Online data stream mining is one of the most important issues in data mining. Identifying the recent knowledge can provide valuable information for the analysis of the data stream. In this paper, we proposed an one-pass data stream mining algorithm to mine the recent frequent itemsets in data streams with a sliding window basing on transactions. To reduce the cost of time and memory needed to slide the windows, each items is denoted a bit-sequence representations. Basing on a priori property, this kind of representations can find frequent items in data streams efficiently. We named this method MRFI-SW (mining recent frequent itemsets by sliding window) algorithm. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm not only attains highly accurate mining result, but also consumes less memory than existing algorithms for mining frequent itemsets over recent data streams.


Pronunciation is a key element of the learning of oral skills in a second language. The role it plays in an English language program varies and the amount of time and effort devoted to it seems to depend to a large degree on the linguistic models and environment (Willing, 1988). The study examined the accuracy in the production of the selected English vowel sounds among the pioneering Disc Jockeys of Cool FM, Marawi City, in the year 2004. Moreover, it attempted to find the relatedness in the respondents' oral performances and in their educational status, length of work experience as a DJ, and exposure to the language outside being a DJ. Three selected faculty members from the English Department of CSSH were consulted to evaluate the oral performances of the respondents. Results showed that high educational status did not affect the respondents' performances in vowel sound production. Respondents with short work experience as DJs could perform better on the oral test. Respondents who had exposures to the English language outside being a DJ performed better on the oral test. Furthermore, teachers and foreigners were cited as good linguistic models that were described as highly influential in the performances of the respondents.


This project explores how the ability to ask informative questions changes during development. We hypothesized an intrinsic link between the ability to update beliefs given evidence and the ability to ask informative questions. To study the developmental trajectory of this behavior, five to ten-year-old children played an iPad game asking them to identify a hidden bug. Learners could either ask about individual bugs, or make a series of feature queries (e.g., "Does the hidden bug have antenna?") that more efficiently narrow the hypothesis space. The iPad display either assisted children with updating their beliefs or required them to update themselves. We analyze the relationship between belief updating and information seeking behavior as a function of age, along with how their strategies for acquiring information change. The broader context of the work is to better understand how to structure informal science exhibits in ways that are developmentally appropriate.


Lithobius (Ezembius) polyommatus sp. n. and Lithobius (Ezembius) dulanensis sp. n. discovered from Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China, are described. The two new species are morphologically similar, but could be distinguished by having mostly 12 ocelli other than 14 ocelli, anterior accessory spur absent versus present on legs 14, dorsal sulci on male 14th legs absent versus present and dorsal lateral setae short, only the largest as stout as the general setae instead of only long setae on the second article of the female gonopod. A key to the Chinese species of Ezembius is presented.


The School of 'Abbasid Studies, originally founded as a co-operative venture by scholars at the Universities of St. Andrews and Glasgow in Scotland during the 1980s, is a joint enterprise involving the Universities of St. Andrews, Cambridge and Leuven. It aims to promote, foster and cultivate the academic study of the 'Abbasid dynasty. This book contains the papers delivered by a distinguished array of leading scholars at a meeting of the School of 'Abbasid Studies at the Catholic University of Leuven from 28 June until 1 July 2004. It provides a fully contemporary insight into the cutting edge of 'Abbasid Studies.


A transceiver structure for MIMO systems that comprises linear/non-linear precoding/decoding is optimized according to the MMSE criterion under the assumption that only long-term channel state information (or LT-CSI, i.e., fading channel and noise correlation matrices) is available at the transmitter. The structure generalizes different techniques known from the literature, such as BLAST, linear precoding and decoding and Tomlinson-Harashima precoding. Performance comparison of these known techniques and the proposed scheme, carried out by means of simulations, shows that relevant benefits can be obtained by taking advantage of LT-CSI at the transmitter.


The industrialization of agriculture and efforts to maximize yields of commodity crops are major drivers of biodiversity loss and disruption of ecosystems balance. To become more sustainable, agriculture needs to be aligned with the delivery of multiple ecosystem services, and reduce its dependency on external inputs and its negative environmental impacts. Increasing crop diversity may be a key strategy to promote multiple benefits and enhance the sustainable development of agroecosystems. More specifically, introducing crop diversification practices such as intercropping, cover crops, or diversified crop rotations may allow for efficient use of resources and enable the synergies of ecosystems processes and functions. In this thesis, I combined theoretical approaches and scientific methods along several scales to assess the sustainability of diversified cropping systems and increase the knowledge of complex cropping systems. The studies include a systematic review, field experiments, farmer interviews, sustainability assessments, and landscape analysis. I found that increasing crop diversity at field, farm, and landscape scales may enable synergies in these agroecosystems without causing yield reductions. Further, crop diversification showed promising effects on nutrient-use efficiency, reduced risk of nutrient losses and promoting associated biodiversity, thereby ensuring environmental sustainability and increasing the resilience of these diversified cropping systems. However, there are still several socio-economic factors that cause disadvantages in these diversified systems, demonstrating the need for increasing policy support or higher market demand for food produced in diversified cropping systems. The findings of this thesis support that increased crop diversity across spatial and temporal scales can contribute to resource-efficient production and enhance the delivery of ecosystem services, thus contributing to more sustainable cropping systems.


This article examines knowledge concerning cases of child sexual abuse involving an international element or use of the internet – risks to children that have received widespread official attention only in the last few years. In particular, it draws upon the authors' ongoing research, other (completed) research and the wider literature to establish what is known about these cases in terms of their extent and nature, and their implications for policy and practice.


We perform a stacking analysis of Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) data in order to obtain isothermal dust temperatures and rest-frame luminosities at 250 μm (L_250), for a well-defined sample of 1599 radio sources over the H-ATLAS Phase 1/Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) area. The radio sample is generated using a combination of NRAO VLA Sky Survey data and K-band United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Deep Sky Survey–Large Area Survey data, over the redshift range 0.01 < z < 0.8. The far-infrared (FIR) properties of the sample are investigated as a function of 1.4-GHz luminosity, redshift, projected radio-source size and radio spectral index. In order to search for stellar-mass-dependent relations, we split the parent sample into those sources which are below and above 1.5 L∗_(K).

After correcting for stellar mass and redshift, we find no relation between the 250-μm luminosity and the 1.4-GHz radio luminosity of radio active galactic nuclei. This implies that a galaxy's nominal radio luminosity has little or no bearing on the star formation rate (SFR) and/or dust mass content of the host system, although this does not mean that other variables (e.g. radio source size) related to the jets do not have an effect. The L_250 of both the radio detected and non-radio-detected galaxies (defined as those sources not detected at 1.4 GHz but detected in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey with r′ 30 kpc) counterparts. The higher dust temperature suggests that this may be attributed to enhanced SFRs in compact radio galaxies, but whether this is directly or indirectly due to radio activity (e.g. jet-induced or merger-driven star formation) is as yet unknown.

For matched samples in L_K and g′–r′, sub-1.5 L∗_K and super-1.5 L∗_K radio-detected galaxies have 0.89±0.18 and 0.49±0.12 times the 250 μm luminosity of their non-radio-detected counterparts. Thus, while no difference in L_250 is observed in sub-1.5 L∗_K radio-detected galaxies, a strong deficit is observed in super-1.5 L∗_K radio-detected galaxies. We explain these results in terms of the hotter, denser and richer halo environments massive radio galaxies maintain and are embedded in. These environments are expected to quench the cold gas and dust supply needed for further star formation and therefore dust production. Our results indicate that all massive radio galaxies (>1.5 L∗_K) may have systematically lower FIR luminosities (∼25 per cent) than their colour-matched non-radio-detected counterparts. Finally, no relation between radio spectral index and L_250 is found for the subset of 1.4-GHz radio sources with detections at 330 MHz.


Two hours after the intraduodenal administration of carbon tetrachloride to rats, a decrease in the adrenal epinephrine level was detected, with a concomitant increase in serum epinephrine level. A simultaneous rise in liver phosphorylase activity and blood glucose concentration was seen. Two hours later these values all had returned to normal. Depletion of liver glycogen and increase in serum transaminase were noted 7 hr after CCl4 administration. Ergotamine could diminish the depletion of glycogen but had no effect on transaminase activity. Phenoxybenzamine did not inhibit liver glycogen depletion, but significantly decreased the transminase activity. Both antiadrenergic drugs were injected 1 hr after CCl4 administration. These results indicate that release of epinephrine due to the administration of CCl4 occurs much earlier than the 20-hr period previously reported. Decrease in the resultant depletion of glycogen had no effect on the increase in liver damage.


The material presents a real problem inherent in the management of computer systems, namely that of finding the appropriate system settings and thus being able to achieve the expected performance. The material also presents a prototype which aims to adapt the system in such a way as to achieve the objective, defined as the application efficiency. The prototype uses a resource-oriented mechanism that is built into the OS Workload Manager and is focused on a proposed goal-oriented subsystem based on fuzzy logic, managing resources to make the best use of them, and pursuing translation to the use of system resources, including nondeterministic technology-related factors such as duration of allocation and release of the resources, sharing the resources with the uncapped mode, and the errors of performance measurement.


A taxonomic review of the dwarf species of the genus Eumicrotremus (Actinopterygii: Cottoidei: Cyclopteridae), previously recognized as belonging to Lethotremus , established the existence of three species, viz. Eumicrotremus awae (Jordan and Snyder, 1902), Eumicrotremus uenoi sp. nov., and Eumicrotremus jindoensis sp. nov., from the western North Pacific. Eumicrotremus awae , known from the Pacific coast of Honshu Is. (Chiba southward to Mie), is characterized by the absence of spiny tubercles or fleshy papillae on the body, the anterior three mandibular pores each with a barbel-like tube, interorbital and suborbital pores usually absent, the opercular flap rounded, many papillae present on the ventral disk and the caudal-fin relatively short, 21.0–30.5% of SL (standard length). Eumicrotremus uenoi , known from the western coast of Honshu Is. and the southern coast of Korean Peninsula, is characterized by the absence of spiny tubercles or fleshy papillae on the body (or weak if present), the anterior three mandibular pores each with a barbel-like tube, interorbital and suborbital pores usually present, the opercular flap rounded, the ventral disk with many papillae and the caudal-fin relatively short, 19.5–31.4% of SL. Eumicrotremus jindoensis , known from the southwestern coast of Korean Peninsula, and the coasts of Yellow Sea, is characterized by a smooth soft body, triangular opercular flap, absence of papillae on the ventral disk and a long caudal fin, 32.7–42.1% of SL. Sequence variations of the mictochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) and the nuclear myh6 genes supported the validity of the three species.


Schoenberg's songs and recitations—tonal, atonal, and serial—can be understood by the perceiver as elaborating two kinds of framework, the musical idea and the basic image. The musical idea generally comprises an opposition of elements, an elaboration of that opposition, and an ultimate resolution. The basic image translates a visual image of some kind into a musical shape, which then serves as a starting point for further development. This article shows how the motivic and harmonic structures of two atonal works—Song 11 of Das Buch der hängenden Gärten, Op. 15, and "Nacht" from Pierrot Lunaire, Op. 21—can be heard as growing out of, respectively, a complete idea and a basic image, and how these frameworks and their motivic/ A MUSIC-THEORETICAL MATRIX: ESSAYS IN HONOR OF ALLEN FORTE (PART I) GAMUT 2/1 (2009) 266 harmonic elaborations parallel the structure and meaning of the texts. Since the article's insights about harmonic elements and relations are presented using the language of pitch-class set theory, the article also demonstrates ways in which Schoenberg's notions of coherence intersect with conventional models of pitch-class set coherence. This article is part of a special, serialized feature: A Music-Theoretical Matrix: Essays in Honor of Allen Forte (Part I).


We provide an abstract framework for the study of certain spectral properties of parabolic systems; specifically, we determine under which general conditions to expect the presence of absolutely continuous spectral measures. We use these general conditions to derive results for spectral properties of time-changes of unipotent flows on homogeneous spaces of semisimple groups regarding absolutely continuous spectrum as well as maximal spectral type; the time-changes of the horocycle flow are special cases of this general category of flows. In addition we use the general conditions to derive spectral results for twisted horocycle flows and to rederive certain spectral results for skew products over translations and Furstenberg transformations.


This paper offers a framework for design research that invites civic participation in the construction of place, and aims to reignite the conversation Nigel Cross raised in 1971 as a part of the first proceeding of the Design Research Society, calling on a need for user participation and intentional boundary-crossing. The need for new methods is no more evident than in the field of urban design. As global populations are migrating at unprecedented rates, new and different ideas and cultures are integrating and colliding at a high velocity. Additionally, the digital tools we use to understand and navigate urban environments as physical place, cultural space and social territory offer a new "place" and opportunities to rethink the role of the planner and designer in the process. This paper introduces the basis for novel forms of participatory design research that build on elements of placemaking, participatory design, co-creation and critical action to engage in a mutually critical and evaluative process between designers and users through the mapping process.


Based on the great thickness of coal seam in Tashan Mine, narrow pillar mining technology was adopted to liberate more coal resources from coal pillars. In this paper, the research status of narrow pillar technology was analyzed, and the main problems of the narrow pillar mining technique were solved by theory research. The method and technical route of this study was offered in final. The results have great reference value to the fully mechanized sublevel caving with great mining height in similar conditions.


The recent period of high and volatile world food commodity prices has spurred many discussions initiatives and proposals for market regulation and enhancements. This has been of particular concern to the Net Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDCs), especially the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) among them. The paper suggests that the main concerns of these countries involve market unpredictability, uncertainty about contract enforcement in periods of crisis, and financial constraints in importing food staples. A review of the appropriate policies to deal with risks of NFIDCS reveals that there are several policies that have been proposed, which if implemented at international level could alleviate the concerns of NFIDCs. However, a review of actions and initiatives taken at the highest international levels reveals that while the rhetoric has been there, the actual actions and financing for them have been short of the objectives. On the other hand considerable legislative activity in the US and the EU has aimed at curbing excess speculation in derivatives markets under the assumption that these markets are the main cause of market upheavals, something, however, that has not been scientifically confirmed. It thus seems that there is still a lot to be done to insure NFIDCs against market food commodity market shocks and volatility.


We investigate the impact of a horizontal merger between two competitors on their incentives to develop new products. We show that a merger raises the incentives to innovate if and only if the merged entity's incremental gain from a second innovation is larger than the individual profit of an innovator when both firms innovate in the nomerger scenario. Applying this result to the Hotelling model, we find that a merger spurs innovation and can be beneficial to consumers if the degree of product differentiation is positive but not too high.


Abstract Although fire exclusion is thought to be linked with declining plant diversity in oak forests, few studies have examined long-term changes in their shrub and ground layers resulting from repeated burning. In this study, we compare the composition and structure of woody understory and ground layer vegetation in burned and unburned oak forest after 17 years of annual dormant season low-intensity burns. Over time, burned forest had 97% reduction of shrubs and small saplings, but only 38% loss of stems in the > 5–10 cm size class. Canopy openness was similar in burned and unburned forest plots prior to the onset of burning, but it was significantly greater in burned forest after 17 years of fire. Ground layer vegetation structure also changed significantly, with responses differing by guilds. Spring herbs were the dominant guild before burning and did not change over time. However, cover and abundance of summer herbs increased over time in burned forest, probably in response to greater light assimilation under the more open canopy. This resulted in greater overall species richness in burned plots without loss of the spring herbs. Burning eliminated most alien shrubs, although common buckthorn persisted in small numbers. The alien herb garlic mustard also persisted and had greater abundance in burned plots, apparently by re-colonizing from unburned micro-habitats and adjacent forest. These results indicate that long-term burning can eliminate shrub and small sapling canopy cover, thereby increasing canopy openness and promoting greater richness and cover of summer forbs. Fire also probably had a positive effect on seedling establishment through removal of litter. Resulting tradeoffs to this gain in diversity include loss of native vines, shrubs, understory trees and forest interior bird habitat, as well as persistence of alien plants.


Anisotropic materials with layered structure, like MoS2 and WSe2, play an important role in a number of technologies. Some of these applications (lubrication, photovoltaics) require polycrystalline films oriented with their c axis perpendicular to the substrate surface (type‐II texture), which is the thermodynamically favorable texture. However, films with the substrate ∥c (type‐I texture) are usually obtained. We report that an ultrathin ( 2, or InSe disentangle the growth mode of the film from the underlying amorphous substrate, and hence, WSe2 films with a perfect type‐II texture and crystallites at least a few mm2 large are obtained at temperatures as low as 700 °C (van der Waals rheotaxy–vdWR). The mechanism for this growth mode is proposed.


The tuberculosis (TB) vaccine bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) prevents disseminated childhood TB; however, it fails to protect against the more prevalent pulmonary TB. Limited understanding of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB, has hindered development of improved vaccines. Although memory CD4 T cells are considered the main mediators of protection against TB, recent studies suggest there are other key subsets that contribute to antimycobacterial immunity. To that end, innate cells may be involved in the protective response. In this study, we investigated the primary response of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) to BCG exposure. Using a murine model, we showed that ILCs increased in number in the lungs and lymph nodes in response to BCG vaccination. Additionally, there was significant production of the antimycobacterial cytokine IFN‐γ by ILCs. As ILCs are located at mucosal sites, it was investigated whether mucosal vaccination (intranasal) stimulated an enhanced response compared to the traditional vaccination approach (intradermal or subcutaneous). Indeed, in response to intranasal vaccination, the number of ILCs, and IFN‐γ production in NK cells and ILC1s in the lungs and lymph nodes, were higher than that provoked through intradermal or subcutaneous vaccination. This work provides the first evidence that BCG vaccination activates ILCs, paving the way for future research to elucidate the protective potential of ILCs against mycobacterial infection. Additionally, the finding that lung ILCs respond rigorously to mucosal vaccination may have implications for the delivery of novel TB vaccines.


A team of geneticists reports on page
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 some of the first hard evidence that the cellular power plants called mitochondria deteriorate as people age. The team found that mutations in the 16,500-base mitochondrial genome accumulate with time and in a particularly important region: a 1000-base segment that controls the genome9s replication. Although some scientists are not convinced that mitochondrial changes bring about aging by themselves, the new results have researchers on aging taking a fresh look at the mitochondria.


Dasiphora fruticosa (basionym Potentilla fruticosa) is a shrub, known in traditional medicine for centuries. Due to the wide range of pharmacological effects, interest and applications of D. fruticosa extracts are continually increasing; however, reports on optimization of extraction conditions are scarce. Herein, a multi-step high-pressure extraction process with increasing polarity solvents was developed to isolate valuable fractions from D. fruticosa leaves. Supercritical CO2 extraction recovered 2.46 g/100 g of lipophilic fraction, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Further, pressurized liquid extractions (PLE) with acetone, ethanol, and water were applied to obtain antioxidant-rich higher polarity extracts. Under optimized PLE conditions, the cumulative polar fraction yield was 29.98 g/100 g. Ethanol fraction showed the highest yield (15.3 g/100 g), TPC values (148.4 mg GAE/g), ABTS•+, and DPPH• scavenging capacity (161.1 and 151.8 mg TE/g, respectively). PLE was more efficient than conventional solid–liquid extraction in terms of extraction time, extract yields, and in vitro antioxidant capacity. Phytochemical characterization of PLE extracts by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS revealed the presence of hyperoside, ellagic acid, among other health beneficial phenolic substances. Τhis study highlights the potential of high-pressure extraction techniques to isolate antioxidant-rich fractions from D. fruticosa leaves with multipurpose applications, including the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases.


Amidst increasingly equality in belief and in practice between the sexes, we ask if height preferences still matter, and if so, why people say they matter. First, we collected data from Yahoo! dating personal advertisements. Second, we used answers to open-ended questions in an online survey. The Yahoo! data document that height is still important in decisions to date but that it is more important to females than to males. Results from the online survey indicate that women wanted tall men for a variety of reasons, but most of the explanations of our respondents were connected to societal expectations or gender stereotypes. Gender-based legitimation of height preferences seem to be more central than evolutionary-based legitimation, but future work may discover a more nuanced interpretation.


Meteorology is a challenging physical science that is ever more important in the modern day world. Weather satellites have been a component in many aspects of both meteorological operations and research—and provide an interesting means of teaching some physical science. They can be used to enliven the basic theory of orbits, to illustrate the environmental 'utility' of sensing both solar and terrestrial radiation (including some radiation laws), to exemplify the theoretical and practical spatial resolution of optical systems, and to illuminate the nature and role of physical processes within the atmosphere. In addition, their data form a very important basis for monitoring global change through time and space averaging of various radiative fluxes.


Although it is not their fault, Shors & Matzel's attempt to review the LTP and learning hypothesis suffers from there being no clear published statement of the idea. Their summary of relevant evidence is not without error, however, and it oversimplifies fundamental issues relating to NMDA receptor function. Their attentional hypothesis is intriguing but requires a better systems-level understanding of how attention contributes to cognitive function.


This case study by Dr. John1 demonstrates the care that one must take in programming an implantable cardioverter defibrillator, the complexity of these patients and the utility of the internal diagnostics in the system to facilitate the physician's understanding of device behavior. Even the single chamber ICDs have SVT discrimination algorithms that can be enabled in an effort to differentiate SVT from VT allowing the device to withhold ATP and shock therapy in the setting of an SVT. Many physicians, myself included, will initially utilize these discriminators in a monitoring mode preferring to deliver unnecessary therapy rather than inappropriately withholding needed therapy. This also provides an opportunity to better understand all the rhythms that may be occurring in a patient, many of which may not have been appreciated prior to the implant. After one or more SVT episodes have occurred and the clinician has a chance to review the stored electrograms (first introduced by Ventritex) along with the response of the device to any discriminators, a decision can be made as to how the ICD prescription might be adjusted.


The adaptation of biological species to their environment depends on their traits. When various biological processes occur (survival, reproduction, migration, etc.), the trait distribution may change with respect to time and space. In the context of invasions, when considering the evolution of a heritable trait that encodes the dispersive ability of individuals, the trait distribution develops a particular spatial structure that leads to the acceleration of the front propagation. That phenomenon is known as spatial sorting. Many biological examples can be cited like the bush cricket in Britain, the cane toad invasion in Australia or the common myna one in South Africa. Adopting this framework, recent mathematical studies have led to highlight the influence of the reproductive mode on the front propagation. Asexual populations have been shown to spread with an asymptotic rate of t3/2 in a minimal reactiondiffusion model, whereas the analogous rate for sexual populations is of t5/4 (where t denotes the time). However, the precise description of the behaviour of the front propagation in the sexual case is still an open question. The aim of this paper is to give precise approximations for large times of its position, as well as some features of the local trait distribution at the front. To do so, we solve explicitly the asymptotic problem derived formally. Numerical simulations are shown to confirm these calculations.


We generated Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) data of much higher resolution than usual on retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of a given eye. These consist of measurements made at hundreds of angular-points defined on a circular coordinate system. Traditional analysis of OCT RNFL data does not utilize insightful characteristics such as its circularity and granularity for common downstream applications. To address this, we present a new circular statistical framework that defines an Angular Decay function and thereby provides a directionally precise representation of an eye with attention to patterns of focused RNFL loss. By applying to a clinical cohort of Asian Indian eyes, the generated circular data were modeled with a finite mixture of von Mises distributions, which led to an unsupervised identification in different age-groups of recurrent clusters of glaucomatous eyes with distinct directional signatures of RNFL decay. New indices of global and local RNFL loss were computed for comparing the structural differences between these glaucoma clusters across the age-groups and improving classification. Further, we built a catalog of directionally precise statistical distributions of RNFL thickness for the said population of normal eyes as stratified by their age and optic disc size.


The pathway for glycerol catabolism In Streptomyces coelicolor is determined by the gylCABX operon, which is transcribed from two closely spaced glycerol‐inducible, glucose‐repressible promoters. Glucose (or catabolite) repression of gyl is known to be exerted by a general catabolite repression system In which the soluble glucose kinase plays a central role. The gylR gene is contained in a separate glycerol‐inducible, weakly glucose‐repressible transcription unit immediately upstream from the gyl operon. The role of gylR in the regulation of gyl transcription was assessed by introducing specific null mutations into the chromosomal gylR gene. Direct quantification of gyl transcripts from the gylR null mutants grown on different carbon sources demonstrated that GylR is the repressor of the gylCABX operon and also revealed that GylR functions as a negative autoregulator. Moreover, the transcriptional analysis revealed that the gylR null mutants were relieved of glucose repression of both gylCABX and gylR. We conclude that both substrate induction and catabolite repression of gyl are mediated through the GylR protein. This is the first direct evidence that catabolite repression In Streptomyces Is not exerted at the transcriptional level by a general 'catabolite repressor protein'. Models for catabolite repression are discussed.


Aim: We aimed to detect the presence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 RNA in the tears of patients with confirmed novel Coronavirus disease 2019.
Materials and Methods: This prospective study was performed at Health Science University Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kırdar City Hospital between 13-21 May 2020. Nasopharyngeal and tear samples of 15 patients with novel Coronavirus disease 2019 was performed for real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Ocular and systemic signs and symptoms, chest computed tomographic scans, and results of laboratory blood tests as well as the drugs used for the treatment were noted and analyzed.
Results: Of the 15 patients nine (60%) were male and six (40%) were female. Mean age of the patients was 53.86±20.20 (21-89) years. Among them nine patients (60%) were positive for novel coronavirus disease 2019 on real-time polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal specimens. None of the patients was positive for real-time polymerase chain reaction for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 in tear specimens. Only two of 15 patients had bilateral conjunctivitis. These two patients had positive results for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 on real-time polymerase chain reaction from nasopharyngeal swabs.
Conclusion: In this study Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 RNA could not be detected in the tear samples of the patients with confirmed novel Coronavirus disease 2019 with or without ocular symptoms and signs.


Single doped Zn1−xMnxO, Zn1−xFexO and codoped Zn1−x−yMnxFeyO, Zn1−x−yMnxSnyO, Zn1−x−yMnxLiyO, Zn1−x−yFexAlyO thin films were grown on sapphire and glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition and RF sputtering techniques. No secondary phases was detected from XRD analysis. Among the studied oxide films single doped with Fe and codoped with (Mn,Fe) and (Fe, Al) exhibit n-type conductivity and room temperature ferromagnetic behaviour. For the films codoped with (Mn, Sn) formation of clusters including nanowire-like structures was shown from AFM analysis. Optical and magnetooptical studies suggest of Mn, Fe, Sn and Li substitution for Zn2+ ions in ZnO lattice.


Chiral epoxides—such as ethyl and methyl (S)-3-(oxiran-2-yl)propanoates ((S)-1a/1b)—are valuable precursors in many chemical syntheses. Until recently, these compounds were synthesized from glutamic acid in four steps (deamination, reduction, tosylation and epoxide formation) in low to moderate overall yield (20%–50%). Moreover, this procedure requires some harmful reagents such as sodium nitrite ((eco)toxic) and borane (carcinogen). Herein, starting from levoglucosenone (LGO), a biobased chiral compound obtained through the flash pyrolysis of acidified cellulose, we propose a safer and more sustainable chemo-enzymatic synthetic pathway involving lipase-mediated Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, palladium-catalyzed hydrogenation, tosylation and treatment with sodium ethoxide/methoxide as key steps. This route afforded ethyl and methyl (S)-3-(oxiran-2-yl)propanoates in 57% overall yield, respectively. To demonstrate the potentiality of this new synthetic pathway from LGO, the synthesis of high value-added (S)-dairy lactone was undertaken from these epoxides and provided the target in 37% overall yield from LGO.


The high susceptibility of deep learning algorithms against structured and unstructured perturbations has motivated the development of efficient adversarial defense algorithms. However, the lack of generalizability of existing defense algorithms and the high variability in the performance of the attack algorithms for different databases raises several questions on the effectiveness of the defense algorithms. In this research, we aim to design a defense model that is robust within a certain bound against both seen and unseen adversarial attacks. This bound is related to the visual appearance of an image, and we termed it as Visual Imperceptible Bound (VIB). To compute this bound, we propose a novel method that uses the database characteristics. The VIB is further used to measure the effectiveness of attack algorithms. The performance of the proposed defense model is evaluated on the MNIST, CIFAR-10, and Tiny ImageNet databases on multiple attacks that include C&W ($l_{2}$) and DeepFool. The proposed defense model is not only able to increase the robustness against several attacks but also retain or improve the classification accuracy on an original clean test set. The proposed algorithm is attack agnostic, i.e. it does not require any knowledge of the attack algorithm.


In this paper, an internal conversion (IC) fluorescence probe N-(o-boronic acid)benzyl-1-naphthylamine (BBNA) was prepared from 1-naphthylamine and 2-formylbenzeneboronic acid. The fluorescence parameters of BBNA were investigated in a variety of solvents. When BBNA interacted with D-fructose in phosphate buffer solution of 30% MeOH, pH 8.21 (v/v), the fluorescence intensity increased and emission maximum red-shifted slightly with increasing D-fructose concentration. In the presence of D-fructose, the fluorescence quantum yield of BBNA increased with increasing solvent polarity, suggesting that internal conversion (IC) occurred with BBNA. The binding force of BBNA with d-fructose was the strongest, and the stability constant (K) of D-fructose was 99.9 mol/L. Therefore, a selective recognition system based on IC was constructed for D-fructose.


Objective: We aim to relate Flemish adults' main food information sources (e.g., celebrity chefs, experts) with their dietary behavior. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey among 1115 Flemish adults who regularly cook, measured the food information sources the respondents used to obtain recipes, their dietary intake and dietary restrictions. Ordinal and logistic regression were used to investigate the relation between food media, dietary intake and dietary restrictions. Results: Celebrity chefs were mentioned most often (37%) as main food information source, followed by family and acquaintances (21%) and lifestyle gurus (12%). Using lifestyle gurus as a source of dietary information is associated with more dietary restrictions and a higher intake frequency of plant-based food groups, whereas using celebrity chefs or experts is associated with a different (but less unequivocal vegetarian or healthy) dietary intake. Conclusion: Media icons like lifestyle gurus and celebrity chefs appear to be among people's main sources of food information. There is a significant association between using them as a source of food information and dietary behavior. Further research on the influence of media on diet is required.


Normalizing flows can generate complex target distributions and thus show promise in many applications in Bayesian statistics as an alternative or complement to MCMC for sampling posteriors. Since no data set from the target posterior distribution is available beforehand, the flow is typically trained using the reverse Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence that only requires samples from a base distribution. This strategy may perform poorly when the posterior is complicated and hard to sample with an untrained normalizing flow. Here we explore a distinct training strategy, using the direct KL divergence as loss, in which samples from the posterior are generated by (i) assisting a local MCMC algorithm on the posterior with a normalizing flow to accelerate its mixing rate and (ii) using the data generated this way to train the flow. The method only requires a limited amount of \textit{a~priori} input about the posterior, and can be used to estimate the evidence required for model validation, as we illustrate on examples.


Biogenic amines are basic nitrogenous compounds formed through amino acids decarboxylation by certain microorganisms. Their presence in foods is undesirable since they could induce poisoning incidence in susceptible consumers. The aims of this study were to determine occurrence of biogenic amines in fish sauce, to isolate bacteria from fish sauce and to examine their ability to produce and degrade biogenic amines. Effect of environmental factors on the growth and histamine degrading activity of selected isolates were also studied. Furthermore,selected isolates were applied to fish sauce fermentation to investigate their role in inhibiting biogenic amines accumulation. Fish sauce samples contain 62.5-393.3 ppm of histamine, 5.6-242.8 ppm of putrescine and 187.1-704.7 ppm of cadaverine. Bacterial isolates of fish sauce belonged to the genus of Micrococcus,Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Streptococcus. Most of those isolates are observed as producers of histamine, putrescine and cadaverine in differential agar medium Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) is the only isolate that did not produced those three amines. Nevertheless, several bacterial isolates exhibited biogenic amines degradation activities in a buffer system. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05) and Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) degraded histamine of up to 59.9% and 29.1% from its initial concentration, respectively. Staphylococcus intermedius (FS20)and Bacillus subtilis (FS12) degraded putrescine and cadaverine up to 30.4% and 28.9%, respectively. Since histamine is the most active amines and often related to the biogenic amines poisoning incidence, histamine degrading bacteria is of particular interest. Histamine degrading Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05) showed tolerance to a wide range of pH, temperature and sodium chloride concentration. Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) grew optimally at pH 8, 35 °C in the presence of 9% sodium chloride. While Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05) grew optimally at pH 7, 40 °C in the presence of 9% sodium chloride. Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) optimally degrade histamine at pH 6, in the presence of 9% sodium chloride and at 40 °C. While Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05) optimally degrade histamine at pH 7, in the presence of 12% sodium chloride and at temperature 35 °C. The effectiveness of Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) and Bacillus myloliquefaciens (FS05) as starter culture in inhibiting biogenic amines accumulation during fish sauce fermentation was further investigated. The pH value increased in all treated (with starter culture) and control (without starter culture) samples, while salt concentration remained constant throughout fermentation. Aerobic bacteria count decreased of about 3 log cycles during fermentation of fish sauce. Proteolytic bacterial count also decreased of about 2.5 log cycles during fermentation with no significant difference (p>0.05) among the samples. The presence of histamine producing bacteria in fish sauce samples was considered to be indigenous from raw material or contamination during fermentation, since both cultures were non histamine producers. Concentration of amino acid histidine, arginine, lysine and tyrosine decreased at different rates throughout fermentation because they were converted into their respective biogenic amine. In general, histamine, putrescine, cadaverine and tyramine increased throughout the fermentation. However, their concentration were markedly higher (p<0.05) in control (without starter cultures) as compared to samples treated with starter cultures. Histamine concentration was reduced by 27.7% and 15.4% by Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05), respectively. Both cultures could also reduce other amines during fermentation. After 120 days of fermentation, the overall biogenic amines concentration was reduced to around 15.9% and 12.5% by Staphylococcus carnosus (FS19) and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (FS05), respectively. These findings emphasized that the application of starter cultures with amines oxidase activities during fish sauce fermentation is effective in reducing accumulation of biogenic amines in the end product. Moreover, exploration of other biogenic amines degrading bacteria that exhibit the optimal growth and activities at much higher salt concentration will be more useful for the purpose.


The objective of this research is to gain the representation about the efforts of fulfilling the needs for cacao's family members at Banyumas, Pringsewu year 2012. The pressure points of this research are on number of children; quality of responsibility, large of the field, cacao production, income level, and minimum fulfillment needs level of cacao's farmers.   This research uses description methodology. The population was 181 patriarchs. The taken sample was 25% of 45% patriarchs. The researcher used three data collecting techniques; they were observation, questioner interview, and documentation. Qualitative percentage data analysis was in form of single table.   The result of the research is shown that: (1) there are 88,67% cacao's farmers who have more than three children, (2) there are 57,77% cacao's farmers have responsibility for more than five persons,(3) there are 44,44% cacao's farmers have middle large field (0,50-0,99 ha), (4) there are 88,88% which had been produced above 1000 kg/ha, (5) there are 86,67%  cacao's farmers income got ≤Rp. 855.000, (6) there are 80% fulfillment needs which can be reached


We develop lagged Metropolis-Hastings walk for sampling from simple undirected graphs according to given stationary sampling probabilities. We explain how to apply the technique together with designed graphs for sampling of units-in-space. We illustrate that the proposed graph spatial sampling approach can be more flexible for improving the design efficiency compared to the existing spatial sampling methods.


Increased tissue pressure is an important cause of local circulatory compromise. In both rabbit and human model systems known external pressures were applied to otherwise normal limbs. Side-by-side comparison of the wick and the infusion techniques revealed that both methods of pressure measurement yielded essentially identical results when tissue pressure was elevated. Measured tissue pressure significantly exceeded the external pressure applied to the limb. Using a mass spectrometer-Teflon membrane catheter system, we monitored muscle PO2 and PCO2 at different applied pressures. Muscle PO2 decreased progressively with increasing tissue pressure but did not approach zero until tissue pressure exceeded local arterial pressure. Comparison of results with level and elevated limbs indicated that elevation of an extremity dramatically lowered its tolerance for increased tissue pressure. Although they may be clinically useful modalities, these are conditions in which compression and elevation have a significant potential for compromising local circulation.


This paper posits the need for an integrated micro services framework for handling all business and student services at our local University. We present the research question, "to what extent do the functionalities of the micro service frameworks provide beneficial considerations for the implementation of a micro service system within the University campus environment?" We discuss the response to this question regarding using a use case implementation now in progress from our enterprise systems solution - ISAS (Integrated Student Assessment System). The assumption is to implement functional micro-services to support our student and staff environments like never before. As such, the pivot from traditionally monolithic legacy systems to one that is component-based and service-driven is urgently necessary to allow our University to support all its application layered services continuously. The adaption of scalable micro services architectures focuses on Universities like ours to keep delivering a sustainable virtual presence. We use the summary perspectives presented in this paper to inform other institutions seeking to make these changes part of driving workable virtualized infrastructure, both containerized and serverless in design.


The musical analysis of large-scale structures, such as the classical sonata form, requires to integrate multiple analyses of local musical events into a global coherent analysis. Modelling large-scale structures is still a challenging task for the research community. It includes building large and accurate annotated corpora, as well as developing practical and efficient tools in order to visualize the analyses of these corpora. It finally requires the conception of effective and properly evaluated MIR algorithms. We propose a machine learning approach for the sonata form structure on 32 movements from Mozart's string quartets. We release an open dataset, encoding two reference analyses of these 32 movements, totaling more than 1800 curated annotations, as well as flexible visualizations of these analyses. We discuss the occurrence in this corpus of melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic features induced by pitches, durations, and rests. We investigate whether the presence or the absence of these features can be characteristic of the different sections forming a sonata form. We then compute the emission and transition probabilities of several Hidden Markov Models intended to match the structure of sonata forms at several resolutions. Our results confirm that the sonata form is better identified when the parameters are learned rather than manually set up. These results open perspectives on the computational analysis of musical forms by mixing human knowledge and machine learning from annotated scores.


In honey bees, the process of producing two female castes, including queens and workers, is nutritionally controlled by differential feeding royal jelly to newly emerged larvae. Although they have almost identical genetic blueprints, these castes show striking differences in their morphologies, longevities and reproductive capabilities. DNA methyltransferase 3 (Amdnmt3) gene is involved in the regulatory network for honeybee caste differentiation. Due to the role of two zinc fingers containing transcription factors, SP1 and SP3 in controlling mammalian Dnmts, this study aimed to determine a similar interaction of SPs with Amdnmt3 in the honeybee. We confirmed that the promoter region of Amdnmt3 contained multiple predicted SP1/SP3 binding sites and then investigated the role of AmSP3 in queen‐worker differentiation network. We observed that the expression level of Amsp3 was significantly higher in worker larvae than that in queen larvae at 48 h, 84 h and 120 h. Knockdown of Amsp3 expression by RNAi in worker larvae significantly reduced the expression level of Amdnmt3 and caused morphological changes in adult bees towards a queen‐like phenotype. However, the expression levels of Amsp3 and Amdnmt3 were repressed by juvenile hormone (JH). Our results suggest that AmSP3 is an important part of the queen‐worker differentiation network and supports the role of Amdnmt3 in determining the phenotypic outcome of developing larvae.


Reactions of aldehydes with diethylzinc catalysed by PS ephedrine or PS camphor derivatives in bench-top flow systems have been investigated. This type of reaction system allows the PS chiral catalysts to be conveniently used for extended periods. When the PS camphor derivative 3 was used in a flow system to catalyse the reaction of benzaldehyde with diethylzinc [Reaction (1)], 1-phenylpropanol 1 was initially obtained in a chemical yield of >95% and an ee of >94%, but after ca. 275 h in use the chemical yields had dropped to 50–60% and the ee to 81–84%. The deterioration in performance appears to be due to the gradual chemical degradation of the catalyst sites. It is suggested that this results from oxidation of the 3-exo-hydroxy group of the catalyst moiety. Thus, when, in future, PS catalysts are to be repeatedly recycled then it will not only be necessary to use a physically robust polymer, but it will also be necessary to select catalytic groups which do not chemically degrade significantly during the extended reaction periods. High % ee could be obtained in certain flow systems. Thus, under optimum conditions the use of both PS ephedrine and PS camphor derivatives as catalysts for Reaction (1) gave 1-phenylpropanol 1 in 97–99% ee. The result with the PS ephedrine derivative is surprising because when (1R,2S)-N-benzylephedrine 5 is used in batch systems under typical reaction conditions it affords (R)-alcohol 1 in only ca. 81% ee. The increase in the ee probably arises because the flow system produces the effect of a high mol% of catalyst and/or of diethylzinc and/or because the initial alkoxide reaction product, which acts as a catalyst and gives product with a very low % ee, is continuously removed from the reaction system. This result indicates that catalyst species can be formed from the PS ephedrine derivatives and from (1R,2S)-N-benzylephedrine 5 which produce very high enantioselectivities but which are not normally present in sufficient amounts to dominate the reaction system.


Wireless sensor network(WSN) has the potential to greatly effect many aspects of u-healthcare. By outfitting the potential with WSN, wearable sensor node can collects real-time data on physiological status and transmits through base station to server PC. However, there is a significant gap between WSN and healthcare. WSN has the limited resource about computing capability and data transmission according to bio-sensor sampling rates and channels to apply healthcare system. If a wearable node transmits ECG and accelerometer data of 4 channel sampled at 100 Hz, these data may occur high loss packets for transmitting human activity and ECG to server PC. Therefore current wearable sensor nodes have to solve above mentioned problems to be suited for u-healthcare system. Most WSN based activity and ECG monitoring system have been implemented some algorithms which are applied for signal vector magnitude(SVM) algorithm and ECG noise algorithm in server PC. In this paper, A wearable sensor node using integrated ECG and 3-axial accelerometer based on wireless sensor network is designed and developed. It can form multi-hop network with relay nodes to extend network range in WSN. Our wearable nodes can transmit 1-channel activity data processed activity classification data vector using SVM algorithm to 3-channel accelerometer data. ECG signals are contaminated with high frequency noise such as power line interference and muscle artifact. Our wearable sensor nodes can remove high frequency noise to clear original ECG signal for healthcare monitoring.


Current and future radio interferometric arrays such as LOFAR and SKA are characterized by a paradox. Their large number of receptors (up to millions) allow theoretically unprecedented high imaging resolution. In the same time, the ultra massive amounts of samples makes the data transfer and computational loads (correlation and calibration) order of magnitudes too high to allow any currently existing image reconstruction algorithm to achieve, or even approach, the theoretical resolution. We investigate here decentralized and distributed image reconstruction strategies which select, transfer and process only a fraction of the total data. The loss in MSE incurred by the proposed approach is evaluated theoretically and numerically on simple test cases.


INTRODUCTION: Hand hygiene (HH), one of the most important preventive measures of Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs), is often neglected by healthcare workers (HCWs) in low and middle-income countries (LMICs).

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to assess the role of a multimodal intervention (MMI) for enhancing hand hygiene compliance (HHC) of HCWs in a resource-limited setting.

METHODOLOGY: A pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study was conducted in five hospitals of Bangladesh where 984 HCWs (342 physicians and 642 nurses) were selected purposively. Using a structured checklist, a direct observational assessment was carried out on HCWs' HHC both before and after the intervention. The MMI provided to HCWs comprised of: (i) system change, (ii) educational intervention, (iii) visual reminders, (iv) monitoring and performance feedback and (v) formation of infection control committees.

RESULTS: Following intervention, overall HH compliance before and after patient contact significantly increased (p<0.00) to 50.1% and 57.2% respectively across all hospitals, professional categories and activities. Nurses were more compliant to HH than physicians (OR = 1.1, 95% CI: 1.0-1.3, P < 0.01) after patient contacts. However, both groups showed equal HHC (OR = 1, CI: 0.9-1.1, P = 0.72) before patient contacts. HCWs of private hospitals were 1.5 times more compliant to HHC than that of public hospitals.

CONCLUSIONS: This study denotes that despite national policies on hand hygiene in Bangladesh, HCW's compliance to HH is poor. Study findings also illustrate that a multimodal HH program resulted in significant improvement in HCWs' HHC that deserves the potentials to assist the advancement of infection control practices targeting reduction of HCAIs.


BACKGROUND
To assess the differential diagnostic potential of physical examination, ultrasound, the serum CA 125 assay, and serum CA 72-4 assay, and the contribution of each parameter to a logistic model predicting the probability of malignancy in postmenopausal patients presenting with a pelvic mass.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In a multicenter, prospective study a total of 155 patients were evaluated preoperatively using a standard protocol for pelvic examination, transvaginal (occasionally additional abdominal) ultrasound, and serum CA 72-4 (cutoff level 3 U/ml) and CA 125 (cutoff level 35 U/ml).

RESULTS
Fifty-nine malignant (39%) and 92 benign (61%) pelvic tumors were found in addition to 4 borderline tumors (3%). Forty-three patients appeared to have ovarian carcinoma, FIGO Stage III or IV in 28 cases. Borderline tumors were excluded from the statistical calculations. The diagnostic accuracy of each single parameter, i.e., pelvic examination, ultrasound, and serum CA 125 and CA 72-4 in discriminating between benign and malignant pelvic masses gave highly similar results (81, 76, 78, and 81% respectively). Best sensitivity was found in pelvic examination (92%); best specificity was found in CA 72-4 (93%). Using logistic regression analysis the power of pelvic examination appeared to be the most relevant (adjusted odds ratio 12.1), followed by ultrasound (odds ratio 9.7), serum CA 125 (odds ratio 5.0), and serum CA 72-4 (odds ratio 4.9). Age appeared to be nonpredictive. The logistic model gives a correct prediction in 87% of all cases.

CONCLUSIONS
The addition of serum CA 72-4 to the combination of pelvic examination, ultrasound, and serum CA 125 leads to an improved discrimination between malignant and benign pelvic masses.


A low-cost, high-resolution, fibre optic system for non-contact thickness measurement of ocular tissues in cadaver eyes was developed. The optical system uses direct modulation at 100 kHz of a 670 nm laser diode delivered to a single-mode fibre coupler. The output of the fibre coupler is focused onto the tissue using a high numerical aperture aspheric lens mounted on a motorized translation stage. Light reflected from the sample is collected by the fibre coupler and sent to a photoreceiver. Peaks in the power signal are detected when the focal point of the aspheric lens coincides with the tissue boundaries. The thickness is proportional to the distance between successive peaks. The optical system has a sensitivity of 52 dB, which corresponds to a detectable change in the refractive index of 0.005 at a boundary-assuming specular reflection. With a focusing numerical aperture of 0.68, the resolution is 4.0 µm and the precision is ± 0.2 µm. The optical system was used to measure the corneal layers and lens capsule thickness of cadaver monkeys eyes. The system was able to measure the thickness of the epithelium, stroma and Descemet's membrane of the cornea, as well as the lens capsule and lens epithelial cell layer.


Residue number systems provide a good means for extremely long integer arithmetic. Their carry-free operations make parallel implementations feasible. Some applications involving very long integers, such as public key encryption, rely heavily on fast modulo reductions. This paper shows a new combination of residue number systems with efficient modulo reduction methods. Two methods are compared, and the faster one is scrutinized in detail. Both methods have the same order of complexity, O(log n), with n denoting the amount of registers involved. >


A breeding programme to eradicate copper toxicosis in Danish Bedlington terriers has been established based on a DNA marker test. Genotyping of both parents is compulsory and after 1 January 2000, only homozygous non-carriers are used for breeding. In this study, two groups of Bedlington terriers were genotyped at 18 microsatellite loci. One group represented the original population of Bedlington terriers before introducing the breeding programme (n = 23); the other represented a group of homozygous non-carriers (n = 24) available for breeding after year 2000. Allele numbers, allele frequencies, observed heterozygosities (Ho), expected heterozygosities (He), locus-specific coefficients of inbreeding (Fl) and Nei's genetic distance (D) was calculated. Individual coefficients of inbreeding (Fi) were calculated from the pedigrees and an assignment test was performed. Four rare alleles were lost in the group of homozygous non-carriers. No significant differences were observed between the mean values of allele numbers, Ho, He, Fl and Fi of the two populations of dogs. Nei's genetic distance between the two populations was 0.06 and 88% of the homozygous non-carriers were assigned correctly in the assignment test. The overall diversity of the breed was low (Ho = 0.41) and the breeders were advised to include the heterozygous carriers again.


An efficient in vitro regeneration system was developed for the ornamental Muscari armeniacum on Linsmaier and Skoog basal medium (LS) supplemented with benzyladenine (BA) at varying concentrations (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/L) alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The highest mean number of direct somatic embryo formations was observed on LS medium containing 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA, with a mean of 7.9 somatic embryos per explant after 10 weeks of culture. Green nodular calli induced on LS medium containing 5.0 mg/L BA alone or in combination with 0.5 mg/L NAA were transferred to LS medium supplemented with or without 0.5 mg/L gibberellic acid (GA3) for 8 weeks, producing 23.3 immature bulblets. Immature bulblets produced in vitro were either embedded in a sodium alginate matrix for the encapsulation process or were transferred directly to LS medium supplemented with or without GA3 at 0.5 or 1.0 mg/L for growth and development for 6 weeks. Encapsulated bulblets were then stored at 4 °C in darkness for 10 weeks and almost all encapsulated bulblets retained their viability and resumed their growth under nonaxenic greenhouse conditions.


The origins of diabetes medications provide an intriguing catalogue of clinical serendipity and scientific design. Use of insulin (beyond 1922) gave recognition to insulin resistance and the categorisation of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The first sulphonylurea (carbutamide, 1956) emerged from its use as an antibacterial sulphonamide prone to cause hypoglycaemia, and biguanides were first used to treat diabetes in 1957 despite their glucose-lowering properties having been known since the 1920s. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors arose from a screening programme for amylase inhibitors by Bayer in the 1970s and acarbose was introduced in 1990. The first thiazolidinedione (ciglitazone; not developed) was identified in a screening programme for triglyceride-lowering compounds by Takeda in the late 1970s and gave rise to pioglitazone (approved 1999), although first to market was troglitazone (from Warner Lambert 1997, withdrawn 2000). Exendin, an analogue of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was identified in 1992 in the saliva of a lizard (Heloderma suspectum), and took until 2005 to be marketed as exenatide. To promote the efficacy of endogenous GLP-1, its rapid inactivation by the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP4) was blocked by clever molecular design of the first DPP4 inhibitors (vildagliptin and sitagliptin, approved in 2006). SGLT2 inhibitors are based on phlorizin, identified in apple tree bark (1835) and modified (2000) to avoid intestinal degradation: further modifications to increase selectivity against SGLT2 gave dapagliflozin and canagliflozin - approved 2012 and 2013, respectively, in Europe.


The reaction of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones with 2-hydrazinoadenosine under relatively mild conditions (at room temperature or in refluxing methanol) formed 2-(N'-alkylidenehydrazino)-adenosines, 5-22, in good yields. Two kinds of adenosine receptors regulate cardiac and coronary physiology. In supraventricular tissues an A1AR coupled to muscarinic K channels mediates the negative chronotropic, dromotropic, and inotropic actions of adenosine, and an inhibitory A1AR coupled to adenylate cyclase mediates the "antiadrenergic" action of adenosine. One or more kinds of A2 receptors mediate coronary vasodilation. Bioassays employing a guinea pig heart Langendorff preparation showed that 5-22 weakly retard impulse conduction through the AV node (negative dromotropic effect), but several analogues were very active coronary vasodilators. The coronary vasoactivity of the (n-alkylidene- and of the (isoalkylidenehydrazino)adenosines paralleled the length of the alkyl chain, the EC50s of the of the most active n-pentylidene (8) and isopentylidene (18) congeners being 1 nM. The EC50s of the cyclohexylmethylene (9), cyclohexylethylidene (10), and cyclohex-3-enylmethylene (12), analogues were likewise < 1 nM, but the cyclohex-1-enylmethylene congener 12 was 10 times less active than 9. The unselective adenosine receptor antagonist 8-(p-sulfophenyl)theophylline (0.1 mM) raised the EC50s of the negative dromotropic effects of 8, 9, and 18 by 5-28-fold and the EC50s of coronary vasodilation of 22-90-fold. Catalytic reduction of 9 increased the hydrophobicity and changed the UV spectrum, suggesting reduction of the --CH = N-- bond. The product darkened on exposure to air and so was not characterized further. A new method for preparing 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-2,6-dichloropurine riboside, a precursor in the synthesis of 2-hydrazinoadenosine, consists of the addition of tert-butyl nitrite to a mixture of 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyl-6-chloroguanosine and CuCl in CHCl3 saturated with Cl2.


Statistical mechanics provides an elegant explanation for the appearance of coherent structures in two-dimensional inviscid turbulence: while the fine-grained vorticity field, described by the Euler equation, becomes more and more filamentary through time, its dynamical evolution is constrained by some global conservation laws (energy, Casimir invariants). As a consequence, the coarse-grained vorticity field can be predicted through standard statistical mechanics arguments (relying on the Hamiltonian structure of the two-dimensional Euler flow), for any given set of the integral constraints. It has been suggested that the theory applies equally well to geophysical turbulence; specifically in the case of the quasi-geostrophic equations, with potential vorticity playing the role of the advected quantity. In this study, we demonstrate analytically that the Miller–Robert–Sommeria theory leads to non-trivial statistical equilibria for quasi-geostrophic flows on a rotating sphere, with or without bottom topography. We first consider flows without bottom topography and with an infinite Rossby deformation radius, with and without conservation of angular momentum. When the conservation of angular momentum is taken into account, we report a second-order phase transition associated with spontaneous symmetry breaking. In a second step, we treat the general case of a flow with an arbitrary bottom topography and a finite Rossby deformation radius. Previous studies were restricted to flows in a planar domain with fixed or periodic boundary conditions with a beta-effect. In these different cases, we are able to classify the statistical equilibria for the large-scale flow through their macroscopic features. We build the phase diagrams of the system and discuss the relations of the various statistical ensembles.


This paper examines whether the housing wealth effect—the consumption change induced by house price appreciation is dependent upon households' attitudes toward risk. A simple theoretical model is introduced to highlight a negative relationship between the wealth effect and risk aversion. The paper empirically tests for this negative relationship, using data from the U.S. Consumer Expenditure Survey. The investigation involves two steps. In the first step, we make use of households' demographics and their risky and liquid asset holdings to estimate risk aversion. The Heckman correction model is applied to address the issue of limited stock market participation. For the second step, we construct pseudo panel data through grouping households by their birth years and their predicted values of risk aversion, and then, we estimate the responses of households' consumption changes to house price fluctuations by risk-attitude group. Consistent with the prediction of the theoretical model, the estimation results suggest a significant negative relationship between the housing wealth effect and households' risk attitudes. Households, who are less risk averse, experience greater consumption changes in response to house price appreciation.


This research was motivated by the weak anaerobic endurance of SSB Putra Mororejo U-16. This study aims to determine the effect of Interval Training and circuit Training on the anaerobic endurance of soccer players on the SSB Putra Mororejo U-16 team. This research is a quantitative research with a pretest-posttest control group design. The instrument used is the Running-based Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST). The sample of this study were 20 players of SSB Putra Mororejo who were divided into two groups, namely the Interval Training group and the circuit Training group. Sampling using purposive sampling. The results of the normality and homogeneity test of the Interval Training and circuit Training groups have a value of more than = 0.05, both groups are normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the paired sample t-test for the Interval Training group obtained a significance value of 0.002 <0.05 and the circuit Training group obtained a significant value of 0.001 <0.05. It was concluded that there was an effect of treatment Interval Training and circuit Training on anaerobic endurance. In the independent sample t test, Interval Training is more effective in increasing anaerobic endurance than circuit Training. This is evidenced by the data obtained that the increase in Interval Training has a percentage increase of 40.96% and circuit Training has an increase in the percentage of 24.96%. The conclusion in this study is that Interval Training is more effective than circuit Training in an effort to increase anaerobic endurance.


Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) plant is one ot the independent electricity that us favorable in recent year. Rooftop PV plant can be used as the source of smart building as well as fast charging station. Although rooftop PV plant could provide clean and sustainable energy from solar, they also come with disadvantages in term of intermittent power output. This intermittent power output is due to the uncertainty of the source. To tackle this problem, maximum power point tracking method is essential. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method can be used to extract maximum power from the solar cell in all conditions. This paper proposes an intelligent method for designing DC-DC MPPT based on fruit fly optimization (FFO) on realistic rooftop PV plant. Practical rooftop PV plant in Universitas Airlangga is employed as the testing system. The proposed method's efficacy is evaluated using time domain simulation. According to the simulation results, the proposed method can significantly extract power from PV.


Application of the normalised H∞ CG loop-shaping technique for design and simplification of damping controllers in the LMI framework is illustrated. A linearised model of the power system is pre- and post-compensated using the loop-shaping approach. The problem of robust stabilisation of a normalised coprime factor plant description is translated to a generalised H∞ problem. The solution is sought numerically using LMIs with additional pole-placement constraints. This ensures that the time-domain specifications are met besides robust stabilisation. © IEE, 2005.


Aortopulmonary window (A-P window) is a rare congenital heart disease. The majority of patients come to the hospital with congestive heart failure. If they are left untreated, irreversible pulmonary vascular hypertension inevitably occurs. Although the hemodynamic of this disease resembles large persistent ductus arteriosus, the treatment is quite different. We report one patient of A-P window, a 4 month-old girl, who presented with fever and dyspnea. On investigations, she had A-P window. We successfully treated her by closure the defect under cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe the technique we used.


Strabismus may result in impaired stereopsis, diplopia, undesirable appearance, amblyopia and negative psychological impact. This study provides epidemiological and surgical outcome information about patients attending University College Hospital Galway requiring strabismus surgery. We report a retrospective analysis of 75 consecutive patients, who underwent horizontal strabismus surgery. Sixty-one (81.3%) patients had clinically significant refractive errors, hyperopia being the most common. Thirty-four (45.3%) patients had amblyopia and nine (12%) required further treatment. A cosmetically acceptable result with a post-operative ocular deviation within 25 prism dioptres of straight (grade 2) was achieved in 70/75 (93.3%) of patients. The overall mean change in ocular deviation per mm of muscle operated was 3.25 prism dioptre/mm. The outcomes of strabismus surgery in an Irish hospital compare very favourably with other jurisdictions. This data will help plan service delivery.


BACKGROUND
The importance of lactate threshold (LT) as a determinant of performance in endurance sports has been established. In addition, it has been shown that during running and selected other endurance competitions, athletes perform at a velocity and VO2 slightly above LT for the duration of the event. Prior work indicates however, that this may not be true during a cycling time-trial (TT). This investigation sought to compare physiological variables during a 20-k TT with those corresponding to the athlete's LT.

METHODS
Thirteen male cyclists (22.7+/-0.8 yrs; 180.6+/-8.0 cm; 77.1+/-10.0 kg; 8.3+/-2.5% fat; 4.9+/-2.2 l x min(-1), VO2max) participated in the study. Subjects performed a graded protocol starting at 150 Watts (W) to determine LT (2 mmol x L(-1) above baseline) which consisted of 20 W increases every 4-min. Following an 8 min-recovery, subjects cycled at the wattage corresponding to LT-20 W for 1 min and then workload increased 20 W every minute until volitional exhaustion to determine VO2max x On a separate occasion a self-paced, 20-k TT was completed.

RESULTS
Mean values of blood lactate, HR and % HRmax, VO2 and % VO2max, and power output throughout the 20-k TT were greater (p<0.01) than those at LT. During the TT these cyclists performed at an intensity well above LT (blood lactate=252.0+/-0.1%, HR=9.4+/-0.03%, %HRmax=9.2+/-0.15%, VO2=26.5+/-0.7%, %VO2max=17.2+/-0.08% and power out-put=14.8+/-0.14% above LT) for over 30 min.

CONCLUSIONS
Therefore, while LT may be highly correlated to performance, it may not be representative of race pace for a cycling TT, and may be questionable as a benchmark used to prescribe training intensity for competitive TT-cycling.


We present the first comparison of carbon monoxide (CO) measurements performed with a portable laser spectrometer that exploits the Optical–Feedback Cavity–Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (OF-CEAS) technique, against a high performance automated gas chromatograph (GC) with mercuric oxide reduction gas detector. First, measurements of atmospheric CO mole fraction were continuously collected in Paris (France) suburb over one week. Both instruments showed an excellent agreement 5 within typically 2 ppb (part per billion in volume) fulfilling the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) recommendation for CO inter-laboratory comparison. The compact size and robustness of the OF-CEAS instrument allowed its operation aboard a small aircraft employed for routine tropospheric air analysis over the French Orléans forest area. Direct OF-CEAS real–time CO measurements in tropospheric air were then compared with later analysis of flask samples by the gas chromatograph. Again, a very good agreement was observed. This work establishes that the OF-CEAS laser spectrometer can run unattended 10 at a very high level of sensitivity (<1 ppb) and stability without any periodic calibration.


Dictionaries are ideological creations as they are but a reflection of society itself. A dictionary sets a standard for language; makes an authority, a cultural product, and builds a lexical encyclopaedia and a social reference. This analysis is built upon the idea of anundeniable overlap between ideology and dictionary and the role of the latter as a mechanism to transmit the limited sights of everything around us; talking is a world-defining act by individuals who forces themselves to adapt to a code which is seemingly open and closed at the same time; a code imposed by the society to which they belong and which will be enforced on future generations. Therefore, the present work will highlight the catalogue of definitions that challenge the descriptive neutrality of current lexicographical work, turned into dictionaries which should mirror an equal society, without discrimination. This requires defining the concept from different scopes: linguistic, anthropological, sociolinguistic, philosophical or cognitive. We aim at showing how grammar, with its two (and even up to three) genera, provides us with the perfect field to focus on sexes, at both biological and social senses, on Nature and Culture, without favouring the existence of two different sexes nor any individual powers and decisions. The Academia notes that the Spanish language foresees the possibility to refer to mixed groups through the grammatical masculine gender, possibility in which there is no discriminatory intent, but the application of the linguistic law based in the expressive economy. Only when the opposition of the sexes is a relevant factor in the context, the Academy considers necessary the explicit presence of both genders


Wild edible plants (WEP) play a very important role in providing stable and supplemented food and also the source of income to local communities providing food security during lean periods. The present study was conducted in 11 villages covering the Chamoli and Rudraprag district of Uttarakhand. The information was collected through structured questionnaires along with field visit, group discussions and key informant interviews. The methods employed in the study is designed with the purpose of providing baseline information on the ethnobotanical use of plant species in local communities. The study recorded 64 species of WEP belonging to 47 genera and 36 families. Most of the species are used as fruits (30 species) followed by leafy vegetables (20), about 31 wild edibles plant species are used as medicinal and almost half of the species (51%) were also used for purposes other than food and 28% species with market value. A few wild edible species are used for making pickles, chutney, jam, jelly and squash through value addition to ensure high returns in comparison to selling of raw materials. Dependency of local people on the wild edible plants for economic potential is still alive and is a traditional culinary practice that demonstrates rich traditional knowledge of local people. Wild edible plants provide all the essential nutrient and minerals to the local inhabitants to stay healthy but unfortunately the traditional knowledge on the use of WEP is diminishing. WEP are not only important for livelihood but have a great potential for crop improvement. These wild species should be promoted for income generation activities through sustainable collection and trade as they are important throughout the year because their consumption serves multiple purposes.


Short period surface waves
generated by a local earthquake recorded by broadband seismometers at distances
of about 186 to 778 km from the earthquake's epicenter located in Cameroon
(Central Africa) were processed for group velocity maps and dispersion
waveforms using the frequency time analysis (FTAN) method. The resulting group
velocity fundamental modes of the extracted Rayleigh and Love waves were used
for a joint amplitude spectral and P polarity inversion using moment tensor
inversion. The corresponding group velocity dispersion curves, the residual as
a function of depth, the amplitude spectra and the moment tensor solutions of
the regions from the epicenter to the different stations up to a depth of about
10 km were obtained.


MODELING HYDROGEN DIFFUSION FOR SOLAR CELL PASSIVATION AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION by Yi Zhang A diffusion model for hydrogen (H) in crystalline silicon was established which takes into account the charged state conversion, junction field, mobile traps, and complex formation and dissociation at dopant and trap sites. Carrier exchange among the various charged species is a "fast" process compared to the diffusion process. A numerical method was developed to solve the densities of various charged species from the Poisson's equation that involves shallow-level dopants and one "negative U" impurity, e.g., H. Time domain implicit method was adopted in finite difference scheme to solve the fully coupled equations. Limiting versions of the model were applied to the problems that are of interest to photovoltaics. Simplified trap-limited model was used to describe the low temperature diffusion profiles, assuming process-induced traps, a constant bulk trap level, and trapping / detrapping mechanisms. The results of the simulation agreed with those obtained from experiments. The best fit yielded a low surface free H concentration, Cs, (~ 10 14 cm -3) from high temperature extrapolated diffusivity value. In the case of ion beam hydrogenation, mobile traps needed to be considered. PAS analysis showed the existence of vacancy-type defects in implanted Si substrates. Simulation of hydrogen diffusion in p-n junction was first attempted in this work. The order of magnitude of Cs (~ 10 14 cm -3) was confirmed. Simulation results showed that the preferred charged state of H is 1-1 (f1+) in n (p -) side of the junction. The accumulation of IT (H +) species on n+ (p+) side of the n+-p (p+-n) junction was observed, which could retard the diffusion in junction. The diffusion of hydrogen through heavily doped region in a junction is traplimited. Several popular hydrogenation techniques were evaluated by means of modeling and experimental observations. In particular, PECVD followed by RTP hydrogenation was found to be two-step process: PECVD deposition serves as a predeposition step of H and during RTP anneal step, H is released from the surface traps and redistributed into the bulk. MODELING HYDROGEN DIFFUSION FOR SOLAR CELL PASSIVATION AND PROCESS OPTIMIZATION


There is controversy over how to best manage patients with inflammatory bowel disease and flat low-grade dysplasia (fLGD) in the colon. We performed a retrospective analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded colon tissues with fLGD from 37 patients undergoing surveillance colonoscopy for inflammatory bowel disease from 1990 to 2015 at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center, to determine whether detection of aneuploidy is associated with later development of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or colorectal cancer. Medical data were collected from the patients for a mean follow-up time of 37 months. Using flow cytometry analysis of paraffin-embedded colon tissue, we detected aneuploidy in 15 of 37 samples with fLGD (40.5%). By comparison, aneuploidy was detected in 14 of 15 samples with flat HGD (93.3%) and 2 of 45 samples that were negative for dysplasia (4.4%). The univariate hazard ratio for subsequent detection of HGD or colorectal cancer in patients with fLGD and aneuploidy was 5.3 (95% CI, 1.542-24.121) within a mean follow-up time of 37 months. The presence of aneuploidy therefore identifies patients with fLGD in colon tissue who have an increased risk for HGD or colorectal cancer and may provide supportive evidence to a morphologic impression or suspicion of flat HGD.


Background: Gliomas are one of the most common types of primary brain tumors. It is usually evaluated by gadolinium(III)-based contrast agents by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the clinic. Methotrexate (MTX), as a type of folate analog that inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, is widely used as a chemotherapeutic agent to treat gliomas in the experiment. Purpose: In this study, a novel theranostic agent MTX-DOTA-Gd (MTX-Gd) synthesized, and it has good stability, strong anticancer ability and excellent magnetic capacity. The methotrexate component of MTX-Gd, as a chemotherapeutic agent, played an important role in targeted therapies of cancer. The DOTA-Gd component of MTX-Gd performed as the MRI contrast agent. The superior MRI imaging performance and synergetic chemical antineoplastic ability of MTX-Gd was revealed, and it has great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of glioma and potentially other cancers, with prospects of clinical application in the near future.


Background: Cancer-specific mortality (CSM) is known to be higher among blacks and lower among Hispanics compared with whites. Private insurance confers CSM benefit, but few studies have examined the relationship between insurance status and racial disparities. We sought to determine differences in CSM between races within insurance subgroups. Methods: A population-based cohort of 577,716 patients age 18 to 64 years diagnosed with one of the 10 solid malignancies causing the greatest mortality over 2007 to 2012 were obtained from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results. A Cox proportional hazards model for CSM was constructed to adjust for known prognostic factors, and interaction analysis between race and insurance was performed to generate stratum-specific HRs. Results: Blacks had similar CSM to whites among the uninsured [HR = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.96–1.05], but higher CSM among the Medicaid (HR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.01–1.07) and non-Medicaid (HR = 1.14; 95% CI, 1.12–1.16) strata. Hispanics had lower CSM compared with whites among uninsured (HR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76–0.85) and Medicaid (HR = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.85–0.91) patients, but there was no difference among non-Medicaid patients (HR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.97–1.01). Asians had lower CSM compared with whites among all insurance types: uninsured (HR = 0.80; 95% CI, 0.76–0.85), Medicaid (HR = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.77–0.85), and non-Medicaid (HR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.83–0.87). Conclusions: The disparity between blacks and whites was largest, and the advantage of Hispanic race was absent within the non-Medicaid subgroup. Impact: These findings suggest that whites derive greater benefit from private insurance than blacks and Hispanics. Further research is necessary to determine why this differential exists and how disparities can be improved. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(6); 869–75. ©2017 AACR.


The contemporary trend of utilising rapid and agile methodologies in systems development indicates the importance of the iterative refinement of the representation of user problems, which usually begins with an inadequate representation of the actual problems. Although the iterative element is a well-acknowledged process among practitioners, it has yet to be incorporated in general theories of problem solving. This study performs a qualitative analysis on the development tasks of 11 respondents utilising the cognitive fit theory CFT as a lens to uncover the iterative nature of systems development as a problem solving task. The present study suggests the explicit inclusion of iterative elements into the CFT by modifying the theory. The study finds that while problem representations do inform the formation of mental representation and affect problem solving performance through a typical input-process-output flow, iterative processes also occur when mental representation affects problem representations. Additionally, the findings of the present study also establish three further branch-out models, based upon the modified CFT, to cater for specific circumstances: the cognitive fit model with learning; the cognitive fit model for recurring tasks; and the cognitive fit model for decision making triggered tasks.


The diatom Pseudo-nitzschia produces the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA) that bioaccumulates in shellfish, causing illness in humans and marine animals upon ingestion. In 2017, high levels of DA in shellfish meat closed shellfish harvest in Narragansett Bay (NBay), Rhode Island for the first time in history, although abundant Pseudo-nitzschia have been observed for over 50 years. What caused these events is unknown: whether an environmental factor altered endemic Pseudo-nitzschia physiology or new DA-producing strain(s) were introduced. To investigate, we conducted weekly sampling from 2017-2019 to compare with 2016 precautionary closure and 2017 closure samples. Particulate DA was quantified by highly sensitive LC-MS/MS and correlated with environmental metadata. Pseudo-nitzschia were identified using high-throughput rDNA sequencing, yielding a detailed understanding of distinct seasonal multi-species assemblages. Low DA was detected throughout 2017-2019, except in recurring peaks in the fall and early summer. Fall DA peaks contained toxigenic species (P. pungens var. pungens, P. multiseries, P. calliantha, and P. subpacifica) as well as a novel P. americana taxon. Fewer species were present during summer DA peaks including toxigenic P. multiseries, P. plurisecta, and P. delicatissima. Most 2017 closure samples contained P. australis. Our data showed P. australis as infrequent but particularly concerning. Recurring Pseudo-nitzschia assemblages were driven by seasonal temperature changes and DA correlated with low dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Thus, the NBay closures were likely caused by resident assemblages dependent on nutrient status as well as the episodic introductions of species that may be a result of oceanographic and climactic shifts.


Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been used mainly as a supplement therapy in hypogammglobulinemia patients. IVIG have been proved effective in treating TTP and recently they have been used in treating many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In neurologic diseases IVIG have immunomodulating features dependent on IgG Fc-fragment. Which diseases benefit from the use of IVIG was the find from controlled clinical trials in accordance with Evidence Based Medicine. IVIG have been proved effective in Guillaine-Barre syndrom, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, miastenia, dermathomyositis and sclerosis multiple. The recommendations include the frequency of IVIG administering its dosage and duration of treatment.


We synthesized a series of cyclens substituted with mixed stilbene and poly(ethylene glycol) dendritic arms. All dendrimers terminated with different peripheral groups had good solubility in common organic solvents, and dendrimers terminated with CO2H groups (CO2H-dendrimers) were also soluble in alkaline solutions. The nickel coordination properties of these dendrimers were investigated in organic solvents. Dendrimers terminated with CN groups (CN-dendrimers) and the second-generation CO2H-dendrimer [(CO2H)8L2] could produce pentacoordinated nickel complexes; the third-generation CO2H-dendrimer [(CO2H)16L3] could form tetra- and pentacoordinated nickel complexes, and the nickel complex of the fourth-generation CO2H-dendrimer [(CO2H)32L4] could not be obtained. This result was due to the fact that the globular surface of (CO2H)16L3 formed a hydrogen-bond network that selectively penetrated cations and inhibited the access of anions to the core. The formation of the hydrogen-bond network was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared, 1H NMR, and fluorescence data. The CN-dendrimers could not form hydrogen bonds on the surface, and the first- and second-generation CO2H-dendrimers could not form intramolecular hydrogen-bond networks. Therefore, they had no selectivity for positive nickel ions and negative chloride ions. (CO2H)32L4 could not produce a nickel complex because it had a crammed backbone structure that could not penetrate nickel and chloride ions. Therefore, it was possible to control the ion access of cations and anions with the hydrogen-bond network of (CO2H)16L3. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5414–5428, 2005


The purpose of the present invention is to provide a gas absorption column, wherein it is possible to prevent damages from occurring during assembly work, to simplify assembly work, and to improve work efficiency. A gas absorption column (10), which absorbs gas by bringing a gaseous body into contact with a liquid, is provided with an introduction unit (20) into which a gaseous body and liquid is introduced from the outside, an absorption unit (21) which absorbs gas by bringing the gaseous body and liquid supplied from the introduction unit into contact with one another, and a discharge unit (24) for discharging the gaseous body subjected to gas absorption to the outside. The absorption unit is provided with a tubular pipe component (11) in which an inner space into which the gaseous body is supplied is formed, and a spray device (12) for spraying the liquid to the gaseous body within the inner space. The tubular pipe component is formed to be divided into multiple sections in the central axial direction. The tubular pipe component contains a lower tube (31) and an upper tube (32) formed in the shape of a tube when assembled. The lower tube (31) and the upper tube (32) are formed to each have a shape that cuts the tubular body in the central axial direction.


Quadrotors are well suited for executing fast maneuvers with high accelerations but they are still unable to follow a fast trajectory with centimeter accuracy without iteratively learning it beforehand. In this paper, we present a novel body-rate controller and an iterative thrust-mixing scheme, which improve the trajectory-tracking performance without requiring learning and reduce the yaw control error of a quadrotor, respectively. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, we present the first algorithm to cope with motor saturations smartly by prioritizing control inputs which are relevant for stabilization and trajectory tracking. The presented body-rate controller uses LQR-control methods to consider both the body rate and the single motor dynamics, which reduces the overall trajectory-tracking error while still rejecting external disturbances well. Our iterative thrust-mixing scheme computes the four rotor thrusts given the inputs from a position-control pipeline. Through the iterative computation, we are able to consider a varying ratio of thrust and drag torque of a single propeller over its input range, which allows applying the desired yaw torque more precisely and hence reduces the yaw-control error. Our prioritizing motor-saturation scheme improves stability and robustness of a quadrotor's flight and may prevent unstable behavior in case of motor saturations. We demonstrate the improved trajectory tracking, yaw-control, and robustness in case of motor saturations in real-world experiments with a quadrotor.


Abstract In an age of social and digital media, users' engagements with (social) media related to death, dying and mourning vary widely across different social and cultural contexts and changing platforms. Based on the discussion of selected examples, I illustrate how users' social media engagements related to death, dying and mourning vary, depending on the narrative positions that sharers take up as tellers, co-tellers or witnesses to shared stories. As I will argue, the potential and limits of such engagements can be better understood in the context of three over-arching, dynamic modes of practices of hyper-mourning, namely entrepreneurial, connective and activist. These are associated with distinct types of affective positions for sharers, audiences and displays of affect, forming the basis for projecting participants' identity and affective claims. The article shows how the way we die and mourn is extended as much as limited by social and digital media story affordances and norms.


The first part of this article focuses on recent nuptiality trends in France including the increases that have occurred in the divorce rate in the number of single persons and in the extent of cohabitation outside marriage. In the second part data on both married and cohabiting couples are analyzed in order to determine the extent of correspondence between the mans and womans socioeconomic status. A separate analysis of cohabiting couples is also presented. Data are primarily for 1975 and 1981. (summary in ENG SPA) (ANNOTATION)


This study aims to determine the effect of slow deep breathing exercise on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients in the Telaga Dewa Health Center work area, Bengkulu City. This research method is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental research design. The results of univariate analysis obtained that the average respondent was 64 years old, with the majority gender being female, namely seven respondents (53.3%). Most respondents have a family history of hypertension, as many as 12 respondents (80%). The results of the bivariate analysis showed that the p-value <0.05. In conclusion, there is a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after slow deep breathing intervention in hypertension sufferers in the Telaga Dewa Health Center Work Area, Bengkulu City.
Keywords: Hypertension, Slow Deep Breathing Exercise, Blood Pressure