The Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace in the late Joseon period looked different compared to the present. It is because the Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace had been rebuilt after Changdeokgung Palace burned during Imjinwaeran. The Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace in the late Joseon was repaired from using demolished parts of the Royal Palace at Ingyeonggung Palace, and its shape was maintained until the end of Joseon. Changeokgung Palace is the place where the king lived the longest throughout the Joseon Dynasty, and especially, the Royal Bedchamber place is a space that shows the day-to-day life and utopia of the king at the time. In this paper, I wish to examine how the Royal Bedchamber at Changdeokgung Palace changed over the times of significant impact made to the country. This thesis contemplates on the Royal Bedchamber at Changdeokgung before it was lost during the Japanese Colonialism. Furthermore, this thesis intends to discuss spatial composition.


OBJECTIVES
In order to clarify the real condition of occupational health (OH) activities in small-scale enterprises (SSEs) at the nationwide level, we conducted a questionnaire study sent to SSEs. We selected SSEs according to their employee numbers published in the in "Census of Workplaces in 1999".

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
About 2000 establishments were selected from the list in the "Census" describing the names and addresses of enterprises with 5 or more employees. The questionnaire included type of business, number of employees, independence, OH competent person, conduction of health examination, potential hazardous works and countermeasures (chemicals handling, computer work, etc), committee or other types of organizations for OH, and others.

RESULTS
Two hundred eleven establishments with 1-4 employees, 779 establishments with 5-9 employees, 681 establishments with 10-49 employees, 300 establishments with 50-99 employees, and 57 establishments with more than 100 employees, a total of 2,029 establishments responded to the questionnaire. The types of businesses (the number of establishments) were construction (216 establishments), manufacturing (604), transportation and communication (216), wholesale and restaurants (390) and services (602). The rate of independent enterprises was 54.1% and branches 45.9%. Indicators of OH activities including selection of OH competent person, enforcement of OH guideline for computer work, OH education about the occupational health risks, enforcement of special health examinations and general health examinations in SSEs with 1-4 and 5-9 employees were worse than SSEs with 10 or more employees.

CONCLUSIONS
The differences of OH activities by scale of number of employees were clarified at a nationwide level. However, OH activities in SSEs with 1-4 employees were not clarified sufficiently. Various policies and methods should be established and implemented to improve the low level of OH activities in SSEs.


Motivated by the call for a more flexible, easy-to-tune means of generating chaos, the present work elaborates upon the development of the Ramanujan Theta Function as a source of chaos. By setting the variables of this function to sinusoids of competing frequencies the chaotic output signal is generated, with the ratio of the input frequencies serving as control parameter. The characteristics of such chaos generated are studied using the iterative map and bifurcation plots, and the presence of chaos is ascertained using Lyapunov Exponents and Kolmogorov Entropy. Following this, the route from order to chaos of the proposed system are studied using three techniques – phase portrait, Fourier Spectra and wavelet analysis. In the phase portraits, it is seen that for non-chaotic regimes, phase portraits are orderly with definite number of loops, whereas for chaotic regimes, trajectories are spread all over the phase space, suggesting ergodicity and giving the phase portrait a rich, ornamental look. The Fourier spectra highlighted the discrete frequency components in non-chaotic regimes, with well formed sidebands, whereas in chaotic regimes, a lot of new frequency components are seen, giving the spectral profile a 'grassy' appearance. Finally, a hyperbolic wavelet, termed the Solitary Wavelet seen to possess vanishing higher order moments with a negative logarithmic slope, is used as the basis to perform wavelet analysis. The results reveal that the rhythmic periodicity observed in large scale values for non-chaotic regimes is significantly absent for chaotic regimes, with variations in the trends of new pulses emerging alongside the main pulse train. It is seen that the wavelet analyses combine the best features of phase portrait analyses (ergodicity detected by peak sporadicity and pulse variance), and Fourier Spectral analyses (new frequency component generation seen by observing dominance at various scales, and new peaks at lower scales corresponding to new pulses), while revealing additional features such as fractal nature, not seen in the other two analysis tools. In summary, the present article ushers in a novel perspective pertaining to signal oriented chaos, calling for a change in the way bifurcation plots and iterative maps are perceived, as also the means to generate and control such chaos. It is hoped that the wavelet analysis, highlighting both spectral and temporal aspects of the signal, emerges as a reliable and assertive qualitative means to identify, detect and to an extent, characterize the nature of chaos, either stand-alone, or in conjunction with tools such as phase portraits. Progress in such an area will eventually drive chaos analyses away from Lyapunov Exponents, which are most useful in system based chaos where initial conditions are well known, and are at best computed with approximations from output chaotic signals, using methods such as the Rosenstein Algorithm.


textabstractThis thesis evaluates the role of MDCT angiography in 1) the depiction of atherosclerotic disease and subsequent luminal stenosis in the arteries that supplies the brain with blood, and 2) the assessment of atherosclerotic plaque features that have been related to plaque vulnerability.
The studies can be subdivided in three main categories: 1) optimization of data acquisition protocol, 2) validation studies, including assessment of the accuracy of MDCTA in comparison to histology and interobserver studies, and 3) clinical cross-sectional studies.
From the first part of this thesis we can conclude that an optimal protocol for MDCT angiography of the supra-aortic arteries incorporates the use of 80 ml contrast material and a 40 ml saline bolus chaser, a craniocaudal scan direction, and in respect to atherosclerotic carotid plaque imaging a tube current of 120 kVp and an intermediate reconstruction algorithm.
 The second part of this thesis allows to conclude that MDCTA is capable of characterizing and quantifying plaque and plaque component areas in good correlation with histology. However, lipid core can only be adequately quantified in mildly calcified plaques, and in vivo assessment of atherosclerotic plaque and plaque component volumes is feasible with a moderate reproducibility. In addition we can conclude that, with MDCT angiography, intracranial carotid artery calcifications can reproducibly be quantified and that carotid plaque surface morphology can be assessed with a high reproducibility.
 In the third part of this thesis we evaluated the characteristics of possible MDCTA-assessed plaque parameters (the volume of intracranial calcifications, carotid plaque morphology, and carotid plaque volume and plaque component volumes). Associations were found with several cardiovascular risk factors. Some plaque parameters were related to the presence and type of cerebrovascular symptomatology.
We conclude that atherosclerotic plaque parameters can be imaged adequately with MDCTA. These parameters seem to have a possible additional value, besides the degree of stenosis, as a marker of atherosclerotic disease and as predictor of (recurrent) ischemic cerebrovascular events.


This research has examined the relationship among film interest, clothing involvement, attitude towards ppl, preference for fashion products, and purchasing intention. In april 2014, 210 university students in Seoul and Incheon filled out a survey. Frequency analysis, k-cluster analysis, t-test, anova, duncan`s multiple range test, regression, and mediation regression analysis were used to analyze. Students who were more interested in film were higher in clothing involvement. Clothing involvement had larger influence on preference for fashion products and purchasing intention than film interest. Students highly involved in clothing had more positive attitude towards ppl, preference for fashion products and purchasing intentions. Clothing involvement, attitude towards ppl and preference for fashion products directly influenced purchasing intention. The preference for fashion products had the largest influence on purchasing intention. The preference for fashion products and attitude towards ppl had mediation influences between clothing involvement and purchasing intention.


Abstract Probabilistic emission inventories were developed for 1,3-butadiene, mercury (Hg), arsenic (As), benzene, formaldehyde, and lead for Jacksonville, FL. To quantify inter-unit variability in empirical emission factor data, the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method or the Method of Matching Moments was used to fit parametric distributions. For data sets that contain nondetected measurements, a method based upon MLE was used for parameter estimation. To quantify the uncertainty in urban air toxic emission factors, parametric bootstrap simulation and empirical bootstrap simulation were applied to uncensored and censored data, respectively. The probabilistic emission inventories were developed based on the product of the uncertainties in the emission factors and in the activity factors. The uncertainties in the urban air toxics emission inventories range from as small as –25 to +30% for Hg to as large as –83 to +243% for As. The key sources of uncertainty in the emission inventory for each toxic are identified based upon sensitivity analysis. Typically, uncertainty in the inventory of a given pollutant can be attributed primarily to a small number of source categories. Priorities for improving the inventories and for refining the probabilistic analysis are discussed.


Hydrogen production from biomass was attempted in high pressure high temperature water at 573 K by adopting partial oxidation to increase the yield of H2 via CO production in the presence of ZnO. The results revealed that an addition of H2O2 as an oxidant to the reaction of glucose and sugarcane bagasse brought about the trend of increasing the yields of H2, CO, and CO2. However, the sensitivity of H2 yield on H2O2 amount was different from those of CO and CO2, namely the excess amount of H2O2 tends to decrease the H2 yield with giving a maximum at a certain H2O2 amount. These indicated that the controllability of partial oxidation would be a key factor for maximizing the H2 yield through biomass conversion by partial oxidative gasification in high pressure high temperature water


Australia's exports to the People's Republic of China (PRC) are being recast in terms of risk rather than opportunity. Exposure to the PRC market is seen as providing Beijing with coercive leverage that can erode sovereign decision-making in Canberra. Further, because this trade is mostly undertaken by private businesses that are focused on their own profits and not Australia's broader strategic and national security concerns, public policy intervention aimed at cutting this exposure is touted as both necessary and desirable. Amplifying this view is a campaign of disruption that Beijing has directed at Australia's exports since May 2020. How unusual is Australia in its export exposure to China and how costly has this exposure proven to be? This paper finds that the scale of Australia's exposure to its top market is broadly consistent with that of other peer economies. Drawing on the latest available trade data it is then shown that firstly, Beijing's calculations of its own economic self-interest mean that most of Australia's big-ticket exports to China continue to flow as before, and secondly, the costs associated with the goods that have been disrupted have been largely mitigated by global markets, including "grey" ones. Given that public policy resources are finite and interventions are not cost-free, and many Australian businesses already have access to effective risk mitigation mechanisms, the case for government to take a more prescriptive approach to business engagement with the PRC is more limited than commonly imagined.


This paper presents a program analysis method that generates program summaries involving polynomial arithmetic. Our approach builds on prior techniques that use solvable polynomial maps for summarizing loops. These techniques are able to generate all polynomial invariants for a restricted class of programs, but cannot be applied to programs outside of this class -- for instance, programs with nested loops, conditional branching, unstructured control flow, etc. There currently lacks approaches to apply these prior methods to the case of general programs. This paper bridges that gap. Instead of restricting the kinds of programs we can handle, our method abstracts every loop into a model that can be solved with prior techniques, bringing to bear prior work on solvable polynomial maps to general programs. While no method can generate all polynomial invariants for arbitrary programs, our method establishes its merit through a monotonicty result. We have implemented our techniques, and tested them on a suite of benchmarks from the literature. Our experiments indicate our techniques show promise on challenging verification tasks requiring non-linear reasoning.


Fluoride-contaminated drinking waters are known to cause severe health hazards such as fluorosis and arthritis. This paper presents the encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles in kaolin-bentonite composites adsorbents (KBNPs) for the removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption compared with kaolin-bentonite composite (KB). Adsorbents with an average weight of ∼200 mg and ∼7 mm diameter (granules) were prepared in the ratio of 10 : 10 : 0.1 for kaolinite, bentonite, and magnetite nanoparticles, respectively. The granules were air-dried and calcined at 750°C and contacted with 2 mg/L sodium fluoride solution at varying time periods. The adsorbents were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) formulation, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), whereas the adsorption mechanism and the kinetics were explained using the Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich models, and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The results showed that the BET surface areas for the granules were 10 m2/g and 3 m2/g for KBNPs and KB, respectively. The SEM images for the adsorbents before and after adsorption confirm the plate-like morphology of kaolin and bentonite. The FTIR analyses of bentonite (3550 cm−1–4000 cm−1) and kaolin (400–1200 cm−1) correspond to the structural hydroxyl groups and water molecules in the interlayer space of bentonites and the vibrational modes of SiO4 tetrahedron of kaolin, respectively. The KBNPs composites also recorded a fluoride removal efficiency of ∼91% after 120 minutes compared with 64% for KB composites without Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The adsorptions of fluoride by the KBNPs and KB granules were found to agree with the Freundlich isotherm and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. The results clearly show that the impregnation of clays with magnetite nanoparticles has significant effect in the removal of fluoride, and the implication of the results has been discussed to show the impact of clay-magnetite nanoparticles composites in the removal of fluoride from contaminated water.


The next launch of the LHC involves using much more resources than GRID can provide. To solve this problem, ALICE is engaged in a project to expand the existing computing model in order to include additional resources in it, for example, Titan supercomputer. This article explores the interaction technology of the AliEn computing environment and the Titan supercomputer located in the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF). This technology uses the PanDA (Production and Distributed Analysis System) WMS (Workload management system) to send jobs to the Titan batch processing queue and local data management. Through PanDA and Titan, the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider receive new resources to fulfill the assigned tasks. This implementation was tested using ALICE jobs. AliEn (ALIce ENvironment) is a distributed computing environment developed for the ALICE Offline project. It allows access to distributed computing resources and storage resources for all participants of the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Currently, AliEn allows to processing jobs on approximately 100,000 computing processors used in more than 80 GRID sites around the world. The architecture of the computing environment is 99% composed of imported components with open source, which makes possible to use the functionality without changing them. To connect AliEn and Grid infrastructure, used VOBOX service, which allows you to run your own services on computer sites, and also provides direct interaction with the batch processing queue for launching jobs.


Large-scale software systems often have correspondingly complicated test suites, which are difficult for developers to construct and maintain. As systems evolve, engineers must update their test suite along with changes in the source code. Tests created by duplicating and modifying previously existing tests (clones) can complicate this task. Several testing technologies have been proposed to mitigate cloning in tests, including parametrized unit tests and test theories. However, detecting opportunities to improve existing test suites is labour intensive. This thesis presents a novel technique for detecting similar tests based on type hierarchies and method calls in test code. Using this technique, we can track variable history and detect test clones based on test assertion similarity. The thesis further includes results from our empirical study of 10 benchmark systems using this technique which suggest that test clone detection by our technique will aid test de-duplication efforts in industrial systems.


A pilot study is presented as an attempt to modify the traditional method of preparing maize gruel 'ogi' the most popular weaning diet in Nigeria. The modification consists of completely grinding the food to a fine paste without sieving. Cooked samples of the unsieved maize gruel were taken for proximate chemical analysis and organoleptical evaluation. Analysis revealed that protein, fat and mineral losses in the unsieved maize gruel were much less. The majority (58%) of mothers of malnourished children rated the cooked modified maize gruel favourably and the overall acceptability was positively rated by 61%. The inference to be drawn is that through food demonstrations and nutritional health information at the nursing mothers' level, the traditional method of preparing the most popular weaning diet in Nigeria can be modified to advantage.


Electrodeposition behavior of Sn–Ag alloys was investigated at current density 1–1000 A·m−2 in both sulfate and pyrophosphate-iodide solutions at 298 K, and the contact resistance of Sn–Ag alloys deposited on a Cu connector was evaluated. In both solutions, Ag behaved as a more noble metal than Sn, showing regular codeposition. The difference in deposition potential between Ag and Sn was 0.4 V in the pyrophosphate-iodide solution and 0.2 V in a sulfate solution containing thiourea as a complexing agent for Ag+ ions. The deposits obtained from a pyrophosphate-iodide solution consisted of blocks of a few microns in size, while those from a sulfate solution exhibited grains smaller than 1 μm. The deposits containing Ag less than 45 mass% were composed of an Ag3Sn intermetallic compound and Sn. This is in accordance with the equilibrium phase diagram of the binary Ag–Sn system. The contact resistance of deposited Sn–Ag alloys, after heating at 433 K for 120 h, was slightly smaller at Ag content below 45 mass% than that of reflow Sn plating. The connection reliability of connectors after abrasion was better in deposited films of Sn–Ag alloys than in those with reflow Sn plating.


A battery pack includes a pack body that includes a battery cell and that has an external shape substantially symmetric with respect to the horizontal and vertical axes, viewed from a front face on which terminals are arranged, and a terminal unit on the front face. The terminals unit includes a positive terminal, a negative terminal, a control terminal, and a temperature detection terminal for outputting temperature data. The positive terminal and the negative terminal are arranged on one side with respect to a center line in the width direction of the pack body. The control terminal is arranged asymmetrically to the temperature detection terminal with respect to the center line in the width direction of the pack body.


Astaxanthin is the main carotenoid pigment found in aquatic animals. salmonid, sea breams and shrimps cannot synthesize astaxanthin, therefore, dietary astaxanthin is the only source of body astaxanthin. The yeast P. rhodozyma is one of the new natural astaxanthin sources of biomass product of the Phaffia yeast is used as a color additive in aquaculture feeds to increase pink color of salmonid flesh. The culture conditions, the astaxanthin content of the yeast P. rhodozyma NT5 isolated from Vietnam and the influence of astaxanthin extracting methods were studied. The results showed that: 1. The growth of the yeast strain P. rhodozyma NT5 in shaked flasks under cultural conditions (concentration of sucrose 2%, pH = 5; temperature 22 0 C ) reached its maximum value after 120 hours (11.42 g/l). The astaxanthin pigment formation began at 24 hours (33.32 mg/g) and the yield of the astaxanthin pigment reached its highest level (285.4 mg/g) after 120 hours. The cell mass were not significantly different from day 3 to day 5. 2. The mechanical method of the cell wall rupture with glass balls having a diameter of 2mm showed the best results. After 30 minutes, 92% of yeast cells were ruptured compared with 75% ones by glass powders. The rupture of the fresh cell walls gave better result (100% compared with 92% of dry cells). 3. The extract of the pigment astaxanthin from fresh yeast mass with acetone + petroleum ether (PE) gave the highest effect; the astaxanthin content reached 327 mg/g dry mater. At the time, astaxanthin content extracted with acetone or ethanol reached only 296.4 mg/g and 118.96 mg/g, respectively.


An increased concentration of nitric oxide (NO) in exhaled air (FENO) is now recognized as a critical component of the asthmatic phenotype. When we identified patients with asthma on the basis of a standard case definition alone, we found that they were remarkably heterogeneous with respect to their FENO. However, when we included genotype at a prominent asthma candidate gene (i.e., NOS1) in the case definition, and determined the number of AAT repeats in intron 20, we identified a remarkably homogeneous cohort of patients with respect to FENO. Both mean FENO (p = 0.00008) and variability around the mean (p = 0.000002) were significantly lower in asthmatic individuals with a high number (> or = 12) of AAT repeats at this locus than in those with fewer repeats. These data provide a biologically tenable link between genotype at a candidate gene in a region of linkage, NOS1, and an important component of the asthmatic phenotype, FENO. We show that addition of NOS1 genotype to the case definition of asthma allows the identification of a uniform cohort of patients, with respect to FENO, that would have been indistinguishable by other physiologic criteria. Our isolation of this homogeneous cohort of patients ties together the well-established associations among asthma, increased concentrations of NO in the exhaled air of asthmatic individuals, and variations of trinucleotide repeat sequences as identified in several neurologic conditions.


Quantum information theory and the multiverse are two of the greatest outcomes of the XX century physics. The consideration of entanglement between the quantum states of two or more universes in a multiverse scenario provides us with a completely new paradigm that opens the door to novel approaches for traditionally unsolved problems in cosmology. More precisely, the problems of the cosmological constant, the arrow of time and the choice of boundary conditions, among others. It also encourages us to adopt new points of view about major philosophical ideas. In this chapter, we shall present the main features that may characterize inter-universal entanglement and it will be addressed the customary problems of cosmology from the new perspective that the quantum multiverse scenario supplies us with. In summary, the appropriate boundary condition that has to be imposed on the quantum state of the whole multiverse allows us to interpret it as made up of entangled pairs of universes. Then, a quantum thermodynamical description of single universes can be given and it can be shown that it may induce observable effects in the energy properties of the Universe. The effects that the boundary condition of the multiverse has on the vacuum energy and the arrow of time of single universes are also studied. As a consequence of inter-universal entanglement, the former might be discriminated from observational data and the latter would favor the growth of cosmic structures that increase the amount of local entropy mainly in the very early phase of the universe. All these characteristics of inter-universal entanglement would eventually impel us to develop the concept of the physical multiverse, one for which the theory could be not only fallible but also indirectly observed.


DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Diseases of the Digestive System. By S. C. Truelove, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P., and P C. Reynell M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P. (Pp. 696+viii; illustrated. 84s.) Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1963. As the preface indicates, " This book is meant primarily for senior students who wish to learn more than is in the ordinary general textbook of medicine, and for young doctors with a budding interest in gastroenterology. It may also be of some interest to the established general physician." The authors have admirably fulfilled their purpose of presenting the more important aspects of diseases of the digestive system in a compact and extremely readable form. Full, though not of course comprehensive, references are given to original articles and reviews. The indications for surgical treatment and the results to be expected from it are thoroughly discussed. The volume is profusely illustrated with radiographs, histological preparations, and diagrams, all of which are attractively reproduced. As there are 207 of these illustrations, and the whole work is well printed on very good paper, it is not unduly expensive. The information given is up to date and written in beautifully clear English with a balance of critical judgment and common sense which is wholly admirable. It is a measure of the quality of the book that after a careful perusal of its 700 pages the only criticisms which may be listed arise largely from the pedantry of the reviewer: there is a somewhat excessive tendency to use nouns as adjectives, such as, mouth lesions instead of lesions of the mouth; drugs are sometimes referred to by their proprietary instead of by their official names" aureomycin," " probanthine," " salazopyrin "; and ferrous gluconate is recommended for the treatment of the anaemia secondary to diaphragmatic hernia when ferrous sulphate is just as good and very much cheaper. This book can be enthusiastically recommended.


BACKGROUND
Persons with acute HIV infection contribute disproportionately to HIV transmission. The identification of these persons is a critical public health challenge. We developed targeted approaches for detecting HIV RNA in persons with negative serological tests.

METHODS
Persons undergoing publicly funded HIV testing in North Carolina between October 2002 and April 2005 were included in this cross-sectional study. We used logistic regression to develop targeted testing approaches. We also assessed simple approaches based on clinic type and geography. Algorithm development used persons with recent HIV infection, determined by a detuned enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Validation used persons with acute HIV infection, identified with an HIV RNA pooling procedure.

RESULTS
Among 215 528 eligible persons, 232 persons had recent HIV infection and 44 had acute HIV infection. A combination of five indicators (testing site, sexual preference, sex with a person with HIV infection, county HIV incidence, and race) identified 92% of recent infections when testing 50% of the population. In validation among persons with acute HIV infection, this indicator combination had sensitivities of 98% in years 1 and 2 and 88% in year 3. A simple combination of testing site and county performed nearly as well [development (recent infections): sensitivity = 95%; validation (acute infections): sensitivity = 86% in years 1 and 2; 81% in year 3; cut-off established for testing 50% of population.]

CONCLUSION
Acute HIV infection can be identified accurately using targeted testing. Simple approaches for identifying the types of clinics and geographical areas where infections are concentrated may be logistically feasible and cost-efficient.


While the frequency of sporotrichosis in the United States has been said to be next to the incidence in France, the number of reports of cases is comparatively small (about 200), and for the most part these have emanated from the region of the Mississippi and Missouri valleys. Examination of these reports shows that in a considerable number of cases in which the condition was diagnosed as sporotrichosis, the diagnoses were not proved culturally; this would further reduce the number of cases of actual sporotrichosis recorded, as the etiologic fungus is cultivated rather easily as a rule. The occurrence of sporotrichosis in Los Angeles should be sufficient reason in itself to warrant a report, aside from the fact that the disease occurred in a child aged 6 years. The great majority of cases have been in adults. A search for other cases originating in California has been unfruitful. The four


We investigated long-term trends in abundance of the NE Atlantic population of brown shrimp Crangon crangon based on data collected in annual autumn surveys carried out along the coasts of the North Sea in The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. Surveys covered some estuaries and intertidal areas, as well as shrimp fishery grounds. The 40 yr period showed distinct regional trend differences, but only in estuarine areas: the Western Dutch Wadden Sea (increase), the Eastern Dutch Wadden Sea (decrease) and the Oosterschelde (decrease). The decrease in the Oosterschelde coincided with the closure of this sea arm from fresh water inflow. Increases in the Western and Eastern Dutch Wadden Sea were driven primarily by increased abundance of small shrimp, suggesting that the causative mechanism likely affected younger shrimp. Trends in potential causes were examined in the 2 regions. Of all abiotic factors investigated, only water clarity decreased significantly in the west but not in the east. Mean abundance of potential predators (cod, whiting, shore crab and swimming crab) was used as an indicator of predation pressure. Shore crab showed similar increases in both areas. In the other 3 species, predator abundance in the east was generally initially higher than in the west, but declined towards similar densities in recent years. Shrimp fishing pressure in NW Europe has increased strongly since the 1990s. Preliminary, spatially resolved logbook data show that shrimp landings from the Western Wadden Sea followed this increase, but those from the Eastern Wadden Sea remained stable. Apart from mechanisms related to fishing pressure and water clarity, a candidate cause of differences in abundance may be differences in food condition or competition for food. Generally biomass of benthos, a primary food for shrimp, increased in the west and remained stable in the east. However, because brown shrimp are omnivorous, quantification of changing fractions of food available to them is difficult


This paper provides a comprehensive understanding the Swedish long stay tourism in Thailand. The motivation approach was the main approach to this research through highlighting the major push and pull factors. The participation involved the total of 120 respondents. To enhance the analysis of the data, both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were employed. The total push factors that were identified were 16 while 17 pull factors were highlighted in the first stage of qualitative where input were later utilized to create a questionnaire to test the data empirically through quantitative approach. This resulted to the introduction of the factor analysis through which the push and pull factors were established in categories. Through this process, the major push and pull factors with the highest motivation were highlighted. The major push factors that are established by this study as the most influential include the desire of slow pace life, the desire for relax and carefree life, and the need for visiting the local people in Thailand. The research also highlights various major pull factors behind influence to the tourist activities which are inclusive of the relaxation atmosphere, Great food, the friendliness of local people together with the positiveness of the local people. This study answered the major research questions which are the push and pull factors to motivation in relation to Swedish long stay tourist, the causal relationship between motivation push and pull and how the social demographic factors attributes are affected by the push and pull factors of Swedish long stay tourism. In addition, the paper also treats the push and pulls motivations as multidimensional concept and determined correspondence of this concept with trinity motivation model. (Less)


In recent years, the Convolutional neural networks (CNN) has been active in various Artificial intelligence applications as well as computer vision tasks. We suggested an effective technique in this study to decrease the number of duplicates in feature maps of CNN. Proposed a novel convolution scheme Octave convolution (Octconv) to minimize the duplicates in the feature maps and boost the CNNs performance. The principle concept of this method is to separate the Convolutional filters into a higher frequency and lower frequency sections. In this report, we made an attempt for minimizing the spatial redundancy directly from output feature maps of CNN using the following 3 steps: First, divide the channels into higher and lower frequency parts depending on the information of the image using Multi-scale representation. Second, reduce the number of FLOPs from the low frequencies. Third, before sending the output to combine both the higher frequency and lower frequency information of the image. The key purpose of this abstract is to improve CNNs efficiency by reducing spatial redundancy in the feature maps of the convolution layer.


This research is about to explore an element of work attribute that contributes to the employee satisfaction in Telekom Malaysia Berhad. This is due to the commitment in performing the task has been decline lately. Thus the level of the absenteeism and come late into the office can be view as a problem arise that may affect the level of the satisfaction of the employee. Due to that, this research will explore to explore the element that most contributes to the employee satisfaction towards employees in TM Berhad, to explore the element that most contributes to the work attributes and to explore the elements that most contributes to the work attributes towards employee's satisfaction in TM Berhad. It consists of five elements that are efficiency, commitment, responsibility, nature of work and autonomy. At this research, probability and non-probability sampling techniques were been used to get the data that are require. Population of the research was employee at TM BHD and the sampling frame for this research is the employee at Menara TM, Kuala Lumpur. About 70 from 100 of respondents were getting from the research to help for accomplish this research. Then the finding indicates that productivity was most contribute to the employee satisfaction while efficiency was most contributes to the work attribute. Then there were two elements that most contributes to the work attribute towards employee satisfaction in TM BHD that are efficiency and commitment. Hopefully, the findings of this research can gives some benefits to the company so that they can make some improvement to increase their employee satisfaction.


Background: Obesity is recognized as a major risk factor for the development of several metabolic complications. However, some obese individuals have a favorable metabolic profile. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify an easy parameter for recognizing metabolically healthy obese (MHO) women. Methods: A total of 292 non-diabetic women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 were selected, and 239 composed the final cohort. We classified the participants according to their metabolic state determined by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) into MHO or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO). Both groups were compared regarding biochemical, anthropometric, and body composition characteristics. Results: The average age of the cohort was 43.9 ± 10.9 years and the average BMI was 37.2 ± 5.3 kg/m2. In total, 75.7% of the participants were classified as MHO by HOMA. A cutoff of 108.2 cm for waist circumference (WC) identified MHO participants with a sensitivity of 72.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 59.8-82.3%), specificity of 66.9% (95% CI: 59.71-73.3%), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.36-0.47). Additionally, a visceral adiposity index cutoff value of 99.2 identified MHO women with a sensitivity of 89.7% (95% CI: 79.2-95.2%), specificity of 48.6% (95% CI: 41.4-55.9%), and negative likelihood ratio of 0.21 (95% CI: 0.15-0.30). Conclusion: Women classified as MHO exhibited smaller WC measurements and lower body fat percentages, as well as lower blood glucose and insulin levels. WC emerged as an easy parameter for identifying MHO women.


Abstract The behavior of filaments and prominences during the Solar Cycle is a signature of Sun's activity. It is therefore important to follow their evolution during the cycle, in order to be able to associate it with the various phases of the Solar Cycle as well as with other Solar features or events. The virtual observatory HELIO provides information that can be used for such studies, especially its Heliophysics Feature Catalogue gives a unique access to the description of various features during around one cycle. Features available are: filaments, prominences, photospheric and coronal active regions, coronal radio emission, type III radio bursts, coronal holes and sunspots. Web interfaces allow the user to query data for these features. Useful information can also be shared with other HELIO services, such as Heliophysics Event Catalogue, which provides access to dozens of tables of events such as flares, CMEs, . . .


Objectives: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) transmits signals induced by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-12, IL-23, and interferon (IFN)-γ, which play an important role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Studies have shown conflicting results concerning the association between the rs7574865 G/T polymorphism in the STAT4 gene and RA in an Asian population. We have performed a meta-analysis to examine this relationship. Method: We searched PubMed and WanFang databases for all papers published up to 5 October 2013. Eight case–control studies with 6029 cases and 4685 controls were retrieved based on the search criteria for RA susceptibility related to the STAT4 rs7574865 G/T polymorphism. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of this association. Publication bias was assessed using Begg's test. Results: A significant association was found between the STAT4 rs7574865 G/T polymorphism and RA risk (e.g. GG+GT vs. TT: RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95–0.97; GG+TT vs. GT: RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.97). Subgroup analysis of rheumatoid factor (RF) status revealed a protective relationship between the STAT4 rs7574865 G/T polymorphism and RF+/RF− RA risk. A similar relationship was detected in the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) status subgroup. No clear evidence of publication bias was detected in the overall analysis. Conclusions: Our study indicates that the STAT4 rs7574865 G/T polymorphism was significantly associated with a decreased RA risk in an Asian population.


This is the second in a series of papers whose aim is to generate adiabatic gravitational waveforms from the inspiral of stellar-mass compact objects into massive black holes. In earlier work, we presented an accurate (2+1)D finite-difference time-domain code to solve the Teukolsky equation, which evolves curvature perturbations near rotating (Kerr) black holes. The key new ingredient there was a simple but accurate model of the singular source term based on a discrete representation of the Dirac-delta function and its derivatives. Our earlier work was intended as a proof of concept, using simple circular, equatorial geodesic orbits as a test bed. Such a source is effectively static, in that the smaller body remains at the same coordinate radius and orbital inclination over an orbit. (It of course moves through axial angle, but we separate that degree of freedom from the problem. Our numerical grid has only radial, polar, and time coordinates.) We now extend the time-domain code so that it can accommodate dynamic sources that move on a variety of physically interesting world lines. We validate the code with extensive comparison to frequency-domain waveforms for cases in which the source moves along generic (inclined and eccentric) bound geodesic orbits. We also demonstrate the ability of the time-domain code to accommodate sources moving on interesting nongeodesic worldlines. We do this by computing the waveform produced by a test mass following a kludged inspiral trajectory, made of bound geodesic segments driven toward merger by an approximate radiation loss formula.


While there is much contemporary interest from marketing academics in researching the way a place's brand is promoted, and in undertaking investigations into the wider aspects of the attendant concept of place marketing, to date there remains limited investigation into what actually constitutes the place as a marketable, and therefore consumable, entity. This paper therefore aims to provide a critical review of key issues emerging from the recent literature that have already made some attempt at appropriately conceptualising and theorising place branding in particular with specific focus on a consideration of what is at the heart of the exchange process of place marketing and branding - the essence of the place brand. This investigation results in an original conceptual model of the Place Brand Essence that also begins reconciles both the identity conferment and experiential consumption aspect of the place brand.


Abstract The infrastructure of the Internet, by and large, is maintained by Internet service providers (ISPs) that cater to regional customers and by Internet backbone providers (IBPs) that serve large organizations and ISPs. Some IBPs have recently branched into content delivery network (CDN) services; separately, other ISPs have started offering on-demand video streaming to compete with pure-play content providers. These developments have intensified the competition in both content delivery and media-streaming markets. For the content delivery market, we study the competition equilibriums by analyzing factors such as market share, cost structure, service pricing, and subscriber preference. Our approach helps identify conditions under which a content provider should choose an IBP over the incumbent CDN for content distribution. We also show how an IBP's CDN venture affects its interconnection relationship with ISPs. For the streaming service market, we examine conditions under which a content provider would partner with an ISP to lower operating and marketing costs while providing a more streamlined subscriber experience. Analytically, our game-theoretical models can optimize key contracting and pricing strategies for multiple classes of service providers; empirically, insights derived from the proposed models have anticipated events that coincide with several recent developments in content delivery and streaming service markets.


Mechanical neck disorder (MND) is one of the most common health issues and is characterized by restricted cervical mobility. However, traditional kinematic information often focuses on primary movement in the cardinal plane, which seems insufficient to fully determine the kinematics of the cervical spine because of the complexity of the anatomical structures involved. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to modify the concept of the three-dimensional workspace to propose an objective mathematical model to quantify the complicated kinematics of the cervical spine. In addition, the observation evaluated the characteristics of the cervical workspace in asymptomatic and MND groups. Seventeen healthy volunteers and twenty-five individuals with MND participated in the study and executed the motion of circumduction to establish the cervical workspace using an electromagnetic tracking system. The results produced a mathematical model to successfully quantify the cervical workspace. Moreover, MND groups demonstrated significant reduction in the normalization of the cervical workspace with respect to the length of the head-cervical complex. Accordingly, the current study provided a new concept for understanding the complicated kinematics of the cervical spine. The cervical workspace could be a useful index to evaluate the extent of impairment of the cervical spine and monitor the efficacy of rehabilitation programs for patients with MND.


An analysis was made of the transonic flow in axisymmetric nozzles having wall radii between one-quarter and three times the throat radius. Entrance angles were varied from 30° to 75°. The analysis is based on Friedrichs' equations, by which the flowfield is developed for a prescribed velocity distribution along the nozzle axis. Each variable is expressed as a series in terms of the stream function, and fourth order terms are retained to give an accurate solution for a small throat radius of curvature. The usual assumption of steady, isentropic, irrotational flow is made, and the specific heat ratio is constant. In the throat region, the solution has been found to compare favorably with available experimental data for both small and large throat curvatures. With a large wall radius of curvature, the solution is comparable to those of Sauer, Oswatitsch, and Hall. With a small radius of curvature, the sonic line is found to differ appreciably from the parabolic sonic line of Sauer's solution. For the wall radii equal to or less than the throat radius, an inflection point occurs in the sonic line near the nozzle wall. The entrance angle influences the flow in the transonic region only when the wall radius is less than 1J times the throat radius.


Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of anti-toxoplasma-specific IgM and IgG tantibodies in patients suspected to have toxoplasmosis and investigate for any association between IgM and IgG antibodies and some toxoplasmosis risk factors as well. Materials and Methods: In a comparative cross-sectional study, 70 patients suspected to had active toxoplasmosis and 30 control volunteers, who gave informed consent, entered the study. In each group, patient age, sex, signs of appearance, education level, residency status (urban / rural), occupation, frequency of toxoplasma-specific IgG and IgM antibodies, abortion history, and some risk factors (Direct cat exposure, Occupational exposure to raw meat, and Raw vegetable consumption) were recorded. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits (EUROIMMUN®, United Kingdom) were used for the evaluation of anti-toxoplasma IgG and IgM antibodies according to the manufacturer›s instructions. All analyses were done using SPSS-20. Results: The frequency of toxoplasma-specific IgG and IgM antibodies like: Direct cat exposures, Occupational exposure to raw meat, and Raw vegetable consumption were not statistically significant between the two groups (P > 0.05). The history of previous abortions in women in the toxoplasmosis-suspected group was significantly higher than that in the controls (31.4% versus 6.7%; P = 0.009). Conclusion: The frequency of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in toxoplasmosis suspected in the toxoplasmosis and control groups was not statistically significant.


OBJECTIVE
Osteopenia/osteoporosis is being increasingly reported as a complication of many chronic diseases, even in children. In this preliminary study, we evaluated the effect of an oral bisphosphonate (alendronate) on bone mass in children with diffuse connective tissue diseases.

METHODS
Thirty-eight children with low bone mass were treated with alendronate for 1 year; 38 children who had the same primary disorders as the study patients but in a less severe form served as untreated control patients. We were also able to evaluate changes in bone mass (before and after alendronate) in 16 of the treated patients whose bone mineral density (BMD) had been routinely measured before the present study was initiated.

RESULTS
BMD increased by a mean +/- SD of 14.9 +/- 9.8% (P < 0.002 versus baseline) in the treated patients (reaching the normal range in 13 patients), while the BMD was 2.6 +/- 5% (not significant versus baseline) in the control group (15 had a decrease). Most interestingly, there was a large increase in BMD (15.3 +/-9.9%) after alendronate therapy in the 16 children who had their BMD followed up in the year before the study, during which time they had shown little increase in BMD (1.03 +/- 6.3%), and often a decrease. Considering their condition, increases in the height of all patients was satisfactory. No new fractures were observed after alendronate therapy was initiated.

CONCLUSION
Bisphosphonates can be considered essential components of the treatment of secondary osteoporosis, not only in adults, but also in pediatric patients. Alendronate has a positive effect on secondary osteopenia/osteoporosis in children with connective tissue diseases.


The use of millimeter-interferometer data for the study of chromospheric structure and dynamics is tested using 85 GHz observations with the 10-element Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Array (BIMA). Interferometer data have the advantage over single-dish data that they allow both high spatial resolution and dense temporal sampling simultaneously. However, snapshot imaging of the quiet solar atmosphere with a small number of dishes is challenging. We demonstrate that techniques are available to carry out this task successfully using maximum entropy deconvolution from a default image constructed from the entire observation: one of our results is that the solar chromosphere at millimeter wavelengths exhibits features that are long-lasting and the map of the entire observation is significant provided that atmospheric phase errors do not prevent deconvolution. We compare observations of quiet Sun, active region and coronal hole targets. The interferometer is not sensitive to the disk emission and the positivity constraint of the maximum entropy algorithm used forces the zero level in the images to be at the temperature of the coolest feature in each field. The brightest features in the images are typically 1000–1500 K above the zero level, with a snapshot noise level of order 100 K. We use extensive tests to determine whether oscillation power can be recovered from sequences of snapshot images and show that individual sources can be down to quite weak levels at locations in the image where significant flux is present; oscillation power located in cool regions of the image is not well recovered due to the deconvolution method used and may be redistributed to brighter regions of the millimeter image. We then investigate whether the data do show oscillation power using uninterrupted 30-min scans of the target regions. Intensity oscillations with significant power in the frequency range 1.5–8.0 mHz are found in the quiet-Sun and active region targets. For the quiet-Sun region we compare the oscillation properties of network boundaries and cell interiors (internetwork) in the spatially-resolved time series. In agreement with investigations at other wavelengths, in the millimeter data the power in the network tends to be at periods of 5 min and longer while power in the internetwork is present also at shorter (3-min) periods.


Background: Some synthetic phenols alter pathways involved in fetal development. Despite their high within-subject temporal variability, earlier studies relied on spot urine samples to assess pregnancy exposure. In this study, we examined associations between prenatal phenol exposure and fetal growth. Methods: We measured concentrations of two bisphenols, four parabens, benzophenone-3, and triclosan in 478 pregnant women in two weekly pools of 21 samples each, collected at 18 and 34 gestational weeks. We used adjusted linear regressions to study associations between phenol concentrations and growth outcomes assessed twice during pregnancy and at birth. Results: Benzophenone-3 was positively associated with all ultrasound growth parameters in at least one time point, in males but not females. In females, butylparaben was negatively associated with third-trimester abdominal circumference and weight at birth. We observed isolated associations for triclosan (negative) and for methylparaben and bisphenol S (positive) and late pregnancy fetal growth. Conclusions: Our results suggest associations between prenatal exposure to phenols and fetal growth. Benzophenone-3 was the exposure most consistently (positively) associated across all growth parameters.


On the book's cover, Thomas Dormandy's Opium: Reality's Dark Dream is advertised to "encompass the entire history of the world's most fascinating drug." But at fewer than 400 pages, the book actually reads more like a story, or a series of stories, about opium's role in various societies. The problem with storytelling, however, is that the whole thing hinges on the use of language. Awkward wording, poor timing, and meandering digressions can sabotage an otherwise compelling story. These mistakes are often fatal — not merely distracting — because by jarring and tormenting the readers, the storyteller alienates his audience, so they rebuff his attempts to convince them.

Unfortunately, Dormandy's book is loaded with these sorts of mistakes. Pretentious language is his worst offense, which clutters and confuses some sentences beyond recognition. Twice for example, he remarks, "The profits could be luminous," perhaps meaning great or, alternatively, light. Nearly as exasperating is his penchant for overly dramatic language and halting, jerky sentence fragments, both of which leave the reader feeling emotionally manipulated.

The real problem with Dormandy's collection of stories, however, is that it lacks a true audience. The book is too much for the interested layman, who would be buried beneath an avalanche of petty details, important only to dedicated scholars. (For example, in one story, Dormandy remarks that a woman's "past history was unremarkable," then spends nearly a page recounting her upbringing and education.) At the same time, the book is too unscientific for any academic, thanks to its sarcastic tone, dramatic hyperbole, and random, bizarre, outbursts against capitalism (in one instance he attributes economic depression to "as usual, the greed of entrepreneurs in New York, Boston, and Chicago.") Meanwhile, blatantly factually incorrect statements — inserted for dramatic effect — explode like landmines underfoot, further rattling Dormandy's credibility: "In the wild, it [the white poppy] is most likely to flourish in earth that has recently been dug, ploughed, or most effectively, torn apart by shrapnel." These emotional exaggerations provide the book with its energy and excitement, which — perversely — means that the captivating, memorable lines of the text are the dramatic falsehoods.

Finally, Dormandy's selection of which stories to tell may leave some readers surprised and disappointed. For example, he spends three chapters discussing the influence of opium on Romantic-era literature, but only eight pages on Afghanistan and two on methadone. The largest and best portion of the book examines opium's ancient role as an analgesic prior to the emergence of treatments for many diseases, when doctors often had nothing to offer their patients but pain relief. But even here, all the above criticisms apply, and the stories regularly disintegrate around their writing.


In this case report we present a 64-year old female patient who was admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) with an abdominal sepsis six days after a laparotomy and a hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC)-procedure. During her ICU admission she developed a pneumonia and sepsis. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was positive for Aspergillus species and an unknown fungus species. Despite maximum treatment for invasive aspergillosis, the patient died after being on the ICU for 29 days. Evaluation of the unknown species in the BAL showed Trichoderma. This case reports focuses on the clinical relevance of finding the Trichoderma species in the BAL. In addition, we provide a literature overview concerning Trichoderma species infections.


Transcription is an integral process in the qualitative analysis of language data, and is widely employed in basic and applied research across a number of disciplines and in professional practice fields. Yet methodological and theoretical issues associated with the transcription process have received scant attention in the research literature. The extant literature on transcription is reviewed across disciplines, and an empirical study of transcription as used by practitioners and researchers in training is reported. Five pairs of female graduate students in a language development class transcribed a book reading session with a mother and a child. Findings showed that participants' transcripts differed in layout, quantity, and type of elements of the interaction they transcribed, conventions they derived to represent those elements, and the consistency with which they applied the conventions. It was also found that transcription decisions were linked to interpretive consequences. It is concluded that transcription is theory-laden; the choices researchers make about transcription enact the theories they hold and constrain the interpretations they can draw form their data. As it has implications for the interpretation of researchdata and for decision-making in educational practice, transcription as a process warrants further investigation. (Contains 6 figures and 37 references.) (SLD) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** Running head: TRANSCRIPTION 11 C 00 0\ et Examining Transcription: 4.1 A Theory-Laden Methodology Judith C. Lapadat


Clade 126.96.36.199 H5 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are widely prevalent and of significant concern to the poultry industry and public health in China. Nowadays, the clade 188.8.131.52 H5N6 virus has become a dominant AIV subtype among domestic ducks in southern China. We found that waterfowl-origin clade 18.104.22.168 H5N6 viruses (A/goose/Guangdong/16568/2016, GS16568 and A/duck/Guangdong/16873/2016, DK16873) isolated from southern China in 2016 could replicate in multiple organs of inoculated ducks. DK16873 virus caused mild infections and killed 2/5 of inoculated ducks, and GS16568 virus did not kill inoculated ducks. In addition, the two viruses could be transmitted via direct contact between ducks. DK16873 and GS16568 viruses killed 2/5 and 1/5 of contact ducks, respectively. Furthermore, ducks inoculated with the two H5N6 viruses exhibited different expressions of immune-related genes in their lungs. The expression of RIG-I, TLR3 and IL6 was significantly upregulated at 12 h post-inoculation (HPI) and most of the tested immune-related genes were significantly upregulated at 3 days post-inoculation (DPI). Notably, the expression of RIG-I and IL-6 in response to DK16873 virus was significantly higher than for GS16568 virus at 12 HPI and 3 DPI. Our research have provided helpful information about the pathogenicity, transmission and immune-related genes expression in ducks infected with new H5N6 AIVs.


As we know that traffic characteristic at the certain road way is determined by road capacity, traffic volume and traffic density. Road capacity is determined by road width, side friction that is influenced by activity at the two side of the the road, beside that capacity influencedother factors like basic capacity, split direction, city size. This research focused in how land use characteristic and traffic characteristic was determined road capacity. Road capacity can calculated by using IHCM (Indonesia Highway Capacity Manual) that have certain procedure to estimate the capacity. The interesting issue is why the traffic volume based on traffic survey almost have higher value than capacity. In this research we compare the capacity value that we get as a result from IHCM calculation with the capacity value that we get as a result from the maximum volume based on traffic survey. Traffic survey use the moving car observer method to make the traffic survey more efficient.


This study aimed to investigate how people with learning disabilities construct accounts of friendship, and manage aspects of a 'spoiled identity' within this. Furthermore it aimed to investigate how the typical processes of friendship formation are affected by the management of such an identity. It was suggested disclosure of personal information can be anxiety provoking for them and the choice of analysis needed to focus on deconstructing their accounts for linguistic devices used to manage difficult issues and then consideration could be given to the functions of these devices.

Eight people with mild learning disabilities, four men and four women, were recruited to the study. Having obtained their informed consent each was interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule focusing upon aspects of friendship formation identified within mainstream literature. In view of the aims of the study it was decided the most appropriate form of analysis would be discourse analysis.

At a surface level the experience of the participants mirrored that found in previous research. In addition a number of rhetorical devices were identified. Further consideration of these revealed they were used at times in the interview when either participant or interviewer was attempting to manage an issue related to difference or stigma. In view of this it is argued that managing a stigmatised identity directly impacts upon typical processes of friendship formation.

The findings are discussed; consideration is given to service and research implications. It is suggested that awareness of the nature and function of rhetorical devices could facilitate professionals in helping people with learning disabilities to discuss their difficulties and associated emotions in a more meaningful way. Enabling people with learning disabilities to develop higher self-esteem is discussed in relation to them attributing more value to friendships with others with similar disabilities, and the development of the self-advocacy movement.


The article presents the historical evolution of attempts made in Ethiopia to strengthen the agriculture research and extension linkages since the start of formal agricultural research and extension in the early 1950s. The result reveals that there is a gradual improvement with increased types and mechanisms of the research-extension linkage in recent years that are related with (i) institutional linkages of actors of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) with actors of formal agricultural technology delivery systems, (ii) technology demonstration and popularization promoted by the NARS in collaboration with MoA and Regional Bureaus of Agriculture (RBoA), (iii) Farmers' Research Groups (FRGs) approach promoted by the NARS in collaboration with MoA and RBoA, (iv) Technology specific special pre-extension activities promoted by the NARS, (v) Publications made available by the NARS, and (vi) Agricultural  Development Partners' Linkage Advisory Councils (ADPLACs) as research-extension linkage platforms. However, there are number of challenges that need policy and development attention to fully exploiting the potentials these approaches offer in strengthening the linkage, which is crucial for the aspired agricultural transformation. Key words : ADPLAC, NARS, extension, agricultural research, platforms


"Disruption" describes a process whereby a smaller company with fewer resources is able to successfully challenge established incumbent businesses. Disruptive innovations are made possible because they get started in two types of markets that incumbents overlook. Health care is changing at a rapid pace, moving from a system that rewards volume to one that promotes and rewards value. At the same time, forces such as the rise of consumerism and the new digital economy are forcing even greater changes in the way health care is delivered and how providers interact with patients. These massive transformations make the health care field ripe for disruptive innovations as entrants from inside and outside of health care look for new ways to deliver services and new services to deliver.
This disruption is not just limited to small start-up companies. In recent months, we've seen a deluge of mergers announced, with CVS and Aetna announcing plans to merge and Wal-Mart reportedly in talks to merge with Humana. Companies such as Amazon, Apple and Berkshire Hathaway have made waves with new potential health care alliances and ventures. And more is on the horizon. The healthcare industry has also undergone massive disruptive process from Health 1.0 to 3.0 and the technologies and challenges associated with it.


Aircraft water landing emergency provisions 14 CFR 25.801 demand requirement of ditching provision if requested in certification. This requires evaluation of the dynamic behaviour and response of aircraft in water impact to analyse the immediate injury to occupants. A correlated finite element model of a narrow-body Boeing-737 fuselage section and smoothed-particle hydrodynamics model of a body of water are coupled and utilised to investigate the structural response of the aircraft fuselage section when subjected to vertical drop test. The vertical drop of the fuselage section onto a body of water is simulated at an impact speed of 9.14 m/s, and also at higher impact speeds of 10.67 and 12.19 m/s. The vertical drop simulations are modelled using the non-linear explicit code, LS-DYNA, to predict the deformation of the fuselage section and acceleration pulses of the cabin floor, as well as the energy absorbed by the fuselage structure. The acceleration pulses from the cabin floor are then utilised as input for the occupant simulation performed using the mathematical code, MADYMO 7.5. The occupant model consists of a MADYMO FAA Hybrid-III 50th percentile dummy, a 2-point lap belt and a rigid seat. The lumbar loads experienced by the occupants in relation to both types of impacts are also presented. The dynamic simulation results from this study suggest that the fuselage section in water impact may be less severe than solid surface impact.


Distorted Cantor sets are created by generalising the concept of uniform Cantor sets. We construct an interesting distorted Cantor set which we call K. We highlight how it differs from Falconer's perturbed Cantor sets or Baek's deranged Cantor sets; we prove some results about it; and, outline some other results about it. We put forward a proof for the Hausdorff dimension of K. We offer constructions of other distorted Cantor sets and argue that there exists at least one distorted Cantor set without a well defined Hausdorff dimension.


We present the necessary and sufficient conditions on ordinal preferential information provided by the decision maker for the existence of a 2-additive capacity such that the Choquet integral w.r.t. this capacity represents the preference of the decision maker. These conditions help the decision-maker to understand the main reasons of the recommendations made when inconsistencies occur in his preferences on the set of binary actions.


The free walking behaviour of the tettigonid Neoconocephalus robustus provides a unique quantitative description of the interactions that can occur between a rear and middle leg on the same side of the body in an insect. The rear legs step at approximately half the frequency of the anterior legs, and right and left sides of the body can function almost independently. Relative co-ordination produces a slow drift in the timing of the rear and middle leg protractions so that all the possible values of inter-leg phase may be observed.

A statistical examination of this behaviour shows that the duration of the middle leg step cycle is increased by the presence of a rear leg protraction, only when it occurs in the last half of the retraction stroke of the middle leg. If it occurs in the earlier part of the cycle there is no corresponding contraction of the middle leg step period. This and several other features of the walk exclude a 'magnet effect' or an 'excitatory' interaction between homologous points in the leg cycle and provide a verification of the ascending 'inhibitory' interaction proposed by Wilson (1966).

Co-ordinated walking in this insect appears to be a discrete process in which the performance of a protraction stroke activates a co-ordinating influence and, in conjunction with a frequency hierarchy, maintains the required time relationship between the legs.


A study of the changes in hemoglobin of erythrocytes incubated with various test substances has been reported. The concentrations of oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin in these erythrocytes were measured and the term "intact" hemoglobin was introduced, in order to distinguish these pigments from later degradation products of hemoglobin. Certain agents which are known to cause Heinz body formation and erythrocyte destruction in vivo have been shown to cause methemoglobin formation and "intact" hemoglobin destruction in vitro, and some of these agents were also shown to produce these changes in vivo. The possible significance of these findings in relation to the role of methemoglobin formation in Heinz body production has been discussed.


Aim: To assess the incidence and associated signs and symptoms of patients with keratoconus in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: 125 new keratoconus patients (51 male, 74 female; mean age 18.5 (SD 3.8) years; range 8–28 years) were recruited from referrals to the department of ophthalmology, Asir Central Hospital, over a 1 year period. Age, visual acuity, and keratometry were recorded along with clinical signs and symptoms. Results: The incidence of keratoconus in Asir Province is 20 cases per 100 000 population. Also, the disease severity is high, as indicated by an early mean age (17.7 (3.6) years) with advanced stage keratoconus. Visual acuity, with either spectacles or rigid contact lenses, was 6/12 or better in 98% of eyes measured. Just over half (56%) of patients had atopic ocular disease. 16% of patients had a positive family history of the disease and 16% had atopic dermatitis (eczema and/or vitiligo). Conclusion: The incidence and severity of keratoconus in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia, is high with an early onset and more rapid progress to the severe disease stage at a young age. This might reflect the influence of genetic and/or environmental factor(s) in the aetiology of keratoconus.


In 1955, Epler and Colby first described idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia. Davison and colleagues termed the entity cryptogenic organizing pneumonia. Clinically, the disease resembles a flu-like syndrome of acute or subacute onset. Other features include crackles, patchy infiltrates on chest radiograph, restrictive function, and decrease in diffusing capacity. Most cases of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans with organizing pneumonia (BOOP) respond dramatically to corticosteroids. However, some patients deteriorate rapidly. Differences between idiopathic or secondary BOOP and other interstitial lung diseases are vast. CT findings and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid lymphocytosis are helpful in differentiating BOOP from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.


The sphenodontid genus Clevosaurus from the late Triassic of south west Britain is represented by at least two different species. Exceptionally abundant remains of Clevosaurus occur as part of a diverse assemblage of microvertebrates lodged within fissure deposits at localities in Glamorgan and Avon. Although the majority of specimens occur as beautifully preserved disassociated elements, certain associated and articulated remains have been recovered. Contemporaneous vertebrates include other sphenodontians, archosaurs and procolophonids. C. hudsoni is fully restored as a lizard-like reptile approximately 25 cm long. It was essentially insectivorous, although it may have also been facultatively herbivorous, breaking down food with a well-developed precision shear bite. A smaller species, C. minor, is less widespread and its remains are generally not as well preserved. It seems probable that a third species might be distinguished on the basis of dental characteristics, and the occurrence of a fourth species cannot be discounted. A distinct suite of apomorphic characters separates the Sphenodontida from other lepidosauromorphs and these apomorphies are readily identifiable in Clevosaurus. In certain late Triassic sphenodontians the lower temporal arcade was apparently incomplete, but, contrary to Robinson's (J. geol. Soc. Lond. 129, 457 (1973)) description, the lower temporal arcade was unbroken in Clevosaurus. However, the articulation between the jugal, squamosal and quadratojugal does not conform to the configuration exhibited by all other sphenodontians in which both temporal arcades are complete. In addition, the possession of a supratemporal in Clevosaurus is unique among known sphenodontians. The parietal table in Clevosaurus is intermediate between the broad, flat plesiomorphic condition, seen in forms such as Polysphenodon and Homoeosaurus, and the derived narrow median ridge displayed by Kallimodon and Sphenodon. Consequently, within the Sphenodontida the position of Clevosaurus is unclear; however, on the basis of the prominently flanged additional teeth, some reduction in tooth numbers and at least some partial reduction in the width of the parietal table, it would appear to share certain characteristics with Sapheosaurus and Kallimodon. Palaeopleurosaurus, described by Carroll (1985) as a primitive pleurosaur, may also have affinities with this grouping. Some of the earliest sphenodontians, such as Planocephalosaurus and Diphydontosaurus, exhibit fusion of the median skull roofing elements, a short temporal region and retention of a variable degree of pleurodonty in the marginal dentition. Together with Gephyrosaurus these genera may constitute a monophyletic assemblage forming the sister group of all other sphenodontians.


I was recently lucky enough to attend a talk at the Royal College of Surgeons about women in surgery. As it happens, I have no plans to become a woman in surgery (although at this stage of my career I think it's too early to rule anything out completely) and I found myself in the audience through politeness rather than choice. The speaker was a very prominent female surgeon and, as far as I could tell, wanted to get across three main points: first, the national organisation WiST (Women in Surgical Training) has been rebranded as WinS (Women in Surgery) and that this is a much better, less wistful and more appropriate acronym; second, women frequently make excellent surgeons, are now widely accepted in the profession, and are as good as, if not better than, their male counterparts (apart from anything else they are inarguably better communicators); and finally, despite the fact that 65% of medical students are now female, the vast majority of applicants for surgical training remain male and that this is a very puzzling state of affairs. While this may be uncontroversial bread-and-butter stuff regularly repeated up and down the country, I don't agree that it's puzzling at all. A century after Emmeline Pankhurst's hunger strikes, we are apparently keener than ever to characterise and explain the perceived differences between men and women. The orthodox view that these are socially constructed is increasingly being supplanted by the idea that men and women are somehow 'hard-wired' differently. In the early 1990s we discovered that men are in fact from Mars, but we now have a Cambridge professor of psychopathology telling us: "The female brain is predominantly hard-wired for empathy. The male brain is predominantly hard-wired for understanding and building systems." A short trawl through Amazon reveals that it would be perfectly possible to fill a small library entirely with books purporting to catalogue the fundamental psychological differences between boys and girls. By volume if nothing else, the largest contributors look to be the self help, power couple Allan and Barbara Pease, whose previous careers as a door-todoor salesman and model, respectively, have left them uniquely qualified to author, among other titles: Why Men Can Only Do One Thing at a Time and Women Never Stop Talking, Why Men Don't Have a Clue and Women Always Need More Shoes, Why Men Lie and Women Cry, Why He's So Last Minute and She's Got It All Wrapped Up, and Why Men Don't Listen and Women Can't Read Maps. Even Channel 4 has jumped on board with Why Men Don't Ironda TV show which argues that differences in brain structure ensure that men are forever destined to be terrible communicators and women poor at parallel parking. The reality is, gender stereotypes pervade every aspect of our lives and are perpetuated by everyone who has ever bought a little boy an action man or dressed their daughter in pink (as an interesting asideduntil the 1940s pink was thought to be more appropriate for boys and blue for girls). There is a powerful argument advocated by contemporary feminists that it is the psychological constraints generated by these stereotypes that are the real obstacles to sexual equality: while society 's official attitudes have ostensibly been transformed over the previous century, our casual assumptions about the abilities and responsibilities men and women should aspire towards, in both their work and home lives, have changed little. And here's the rub: if we buy into (as apparently many of us do) the Pease family fantasy, then specialties like surgery quite clearly sit more naturally with the male rather than the female archetype. In this day and age, no-one is going to claim that surgeons can be wholly unempathetic, but compared to medical oncologists the emphasis of skills required is undeniably different. No amount of surgical rebranding is going to get away from the fact that surgeons are required to stand in relative silence for hours at a time, often underground, manipulating tools in three dimensional space. I struggle to think of a more suitable activity for Channel 4's macho stereotype; what after all could be a more typically male preserve than video gaming, and yet we are led to believe that surgery will look more and more like playing X-box. Video gaming performance has even been shown to correlate with performance on surgical simulators. It is surely just a matter of time before the Peases catch on and Why Women Break Bad News and Men Fix Fractures flies onto our shelves. Here's what's really sad: these presumptions become self fulfilling and positive stereotypes can be just as destructive as negative ones. Most people are not polymaths and it is easy to reason that strength in one area will be matched by a relative weakness in another: we lazily presume quantum physicists will be rubbish at Keepie Uppie just as we imagine Premiership footballers will not qualify for Mensa. As it happens, Frank Lampard is reported to have a higher IQ than Carol Vorderman. People like to play to their strengths; if we raise girls to believe that purely by being girls their strengths lie in social interaction, then surely they will turn into junior doctors who gravitate towards careers which maximise their opportunity to use this self perceived strength. Conversely, if we tell little boys (implicitly or explicitly) that purely by being boys they lack 'female intuition' and are at an inherent disadvantage at nuanced, sensitive social interactions, then we can surely not be surprised if they grow up into junior doctors who opt for careers that emphasise a different skill set. In the women's favour, it is at least considered rather unevolved to snicker when they opt for a career that does not sit naturally with society 's expectations of their abilities. The men have no such luxurydfor a striking example look at the stigma some people still attach to being a male nurse, or as some female doctor friends of mine cruelly abbreviate, a 'murse' (it rhymes with 'purse'). The whole joke hinges around the apparent incongruity of a man in a career that is heavily reliant on the stereotypically female traits of being caring and emotive. Only the very cynical (or very misogynistic) could dispute that organisations like WinS do valuable work. But they can only ever be a small part of the puzzle. If we are genuinely interested in a more uniform gender distribution across medicine, then we need to address a problem which is greater than any one specialty, Correspondence to Dr Will Muirhead, The Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Derby Road Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK; firstname.lastname@example.com


A purely resistive stripline lead is introduced to reduce the specific absorption rate (SAR) increase due to the presence of leads in electroencephalography (EEG) measure- ments during magnetic resonance imaging. Discontinuities in the resistivity profile of the stripline introduce high-frequency inductive impedance that is not present in the low-frequency band of the EEG recordings. The changes in SAR introduced by the resistive tapered stripline (RTS) are studied using the finite-dif- ference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm on a spherical phantom that models the human head. The FDTD simulations predict a reduction of the peak SAR when using RTS versus conventional resistive carbon fibers. Furthermore, our FDTD simulations have been validated on a simple prototype that exhibits no temperature increase on a spherical phantom. Index Terms—Cable, electrocardiography, electroencephalog- raphy (EEG), finite difference time domain (FDTD), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), specific absorption rate (SAR).


Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) play important roles in regulating the main coding DNA sequences (CDSs) via translational repression. Despite their prevalence in the genomes, uORFs are overall discriminated against by natural selection. However, it remains unclear why in the genomes there are so many uORFs more conserved than expected under the assumption of neutral evolution. Here, we generated genome-wide maps of translational efficiency (TE) at the codon level throughout the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster. We identified 35,735 uORFs that were expressed, and 32,224 (90.2%) of them showed evidence of ribosome occupancy during Drosophila development. The ribosome occupancy of uORFs is determined by genomic features, such as optimized sequence contexts around their start codons, a shorter distance to CDSs, and higher coding potentials. Our population genomic analysis suggests the segregating mutations that create or disrupt uORFs are overall deleterious in D. melanogaster. However, we found for the first time that many (68.3% of) newly fixed uORFs that are associated with ribosomes in D. melanogaster are driven by positive Darwinian selection. Our findings also suggest that uORFs play a vital role in controlling the translational program in Drosophila. Moreover, we found that many uORFs are transcribed or translated in a developmental stage-, sex-, or tissue-specific manner, suggesting that selective transcription or translation of uORFs could potentially modulate the TE of the downstream CDSs during Drosophila development.


The purpose of the research is to increase students affective ability of class VII  A  SMP  Negeri 16  Surakarta  through the implementation of  Cooperative Learning by Group Investigation method on Environmental pollution material. This research is a  Classroom Action Research with two cycles of action. Each cycle  consisting of four  phases  which is  planning,  acting, observing,  and reflecting. Observational  data obtained from the  questionaire, observation, and interview. Subjects were students of class VII A SMP Negeri 16 Surakarta. Data validation is use triangulation methods.  Technical analysis  of data is technical descriptive. The result of this research showed that averagely assesses  percentage each indicator of students affective responses questionnaire on pre cycle is 66,39 %, first cycle is 76,95  %    and second cycle  is   84,01  %  (worked up 7,06  %). Meanwhile on a percentage point each indicator which is gotten from observation result students affective responses for pre cycle is 48,52%, first cycle  is  72,22 % and second cycle is 82,35 % (worked up 10,13% ). The students interview result are 97,22% students interested in implementation on Group Investigation method, 80,56% students asking question, 83,33% students respond the idea from another student, and 83,33% students find out a problem solving. The  result  showed  that  Cooperative  Learning  by  Group Investigation could increase students affective ability of class VII A SMP Negeri 16 Surakarta class year 2010/2011 in Biological learning. Key Words: Cooperative learning, Group Investigation, Students Affective Ability


Given a set of economic agents and a set of coalitions, a non-empty family of subsets of the first set closed under the formation of countable unions and complements, an allocation is a countably additive function from the set of coalitions to the closed positive orthant of the commodity space. To describe preferences in this context, one can either introduce a positive, finite real measure defined on the set of coalitions and specify, for each agent, a relation of preference or difference on the closed positive orthant of the commodity space, or specify, for each coalition, a relation of preference or indifference on the set of allocations. This article studies the extent to which these two approaches are equivalent.


ABSTRACT Emotive creativity is generally believed to facilitate communication by increasing attention. However, during relaxed TV viewing, psychology suggests we may pay less not more attention to emotive ads. An experiment conducted in a realistic viewing environment found that ads that were high in emotive content correlated with a 20 percent lower level of attention and that attention toward these ads was unlikely to decline on repeat viewing. This supports the idea that TV advertising is not systematically processed but is automatically processed in response to the stimuli presented. We speculate that emotive creativity may benefit brand TV advertising by lowering attention and inhibiting counter-argument.


Attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy allows precise control of external parameters vital for proper functioning of biological matter. For the first time in biospectroscopy, ATR difference spectroscopy has been combined with the step-scan technique. The current setup integrates a broad frequency range (800–25,000 cm−1) with high temporal resolution (5 μs). Vibrations are detected that arise from single amino acids (<10−3 absorbance units) of the chromoprotein bacteriorhodopsin. Time-resolved ATR/FT-IR difference spectra are compared with conventional transmission spectra. The high mirror stability enables time-resolved FT-vis spectroscopy of the same sample with the same instrument. Potential applications even to non-light-absorbing biomaterial are discussed.


This thesis reframes, or reforms, 'nature writing' ('Nature Writing Reformed') through the practical and theoretical recombination of human, tree, and page. Understandings of 'writing', 'nature', and their phrasal relation in 'nature writing', are explored through a sustained enquiry into the reading and writing practices principally undertaken by the author (Camilla Nelson) in relation to one specific apple tree in the walled garden of University College Falmouth's Tremough Campus, Cornwall. The central claim of this thesis is that composition is always environmentally constructive and constructed: how (the method with which) you read and write, and where (the environment in which) you read and write, i.e. the situation and materials you read and write with, affect not only the composition of the written text but the composition of the human, as well as the other-than-human, entities involved in this practice.

This thesis is explicitly structured as an interweave of variously material (word; page; room; box; walled garden; library; studio; tree) and conceptual (word; page; theory; footnote; hyperlink; field of research) framing devices (and / or environments). The structure of this thesis and that of the orchard and studio installations, which together constitute the final PhD research submission, play on the variety of framing and reframing that occurs in relation to the spatio-temporal specifics of material and conceptual composition (as evidenced in the Media Log). This 'reform' of nature writing, as an interweave of human and other-than-human environments (or frames), is developed in relation to Mark Johnson's expanded theory of 'mind' by way of the conceptual and material practice of metaphor (Johnson, 2007). This thesis combines the theories and practices derived from the (prinicipal) field of 'Nature Writing' (as defined in the correspondingly titled chapter), with those suggested by contemporary developments in cognitive philosophy, neuroscience, microbiology, systems theory, and translation studies.


Although initially developed as low-threshold tools to publish on-line, weblogs increasingly appear to facilitate conversations. The objective of this study is to identify practices of conversational blogging. This paper presents results of an exploratory qualitative analysis of a weblog-mediated conversation case, focusing on participation rhythm, media choices and specific linking practices. Based on our findings we propose attributes of conversational blogging: linking as conversational glue, tangential conversations and interplays between conversation with self and conversations with others. Finally, future research directions are discussed.


In the Na+/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), the clinically relevant S267F polymorphism occurs at a "rheostat position". That is, amino acid substitutions at this position ("S267X") lead to a wide range of functional outcomes. This result was particularly striking because molecular models predicted the S267X side chains are buried, and thus, usually expected to be less tolerant of substitutions. To assess whether structural tolerance to buried substitutions is widespread in NTCP, here we used Rosetta to model all 19 potential substitutions at another 13 buried positions. Again, only subtle changes in the calculated stabilities and structures were predicted. Calculations were experimentally validated for 19 variants at codon 271 ("N271X"). Results showed near wildtype expression and rheostatic modulation of substrate transport, implicating N271 as a rheostat position. Notably, each N271X substitution showed a similar effect on the transport of three different substrates and thus did not alter substrate specificity. This differs from S267X, which altered both transport kinetics and specificity. As both transport and specificity may change during protein evolution, the recognition of such rheostat positions may be important for evolutionary studies. We further propose that the presence of rheostat positions is facilitated by local plasticity within the protein structure. Finally, we note that identifying rheostat positions may advance efforts to predict new biomedically relevant missense variants in NTCP and other membrane transport proteins.


The paper aims to share the excerpts from a survey conducted in Indian social entrepreneurship ventures and pinpoint practical implications for navigating human resource management (HRM) dilemmas in small businesses. Based on the findings of survey data, the researcher explored the HRM dimension in social enterprises. Several post survey interviews were also conducted with the HRM practitioners of select social enterprises. The analysis while identifying the HRM challenges in social enterprises lead to the discovery of two dimensions i-e authentic leadership and community engagement, which interestingly navigate many challenges of managing people in social enterprises. A focus on community engagement means that leaders authentically engage, enable and empower people which arguably are a key to navigating many HRM challenges of new and young firms. The paper details the unique community engagement strategy and authentic leadership practice that gives the social enterprises the flexibility to align HRM practices in resource constrained environment.


Speech acts are purpose-oriented. In speech activity, the purpose is accompanied by factors of linguistic and extra-linguistic nature, contributing to the disclosure of the dynamic aspect of purpose setting. The purpose dynamics of a speech act is conditioned by its change in the process of communication. The article studies the reasons for the shift of purpose in the addressee's speech activity. Among them is a shift or substitution of attitudes, a change of topic, differences in the volume of knowledge, role shifts, shifts of a communicative situation, speakers' characteristics, and a change of interlocutors.


The focus of this research is to find out how the pattern of innovative leadership management in early childhood education is. The purpose of this study was to describe innovative leadership management in early childhood education. The research was conducted using a qualitative approach with the type of literature study. The process of collecting data is done by means of a literature study. This method is a literature review from various sources and relevant references. This study came to the conclusion that innovative leaders are able to complete several ideas by implementing a systematic function from planning to evaluation. There must be teamwork through creativity and team innovation, and innovative and creative ways of working and understanding actual digital information. Of course, leaders need team assistance in carrying out their duties in providing quality learning services through innovation and learning activities.


Some of the most promising candidates for next generation thermoelectrics are nanocomposites due to their low thermal conductivities that result from phonon scattering on the boundaries of the various material phases. However, in order to maximize the figure of merit ZT, it is important to understand the impact of such features on the thermoelectric power factor. In this work we consider the effect that nanoinclusions and voids have on the electronic and thermoelectric coefficients of two dimensional geometries using the fully quantum mechanical Non Equilibrium Greens Function method. This method combines in a unified approach the details of geometry, electron phonon interactions, quantisation, tunnelling, and the ballistic to diffusive nature of transport. We show that as long as the barrier height is low nanoinclusions can have a positive impact on the Seebeck coefficient and the power factor is not severely impacted by a reduction in conductance. The power factor is also shown to be approximately independent of nanoinclusion and void density in the ballistic case. On the other hand, in the presence of phonon scattering voids degrade the power factor and their influence increases with density.


Ginger: The Genus Zingiber is the first comprehensive volume on ginger. Valued as a spice and medicinal plant from ancient times both in India and China, ginger is now used universally as a versatile spice and in traditional medicine as well as in modern medicine. This book covers all aspects of ginger, including botany, crop improvement, chemistry, biotechnology, production technology in the major producing countries, diseases, pests, and harvesting. It also explores processing, products, economics and marketing, pharmacology, medicinal applications, and uses as a spice and flavoring. Experts in the areas of genetic resources, botany, crop improvement, and biotechnology of ginger give an in-depth analysis of these key aspects, and each chapter concludes with an extensive bibliography.