Because much of the petroleum contained in giant structure traps in the United States has been discovered, the petroleum resources of the future will be from complex petroleum traps involving structure, lithofacies distribution, and diagenetic alteration. The Black Warrior basin of northwestern Alabama is an excellent basin to prospect for combination petroleum traps; to date 35 petroleum fields have been discovered. The key to successful prospecting in this basin involves the delineation of local structure and determination of reservoir size, morphology, and quality. Mississippian sandstone reservoirs presently have the greatest petroleum potential, the Carter and Lewis sandstones being the most economic of these reservoirs. The Carter was deposited as part of a high-con tructive, elongate to lobate delta which prograded from northwest to southeast into the basin. Specific deltaic environments identified include distributary channel and mouth bar, distal-bar, prodelta, and interdistributary bay. The Lewis accumulated as a series of elongate, northwest to southeast trending sand bodies on a shallow marine shelf. Specific environments identified include central-bar, interbar, and shelf. Carter distributary-mouth bar and distal-bar lithofacies and Lewis central-bar lithofacies constitute the primary Mississippian reservoirs in the basin. These sandstones are usually fine grained, well sorted, subangular to subrounded quartzarenites or sublitharenites. Primary interparticulate porosity has been reduced through the development of quartz overgrowths and/or calcite cementation. Porosity is principally secondary and involves leaching of carbonate allochems, calcite cement, and/or matrix. The Carter prodelta and interdistributary-bay shales and the Lewis marine shales make excellent petroleum source rocks. These shales contain amorphous, algal, and herbaceous kerogen. The state of alteration of the kerogen indicates that the thermal history of the basin has been favorable f r the generation and preservation of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon-trapping capabilities of these strata have been enhanced because of their association with normal faults. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1666------------


Introduction: HbA1c and other hemoglobins constitute the HbA1 fraction of the adult HbA HbA1c is also affected by pregnancy, uremia, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinopathies, acute and chronic blodd loss, Vitamin B12, folate deficiencies. Iron deficiency anemia is also shown to have a considerable effect on HbA1c levels. Studies have shown that reduced iron levels are correlated with increased levels of HbA1c leading to false high levels of HbA1c in individuals. Materials and Methods: 1000 patients each with and without diabetes were included into the study. Hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MHCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hematocrit, platelet count, total blood picture, differential leucocyte count was done for all samples. Samples from patients with IDA were tested for all the above parameters at base line, after 1 week, 1 month and 2 months following iron treatment. Type of anemia was categorized and mild moderate and severe based on hemoglobin levels. Results: Preponderance of females were seen in the anemic cases over males. 11.1% of non-diabetic and 16.3% of the diabetic patietns were anemic. The prevalence of low hemoglobin and low iron content was seen in 2.8% of the cases among nondiabetics while low Hb and normal iron levels were seen among 4.6% of the cases. Normal Hb with iron deficiency were seen among 3.7% of the cases while among the diabetics it was 2.1%, 7.3% and 6.9% respectively. Mean hemoglobin levels of all the severe anemic patients at base line was 5.9 ± 1.2, 9.1 ± 0.9 after 1 month and 10.6 ± 1.5 after 2 months of treatment. Conclusion: There is a significant association of HbA1c levels and Iron Deficiency Anemia according to our study, though more studies need to be conducted to assess a proper clinical diagnosis


In an effort to gain more understanding on the structure activity relationship of pseudoceratidine 1, a di-bromo pyrrole spermidine alkaloid derived from the marine sponge Pseudoceratina purpurea that has been shown to exhibit potent biofouling, anti-fungal, antibacterial, and anti-malarial activities, a large series of 65 compounds that incorporated several aspects of structural variation has been synthesised through an efficient, divergent method that allowed for a number of analogues to be generated from common precursors. Subsequently, all analogues were assessed for their antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Overall, several compounds exhibited comparable or better activity than that of pseudoceratidine 1, and it was found that this class of compounds is generally more effective against Gram-positive than Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, altering several structural features allowed for the establishment of a comprehensive structure activity relationship (SAR), where it was concluded that several structural features are critical for potent anti-bacterial activity, including di-halogenation (preferable bromine, but chlorine is also effective) on the pyrrole ring, two pyrrolic units in the structure and with one or more secondary amines in the chain adjoining these units, with longer chains giving rise to better activities.


treatment of sarcoids is often challenging, due to the variable clinical presentation of lesions and the frequent local recurrences. in this article, both the surgical and the non-surgical treatment of equine sarcoids are reviewed. it is generally accepted that the prognosis is worse if unsuccessful attempts have been made previously. Therefore, the best available treatment option should always be used at the first attempt of treatment. different surgical approaches have been reported, including conventional excision, cryosurgery and cO 2 laser surgery. success rates are high if a non-touch approach, wide surgical margins and general anesthesia can be applied. local chemotherapy is a valuable addition in the treatment of sarcoids and can be combined with surgery. radiotherapy is a very successful treatment, but safety precautions prevent routine application. local immunotherapy including Bacillus calmette-guérin vaccination and imiquimod cream are commonly applied treatments which induce rather effective tumour regression.


Bone injuries or defects that require invasive surgical treatment are a serious clinical issue, particularly when it comes to treatment success and effectiveness. Accordingly, bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been researching the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis tools to assist in designing optimal scaffolds that better promote bone growth and repair. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive review of recent studies that use CFD analysis in BTE. The mechanical and fluidic properties of a given scaffold are coupled to each other via the scaffold architecture, meaning an optimization of one may negatively affect the other. For example, designs that improve scaffold permeability normally result in a decreased average wall shear stress. Linked with these findings, it appears there are very few studies in this area that state a specific application for their scaffolds and those that do are focused on in vitro bioreactor environments. Finally, this review also demonstrates a scarcity of studies that combine CFD with optimization methods to improve scaffold design. This highlights an important direction of research for the development of the next generation of BTE scaffolds.


My understanding of 'race' and racism in Britain is that it is discussed
variously. Sometimes it steals the headlines as when Stephen Lawrence was
murdered (Macpherson 1999). Yet at other times there is a preference not to
mention the subject at all. Public discourse on 'race' and racism can be
reticent. Why is this? Is 'race' a difficult subject of conversation? The first
chapter of this thesis examines the roots of 'race'.
In Chapter Two the silence and silencing at a public level but also in everyday
interaction becomes the focus. Difficult conversations are considered. The
dynamic of reticence and fluency in the discourse of 'race' is explored and
conceptualised with reference to the limited material in the literature on the
silence and silencing of 'race' discourse. This raises the question as to who is
responsible for silence; and, whose interests, if any, might be served.
Chapter Three presents a real world enquiry - the Swapping Cultures Initiative
in Coventry and Warwickshire; involving over 1,000 children and young
people that took place mainly between 2002 and 2004. It reveals that a
significant proportion of participants (3 8.1 %) experienced bullying, racism, or
being picked on, based on their cultural background, and that these issues are
difficult matters for conversation (38%). What is revealed is both the
complexity of the participants' identities and the subtle and sophisticated ways
in which their cultural backgrounds are managed through conversation.
What then does silence mean when the subject is 'race'? Certainly it is
nuanced and complex. Chapter Four provides a series of concluding
reflections on 'race' and silence, identifying the major factors when seeking to
understand and address 'race' issues in their local context. It places centrally
the 'discourse of reticence' as a significant, hitherto underestimated, element
when considering the prevailing and pervading presence of 'race' and racism.


In order to investigate the effect of long-term (1991—2013) K fertilizer deficiency and surplus on potassium-bearing mineral and K nutrition of purple soil-soil primary, clay mineral composition and potassium (K) nutrition were determined on the long-term experiment of fertility and fertilizer efficiency in neutral purple soil by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis technique. Five soil samples were selected from soil samples library for soil mineral analysis, including original soil, which preserved in 1991 before the experiment carrying out; K deficient treatment for 12 years and 22 years, which means no K fertilizer was applied during 1991—2003 and 1991—2013, respectively; and K surplus treatment for 12 years and 22 years, which means excess K fertilizer was applied during 1991—2003 and 1991—2013, separately. The result showed that, soil potassium-bearing primary mineral, such as mica, potassium feldspar, had apparently weathered and slaked for the K deficient treatment and the weathered extent gradually aggravated following fertilization ages, demonstrating fertilization for 22 years<12years<original soil. However, for K surplus treatment, the content of mica and potassium feldspar only had a little decline. As similar with primary mineral, for soil clay potassium mineral, the content of illite and mica was also seriously reduced for K deficient treatment and a slightly declined for K surplus treatment, representing the disintegration of soil potassium mineral under rice-wheat rotation system, and the deficient input of K fertilizer would obviously accelerate this weathering process. The two treatments all represented raising of vermiculite with the increasing of fertilization ages, and it's much higher on K surplus treatment than K deficient treatment. In addition, we found that the silica-sequioxide ration of soil clay, which indicated the degree of soil weathering, decreased as the fertilization ages increasing, and after 22 years K deficient input soil clay had the lowest silica-sequioxide ration, showing the greatest weathering extent of soil clay silicate minerals. To further research the changing of soil K nutrition, we analyzed the content of soil available K, slowly available K and total K. The result indicated that, for K deficient treatment, soil available K and slowly available K content all gradually declined with the increasing of fertilization ages, about 62.0% and 37.4% down from 1991 to 2013, respectively. While there had a gain trend of soil available K content after long-term K surplus input, versus slightly dropping of slowly available K content. However, we found that long-term fertilization had no obvious effect on soil total K content. Therefore, long-term K deficiency could have negative effect on soil K, exhausting soil K resource and accelerating soil mineral weathering. It seems to be difficult maintaining soil slowly available K and potassium-bearing mineral content, even excess applied K fertilizer.


The reliability of power electronic devices is of paramount importance in industrial, commercial, aerospace and military applications. A good knowledge and information of the fault mode behaviour of the PWM voltage source inverter is necessary to improve system design, protection and fault tolerant control. This paper presents detailed simulation results on condition monitoring and fault behaviour of a pulse width modulation (PWM) voltage source inverter (VSI) for the closed-loop, fuzzy logic v/f speed control strategy of an induction motor drive. The effects on stator current are described in order to identify the inverter faults. The results are equally useful for better monitoring system design and easy fault diagnosis.


A 43-year-old man with linear immunoglobulin A (IgA) dermatosis associated with gluten intolerance presented with progressive vision loss, pain and photosensitivity in both eyes. His visual acuity was light perception (LP) in both eyes. A physical examination revealed bullous, papular lesions with erythematous borders in periocular tissues, limbs, and thorax. Slit-lamp examination showed conjunctival hyperemia, fibrosis, corneal opacification, and vascularization with epithelial defects. Immunofluorescent skin and corneal surface biopsy studies showed linear IgA deposits. The patient was treated with keratolimbal allogenic transplantation and cryopreserved amniotic membrane in the right eye. Regardless of the treatment he persisted with torpid evolution developing retinal and choroidal detachments. After these events he was started on intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) and showed very slight improvement in ocular surface. These types of blistering diseases are rare in the eye. Even when adequate local treatment is given, systemic treatment is mandatory and ocular prognosis can be unsatisfactory.


The paper describes the process of developing a method for value assessment of church buildings in Norway. Values associated with church buildings are defined and described in three categories: Knowledge values, Experience values and Use value. These categories cover selected cultural heritage values, administrative-related values and userbased values. The aim of this work has been to establish a useful tool, i.e. a value matrix, for expressing the often tacit set of values that can be ascribed to churches as cultural heritage. This value matrix shall contribute to increased understanding and awareness of the values contained in churches as ecclesiastical monuments in use, for those involved in management and activities associated to the churches.


Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is one of the most complex and heterogeneous systemic disease. The diagnosis can be helped by the positivity of different characteristic auto-antibodies steered toward topoisomerase I, centromeric protein, RNA polymerase and fibrillarin. Different presentations of the disease can be associated with some specificities of auto-antibodies. Recently, some studies have reported the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) in patients with SSc. Objectives We have conducted a systematic literature review in order to define the prevalence of ACPA in SSc, and to observe their influence on clinical and paraclinical presentation of the disease. Methods Literature search was performed in PubMed Medline database on 15 february 2015. Publication were identified through a search that used the terms: ("systemic sclerosis"(MeSH) and "ACPA or anti-CCP or rheumatoid factor or cohort or value diagnostic"). In a first step, we have selected all cohorts over 50 patients with SSc and ACPA identification. In a second step we have included all studies in which the clinical profile of scleroderma was detailed according to their ACPA status. Meta-analyses were performed when there were two or more studies with similar clinical description. Results For the first question, we identified 13 observational studies merging 1231 patients with SSc. ACPAs were positive for 113 patients, giving a prevalence of ACPA in SSc of 9.2%. In a second step, we identified 9 studies reporting clinical and paraclinical aspects according to their ACPA status. Information was enough to perform a meta-analysis for arthralgia, arthritis, joint erosions, skin sclerosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis and gastrooesophageal reflux. We found a significant association between ACPA positivity and the presence of arthritis (OR: 25.48 [11.82–54.47]), joint erosions on X-rays (OR: 13.06 [4.68–36.43]), pulmonary arterial hypertension (OR: 7.72 [2.38 – 25.5]), and pulmonary fibrosis (OR: 2.75 [1,21–6.24]) (Fig 1). Conclusions ACPA prevalence in scleroderma is 9.2%. Our systematic literature review shows a significant increased risk for erosive arthritis, pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary fibrosis in ACPA positive SSc. ACPA should be systematically included in the check-up of systemic sclerosis. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Professor Danielsson (this journal 2000) argues that congestion externalities are solved if individual transferable quotas (ITQs) are introduced. This is in direct contrast to my own research (Boyce 1992, Corollary 1, p. 399). Danielsson raises an interesting question about how congestion externalities should be modeled. However, I argue that my own result is fundamentally correct, based on the assumptions I made. Furthermore, my paper defined congestion externalities in a manner that is consistent with the literature, while Danielsson does not. In addition, the manner in which Danielsson specifies congestion externalities is indistinguishable from a pecuniary externality—thus it is hardly surprising that he finds that ITQs simultaneously solve both the congestion and common property externality problems.


The effect of treatment with prednisone on lipid peroxidation and on lipid metabolism generally and the effect of vitamin E on plasma lipid peroxidation were studied in a group of patients with autoimmune systemic vasculitides. Vitamin E total plasma antioxidant capacity was determined to ascertain the antioxidant efficiency of vitamin E. Treatment with prednisone was found to induce disturbances of the lipid metabolism at the level of total cholesterol and of triglycerides. The increased values of the LDL/HDL ratio showed an increased risk of vascular disturbance in the patients investigated. The high level of lipid peroxides associated with a reduced activity of the endogenous antioxidant system was found to be uninfluenced by treatment with prednisone. Treatment with vitamin E reduced the process of lipid peroxidation but the endogenous deficiency of the antioxidant capacity prevented it to resume its normal values. In spite of the antiinflammatory and antioxidant treatment the high level of lipid peroxides might induce a self-maintained chronic process which, in time, might lead to the aggravation of the degenerative vascular changes.


Abstract
 Hericium bharengense is described as new to science from subtropical to temperate forests in the West district of Sikkim. The intricate hymenophoral branching pattern, presence of moderately long spines, size and ornamentation pattern of basidiospores separate it from the allied species H. abietis, H. coralloides and H. erinaceus. Its phylogenetic position within the genus Hericium is supported by rDNA sequences in the ITS gene region. Macro- and micromorphological characters are described and illustrated; its relations to other allied species are discussed.


A quality check algorithm for the Weather Information Service Engine pulsed Doppler wind lidar is developed from a view point of spatial and temporal consistencies of observed wind speed. Threshold values for quality check are determined by statistical analysis on the standard deviation of 3-component of wind speed obtained by a wind lidar, and the vertical gradient of horizontal wind speed obtained by a radiosonde system. The algorithm includes carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) check, data availability check, and vertical gradient of horizontal wind speed check. That is, data sets whose CNR is less than −29 ㏈, data availability is less than 90%, or vertical gradient of horizontal wind speed is less than −0.028 s −1 or larger than 0.032 s −1 are classified as 'doubtful', and flagged. The developed quality check algorithm is applied to data obtained at Bucheon station for the period from 1 to 30 September 2015. It is found that the number of 'doubtful' data shows maxima around 2000 m high, but the ratio of 'doubtful' to height-total data increases with increasing height due to atmospheric boundary height, cloud, or rainfall, etc. It is also found that the quality check by data availability is more effective than those by carrier to noise ratio or vertical gradient of horizontal wind speed to remove an erroneous noise data.


An alkalophilic bacterium producing alkaline protease was isolated from waste water and solar saltern sample and identified as Bacillus pseudofirmus HS-54 based on morphological, biochemical characteristics as well as 16S-rRNA gene sequencing. The HS-54 protease was purified to homogeneity using ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, and sephadex G-100 gel filtration with a 4.0 purification fold. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 27 kDa. The optimal pH and temperature for the purified protease activity were 10.0 and 50℃, respectively. The purified enzyme was relatively stable at the pH range of 6.0-11.0 and at the temperature below 50℃. This enzyme was activated by Ca²? and Mg²? and inhibited by Hg²?, Cu²?, Zn²?, Al³?, Ag²?. And this enzyme was strongly inhibited by PMSF, suggesting that it belongs to the serine protease superfamily.


Background: The present medical education system fails to inculcate appropriate skills and competence to the students to serve the community. As the world is moving toward the system of "need-based education," the training of the undergraduates should be oriented toward acquiring practical skills to prepare them to confidently deal with emergency situations in future.

Objectives: The objective of this study is to estimate the impact of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in the 1st year of MBBS.

Materials and Methods: The study included 150 MBBS 1st year students. The students were given formal training of CPR which included the lecture followed by a hands-on training of CPR on mannequins. The pre-and post-training assessment of the students was done using questionnaire. Assessment of the skill was done by direct observation of the procedure on a mannequin by a checklist.

Results: The average pre-training score was 6.39 ± 2.11 and post-training score was 16.56 ± 1.89. The post-training scores of the student were remarkably better than the pre-training score (P < 0.001). According to the results of the assessment of skill by direct observation, students scored better initially in the first part, i.e., knowledge section and the score in the second part, i.e., skill demonstration improved gradually with practice.

Conclusion: Training the MBBS students about CPR in 1st year itself is very useful and productive. Training the future health care provider in younger age and preparing them for the emergencies will lead to major reform in the health education system.


To examine the clinical course of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by "extension", we studied prospectively 141 patients who had been diagnosed as having acute myocardial infarction. The serum CKMB level of these patients was determined at 8-h intervals during the first 5 days following admission. The patients were classified into 3 groups. Group A (early extension): patients who showed CKMB re-elevation before the CKMB values reached normal levels (28%). Group B (late extension): patients who showed CKMB re-elevation after the normalization of serum CKMB levels (21%). Group C (control group): patients without CKMB re-elevation (51%). Patients in group A showed the most unfavourable clinical course with a greater rate of haemodynamic deterioration compared with patients in the B or C groups, and a higher rate of recurrent ischemic pain. We found no significant differences in these parameters between the B and C groups. We were unable to find any risk factor associated with the development of extension. The pattern of the serum CKMB curve may allow a separation of two different subgroups of patients with acute myocardial infarct extension: patients with early extension, who show a high prevalence of haemodynamic deterioration, and patients with late extension, characterized by small infarcts and a benign clinical course.


This chapter focuses on addressing
(1) The screening criteria used to evaluate potential new energy related technology ventures in two international markets Philippines and Brazil
(2) The chapter adopts a single case methodology to communicate the firm strategies used to attract investment and the behaviour adopted to try and effectively and efficiently enter the global market.
(3) Based on the descriptions and behaviours found in the case offers a holistic entry framework that will advance understanding of transcultural marketing and entry needs of Philippines and Brazil related to new energy related innovations.
This chapter uses qualitative case analysis of a single case technology commercialisation organisation and their experience in entering 2 new world markets: Philippines' and Brazil. These two markets have been selected as they are focussed on energy securitisation, have a distinct business culture related to venture capital investment and the behaviour of VCS, and are currently commercially attractive and interested in international investment and new technology market development (Broad, & Cavanagh, 2011; Castells, 2011). This chapter reports on data focused on investment activity within the technology market in Brazil and the Philippines and cultural factors that affect investment and market entry specific to these markets. The chapter integrates the cultural issues of each destination with current literature and develops a checklist of actions related to each market destination. The chapter aims to assist with the success of attracting investment, sales growth and performance in the new market and enhance profitability of the venture. The chapter will offer specific actions related to the entry and investment in each market and contribute to international marketing knowledge. This chapter offers a new transcultural marketing perspective on international venture capital exploring and learning from these 2 diverse new world markets. The lessons learnt from each market create a shared and advanced outlook on seeking successful venture capital in newer global markets (Broad, & Cavanagh, 2011).


We have cloned a cDNA encoding the chick HNF-3 beta gene and have used RNA and antibody probes that detect HNF-3 beta to monitor the normal and induced expression of the gene in early embryos. HNF-3 beta expressed in Koller's sickle, at the onset of primitive streak formation, and later in Hensen's node. At neural plate and neural tube stages, HNF-3 beta is expressed transiently in the notochord and is then expressed by floor plate cells. Prospective floor plate cells that are located in the epiblast immediately anterior to Hensen's node prior to its regression do not express HNF-3 beta, providing evidence that floor plate fate is normally determined only after these cells populate the midline of the neural plate and overlie the notochord. Removal of the notochord in vivo prevents floor plate development and in this condition HNF-3 beta is not expressed by cells at the ventral midline of the neural tube. Notochord grafts induce ectopic floor plate development and ectopic neural expression of HNF-3 beta. In vitro, neural plate explants are induced to express HNF-3 beta by notochord cells in a contact-dependent but cycloheximide-resistant manner, providing evidence that expression of HNF-3 beta is a direct response of neural plate cells to notochord-derived inducing signals.


Coronary computed tomography angiography with 64-slice multidetector CT scanners allows reproducible and accurate non-invasive evaluation of coronary atherosclerotic disease in most patients. These coronary CT angiography studies are very promising and exciting. However, the start-up phase of such a coronary CTA program can be challenging. We discuss the problems that one can encounter during start up of such a coronary CTA program and possible solutions. Training of the technologist, time-management and communication with the referring physician are key aspects of a successful coronary CTA program.


1 Month 20xx, Vol. xxx, No. x By definition, occult spinal dysraphism (OSD) is characterised by intact overlying skin, although most patients have some form of cutaneous stigmata. Because the underlying pathology is so variable, the clinical presentation and course of the condition vary significantly from severely disabling to asymptomatic throughout life. Management usually requires a multidisciplinary team of paediatricians, paediatric neurosurgeons, urologists, orthopaedic surgeons, occupational therapists, physiotherapists and geneticists. Although the spectrum of dysraphic abnormalities includes cranial anomalies (encephalocele), this article will focus on the spinal manifestations.


Forty-one cases of zinc-responsive dermatosis in the dog are described. The Siberian husky was the predominant breed affected. Periocular crusts were the most common clinical sign and parakeratosis was noted in the skin biopsy specimens of all dogs. Treatment with oral zinc ameliorated the clinical signs in most dogs, but cases necessitating other treatments such as parenteral zinc or retinoids are reported. The authors recommend a starting dose of 2-3 mg kg-1 elemental zinc per day in the treatment of this disorder.


This report is a presentation of results from the laboratory tests of the project Electrical Discharge Machining of Tools in Cold Work Applications. Two high speed steels, two cold work ingot cast and forged steels, and one powder metallurgical cold work steel at hardness from 51 to 66 HRc were included in the study. In the first part of the report differences between the various tool steels in how they respond to electrical discharge machining (EDM) are discussed. Surface alterations, defect distributions, static and fatigue strength are included as well as wire and die sinking EDM, both rough and fine. In the second part some post EDM treatments are examined. The effect of tempering and shot peening after EDM on mechanical properties of the tool steel is shown and a comparison of mechanical polishing and electrochemical polishing (ECP) is given. Since cold work tool steels are being used at increasing hardness, the third part is a study where the hardness of two tool steels has been varied in order to see how important this is to the effect of EDM on mechanical properties of the steel. In the last part the combination of EDM, mechanical or electrochemical polishing and thin ceramic surface coatings are studied, one CVD and one PVD coating


Does student employment predict leadership development? Is leadership defined by a person or a process? A recent study investigated these questions and makes recommendations for preparing working college students to tackle contemporary problems.


PURPOSE
Micrometer-spatial resolution dosimetry has become inevitable for advanced radiotherapy techniques. A new approach using radiochromic films was developed to measure a radiation dose at a micrometer spatial resolution by confocal Raman spectroscopy.

METHODS
The commercial radiochromic films (RCF), EBT3 and EBT-XD were irradiated with known doses using 50, 100, 200 and 300 kVp , and 6 MV X-rays. The dose levels ranged from 0.3 to 50 Gy. The Raman mapping technique developed in our early study was used to read-out an area of 100 × 100 µm2 on RCF with improved lateral and depth resolutions with confocal Raman spectrometry. The variation in Raman spectra of C-C-C deformation and C≡C stretching modes of diacetylene polymers around 676 and 2060 cm-1 , respectively, as a function of therapeutic X-ray doses, was measured. The single peak (SP) of C≡C and the peak ratio (PR) of C≡C band height to C-C-C band height with a spatial resolution of 10 µm on both types of RCF were evaluated, averaged and plotted as a function of dose. An achievable spatial resolution, clinically useful dose range, dosimetric sensitivity, dose uniformity, and post-irradiation stability as well as the orientation, energy and dose-rate dependence, of both types of RCFs, were characterized by the technique developed in this study.

RESULTS
A spatial resolution on RCF achieved by SP and PR methods was ~4.5 and ~2.9 µm, respectively. Raman spectroscopy data showed dose non-uniformity of ~11% in SP method and less than 3% in PR method. The SP method provided dose ranges of up to ~10 and ~20 Gy for EBT3 and EBT-XD films, respectively while the PR method up to ~30 and ~50 Gy. The PR method diminished the orientation effect. The percent difference between landscape and portrait orientations for the EBT3 and the EBT-XD films at 4 Gy had an acceptable level of 1.2% and 2.4%, respectively. With both SP and PR methods, the EBT3 and the EBT-XD films showed weak energy (within ~10% and ~3% for SP and PR methods, respectively) and dose-rate dependence (within ~5% and ~3% for SP and PR methods, respectively) and had a stable response after 24-hours post-irradiation.

CONCLUSIONS
A technique for micrometer-resolution dosimetry was successfully developed by detecting radiation-induced Raman shift on EBT3 and EBT-XD. Both types of RCFs were suitable for micrometer-resolution dosimetry using CRS. With CRS both lateral and depth resolutions on RCF were improved. The PR method provided superior characteristics in dose uniformity, dose ranges, orientation dependence and laser effect for both types of RCFs. The overall dosimetric characteristics of the RCFs determined by this technique were similar to those known by optical density scanning. The CRS with the PR method is advantageous over other the traditional scanning systems as a spatial resolution of less than 10 µm on RCF can be achieved with less deviations.


Bridged-T and parallel-T null circuits may, under some circumstances, be preferable to bridge circuits for radio-frequency measurements as no transformer is required and the generator and detector can have a common grounded terminal. An analysis of the circuits can be made in terms of the transfer impedances of the various possible component T networks so that the nature of possible null conditions becomes evident by inspection. The circuits considered include arrangements suitable for the measurement of resistance, reactance, and frequency, and of the power factor of dielectrics. Some of the circuits, particularly suited to high-frequency work, employ neither coils nor variable resistors.


The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of infection control education for families of patients infected with vancomycin resistant enterococcus (VRE). Method: Forty family members of VRE patients were chosen from a university hospital and assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group was provided infection control education that consisted of one-on-one instruction using an information booklet, hand-washing video, and demonstration of hand washing practice. Dependent variables were self-reported knowledge and performance of VRE infection control measures, and the number of hand washings when entering and leaving patients" rooms. Results: Knowledge and performance scores were significantly higher for the experimental group compared to the control group. The experimental group washed their hands significantly more often when entering and leaving patients" rooms than the control group. Conclusion: Infection control education for family members of VRE patients was effective in improving knowledge and performance of infection control measures as well as improving the practice of hand washing. Further investigation is needed on the effects of infection control education for families on the actual VRE colonization and/or infection rate.


This article commemorates the two hundredth anniversary of the ascension of John Marshall to the Chief Justiceship of the United States Supreme Court by taking a revisionist look at some of the landmark decisions of the Court that he presided over for thirty-four years. Political scientists and legal scholars have written a great deal in recent years questioning conventional assumptions about the importance of Supreme Court decisions such as Brown v. Board of Education, Roe v. Wade, and Engel v. Vitale. Yet almost nothing has been written about the consequences of the "great" Marshall Court decisions. Scholars continue, almost universally, to assume that the old Marshall Court chestnuts - decisions such as Marbury v. Madison, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Dartmouth College v. Woodward - were of enormous significance to the history of the early republic. A closer look at these rulings in their historical context, however, suggests that such assumptions are in need of serious revision. This Article reconsiders the consequences of three categories of Marshall Court decisions. Part I looks at the most famous Marshall opinion of all, Marbury v. Madison, and questions the importance of its proclamation of the judicial review power. Part II reevaluates the importance of McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden - decisions that approved extremely broad conceptions of national legislative power. Part III turns to some of the famous Contract Clause decisions of the Marshall Court - specifically, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Sturges v. Crowninshield, and Green v. Biddle - and challenges the widespread assumption that they were instrumental to American economic development during the first half of the nineteenth century. Finally, Part IV considers one way in which the Marshall Court did make a vital contribution to American history: It helped establish the Supreme Court as a significant, if not quite co-equal, branch of the national government. This final Part assesses the extent to which Marshall and his colleagues were responsible for the Court's growing institutional stature and the extent to which this development was fortuitous.


This research attempts to find out the attitudes employed in the texts of contributor opinion exposing the controversy of sex education given in US public schools, to find out the influence of the attitudes toward the texts and to find out why the attitudes are employed in the texts. This research applied qualitative descriptive method with total sampling technique. This research also used primary and secondary data. The primary data of this research consist of detail and depth linguistic phenomena about the types of attitudes: affect (people's feeling), judgment (people's character), and appreciation (evaluating things) taken from the two texts. Meanwhile, the secondary data consist of the information about the sex education given in schools and the texts' writers.

The data and source of data of this research were two texts of contributor opinion column in Allvoices.com. The first text is entitled Sex Education: Does It Really Work? written by Hasnain and the second text is entitled Why Sex Education Should Be Taught In Schools? written by Zeeshan.

The results show that both texts apply the two same kinds of attitudes: judgment and appreciation. The first text is dominated by negative attitudes, consisting of 46% negative appreciation, 27% positive appreciation, 17% negative judgment, and 10% positive judgment. Meanwhile, the second text is dominated by positive attitudes consisting of 48% positive appreciation, 15% negative appreciation, 18.5% positive judgment and 18.5% negative judgment. Moreover, both texts' writers, Hasnain and Zeeshan, apply force: raise and focus: sharpening graduation with more than one voice (heterogloss).

The use of attitudes influences the text in term of register, prosody, genre and the ideology of the texts. In the level of register, the use of judgment and appreciation indicates that the language in both texts, in the clause level, is dominated by behavioral, carrier- attribute, and token-value. In the level of nominal group, epithet-thing is mostly exploited by the texts' writers. This is because behavioral process, attribute, value, and epithet are potentials for developing judgment and appreciation. In the level of graduation, the use of dominant intensifier, attitudinal lexis, and quantification in both texts implies that the volume of attitudes is strong and sharp. In the case of engagement, the use of dominant projection (more than one voice) results in heterogloss. This means that both texts' writers express their objectivity. In the case of prosody and relation to genre and ideology, text 1 applies negative attitudes in evaluating the issue, both positive and negative in argument for and against, and ended by positive attitudes for recommendation. Thus, Hasnain uses discussion genre in his text and leads into left- protagonist ideology. Meanwhile, text 2 written by Zeeshan employs positive attitudes for assessing the issue, starting from thesis until reiteration. That's why, Zeeshan's attitudes results in hortatory- exposition genre and brings into right-antagonist ideology.

This study also finds that both texts' writers, Hasnain and Zeeshan, employ the attitudes: judgment and appreciation because they do not show their own feeling (affect) to evaluate the issue. They use judgment to assess the participants involved in the text, and apply appreciation to evaluate the issue of sex education in US. Both texts' writers employ force: raise and focus: sharpening with more than one voice (heterogloss) in their attitudes because they express their objectivity in strong and sharp judgment and appreciation. The different point is that, as the educationalist, columnist, and the anchor Hasnain's use of discussion genre and left- protagonist indicates that he did not just evaluate the issue but also the method of sex education in US. In this way he challenges the issue and supports the majority of US society to conduct AIDS education program as one of the policies related to what kind of sex education should be taught in schools (sex education in the U.S.: policy and politics). Meanwhile, as the student and the stringer, Zeeshan's use of hortatory- exposition genre and right- antagonist indicates that he just supports one-sidedly that sex education should be taught in schools. This is because schools provide reliable information and explanation about sex (Tatum and Alan Haris).


Investigations have been conducted on the ferroelectric property of thin films of NaNO2. The thin films were prepared with the dip coating technique. The phase transition was investigated by observing the change in the dielectric constant with temperature change. The presence of ferro-electricity was investigated with a Sawyer-Tower Bridge. UV-VIS absorbance spectroscopy was used to determine the energy band gap and the extinction coefficient at room temperature. It was observed thatNaNO2 thin film undergoes a first order transition from the disordered paraelectric phase to an ordered ferroelectric phase at 162.3�C. Ferroelectricity was confirmed in the NaNO2 thin films by the appearance of a hysteresis loop below the transition temperature. The band gap of the thin film was 3.102 eV. The ferroelectric property exhibited by the NaNO2 thin films do not make it a favourable choice for modern day ferroelectric devices. However, this may be im-proved by doping the thin film with chlorine ions.


The knowledge of the present available bandwidth on a network path is essential in numerous contexts, such as network management and streaming applications. A network path nowadays often contains at least one wireless link. This is obviously true for mobile users having a wireless connection to the Internet through a laptop or mobile terminal. The existing tools for measuring end-to-end available bandwidth are developed and optimized for paths with only guided media links. Since the characteristics for wired links and radio links differ in many aspects, such as fluctuations in capacity and stability, the network tools need to be evaluated also for network paths containing wireless links. In this investigation we have performed experiments over a high-speed downlink UMTS channel. This makes the present paper unique in the sense that it evaluates and analyzes the applicability of available-bandwidth measurement tools over a radio interface in a wide-area mobile communication network. For the experiments, a commercial mobile network has been used. The measurements show that it is feasible to achieve reliable estimates under certain circumstances. However, some cases pose challenges which motivate further studies.


. The direct CP violation parameter Re( ε (cid:1) /ε ) has been measured from the decay rates of neutral kaons into two pions using the NA48 detector at the CERN SPS. With 3.3 million K L → π 0 π 0 events collected during the 1998 and 1999 running periods, a result of Re( ε (cid:1) /ε ) = (15 . 0 ± 2 . 7) × 10 − 4 has been obtained. The result combined with the published 1997 sample is Re( ε (cid:1) /ε ) = (15 . 3 ± 2 . 6) × 10 − 4 .


Abstract Reliable assessment of offshore sand and gravel resources permits efficient dredging, the maintenance of cargo quality control and the effective mitigation of environmental impacts. Site investigation should be based on the interpretation and correlation of high resolution seismic profiling and CPT/sampling data. A preliminary interpretation of the seismic data reveals the geological setting of the sand bodies and leads to the selection of appropriate sampling methods and the recognition of key sampling positions. Geologically complex sand bodies demand phased data acquisition to delineate geometry, physical properties and compositional variability. The alternative approach, of grid-based sampling using a predetermined sampling density, is costly at best and probably misleading. A three-dimensional model is created from the integration of acquired data and a resource volume calculated. Dredging constraints and overflow losses are applied to the model resulting in the determination of a reserve volume and critical dredging parameters. It is advisable to carry out a wide-ranging testing programme on the recovered samples to ensure compliance with relevant standards or requirements. The potential penalties for superficial site investigation include delay, unpredictable cargo quality and unforeseen environmental problems.


New magnetic imidazolium ionic liquid (IIL) was synthesized to improve the curing, mechanical, and thermal characteristics of the epoxy/polyamine system. In this respect, 2-(4-minophenyl)-1.3-bis(triethoxysilyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium acetate as IIL was synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopy tools. The IIL was used as capping to prepare Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) as new Fe3O4-IIL NPs. The thermal stability, morphology, crystal lattice structures, and magnetic properties were evaluated to confirm the formation of uniform, thermal, stable, and superparamagnetic Fe3O4-IIL NPs. The prepared Fe3O4-IIL NPs were mixed with an epoxy/polyamine system to improve the curing, thermal, and mechanical properties of epoxy through chemical reactions. The dynamic mechanical analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter were used to investigate the flexibility and storage modulus of the cured epoxy/polyamine system in the absence and presence of Fe3O4-IIL NPs. The atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope were used to evaluate the dispersion and embedding of Fe3O4-IIL NPs into epoxy matrix. The thermal, mechanical, and surface morphologies data confirmed that the incorporation of Fe3O4-IIL NPs using 3 wt. % during the curing of an epoxy/polyamine system produces superior epoxy films without cracks, holes, and NPs agglomeration.


Surface treatment has become an effective method to improve corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys which are the lightest commercial structural alloys with superior specific strength and stiffness. Low pressure cold spraying is used to locally deposit aluminium on AZ31 in order to enhance general and galvanic corrosion of magnesium. This study is aimed at numerical estimation of the residual stress profile due to cold spray coating using FEM. The impact of particles on the substrate is modelled in Abaqus Explicit. The challenge of AZ31 simulations is the intrinsic yield asymmetry and anisotropy which results different behaviour of the material along different direction both in tension and compression. On the other hand, there is no precise material model capable of considering the yield asymmetry and anisotropy experienced by AZ31 in Abaqus. This paper studies the effect of anisotropy of the AZ31 on residual stress induced by cold spray. The results are compared with experimental X-Ray diffraction measurements. It is suggested that an isotropic analysis in the dominant stress direction of AZ31 may result in good estimation of the residual stress profile.


Mining high utility item sets (HUIs) from databases is an important data mining task, which refers to the discovery of item sets with high utilities (e.g. high profits). However, it may present too many HUIs to users, which also degrades the efficiency of the mining process. To achieve high efficiency for the mining task and provide a concise mining result to users, we propose a novel framework in this paper for mining closed+ high utility item sets (CHUIs), which serves as a compact and lossless representation of HUIs. We propose efficient algorithms based on Apriori CH (Apriori-based algorithm for mining High utility Closed + item sets), Apriori HC-D (Apriori HC algorithm with discarding unpromising and isolated items) and CHUD (Closed + High Utility Item set Discovery) to find this representation.


This paper proposes a new scheme for constructing software reliability growth models (SRGM) based on a nonhomogeneous Poisson process (NHPP). The main focus is to provide an efficient parametric decomposition method for software reliability modeling, which considers both testing efforts and fault detection rates (FDR). In general, the software fault detection/removal mechanisms depend on previously detected/removed faults and on how testing efforts are used. From practical field studies, it is likely that we can estimate the testing efforts consumption pattern and predict the trends of FDR. A set of time-variable, testing-effort-based FDR models were developed that have the inherent flexibility of capturing a wide range of possible fault detection trends: increasing, decreasing, and constant. This scheme has a flexible structure and can model a wide spectrum of software development environments, considering various testing efforts. The paper describes the FDR, which can be obtained from historical records of previous releases or other similar software projects, and incorporates the related testing activities into this new modeling approach. The applicability of our model and the related parametric decomposition methods are demonstrated through several real data sets from various software projects. The evaluation results show that the proposed framework to incorporate testing efforts and FDR for SRGM has a fairly accurate prediction capability and it depicts the real-life situation more faithfully. This technique can be applied to wide range of software systems.


Within the four main market segments of PV solar electricity there are already three areas competitive today. These are off-grid industrial and rural as well as consumer applications. The overall growth within the past 8 years was almost 40 % p.a. with a "normal" growth of about 18 % p.a. for the first three market segments whereas the grid connected market increased with an astonishing 63 % p.a. The different growth rates catapulted the contribution of grid connected systems in relation to the total market from about one quarter 6 years ago towards more than three quarters today. The reason for this development is basically due to industry-politically induced market support programs in the aforementioned countries. It is quite important to outline under which boundary conditions grid connected systems will be competitive without support programs like the feed in tariff system in Germany, Spain and some more to come in Europe as well as investment subsidies in Japan, US and some other countries. It will be shown that in a more and more liberalized utility market worldwide electricity produced by PV solar electricity systems will be able to compete with their generating cost against peak power prices from utilities. The point of time for this competitiveness is mainly determined by the following facts: 1. Price decrease for PV solar electricity systems leading to an equivalent decrease in the generated cost for PV produced kWh. 2. Development of a truly liberalized electricity market. 3. Degree of irradiation between times of peak power demand and delivery of PV electricity. The first topic is discussed using price experience curves. Some explanations will be given to correlate the qualitative number of 20 % price decrease for doubling cumulative worldwide sales derived from the historic price experience curve with a more quantitative analysis based on our EPIA-Roadmap (productivity increase and ongoing improvements for existing technologies as well as development of new concepts to broaden the product portfolio in coming years). The second topic outlines the most likely development of liberalized electricity markets in various regions worldwide. It will be emphasized that in such markets the future prices for electricity will more and more reflect the different cost for bulk and peak power production. This will not only happen for industrial electricity customers - as already today in many countries - but also for private households. The third topic summarizes the existing data and facts by correlating peak power demand and prices traded in various stock exchange markets with delivered PV kWh. It will be shown that a high degree of correlation is existent. Combining the three topics and postulating reverse net metering the competitiveness of PV solar electricity as described is most likely to occur. The described price decrease of modules will also have a very positive impact on off-grid rural applications, mainly in 3rd world countries. It will be shown that this is strongly advanced due to the development of mini-grids starting from solar home systems - with mini grids looking very similar to on-grid applications in weak grid areas of nowadays electricity network.


Pressure mounts on physicians and hospitals to disclose adverse outcomes of care to patients. Although such transparency diverges from traditional risk management strategy, recent commentary has suggested that disclosure will actually reduce providers' liability exposure. We tested this theory by modeling the litigation consequences of disclosure. We found that forecasts of reduced litigation volume or cost do not withstand close scrutiny. A policy question more pressing than whether moving toward routine disclosure will expand litigation is the question of how large such an expansion might be.


One of the greatest attributes of wood is that it is a renewable resource. It has been used for thousands of years as both fuel and construction material. The raw materials used in Malaysia's wood-based industries comprise mainly hardwood extracted from natural and plantation forests. Hardwood timbers are classified into three categories, heavy hardwoods (HHW), medium hardwoods (MHW) and light hardwoods (LHW). The classification of the three hardwood categories is based largely on the average density of the timbers.
The timber industry is one of the major contributors to the Malaysian economy, contributing up to 2.7 per cent of the country's export earnings. The timber and timber products category commodity exports was the third most important after palm oil and rubber in 2014. The export of timber and timber products in 2015 was valued at RM21.14 billion and the government expects the industry to contribute RM53 billion to the country's export earnings by 2020. In order to ensure that the projected goal is achieved, an adequate and sustained supply of wood raw material is important for further development of the timber industry. Further, the timber industry needs to innovate and re-invent itself to stay competitive. It is expected that the future growth of the industry will be through higher productivity, innovation and technological breakthroughs. Innovation, in this context, refers to the successful exploitation of new ideas and designs that result in tangible products and services. Meanwhile, technology involves the application of knowledge, equipment, machines and processes, in translating innovations into newer, more sophisticated products for commercial gain. Hence, in order for the timber industry to remain relevant, it has to adopt new state-of-the-art technologies to overcome production bottlenecks and produce newer and more sophisticated products.
The wood-based products industry in Malaysia is expected to face the problem of inadequate supply of raw materials to sustain the growth of the industry in the future. Supply of raw materials from natural and plantation forests may not suffice and the industry will thus have to seek alternative raw materials to augment the diminishing supply of traditional commercial timbers. Through innovation and R&D activities, the inferior properties of low density wood, OPW and bamboo, which are normally used for traditional purposes, can be enhanced and become a source of alternative raw materials for the wood-based industries.
This lecture series is aimed at reviewing the importance of tropical wood, its classification, strength, durability and sustainability to meet the future demands of the wood-based industries. It further aims to highlight the research works carried out at the Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, on enhancing the properties of low density wood or underutilised timber species, particularly mahang (Macarang spp.), sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum), jelutong (Dyera costulata) and oil palm wood (Elaeis guineensis), so that they can be further utilised and made into higher value-added products.


This paper proposes a new visual object tracking algorithm using a novel Bayesian Kalman filter (BKF) with simplified Gaussian mixture (BKF-SGM). The new BKF-SGM employs a GM representation of the state and noise densities and a novel direct density simplifying algorithm for avoiding the exponential complexity growth of conventional KFs using GM. Together with an improved mean shift (MS) algorithm, a new BKF-SGM with improved MS (BKF-SGM-IMS) algorithm with more robust tracking performance is also proposed. Experimental results show that our method can successfully handle complex scenarios with good performance and low arithmetic complexity. Keywords—Object tracking, Baysian Kalman filter, mean shift.


In this study, a prototype analysis of romantic missing was conducted. College-age participants in the United States generated features of missing a partner (Study 1) and rated their centrality (Study 2). In a reaction time task, participants made category judgments for central features more quickly than for noncentral features (Study 3). In recognition and recall tasks, central features were more salient in participants' memory, and participants evaluated individuals experiencing central features in vignettes as missing their partners more (Study 4). A prototypebased measure of missing administered to individuals in long-distance relationships (Study 5) correlated with commitment and attachment dimensions but only weakly with loneliness. Finally, level of missing differed based on whether individuals were in a geographically distant (vs. proximal) relationships (Study 6).


We consider the problem of allocating objects to agents when the objects have minimum quotas. There exist many real-world settings where minimum quotas are relevant. For example, in a hospital-resident matching problem, unconstrained matching may produce too few assignments to a rural hospital. Surprisingly, almost 50 years have passed after the seminal work by Gale and Shapley, no existing mechanism can guarantee minimum quotas so far; we did not know how to guarantee that a rural hospital has at least one resident.

In this paper, we propose mechanisms that can satisfy minimum quotas as well as standard maximum quotas. More specifically, we propose extended seat (ES) and multi-stage (MS) mechanisms modeled after the well-known deferred-acceptance (DA) and top trading cycles (TTC) mechanisms. Our proposed mechanisms are all strategy-proof, but a tradeoff exists between the DA and TTC based mechanisms regarding Pareto efficiency and elimination of justified envy. In addition, there exist a tradeoff between ES and MS mechanisms depending on the size of minimum quotas.


Composite structures and materials are used in aerospace, marine and automotive applications due to their light weight characteristics. By using rice husk ash (RHA) as natural binder to replace epoxy resin, it improves the characteristic of the composite laminated structure. Rice husk has become an important ingredient in silica, silicon carbide, and silicon nitride because of its high a silicon content. This paper evaluates the performance of laminated composite plate in a drop-weight impact testing. Two plates are attached to the test rig in the particular desired impact orientation. The main advantages of this process are the plates provide more realistic drop-weight impact and data. Data from the impact test was collected and analysed to evaluate the material properties of epoxy resin and RHA. Results show RHA's energy absorption is better and it has more deformation to prevent structure failures compared with epoxy resin. This paper aims to evaluate the application of RHA as a geopolymer binder and flax fibre as an alternative material to glass fibre in the composites industry.


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

We have previously shown that primary brain tumor from patients and cell lines possess type I alpha 1 procollagen. Procollagen type I, III, and IV have also been reported to be expressed in certain glioma subtypes. Although the function of these procollagens is not known, they are most likely involved in invasion and signaling. We have further investigated whether manipulation of the secretion of these procollagens can be used to kill glioma cells. We have studied the expression of procollagen type I alpha 1 and2 (Pro-col1A1 & A2), procollagen type III alpha 1 (Pro-col3A1) and procollagen type IV alpha 1&2 (Proc-col4A1 & A2) in 5 cell lines (Glioma-1, U-373, U-118, U-87, and A-172) using real time RT-PCR (qPCR) and western blot when antibody was available. Our data showed that A-172 expressed all 5 types of procollagen, while U-87, U-118 and Glioma-1 expressed primary Pro-colA1 and A2, and U-373 expressed only pro-col1A2 and pro-col4A1 and A2. Hsp47, which is a major chaperone in the folding of procollagen type I, is not expressed in U-373. This cell line also possessed very high levels of GRP-78 which is indicative of increased ER stress. We also investigated the presence of collagen receptor Endo 180 and DDR1 (discodin domain receptor 1) in these cell lines. Endo 180 was present in all 5 cell lines, but to a much lesser extent in U-373. The DDR1 expression by qPCR was the highest in A-172 followed by U-118 (>5 arbitrary units) while U-373, U-87 and Glioma-1 have less than 3 arbitrary units. It is known that procollagen needs to be folded at ER and then secreted out of the cells, where it will be processed to form collagen. Collagen can then bind DDR1, a receptor tyrosine kinase which plays a role in attachment, migration, proliferation and survival. In this regard, we have detected pro-col1A1 and A2 in the media which verified that pro-col1A1 and A2 are secreted outside the cells. We hypothesize that inability to secrete procollagen will result in both ER stress and inability for signaling. To accomplish this, we have studied the cytotoxic effect of brefeldin (BFA) which is known to block the transport of secretory protein from ER/Golgi network to the cell surface in these five cell lines. All five cell lines are very sensitive to brefeldin with IC50 of 3.0 ng/ml for U-118, A-172 and U-87. In U-373 and Glioma-1 the IC50 was 5.0 ng/ml. Interestingly, cancer stem cells isolated from U-87 did not possess pro-co1A1, but DDR1 mRNA was present and was 3 times higher than in the non stem cells. They also have different metabolic profiling than their parental cells, such as they do not express argininosuccinate synthetase, a key enzyme to synthesize arginine which made them sensitive to arginine deprivation treatment. Whether these differences exist in vivo is not known. Overall, our data indicate that the expression of procollagen and its secretory pathway can be used as a new paradigm to treat primary brain tumor through ER stress-mediated cell death.

Citation Format: Min You, Shu-Mei Chen, Chunjing Wu, Ying-Ying Li, Lynn Feun, Medhi Wangpaithitr, Vy Dinh, Niramol Savaraj. Targeting procollagen secretory pathway for the treatment of primary brain tumor through ER stress. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4052. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4052


By using a state observer, a new robust trajectory tracking control scheme is developed in this paper for electrically driven robot manipulators. The role of the observer is to estimate joint angular velocities. The proposed controller does not employ adaptation, but assures robust stability of tracking error between joint angles and desired trajectories. At sacrificing asymptotical stability of the tracking errors, the configuration of the proposed controller becomes very simple, compared with regressor-based adaptive controllers. It is shown in the closed-loop system using the proposed controller that the Euclidian norm of tracking errors arrives at any small closed region with any convergent rate by setting only one design parameter. Especially for the desired trajectories converging to constant ultimate values, it is assured that tracking errors converge to zero.


Obesity is a global epidemic and leads to premature death due to its association with metabolic diseases. Evidence suggests that a low-grade, chronic inflammation of adipose tissue contributes to metabolic disorder of visceral adipose tissue. Adipose tissue-derived hormones, also called as adipokines, regulate variety of homeostatic functions, including metabolism and inflammation. We examined the function of adipokines: visfatin, vaspin and leptin, and tested the hypothesis that adipokines regulate immunoinfiltration of adipose tissue by inducing activation of endothelium in the adipose microenvironment. A large scale microarray was performed for the identification of soluble chemokines produced by adipokine-treated endothelial cells, and a decrease in the levels of chemokine ligand-17 was observed (n=5). Further, ELISA analysis confirmed significant upregulation for pro-inflammatory chemokines: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and granulocyte monocyte-colony stimulating factor (p<0.05, n=5). RNA was isolated from the adipokine-treated endothelial cells and real-time PCR analysis confirmed significant upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes interleukin-6 and MCP-1 in response to visfatin treatment (p<0.05, n=5). The surface expression of adhesion markers was measured by flow cytometry, and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 was found upregulated in response to visfatin. Overall, our results suggest that the studied adipokines are functional link for ECs and leukocyte crosstalk in the context of the adipose tissue.


This is the twelfth edition of this popular series, with 300 full-colour photos, features 43 cutting-edge new and renovated speciality shops, department stores, shop-in-shops, shopping centre kiosks, food courts, counter-service and sit-down restaurants, supermarkets, convenience stores, speciality food shops, entertainment facilities, service retailers, exhibits, manufacturer showrooms and auto dealerships. The winning projects were carefully chosen by members of the Retail Design Institute (formerly the Institute for Store Planners, or ISP) for excellence in store planning, visual merchandising, innovation, graphics and lighting. Seek ideas and inspiration from 38 top retail design firms from around the world as they present exciting, inviting spaces for retail establishments of every major kind.


ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes considerable morbidity and mortality, specifically during intensive care. Antibiotic-resistant variants of this organism are more difficult to treat and cause substantial extra costs compared to susceptible strains. In the laboratory, P. aeruginosa rapidly developed resistance to five medically relevant antibiotics upon exposure to stepwise increasing concentrations. At several time points during the acquisition of resistance, samples were taken for whole-genome sequencing. The increase in the MIC of ciprofloxacin was linked to specific mutations in gyrA, parC, and gyrB, appearing sequentially. In the case of tobramycin, mutations in fusA, HP02880, rplB, and capD were induced. The MICs of the beta-lactam compounds meropenem and ceftazidime and the combination of piperacillin and tazobactam correlated linearly with beta-lactamase activity but not always with individual mutations. The genes that were mutated during the development of beta-lactam resistance differed for each antibiotic. A quantitative relationship between the frequency of mutations and the increase in resistance could not be established for any of the antibiotics. When the adapted strains are grown in the absence of the antibiotic, some mutations remained and others were reversed, but this reversal did not necessarily lower the MIC. The increased MIC came at the cost of moderately reduced cellular functions or a somewhat lower growth rate. In all cases except ciprofloxacin, the increase in resistance seems to be the result of complex interactions among several cellular systems rather than individual mutations.


Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is a novel tool that has being investigated in several types of tumours, includ-ing colorectal cancer (CRC). In fact, the techniques based on liquid biopsies are proposed as appealing non-invasive alter-natives to tissue biopsy, adding more insights into tumour molecular profile, heterogeneity and for cancer detection and monitoring. Additionally, some analysis showed that in CRC patients ctDNA seems to act as biomarker able to predict the outcome (prognostic role) and the response to treatments (predictive role). In particular, in the early stage CRC (stage I-III) it could represent a time marker of adjuvant therapy benefit as well as a marker of minimal residual disease and recurrence risk in addition to the already recognized risk factors. In metastatic CRC, the analysis of molecular tumour profile by ctDNA has shown to have high concordance with the tissue biopsy at diagnosis. Additionally, some studies demonstrated that ctDNA level during the treatment was linked with early response to treatment and prognosis. Finally, the quantitative anal-ysis of ctDNA and copy number alterations may be useful in order to detect resistance to therapy at the time of progression of disease and to help in finding new therapeutic targets.


This article deals with the non-final posttonic vowel subsystem of Brazilian Portuguese, specifically it questions if the high-mid vowels /e, o/ have undergone neutralization in this position. Three accounts have been provided so far to answer this question. Câmara Jr. (1999) proposes that the nonfinal posttonic subsystem is composed of four vowels /i, e, a, u/; Bisol (2003) advocates for a three-vowel subsystem /i, a, u/, and Ribeiro (2007) defends a five-vowel subsystem /i, e, a, o, u/. In this paper, I show that mid-vowel alternation in nonfinal posttonic context is the key to defining what the vowel subsystem is, which must be composed of five vowels /i, e, a, o, u/; however, differently to what has been proposed by Ribeiro (2007) for whom mid-vowel alternation is a case of lexical diffusion, I show that a rule-based approach is more explanatory of the phenomena.


Abstract.  The efficacy against mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of a bednet treated with carbamate insecticide [carbosulfan capsule suspension (CS) 200 mg/m2] was compared with four types of pyrethroid‐treated nets in veranda‐trap huts at Yaokoffikro near Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire, where the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles carries the kdr gene (conferring pyrethroid resistance) at high frequency and Culex quinquefasciatus Say is also pyrethroid resistant. Pyrethroids compared were lambdacyhalothrin CS 18 mg/m2, alphacypermethrin water dispersible granules (WG) 20 mg/m2, deltamethrin 50 mg/m2 (Permanet™) and permethrin emulsifiable concentrate (EC) 500 mg/m2. Insecticidal power and personal protection from mosquito bites were assessed before and after the nets were used for 8 months and hand washed five times in cold soapy water. Before washing, all treatments except permethrin significantly reduced blood‐feeding and all had significant insecticidal activity against An. gambiae. The carbosulfan net gave significantly higher killing of An. gambiae than all pyrethroid treatments except the Permanet. Against Culex spp., carbosulfan was more insecticidal and gave a significantly better protective effect than any of the pyrethroid treatments. After washing, treated nets retained various degrees of efficacy against both mosquito genera – but least for the carbosulfan net. Washed nets with three types of pyrethroid treatment (alphacypermethrin, lambdacyhalothrin, permethrin) gave significantly higher mortality rates of Culex than in huts with the same pyrethroid‐treated nets before washing. After five washes, the Permanet™, which is sold as a long‐lasting insecticidal product, performed no better than the other nets in our experimental conditions.


Depression among the elderly is associated with very high morbidity and suicide rates. In view of the fact that this cohort of patients often have concomitant psychosocial and biomedical health concerns it would be of interest to determine the risk factors for developing this debilitating illness. Objective: To determine the risk factors for depressive illness among elderly patients attending the GOPD of UPTH. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 elderly GOPD attendees at UPTH, Nigeria. The respondents completed a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire containing the Geriatric Depression Scale (a depression screening tool). Results: The male to female ratio was 1:1.5. Most of the patients fell into the 65-69 year age group. The men were significantly more educated than the women. 42 (28%) of the patients were found to be depressed. 34 (80.9%) of them were female. This difference was statistically significant. In addition, older age groups, urban dwelling (especially with children), poor family support, marital disharmony, widowhood, bereavement, poor educational background and low social status were found to be risk factors for depressive illness in the elderly. Prior history of depression, stressful life events, regular usage of antidepressant drugs, antihypertensives, antidiabetic and anti oncotic agents were also found to be risk factors. Ironically, unemployment and living alone were not found to be risk factors.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between factor V Leiden mutation and cerebral venous thrombosis in China.

METHODS
20 patients and 50 controls of Chinese origin were studied by polymerase chain reaction followed by Mnl I restriction enzyme analysis.

RESULTS
The PCR products of all the people supervised were digested to three segments with the length of 37 bp, 67 bp, and 116 bp. No factor V Leiden mutation was found in any subjects.

CONCLUSION
Factor V Leiden mutation is not a crucial risk factor of cerebral venous thrombosis.


In self-supervised learning, a model is trained to solve a pretext task, using a data set whose annotations are created by a machine. The objective is to transfer the trained weights to perform a downstream task in the target domain. We critically examine the most notable pretext tasks to extract features from image data and further go on to conduct experiments on resource constrained networks, which aid faster experimentation and deployment. We study the performance of various self-supervised techniques keeping all other parameters uniform. We study the patterns that emerge by varying model type, size and amount of pre-training done for the backbone as well as establish a standard to compare against for future research. We also conduct comprehensive studies to understand the quality of representations learned by different architectures.


A morphological and histological study was performed on the digestive system of Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an important economic pest in southern Chile. This species has a typical digestive system for most insects, being similar in males and females, but longer in the latter, being twice the length of the insect. The digestive system is a long tube of variable diameter, divided into three regions: foregut, midgut and hindgut. From the histological point of view, it presents epithelium tissue features similar to the one described for other species, and externally it has a muscle tissue with no differences between males and females. Nevertheless, it shows features which differ either in other weevils or in beetles such as: absence of crop, the location and number of gastric caeca, presence of peritrophic membrane, and absence of a rectal pad.


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Distance bounding protocols are secure protocols to determine an upper bound to the distance between two devices. These protocols have shown to be useful for many tasks, from proximity verification to secure positioning. Unfortunately, real distance bounding protocols hardly fulfill the claimed property. Attacks at the PHY layer may cause significant reductions on the estimated upper bound. These attacks can be mitigated, not eliminated, by changing the receiver architecture and the PHY layer. Every distance bounding protocol is thus non-ideal. In this paper, we study the impact of non-ideal distance bounding on the reliability of secure positioning techniques. We show that a reduction of 10 meters, which is possible against a real PHY layer, allows the adversary to falsify a position of 21 meters. We also propose two countermeasures to mitigate the problem, and then estimate their efficacy by simulations.


IN 1986, THE FRENCH PRESIDENT FRANÇOIS MITTERRAND reminded us that neutralism in Germany was not just a simple reaction to political facts but a very complex constant in recent German history. Is the idea of a neutral Germany or of two neutral German states of any political importance today? Are there still supporters for neutrality in Central Europe? Would it not be normal for some people to think in those terms? In today's relatively tension-free period of East-West relations, the fact may be overlooked that the German situation remains exceptional and that the Germans have a burden to carry which other nations do not have. The Federal Republic of Germany does not have full freedom of choice like for instance, Norway, which is a member of NATO without being a member of the EC, or Ireland which is an EC-member without belonging to NATO. What is considered as a normal option for any other nation might not be permitted for the Germans. Thus the frontline state at the frontier of the two world ideologies cannot claim normal freedom of action.


BACKGROUND
The latissimus dorsi flap is a reliable and one of the most commonly used methods of both immediate and delayed breast reconstruction. Its disadvantage is the limited volume of transferred tissue. The authors present their experience with the use of extended latissimus dorsi flap associated with immediate fat grafting into the pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscles for secondary breast reconstruction.

METHODS
From 2013 to 2016, 14 patients underwent secondary unilateral total breast reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi flap associated with primary fat grafting into the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles. Fat was injected under visual control between muscle fibers. Fat injected into the pectoralis muscle formed an apparent bulging - autoprosthesis.

RESULTS
Mean patient age was 48.2 years (range, 34 to 64 years). Mean injected fat volume was 86.4 ml (range, 50 to 160 ml) and majority of this volume was injected into the pectoralis muscle. All flaps healed uneventfully and no fat grafting-related complications were observed. The most common complication was donor site seroma, which occurred in 57.1%. Results of postoperative ultrasound examination were evaluated. Incidence and the size of oil cysts and fat necroses were significantly lower in muscular layer in comparison with the subcutaneous layer of the reconstructed breast.

CONCLUSIONS
Immediate fat transfer into the pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscle increases the breast volume during the reconstruction with extended latissimus dorsi flap avoiding implant-related complications when abdominal tissue is not available. Pectoralis and latissimus dorsi muscles were shown as reliable and safe recipients for fat grafting.


Abstract Enzymatic syntheses of cefaclor by immobilized penicillin acylase under kinetic control were carried out. According to the initial reaction rate ratio of synthesis to hydrolysis (Vs/Vh), penicillin acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis was chosen as the suitable catalyst for the synthesis of cefaclor. The reaction conditions, such as temperature, pH, and substrate concentration were investigated based on their Vs/Vh values. In the process of preparing cefaclor, in situ product removal (ISPR) and acyl donor feeding were used to achieve high yield. At the optimal conditions, the yield of cefaclor was 90%. In addition, the product were separated and purified, the total yield of cefaclor was 61%.


Sophisticated agents operating in open environments must make complex real-time control decisions on scheduling and coordination of domain activities. These decisions are made in the context of limited resources and uncertainty about outcomes of activities. Many efficient architectures and algorithms that support these control activities have been developed and studied. However, none of these architectures explicitly reason about the consumption of time and other resources by control activities, which may degrade an agent's performance. The question of how to sequence domain and control activities without consuming too many resources in the process, is the meta-level control problem for a resource-bounded rational agent. The focus of this research is to provide effective allocation of computation and improved performance of individual agents in a cooperative multi-agent system. This is done by approximating the ideal solution to meta-level decisions made by these agents using reinforcement learning methods. Our approach is to design and build a meta-level control framework with bounded computational overhead. This framework will support decisions on when to accept, delay or reject a new task, when it is appropriate to negotiate with another agent, whether to renegotiate when a negotiation task fails and how much effort to put into scheduling when reasoning about a new task. The major contributions of this work will be: a resource-bounded framework that supports detailed reasoning about scheduling and coordination costs; a scheduling paradigm that can support parameters to control scheduling effort, horizon and slack; and a simulation environment for testing and comparing the performance of agents.


In this paper, the full wave simulation of a 2‐D Luneburg lens is reported, using the Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA). To stabilize the MLFMA at low frequencies, it is augmented with a normalized plane‐wave method, yielding a fully broadband solver. To test the proposed method, the Luneburg lens is partitioned into concentric shells with a constant permittivity, resulting in a complex simulation target that consists of multiple embedded dielectric objects. The numerical results are in good agreement with the analytical solutions for both the continuous and discretized lens.


Objective — to study the effectiveness of the method of treating onychomycosis using only local agents in patients suffering from psoriasis and having contraindications to the use of systemic antifungal agents.
Materials and methods. The study involved 52 patients with psoriasis and lesions of the nail plates, aged 21 to 67 years. The duration of the disease was from 1 to 27 years.To verify the fungal infection of the nail plates, a microscopic examination of nail scales with 20 % KOH and molecular genetic studies using pan-fungal primers were carried out.Among 52 examined patients with psoriasis who had clinical signs of lesions of the nail plates, there were 37 people with mycotic infection lesions of the nail plates.Due to the somatic burden, the use of systemic antifungal agents was contraindicated. Treatment of onychomycosis in such patients was carried out using only local therapy and sanitary-hygienic measures. As a topical antifungal therapy, 1 % solution and 1 % cream of naftifine hydrochloride were prescribed in combination with drugs that improve the structure of the nail plates (Volvit, 5 mg once a day and Cytoflavin, 2 tablets 2 times a day for 1.5 months).
Results and discussion. 1 month after the beginning of the use of the proposed method for the treatment of nail fungal infection in case of psoriasis of the scales of the nail plates, mycelium and fungal spores were absent in 6 (16.2 %) patients with distal lesions of the nail plates. After 4 months of treatment they were absent in 16 (43.4 %) patients with distal-lateral lesions of the nail plates, after 6 months — in 21 (56.7 %) patients, after 9 months — in 26 (70.2 %) patients.
Conclusions. The proposed complex method is quite effective and of higher priority for the treatment of onychomycosis in patients with comorbid conditions that make it impossible to treat a fungal infection with systemic antimycotics.


Mixed-ligand complexes of copper(ii) with thienoyltrifluoroacetonate (TTA-H), 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), and tetramethylethylenediamine (tmen), associated with counter ions such as Cl−, and NO3− have been synthesized and characterized by molar conductance measurements, elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity assay studies, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The UV-Vis spectra and crystal structures are consistent with the adoption of square pyramidal geometry for all of the complexes except [Cu(TTA)tmen]NO3 and [Cu(TTA)2tmen] which have square planar and octahedral geometries, respectively. Conductance measurements of the mixed-ligand complexes indicated that they were all non-electrolytes, with the ligands and anions being coordinated to Cu except [Cu(TTA)tmen]NO3 which is a 1 : 1 electrolyte. All of the complexes were moderately active on all the fungi tested (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Rhizopus stolonifer) except [Cu(TTA)bipyCl] which showed increased activity in Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. All of the compounds tested showed LC50 values greater than 100 with [Cu(TTA)(phen)NO3] being the least toxic of the compounds. Molecular geometries of the complexes were optimized at the PBE1PBE/def2SVP and PBE1PBE/6-311g(d,p) level of theory and the results were compared with the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Electronic properties such as HOMO, LUMO, HOMO–LUMO gaps and global reactivity descriptors are reported at the PBE1PBE/6-311g(d,p) level of theory. Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to investigate the cooperative non-covalent supramolecular interactions within the various complexes.


ABSTRACT Well-being has emerged as the new 'green' for buildings thought to reward occupiers, property owners, developers and other concerned actors. The new assessment tools for well-being are seen as the next step of currently widely used 'traditional' sustainability tools. However, a lack of knowledge globally about these tools, their compatibility and general adoption in the market due to the newness of the topic inspired this study. In the research, we aim at developing a deeper understanding of the well-being and social sustainability perspective as an innovation in relation to the built environment. The study consists of a literature review, a desktop study of sustainability and well-being rating tools and a qualitative interview data-based research on stakeholders' position regarding the WELL-certificate adoption in the market. Lastly, the conclusions are drawn based on the results of empirical and desktop study. The results of this research benefit the scientific community by providing a better understanding of the well-being approach in the market and points out the areas of interest for further research. Practitioners can benefit from a deeper understanding of market adoption of well-being assessment tools and the development of sustainability concept in the built environment.


reconstruction. The latter is preferred, to facilitate reinspection for residual disease, if necessary. Canal wall repairs require reconstruction of a stable and durable, precisely shaped and fitted support layer, healthy overlying skin and a vascular intermediate layer to nourish the skin and protect the support layer. This presentation demonstrates the use of titanium sheeting in this role, in conjuction with the middle temporal flap, whiach has been the basis for optimal long term success. The surgery employs six phases;


In recent years, a class of dictionaries have been proposed for multidimensional (tensor) data representation that exploit the structure of tensor data by imposing a Kronecker structure on the dictionary underlying the data. In this work, a novel algorithm called "STARK" is provided to learn Kronecker structured dictionaries that can represent tensors of any order. By establishing that the Kronecker product of any number of matrices can be rearranged to form a rank-1 tensor, we show that Kronecker structure can be enforced on the dictionary by solving a rank-1 tensor recovery problem. Because rank-1 tensor recovery is a challenging nonconvex problem, we resort to solving a convex relaxation of this problem. Empirical experiments on synthetic and real data show promising results for our proposed algorithm.


Abstract Kadereit, G., Hohmann, S. & Kadereit, J. W.: A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of Beta. — Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 9–19. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36101 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) A synopsis of the phylogeny and systematics of subfamily Betoideae of the Chenopodiaceae is provided and a modified subfamilial classification proposed. Betoideae contain five or six genera, i.e. Beta, Patellifolia, Aphanisma, Oreobliton and Hablitzia. The inclusion of Acroglochin in Betoideae is not clearly resolved by molecular evidence. The five genera (excl. Acroglochin) fall into two clades. These are Beteae with Beta only, and Hablitzieae with the remaining four genera. Of these four genera, Patellifolia formerly has been regarded as a section of Beta (B. sect. Procumbentes). The closer relationship of Patellifolia to Hablitzieae rather than to Beta is supported not only by molecular but also by flower morphological characters. Molecular evidence, in part newly generated, suggests that Beta can be divided into two well-supported groups. These are B. sect. Corollinae and B. sect. Beta. The often recognized unispecific B. sect. Nanae should be included in B. sect. Corollinae. In B. sect. Beta, probably only two species, B. macrocarpa and B. vulgaris, should be recognized.


Online game addiction could give negative impacts on children in many ways such as physical health, learning and behavior. These impacts could lead to a reduction in children's development in the aspects of physical, psychological, emotional and social development. Online game addiction is mainly caused by psychological problem, family or, social factors, and is mostly found in children and youth at the age of 15 – 24 years. Due to the fact that there is an increase in number of addicted gamers every year, therefore, in this research we explored the effect of education on online game addiction of children and youth in Thailand by analyzing mathematical model in the form of  PAQtQp model. Mathematical program has been used for numerical analysis in this model and the basic reproduction number is calculated. Our results show that an education by giving awareness of how games would give negative effects to children's lives could reduce a number of addicted online gamers. Hence, this could lead to an approach to control or reduce number of online game addiction in Thailand.


In the frame of the theory of weak turbulence the propagation of electron beams is considered. Using the smallness of quasilinear time transition from kinetic equations to gas-dynamic ones has been done. The obtained gas-dynamic equations are solved for one, two and N monoenergetic beams. It is shown that each beam generally propagates as a beam-plasma structure consisting of electrons and Langmuir waves. Interaction of the structures at their propagation leads to electron exchange and spatial shape changing. Different situations are discussed in dependence on initial beam velocities and densities.


Abstract : Snow samples from five 50-ft (15.2-m) deep holes, augered adjacent to the west side of DEW Line Station Dye-2 in Greenland, were investigated for density and unconfined compressive strength. Forty-two percent of the recovered cores were tested. Ninety-three percent of the samples tested had a length/diameter ratio greater than 2:1. The loading rate was 2 in./min (51 mm/min). Sample end-effects appeared to influence a high percentage of the failures. The heavily disturbed nature of the materials is evidenced in the widely scattered values of density and strength with depth. A minimum and maximum strength value of 31 psi (0.21 MPa) and 1065 psi (7.34 MPa) respectively were obtained from a hole located 50 ft (15.2 m) from the structure. Using an approach similar to that used prior to the DYE-3 move in 1976, a safety factor exceeding 6.5 is obtained against a brittle bearing failure based on a maximum footing design load of 2000 lb/sq ft (96 kPa). (Author)


Communication is an important part of organizational management activities and management behavior. In human resource management, effective communication plays an extremely important role. Human resources as one of the most critical resources of enterprises, the effectiveness of management is directly related to the survival and development of enterprises. Communication is the process of communication and transmission of information, effective communication is an important magic weapon for each enterprise to gain competitive advantage and success. This paper summarizes the important position and function of communication in enterprise human resource management, and puts forward the basic viewpoints and suggestions on how to establish the management communication mode from the perspective of human resource management.