Whole body precooling was hypothesized to reduce thermoregulatory and metabolic responses, thereby enhancing running time. Fourteen male runners completed two high-intensity running tests consisting of resting in 24 degrees C (normothermic condition; NC) or 5 degrees C (hypothermic condition; HC) for 30 min followed by 10-16 min of rest at 24 degrees C and then an exercise bout (24 degrees C) at 82% maximal aerobic capacity to exhaustion. Rectal temperature (Tre) before exercise was lower (by 0.37 degrees C; P < 0.005) and exercise duration was longer (by 121 +/- 24%; P < 0.05) in HC than in NC. Tre and mean skin (Tsk) and mean body (Tb) temperatures remained lower during HC (P < 0.01). Pre- and postexercise changes for Tsk, Tb, thermal gradient (Tre-Tsk), and heart rate (HR) were larger in HC than in NC (P < 0.05). Final Tre, Tre-Tsk, HR, and blood lactate were similar between HC and NC. During exercise, heat storage was greater (P < 0.01) in HC than in NC (173 +/- 46 and 143 +/- 38 W/m2, respectively) and subjects sweated more in NC than in HC (P < 0.01). O2 consumption was lower initially in HC than in NC (P < 0.05), but O2 pulse was not different. It was concluded that precooling results in greater exercise endurance with enhanced heat storage rate and less stress on metabolic and cardiovascular systems.


A new direct-space method for ab initio solution of crystal structures from powder diffraction data is presented. The approach consists of a combined global minimization of Rwp and the potential energy of the system. This method was tested on two organic compounds with known structure and also applied successfully in the structure determination of the previously unknown structure of melamine pyrophosphate.


The boom of DL technology leads to massive DL models built and shared, which facilitates the acquisition and reuse of DL models. For a given task, we encounter multiple DL models available with the same functionality, which are considered as candidates to achieve this task. Testers are expected to compare multiple DL models and select the more suitable ones w.r.t. the whole testing context. Due to the limitation of labeling effort, testers aim to select an efficient subset of samples to make an as precise rank estimation as possible for these models. To tackle this problem, we propose Sample Discrimination based Selection (SDS) to select efficient samples that could discriminate multiple models, i.e., the prediction behaviors (right/wrong) of these samples would be helpful to indicate the trend of model performance. To evaluate SDS, we conduct an extensive empirical study with three widely-used image datasets and 80 real world DL models. The experiment results show that, compared with state-of-the-art baseline methods, SDS is an effective and efficient sample selection method to rank multiple DL models.


Giardia lamblia, the protozoan parasite, first described by Von Leewenhoek in 1681, has come into prominence in last quarter century because of mounting awareness that it may cause significant morbidity and loss of man power. Earlier thought to be a commensal organism, it has been recognised as a true intestinal pathogen in the past three decades. Nevertheless, the mechanism of the disease caused by this protozoan parasite (in the human host's small intestine) continues to remain unexplained. The infection with G. lamblia is worldwide with an average prevalence of 12.5 per cent and is especially common in children and may cause failure of child to thrive. The G. lamblia infection has been implicated in a number of water borne epidemics and is important cause of traveller's diarrhoea all over the world. Infection with G. lamblia may be entirely asymptomatic, may produce a mild, self limiting illness or chronic diarrhoea with or without malabsorption. The reasons for such variations in severity are not clearly understood. However, interplay of virulence of parasite, nutritional status and type of the host immune responses and its effect on intestinal mucosa appear to modulate the infection.


Some of the best studies of history are by men who have lived in the context of that about which they write. This is especially true where the writer engages in reflective analysis and moral struggle with the dilemmas he has confronted. His words carry an authority, a power and persuasiveness that mere chronicling does not convey. This is true of this book from Roger Shinn. The author, Reinhold Niebuhr Professor of Social Ethics at Union Theological Seminary, here probes for the meaning of war and his involvement in World War II. The book is autobiographical to the extent that he is writing as one who has spent countless hours agonizing over the moral am biguity of war. He offers no quick cures nor easy answers but converses with other nonpacifists who still struggle with their conscience.


An experimental model for local administration of neurotrophic growth factor (NGF) in peripheral nerve lesions is tested. The model consists of a subcutaneous reservoir connected to the sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy. The right sciatic nerves were exposed, severed, and repaired at a level 1.5 cm proximal to their trifurcation. Then, a dome‐shaped silicone reservoir connected to the proximal end of a silicone tube was placed subcutaneously in the dorsum of the experimental animal. The distal end of the connecting tube was located in the nerve neurorrhaphy. Two experimental groups were made: Group A (n = 90) received daily doses of a solution containing NGF‐7S during the first 4 weeks after surgery and a single weekly dose thereafter. Within this group, three subgroups of 30 rats each were made: A‐4 sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery, A‐8 sacrificed after 8 weeks, and A‐12 after 12 weeks. Group B (n = 90) received the same vehicle solution without NGF under the same schedule and volume as in Group A. Three subgroups were also made as in Group A depending on the survival period. In order to locate the neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase was administered at the proximal stump of the sciatic nerve (tibialis branch), which was severed 1 cm distal to the sciatic trifurcation. In respect of the nonoperated side, the percentage between the number of dorsal root ganglia neurons in the NGF‐treated group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.001). These results demonstrate that percutaneous administration of multiple doses of NGF in this model enhances sensory nerve regeneration after sciatic lesions evaluated by horseradish peroxidase labeling of dorsal root ganglia neurons. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 19:275–280 1999


A group of 215 in-depth accident reports prepared as part of a tri-level accident causation study by a multi-disciplinary team was examined to assess the benefit derived from the hypothetical application of various combinations of radar warning, radar actuated, and anti-lock braking systems. The approach was to have an accident analyst evaluate post hoc the benefit which would have been derived if one or more of the vehicles involved in each accident had been equipped with various types and combinations of these hypothetical systems; twin system types or combinations were defined. On one extreme, it was found that two-wheel anti-lock systems, by themselves, had relatively little accident prevention potential; only one of the 215 accidents (o.5%) would definitely have been prevented by such a system, although with less assurance there was some possibility of prevention of up to eight accidents (3.7%). On the other extreme, the most complex of the systems defined, comprised of a non-cooperative radar system with both actuation and warning potential, coupled with a four-wheel anti-lock system, would definitely have prevented 39 of these accidents (18.0%), with some possibility of prevention of up to (0 accidents (41.9% of those examined). /HSRI/


Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most important opportunistic pathogens in nosocomial infections. The main pathogenicity associated with S. epidermidis involves the formation of biofilms on implanted medical devices, biofilms dramatically decrease the efficacy of conventional antibiotics and the host immune system. This emphasizes the urgent need for designing novel anti-staphylococcal biofilm agents. Based on the findings that compound 5, targeting the histidine kinase domain of S. epidermidis YycG, possessed bactericidal activity against staphylococci, 39 derivatives of compound 5 with intact thiazolopyrimidinone core structures were newly designed, 7 derivatives were further screened to explore their anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities. The seven derivatives strongly inhibited the growth of S. epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in the minimal inhibitory concentration range of 1.56–6.25 μM. All the derivatives reduced the proportion of viable cells in mature biofilms. They all displayed low cytotoxicity on mammalian cells and were not hemolytic to human erythrocytes. The biofilm inhibition activities of four derivatives (H5-32, H5-33, H5-34, and H5-35) were further investigated under shearing forces, they all led to significant decreases in the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis. These results were suggestive that the seven derivatives of compound 5 have the potential to be developed into agents for eradicating biofilm-associated infections.


The scope of this study is to define how educational achievements of individuals in Slovenia define their "formal power" in the organizations where they work. The study is based on theoretical definitions of the concepts of formal power and education. A total of 509 people from Slovenia over 30 years of age participated in the study. We recognized a certain influence of educational achievement on the formal position in the organizational hierarchy. The main predictor of an individual's formal power in an organization is the individual's last achieved level of formal education. The average grade for the final achieved level of formal education and the initiative regarding the search for additional education has much less of an impact on power than the highest level of education obtained. One of the most important practical implications is that education is one of the basic predispositions to having formal power but not necessarily always and not in every case.


In the last years, the integration of specialized hardware accelerators in Multiprocessor System-on-Chip (MpSoC) led to a new kind of architectures combining both software (SW) and hardware (HW) computational resources. For these new Heterogeneous MpSoC (HMpSoC) architectures, performance and energy consumption depend on a large set of parameters such as the HW/SW partitioning, the type of HW implementation or the communication cost. Design Space Exploration (DSE) consists in adjusting these parameters while monitoring a set of metrics (execution time, power, energy efficiency) to find the best mapping of the application on the targeted architecture. With the shift from performance-aware to energy-aware designs, computer-aided design and development tools try to reduce the large design space by simplifying HW/SW mapping mechanisms. However, energy consumption is not well supported in most of DSE tools due to the difficulty to fast and accurately estimate the energy consumption. To this aim, this work introduces a DSE method based on an analytical power model to circumvent the computation time bottleneck of state-of-the-art DSE methods. This exploration method proposes to optimize the HW/SW partitioning and mapping under user-defined objectives, especially an energy constraint. It targets tiling-based parallel applications and relies on an analytical power model that provides the DSE framework with the execution time and energy of a HW/SW configuration. The power model parameters are obtained with the measurements of a tiny subset of the design space, which are then injected into two extraction functions to obtain analytical formulations of the execution time and the energy consumption of the computation kernel. The partitioning problem constraints are defined as a set of inequalities with Boolean, integer (discrete) and non-integer (continuous) variables within a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) framework. Then, the best configuration that minimizes the user objective (e.g. execution time or total energy consumption) can be efficiently determined using commercial or open source solvers within a second. This methodology was tested on a Zynq-based heterogeneous architecture with two application kernels: a matrix multiplication and a Stencil computation. The results show a minimum of 12% acceleration speed-up and energy saving compared to standard approaches. They also show that the most energy-efficient solution is application-and platform-dependent and moreover hardly predictable. Such method could be included in a complete framework with a multi-step exploration to obtain an energy-efficient mapping of a full application on HMpSoC and to open new opportunity for future computer-aided design tools.


In this paper, a new method to design an observer for nonlinear systems described by Takagi-Sugeno (TS) model, with unmeasurable premise variables, is proposed. Most of existing work on TS models consider models with measurable decision variables. As a consequence, these works cannot be applied when the decision variables are not available to measurement. The idea of the proposed approach is to rewrite the TS model with unmeasurable premise variable into an uncertain TS model by introducing the estimated state in the model. The convergence of the state estimation error is studied using the Lyapunov theory and the stability conditions are given in terms of Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMIs). Finally, an academic example is given to illustrate the proposed approach, with an application to sensor fault detection and isolation using an observer bank.


We investigate a robust penalized logistic regression algorithm based on a minimum distance criterion. Influential outliers are often associated with the explosion of parameter vector estimates, but in the context of standard logistic regression, the bias due to outliers always causes the parameter vector to implode, that is, shrink toward the zero vector. Thus, using LASSO-like penalties to perform variable selection in the presence of outliers can result in missed detections of relevant covariates. We show that by choosing a minimum distance criterion together with an elastic net penalty, we can simultaneously find a parsimonious model and avoid estimation implosion even in the presence of many outliers in the important small n large p situation. Minimizing the penalized minimum distance criterion is a challenging problem due to its nonconvexity. To meet the challenge, we develop a simple and efficient MM (majorization–minimization) algorithm that can be adapted gracefully to the small n large p context. Performance of our algorithm is evaluated on simulated and real datasets. This article has supplementary materials available online.


Taste anomalies have not been systematically investigated till recently in Italy. The influence of the taste on the choice of the foods, on the nutrition and on the same psycho-physic human mindedness has largely been demonstrated. In this study, taste anomalies associated with various pathologic conditions (nervous, endocrine, metabolic, infectious, immunological, carential or neoplastic disorders) are reported, as well as those produced by drugs, or surgical interventions. The type and the degree of taste anomalies associated to immunological diseases, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and AL amyloidosis are particularly described.


The author describes a framework for virtualising network addresses, reasoning that virtualisation requires reversing the usual the network-first, resource-second addressing order. A hierarchical name space is constructed for representing the shared resources by a homogenised form of URLs, a logical end-to-end route is constructed by combining the bind and connect requests over this name space, and used instead of end-to-end addresses for setting up virtual paths. Direct interpretation of the homogenised URLs ensures logical routing performance comparable to IP routing, and the logical route provides geographical trimming of the search in the transaction to virtual paths. Resulting features include a simple, uniform API for both point-to-point and multipoint connectivity, host security by invisibility, etc., which can be availed by privately deploying the framework over the existing networks.


A novel procedure for the Cu-catalyzed systematic synthesis of phenanthridinium bromide is reported. This transformation was achieved with direct construction of central pyridinium core by using an in situ formed biaryl imine as a substrate. Tolerance of a very wide variety of N-substituents is indicated; this has never previously been disclosed by other reports. Application of this method to synthesis of the natural alkaloid bicolorine, and its derivatives, was also carried out in only three synthetic steps from commercially available compounds.


Can a computer program which knows little about the Motor Accidents Act 1988 (NSW), and nothing of comparable verdicts, be relied upon to determine the assessment of bodily injury claims in New South Wales? Colossus, an 'expert system' developed jointly by GIO Australia and Continuum Australia, has that function, and the software has now been exported to overseas insurers. With around 15,000 rules in its knowledge-base, Colossus is one of the world's largest commercial expert systems.Colossus has been used in all GIO Funds Administration Offices since July 1989, and about 75% of all personal injuries claims are now processed through Colossus. It does not handle claims concerning spinal cord injuries, brain damage or nervous shock. This article gives a critical explanation of what occurs in a Colossus consultation. The logic of Colossus' approach now has a close parallel in s79(2) of the Motor Accidents Act 1988 (NSW) which provides that 'The amount of damages to be awarded for non-economic loss [as a consequence of a motor accident] shall be a proportion determined according to the severity of the non-economic loss, of the maximum amount which may be awarded'. Between the poles of 'a most extreme case' and 'no significant impairment', how Colossus reaches its recommended figure is subject to three broad sets of variables. These are explained.Before a Colossus assessment is used as the basis for settlement offers, the whole file including the Colossus report is reviewed by an authorised officer, to reduce any dangers of misinterpretation of the facts or inadequate weight being given to very unusual factors. In this sense, the Colossus assessment is used as a guide to the eventual settlement offer, not its final arbiter.For each assessment it makes, Colossus produces a report of a couple of pages. The report is a comprehensive and structured listing of all of the data that Colossus has been 'fed' in order to make its calculations, which should make it easier for both sides to determine whether they are negotiating on a common factual basis. Whether this is adequate is considered.How do you measure the effectiveness or value of a system like Colossus? Is it meaningful to ask how 'accurate' Colossus is? These and other questions are considered in the conclusions. Colossus is just one instance of an important challenge of the information age: how to ensure that computer-based decision-making is fair and non-discriminatory.


To improve the QoS of Layered P2P Live System, an incentive-based Tree-push/mesh-pull strategy ICTMS (An Incentive based Tree-push/Mesh-pull strategy) was proposed. Compared with the traditional push and pull Mechanism, ICTMS considers the heterogeneity of peers fully and introduces the incentive mechanism. According to a peer's different uploading capacity, it uses the push strategy or the pull strategy respectively. ICTMS not only has the rapid data distribution advantage of the push strategy, but also has that of high resource utilization of the pull strategy. In this strategy, it also alleviates the pressure of a cluster header by restricting its service. The simulation results show that ICTMS can improve the overall performance of the system, and it is suitable for large-scale streaming media applications.


Ouster clauses are provisions in the statutes that take away or purport to take away the jurisdiction of a competent court of law. It denies the court the ability to make any meaningful contribution with respect to matters relating to sustainable development and good governance brought before the court. In fact, it seeks deny the litigant any judicial assistance in respect of the matter having bearing on sustainable development and good governance brought before it. The legislature seeks, by the enactment of ouster clauses, to deny the court the power of judicial review in respect of the matter in which its jurisdiction has been ousted. Ousting the jurisdiction of the court is a reaction from the legislative arm of government to the increasing powers of the court in respect of judicial review of certain disputes. Thus, democracy with calls for constitutionalism has gained more recognition in many parts of the world. Given the general functions of judiciary as one of check and balance mechanisms in democracy, most people and government have developed interest in the judiciary and judicial process. Despite this, the benchmark of academic discourse seems to argue that courts' hands are tied and should not review matters having to do with ouster clauses. This paper therefore makes an analytical exposition into the attitude of the courts in Nigeria and Malaysia to matters having to do with ouster of courts' jurisdiction. It reveals the reactions of courts to constitutional ouster clauses and the ones contained in statutes and analyses how judicial review of the clauses can help promote good governance and sustainable development. The objective is to improve the quality of courts' decisions and aid law reform in this area of law. It therefore hypothesizes that review of ouster provisions by the courts promotes constitutional justice, democratic principles, good governance, sustainable development and reduces injustices in the polity. For the purpose of the analysis, various constitutional provisions and courts' decisions from the countries under review are examined.


BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to catalog the chief complaints and diagnoses of elderly patients visiting to a Taiwanese emergency department (ED), and to compare gender differences.

METHODS
ED computer log data of patients 65 years and older, who visited the ED from July 1995 to June 1996, were retrospectively reviewed. The computer log data for each patient was entered prospectively by the doctor providing the ED care. All patient data were separated by gender, and then subdivided into trauma and non-trauma groups for analysis.

RESULTS
There were 8038 elderly patients treated during the study period. The most common male chief complaint was dyspnea, and for females, it was abdominal pain, followed by injuries for both genders. Falls were the most common mechanism of injury for both genders, but they were more common among females (63.2% vs. 46.1%, p < 0.001). Motorbike accidents, however, were 3 times as frequent among males (16.05% vs. 5.45%, p < 0.001). Males presented most commonly with COPD (12.2%), compared to only 4.16% for females (p < 0.001), with urinary retention the second most common diagnosis (5.04% vs. 0.72%, p < 0.001). Females suffered a greater number of urinary tract infections (5.42% vs. 2.03%, p < 0.001), presentations for renal failure (2.98% vs. 1.56% p < 0.001), and diabetes-associated problems (4.58% vs. 2.48%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Elderly females presented to the ED more frequently with urinary tract and diabetic problems; while their male counterparts presented with complications of COPD, urinary retention, and motorbike accidents.


Purpose: Evidence is limited regarding the associations of different dietary patterns with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among the population with diabetes. Thus, we aimed to explore the associations between three dietary patterns and CVD incidence among the population with diabetes. Materials and methods: We prospectively followed 22 473 diabetic patients from the UK Biobank at the baseline. The healthy dietary pattern was derived from a food frequency questionnaire; meanwhile, the Alternate Mediterranean Diet (AMED) and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet were assessed based on the Oxford WebQ online 24 h dietary questionnaire. Results: During an average of 10.8 years of follow-up, 5209 incident CVD cases, including 3552 coronary heart disease (CHD) events and 881 strokes, were documented. After multivariate adjustment, a higher healthy diet score was negatively associated with CVD, CHD, and stroke incidence. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals across increasing quintiles of healthy diet score were 0.86 (0.79-0.95), 0.83 (0.75-0.93), and 0.71 (0.57-0.88) for CVD, CHD, and stroke, respectively. A similar protective association with CVD incidence was found for the AMED but not the DASH diet. Conclusions: Adherence to healthy dietary patterns is related to a lower risk of developing CVD among diabetic patients. Our findings further provide vigorous evidence for formulating dietary adherence guidelines for diabetic patients to reduce the burden of CVD complications.


An automated flow is described for total-ionizing dose (TID)-aware SPICE model generation that includes TID response and its dependence on process variability and layout. A memetic algorithm that balances multiple objectives, subject to realistic constraints, is introduced for global optimization of the flow. A differential evolution algorithm is adapted for global exploration, and a modified random pattern search strategy is introduced for local exploitation. The optimizer efficiently reduces the value of different kinds of objective functions in the extraction at reasonable cost and avoids premature convergence in most practical cases. The model is implemented in Verilog-A, can be applied to all foundry model formats, and supports all popular SPICE simulators. To validate the flow, simulations from models extracted from specific targets are compared with measured current-voltage characteristics under various irradiation conditions for 0.35 μm, 0.18 μm, and 90 nm bulk CMOS processes.


The ability to delay gratification is an important aspect of the development of self-regulation and executive functioning. Standard tasks to assess delay of gratification are typically only useful up to age 5 years. A modified task was developed and administered to a sample of 126 (59 males and 67 females) typically developing Australian children aged 5-12 years. Results showed that 7-year-olds were significantly more likely to delay than 5-year-olds. A ceiling effect was observed from age 7 onwards. Performance on the modified task correlated significantly with other executive functioning tasks, demonstrating the convergent validity of the task. This study was successful in extending the usefulness of the standard delay of gratification task to age 7. Suggestions for further development of this task are discussed.


In this paper design and development of a light weight 2 × 2 rectangular linearly polarized microstrip patch antenna array operating at 5.8GHz is presented with simulated and measured results. This antenna configuration is mostly useful in satellite applications. The proposed antenna configuration is designed and optimized by simulation studies using Zeland IE3D simulation software, which is based on the Method of Moment (MOM).


Disks in binary systems can cause exotic eclipsing events. MWC 882 (BD –22 4376, EPIC 225300403) is such a disk-eclipsing system identified from observations during Campaign 11 of the K2 mission. We propose that MWC 882 is a post-Algol system with a B7 donor star of mass in a 72-day orbit around an A0 accreting star of mass . The disk around the accreting star occults the donor star once every orbit, inducing 19-day long, 7% deep eclipses identified by K2 and subsequently found in pre-discovery All-Sky Automated Survey and All Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae observations. We coordinated a campaign of photometric and spectroscopic observations for MWC 882 to measure the dynamical masses of the components and to monitor the system during eclipse. We found the photometric eclipse to be gray to ≈1%. We found that the primary star exhibits spectroscopic signatures of active accretion, and we observed gas absorption features from the disk during eclipse. We suggest that MWC 882 initially consisted of a ≈3.6 M⊙ donor star transferring mass via Roche lobe overflow to a ≈2.1 M⊙ accretor in a ≈7-day initial orbit. Through angular momentum conservation, the donor star is pushed outward during mass transfer to its current orbit of 72 days. The observed state of the system corresponds with the donor star having left the red giant branch ∼0.3 Myr ago, terminating active mass transfer. The present disk is expected to be short-lived (102 yr) without an active feeding mechanism, presenting a challenge to this model.


Gynandroblastoma is a rare ovarian mixed sex cord stromal tumour with very few cases reported in literature. These tumours are considered to be potentially malignant. Here a case of gynandroblastoma occurring in a 30-year female is reported who gave history of irregular menstrual bleeding and pain abdomen, there were no signs of virilisation. Computed tomography scan showed a left adnexal mixed density pelvic mass suggesting malignant ovarian tumour. Histological study revealed, the tumour was composed of mixed sex cord elements with predominantly intermediate differentiated Sertoli-Leydig cell component and a second adult type granulosa cell component.


Thymic-derived naturally occurring regulatory T cells (tTreg) are crucial for maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis. They play a crucial role in preventing autoimmunity and maintaining organ transplant without requiring immunosuppression. Cellular metabolism has recently emerged as an important regulator of adaptive immune cell balance between Treg and effector T cells. While the metabolic requirements of conventional T cells are increasingly understood, the role of Treg cellular metabolism is less clear. The continuous exposure of metabolites and nutrients to the human liver via the portal blood flow influences the lineage fitness, function, proliferation, migration, and survival of Treg cells. As cellular metabolism has an impact on its function, it is crucial to understand the metabolic pathways wiring in regulatory T cells. Currently, there are ongoing early phase clinical trials with polyclonal and antigen-specific good manufacturing practice (GMP) Treg therapy to treat autoimmune diseases and organ transplantation. Thus, enhancing immunometabolic pathways of Treg by translational approach with existing or new drugs would utilize Treg cells to their full potential for effective cellular therapy.


Spectral analysis and computer simulation are adopted to investigate the tracing of a two-dimensional fractal profile with a mechanical profiler with a spherical tipped stylus. It is shown that the critical wavenumber strongly depends on the fractal dimension D and the ratio of the non-scale parameter G to the tip radius r. By using the concept of the critical wavenumber, the spectral density of a measured profile can be estimated. Also, formulae for estimating the critical wavenumber and the error of the mean square height are developed.


During the spin-up phase of a large pulsar glitch – a sudden decrease of the rotational period of a neutron star – the angular velocity of the star may overshoot, namely reach values greater than that observed for the new post-glitch equilibrium. These transient phenomena are expected on the basis of theoretical models for pulsar internal dynamics, and their observation has the potential to provide an important diagnostic for glitch modelling. In this article, we present a simple criterion to assess the presence of an overshoot, based on the minimal analytical model that is able to reproduce an overshooting spin-up. We employed it to fit the data of the 2016 glitch of the Vela pulsar, obtaining estimates of the fractional moments of inertia of the internal superfluid components involved in the glitch, of the rise and decay timescales of the overshoot, and of the mutual friction parameters between the superfluid components and the normal one. We studied the cases with and without strong entrainment in the crust: in the former, we found an indication of a large inner core strongly coupled to the observable component, and of a reservoir of angular momentum extending into the core to densities below nuclear saturation; while in the latter, a large reservoir extending above nuclear saturation and a standard normal component without inner core were found.


AIM
To identify key issues and factors affecting retention of qualified nurses who care for older people and persons with dementia in Australian acute, subacute, community and residential health-care settings.

BACKGROUND
As the number of older people with chronic conditions needing health care continues to increase research is needed to optimize nurse retention.

METHODS
Qualified nurses were surveyed with a set of items derived from four published nurse workforce questionnaires (Cronbach's alpha range 0.75-0.96). There were 3983 complete responses and 10 focus groups with 58 volunteer survey respondents.

RESULTS
In addition to reporting a number of workplace issues, nurses also reported reasonable levels of satisfaction. Intrinsic factors related to caregiving, work relations and colleague support. Extrinsic factors included professional opportunities and organisational support.

CONCLUSIONS
Altruism is a primary motivation for choosing to nurse older people and persons with dementia. Nurses are most positive when they feel valued and supported by their organisation and colleagues, through education, training, supervision, mentoring opportunities and appropriate remuneration.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
Nursing managers need to take positive steps to address the organisational factors outlined in this paper that either inhibit or promote nurse retention.


Identifying biological roles for mammalian glycans and the pathways by which they are synthesized has been greatly facilitated by investigations of glycosylation mutants of cultured cell lines and model organisms. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) glycosylation mutants isolated on the basis of their lectin resistance have been particularly useful for glycosylation engineering of recombinant glycoproteins. To further enhance the application of these mutants, and to obtain insights into the effects of altering one specific glycosyltransferase or glycosylation activity on the overall expression of cellular glycans, an analysis of the N-glycans and major O-glycans of a panel of CHO mutants was performed using glycomic analyses anchored by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry. We report here the complement of the major N-glycans and O-glycans present in nine distinct CHO glycosylation mutants. Parent CHO cells grown in monolayer versus suspension culture had similar profiles of N- and O-GalNAc glycans, although the profiles of glycosylation mutants Lec1, Lec2, Lec188.8.131.52, Lec4, LEC10, LEC11, LEC12, Lec13, and LEC30 were consistent with available genetic and biochemical data. However, the complexity of the range of N-glycans observed was unexpected. Several of the complex N-glycan profiles contained structures of m/z ∼13,000 representing complex N-glycans with a total of 26 N-acetyllactosamine (Galβ1–4GlcNAc)n units. Importantly, the LEC11, LEC12, and LEC30 CHO mutants exhibited unique complements of fucosylated complex N-glycans terminating in Lewisx and sialyl-Lewisx determinants. This analysis reveals the larger-than-expected complexity of N-glycans in CHO cell mutants that may be used in a broad variety of functional glycomics studies and for making recombinant glycoproteins.


Purpose: Normal tissuedose tolerance for hypofractionated radiotherapy is under active investigation. Previous radiation increases the complexity of determining the dose limits. We developed a software tool to optimize CyberKnife treatment planning for patient specific dose tolerances using the linear quadratic (LQ) model to derive biologically effective doses (BED) and to correlate these findings with observed toxicities. Methods: A program was written in Visual Basic using LQ model to estimate the normal organ BED tolerance for hypofractionated radiotherapy. Total tolerance BED was derived from the literature on conventional fractionated radiotherapy. For patients who previously received radiation from other modalities and fractionation schemes, prior doses were converted to equivalent BED and subtracted. Based on these calculations, physicians set dose constraints for organs at risk (OAR) to optimize the treatment plan. Plan re‐optimization was required until the plan dose was less than 90% of the dose constraint for each OAR. 259 consecutive patients treated with CyberKnife radiosurgery at our institution since 2007 to 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. Treatment related toxicities were evaluated according to CTCAE for 208 out of 259 patients who had available follow‐up data. Results: Guided by this software tool, plan re‐optimizations were routinely performed for most patients (193/208 patients or 93%). 60 patients (29%) received previous radiation treatment. High grade early toxicities were observed in 4 patients (4 or 1.9% in grade 3, no grade 4 or 5). All high grade toxicities were related to the OAR identified in the planning process. Conclusions: This software provides an essential tool to appropriately optimize hypofractionated radiotherapy. The LQ model and BED dose evaluations appear to be a safe method to obtain normal tissue tolerances for these patients, with toxicity rates comparable to conventional fractionation. The BED subtraction method properly set the optimization objectives for patients treated with different fractionation schemes.


Vaccination strategies in immunocompromised patients differ from those in immunocompetent patients: The risk of severe and complicated infections is increased, the immune response to vaccination might be hampered and side-effects--especially vaccination-induced infections after live-vaccines--must carefully be weighed against benefit of vaccination. Encouragement of vaccination, adequate timing, boostering and newer immunological strategies can improve immunity. This article summarizes vaccination problems in patients with HIV/AIDS, Solid-organ transplantation, haematological stem cell transplantation, splenectomy and immunosuppressive drugs.


: Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication is expected to serve as a new information exchange method to help reduce tra ffi c accidents. Most current services can notify drivers of dangers predicted by exchanging vehicle information. However, human drivers use multiple modalities to express their intentions, such as gestures and lights as well as vehicle behavior, even if these interactions can cause misunderstandings. A solution to reduce these misun-derstandings is to exchange driver intentions via V2V communication. This study proposes the concept of exchanging driver intentions via a driver agent that understands the driver's utterance and sends a message using V2V communication. An experiment including five scenarios was conducted by employing the Wizard of Oz method on a driving simulator. The acceptability of the inter-driver interaction was evaluated by conducting a questionnaire survey and a semi-structured interview. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between acceptability and one's usual driving style. Consequently, we formed hypothesized key factors of the inter-driver interaction via V2V communication.


Dissolved-air flotation has been applied as a separation technique to recover suspended solids from the paper mill white water system. Polyelectrolytes are generally used to facilitate the flotation. Main components of the white water are pulp, filler and size, though their contents differ according to the kind of paper to be manufactured. The purpose of this study is to determine various factors involved in flotation with Polyethylenimine (PEI) and Polyacrylamide (PAM), and to evaluate their applicabilities. Laboratory tests were conducted with artificially prepared white water samples, simulating pulp alone, pulp-filler, pulp-aluminum sulfate or pulp-filler-aluminum sulfate systems to compare the effectiveness between PEI and PAM for the above each system. For the flotability of pulp the following results were obtained ; Flotability of pulp fibers varied with the kind of pulp, and that of coniferous wood pulp fiber was poor. Floating velocity increased when white water contained filler up to about 50% of pulp but the quality of treated water degraded in these cases. Flotability was particularly impeded by the presence of aluminum sulfate. For the effects of PEI and PAM, it was found that, the affectiveness of PEI and PAM for the same kind of deciduous wood pulp differed depending on the manufacturers. PAM was more effective than PEI when filler was contained. PEI was superior to PAM when aluminum sulfate content was less than about 11 ppm (as Al), while PAM was better at the content more than that. When both filler and aluminum sulfate were contained other than pulp, the flotability of pulp was poor but most clear treated water was obtained at aluminum content of about 11 ppm. PAM was better for this system. In conclusion, aluminum sulfate has significant effect on flotability and either PEI or PAM should be carefully chosen according to the composition of white water to be treated.


This paper presents an investigation of two well-known aerodynamic phenomena, rotational augmentation and dynamic stall, together in the inboard parts of wind turbine blades. This analysis is carried out using the following: (1) the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment Phase VI experimental data, including constant as well as continuously pitching blade conditions during axial operation; (2) data from unsteady delayed detached eddy simulations (DDES) carried out using the Technical University of Denmark's in-house flow solver Ellipsys3D; and (3) data from a reduced order dynamic stall model that uses rotationally augmented steady-state polars obtained from steady Phase VI experimental sequences, instead of the traditional two-dimensional, non-rotating data. The aim of this work is twofold. First, the blade loads estimated by the DDES simulations are compared with three select cases of the N-sequence experimental data, which serves as a validation of the DDES method. Results show reasonable agreement between the two data in two out of three cases studied. Second, the dynamic time series of the lift and the moment polars obtained from the experiments are compared with those from the dynamic stall model. This allowed the differences between the stall phenomenon on the inboard parts of harmonically pitching blades on a rotating wind turbine and the classic dynamic stall representation in two-dimensional flow to be investigated. Results indicated a good qualitative agreement between the model and the experimental data in many cases, which suggests that the current two-dimensional dynamic stall model as used in blade element momentum-based aeroelastic codes may provide a reasonably accurate representation of three-dimensional rotor aerodynamics when used in combination with a robust rotational augmentation model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Recognized as an essential component of 21st century skills, self-regulation, also as a robust and vibrant theory, has been extensively researched in the field of education psychology for many decades. However, it is an area of research whose theoretical principles that drive the research work have not been sufficiently applied to the field of second language acquisition (SLA), applied linguistics, or foreign language education. Inspired by the heated discussion on self-regulation and language learning strategies in recent years (Rose et al. 2018; Griffiths 2020), this brief article presents a critical review of how self-regulation has been applied to second/foreign language learning and teaching in the past 15 years. By taking stock of conceptual and methodological issues, we highlight the state-of-the-art research and propose key foci for future studies. We conclude that self-regulation principles, measurements, and practices have a solid ground for enriching second/foreign language learning and teaching, and thus offer a complex and broad range of research possibilities.


Objective To evaluate the colour stability of orthodontic elastomeric module material exposed to dietary media. Design An in vitro laboratory study Materials and methods Coloured and clear orthodontic elastomeric modules from four companies were exposed to coffee, cola, tea and spices for 72 h. The difference in colour components was measured with a Minolta c hromameter before and after exposure. Results Significant changes in colour, including grey level and chromaticity, both as a function of colour and company of elastomeric ligature module were found following exposure to beverages and spices. Colour change was most affected by Δb* (yellowness) and most significant in clear modules. Modules made using injection mouldings were more resistant to colour change than those by extrusion. Spice mix had the most effect and cola beverage the least. Clinically, these changes compromised both colour stability and esthetics of the elastomeric module. Conclusions Clinicians should make patients aware of the effect of consuming beverages and spices on the colour stability of their selected ligature modules. Clinicians should favour modules made with injection moulding. Darker colour modules may be preferred to clear modules to avoid excessive colour degradation through dietary media such as beverages and food spices. Patients consuming large amounts of spices or coffee should avoid clear modules made by extrusion processing because of their tendency to discolour.


Time-resolved powder neutron diffraction has been used to study, in situ, the structural transformations and changes in the hydrogen-atom content of four ion-exchanged (Ca, K, Mg and Na) vermiculites and two natural (Ca and Na) montmorillonites undergoing dehydration. The loss of interlayer water is shown to occur in steps, revealing the existence of a number of intermediate hydration states. These intermediate states are found to be sensitive to the interlayer cation and the layer charge.The Ca- and Na-montmorillonites are found to contain a maximum of three interlayer sheets of water, whereas the Ca-, Mg- and Na-vermiculites contain a maximum of two interlayer sheets of water. The K-vermiculite was found to exhibit a much lower capacity for hydration.


One of the main problems for an agency or a company is the security of information systems. High security is needed to maintain the confidentiality and misuse of information within the organization. To improve the security of business operations and the quality of information technology resources, it is necessary to evaluate to op Badan Pendapatan Daerah Jawa Barat Kota Bandung III, namely SIMKA BAPENDA whose function is to collect data on PKB (pajak kendaraan bermotor) and BBNKB (bea balik nama kendaraan bermotor) which manage the data computerized. The purpose of this study is to carry out a security audit of SIMKA BAPENDA at the Badan Pendapatan Daerah Jawa Barat Kota Bandung III using the COBIT 5 framework and ISO/IEC 27002 to document audit findings of the information system audit of the Badan Pendapatan Daerah Jawa Barat Kota Bandung III to make a report on the audit results. Based on the results of research that has been done through interviews and questionnaires using framework and using the APO13 and DSS05 sub domains, the results show that the Capability Existing is at level 1 while Capability Level is level 3 so the Capability Gap is 2.


Many problems lead to the consideration of "algebras", given by an object A of a category A together with "actions" TkA → A on A of one or more endofunctors of A, subjected to equational axioms. Such problems include those of free monads and free monoids, of cocompleteness in categories of monads and of monoids, of orthogonal subcategories (= generalized sheaf-categories), of categories of continuous functors, and so on; apart from problems involving the algebras for their own sake. Desirable properties of the category of algebras - existence of free ones, cocompleteness, existence of adjoints to algebraic functors - all follow if this category can be proved reflective in some well-behaved category: for which we choose a certain comma-category T/A We show that the reflexion exists and is given as the colimit of a simple transfinite sequence, if A is cocomplete and the Tk preserve either colimits or unions of suitably-long chains of subobjects. The article draws heavily on the work of earlier authors, unifies and simplifies this, and extends it to new problems. Moreover the reflectivity in T/A is stronger than any earlier result, and will be applied in forthcoming articles, in an enriched version, to the study of categories with structure.


Closure of previously patent laser iridotomies has been described as occurring early or late after the procedure. Early closure, occurring from minutes to hours after completion of the iridotomy, results from landsliding of iris pigment epithelium from above the site of the iridotomy or from large pigment particles floating in the posterior chamber, lodging in the iridotomy site, and occluding it. Late closure may occur due to occlusion by the settling of dispersed pigment and/or inflammatory debris into a small iridotomy and/or proliferation of pigment with bridging of the iridotomy and usually occurs after days to weeks. In most cases, this pigment appears to come from the stroma, and the pigment plugging of the iridotomy is anatomically at the level of the iris stroma. Iris pigment epithelial proliferation has been considered extremely rare and to our knowledge has not been previously described after laser iridotomy. Closure of iridotomies by proliferation of iris pigment epithelium has been alluded to in various reports, but published photographs indicate pigment proliferation plugging the iridotomy at the level of the stroma, not at the level of the iris pigment epithelium. We present 2 cases in which true regrowth of the iris pigment epithelium solely at the appropriate anatomic level resulted in recurrence of pupillary block.


The ability to recognize and discriminate among others is a frequent assumption of models of the evolution of cooperative behavior. At the same time, cooperative behavior has been proposed as a selective agent favoring the evolution of individual recognition abilities. While theory predicts that recognition and cooperation may co-evolve, data linking recognition abilities and cooperative behavior with fitness or evidence of selection are elusive. Here, we provide evidence of a fitness link between individual recognition and cooperation in the paper wasp Polistes fuscatus. Nest founding females in northern populations frequently form cooperative multiple foundress nests and possess highly variable facial patterns that mediate individual recognition. We describe a dearth of cooperative nesting, low phenotypic diversity, and a lack of individual recognition in southern populations. In a common garden experiment, northern co-foundress associations successfully reared offspring while all cooperative southern groups failed to rear any offspring, suggesting a fitness link between individual recognition and successful cooperation. Consistent with a selective link between individual recognition and cooperation, we find that rates of cooperative co-nesting correlate with identity-signaling color pattern diversity across the species' range. Moreover, genomic evidence of recent positive selection on cognition loci likely to mediate individual recognition is substantially stronger in northern compared to southern P. fuscatus populations. Collectively, these data suggest that individual recognition and cooperative nesting behavior have co-evolved in P. fuscatus because recognition helps mediate conflict among co-nesting foundresses. This work provides evidence of a specific cognitive phenotype under selection because of social interactions, supporting the idea that social behavior can be a key driver of cognitive evolution.


Learning complex mappings between various modalities (typically articulatory, somatosensory and auditory) is a central issue in computationally modeling speech acquisition. These mappings are generally nonlinear and redundant, involving high dimensional sensorimotor spaces. Classical approaches consider two separate phases: a relatively pre-determined exploration phase analogous to infant babbling followed by an exploitation phase involving higher level communicative motivations. In this paper, we consider the problem as a developmental robotics one, in which an agent actively learns sensorimotor mappings of an articulatory vocal model. More specifically, we show how intrinsic motivations can allow the emergence of efficient exploration strategies, driving the way a learning agent will interact with its environment to collect an adequate learning set.


Optimism about the future of the dairy industry was expressed at the annual World Dairy Summit (WDS) of the International Dairy Federation (IDF) held recently in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. "Dare to dairy" was the theme of the summit.


A Beta-KIT-6 (BK) micro-mesoporous composite material was assembled using zeolite Beta seed solution as raw material. BK composite contained both zeolite Beta units and three-dimensional cubic Ia3d mesostructure of KIT-6, which served as a catalyst support for hydroisomerization of n-heptane. The composite was characterized by a variety of techniques. Results show that catalyst Pt/HBK using the composite as the support exhibited the highest isoheptanes yield among all catalysts, which is attributed to both appropriate surface acidity and excellent mass transfer properties of Beta-KIT-6 composite. Experimental results verified that the indexed isomerization factor as a general performance descriptor could accurately predict the hydroisomerization performance of support materials.


Several studies reported socioeconomic inequalities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We aimed at investigating educational inequalities in COVID-19 vaccination on 22 December 2021. We used the cohort of all residents in the Lazio Region, Central Italy, established at the beginning of the pandemic to investigate the effects of COVID-19. The Lazio Region has 5.5 million residents, mostly distributed in the Metropolitan Area of Rome (4.3 million inhabitants). We selected those aged 35 years or more who were alive and still residents on 22 December 2021. The cohort included data on sociodemographic, health characteristics, COVID-19 vaccination (none, partial, or complete), and SARS-CoV-2 infection. We used adjusted logistic regression models to analyze the association between level of education and no vaccination. We investigated 3,186,728 subjects (54% women). By the end of 2021, 88.1% of the population was fully vaccinated, and 10.3% were not vaccinated. There were strong socioeconomic inequalities in not getting vaccinated: compared with those with a university degree, residents with a high school degree had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.29 (95% confidence interval, CI, 1.27–1.30), and subjects with a junior high or primary school attainment had an OR = 1.41 (95% CI: 1.40–1.43). Since a comprehensive vaccination against COVID-19 could help reduce socioeconomic inequalities raised with the pandemic, further efforts in reaching the low socioeconomic strata of the population are crucial.


1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary fatty acid (FA) composition, age, and gender on the FA composition of different broiler anatomical compartments. Four dietary fat sources (palm fat, P; soybean oil, S; linseed oil, L; fish oil, F) were added to a wheat–soybean meal based diet at 30 g/kg in addition to 50 g/kg palm fat. Diets were fed separately to female and male birds from d 1 to either d 21 or d 42 of age. 2. The total FA content (mg/100 g tissue) and the FA composition (g/100 g FAME) was determined in 7 anatomical compartments (skinless thigh muscle, skinless breast muscle, liver, heart, brain, abdominal fat pad, and remainders plus carcase trimmings named Rest compartment). The FA profiles differed greatly among compartments and were strongly affected by diet. 3. The S diet resulted in a 2–3-fold increase of the proportion of C18:2n-6 and C20:4n-6 in all compartments compared to the other diets, except for brain. 4. The response in the proportion of C18:3n-3 following feeding the L diet was much greater, with 4–20-fold increases compared to the other diets, except again for brain. 5. In all compartments except brain, the L diet resulted in approximately a 2-fold increase in the proportion of C22:6n-3 compared to the P and S diets and smaller, but also significant, increases for C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3. 6. The proportions of C20:5n-3, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 were much higher on the F diet in all compartments, except for brain, compared to the P and S diets. The F diet resulted in higher proportions of C22:6n-3 than the proportions of C20:5n-3 and C22:5n-3 in breast and thigh meat, and liver, in contrast to the other diets. 7. Brain was less responsive than other tissues to changes in the dietary FA composition. The proportion of C22:6n-3 in brain was similar on the L and F diets. 8. The effect of gender on the FA composition of different anatomical compartments was marginal. The long-chain n-3 and n-6 PUFA in breast, liver, and brain decreased with age.


A 78‐year‐old man with primary gastric plasmacytoma showing massive rod‐shaped intracytoplasmic inclusions is presented. The patient was initially diagnosed as having a benign gastric ulcer and underwent partial gastrectomy. Around the ulcer of the resected stomach specimen, diffuse proliferation of plasma cells with massive rod‐shaped intracytoplasmic inclusions was noticed by light microscopy. Immunohistochemically, these cells were found to contain IgM‐kappa‐type immunoglobulin upon peroxidaseantlperoxidase (PAP) staining. Electron microscopy showed that the intracytoplasmic inclusions were localized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and had a lattice structure with a periodicity of about 120 Å.


A new data adaptive fast search motion estimation algorithm is proposed. Motion estimation is one of the major blocks in video coding applications and is highly computationally intensive. Although a number of fast and efficient algorithms have been developed, most of these do not take into account the varying nature of the input data. We present a novel technique in which we dynamically alter the motion estimation algorithm thereby impacting the execution rate and hence the power consumed. An average reduction of 30% in memory accesses and 60% in arithmetic operations, as compared to the full search block matching algorithm, was observed for the test cases. The loss in peak signal-to-error ratio (PSER) was less than 0.3 dB on average.


HIV/AIDS is recognized as a worldwide disease and the most notorious and serious global epidemics of our generation. According to National Centre for Health Statistics (NCHS) AIDS became the leading cause of death among youths between the ages 25-44 years. The study was to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and risk perception among students in Owerri West Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey was conducted among 400 students using a validated, self administered questionnaire as a research instrument. The questionnaire included assessment on level of knowledge, attitude, perception, risky behavior and HIV/AIDS preventive measures. A random sampling technique was used to select the respondents used as sample for the study. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square statistics. The results obtained indicated that students have good knowledge on HIV/AIDS, causes and mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, risky behaviors, perception and preventive measures. About 87.5% of the respondents are aware of the disease HIV/AIDS while not aware had 12.5%. From the result, 70% of the students know that HIV is a viral disease while 75% has the knowledge that it can be passed from one person to another All had high significant difference at p≤0.01 probability level. In conclusion, there is need to focus on preventive measures which can be achieved through proper AIDS education. Parents and teachers should encourage students to imbibe the spirit of abstinence with regards to sex. 128 Nwaokoro Joakin C. et al.: Assessment of the Level of Knowledge, Attitude and Risk Perception of HIV/AIDS among Students in Owerri West Metropolis, South-Eastern, Nigeria


The paper argues that Baya's play, Tomorrow's People, advocates the transformation and localisation of the African theatrical industries as a part of the educational system that aims at liberating the mind and promoting an Afro-centric worldview within a global framework. It explored the dramatisation of the school system and showed that the reclamation of the African academy requires the enactment of an indigenous curriculum that allowed pupils to relate to the wider global world. Through textual analysis of the play, it was noted that the playwright rejected the anti-creative culture of imitating established Eurocentric artistic traditions and championed the training of independent and innovative thinkers who can improvise, theorise, confidently articulate issues from an Afro-centric perspective and contribute to the enrichment of a multicultural global village where Africans participated as peers. The play was rooted within Zimbabwean histories, realities and sensibilities; whilst proffering solutions to real life developmental and existential problems that enabled Africa to participate in shaping global cultural and intellectual discourses.


Orange fleshed sweet potato contains high beta carotene as vitamin A precursor. However, its production is limited by the presence of scab disease caused by Sphaceloma batatas Saw. The disease is able to cause yield loss up to 60%. Best controlling method is using resistant varieties. However, the development of resistant varieties are involving long procedures which is time consuming. The long procedure of resistance varieties selection can be shorted cut using molecular markers such as SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats). Specific SSR markers for sweet potato resistance against scab has not been found. This study aimed to screen SSR molecular markers which were related to resistance to scab. The study used 5 resistant genotypes, 5 susceptible genotypes, and 6 SSR primers. PCR analysis showed that those SSR primers were polymorphic. Furthermore, the biplot analysis result demonstrated that several markers allele were related to plant resistance against scab. This finding indicated that these particular SSR markers can be used in sweet potato breeding program as marker assisted selection to develop resistant variety against scab disease. Keywords: Sphaceloma batatas ; orange fleshed sweet potato; SSR markers .


Surface chemical states of GaN, AlGaN and InGaN by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, and the influence of different dopants are studied with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that for most of the samples the N 1s peak can be fitted with a dominant GaN peak and a small N–H peak, while Ga 3d can be deconvoluted into three peaks from elemental Ga, GaN and Ga2O3. Si-doping appears to have small influence on the surface chemical states of GaN while the influence of Mg-doping appears larger. In addition to a change in the component intensities, Mgdoping also causes the N 1s and Ga 3d peaks to broaden. The ternary AlGaN sample shows aluminum surface segregation, while the undoped InGaN shows indium surface deficiency.


OBJECTIVE: To report initial experience from the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in patients who received lung transplantation. METHODS: Retrospective study of a single tertiary center in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, a national reference in lung transplantation, based on the prospective collection of data from electronic medical records. The period analyzed extended from January 2009 (beginning of the program) until December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 75 lung transplants were performed, with ECMO used in 8 (10.7%) cases. Of the patients, 4 (50%) were female. The mean age was 46.4±14.3 years. The causes of the end-stage lung disease that led to transplantation were pulmonary arterial hypertension in 3 (37.5%) patients, bronchiectasis in 2 (25%) patients, pulmonary fibrosis in 2 (25%) patients, and pulmonary emphysema in 1 (12.5%) patient. In our series, 7 (87.5%) cases were sequential bilateral transplantations. Prioritization was necessary in 4 (50%) patients, and in 1 patient, ECMO was used as a bridge to transplantation. The ECMO route was central in 4 (50%), peripheral venovenous in 2 (25%) and peripheral venoarterial in 2 (25%) patients. The mean length of the intensive care unit (ICU) stay was 14±7.5 days and of the hospital stay was 34.1±34.2 days. The mean ECMO duration was 9.3±6.6 days with a 50% decannulation rate. Three patients were discharged (37.5%). CONCLUSION: Lung transplantation requires complex treatment, and ECMO has allowed extending the indications for transplantation and provided adjuvant support in the clinical management of these patients.


PURPOSE
The chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR7 have been suggested to play an important role in cancer progression but their expression in human endometrial cancer has not been fully characterized. The aim of this study was to investigate CXCR4 and CCR7 expression in endometrial cancers.

METHODS
We immunohistochemically investigated the expression of CXCR4 and CCR7 protein in 166 endometrial cancers and analyzed the correlation with various observed clinicopathological features, including patient outcome. Fresh tumor specimens were obtained from 55 of the 166 endometrial cancer patients, and the expression levels of the CXCR4 and CCR7 genes were also examined in this subgroup.

RESULTS
Our results indicate that CXCR4 and CCR7 transcripts levels are significantly higher in tumors that express the corresponding protein products. CXCR4 and CCR7 protein expression levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with endometrial tumors of a high grade. Consistent with this, the overall survival rates were significantly better in patients exhibiting higher levels of CXCR4 and CCR7 expression.

CONCLUSION
We thus hypothesize that CXCR4 and CCR7 protein levels are suppressed in high-grade endometrial tumors, but that the expression of these receptors per se may not be a crucial role in tumor progression or metastasis in these cancers.


© 2012 Pituch-Noworolska and Zwonarz, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Celiac and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases in Children with Primary Humoral Immunodeficiency


This article discusses the standstill obligation under the EC Merger Regulation (ECMR) and a number of issues arising from its application in the context of acquisitions of minority shareholdings as well as possible solutions to address these issues. The standstill obligation is often characterized as a cornerstone of the ECMR. The EUR 20 million fine imposed by the Commission on Electrabel in June 2009 confirms that the Commission will take the enforcement of the standstill obligation very seriously. However, there are a number of issues in the interpretation of the standstill obligation that make its application in real-world cases extremely complex. Now that the Electrabel decision has increased the price of making mistakes, the importance of the issues surrounding the practical application of the standstill obligation has increased as well. This article focuses on the application of the standstill obligation in the context of acquisitions of minority shareholdings and more particularly the concepts of (1) de facto control, (2) partial implementation, and (3) interrelated transactions. This article then goes on to propose a number of possible solutions to enhance the level of legal certainty for practitioners and undertakings.


Distribution coefficient (Ks) and diffusivity [diffusion coefficient (D)] values for 19 nonvolatile solutes were previously reported for three ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers. In this article, the interaction properties of these solutes are compared with their octanol/water partition coefficient (Po/w) values. Adequate linear log/log correlations between Ks and Po/w are obtained for all three copolymers, once the effect of the solution pH on solute speciation is taken into account. The resultant correlations are similar for all three copolymers, suggesting that they share a common interaction mechanism. Inverse correlations between log D and log Po/w are established for all three materials. Although the relationship between log D and log Po/w is linear for the EVA polymers, the scatter in the poly(vinyl acetate) data is sufficiently large that a linear relationship cannot be unilaterally established. The utility of such a model in terms of assessing the potential interaction between a plastic container and its contained contents is demonstrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 253–259, 2006


Cumin is one of the most important drug plants that has many uses in food and drug technology. In order to investigate its drought resistance and determine the best date of planting, this experiment has been conducted in the form of split plot RCB design with 3 replications. Treatments were date of planting (main plot) at 4 levels (25 th Nov. D1, 27 th Dec. D2, 19 th Feb. D3 and 19 th Mar. D4) and date of irrigation (sub plot) at 4 levels (complete irrigation 11, twice irrigation (seed germination and stem elongation) I2, twice irrigation (seed germination and flowering) I3 and twice irrigation (seed germination and seed formation) I4) in 2007-2008. Traits under study were percent of essential oil, 1000 seed weight, no. of umbels per plant, seed no. per umbels, lateral shoots, final height, biological yield, seed yield and harvest index. Date of planting had significant effect on essential oil percent, 1000 seeds weight, no of seed per umbels, no of umbels per plant and final height at 1 % level. Also, irrigation date had significant effect on no. umbels per plant, no. of lateral shoots, biological yield and seed yield at 5% level. Interaction of planting date and irrigation date were significant for no. of lateral shoots, biological yield, seed yield and biomass at 5% level. Mean comparison had been done by Duncan's test that showed there were significant differences among means of traits at different planting date treatments, except harvest index at 5% level. Also, there were significant differences among means of traits at different date of irrigation treatments for essence percent, 1000 seeds weight, no. of umbels per plant, final height and harvest index. Also, there were significant differences among interaction of date of planting and date of irrigation for all traits at 5% level. The highest essential oil percent was related to D2I2 treatment equal to 1.8%. Also, the highest seed yield and biological yield occurred at D2I1 treatment. Then the best treatment was 27 th December planting date with complete irrigation.


Ecotropic viral integration site 1 (EVI1) plays important roles in leukaemia and development, and its expression is temporally and spatially highly restricted during the latter process. Nevertheless, the only physiological agent that to date has been shown to regulate transcription of this gene in mammalian cells is all‐trans retinoic acid. Here we describe the identification of a retinoic acid response element that was located in the most distal of several alternative first exons of the human EVI1 gene and was constitutively bound by canonical retinoid receptors in NTERA‐2 teratocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, it was the target of negative feedback by EVI1 on the induction of its own promoter by retinoic acid. This process required a previously described transcription repression domain of EVI1. Extending its role as a modulator of the retinoic acid response, EVI1 had the opposite effect on the RARβ retinoic acid response element, whose induction by all‐trans retinoic acid it enhanced through a mechanism that involved almost all of its known functional domains. Augmentation of the retinoic acid response by EVI1 was also observed for the endogenous RARβ gene. Thus, we have established EVI1 as a novel type of modulator of the retinoic acid response, which can both enhance and repress induction by this agent in a promoter‐specific manner.


Leprosy, a chronic granulomatous disease generally caused by Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis , remains a serious public health concern, particularly in developing countries. With the introduction of multi-drug therapy (MDT) by the World Health Organization in 1980, the prevalence of leprosy has declined globally. In the past, acid-fast bacilli frequently developed resistance to both first-line (dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine) and second-line drugs (fluoroquin-olones, minocycline and clarithromycin). According to previous research, it is reported that genes like rpoB, gyrA and folP play a role in drug resistance. Considering its exceptionally modest pace of growth, it is challenging to cultivate M. leprae in a laboratory environment on a synthetic medium. Thus, studies on animal models have assisted in evaluating anti-leprosy drugs and documentation of drug-resistant strains, as well as other basic immunological investigations examining the efficacy of vaccinations. In addition to the conventionally administered MDT treatments, several newly developed drugs have shown more impressive results, along with combinational therapies of moxifloxacin-based regimens, having much better efficacy. This review focuses on the increscent journey of anti-leprosy drugs to treat the disease and highlights


By 2007, executive compensation at U.S. companies had become an extremely contentious topic. Reports in the press of multi-million dollar pay packages - in the form of stock option exercises, severance packages, and retirement payouts - led to an outcry among many investors that compensation levels had gotten out of hand. Negative sentiments were highest against CEOs who received large severance payments despite the fact that the price of the company's stock had decreased substantially during their tenure. Corporate governance watchdogs dubbed such situations "pay for failure." Critics of executive compensation levels advocated a series of actions to rein in pay. These included increased disclosure about previously obscure contract provisions for severance and retirement packages, urging shareholders to withhold votes from directors who approved excessive pay amounts, and the requirement that executive compensation packages be put before shareholders each year for an advisory vote. This last proposal, commonly referred to as "say on pay," would give shareholders a direct voice (using the proxy voting procedures) for the first time on CEO compensation. Advocates of say on pay believed that the practice would put pressure on directors to justify proposed compensation amounts rather than rubber stamp pay packages proposed by boards and consultants. They also believed it would improve dialogue between shareholders and directors. Critics charged that the say-on-pay movement was politically motivated by activist investors and public pension funds who were trying to gain influence over matters that should be decided by elected board members. Average shareholders were left to consider what effects, if any, say on pay would have on compensation trends and whether it offered an innovative corporate control or an unnecessary distraction for CEOs and board members.


Background: Oro‐facial granulomatosis (OFG) is a rare chronic inflammatory disorder presenting characteristically with lip swelling but also affecting gingivae, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, and a number of other sites in the oral cavity. Histologically, OFG resembles Crohn's disease (CD), and a number of patients with CD have oral involvement identical to OFG. However, the exact relationship between OFG and CD remains unknown. Methods: Thirty‐five patients with OFG and no gut symptoms were identified from a combined oral medicine/gastroenterology clinic. All underwent a standardized assessment of the oral cavity and oral mucosal biopsy to characterize the number of sites affected and the type of inflammation involved. Hematological and biochemical parameters were also recorded. All 35 patients underwent ileocolonoscopy and biopsy to assess the presence of coexistent intestinal inflammation. Results: Ileal or colonic abnormalities were detected in 19/35 (54%) cases. From gut biopsies, granulomas were present in 13/19 cases (64%). An intestinal abnormality was significantly more likely if the age of OFG onset was less than 30 years (P = 0.01). Those with more severe oral inflammation were also more likely to have intestinal inflammation (P = 0.025), and there was also a correlation between the histologic severity of oral inflammation and the histologic severity of gut inflammation (P = 0.047). No relationship was found between any blood parameter and intestinal involvement. Conclusions: Endoscopic and histologic intestinal abnormalities are common in patients with OFG with no gastrointestinal symptoms. Younger patients with OFG are more likely to have concomitant intestinal involvement. In these patients, granulomas are more frequent in endoscopic biopsies than reported in patients with documented CD. OFG with associated intestinal inflammation may represent a separate entity in which granulomatous inflammation occurs throughout the gastrointestinal tract in response to an unknown antigen or antigens.


Two field studies conducted from 1990 to 1991 evaluated the effects of reclaimed water on growth and development of 1- and 2-year-old 'Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi (L.) Osb. ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.) rootstock. Treatments were arranged as a3 (water sources) x 3 (irrigation levels) factorial at two locations on an Arredondo (well drained) and Kanapaha (poorly drained) fine sand near Gainesville, Fla. Irrigation treatments included 1) reclaimed water, 2) reclaimed water plus fertigation, and 3) well water plus fertigation. The reclaimed water was formulated to simulate that of a sewage treatment plant at Vero Beach, Fla. Irrigation was applied at20% soil moisture depletion, or at 19 or 25 mm·week -1 regardless of rainfall. In both experiments, visual ratings of tree vigor, and measured tree height and trunk diameter, were significantly lower for trees watered with reclaimed water without fertilizer than for the others in both years. Moreover, there was no fourth leaf flush in 1991 with reclaimed water. There was a significant increase in leaf Na, Cl, and B concentrations for the reclaimed water and reclaimed water plus fertigation treatments in 1990; however, in 1991 only leaf B concentrations showed a similar trend. In 1991,there were no significant differences in leaf Cl concentrations. Visual symptoms of N deficiency were observed by the end of the first season in trees grown with reclaimed water. Irrigation levels generallv did not affect tree growth.


Crude methanol extracts of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds were screened for their antilisterial activities against 42 Listeria bacteria isolated from wastewater effluents. The extract had activity against 45% of the test bacteria and achieved minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging between 0.157 and 0.625 mg/mL. The rate of kill of the extract was determined against four representative Listeria species in the study, and the results showed that the highest percentage of bacteria cells were killed after the maximum exposure time of 2 h at the highest concentration of 4 × MIC value, with the maximum number of bacteria cells killed being for L. ivanovii (LEL 30) 100%, L. monocytogenes (LAL 8) 94.686%, L. ivanovii (LEL 18) 60.330%, and L. grayi (LAL 15) 56.071% We therefore conclude that the nature of inhibition of the crude methanol extracts of Garcinia kola seeds can be either bactericidal or bacteriostatic depending on the target Listeria species and can also differ among same species as evidenced by L. ivanovii strains LEL 30 and LEL 18.


The performance of semiconductor laser amplifiers can be significantly improved by injecting carriers with pulsed electric currents of subnanosecond duration. Pulsed operation is illustrated in a Fabry-Perot amplifier and in a traveling-wave amplifier. The resonant amplifier is most sensitive to an input light wave at the instant the carrier density is crossing over the critical region, giving a sharply pulsed sampling effect on the input light wave signal. Compared to a resonant amplifier operating at subcritical electron density, the pulsed amplifier gives much higher gain and peak power. In fact, pulsed operation of a resonant amplifier is also expected to give significantly higher gain than and about the same peak output power as a traveling-wave amplifier. Pulsed operation also improves the performance of a traveling-wave amplifier by attenuating its internally reflected waves.<<ETX>>


Dual epidural catheter (DEC) therapy improves postoperative pain control in scoliosis correction surgery, esophagectomies, and labor. Reports about the use of a second epidural catheter to improve pain control after abdominal surgeries are sparse. We describe the successful use of unplanned DEC therapy in 2 complex pain patients who underwent large exploratory laparotomies. In both patients, the addition of the second catheter led to improved pain control and mobility and reduced side effects from adjuvant intravenous analgesics. DEC therapy merits consideration as an additional tool for managing postoperative pain after large abdominal surgeries despite existing incomplete epidural analgesia.


One measure of conceptual implicit memory is repetition priming in the generation of exemplars from a semantic category, but does such priming transfer across languages? That is, do the overlapping conceptual representations for translation equivalents provide a sufficient basis for such priming? In Experiment 1 (N=96) participants carried out a deep encoding task, and priming between languages was statistically reliable, but attenuated, relative to within-language priming. Experiment 2 (N=96) replicated the findings of Experiment 1 and assessed the contributions of conceptual and non-conceptual processes using a levels-of-processing manipulation. Words that underwent shallow encoding exhibited within-language, but not between-language, priming. Priming in shallow conditions cannot therefore be explained by incidental activation of the concept. Instead, part of the within-language priming effect, even under deep-encoding conditions, is due to increased availability of language-specific lemmas or phonological word forms.


Introduction Emerging evidence in osteopathic practice contributes to critically consider its effectiveness and its role in health care. Despite the large use of osteopathic manipulative treatment, few rigorous studies have been published that have shed light on the clinical role of osteopathy. Highquality research is a key step to be achieved to produce evidence and to start to introduce osteopathy within any healthcare system. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the scientific validity of osteopathic manipulative medicine critically considering the quality of the research published, costeffectiveness and patients' attitude as relevant aspects for a potential process of recognition. Conclusion The immobility of the governments is leading patients to not have a clear idea and choice of the possible 'new' strategies of health care available and a slowing down of the already demonstrated potentialities of osteopathic medicine. Therefore, at this point, a step further in the process of recognition in Europe is needed and it is critically important for the improvement of the quality of the service in the national healthcare systems.


—Widely reported privacy issues concerning major online advertising platforms (e.g., Facebook) have heightened concerns among users about the data that is collected about them. However, while we have a comprehensive understanding who collects data on users, as well as how tracking is implemented, there is still a significant gap in our understanding: what information do advertisers actually infer about users, and is this information accurate? In this study, we leverage Ad Preference Managers ( APMs ) as a lens through which to address this gap. APMs are transparency tools offered by some advertising platforms that allow users to see the interest profiles that are constructed about them. We recruited 220 participants to install an IRB approved browser extension that collected their interest profiles from four APMs (Google, Facebook, Oracle BlueKai, and Neilsen eXelate), as well as behavioral and survey data. We use this data to analyze the size and correctness of interest profiles, compare their composition across the four platforms, and investigate the origins of the data underlying these profiles.


The above title, (kindly provided by the planning committee) carries some duplicity. Two main topics come to mind: "Is better classification of remission possible if we use modern imaging techniques?" And: "How do we combine the results of modern imaging techniques with the classification provided by the RA remission criteria?" Other presentations will highlight the potential of new imaging techniques in patients with low disease activity and remission. I will focus on issues of Truth, Discrimination and Feasibility (criteria of the so-called OMERACT Filter to assess the applicability of measures in studies*) in the design of the new remission criteria. ACR and EULAR installed a committee and requested a stringent definition that included joint counts and acute phase proteins, but not include physical function or treatment. The committee faced conceptual and practical issues and made choices that helped shape the current definition. Conceptually, remission can be defined as "the state of absence of disease activity in patients with a chronic illness, with the possibility of return of disease activity" (Wikipedia). The committee considered that the remission definition is intended for use in all trials and chose to operationalize "absence of disease activity" as the ideal outcome of the disease as assessed by routine clinical measures. Disease activity is a construct needed because our understanding of the disease is incomplete. In a fully understood disease remission equals "absence of disease". New diagnostic techniques (including imaging but also immunohistopathology and soluble biomarkers) can increase understanding and expand the construct of disease activity, but also increase detection of disease activity. In addition they can also increase detection of damage not seen on conventional radiographs, and sometimes predict where (conventionally detectable) damage will develop. Expanding the construct implies that absence of disease activity and damage can also be better documented by such techniques. However, here the tradeoffs begin, situated in all criteria of the OMERACT Filter: Truth: is the data generated by, say, ultrasound fully incorporated in the construct? Discrimination: is the measure sufficiently reliable and sensitive to change? Feasibility: is the measure applicable in terms of time, cost and interpretability? The utility of defining remission lies in its prognostic value, and the ACR/EULAR definition was studied to see if it predicted a good outcome (good and stable function and no progression of damage up to 2 years). Although sensible and feasible, real outcome of RA should be measured over a much longer time span and include hard endpoints such as work disability, joint replacement surgery, and death. As experience over the last 20 years has shown RA outcome has already much improved by current treatment that unfortunately does not lead to long-term remission by any definition. So what do we need most? New techniques to more accurately demonstrate lack of disease activity, or treatment that induces a long-lasting state of (near) absence of disease activity reliably in the majority of RA patients? I would argue the latter, with one important exception: RA patients that experience rapid radiographic progression early in the disease may strongly benefit from early detection. In this setting the value of new techniques needs to be proven. In conclusion: better classification of absence of disease activity is possible with newer techniques, but getting most patients in a state of clinically defined minimal disease activity or remission is our more urgent task. New techniques are best tested at treatment start or in the initial phase of response to help us treat poor-prognosis patients better. *Boers M, et al. The OMERACT Filter for outcome measures in rheumatology. J Rheumatol 1998;25:198-9. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Rationale: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common cause of morbidity and associated with a significant burden of comorbidities. Although anemia is associated with adverse outcomes in COPD, its contribution to outcomes in individuals with other comorbid chronic diseases is not well understood. Objectives: This study examines the association of anemia with outcomes in a large, well‐characterized COPD cohort, and attempts to understand the contribution of anemia to outcomes and phenotypes in individuals with other comorbidities. Methods: Participants with COPD from SPIROMICS (the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study) were analyzed in adjusted models to determine the associations of normocytic anemia with clinical outcomes, computed tomographic measures, and biomarkers. Analysis was additionally performed to understand the independence and possible interactions related to cardiac and metabolic comorbidities. Results: A total of 1,789 individuals with COPD from SPIROMICS had data on hemoglobin, and of these 7.5% (n = 135) were found to have normocytic anemia. Anemic participants were older with worse airflow obstruction, a higher proportion of them were African Americans, and they had a higher burden of cardiac and metabolic comorbidities. Anemia was strongly associated with 6‐minute walk distance (&bgr;, −61.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], −85.11 to −37.75), modified Medical Research Council dyspnea questionnaire (&bgr;, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11‐0.44), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (&bgr;, 3.90; 95% CI, 1.09‐6.71), and these adjusted associations were stronger among those with two or more cardiac and metabolic comorbidities. Anemia was associated with higher levels of serum C‐reactive protein, soluble receptor for advanced glycosylation end‐products, and epithelial cadherin‐1, findings that persisted when in those with a high burden of comorbidities. Conclusions: Anemia is associated with worse exercise capacity, greater dyspnea, and greater disease severity among adults with COPD, particularly among those with comorbid chronic cardiac and metabolic diseases. The biomarkers found in anemic individuals suggest inflammation, lung tissue injury, and oxidative stress as possible pathways for the adverse correlations of anemia with outcomes in COPD; however, substantial further study is required to better understand these potential mechanisms. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01969344).


A two month old male presented with a history of bloody, mucous diarrhoea 6 days after the introduction of cow's milk formula. Cow's milk protein allergy was suspected and breast feeding with exclusion of all cow's milk products from his mother's diet was suggested. As a consequence the symptoms disappeared. One month later, when his mother tried to give him again cow's milk formula, diarrhoea with severe rectal bleeding reappeared. A limited colonoscopy was performed suggesting allergic colitis. Despite the exclusion of all cow's milk products from his mother's diet combined with the use of an aminoacid containing formula, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding were not improved. At that time a diagnosis of perinatal cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was made, based on CMV detection in infant's blood and urine as well as in maternal milk. The symptoms were resolved one week after discontinuation of breast feeding. It is known that CMV can be transmitted from infected mothers to their infants through breastfeeding. However the effect of CMV infected milk in an already fragile mucosa because of the allergic colitis is not well established. Further attention should be given to elucidate a potential interaction between these two conditions.