Consider a network of prosumers of media content in which users dynamically create and request content objects. The request process is governed by the objects' popularity, which may vary across network regions and over time. In order to meet user requests, content objects can be stored and transported over the network, characterized by the capacity and efficiency of its storage and transport resources. The energy-efficient dynamic content distribution problem aims at finding the evolution of the network configuration, in terms of the placement and routing of content objects over time, that meets user requests, satisfies network resource capacities and minimizes overall energy use. We present 1) an information-centric linear programming formulation for the energy efficient dynamic content distribution problem that captures multicasting and caching over the network, per-object system dynamics, and delivery deadlines; 2) an offline solution that characterizes the minimum energy use achievable with global knowledge of user requests and network resources; and 3) an efficient distributed online solution that allows network nodes to make caching decisions based on their local estimate of the global energy benefit. Using a custom-built content distribution network simulator as well as a real prototype implementation in an information-centric networking testbed, we show the significant energy savings that can be obtained via the efficient and lightweight cache cooperation induced by our service and energy aware distributed online solution with respect to state of the art approaches.


MOTIVATION
Detecting synthetic lethality (SL) is a promising strategy for identifying anti-cancer drug targets. Targeting SL partners of a primary gene mutated in cancer is selectively lethal to cancer cells. Due to high cost of wet-lab experiments and availability of gold standard SL data, supervised machine learning for SL prediction has been popular. However, most of the methods are based on binary classification and thus limited by the lack of reliable negative data. Contrastive learning can train models without any negative sample and is thus promising for finding novel SLs.

RESULTS
We propose NSF4SL, a negative-sample-free SL prediction model based on a contrastive learning framework. It captures the characteristics of positive SL samples by using two branches of neural networks that interact with each other to learn SL-related gene representations. Moreover, a feature-wise data augmentation strategy is used to mitigate the sparsity of SL data. NSF4SL significantly outperforms all baselines which require negative samples, even in challenging experimental settings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that SL prediction is formulated as a gene ranking problem, which is more practical than the current formulation as binary classification. NSF4SL is the first contrastive learning method for SL prediction and its success points to a new direction of machine-learning methods for identifying novel SLs.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
Our source code is available at https://github.com/JieZheng-ShanghaiTech/NSF4SL.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Vulnerability is understood as susceptibility to hazards born out of the complex interaction within the system scales. The current global economic system focuses on persistent growth and a top-down approach to wealth distribution, which not only puts a strain on the Earth's resources but also on communities by increasing vulnerability. Localised economy, on the other hand, uses a bottom-up approach to wealth distribution, whereby local resources are harnessed for sustainability of the local economy. Localising economies facilitate degrowth by shifting our focus to the quality of economies and the redefinition of growth and prosperity. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potentials of localisation and degrowth for vulnerability reduction.,In this study, the authors conducted a case study of the Lyttelton community in New Zealand, their local initiatives and how these efforts have been used to build capacities and reduce vulnerabilities in the community. Data were sourced from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data were sourced through observation of the day-to-day running of the community and interviews with community members, while secondary data were sourced from existing literature on the community and related concepts.,Lyttelton community provides a good example of a community where bottom-up initiatives are particularly felt, and there is very limited dependence on the conventional economic system to solve their problems. The study shows that degrowth initiatives within the community have gained momentum because initiators see the value in their coming together as a community and doing what is right for themselves and the environment. Furthermore, localisation fosters innovation, personal growth and development and care for the environment.,This paper contributes to the existing knowledge by discussing some local initiatives that serve an underlying purpose for degrowth based on a study carried out in Lyttelton, New Zealand. The study findings established that there is need for more focus on sensitisation about the risks of growth mania and the potential for degrowth in bringing about actual prosperity, for saving the environment and disaster risk reduction. Also, the encouragement of local production and existing institutions like the timebank, which give members access to the needed resources and skills contribute to vulnerability reduction.


New England Center • 15 Strafford Avenue • Durham, NH 03824 (603) 862-2821 • carsey.unh.edu TTY Users: dial 7-1-1 or 1-800-735-2964 (relaY N.H.) New Hampshire families have not been exempt from the disruptions and challenges associated with an enduring pandemic, including disruptions to their children's care and education arrangements, pressure on household budgets due to rising inflation, and challenges of meeting children's emergent social, emotional, and physical needs amid persistent stressors. The 2022 New Hampshire Preschool Development Grant's (PDG) Family Needs Assessment Survey explored how New Hampshire families with children under age nine fare in accessing early childhood care and education, measured their knowledge and use of supportive programs, and identified new and enduring needs. Using survey responses from a non-random sample of parents statewide, this brief focuses on early childhood care and educa tion, a sector for which the pandemic exacerbated long-simmering challenges.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic recurrent autoimmune disease affecting almost all organs. This study was conducted to investigate cognitive impairment of SLE mice (MRL/lpr mice), and explore associated pathological mechanism. Behavior tests (open-field test, elevated plus-maze test, forced swimming test, sucrose preference test, and Morris water maze test) were conducted in MRL/MPJ and MRL/lpr mice. ELISA test was performed to determine levels of antibodies (anti-dsDNA, anti-RPA, anti-ACA, and anti-NR2a/b) and inflammatory factors [tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-10]. Micro-vascular endothelial cells (MVECs) were isolated, identified, and divided into MVECs (NC), anti-NR2a/2b, memantine, glycine, dexamethasone, and IL-1b groups. Cell proliferation was measured using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and Western blotting was applied to evaluate ELAM-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, IKBa, p-IKBa expression. MRL/lpr mice demonstrated lower locomotion/exploration ability, higher anxiety, obvious depression symptoms, lower learning/memory capability compared with MRL/MPJ mice. MRL/lpr mice demonstrated high levels of anti-NR2a/b antibody and auto-antibodies. NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) significantly increased, and NMDA receptor agonist (glycine) significantly decreased MVECs proliferation compared with NC group ( p < 0.05). Memantine significantly reduced and glycine predominantly enhanced TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 levels compared with NC group ( p < 0.05). NMDA receptor antagonist and agonist modulated adhesion molecules expression in MVECs. ELAM-1, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 expressions were significantly down-modulated in memantine group, and remarkably up-modulated in glycine group compared with NC group ( p < 0.05). NMDA receptor antagonist and agonist regulated phosphorylation of p-IKBa. The above effects of memantine evenly equaled to dexamethasone, and glycine evenly equaled to IL-1b. In conclusion, cognitive impairment of MRL mice might be associated with NMDA receptor-mediated inflammatory response and production of adhesion molecules in MRL/lpr mice-derived MVECs.


The present study was part of a larger surveillance effort to identify the determinants of African honey bee health, and, particularly, to detect honey bee pathogens across Kenya, where 160 colonies were examined from 32 apiaries (five colonies/apiary). From each colony, 20 individual foragers, nurse bees, worker pupae, and drone pupae were sampled separately. These were organized as 30 foragers, 32 nurse bees, 28 worker pupae, and 10 drone pupae pools. Nucleic acid was extracted from the pooled homogenates and tested using a panel of 18 different (RT-)PCR methods targeted at detecting Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius, Ascophaera apis, Aspergillus spp., Nosema ceranae, N. apis, Deformed wing virus (DWV), Varroa destructor virus 1 (VDV 1), Acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), Sacbrood virus (SBV), Israeli acute paralysis virus (IAPV), Black queen cell virus (BQCV), Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), and Kashmir bee virus. All amplified bands were sequenced and compared to the GenBank database. VDV 1 was the most abundant virus at 50% prevalence in the 100 bee pools. It was closely followed by DWV at 44%. The others were BQCV (36%), SBV (14%), IAPV (9%), ABPV (8%), and N. ceranae (5%). The pathogens co-existed within apiaries. VDV 1 was present in 66% of the apiaries, DWV in 69%, BQCV in 69%, SBV in 28%, IAPV in 22%, ABPV in 19%, and N. ceranae in 13%. The study concludes that these pathogens should be incorporated in honey bee disease surveillance activities in the region.


Abstract—In situ modified cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resins were prepared by addition of alendronic acid during resin preparation. Clay nanocomposites in ketonic resins were achieved by adding clay into the flask at the beginning of the resin preparation. The prepared resins were used for the synthesis of fire resistant polyurethanes foam. Both phosphorous containing modifier compound alendronic acid and nanoclay increases fire resistance of the cyclohexanone-formaldehyde resin thus polyurethane produced from these resins. The effect of the concentrations of alendronic acid and clay on the fire resistance and physical properties of polyurethanes was studied.


AIM
Reduce animal usage for discovery-stage PK studies for biologics programs using microsampling-based approaches and microscale LC-MS.

METHODS & RESULTS
We report the development of an automated DBS-based serial microsampling approach for studying the PK of therapeutic proteins in mice. Automated sample preparation and microflow LC-MS were used to enable assay miniaturization and improve overall assay throughput. Serial sampling of mice was possible over the full 21-day study period with the first six time points over 24 h being collected using automated DBS sample collection. Overall, this approach demonstrated comparable data to a previous study using single mice per time point liquid samples while reducing animal and compound requirements by 14-fold.

CONCLUSION
Reduction in animals and drug material is enabled by the use of automated serial DBS microsampling for mice studies in discovery-stage studies of protein therapeutics.


Purpose: Explore the current state, trends and development prospects of the global robotics market, especially the industrial robotics segment, as well as the service robots segment. Design/Method/Approach: Logical, statistical, and graphical methods were used; systemic, structural-functional, and comparative types of analysis. The specificity of the interdisciplinary research is expressed in the use of the methodology for graphical presentation of the life cycle of technologies and goods. Findings: The format for the use of "end-to-end" digital technologies, which include robotics, artificial intelligence and others, was determined, which leads to extreme changes in production and consumption and, in fact, marks the onset of a new technological order. It can be stated that a new cluster of innovations has been formed in the information technology industry, going beyond its limits, explosively transforming the sectors of the economy, the activities of the state and business, society, and the world as a whole. The world markets for new technologies and goods are being formed, the composition and distribution of the roles of the participants in the global innovation system are changing. Modern concepts of innovative development of the world economy were studied, and a comparative analysis of methods for studying the markets of high-tech goods in various schools of economics was carried out. The authors outlined the features of the formation of the world robotics industry as a large technological system and assessed the place of the world market of robots in the world economy. The study contains the results of the work carried out to study the conditions and factors of the development of the global robotics market, as well as an overview of its geographical and corporate structure. In the scientific work, a study of the features of pricing in the robotics market and the specifics of creating and financing robotic projects was carried out. Theoretical Implications: A comprehensive assessment of the global robotics market was carried out and the leading vectors of its transformations and growth prospects were identified. Practical Implications: The obtained results of the study can be used as the basis for the formation of a corporate strategy for the development of individual companies and enterprises of industrial sectors of the world economy in order to accelerate innovative, technical and economic development in a durable format. Originality/Value: The features and components of the development of the world industrial robotics market have been investigated. The encouraging directions of robotization of the world economy are determined. Prospects for further research. The obtained results can be used in the context of the promising development of a national doctrine or policy of robotization and the development of digital robotic systems of industry in the countries of the world. Future Research: The obtained results can be used in the context of prospective development of national doctrine or policy of work and development of digitalized industrial systems of the world's countries.


This is the first genetic study reporting on the interaction and molecular mapping of resistance to the barley grass stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. pseudo-hordei, Psph) in common wheat. Seedlings of 638 wheat accessions were tested and it was determined that wheat is a near-nonhost to Psph based on rare susceptibility observed in <2% of commercial cultivars and <5% of wheat landraces. As previously observed for P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the Australian cultivar Teal was highly susceptible to Psph. In contrast, a selection of cv. Avocet carrying complementary resistance genes Yr73 and Yr74 (Avocet R; AvR) was resistant. The Teal × AvR (T/A) doubled haploid (DH) population was used to map resistance in AvR to Psph. Infection types on the T/A DH lines inoculated with Psph and Pst indicated that all DH lines carrying both Yr73 and Yr74 were also resistant to Psph; however, fewer DH lines were susceptible to Psph than expected, suggesting the resistance was more complex. QTL analysis using 9053 DArT-Seq markers determined that resistance to Psph was polygenically inherited and mapped to chromosomes 3A, 3D, 4A and 5B. The 3DL and 5BL markers co-located with Yr73 and Yr74, suggesting an overlap between host and non-host resistance mechanisms.


Aim The receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) expression has been reported to be implicated with cancer development. In this study, the role of RAGE in the regulation of cervical squamous cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis and the mechanism of RAGE involved in the biological behaviors were explored. Methods The RAGE expression was overexpressed or downregulated by lentivirus transfection. The effect of RAGE expression on cell proliferation was explored by CCK-8, MTT, and BrdU assay, and the effect of RAGE on tumor development was confirmed by the xenograft mouse model along with the immunohistochemistry stain of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Apoptosis was investigated by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. Western blotting was performed to investigate the expression of possible proteins, including Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, and p-AKT. Results Overexpression of RAGE promoted proliferation of cervical squamous cancer cell and increased PCNA expression. In the meantime, RAGE overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis along with a decrease of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and induction of PI3K/AKT activation. The in vivo results showed that overexpression of RAGE enhanced tumor growth. Conversely, knockdown of RAGE exhibited opposed effects on cervical cancer cells and xenograft mouse model. Furthermore, RAGE inhibitor FPS-ZM1 effectively inhibited SiHa cell viability and PCNA expression, and increased cell apoptosis and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Moreover, PI3K inhibitor LY294002 effectively inhibited activation of PI3K and AKT, and further repressed RAGE overexpression-induced cell proliferation and apoptosis inhibition. Conclusion RAGE promotes the growth ability of cervical squamous cell carcinoma by inducing PCNA expression and inhibiting cell apoptosis via inactivation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.


AIMS AND BACKGROUND
Coronary endothelial dysfunction improves after acute oestradiol treatment in women with angina and normal coronary angiograms. We sought to analyse whether this effect is also seen in the peripheral circulation and whether it is sustained after a mid-term period of treatment.

METHODS
We studied 20 women with angina, signs suggestive of myocardial ischaemia and normal coronary angiograms. In five of them, coronary and peripheral endothelial functions were studied at baseline. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation was reanalysed after 24 h of transdermal oestradiol treatment. In the other 15 women, brachial artery vasoreactivity was studied at baseline and after a 6-week period of treatment with transdermal oestradiol and medroxyprogesterone (HRT) or placebo in a double-blinded crossover fashion.

RESULTS
An abnormal coronary artery response to acetylcholine was observed in all women as well as impaired brachial flow-mediated dilation. Brachial flow-mediated dilation significantly increased after 24 h of oestradiol treatment (4.8+/-0.8% vs 0.06+/-0.6%, P<0.001). Peripheral flow-mediated dilation also increased after a 6-week period of HRT compared with baseline (4.1+/-3% vs 0.4+/-1%, P<0.01) and placebo treatment (4.1+/-3% vs 0.6+/-1.7%, P<0.01).

CONCLUSION
Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation exists both at the coronary and peripheral circulation in post-menopausal women with angina and normal coronary angiograms. Flow-mediated dilation improves in these women after short and mid-term therapy with transdermal oestradiol irrespective of concomitant progesterone use.


The paper presents a multi-agent model simulating a two-level public decision game in which politicians, voters and interest groups interact. The objective is to model the political market for influence at the domestic level and at the international level, and to assess how new consultation procedures affect the final decision. It is based on public choice theory as well as on political science findings. We consider in this paper that lobbying groups have different strategies for influencing voters and decision-makers, with long-term and short-term effects. Our computational model enables us to represent the situation as an iterative process, in which past decisions have an impact on the preferences and choices of agents in the following period. In the paper, the model is applied to the European decision-making procedure for authorizing the placing on the market of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO). It illustrates the political links between public opinions, lobbying groups and elected representatives at the national scale in the 15 country members, and at the European scale. It compares the procedure which was defined by the European 90/220 Directive in 1990 with the new procedure, the 2001/18 Directive, which replaced it in 2001. The objective is to explore the impact of the new decision rules and the reinforced public participation procedures planned by the 2001/18 Directive on the lobbying efficiency of NGOs and biotechnology firms, and on the overall acceptability of the European decision concerning the release of new GMOs on the European territory.


In this study, the ways of how the sample rising powers conduct their humanitarian diplomacy are analyzed since there is heterogeneity such in the other fields of foreign policy implementations. Rising powers' foreign policies and their soft power tools are a debatable issue in general. However, this study goes into much detail within the scope of humanitarian diplomacy and humanitarian aid as a part of it. The case study includes the sample countries which are Turkey, Brazil and China. The official reports, official foreign policies and their implementations are considered in the analysis. Turkey's perception on humanitarian issues is based on the idea of humanity and international responsibility with its historical and cultural history. Brazil's focus on humanitarian issues is mostly related to both its foreign policies and multilateralism tendencies. China has deep philosophical thoughts and some long-term goals. Even the policies of case countries seem in this way in principle and humanitarian issues are universally accepted issues, when the implementations are analyzed, there are some differences that inhibit us to reach a general conclusion and prove the heterogeneity in the practices. Thus, this study is an important contribution for such privatized diplomacy theme regarding the sample rising powers.


What are the strategic questions confronting Goldman Sachs in the wake of the Great Recession? Goldman Sachs has been considered the most prestigious investment banking firm on Wall Street. Since September 2008, Goldman operates as a bank holding company and financial holding company regulated by the Federal Reserve. It gives advice on how to achieve long-term financial goals in times of both prosperity and crisis. This case reveals how Goldman Sachs became the quintessential global firm for the current period, which combines both growth and weaknesses. It further argues that Goldman Sachs has adopted innovative strategies one step ahead of its competitors, thus surviving the worst of times and redefining the traditional investment banking field.


The utilization of silica particles originating in rice husks as reinforcements for magnesium is discussed. The reactivity of magnesium with silica particles in the solid state to synthesize magnesium silicide (Mg 2 Si) was investigated by DTA and XRD analysis. Finer silica particles were more effective for reacting with magnesium at low temperature due to the increase of their surface area in contact with magnesium. Amorphous silica was more useful for the reaction than the crystalline form. The reactivity of rice husk silica was superior to that of the conventional mineral silica particles because of not only its amorphous structure but the larger specific surface area caused by the pore structures. In the case of a green compact of the elemental mixture of silica particles and Mg powder, the silica particle size was not effective on the reactivity because the coarse particles are fractured into fine ones by cold compaction at the applied pressure of 600 MPa. The distribution of Mg 2 Si intermetallics in magnesium powder composites consolidated by the SPS process was investigated by XRD and SEM-EDS analysis. When the sintering temperature was over the exothermic temperature of the elemental mixtures of silica particles and Mg powder in the DTA profile, the synthesis of Mg 2 Si occurs completely occurs during sintering. The density and hardness of their composites sintered over the ignition temperature of the DTA profile were remarkably high because of the good densification by the high reactivity and the distribution of Mg 2 Si hard compounds.


The aim of the study was to explore the effects of the Responsible Care (RC) programme and how it is applied in practice. The present research questions include the following focus: how should we assess the performance of an organization's RC activity and what are the different criteria for assessing RC practices? The results indicate that the RC programme provides practical tools for developing health, environmental and safety operations. RC companies are committed to developing their products and processes, and continuously strive to minimize emission levels and improve the efficiency of their use of raw materials and energy. The RC partnership between the chemical industry and its customers is executed in the form of responsibility for the product and its safe use. The product stewardship approach provides companies with tools that help secure safe usage throughout the product life cycle.


This paper presents a highly linear CMOS low-noise amplifier (LNA) to handle self-interference in a full-duplex array. This LNA is designed using the derivative-superposition technique and source-sensed cascode topology. The third-order intermodulation (IM3) suppression is performed by applying different biases to each of the two cascode amplifiers. By using a thick-oxide transistor for the auxiliary amplifier, it operates reliably even at high VDD of cascode. The LNA achieves noise figure (NF) of 3.3-4.3 dB, 8.6-dB peak gain, -8-dBm input 1-dB gain compression point (IP1dB) and 12-dBm third-order input intercept point (IIP3) while consuming 14-mA current from 1.8-V supply voltage. The measured results show IM3 suppression of 8 dB depending on whether the auxiliary amplifier is turned on/off for linearization.


We consider the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering targets in the presence of clutter using switching multiple target motion models. A novel suboptimal fixed-lag smoothing algorithm is developed by applying the basic interacting multiple model (IMM) approach and joint probabilistic data association (JPDA) technique to a state augmented system. But unlike the standard single scan JPDA approach, we exploit a multiscan JPDA (Mscan-JPDA) approach to solve the data association problem. The algorithm is illustrated via a simulation example.


The deterministic approach to estimating the production rate of a
construction operation assumes constant midpoint physical attributes
without addressing the effect of randomness of job conditions. On the other
hand, most simulation models bypass physical factors and rely on secondorder
inputs of probability distributions of task times, the judgements of
which have been cited as difficult for users to make. This paper presents an
alternative approach to production estimation, based on simulating directly
the effects of changing job factors on task times, while addressing the
probabilistic nature of construction. The neural network model is used as
the computing mechanism for determining the cycle times of the equipment
in given conditions and provides the basis for estimation. The obtained
times are then fed directly into a discrete-event simulation model to
simulate the process and establish the production capacity of the system as
constrained by first-order factors. The approach is illustrated using a
hypothetical excavating and hauling operation while the object-oriented
programming technique is used to implement the computing procedure.


Lung cancer is considered the number one killer among all cancers. Recent observations have altered the treatment paradigm for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The discovery of activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor and anaplastic lymphoma kinase positivity has made personalized treatment for NSCLC more feasible. Both erlotinib and crizotinib have been shown to be effective and safe for subgroup populations, and now personalized treatment for nonsquamous NSCLC has progressed even further. New tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being tested, resistant mutations are being studied, and new detection systems are being incorporated; all these developments will make the detection and treatment of the deadliest cancer more affordable, practical, and effective. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network has already incorporated these new developments into their guidelines for advanced nonsquamous NSCLC.


The purpose of the study was to prepare, characterized, assess in vitro antiproliferative activity, and determine DNA content and mode of cell death of RGDfk grafted Docetaxel encapsulated PLGA nanoparticles on breast cancer cells. DC- encapsulated nanoparticles were prepared using solvent evaporation technique. RGD-conjugation was done by carbodiimide coupling method. The nanoparticles were characterized for particle size and zeta potential by zeta sizer (Nano-ZS), entrapment efficiency and in-vitro drug release profile and RGD-conjugation efficiency. To establish antiproliferative effect, the RGD-conjugated nanoparticles of DC(PLGA-DC-RGD), unconjugated nanoparticles (PLGA-DC) and equal amounts of the free drug were studied on BT-20 and MDA-MB-231 cells by CCK-8 assay method. DNA content analysis was done on flowcytometry by propadium iodide staining. The mode of cell death at different time and concentration was determined by FITC-Annexine V assay. The DC encapsulated RGD conjugated and unconjugated PLGA nanoparticles were found to be nanosized. The cytotoxicity indicated by IC 50 values suggests that RGD conjugated nanoparticles at 72hrs are 2.1 and 4 times more cytotoxic than unconjugated nanoparticles and drug solution for BT-20 cell lines. Similarly, for MDA-MB-231 cells, the RGD conjugated nanoparticles are 2 and 4 time more cytotoxic than unconjugated nanoparticles and drug solution. The results shows that the RGD conjugated nanoparticles at the concentration of 5nM showed 51% G2 phase arrest as compared to 30% G2 phase arrest with unconjugated nanoparticles at the same concentration at 24hrs. Two types of mode of cell death were found during the FITC-Annexin V assay. At 24 hrs, the treatment of 5nM of drug solution with cells resulted in 13.6% & 3.4 % necrotic & apoptotic cell fragments respectively. While at similar drug equivalent concentration, the PLGA-DC-RGD and PLGA-DC nanoparticles showed 6.4% & 28.3% and 5.1% & 25.6% necrotic & apoptotic cell fragments respectively. With increase in time and concentration the mode of cell death by apoptosis was found to be increasing. To conclude, RGD conjugation to nanoparticles improved antiproliferative activity when assessed in vitro in breast cancer cell lines compared to free drug and unconjugated nanoparticles. The DNA content analysis depicted the cell cycle arrest in G 2 phase was more even at lower drug equivalent concentration of PLGA-RGD. The mode of cell death was found to be mainly by necrosis at low drug equivalent concentration (1nM) and by apoptosis at high drug equivalent concentration (10nM) of RGD conjugated drug encapsulated nanoparticles for breast cancer cell lines. Hence, it may be concluded that drug nanocarriers once conjugated with RGD can provide prolonged drug release to cytoplasm and can affectively target breast cancer and can probably reduce the limitations associated with breast cancer chemotherapy. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2268.


A new formulation is given of the nonlinear integrodifferential equation which determines the phase difference in large tunnel Josephson junctions having high critical current densities and electrode losses. On the basis of the general theory the viscous motion of a single vortex ( kink) in a one-dimensional current-carrying Josephson contact is investigated analytically.


Among business structures leading international business, there is not a single business without risks. According to the author, it does not depend on the field of work or the type of activity of the enterprise. The field of hydropower is exposed to risks, perhaps, to a greater extent, because in addition to the main business risks, risks associated with the implementation of projects that depend on renewable energy sources are added. The purpose of this study is to find the main indicators of the performance of hydropower enterprises to assess the risks of their international projects. The study used an analytical method. One of the risk assessment tools is a balanced scorecard. In this article, the author reviewed the work of a similar subject of the authors, published in the journal "Problems of Risk Analysis". Some aspects of the formation of the system as a tool for assessing the risks of business structures and businesses operating in the field of hydropower are covered. The scope of the results obtained can be a set of management decisions made by the management of hydropower enterprises, as well as in the development of a risk management methods. It is a conscious and rational attitude to risk that expands the possibilities for successful management of international hydropower projects.


Purpose: Chromosomal microarray (CMA) testing provides the highest diagnostic yield for clinical testing of patients with developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), multiple congenital anomalies (MCA), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Despite improved diagnostic yield and studies to support cost-effectiveness, concerns regarding the cost and reimbursement for CMA have been raised because it is perceived that CMA results do not influence medical management.Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of CMA testing performed during a 12-month period on patients with DD/ID, ASD, and congenital anomalies to determine the proportion of cases where abnormal CMA results impacted recommendations for clinical action.Results: Among 1792 patients, 13.1% had clinically relevant results, either abnormal (n = 131; 7.3%) or variants of possible significance (VPS; n = 104; 5.8%). Abnormal variants generated a higher rate of recommendation for clinical action (54%) compared with VPS (34%; Fisher exact test, P = 0.01). CMA results influenced medical care by precipitating medical referrals, diagnostic imaging, or specific laboratory testing.Conclusions: For all test indications, CMA results influenced medical management in a majority of patients with abnormal variants and a substantial proportion of those with VPS. These results support the use of CMA as a clinical diagnostic test that influences medical management for this patient population.


Pulses are a great source of proteins but pulse crops are heavily damaged by various pathogens in agricultural fields. Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata ) is an important leguminous crop belonging to the family fabaceae cultivated in all part of India and worldwide for green pods as pulse. Being leguminous crop the roots of plants have nodules which help in nitrogen fixation and improving fertility of soil. A variety of viruses are disseminated by seeds of infected plants to long distances. Localized spread from weeds or seed-infected crop plants is sometimes accomplished by vectors. The extent of crop damage is usually intrinsic part of plant genetic susceptibility to viruses (and virus complexes) or its sensitivity to infection. Virus infection adversely affects all the parts of plant including nodules of roots. Present study deals with the leghaemoglobin content and number of Rhizobium in root nodules of Cowpea Golden Mosaic Virus infected plant. It was found that infected plant's nodule have lowered amount of leghaemoglobin content and they harbor less number of bacteria when compared with healthy control plants and this adversely affects nitrogen fixation by infected plant.


Network science and engineering provide a flexible and generalizable tool set to describe and manipulate complex systems characterized by heterogeneous interaction patterns among component parts. While classically applied to social systems, these tools have recently proven to be particularly useful in the study of the brain. In this review, we describe the nascent use of these tools to understand human cognition, and we discuss their utility in informing the meaningful and predictable perturbation of cognition in combination with the emerging capabilities of neurofeedback. To blend these disparate strands of research, we build on emerging conceptualizations of how the brain functions (as a complex network) and how we can develop and target interventions or modulations (as a form of network control). We close with an outline of current frontiers that bridge neurofeedback, connectomics, and network control theory to better understand human cognition.


Pseudomonas fluorescens cultures produce fluorescent siderophores. By utilizing optimal conditions for maximizing siderophore production in shake flask cultures of P. fluorescens, we report successful characterization of the culture broth supernatant as a robust ferric ions biosensor. For characterizing the ferric ions biosensor, we tested the effects of pH, buffers, different ferric salts and possible interference by ferrous ions under different solution conditions. We find that the biosensor is very specific to ferric ions only with sensitivity to concentrations as low as 10 µM. Further, the response time of the biosensor is the shortest (∼5 min or smaller) for citrate as the accompanying anion with ferric ions. While the response time is longer than that expected of normal biosensors, it is well compensated by the simplicity and economics of the biosensor production. Extremely low standard deviations in several experimental repeats also highlight the robustness of the ferric ions biosensor. Most importantly, the biosensor is extremely easy to use due to its straightforward spectrophotometric applications. We also show the utility of the biosensor with the high resolution technique of fluorescence microscopy. Finally, we report a novel mechanistic finding that siderophores present in the culture broth supernatants have two distinct optically active sites on them, which can be monitored independently in presence or absence of ferric ions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 284–296. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Till today there is no exact explanation of the phenomenon of first diarrhoea called "heat diarrhoea" in foals. The objective of this study was to investigate the traits of first foal diarrhoea (occurrence, its duration and intensity) and mares' milk composition during first month after parturition. The research was carried out on 30 Arabian mares and their foals. Milk samples were collected to evaluate the main components and macroelements. Observations were made on the term of occurrence, length and intensity of first heat diarrhoea of foal. The close connection between mares' milk composition and characteristics of diarrhoeas was observed in Arabian foals. Young animals characterised by lack of any diarrhoea signs have drunk milk with higher level of most studied components except lactose and magnesium. Foals with later scours drunk milk with higher level of P and Na; foals with longer diarrhoeas obtained milk with higher lactose, P and Na concentration; higher intensity was influenced by higher lactose level. This problem definitely needs further studies.


Exemplar-based acoustic modeling is based on labeled training segments that are compared with the unseen test utterances with respect to a dissimilarity measure. Using a larger number of accurately labeled exemplars provides better generalization thus improved recognition performance which comes with increased computation and memory requirements. We have recently developed a noise robust exemplar matching-based automatic speech recognition system which uses a large number of undercomplete dictionaries containing speech exemplars of the same length and label to recognize noisy speech. In this work, we investigate several speech exemplar selection techniques proposed for undercomplete speech dictionaries to find a trade-off between the recognition accuracy and the acoustic model size in terms of the amount of speech exemplars used for recognition. The exemplar selection criterion has be to chosen carefully as the amount of redundancy in these dictionaries is very limited compared to overcomplete dictionaries containing plenty of exemplars. The recognition accuracies obtained on the small vocabulary track of the 2 CHiME Challenge and the AURORA-2 database using the complete and pruned dictionaries are compared to investigate the performance of each selection criterion.


Any national defense is dependent on the efficacy of the available physical infrastructure. Whatever degrades infrastructure, structurally, physically, architecturally, or aesthetically, is of interest to the nation. Climate change is now a major significant factor of interest impinging on national critical infrastructure. The devastating effects of climate change have increasing pervasiveness throughout the world. The impact on critical infrastructure is of particular interest to researchers. In consonance with ASCE-ASME's special issue on critical infrastructure protection and resilience, this paper presents a systems-modeling approach for critical infrastructure and predictions in relation to climate change agreements in COP26. The paper addresses high-level critical systems-based assessment of the social, legal, economic, and technical nuances impinging on the viability of COP26 agreements. The paper was written using a multi-national collaboration approach. The specific focus of national defense is used as the backdrop for the methodology of the paper.


Objective: Both adductor canal block (ACB) and infiltration between the popliteal artery and capsule of the knee (iPACK) block are mainly sensory blocks, preserving muscle strength and the ability to ambulate. This study was designed to evaluate whether adding dexamethasone to ropivacaine could improve postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Materials and Methods: This prospective double-blind randomized controlled trial included 60 patients who underwent unilateral TKA under general anesthesia. All patients who received ACB and iPACK block were randomly divided into a dexamethasone group (Group D, ropivacaine combined with dexamethasone) and a control group (Group C, ropivacaine only). The primary outcome was the time to first administration of rescue analgesic drugs. The secondary outcomes included the total amount of rescue analgesic drugs and the pain scores at different time points within 72 hours postoperatively; the time to first getting out of bed; the quality of recovery scale (QOR-15 score); and the levels of plasma inflammatory markers (interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein) on postoperative day 1. Results: Compared with Group C, the time to first administration of rescue analgesic drugs in Group D was significantly extended by ∼10.5 hours. Patients in Group D had significantly lower pain scores at different postoperative time points and consumed significantly less total morphine within 72 hours postoperatively. In addition, patients in group D reported significantly higher QoR-15 scores on postoperative days 1 and 3, earlier first time of getting out of bed, and significantly lower levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 on postoperative day 1. Conclusions: Compared with using ropivacaine alone, ultrasonic-guided ACB combined with iPACK using ropivacaine and dexamethasone could prolong the duration of postoperative analgesia and strength analgesic intensity and promote the early rehabilitation exercise of patients undergoing TKA.


The purpose of this research is to understand the influence viral marketing in dimensions messenger, message and environtment towards purchase decision of Miting Lobster. This research is a quantitative research by using the SPSS Statistic 20 with 191 respondent of sample which is consumer Miting Lobster in DKI Jakarta and Bekasi who have bought prducts Miting Lobster three times or more using non-probability sampling method. The result of this research show that psychological factors significantly influence the purchase decision with the coefficient of regression is 0,611. The implications of this research can be a reference for the management team in formulating Miting Lobster sales strategy related to viral marketing in the discussion of messenger, message, environtment and purchase decision


OBJECTIVE
To provide a detailed anatomic description of middle ear endoscopy via different approaches.

METHOD
Using 0, 30 and 90 degree rigid endoscopes, 6 dry temporal bones and 11 temporal bone blocks were examined to define the average range of view obtained by three approaches: 1. via the external ear canal approach; 2. via a retroauricular incision: including two subdivided routes, the mastoid-tympanic antrum route and mastoid-retrotympanum route; 3. via the middle ear cranial fossa. Each region of the middle ear was chosen for inspection.

RESULT
1. via the external ear canal approach, all sites of the tympanic cavity structures were seen with 0, 30 and 90 degree rigid otoendoscopes, including the hidden areas such as the tympanic sinus, facial recess, anterior epitympanic recess, orifice of eustachian tube et al. 2. via the mastoid-tympanic antrum route, the structures of the mastoid cavity, tympanic antrum, epi-mesotympanum were clearly defined; via the mastoid-retrotympanum route, the structures of the mastoid cavity and meso-hypotympanum were also observed; 3. via the middle cranial fossa approach, the structures of the epitympanum, tympanic antrum, mastoid cavity and lateral wall were inspected, most mesotympanic structures were evaluated.

CONCLUSION
Middle ear endoscopy through the different approaches provides the otosurgeons a clear view field of the middle ear structures, can therefore decrease the incidence of cholesteatoma recurrence and evaluate the state of the postoperative middle ear cavity. The 30 degree otoendoscope can provide a better visualization of the middle ear structures, via the three approaches, the 90 degree otoendoscope is suited for the inspection of the posterior epitympanum via the transmeatal approach and retrotympanum via mastoid cavity-tympanic antrum route.


The lake-bottom sediments of the shelf area of Batchawana Bay are composed of sands, and the basinal sediments grade from silts to coarse-grained clay basin ward. There is a significant relationship of decreasing mean grain size to increasing water depth for the sediments of the basinal areas. Although the sediments of Batchawana Bay would appear to be formed by the variable mixing of sand and clay, hydraulic action probably removed the clay end member and ultimately deposited it in the lake proper.Grains of magnetic minerals deposited on a lake bottom tend to align in the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at the time of deposition, imparting a remanent magnetic direction to the sediments. The late Holocene sedimentary sequence of Batchawana Bay provides a record of the secular changes of the Earth's magnetic field. "Type" paleodeclination and paleoinclination logs plotted against time can be utilized to date the sedimentary sequence of Batchawana Bay. This paleomagnetic time scale indicates that gl...


For studies involving Deaf participants in United States, remote usability testing has several potential advantages over face-to-face testing, including convenience, lower cost and the ability to recruit participants from diverse geographic regions. However, current technologies force Deaf participants to use English instead of their preferred language, which is American Sign Language (ASL). A new remote testing technology allows researchers to conduct studies exclusively in ASL at a lower cost than face-to-face testing. The technology design facilitates open-ended questions and is reconfigurable for use in a variety of studies. Results from usability tests of the tool are encouraging and a fullscale study is underway to compare this approach to face-to-face testing.


Multiple component composites are highly desirable for the fabrication of electromagnetic wave absorbers. However, rational configuration of materials and their structural design still remain a big challenge. Herein, magnetic–dielectric Co/MnO@C composites were fabricated through the reduction of Co/Mn bimetal oxides with carbon. In the meantime, a thin layer of carbon was formed on the derived Co/MnO leading to the ternary structure. Electron microscopy analysis elaborates a flower-like morphology with an average size of 1.5 μm, as well as the formation of nanoscale Co and MnO particles and a carbon layer. It is found that the magnetic properties, conductivity and electromagnetic parameters were readily manipulated by the Co proportion, with the purpose of achieving favorable impedance matching and attenuation performance. Accordingly, the Co/MnO@C composites show a remarkable electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Notably, the composites obtained with the weight percentage ratio of Co and MnO of about 2 : 1 exhibit an optimal reflection loss value of −55.3 dB with a thickness of 2.4 mm and the effective absorption bandwidth (7.4–12.0 GHz) covers the whole X band. Our study provides a facile method for preparing homogeneous magnetic–dielectric composite absorbers, and reveals the effect of electromagnetic parameters on the absorption performance with the variation of Co proportion.


Effects of electromagnetic interactions of colliding bunches in the Tevatron had a variety of manifestations in beam dynamics presenting vast opportunities for development of simulation models and tools. In this paper the computer code for simulation of weak-strong beam-beam effects in hadron colliders is described. We report the collider operational experience relevant to beam-beam interactions, explain major effects limiting the collider performance and compare results of observations and measurements with simulations.


Containers, a mechanism to package software and its dependencies into a single artifact, have helped fuel the rapid pace of technological advancements in the last few years. However, it is not always clear what the potential security risk of moving to the cloud and container-based technologies is. In this paper, we investigate exposed container orchestration services on the Internet: how many there are, and the attacks against them. We considered three groups of container-based software: Docker, Kubernetes, and workflow tools. In a measurement study, we scanned the Internet to identify vulnerable container and container-orchestration services running on default ports. Considering the scan data, we then designed a high-interaction honeypot to reveal where attackers tend to strike and what is being done against exposed instances. The honeypot is based on container orchestration tools installed on Ubuntu servers, behind a carefully constructed gateway, and using the default ports. Our honeypot attracted attackers within minutes of launch. In total, we collected 94 days of attack data and extracted associated indicators of compromise (IOCs), which are provided to the research community to enable further insights. Our empirical study measures the risk associated with container and container orchestration systems exposed on the Internet. The assessment is performed by leveraging a novel design for a high-interaction honeypot. Using the observed data, we extract fresh insights into malicious tools, tactics, and procedures used against exposed host systems. In addition, we make available to the research community a rich dataset of unencrypted malicious traffic.


Emerging nanomaterials providing benefits in sensitivity, specificity and cost-effectiveness are being widely investigated for biosensors in the application of Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis. Core biomarkers amyloid-beta (Aβ) and Tau have been considered as key neuropathological hallmarks of AD. However, they did not sufficiently reflect clinical severity and therapeutic response, proving the difficulty of the Aβ- and Tau-targeting therapies in clinical trials. In recent years, there has still been a shortage of sensors for non-Aβ-Tau pathophysiological biomarkers that serve as advanced reporters for the early diagnosis of AD, predict AD progression, and monitor the treatment response. Nanomaterial-based sensors measuring multiple non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers could improve the capacity of AD progression characterization and supervised treatment, facilitating the comprehensive management of AD. This is the first review to principally represent current nanobiosensors for non-Aβ-Tau biomarker and that strategically deliberates future perspectives on the merit of non-Aβ-Tau biomarkers, in combination with Aβ and Tau, for the accurate diagnosis and prognosis of AD.


Activation of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2 in Arabidopsis by pathogens has been shown previously to be blocked in the ethylene response mutant ein2-1 and the jasmonate response mutant coi1-1. In this work, we have further investigated the interactions between the ethylene and jasmonate signal pathways for the induction of this defense response. Inoculation of wild-type Arabidopsis plants with the fungus Alternaria brassicicola led to a marked increase in production of jasmonic acid, and this response was not blocked in the ein2-1 mutant. Likewise, A. brassicicola infection caused stimulated emission of ethylene both in wild-type plants and in coi1-1 mutants. However, treatment of either ein2-1 or coi1-1 mutants with methyl jasmonate or ethylene did not induce PDF1.2, as it did in wild-type plants. We conclude from these experiments that both the ethylene and jasmonate signaling pathways need to be triggered concomitantly, and not sequentially, to activate PDF1.2 upon pathogen infection. In support of this idea, we observed a marked synergy between ethylene and methyl jasmonate for the induction of PDF1.2 in plants grown under sterile conditions. In contrast to the clear interdependence of the ethylene and jasmonate pathways for pathogen-induced activation of PDF1.2, functional ethylene and jasmonate signaling pathways are not required for growth responses induced by jasmonate and ethylene, respectively.


The initiative for Heureka Science Centre, Finland was created by the University of Helsinki The Heureka Science Centre in Finland was founded by the University of Helsinki and other interest groups at the beginning of 1980s.in the beginning of 1980s. Heureka was opened in April 1989 and it has since grown a remarkable national and international institute. The 1st World Science Centre Conference in 1996 was hosted by Heureka. Its temporary exhibitions has been seen in more than 20 countries. Heureka is not an university museum, but the University of Helsinki is still the main figures of the Science Centre Foundation. This has made it possible to present recent and historical research for wider audiences in very successful way. Heureka is not presenting only natural sciences and technology, but its main missions is to cover the whole academic field. This can be achieved by developing interdisciplinary approach. In the USA, the background to the expansion of modern science centres was the Sputnik phenomenon. However, the roots of science centres are in the old science and university museums. The development of science centres and museums must be seen in the scope of wider development of society. Science centres are no longer isolated hands-on workshops created by a couple of science freaks, but have become part of a larger movement promoting public understanding of science: they are influenced by, and in turn affect the thinking of, not only the scientific community, but also the other groups of society. According the survey related to career choices among the first and the second year students at the University of Helsinki, 79,8% of the students had visited Heureka science centre before they had started their studies at the academic level. The preliminary results also show that the informal learning sources seem to have much stronger impact in academic career choices than has been recognised. Science centres have the potential for the universities as a motivational factor to create positive attitudes towards science and research among young people.


OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The goal of this study was to investigate the associations of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and pulse pressure (PP) with knee articular cartilage composition using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based T2 relaxation time measurements in study participants from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In this longitudinal study, 1,139 participants from the OAI, a multi-center, observational study of the evolution of knee OA, were selected using the following inclusion criteria: right knee Kellgren Lawrence (KL) score (radiographic classification of OA severity) 0-2 indicating no to mild radiographic OA at baseline, no history of rheumatoid arthritis at baseline, available blood pressure measurements at baseline, available T2 measurements in at least three knee compartments at baseline and 48-month follow-up. Linear regression models were performed using standardized values for SBP, DBP and PP as primary predictors and change in cartilage T2 over 48 months, a measure of cartilage matrix quality and degeneration, as the primary outcome. PP was defined as SBP minus DBP. Change in superficial layer and deep layer cartilage T2, which reflect differences in the laminar organization of knee cartilage T2, were also included as outcomes. Statistical models were adjusted for common risk factors for knee OA (baseline age, sex, BMI, KL score) as well as number of currently used anti-hypertensive medications (AHM) reported at baseline. We included AHMs whose primary indication was the treatment of hypertension including beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), thiazides, chlorthalidone, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (CCB) and aliskiren. All predictors, outcomes and covariates (except sex) were analyzed as continuous variables. We included interaction terms in the models to evaluate whether the covariates (age, sex, BMI, KL score, number of AHMs) modified the association of SBP, DBP and PP with cartilage T2. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The average age of all study participants was 58.8 years (SD ± 8.6) with a higher proportion of men (59.4%), average body mass index (BMI) was 28.3 (SD ± 4.5), average SBP was 122.4 (SD ± 15.4) mmHg, average DBP was 75.5 (SD ± 9.6) mmHg and 469 (38.1%) study participants were taking at least one AHM. Higher baseline DBP was significantly associated with a faster increase in global T2 (0.22 [0.10,0.35], P < 0.001), global deep layer T2 (0.20 [0.03,0.36], P < 0.022) and global superficial layer T2 (0.39 [0.20,0.58], P < 0.001). These associations were significant in both unadjusted and the models adjusted for age, sex, BMI and KL score. No significant associations were found between SBP or PP and cartilage T2 and no significant interactions were found between SBP, DBP, PP and the covariates. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Higher baseline DBP was associated with a faster increase in knee cartilage T2, suggesting accelerated cartilage degeneration. This association was stronger for the superficial layer of knee cartilage T2 compared to the deep layer. Although further basic mechanistic studies are needed to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology of this relationship, these results suggest lowering DBP may influence knee OA.


There is growing evidence that hybridization not only by means of allopolyploidy but also at the homoploidy level was a major driving force of plant diversification. While allopolyploidy is known to be a common mode of speciation in Paeonia (Paeoniaceae), hybrid speciation at the diploid level needs further evaluation. Paeonia anomala was previously considered to be an interspecific hybrid but with an unknown ploidy level. In this study P. anomala is identified as a diploid (2n = 10). With increased sampling of populations and molecular markers, we showed that P. anomala is a homoploid hybrid that originated from a cross between P. veitchii and P. lactiflora. Five populations of P. anomala were sequenced for the following molecular markers: the matK gene and two intergenic spacers, psbA-trnH and rps16-trnQ, of the chloroplast genome; the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA; and three low-copy nuclear genes, Adh1, Adh2, and Gpat. The populations of P. anomala were grouped together with P. veitchii on the ITS and Gpat phylogenies but with P. lactiflora on the chloroplast phylogeny. Sequence polymorphism was found at the Adh1 and Adh2 loci within individuals of P. anomala. These polymorphic sequences were grouped with P. veitchii and P. lactiflora, respectively. Phenetic analysis indicated that P. anomala is morphologically similar to P. veitchii. Phenotypic evolution resulting from the combination of two diverged genomes might have occurred primarily at the physiological level and allowed P. anomala to adapt to geographic regions different from those of its parents.


Power grids are available all over the world for their necessity in all our everyday activities. Each power grid has its own electrical network frequency pattern which is considered as a signature or a finger print of this power grid. Any audio/video recorded in a power grid, whether directly connected to the power mains or not, is affected by the ENF signature of this grid. Post processing could take place to extract the ENF pattern from recordings which can be used in localization of different media signals recorded among grids. This can be done through computing the cross correlation between extracted ENF and the original ENFs of the grids. Finding the time of recording becomes possible. There are much more applications for ENF extraction and recognition. In this project we have worked on data set of 9 (A to I) different grids provided by the contest. ENFs of these power grids are extracted for power and audio recordings then characteristic features of these ENFs are extracted and accurately selected. These features are used to feed two machine learning models: SVM and neural network. These machine learning models are used in correlating the practice data set, provided by the contest, and the grids from A to I. We also implemented a simple hardware circuit to record about 24 hours from our grid mains. Here we present our work methodology and propose our developed code for ENF extraction and recognition.


A 52-year-old female with a huge cavernous hemangioma in the middle cranial fossa received preoperative radiation therapy to reduce intraoperative bleeding from the tumor. Following irradiation the tumor decreased in size and was subtotally removed with ease. Preoperative irradiation is highly beneficial in such cases.


Abstract An increased vascular risk is present in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). In this report, we evaluate the presence and grade of atherosclerosis in patients with AS, uninterruptedly treated with tumor necrosis factor-&agr; (TNF-&agr;) antagonists for 2 years, in comparison to that in a nontreated group of healthy controls. Fourteen patients with AS and 14 healthy controls underwent carotid sonography to measure intima-media thickness (IMT) and to evaluate the presence of plaque. Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index scores, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, glycemia, total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were also recorded. Patients with AS showed significantly lower values of mean and maximum IMT at the level of the common carotid (P = .02 and .04, respectively) and the carotid bulb (P = .0006 and .0005, respectively) compared to those of healthy controls. They also had a number of carotid plaques significantly lower than that of healthy controls (P = .02). No differences were found in IMT values at the level of internal carotid between the 2 populations. The significantly lower carotid atherosclerosis found in patients with AS treated with TNF antagonists than in healthy controls shows the important complementary role of this treatment in reducing vascular disease progression probably by decreasing inflammation.


Identification of factors influencing success of Helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication is important for clinical practice. We have prospectively conducted an HP eradication study in the Aichi Cancer Center with a total of 142 patients available for analysis. The overall success rate was 61·3% (95% confidence interval 52·7–69·3%). Smoking during the medication for eradication significantly decreased the success rate (42·9%), whereas smoking cessation during the treatment was associated with a similar rate as for non-smokers (66·7%). We also examined links between an eradication outcome and polymorphisms of Le, Se, IL1A, IL1B, IL1RN and MPO genes, but with one exception none showed any association. The non-functional le allele of Le polymorphisms, leading to decreased expression of Leb antigen to which HP attaches with adhesin, showed a beneficial effect for success. Although further clarification is necessary, our study indicated that smoking cessation and Le gene polymorphisms may affect the success rate of HP eradication.


Abstract —A mathematical model based on Mamuro and Hattori's force model including the drag force effect on the particles in the annulus of a spouted bed was constructed. The results from this model were compared with previous work, including Mamuro and Hattori's model for Darcy's law and Epstein and Levine's model and that proposed by Hattori et al. for non-Darcy flow in the annulus, none of which included the effect of drag force on particles. Results presented in the paper showed that when drag force was included in the force balance model, a lower value of Ua/Umf, the ratio of superficial fluid velocity in the annulus to minimum fluidization velocity, was obtained. Z/Hm, the ratio of axial distance from fluid inlet to the maximum spoutable bed depth, increased compared with models where the effect of drag was absent. Our results also showed an increase in radial cross flow from the spout to the annulus, especially in the lower part of the bed compared to those obtained by Mamuro and Hattori. The proposed model was found to be sensitive to Janssen's factor, J , and also displayed a qualitative agreement with the Hattori et al. model which was proposed for non-Darcy conditions.


The development of high-throughput biomolecular technologies has resulted in generation of vast omics data at an unprecedented rate. This is transforming biomedical research into a big data discipline, where the main challenges relate to the analysis and interpretation of data into new biological knowledge. The aim of this study was to develop a framework for biomedical big data analytics, and apply it for analyzing transcriptomics time series data from early differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells towards the mesoderm and cardiac lineages. To this end, transcriptome profiling by microarray was performed on differentiating human pluripotent stem cells sampled at eleven consecutive days. The gene expression data was analyzed using the five-stage analysis framework proposed in this study, including data preparation, exploratory data analysis, confirmatory analysis, biological knowledge discovery, and visualization of the results. Clustering analysis revealed several distinct expression profiles during differentiation. Genes with an early transient response were strongly related to embryonic- and mesendoderm development, for example CER1 and NODAL. Pluripotency genes, such as NANOG and SOX2, exhibited substantial downregulation shortly after onset of differentiation. Rapid induction of genes related to metal ion response, cardiac tissue development, and muscle contraction were observed around day five and six. Several transcription factors were identified as potential regulators of these processes, e.g. POU1F1, TCF4 and TBP for muscle contraction genes. Pathway analysis revealed temporal activity of several signaling pathways, for example the inhibition of WNT signaling on day 2 and its reactivation on day 4. This study provides a comprehensive characterization of biological events and key regulators of the early differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells towards the mesoderm and cardiac lineages. The proposed analysis framework can be used to structure data analysis in future research, both in stem cell differentiation, and more generally, in biomedical big data analytics.


This kit is intended for use in determining the presence of Pichia pastoris protein contamination in products manufactured by recombinant expression in Pichia pastoris host cells. Cygnus sells two ELISA kits for Pichia HCP detection. The original kit, Cat# F140, has a very broad reactivity to peptide epitopes and, in addition, also has a small population of antibodies that recognize Pichia glycosylation epitopes. In cases where the recombinant protein product is also glycosylated, there is a potential for some cross reactivity that can result in either an over-estimation of true HCP or indeterminate HCP concentrations due to the lack of sample dilutional linearity. The antibody used in the Cat# F640 kit is the same polyclonal antibody as is used in the F140 kit except it has been subjected to an additional affinity adsorption step to remove antibodies to glycosylation epitopes. The kit is for Research and Manufacturing Use Only and is not intended for diagnostic use in humans or animals.


Adipose tissues regulate energy metabolism and reproduction. There are three types of adipocytes (brown, white, and beige adipocytes) in mammals. White adipocytes store energy and are closely associated with obesity and other metabolic diseases. The beige and brown adipocytes have numerous mitochondria and high levels of UCP1 that dissipates lipid to generate heat and defend against obesity. The global epidemic of obesity and its associated metabolic diseases urge an imperative need for understating the regulation of adipogenesis. Liver kinase B1 (Lkb1), also called STK11, is a master kinase of the AMPK subfamily and plays crucial roles in regulating glucose and energy homeostasis in various metabolic tissues. In this review, we focus on the regulatory roles of Lkb1 in regulating preadipocyte differentiation, adipose tissue development, and thermogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 2296–2298, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Hyperspectral and multispectral imagery provide a powerful remote sensing tool. In applications for which the image is produced by gaseous emission, analysis of the image to obtain the concentration and temperature of the gas flow is difficult and computationally intensive. We have developed a solution to this analysis problem using a physics-based scene model coupled with an automatic solver, a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The image set is modeled using a parameterized description of the gaseous flowfield and a three-dimensional spectral gas radiance model. The solver algorithm generates a trial flowfield and runs the radiance model, iteratively varying the flow parameters until an optimum match is obtained between measured and modeled images. An example analysis is shown using multispectral images of a microgravity flame.


Let's face it: The printed journal format that has served the scientific research community satisfactorily for more than 200 years doesn't serve the computational sciences community well at all. The community should, instead, communicate and archive the results of its research endeavors through a venue that lets students and colleagues fully examine published computational results and critique the numerical algorithms the authors used to generate them. A suitable computational sciences journal must principally reside in the digital rather than hardcopy world and, we propose, should consist of an interactive scientific visualization tool that is fully embedded within a versatile Wiki. The basic framework for such a journal already exists within the open source community. As we show here, for example, the SCI Institute's VisTrails Wiki (www.vistrails.org) provides many features that would be desirable in an interactive, visual, and archival computational sciences journal. It's impossible to effectively illustrate the advantages of an interactive, visual, and archival journal (IVAJ) over a traditional journal through a CiSE Visualization Corner article, which itself is intended principally to appear in print. Hence, to fully engage in this discussion, we encourage readers to interact with an article that we've posted in a proposed IVAJ format. We provide instructions for that interaction here; you can also find an abbreviated set of instructions at www.vistrails.org/index.php/ UserTbhline/IVAJ. Another useful reference is our May/June 2009 Visualization Corner article.1 Here we demonstrate how an IVAJ can help that published article's printed pages come alive and can considerably expand on its basic scientific content.


Creating Culturally Responsive Classrooms: An Action Guide for Educators Educators must acknowledge that children enter their classrooms and schools with their own language, beliefs about the world, and ideas on how to behave. Educators have the responsibility to evaluate their own philosophy and teaching practice to ensure that all students, regardless of their culture or ethnicity, are provided with a classroom that is appreciative, attentive to, and accepting of their cultures, beliefs, and learning styles. This work contains an action guide for educators on creating and maintaining culturally responsive classrooms (CRC). Teachers can read the guide and discover what a CRC looks like, sounds like, and feels like. The action guide seeks to narrow the dissonance that exists between the culture and ethnicity of students and the culture and the ethnicity of their teachers.


Climate change is projected to have negative implications for forest ecosystems and their dependent communities and industries. Adaptation studies of forestry practices have focused on maintaining the provisioning of ecosystem services; however, those practices may have implications for climate change mitigation as well by increasing biological sinks or reducing emissions. Assessments of the effectiveness of adaptation strategies to mitigate climate change are therefore needed; however, they have not been done for the world's northern coniferous forests. Diversifying the forest by planting tree species more likely suited to a future climate is a potential adaptation strategy to increase resilience. The efficacy of this strategy to reduce the risks of climate change is uncertain, and other ecosystem services provided by the forest are also likely to be affected. We used a spatially explicit forest landscape modeling framework (LANDIS-II) to simulate the effects of planting a range of native tree species in colder areas than where they are currently planted in a managed temperate coniferous forest landscape in British Columbia, Canada. We investigated impacts on carbon pools, fluxes, tree species diversity, and harvest levels under different climate scenarios for 100 yr (2015–2115) and found that the capacity of our forest landscape to sequester carbon would largely depend on the precipitation rates in the future, rather than on temperature. We further found that, irrespective of the climate prediction model, current planting standards led to relatively low levels of resilience as indicated by carbon fluxes and stocks, net primary productivity (NPP), and species diversity. In contrast, planting a mix of alternative tree species was generally superior in increasing the resilience indicators: carbon stocks and fluxes, NPP, and tree species diversity, but not harvest rates. The second best novel planting regime involved adding Pinus contorta to the stocking standard in three ecoregions; however, that species is susceptible to a high number of insects and pathogens. We conclude that although the capacity of temperate coniferous forest landscapes to sequester carbon in the future is largely dependent on the precipitation regime, negative effects may be counteracted to some extent by increasing resilience through tree species diversity in forests.


Approximately 4-14% pelvic fractures cause a posterior urethral injury. Pelvic fractures associated with straddle injuries or large trauma accidents are more frequently involved with this kind of lesions. Primary open repair of the urethral injury is discouraged in the acute setting. 3-6 months after urinary diversion a formal open reconstruction can be safely attempted. This gives time for scar maturation, reabsorption of pelvic hematomas, and relative restoration of anatomical fascial layers. The complexity of such interventions can be minimized following proper diagnostic and surgical protocols. Anastomotic urethroplasty under the precepts of the progressive perineal approach provides an excellent treatment option for these patients. The aim of this paper is the detailed description of the procedure for the treatment of such injuries.


Cardiac troponin (cTn) assays were compared in 490 unselected patients with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome with varying renal functions for risk stratification. cTnI (Dade, Newark, NJ; Beckman, Chaska, MN; and Tosoh, South San Francisco, CA) and cTnT (Roche, Indianapolis, IN) measurements and estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) were obtained and classified along sex-derived cutoffs. The cTn levels were increased in 14% to 25% of patients. In 68%, the eGFR was 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or more; in 17%, it was between 41 and 59; and in 15%, it was 40 or less. There were 36 deaths and 9 cardiac events. Risk stratification was significant at 30 days and 6 months (P < or = .05). Relative risks ranged from 3.1 to 3.7, and cumulative event rates ranged from 22.4% to 24.2% for an increased troponin level compared with 6.7% to 8.9% for a normal level. The 6-month event rate with an eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and an increased troponin level ranged from 29.9% to 50.8% compared with 4.9% to 6.6% for a normal troponin level and an eGFR greater than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P < .05). The eGFR in combination with an increased cTn level demonstrated the most powerful stratification.


Mammalian cells generate ATP through mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis. Mitochondria not only play a key role in cell energy metabolism but also in cell cycle regulation. As a neurotoxic pollutant, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) can trigger neuronal oxidative damage and apoptosis. However, the features of BaP-induced energy metabolism disturbance in SH-SY5Y cells has rarely been addressed. This study aimed to measure oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) as indications of respiratory activities and glycolytic. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with BaP to establish a cytotoxicity model, and butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) was used to alleviate the damages induced by BaP. Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux analyzer (XFp), we found that BaP significantly reduced basal respiration, ATP-linked OCR in SH-SY5Y cells with dose- and time-dependent. BHA supplementation recovered the mitochondrial respiration, synchronously attenuated intracellular ROS generation and lipid peroxidation, and simultaneously reversed the abnormal changes in antioxidant biomarkers, then rescued BaP-induced cell apoptosis. But long-term exposure to BaP or exposure to a high dosage of BaP could decrease OCR associated with maximal respiratory, spare capacity, and glycolysis metabolism. At the same time, the damage to cells is also more severe with the rate of apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) loss rising sharply, which were not entirely reversed by BHA. This study provides energy metabolism-related, indicative biomarkers of cytotoxicity induced by BaP, which might provide information for early prevention and intervention.


To the Editor: Being an almost-one-generation-younger geriatrician than Dr. Hazzard, I hail and largely agree with his personal program pursuing successful aging. The program includes pragmatic lifestyle strategy, but Dr. Hazzard wisely also uses modern (and inexpensive) pharmacological means to prevent cardiovascular disease, the number 1 killer but also the probable background for many geriatric conditions. His pharmacological recipe is a modification of the "polypill" concept (low-dose aspirin, a beta-blocker, hydrochlorothiazide, and a statin) introduced 10 years ago. I have modified the combination therapy to include a statin, an angiotensin receptor blocker (sartan), a calcium-channel blocker, and vitamin D instead. My reasons for shunning the aspirin, beta-blocker, and hydrochlorothiazide of the original "polypill" are the side effects and low evidence of benefit of aspirin in primary prevention and the good tolerability and benefits of newer antihypertensive drug combinations. Moreover, there is some evidence that angiotensin receptor blockers are better than other antihypertensives at reducing the incidence and progression of dementia. I have started to call my preventive combination a "geripill."


Selectins are mediating transient contacts of leukocytes with endothelium during inflammatory processes and in the development of the immune system. L-selectin expressed on almost all leukocytes also functions as a signaling receptor. Recently, we have identified different signaling pathways in T lymphocytes by L-selectin. One signaling cascade leads via the tyrosine kinase p56lck to the small G-proteins Ras and Rac and to MAP-kinases. A second independent pathway results in ceramide release. In this study, an L-selectin-induced translocation of the transcription factor NFAT to the nucleus was identified. Using genetically modified JCaM1.6 cells, pharmacological inhibitors, and antisense molecules, it was shown that L-selectin-induced NFAT activation depends on src-tyrosine kinases, calcineurin and small G-proteins. MAP-kinases and actin filaments were identified as Ras effectors involved in NFAT translocation. We conclude that L-selectin cross-linking results in activation of NFAT by different signaling pathways. The activation of NFAT might modulate the immune response of leukocytes interacting with endothelial cells.


While the acceptance or rejection of consumers is based on a series of mental preferences, it emphasizes certain values, attitudes, expectations, and dietary preferences in the development of products. New functional components, additives that improve texture and sensory properties, and new technologies that extend shelf life also encourage new product development with impressive opportunities. However, the variety of cross modal interactions that occur between aroma, taste, and texture depending on the food matrix during food consumption makes it very complicated to explain this perception with the individual's physiological state and habits. Individuals experience many sensations when eating or drinking, such as taste, smell, touch, warmth, vision, sound, and sometimes pain and irritation. Although this versatile sensory experience forms the basis of perceived aroma and texture, some sensations are perceived individually differently than others. Understanding the mechanisms involved in food sensory perception is the basis of consumer studies. This review explains how all these sensations interact on both perceptual and physical levels. Keywords : Food Texture, Aroma, Product Development, Consumer Strategies DOI : 10.7176/JSTR/6-10-04


Recent scanning tunneling microscopy experiments reveal niobium diselenide to support domains of striped (1 Q ) charge order side by side with its better-known triangular (3 Q ) phase, suggesting that small variations in local strain may induce a quantum phase transition between the two. We use a theoretical model of the charge order in NbSe 2 , based on a strong momentum- and orbital-dependent electron-phonon coupling, to study the effect of uniaxial strain. We find that as little as 0 . 1% anisotropic shift in phonon energies breaks the threefold symmetry in favor of a 1 Q state, in agreement with the experimental results. The altered symmetries change the transition into the ordered state from weakly first order in the 3 Q case to second order in the 1 Q regime. Modeling the pseudogap phase of NbSe 2 as the range of temperatures above the onset of long-range order in which phase coherence is destroyed by local phonon fluctuations, we find a shortening of the local ordering wave vector with increasing temperature, complementing recent x-ray diffraction observations within the low-temperature phase.


Dysregulation of gene expression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains elusive, especially at the cell type level. Gene regulatory network, a key molecular mechanism linking transcription factors (TFs) and regulatory elements to govern target gene expression, can change across cell types in the human brain and thus serve as a model for studying gene dysregulation in AD. However, it is still challenging to understand how cell type networks work abnormally under AD. To address this, we integrated single-cell multi-omics data and predicted the gene regulatory networks in AD and control for four major cell types, excitatory and inhibitory neurons, microglia and oligodendrocytes. Importantly, we applied network biology approaches to analyze the changes of network characteristics across these cell types, and between AD and control. For instance, many hub TFs target different genes between AD and control (rewiring). Also, these networks show strong hierarchical structures in which top TFs (master regulators) are largely common across cell types, whereas different TFs operate at the middle levels in some cell types (e.g., microglia). The regulatory logics of enriched network motifs (e.g., feed-forward loops) further uncover cell-type-specific TF-TF cooperativities in gene regulation. The cell type networks are highly modular. Several network modules with cell-type-specific expression changes in AD pathology are enriched with AD-risk genes and putative targets of approved and pending AD drugs, suggesting possible cell-type genomic medicine in AD. Finally, using the cell type gene regulatory networks, we developed machine learning models to classify and prioritize additional AD genes. We found that top prioritized genes predict clinical phenotypes (e.g., cognitive impairment). Overall, this single-cell network biology analysis provides a comprehensive map linking genes, regulatory networks, cell types and drug targets and reveals mechanisms on cell-type gene dyregulation in AD.


Looking at the empirical data, English law and England as a forum are currently businesses' prevailing choice for dispute resolution in international commercial transactions in Europe. This article analyses the factors determining businesses' choice of contract law and forum in and the underlying mechanisms for businesses' choices. These findings will be used to analyse what possible effects and consequences Brexit may have for the London commercial courts and the choice of English contract law. Will there be a switch of focus in approaching European commercial contracts and dispute resolution? Or will Brexit impact little on London's prevailing position in the market for dispute resolution and the choice of English law in international commercial contracts?


Brisbane's busways in Queensland, Australia are a form of bus rapid transit (BRT) that comprises high capacity buses running on prioritised routes, similar to a rail system. In South East Queensland (SEQ), some busways (e.g., South East Busway) run parallel with heavy rail in ways that these two modes are in essence competitive with each other. This paper explores the inter-modal competition of busway and rail passengers' travel patterns by analysing revealed preference data, the smart card transaction records directly extracted from automated fare collection system. The results indicate that busways are more competitive than heavy rail due to more frequent service with higher accessibility to the stations. The simulation analysis shows that if the heavy rail could increase service frequency or station accessibility, it would significantly increase the mode share of heavy rail. The policy implications suggest that service frequency and integration with feeder bus service to stations are critical to inter-modal competition between busways and heavy rail system.


Introduction/Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in endometrial cancer allows us to obtain the lymph node status for prescribing adjuvant therapies and avoids the morbidity of systematic lymphadenectomy. The aim of this study is to determine the feasibility of sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping in early endometrial cancer. Methodology All women with histologically confirmed endometrial cancer, treated with a minimally invasive hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and SLN mapping were included. All mapped SLNs were histopathological confirmed. Results From January 2017 to April 2019, 138 patients met the inclusion criteria. Eighteen patients were excluded because of unexpected advanced disease, anatomical issues and incomplete medical records. One hundred twenty patients were analysed. A mean age was 62 years old with standard deviation (SD) 11 years and mean Body mass index (BMI) was 33.4 kg/m2 (SD 7.4). The overall and bilateral SLN detection rates were 85.8% (103/120) and 72.5% (87/120), respectively. BMI <30 kg/m2 was a significant predictor of successful detection. 50% of SLNs were detected in the external iliac region, while 15% were found outside the routine lymphadenectomy zone including common iliac, parametrial, infra-mesenteric para-aortic and presacral lymph nodes. Seven patients (5.8%) had positive SLNs. Conclusion SLN mapping can reliably detect the SLN in early-stage endometrial cancer. Additionally, some patients having an uncommon site of lymph node metastasis might be missed without SLN mapping. Disclosure Nothing to disclose.


GaAs based image sensor has many advantages over its Si counterparts such as the ability to detect dim light and high sensitivity for higher saturated electron velocity and higher electron mobility. But little work has been reported on the packaging of GaAs image sensor particularly at wafer level. Since the full processed GaAs image sensor wafer is sensitive to high temperature or any plasma processes, it is essential to find out a proper way to form the interconnect for low temperature wafer level packaging of GaAs image sensor. In this work, GaAs wet etching is used to etch grooves from the backside of the device wafer to avoid high temperature and plasma etch processes. The challenge lies in that it is hard to control the etch profiles because of nonuniform etch rate on different crystal faces. Three different kinds of etching solution i.e. (A) 1H2SO4 + 8H2O2 + 1H2O, (B) 9H3PO4 + 1H2O2 + 20H2O, (C) 1K2Cr2O7 + 1HBr + 4CH3COOH are tested to etch useful structures at room temperature with photo resist mask. The results show that solution A has the greatest etching rate with crystallographic etch profiles, solution B has an reasonable etching rate around 15μm/h with very smooth etch surfaces and also crystallographic etch profiles, solution C has the slowest etching rate with smooth etch surfaces and isotropic etch profiles. And finally dovetail grooves suitable for interconnection that perpendicular to <;011> direction is reached by solution B with very smooth surfaces.


Incorrect understanding of the dangers of drug abuse makes adolescents underestimate the dangers of drug abuse. Most drug users in adolescence, because adolescents have unstable and easily influenced characteristics and great curiosity. Drug use by adolescents in the early stages is trying to the stage of addiction. The purpose of this study is to look at the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring techniques in increasing understanding of the dangers of student drug abuse. This study uses in the form of a pseudo experimental design of The Non-Equivalent Control Group with pretest and posttest. The subjects of the study were students of class X TKR at SMK Muhammadiyah 1 Padang with a sample of 20 people divided into 2 groups consisting of 10 people as the experimental group and 10 people as the control group. The sampling technique with purposive sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon signed ranks test and Kolmogorov Smirnov two independent samples. The results of this study, concluded that cognitive restructuring techniques are effective in increasing understanding of the dangers of student drug abuse.


Use of the traditional mechanism for cancer surveillance, hospital-based registries, may limit ascertainment of incident cases. In this study, the authors evaluated the ability of a statewide hospital discharge file (HDF) to enhance central cancer registry reporting. Incident cancers from a Virginia cancer registry were linked with an HDF for 1995. Medical record abstractions for over 2,000 cancers verified HDF and registry data. There were 19,740 unique cases ascertained from the two combined data sources. The registry captured approximately 83% of cases, while the HDF captured 62%. Although the HDF missed a substantial number of registry cases, the HDF positive predictive value for identifying the correct cancer site was 94%. Logistic regression was used to identify significant characteristics of cases likely to be captured only by the HDF; these characteristics included hospital cancer program certification, the position of the cancer diagnosis on the claim, and cancer surgery. This study represents the evaluation of a novel approach to enhancing registry completeness and accuracy using statewide HDFs. The results strongly suggest that neither a central cancer registry nor an HDF is a sufficient source for complete capture of cases. Using HDFs to supplement a central cancer registry may be a valuable and efficient method for improving registry completeness of reporting.


Purpose/Objective(s): Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) has been shown to have increased local control and overall survival relative to conventional external beam radiation therapy in patients with medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Excellent rates of local control have been demonstrated both in clinical trials and in single-center studies at large academic institutions. However, there is limited data on the experiences of small academic hospitals with SBRT for stage I NSCLC. The purpose of this study is to report the local control and overall survival rates in patients treated with SBRT for stage I NSCLC at Winthrop-University Hospital (WUH), a small academic hospital. Materials/Methods: This is a retrospective review of 78 stage I central and peripheral NSCLC tumors treated between December 2006 and July 2012 with SBRT at WUH. Treatment was given utilizing fiducials and a respiratory tracking system. If the fiducials were not trackable, a spine tracking system was used for tumor localization. CT-based planning was performed using the ray trace algorithm. Treatment was delivered over consecutive days to a median dose of 4800 cGy delivered in four fractions. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate local control and overall survival. Results: The median age was 78.5 years. Fifty-four percent of the patient population was female. Sixty seven percent of the tumors were stage IA, and 33% of the tumors were stage IB. Fifty-three percent of the tumors were adenocarcinomas and 29% were squamous cell carcinomas, with the remainder being of unknown histology or NSCLC, not otherwise specified The 2-year local control rate was 87%, and the 2-year overall survival was 68%. Conclusion: Our findings support that local control and overall survival at a small academic hospital are comparable to that of larger academic institutions' published experiences with SBRT for stage I NSCLC.


Thermochemical parameters of hydroxymethylene (HC:OH) and 1-hydroxyethylidene (CH3C:OH) were evaluated by using coupled-cluster, CCSD(T), theory, in conjunction with the augmented correlation consistent, aug-cc-pVnZ, basis sets, with n = D, T, Q, and 5, extrapolated to the complete basis set limit. The predicted value at 298 K for Delta Hf(CH2O) is -26.0 +/- 1 kcal/mol, as compared to an experimental value of -25.98 +/- 0.01 kcal/mol, and for Delta Hf(CH:OH) it is 26.1 +/- 1 kcal/mol. The hydroxymethylene-formaldehyde energy gap is 52.1 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, the singlet-triplet separation of hydroxymethylene is Delta E(ST)(HC:OH) = 25.3 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, the proton affinity is PA(HC:OH) = 222.5 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, and the ionization energy is IEa(HC:OH) = 8.91 +/- 0.04 eV. The predicted value at 298 K for Delta Hf(CH3CHO) is -39.1 +/- 1 kcal/mol as compared to an experimental value of -40.80 +/- 0.35 kcal/mol, and for Delta Hf(CH3C:OH) it is 11.2 +/- 1 kcal/mol. The hydroxyethylidene-acetaldehyde energy gap is 50.6 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, the singlet-triplet separation of 1-hydroxyethylidene is Delta E(ST)(CH3C:OH) = 30.5 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, the proton affinity is PA(CH3C:OH) = 234.7 +/- 0.5 kcal/mol, and the ionization energy is IEa(CH3C:OH) = 8.18 +/- 0.04 eV. The calculated energy differences between the carbene and aldehyde isomers, and, thus, the heats of formation of the carbenes, differ from the experimental values by 2.5 kcal/mol.