direct suture can be used for small tears in Sibson's (costovertebral) fascia while larger defects have been closed using prosthetic materials. Four patients with cervical lung hernia are described together with an account of their operations.


Previous work has shown that emotional control is highly valued in Asian culture. However, little is known about how this cultural value might influence emotional processing. Here, we hypothesized that Asians are 'culturally trained' to down-regulate emotional processing when required to suppress emotional expressions. Such down-regulation, however, is unlikely for European Americans because their culture values emotional expression (vs control) more. To test these predictions, we adopted the parietal late positive potential (LPP) of the event-related potential as an objective indicator of emotional processing. Both Asian and European Americans were exposed to either unpleasant or neutral pictures while instructed to either attend or suppress expression of emotions. Both groups showed an equally pronounced parietal positivity ∼600 ms post-stimulus. As predicted, however, Asians subsequently showed a significant decrease of the parietal LPP in the suppression (vs attend) condition. The initial positivity completely disappeared 2000 ms post-stimulus. In contrast, for European Americans the parietal LPP suppression effect was completely absent although there was an early occurring, sustained increase in frontal positivity in the suppression (vs attend) condition. Implications for culture and emotion research are discussed.


In this study the operational speed of screw based pick and place mechanism was compared with that of a crank-rocker based pick and place mechanism analytically for the design of a seeding machine for system of rice intensification (SRI) seedling tray. The configurations of the two types of mechanisms were generated based on their positions relative to a seedling tray conveyor, seed container and size of seeding manifold. The screw based mechanism consists of a vertical screw to which the seeding manifold was mounted and a horizontal screw to which the vertical mechanism was mounted. The vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold reciprocates down to pick seeds from seed container and back to the initial position. The horizontal screw translates horizontally to deliver the vertical screw bearing the seeding manifold to the seedling tray on the conveyor. The crank-rocker based mechanism consists of a pair of crank-rocker carrying a seeding manifold in between them. The mechanism rotates clock wise to pick seed and counter clock wise to drop the seed on the seedling tray. The time required for a complete pick and place circle was computed for both mechanisms using basic mechanics principles. Crank-rocker mechanism with a theoretical pick and place period of 1 second was found to be better than the screw based mechanism with 78.8 second per pick and place circle.


We study the behavior of individuals coming from different geographic regions of Italy, in a same public good game. We confirm previous findings according to which, faced with the same incentives and experimental conditions, Southern citizens exhibit a lower propensity to cooperate than Northern ones. This difference is mainly explained by a gap in the impact of coordination devices available to participants, as we show by manipulating them. Most importantly, when subjects with different geographic origins are teamed up together, their contributions decrease with respect to homogeneous groups, again because of a reduced effect of coordination devices. These findings reinforce the interpretation of the Italian South-North divide as related to trust, prejudice and a consequent path-dependence in levels of social capital, rather than due to the mere effect of differences in institutions and economic opportunities.


The need for basic infrastructure for economic development in developing countries has made megaprojects popular, in such parts of the world. Megaprojects can be very important to a host country: the Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) Project has contributed about four percent of Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product. However, due to the complexity involved with megaprojects, project failure rate is high around the world, especially so for upstream oil and gas projects. This paper recommends a systems approach to megaprojects analysis, for a better understanding of these projects: from the pre-final investment decision (FID) stage through project execution. This author believes that a system approach to megaprojects analysis should provide better decision quality for decision makers.


A computing model, called a computational field model, is proposed for solving a problem in an object-oriented open distributed environment. In this model an open-ended distributed environment is envisaged as a continuous computational field. The notions of mass, distance, gravitational force, repulsive force, and inertia of objects are introduced to define a metric space for the field, so that objects migrate to their (sub)optimal (or satisfactory) locations. Also proposed is a communication, model called an assimilation/dissimilation model, in which communication is represented as the assimilation/dissimilation of messenger objects and their migration.<<ETX>>


The mutual effects of two independent electrical discharges in SF6 under a pressure of 5 mbar and flow rate of 110 bar cm3 s-1 were investigated. It was found that there were considerable mutual influences and it was concluded that, under given experimental conditions, they were mostly caused by the metastable atoms or molecules formed by the decomposition of SF6 in the electrical discharge.


The cancer recti local recurrence is nonresectable in 50-70% of observations, it is treated using irradiation or chemo-irradiation therapy, which improve the patients quality of life and guarantee the 12-13 mo survival mediana. In subsequent progressing disease cryosurgical method of treatment is applied. The results of it application in 22 patients are presented. The survival mediana had constituted 12 mo, the period of time before subsequent progression of the disease--6 mo. The patients quality of life improvement due to the bleeding stoppage, the tumor destruction, the pain elimination achievement was proved by the ECOG scale changes.


We have actively stabilized the comb of frequencies from a mode-locked femtosecond laser using a Fabry-Perot reference cavity. This technique offers the ability to synthesize a comb of highly stable radio frequencies directly from optical transitions. The measured fractional frequency instability of the components of the frequency comb relative to the reference cavity was <5x10(-13) in 0.1 sec. The variation of the optical mode spacing versus frequency of the reference cavity was also directly measured using this technique.


A theorem is proved on the possibility of asymptotically approximating a plurisubharmonic function with finite order of growth by the logarithmic modulus of an entire function.


In this study, an urban fringe green space classification system was established to explore the spatiotemporal variation of green space landscape and ecosystem service value (ESV) based on multi-source land-use data of Ganjingzi district from 2000 to 2018. (1) Results show that the total green space area declined from 359.57 to 213.46 km2 over the study period. Green space large plaque index (LPI) and class area both gradually declined, whereas the number of plaques (NP) and plaque density (PD) gradually increased, indicating green space landscape fragmentation. (2) Additionally, the value of green space ecosystem services reduced from 397.42 to 124.93 million yuan. The dynamic degree of ESV change in green space increased or decreased moderately, always being < 0 and showing a decreasing trend of ESV. From a spatial variation perspective, dynamic degrees of ESV variation in the western and northern regions with relatively intensive green space were higher than those in the east. Regarding ESV of various green space types, forest land had the highest functional values of ecological regulation and support, whereas arable land provided the highest functional values of production supply. (3) The ecological service function value of green space system is negatively correlated with PD, NP, edge density, landscape shape index, and Shannon's diversity index, and positively correlated with aggregation index, contagion metrics, and LPI. The correlation coefficient between the climate regulation function of forest and the change of number of plaques is -0.874. The correlation coefficient of the recreation and culture of the wetland to the plaque density change is no less than -0.214.


We present an application that allows users to interactively visualise data of medical studies. This application enables the users to get a "first view" on the data set, to interact with the data in an intuitive way and to analyse it collaboratively. The goal of these first studies of the data sets is to find relations between measured values.


Abstract Recent analytical advances in carbon-14, potassium-40, and rubidium-87 dating have resulted in increased ranges and applicability of these methods to the dating of geologic events. Carbon-14 dating now has been extended from modern to approximately 50,000 years as reported by Fergusson (New Zealand) and deVries (Netherlands). DeVries has recently enriched several samples using a thermal diffusion column and has reported that the limit with his apparatus is approximately 70,000 years. Although the effect of younger material as a contaminant to the sample is serious, any age would be minimum if not the true age. Reynolds' (University of California) use of ultra high vacuum techniques for dating by the potassium-argon method has resulted in the assignment of apparent ages as young as several million years. Apparent ages less than a million years have been obtained. However, the extent of accuracy remains to be seen, and this problem is presently under investigation. Lipson has shown the rather excellent correlation that exists between assigned geologic ages and potassium-argon ages for some of the younger samples. The rubidium-strontium method is not subject to the difficulty of argon leakage which can be the partial result of the re-heating of a given mineral. Thus, where possible, it is advisable to apply Rb-Sr and K-A measurements. This permits a more exacting evaluation of the absolute age as well as an understanding of the history of a given stratigraphic unit. Thus, the previous gap that existed in the range of 40,000 years to 10 x 106 years for which no geochronometer was available has been considerably closed. One of the main limitations appears to be sampling rather than analytical techniques which are reproducible within a few percent.


The aim of this research is to create a fuzzy logic model that can aid in assessing payment problems encountered in construction projects in Iraq. The model was created based on the findings of a previous study of the authors in which (67) causes of payment problems in construction projects in Iraq were identified. The causes were ranked by (72) professionals from (38) Iraqi firms based on the frequency and severity of causes. All causes were employed in the model after categorizing them in four groups: owner-related, contractor-related, consultant-related and external causes. The model was constructed using MATLAB Program Software Version 2. Finally the model was tested against (10) real life projects and found to be appropriate to aid owners and contractors in the Iraqi Construction Industry to early assess payment problems in order to take preventive actions.


Tin oxides and carbon (SnO2@C) composite hollow spheres with improved electrochemical performance were fabricated via a facile hard template route. Monodispersed polystyrene (PS) spheres were synthesized and utilized as hard templates. A thin and porous layer of SnO2 nanoparticles was deposited on a PS surface using a well controlled sol–gel method, so that the morphology of the active SnO2 layer could be optimized for a better electrochemical performance. Furthermore, a continuous carbon coating layer was incorporated with an aim of enhancing the conductivity, holding the structure integrity, and thus improving the cycling performance of the anode material. With such a carefully designed nanostructure, the as-prepared SnO2@C composite hollow spheres possessed the desired features for a good electrode material. After 50 successive cycles, SnO2@C anode was able to deliver a capacity of 495 mAh g−1 at a scan rate of 100 mA g−1.


The global world is hungry for more energy continuously which has resulted in extra burden to both renewable and non-renewable energy resources. As we know electrical appliances are increasing and the demand of electricity is also increasing. And the time is not far away when we will not have sufficient electricity to run these appliances and water to generate electricity because declining of water level is also continuous day by day whereas the methods and power are limited. For that dark future, this is a prototype device by which we can generate subsequent amount of electricity in output with continuous recycling of water having minimum water loss. By virtue of this concept, field of electricity generation will boom. The calculations in this concept are theoretical and may serve better on practical. The main motive of this concept is to generate electricity from water with hydraulic turbine and hydraulic ram pump (hydram) and mainly gravity, in which turbine will spin with hammering of water on row of blades, and hydraulic ram pump will accelerate the water pressure, without using any electrical or mechanical energy. Keywords: Turbine, hydraulic ram pump, electricity generation, reservoir Cite this Article Agrawal Aditya, Sharma Aditya, Yadav Harsha. Hydroelectricity generation by the recycling of water. Journal of Water Resource Engineering and Management . 2015; 2(3): 23–27p.


Development of a representative and well-diversified core with minimum duplicate accessions and maximum diversity from a larger population of germplasm is highly essential for breeders involved in crop improvement programmes. Most of the existing methodologies for the identification of a core set are either based on qualitative or quantitative data. In this study, an approach to the identification of a core set of germplasm based on the response from a mixture of qualitative (single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping) and quantitative data was proposed. For this purpose, six different combined distance measures, three for quantitative data and two for qualitative data, were proposed and evaluated. The combined distance matrices were used as inputs to seven different clustering procedures for classifying the population of germplasm into homogeneous groups. Subsequently, an optimum number of clusters based on all clustering methodologies using different combined distance measures were identified on a consensus basis. Average cluster robustness values across all the identified optimum number of clusters under each clustering methodology were calculated. Overall, three different allocation methods were applied to sample the accessions that were selected from the clusters identified under each clustering methodology, with the highest average cluster robustness value being used to formulate a core set. Furthermore, an index was proposed for the evaluation of diversity in the core set. The results reveal that the combined distance measure A 1 B 2 – the distance based on the average of the range-standardized absolute difference for quantitative data with the rescaled distance based on the average absolute difference for qualitative data – from which three clusters that were identified by using the k-means clustering algorithm along with the proportional allocation method was suitable for the identification of a core set from a collection of rice germplasm.


This chapter introduces the interpretive problems of 2 Corinthians 3. The primary difficulty with 2 Corinthians 3 concerns the role that Paul's allusions to Exodus 34:29-35 play in the context of the larger section to which the chapter belongs (2:14-7:4). 2 Cor 2:14-7:4 takes the form of an apologia; Paul defends himself against attacks on his physical appearance, his integrity, and his legitimacy as διάκονος ("envoy") of the deity. In light of that, it is not evident how the allusions to Moses and his ministry in 2 Cor 3:7-18 function. This difficulty is further complicated by two other significant problems, that of the integrity of the letter and the identity of the apostle's opposition in Corinth. The chapter concludes with a brief outline of the rest of the book.


Background: Several proportions like golden proportion, golden percentage, Preston's proportion, recurring esthetic dental proportion have been described in the literature for smile designing procedures. The recurring esthetic dental proportion has been identified to be an important proportion for accomplishing esthetics and harmony in smile designing.Aims:: To determine the existence of recurring esthetic dental proportion in the natural dentition of Malaysian students with a natural smile and to compare these proportions among different ethnic groups in Malaysia: Malay, Chinese and Indian. Study design: Cross-sectional study Methods: The study included one hundred dental and medical students. The digital camera was used to take photographs of the subjects and were analyzed using adobe photoshop CS4 software. The measuring tool provided by the software was used to calculate the width of maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Average width ratio of maxillary lateral incisor to central incisor and maxillary canine to lateral incisor were later determined to check the existence of recurring esthetic dental proportion in natural dentition.Results: Data was statistical analyzed (descriptive statistics and t-test, the level of significance were set at P<0.01). Constant values of the recurring esthetic dental proportion were not found.Conclusion: The natural dentition of Malaysian students did not show the recurring esthetic dental proportion in this study.


The analytic model for the evolution of single and multiple bubbles in Rayleigh-Taylor mixing is presented for the system of arbitrary density ratio. The model is the extension of Zufiria's potential theory, which is based on the velocity potential with point sources. We present solutions for a single bubble, at various stages, from the model and show that the solutions for the bubble velocity and curvature are in good agreement with numerical results. We demonstrate the evolution of multiple bubbles for finite density contrast and investigate dynamics of bubble competition, whereby leading bubbles grow in size at the expense of neighbors. The model shows that the growth coefficient alpha for the scaling law of the bubble front depends on the Atwood number and increases logarithmically with the initial perturbation amplitude. It is also found that the aspect ratio of the bubble size to the bubble height exhibits a self-similar behavior in the bubble competition process, and its values are insensitive to the Atwood number. The predictions of the model for the similarity parameters are in accordance with experimental and numerical results.


The physiological ecology of Prasiola stipitata was examined in situ from two supralittoral sites in the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotian, Canada) during November 2011, when the population was undergoing major expansion. Photosynthetic parameters (effective quantum yield, ΦPSII, maximum quantum yield, Fv/Fm, and relative electron transport rate, rETR) were evaluated using chlorophyll fluorescence of PSII. A largely shaded and continuously moist population showed no change in ΦPSII from one hour after sunrise to sunset in which natural irradiance varied between 3 and 300 μmol photons m−2 s−1. High irradiance (up to 1800 μmol photons m−2 s−1) had no apparent negative impacts on either quantum yield or rETR, but high desiccation in the field reduced quantum yield to almost zero. When thalli were brought into the laboratory, no change in Fv/Fm was observed up to 60% dehydration; however, there was a steep decline in Fv/Fm between 60% and 85% dehydration. Thalli showed complete recovery of Fv/Fm within one hour of reimmersion in seawater after 2 days of desiccation. After 15 days of desiccation full recovery required 24 h and after 30 days of desiccation thalli showed only partial recovery. These observations confirm the adaptation to photosynthesis in high irradiances and the rapid recovery following extreme desiccation observed in other Prasiola species.


Health care institutions create noise levels high enough to cause adverse effects on patients and to reduce employee productivity. Remedial steps to reduce noise are available at moderate cost.


1. The NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex (Complex I) and the ubiquinol-cytochrome c oxidoreductase complex (Complex III) combine in a 1:1 molar ratio to give NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex I-Complex III). 2. Experiments on the inhibition of the NADH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity of mixtures of Complexes I and III by rotenone and antimycin indicate that electron transfer between a unit of Complex I-Complex III and extra molecules of Complexes I or III does not contribute to the overall rate of cytochrome c reduction. 3. The reduction by NADH of the cytochrome b of mixtures of Complexes I and III is biphasic. The extents of the fast and slow phases of reduction are determined by the proportion of the total Complex III specifically associated with Complex I. 4. Activation-energy measurements suggest that the structural features of the Complex I-Complex III unit promote oxidoreduction of endogenous ubiquinone-10.


Sentence comprehension involves maintaining and continuously integrating linguistic information and, thus, makes demands on working memory (WM). Past research has demonstrated that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, is critical for integrating word meanings across some distance and resolving semantic interference in sentence comprehension. Here, we examined the relation between phonological and semantic WM and the comprehension of center-embedded relative clause sentences, often argued to make heavy demands on WM. Additionally, we examined the relation between phonological and semantic WM and the comprehension of transitive and dative active and passive sentences, which may also draw on WM resources depending on the number of propositions that must be maintained and the difficulty of processing passive clauses. In a large sample of individuals with aphasia (N = 56), we assessed whether comprehension performance on more complex vs. simpler active-passive or embedded relative clause sentences would be predicted by semantic but not phonological WM when controlling for single word comprehension. For performance on the active-passive comprehension task, we found that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, predicted comprehension of dative sentences when controlling for comprehension of transitive sentences. We also found that phonological WM, but not semantic WM, predicted mean comprehension for reversible active-passive sentences when controlling for trials with lexical distractors. On the relative clause comprehension task, consistent with prior results, we found that semantic WM, but not phonological WM, predicted comprehension of object relative clause sentences and relative clause sentences with a passive construction. However, both phonological WM and semantic WM predicted mean comprehension across all relative clause types for reversible trials when controlling for trials with lexical distractors. While we found evidence of semantic WM's role in comprehension, we also observed unpredicted relations between phonological WM and comprehension in some conditions. Post-hoc analyses provided preliminary evidence that phonological WM maintains a backup phonological representation of the sentence that may be accessed when sentence comprehension processing is less efficient. Future work should investigate possible roles that phonological WM may play across sentence types.


The large Zijinshan high-sulfidation epithermal Cu-Au deposit, together with the adjacent Luoboling porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, constitutes a major porphyry-epithermal ore district in South China. Current debate centers on whether the Zijinshan and the adjacent Luoboling deposits are cogenetic or represent separate ore-forming events, which is a question of importance for exploration in the district. In this contribution, the magmatichydrothermal history of the relationship between Zijinshan and Luoboling is reconstructed based on new alunite 40Ar/39Ar ages from Zijinshan and zircon U-Pb ages of ore-related intrusions from both deposits. This study has been complemented by S isotope analysis on the dated alunite to assess their origin.Three types of coexisting alunite and sulfide assemblages exist at Zijinshan, namely, (1) alunite-quartz-covellite cemented breccias; (2) alunite-digenite veins and (3) banded alunite-pyrite veins. Their field occurrences and S isotope features suggest a magmatic-hydrothermal origin for alunite-quartz-covellite cemented breccias and alunite-digenite veins, whereas the origin of alunite-pyrite veins is likely to be related to magmatic steam. Given the intimate textural coexistence between sulfides and alunite, four undisturbed 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages obtained from alunite-quartz-covellite cemented breccia and alunite-digenite vein-type alunite define the timing of Zijinshan high-sulfidation mineralization from 102.86 ± 0.61 to 101.19 ± 0.60 Ma. These agree with bracketing zircon U-Pb ages of pre-ore dacite porphyry at 104.8 ± 0.9 Ma and 104.7 ± 0.5 Ma and a zircon U-Pb age of a post-ore granite porphyry dike at 99.5 ± 0.7 Ma. Combined with their field occurrences, the four alunite ages may imply episodic hydrothermal pulses and a possible time span of over 500 k.y. for the overall high-sulfidation mineralization. Two alunite samples from alunite-pyrite veins yield a slightly disturbed 40Ar/39Ar plateau age at 101.67 ± 0.61 Ma and an apparently undisturbed age at 99.91 ± 0.59 Ma, probably reflecting partial or complete thermal resetting related to the coeval granite porphyry dikes. At Luoboling, zircon U-Pb analysis yields an age of 133.6 ± 1.1 Ma for a dark, ore vein-bearing quartz-diorite porphyry sample and confirms the petrographic observation that they are xenoliths of early wall rocks for the porphyry mineralization. A granodiorite porphyry sample with abundant A-veins is interpreted as an intermineral porphyry phase, dated at 106.5 ± 1.4 Ma. This age is interpreted as the upper limit for porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization and agrees well with previously reported molybdenite Re-Os and biotite 40Ar/39Ar ages, which collectively suggest porphyry Cu-Mo mineralization and potassic alteration at Luoboling were formed within the interval between ca. 106 and 104 Ma.Taken together, the age of the Zijinshan high-sulfidation mineralization is substantially younger than the porphyry mineralization at Luoboling, and we conclude that there is no direct genetic link between the two deposits. However, the Zijinshan Cu-Au deposit is temporally associated with the deep porphyritic granodiorite, which gives zircon U-Pb ages from 102.1 ± 0.8 to 101.8 ± 0.5 Ma, overlapping with the alunite 40Ar/39Ar ages for the high-sulfidation mineralization. This finding has important implications for the ongoing exploration for the two mineralization types in the ore district and elsewhere.


In order to further understand the combined effects of occupational and recreational noise exposure with regards to noise induced hearing loss (NIHL), an in-ear dosimeter prototype meant for continuous use was developed. The device acts as a hearing protection device (HPD) and can measure and log effective in-ear sound pressure level as well as unprotected levels. To enable its continuous use, this HPD is also equipped with a bypass feature for "transparent" hearing, input for music or communication devices and interfaces with Android smartphones. The proposed device allows for the implementation of an algorithm accounting for the auditory fatigue recovery rate, providing a true representation of the current accumulated noise dose. This allows for 24 h dosimetry and avoids having the user manually reset the dose back to 0% on the next day and thus assuming complete fatigue recovery has occurred. This paper details the proposed recovery algorithm, presents collected field data, and discusses the benefits a...


In support of the development of accelerator-driven production of fission product Mo-99 as proposed by SHINE Medical Technologies, a 35 MeV electron linac was used to irradiate depleted-uranium (DU) uranyl sulfate dissolved in pH 1 sulfuric acid at average power densities of 6 kW, 12 kW, and 15 kW. During these irradiations, gas bubbles were generated in solution due to the radiolytic decomposition of water molecules in the solution. Multiple video cameras were used to record the behavior of bubble generation and transport in the solution. Seven six-channel thermocouples were used to record temperature gradients in the solution from self-heating. Measurements of hydrogen and oxygen concentrations in a helium sweep gas were recorded by a gas chromatograph to estimate production rates during irradiation. These data are being used to validate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the experiment that includes multiphase flow and a custom bubble injection model for the solution region.


This study examines messages that problem disclosers and supportive listeners enact during conversations about everyday stressors. We coded 402 dyadic interactions between strangers, friends, and romantic couples using Stiles's (1992) verbal response modes (VRM) and Burleson's (1982) verbal person centeredness (PC) typology to explore whether (a) listener and discloser utterances coalesce into types of speaking turns, (b) listener turn types vary in person-centered quality, (c) listener turns relate to discloser responses, and (d) discloser responses relate to listener turns. Analyses revealed a typology for both listener and discloser turns: acknowledgment, advisement, question, elaboration, hedged disclosure, and reflection. The relative proportion of those types varied as a function of conversational role and relationship context, and these speech acts varied only minimally in PC. Configural frequency analyses revealed four greater-than-chance contingencies across data sets. The discussion highlights implications for a dyadic and dynamic understanding of supportive communication.


The acute effects of immobilization on cortical and trabecular bone formation were studied in juvenile male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Four animals were immobilized for two weeks by application of total body casts. Two control monkeys were housed in separate metabolic cages under similar environmental and dietary conditions. Tetracycline derivatives were administered on three separate occasions to label sites of bone formation. The tetracycline-labeling frequency and mineral apposition rate of osteons and trabecular bone surfaces in the humerus and femur were determined. The inhibition of bone formation induced by immobilization was more pronounced in trabecular bone. Immobilized monkeys exhibited a moderate, but statistically nonsignificant, reduction in the percentage of osteons forming bone. Conversely, the dramatic decline in the percentage of trabecular surfaces undergoing bone formation in immobilized monkeys was found to be highly significant. The diminished rate of mineral apposition in osteons suggested that osteoblastic activity was impaired in cortical bone during immobilization. The mineral apposition rate in trabecular bone could not be determined reliably due to minimal tetracycline deposition, which indicated that osteoblastic activity and/or recruitment almost ceased in the metaphyseal tissue of immobilized monkeys.