Objective: The most important mechanism applied to flawed studies to protect the integrity of science is the retraction of articles. The increase in the number of articles which have been retracted for various reasons is remarkable. Therefore, it is aimed to discover the parameters in these articles that harm scientific knowledge. Method: In the research, the first 100 journals with the highest number of retracted articles in Web of Science (WoS) were selected. Between 1978 and 2020, 1934 articles were retracted from the selected journals. This study sought to answer the questions: 1. In which years has the highest number of retracted articles been? 2. Which journal quartiles have the highest number of retracted articles? 3. What is the distribution of topics in retracted articles? 4. Which countries have more retracted articles? 5. What is the time difference between the year in which articles are published and retracted? Results: According to the review result, the rate of retracted articles has increased over the years. The articles were retracted one year after publication have a percentage of 19.5%. The number of retracted articles was in Q1-quartile journals is the highest. In the subject distribution of these retracted articles, "Oncology" (17.2%) and "Biochemistry and Molecular Biology" (16.9%) were prominent. The citation rate for retracted articles published in the journal Nature, Science and Journal of Biological Chemistry is 9%. The United States (USA), which ranked first in the country rankings of the retracted articles, receives the most citations with 54%. Originality: In the literature, it is found that there are limited number of Turkey originated publications about the topic. In this direction, existing state and changes of the retracted articles were examined. Conclusion: Retracted articles that violate science ethics have enabled all participants in the scientific communication system to be evaluated from different points of view. The results of these publications, which were examined within the framework of various variables, showed that more publications on the subject should be made and solutions should be developed.


From the vantage point of Constantinople in AD 440, under the rule of the orthodox Theodosian dynasty, Nicene Christianity may have appeared unassailable. Many of the most challenging of the heresies that had emerged in the century since Constantine's conversion seemed to be receding. Even the devastating Christological controversies that had erupted in the early 430s may (understandably, if wrongly) have looked, with Nestorius's deposition and the Formula of Reunion (433), to be under control. And yet Constantinople retained its confessional diversity, with members of numerous Christian sects – penalized by law theoretically, but often still visible and vocal in practice – living alongside members of the mainstream Nicene church. The reimposition of a Nicene hierarchy over the major churches of Constantinople had happened only from the 380s onwards. It had been a process fraught with difficulties – not least the survival in large numbers of groups polemically labelled as Arian, and the persistence of their intellectual, theological and historical traditions, even as their hopes of political or theological hegemony faded. From this milieu had come the Eunomian Philostorgius (c.368–439), and his highly sectarian – and anti-Nicene – Church History of the fourth and fifth centuries.


The spreading rates of convective thermals are linked to their net entrainment, and previous literature has suggested differences in spreading rates between moist and dry thermals. In this study, growth rates of idealized numerically simulated axisymmetric dry and moist convective thermals are directly compared. In an environment with dry-neutral stratification, the increase of thermal radius with height dR/dz is a larger by a factor of 1.7 for dry thermals relative to moist thermals. The fractional change in thermal volume ε is also greater for dry thermals within a distance of ~4 radii from the initial thermal height. Values of dR/dz are nearly constant with height for both moist and dry thermals consistent with classical theory based on dimensional analysis. The simulations are also consistent with theory relating impulse, circulation, and spreading rate for dry thermals proposed in previous papers and extended here to moist thermals, predicting they will spread less than dry thermals. Tests adding heating to dry thermals, either spread uniformly across the thermal volume or concentrated in the inner core, indicate that dR/dz and ε are smaller for moist thermals because latent heating is confined mostly to their cores. Additional axisymmetric moist simulations using modified lapse rates and large-eddy simulations support this analysis. Overall, these results indicate that slow spreading rates are a fundamental feature of moist thermals caused by latent heating that alters the spatial distribution of buoyancy within them relative to dry thermals.


Two cases of hyperglycemic, hyperosmolar, nonketoacidotic diabetes are reported. Both had renal disease and were receiving corticosteroids and azathioprine. A third patient with hepatitis receiving corticosteroids alone and developing ketoacidosis is described also. The syndrome of hyperglycemic coma is discussed and speculations on the role of steroids and azathioprine are made.


The antimicrobial efficacy of cold and hot water and ethanol extracts of Garcinia kola, Congronema latifolium, Aframomium melegueta, Vemonia amygdalina and Uvaria chamae on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio spp. were determined using well in agar diffusion technique. Cold and hot water extracts of G. kola and U. chamae moderately inhibited the growth of S. aureus and S. pyogenes with zone of inhibition of between 9 – 15 mm. V. amygdalina, G. kola and C. latifolium slightly inhibited S. pyogenes and E. coli with a zone of clearing of between 7 -13 mm. Cold or hot ethanol extracts of U. chamae, G. kola and V. amygdalina profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi to about 13 to 21 mm. Also ethanol extract of C. latifolium inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes and E. coli with zone size between 13 to 20 mm. While P. aeruginosa was slightly inhibited by ethanol extracts of G. kola, A. melegueta and U. chamae. Soxhlet extracts of U. chamae, G. kola, V.Amygdalina and C. latifolium profoundly inhibited the growth of S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli and S. typhi with zone of inhibition ranging from 13 – 22 mm. Vibro spp. were not inhibited by the cold and hot extract as well as soxhlet extracts of all the plants tested. The standard microorganisms, E. coli NCTC 10418 and S. aureus NCTC 6571, were moderately inhibited by the various test plant extracts with zones of inhibition ranging between 8 mm to 20 mm. This study reveals the antibacterial potentials of these plants.


The heterogeneous mesostructure of concreted causes local stress concentrations. Stress dependent phenomena like damage and creep as well as their interactions are effected by those stress
concentrations. Therefore a material model's macroscopic behavior will differ whether the mesoscale structure is considered or not. The differences between the mesoscale approach and an homogeneous approach will be presented. The results are discussed with focus on the true materials behavior.


The relationship between encounters and the overall quality of recreation experience is one of the most common research topics in outdoor recreation. Yet after more than three decades of study, there remain divergent opinions about both the nature of this relationship and its implications for use limits. Evidence for a strong influence of encounters on experience quality is weak but it is unclear whether this means the relationship itself is weak or that the methods used to isolate the relationship have been inadequate. This paper explores relationships between number of encounters, crowding, solitude/privacy achieved, and overall experience quality for 185 backcountry visitors to Grand Canyon National Park. In contrast to most past research, we employed a diarylike method to control for variation in person-based effects (e.g., differences in expectations and motivations between individuals) and we used a multi-item scale to capture more variation in total experience quality. Our results indicate that there is a consistently negative but weak relationship between number of encounters and experience quality. In other words, most backpackers were negatively affected by encountering more groups, but the resultant effect was small. This implies that managers should be reluctant to justify use restrictions on the basis of higher quality experiences and that user-based empirical research is of limited utility in grappling with such restrictions. Echoing the 35-year-old suggestions of Wagar, the original student of recreational carrying capacity, a careful understanding of the regional supply and demand for different types of recreation experiences, including low density experiences, are more likely to provide the basis for wise decisions about use limits.


Allometric scaling may be used in drug development to predict the pharmacokinetics of xenobiotics in humans from animal data. Although allometry may be successful for compounds that are excreted unchanged or that are oxidatively metabolized (with corrections for metabolic capacity), it has been more challenging for compounds excreted primarily as conjugates in bile. (S)-10, 11-Dihydro-3-[3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)-1-propyloxy]-5H-dibenzo[ a, d]cycloheptene-10-acetic acid (SB-265123) is a novel alphavbeta3 ("vitronectin receptor") antagonist. In this study, the in vivo pharmacokinetics and in vitro plasma protein binding of SB-265123 were examined in four species: mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys. In monkeys and dogs, SB-265123 exhibited moderate clearance, whereas low clearance (<20% hepatic blood flow) was observed in the rat, and high clearance (>70% hepatic blood flow) was seen in the mouse. The concentration-time profiles indicated the possibility of enterohepatic recirculation; subsequent studies in bile duct-cannulated rats demonstrated extensive biliary excretion of an acyl-glucuronide of SB-265123. In allometric scaling to predict the disposition of SB-265123 in humans, various standard correction factors were applied, including protein binding, maximum lifespan potential, and brain weight; each failed to produce adequate interspecies scaling of clearance (r(2) < 0.72). Consequently, a novel correction factor incorporating bile flow and microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity in each species was applied, demonstrating substantial improvement in the correlation of the allometric plot (r(2) = 0.96). This study demonstrates a novel allometric correction that may be applicable to compounds that undergo conjugation and biliary excretion.


A new multi-timescale analysis method, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD), is used to diagnose the variation of the MJO activity determined by 850h㎩ and 200h㎩ zonal winds from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis data for the 56-yr period from 1950 to 2005. The results show that MJO activity can be decomposed into 9 quasi-periodic oscillations and a trend. With each level of contribution of the quasi-periodic oscillation discussed, the bi-seasonal oscillation, the interannual oscillation and the trend of the MJO activity are the most prominent features. The trend increases almost linearly, so that prior to around 1978 the activity of the MJO is lower than that during the latter part. This may be related to the tropical sea surface temperature(SST). It is speculated that the interdecadal change in the MJO activity appeared in around 1978 is related to the warmer SST in the equatorial warm pool, especially over the Indian Ocean.


An in situ counted ion implantation experiment improving the error on the number of ions required to form a single optically active silicon vacancy (SiV) defect in diamond 7-fold compared to timed implantation is presented. Traditional timed implantation relies on a beam current measurement followed by implantation with a preset pulse duration. It is dominated by Poisson statistics, resulting in large errors for low ion numbers. Instead, our in situ detection, measuring the ion number arriving at the substrate, results in a 2-fold improvement of the error on the ion number required to generate a single SiV compared to timed implantation. Through postimplantation analysis, the error is improved 7-fold compared to timed implantation. SiVs are detected by photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the yield of 2.98% is calculated through the photoluminescence count rate. Hanbury-Brown-Twiss interferometry is performed on locations potentially hosting single-photon emitters, confirming that 82% of the locations exhibit single photon emission statistics.


For a decade, the multivariate image analysis applied to quantitative structure–activity relationship (MIA‐QSAR) approach has been successfully used in the modeling of several chemical and biological properties of chemical compounds. However, the key pitfall of this method has been its exclusive applicability to congeneric datasets due to the prerequisite of aligning the chemical images with respect to the basic molecular scaffold. The present report aims to explore the use of the 2D‐discrete Fourier transform (2D‐DFT) as a means of opening way to the modeling, for the first time, of structurally diverse noncongruent chemical images. The usability of the 2D‐DFT in QSAR modeling of noncongruent chemical compounds is assessed using a structurally diverse dataset of 100 compounds, with reported inhibitory activity against MCF‐7 human breast cancer cell line. An analysis of the statistical parameters of the built regression models validates their robustness and high predictive power. Additionally, a comparison of the results obtained with the 2D‐DFT MIA‐QSAR approach with those of the DRAGON molecular descriptors is performed, revealing superior performance for the former. This result represents a milestone in the MIA‐QSAR context, as it opens way for the possibility of screening for new molecular entities with the desired chemical or therapeutic utility. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Wheel lock is an undesired phenomenon in Heavy Commercial Road Vehicles (HCRVs) and wheel slip control within a desired range is of crucial importance for stable and effective braking. This study proposes a framework to distribute brake force dynamically between the front and rear wheels, primarily to avoid instability by preventing wheel lock. Further, it ensures the maximum utilization of the available traction force at the tire-road interface that varies during the course of braking due to factors like load transfer. Wheel slip regulation provides an approach to maximize braking performance that subsumes the effects of varying road, load and braking conditions that occur during vehicle deceleration. The methodology proposed consists of a wheel slip controller that calculates the required brake force distribution parameters, which are then provided to the brake controller for control action. Sliding mode control was used because of the nonlinear nature of the longitudinal vehicle dynamic model considered and for robustness towards different parameter variations. The algorithm was implemented on a Hardware-in-Loop test setup consisting of a pneumatic air brake system, interfaced with IPG-TruckMaker® (a vehicle dynamic simulation software), and co-simulated with MATLAB-Simulink®. It was found that this algorithm improved the braking performance of a HCRV both in terms of stopping distance and vehicle stability.


GaAs samples doped with boron up to (B)=3*1018 cm-3 have been analysed by local vibrational mode infrared absorption spectroscopy and by SIMS. A calibration has been established indicating that an integrated absorption of 1 cm-2 in the LVM line at 517 cm-1 due to 11BGa corresponds to 11.0+or-0.5*1016 boron atoms per cm3. This calibration agrees with and extends a recent calibration proposed by Alt and Maier.


In this work, we experimentally and theoretically proved a flexible fine random laser from a two-face etalon plasmonic structure based on PDMS. Accordingly, PDMS was fabricated using the nanoimprint lithography method and coated by a thin gold layer with a thickness of 35 nm using a PVD device and light-emitting polymer (F8PT) to enhance the scattering and efficiency of the random laser. Using a plasmonic gold grating as a substrate, the simulation results compared the upside and downside of the plasmonic etalon structure. Moreover, an enhancement was observed in light transmission, and it is common to predict high efficiency in random lasing properties. The experimental results showed a comparison between normal plasmonic etalon samples and symmetric and asymmetric etalon-based nanostructures with thicknesses of 200, 400 and 600 \(\mu m\) and reported that random lasing properties had better results for samples with thinner spaces based on coupled mode effects. Correspondingly, this was done by increasing the intensity and decreasing the lasing threshold from 22 𝜇J in normal etalon to 16\(\mu J\) in the thinnest etalon structure.


A shortage of skilled labor exists in the construction industry. Fortunately, advancement in construction equipment and material technologies, along with modularized components and estimating and scheduling strategies have offset the shortage of skilled construction labor. The construction industry has witnessed a drop in real wages since 1970. Decline in real wages may be attributed to a combination of socioeconomic factors like migrant laborers, fringe benefits, safety procedures, union membership and worker skills. Another factor that may be impacting construction real wages is technological changes over the past couple of decades; including technological changes in construction equipment. There is a growing need to understand how changes in technology are affecting employment conditions in construction. If more could be known about how technology affects wages, the industry could formulate better strategies for future workforce needs. This paper examines the relationship between changes in equipment technology and changes in construction wages with the help of five factors of equipment technology change; control, energy, ergonomics, functionality and information processing. Furthermore, data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics' Current Population Survey (CPS) is used to examine the effects of computer usage on wages among hourly workers in construction.


In this paper, the full AC incremental linear programming optimal power flow using POWERWORLD® Simulator and Microsoft® Excel is presented. A proposed formulation of including the VAR cost function to the objective function and an implementation of the proposed formulation in a 6-bus test system and the IEEE 30 bus system was made in order to decide whether this formulation favorably or unfavorably affects the optimization process. Research proved that this formulation can improve the total optimization process but not for all system types and sizes; the effect was favorable for the 30-bus system and unfavorable for the 6-bus system.


Since 1994, South Africa has become host to refugees from African continent and overseas. Refugees flee their countries for various reasons, including persecution and insecurity. Under international law and South African law, it is unlawful to deport a person who wishes to claim for asylum. Deporting asylum seekers violates the principle of non-refoulement, which is the most fundamental principle of refugee law. This principle guarantees a person's right not to be forcibly returned to a place where the person would face a threat of persecution or a real risk of torture or cruel, inhuman, degrading treatment or punishment. Deportees in inadmissible facility have right to apply for asylum in the Republic of South Africa. They are located in an area that is under the sovereignty of the RSA. Therefore, the Bill of Rights in the Constitution, international conventions and municipal laws governing refugees and asylum seekers apply to such individuals. Once there is an indication to apply for asylum, the officials of Home Affairs have a duty to assist the concerned person to file such application at a Refugee Reception Office. Government officials, who intentionally fail to perform their tasks as provided by the statutes and cause hardship to persons who expect their assistance, should be ordered to pay punitive costs. This will encourage government officials to perform their duties adequately without unreasonable delay. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n13p171


This paper evaluates the capacity of the reactive decode-and-forward (R-DF) scheme, which considers the reduced relay candidates based on the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the source-relay link for relay selection in underlay cognitive relay networks. The performance of R-DF scheme is compared with that of the proactive DF (P-DF) scheme. It has been proven that R-DF scheme achieves the similar capacity of P-DF scheme as the primary receiver is located further from the secondary source. Since the transmission power of a secondary user is constrained by the location of the primary receiver, the performance of a cognitive relay network varies depending on the considered link for determining the relay candidates, between the source-relay and the relay-destination links. Hence, we also analyze the performance of the backward R-DF (BR-DF) scheme which the relay candidates are determined based on the relay-destination link. It is also verified that the performance of BR-DF scheme is better than that of R-DF scheme when the primary receiver is located close to the secondary source.


More than 150,000 patients undergo exploration of the common bile duct each year in the United States, and approximately 10 per cent of these patients are later found to have retained common bile duct stones. The usual recommended procedure to decrease the incidence of retained calculi is a more complete exploration of the common duct at time of initial operation. It is thought that the incidence of retained common bile duct stones can be decreased and almost eliminated with proper use of the flexible choledochoscope following intraoperative cystic duct cholangiogram. The technical aspects of choledochoscopy are reviewed and experience with its use in 102 cases between July 1978 and October 1985 is reported. There were no residual stones in the span of the study using the flexible choledochoscope as a routine procedure in common bile duct exploration.


Novel He ion channelling and back-scattering effects, related to different sublattice order in the substrate-epilayer interface region of compound semiconductors, are reported. The disorder arising in photosensitised MOVPE growth of HgTe has been investigated. Observation of the direct back-scatter of channelled ions showed that disorder of a different nature arose in the interface region when the growth was on (110) CdTe than when on (100) InSb substrates. The formation of a correctly aligned Te sublattice appeared to be initially inhibited when growing on (100) InSb, but the Hg sublattice possessed better alignment. Deeper in the grown layers there was further disorder as was evident both from the direct back-scatter and the dechannelling of channelled ions. Sufficient order and alignment was retained to enable improved material to grow further out towards the surface for both substrates. Effects on the substrate side of the interface were also detected. The interpretation used knowledge that the average energy loss of the channelled beam was over 90% of the random energy loss.


This article focuses on the current trend for investing in women and girls as 'smart economics', which is a direct descendant of the efficiency approach to women in development (WID) prevalent in the wake of the economic crisis in the 1980s. We highlight the dangers of conflating the empowerment of women as individuals with the feminist goal of removing the structural discrimination which women face as a gendered constituency, and consider the implications for feminists in development if they adopt smart economics-speak and work in coalition with individuals and organisations who have fundamentally different aims. This has attractions in strategic terms, but risks recreating the very problems gender and development seeks to transform.


The Internet is an ideal tool for promoting public health goals of prolonging life, health, and improving the quality of life. There are many websites with health-related information where one can go to as an information source, for health advice, or selfdiagnosis. However, these health websites require a more acute awareness of ethical issues due to potential life threatening risks from misuse of information. Providing disclaimers and accreditation logos only goes so far in covering potential legal conflicts, but fulfilling ethical obligations for non-maleficence requires more action on our part. As such, the content lifecycle of these websites requires greater emphasis on privacy, security, and trustworthiness. We propose and give a high-level description of a Health Content Management System (HCMS) that addresses both the managerial, as well as the ethical issues with health content. Surveys of existing health websites and content management systems demonstrate the need for the proposed system. Moreover, the novelty of the proposed HCMS is appraised and asserted in comparison with similar health framework concepts. Our contributions include survey results of more than 50 health websites, taxonomy of health websites' characteristics, discussion about legal versus ethical obligations, and a blueprint for typical and novel features for health websites. Moreover, this study presents a new approach to analysing health content via lifecycles. Keywords-Ethics; Trust; Medical; Websites; CMS; CMF; Review; Disclaimer; Liability


Problem statement: Several efficient algorithms were developed to cope with the popular task of sorting. Improved heap sort is a new variant of heap sort. Basic idea of new algorithm is similar to classical Heap sort algorithm but it builds heap in another way. The improved heap sort algorithm requires nlogn-0.788928n comparisons for worst case and nlogn-n comparisons in average case. This algorithm uses only one comparison at each node. Hardware has impact on performance of an algorithm. Since improved heap sort is a new algorithm, its performance on different hardware is required to be measured. Approach: In this comparative study the mathematical results of improved heap sort were verified experimentally on different hardware. To have some experimental data to sustain this comparison five representative hardware were chosen and code was executed and execution time was noted to verify and analyze the performance. Results: Hardware impact was shown on the performance of improved heap sort algorithm. Performance of algorithm varied for different datasets also. Conclusion: The Improved Heap sort algorithm performance was found better as compared to traditional heap sort on different hardware, but on certain hardware it was found best.


Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a promising manufacturing process for high performance composite materials. However, the fact that RTM process design has traditionally been an expensive, time-consuming trial-and-error procedure has prohibited its wide application base. This paper proposes a solution to that problem — a simulation-based process performance assessment and optimum process design scheme for RTM. This scheme enables engineers to determine the optimum locations of injection gates and vents so that both process efficiency and high part quality can be ensured.
 Essential to this optimum process design scheme is a process performance index, which is defined with respect to the major factors influencing RTM process efficiency and part quality. This index is then used as the objective function of the RTM process design optimization model. Gate and vent locations are the process design parameters to be optimized. All data is obtained by running an RTM simulation program, and the genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to carry out the optimization procedure for the design parameters. It is found that constant pressure optimization will yield a process with a short flow path, whereas constant flow optimization will yield a process with smooth and vent-oriented flow pattern. Although there is no void factor in the objective function, it is interesting to note that both constant pressure and constant flow optimization procedures result in process designs with a minimum probability of void formation. This study finds that, in general, constant flow optimization should be employed if injection pressure is not a major concern; otherwise, constant pressure optimization should be used. Two case studies are presented to illustrate the efficacy of this approach.


The outcome in terms of survival and frequency of emergency surgical intervention for all patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding during a two-year period was evaluated. During the period early oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy was recommended as a routine procedure. A total of 277 patients were hospitalized with upper gastrointestinal bleeding and in 206 patients endoscopy was performed. The point of time for endoscopy did not affect the diagnostic yield. If variceal bleeders were excluded the total mortality was 7.1%. The operative frequency was low, 11%. The postoperative mortality was 45.2%. The postoperative morality occurred among patients over 60 years and the mortality during conservative treatment was obviously difficult to avoid. The benefit of endoscopy was expressed as a low operation frequency without negative effects on the total mortality.


ABSTRACT Marrying the psychometric paradigm with the community structure theory, this paper examines the coverage of a superbug (NDM-1) in newspapers in India, the UK, and the USA. It identifies several community structure characteristics: level of vested economic interest, level of health care available, and size of health care stakeholders as factors influencing how risks of NDM-1 are portrayed in terms of the level of dread, controllability, familiarity, and uncertainty. The finding provides baseline data for the scientific community and public health professionals in creating more effective messages to inform the public about the risks of superbugs.


Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent benign Schwann cell (SC) neoplasms arising from the eighth cranial nerve and account for 8-10% of all intracranial neoplasms. Denervation by axotomy leads to increased p75NTR expression, JNK activation, and eventual death of SCs. In contrast to SCs, VS cells survive in the absence of axons and here we investigated the interactions of p75NTR and JNK signaling on the survival response of cultured primary human VS cells. Using qRT-PCR and western blotting, we find that p75NTR is over-expressed in VS cells compared with normal nerve. However, in contrast to normal SCs, treatment of cultured VS cells with pro-NGF, a high affinity ligand for p75NTR, failed to induce apoptosis. We confirmed that VS cells express sortilin, a co-receptor with p75NTR to bind pro-NGF and induce apoptosis. We further show that VS cells display persistent JNK phosphorylation and activity compared with normal SCs. Treatment of VS cultures with the JNK inhibitors, I-JIP or SP600125, results in decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and increased accumulation of mitochondrial superoxides. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase prevents apoptosis due to suppressed JNK. These results suggest that persistent JNK contributes to the survival of VS cells, at least in part, by suppressing accumulation of mitochondrial superoxides. Treatment of VS cultures with proNGF protected the cells from apoptosis due to JNK inhibition. This protective effect is specific to proNGF and not seen with other neural derived growth factors such as neuregulin-1 (NRG-1). Indeed treatment with NRG-1 increased apoptosis in cultures with suppressed JNK activity. Further, VS cells lack Trk expression supporting the notion that the protective effect of proNGF is mediated by p75NTR. These results suggest that, in contrast to normal SCs which undergo apoptosis in response to p75NTR and JNK signaling, these signals promote VS cell survival. Such differences may account for the ability of VS cells to proliferate and survive in the absence of axons. Support: DOD NF050193 and NIDCD R01DC009801 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4008.


The design and performance of a high-speed 1 M*1-bit SRAM with ECL I/O are described. The 6.5*16.5-mm/sup 2/ chip was fabricated with a 0.8- mu m BiCMOS process technology. A modified double-word-line (MDWL) structure and a bit-line peripheral circuitry with normally-on bit-line equalization circuit are used to achieve high-speed read operation. The read speed is further enhanced by a novel ECL-to-CMOS-level converter with a double-latch configuration. The converter dissipates no DC current and contributes to low power consumption together with an automatic power-saving function, utilizing the address transition detection (ATD) technique. The access time is typically 8 ns, and the active power is 500 mW at 50 MHz. >


This Article examines how the pursuit of domestic violence policy's limited goal of safety, primarily focused on short-term physical separation to decrease physical intimate partner violence, is both too broad and too narrow a goal. Although being safe and free from violent harm is important, there is a difference between the woman subjected to abuse choosing to employ actions to be free of harm, and the state requiring the woman to physically separate from her abusive partner. In addition, there is a difference between the many ways she may act in order to reduce harm to herself -- such as having control over her own finances -- and the almost one-size-fits-all way in which the state says she should act to create safety -- physically separating from her partner. As a result, a woman's own agency and dignity can be undermined in pursuit of what is deemed safe by others. This is despite the research that shows supporting a woman's agency is one of the best ways to decrease domestic violence. In addition, the focus on safety has excluded the expenditure of resources in support of addressing abuse other than physical violence, addressing short-term harms caused by abuse other than physical violence and long-term harms caused by all forms of abuse, and providing options beyond short-term responses to the immediate crisis. With too few short- and long-term options, women subjected to abuse are left with very little choice about how to address the violence in their relationship during and after a crisis has passed. This Article argues for domestic violence policy, which shapes the civil legal system and government funding criteria through the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and other sources, to focus on security instead of safety. Security incorporates all forms of abuse, including physical, sexual, emotional, psychological and economic, focuses on all harms that result from these varying forms of abuse, identifies short and long-term responses that enhance the economic, housing, health and relationship security of the person subjected to abuse and ensures that such the person subjected to the abuse is the decision-maker as to the appropriate responses to the abuse.


The X-ray source RX J1838.4-0301 is of particular interest since it is a possible member of a small subclass of pulsars with anomalous properties. A spectroscopic study of its proposed optical counterpart and a reanalysis of the ROSAT data indicate that the observed optical and X-ray properties, with the exception of the reported ∼ 5s periodicity (Schwentker 1994), are consistent with coronal emission from an active late type star. In the lack of an independent confirmation, the presence of X-ray pulsations in RX J1838.4-0301 should be considered with caution.


This study aims to develop a scenario for Cimahi, a city in Indonesia to take a major step forward to a circular economy(CE) and become the first Indonesian circular city (CC). The project will focus on the city's waste system and identify aspects that can act as drivers to transition away from the current linear economy model. It incorporates tangible and practical collaborative measures to aid the move toward a circular city status. The scenarios will help urbans and city planners to navigate the uncertainty of the future in the short and long term in managing the city waste system. Each scenario describes the situation and potential impacts that will have on Cimahi's waste systems and informs about the opportunities, risks to anticipate the possible implications on urban problems due to city waste. This will target waste trading and recycling operations and promote the improvement of relevant institutions for waste trading and more participatory activities among stakeholders. The main breakthrough will be to identify the waste sector areas that provide a significant and tangible contribution to the practical implementation of a circular city. The results will make a scientific contribution to the circular economy discussion at the city level in terms of its implementation in a developing country. The scenarios themselves will enable Cimahi to identify and scale up its formulation of projects and their adoption at various levels in the waste sector. The findings will aim to establish a plan for Cimahi as an important pilot project as the first Indonesian circular city signalling a repurposed waste chain as the focal issue.


Human coronavirus infections have been known to cause mild respiratory illness. It changed in the last two decades as three global outbreaks by coronaviruses led to significant mortality and morbidity. SARS CoV-1 led to the first epidemic of the twenty first century due to coronavirus. SARS COV-1 infection had a broad array of symptoms with respiratory and gastrointestinal as most frequent. The last known case was reported in 2004. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) led to the second outbreak in 2012, and case fatality was much higher than SARS. MERS-CoV has a wide array of clinical presentations from mild, moderate to severe, and some patients end up with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The third and recent outbreak by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019, which lead to a global pandemic. Patients with SARS-CoV2 infection can be asymptomatic or have a range of symptoms with fever, cough, and shortness of breath being most common. Reverse transcriptase-Polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a diagnostic test of choice for SARS CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS CoV-2 infections. This review aims to discuss epidemiological, clinical features, diagnosis, and management of human coronaviruses with a focus on SARS CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS CoV-2.


Audit Quality in Libya: Perceptions of External Auditors Audit quality has been a focus of interest and research in advanced countries for several decades given the role of auditors' reports in the decisionmaking process used by investors. Despite the importance and the need for quality, there is no consensus on how audit quality should be measured. The present study attempts to develop a framework for audit quality. The objective is to obtain an insight into auditors' perception of audit quality factors that relate to audit team factors, audit office factors and external environment audit factors which contribute to enhance audit quality. The conceptual model of this study is based on agency theory, stakeholder theory, and contingency theory .The variables of study are classified into three main groups: the first group is audit team factors including independence, continuous education and training, experience and professional conduct. The second group is audit office factors including planning of audit processes, supervision, specialization in the industry, and audit office size. The third group is audit environment including professional bodies, laws and regulations, and recognized standards. This study also examines the moderating effect of the external environment audit in the relationship between (1) audit team factors or (2) audit office factors, and audit quality. A total of 530 questionnaires were distributed to the Libyan Independent Auditors. The number of usable questionnaires was 251, yielding 47.36 percent response rate. Interviews were also conducted to gain a more in-depth understanding of the empirical results. Based on multiple regression analysis, the results indicate that both (1) audit team factors, and (2) audit office factors are significantly related to audit quality. The findings also indicate that the external environment audit moderates the relationship between audit team factors and audit quality while it does not moderate the relationship between audit office factors and audit quality. Overall, the findings of the study are expected to provide a Libyan audit firm with the importance of tackling the issue of audit quality, and to contribute in strengthening the capacity of audit firm when the recommendations are implemented.


Background: Gender-based violence originates when societal gender-based expectations and the reality are not consistent. One such example is: there has been a recent rise in women's education in the Philippines, yet the prevalence of traditional female role expectations in the context of the heavily Catholic Filipino society remains unchanged. Objectives: In this paper, the relationship between women's education and their risk of gender-based violence (GBV) is examined and compared with the relationship between the education of their partners and the women's risk of experiencing GBV. Methodology: Our sample included women living in the Philippines surveyed by the Demographic Health Survey in 2017. We used multivariate logistic regression on the respondents' and the partner's education level, with respondent's risk of experiencing GBV. Results: We found that there was a slight but statistically significant decreased risk of GBV experience with increased years of education of both the female respondents and their male partners. For all female respondents, there was a 3.7% decrease in the risk of GBV per additional year of their own education. For those with partners, there was a 2.3% decrease in the risk of GBV per additional year of their partner's education. Conclusion: We found that the education of male partners is as much of a factor as the women's own education in her likelihood of experiencing violence. From this, we established that partner selection based on their education levels may act as a protective factor for an individual's likelihood of experiencing GBV. Policy initiatives should address increasing male awareness of safe behavior and violence against women, especially while traditional gender roles are still predominant in the Filipino society.


In this paper, we develop an analytical framework for evaluating multipath routing in mobile ad hoc networks. The instability of the topology (e.g., failure of links) in this type of network due to nodal mobility and changes in wireless propagation conditions makes transmission of time-sensitive information a challenging problem. To combat the inherent unreliability of these networks, we propose a routing scheme that uses multiple paths simultaneously by splitting the information between a multitude of paths, so as to increase the probability that the essential portion of the information is received at the destination without incurring excessive delay. Our scheme works by adding an overhead to each packet, which is calculated as a linear function of the original packet bits. The resulting packet (information and overhead) is fragmented into smaller blocks and distributed over the available paths. The probability of reconstructing the original information at the destination is derived in an analytical form and its behavior is studied for some special cases. It is shown that, under certain constraints, the packet dropping probability decreases as the number of used paths is increased.


Characterization of genetic diversity has long been a major goal in tobacco breeding programs. Information on genetic diversity is essential for a rational use of genetic resources. In the present study, the genetic variation among 72 flue-cured tobacco genotypes was evaluated using microsatellite markers (SSRs). A set of 104 alleles was generated at 30 SSR loci. The mean number of alleles per locus (na) and the effective allele number (ne) were 3.467 and 2.358, respectively. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.29 to 0.75 with average of 0.54. Several methods were used to construct the similarity matrices and dendrograms. The co-phenetic correlation coefficient, which is a measure of the correlation between the similarities represented on the dendrograms and the actual degree of similarity, was calculated for each dendrogram. Among the different methods, the highest value (r=0.76368) was observed for the UPGMA created based on Jaccard's similarity coefficients. The genetic similarity among the tobacco genotypes calculated by using Jaccard's similarity coefficient ranged from 0.08 to 0.84, suggesting the presence of high molecular genetic variability among the studied tobacco genotypes. Based on UPGMA clustering method all studied flue-cured tobacco genotypes, except for 'Glustinusa Rasht', were placed in three distinct groups. We observed an obvious heterotic pattern in the studied flue-cured germplasm corresponding to genetic distances and classification dendrogram, which persuades exploitation of heterosis in flue-cured tobaccos.


This paper seeks to identify the core of the U.S. venture capital contracting model, and then assess the extent to which the model provides guidance in engineering venture capital markets in other countries and, in particular, in identifying a viable role for government in assisting that project. All financial contracts respond to three central contracting problems: uncertainty, information asymmetry and opportunism in the form of agency costs. The special character of venture capital contracting is shaped by the fact that investing in early stage, high technology companies presents these problems in extreme form. The genius of U.S. venture capital contracting lies in the use of powerful incentives coupled with powerful monitoring for all participants in the process, the braiding of the investor/venture capital fund and venture capital fund/portfolio company contracts, especially with respect to the role of exit and reputation, and the critical role of implicit contracts, especially through the reputation market, to support the dense set of explicit contracts comprising the structure of venture capital contracting. The paper then illustrates the implications of this analysis through consideration of three different government programs - a remarkably unsuccessful early effort in Germany; a more recent, more successful program in Israel; and a newly launched program in Chile.


Most of the cotton bales produced in the world are sold according to the analysis of their technological characteristics using standardized instrument for testing cotton (SITC). In the United States of America, periodical studies of the results variability allow to accompany the results with commercial tolerances in order to limit the frequency of claims. In Africa, no such study was conducted to our knowledge. Therefore, we studied the within-bale variability of fiber length and of its uniformity, of fiber strength, of micronaire, of reflectance and of yellowness. We took 8 samples per bale within over 400 cotton bales produced in 13 African countries during two crop seasons. Our representative sample is then composed of over 3200 fiber samples which were analyzed in controlled conditions by SITC in a laboratory fully respecting the international recommendations. We then achieved an estimation of the within-bale variability of cotton fiber technological characteristics in most of the African cotton producing countries. (Resume d'auteur)


Antifémina (1977), a collaborative photobook by Catalan photographer Colita and Catalan feminist writer Maria Aurèlia Capmany, documents "anti" feminine women in 1960s and 1970s Spain who challenge constrictive gender roles inherited from the dictatorship. Colita's photos of factory workers, Gitanas, sex workers, and models expose the patriarchal systems aimed at disciplining female sexuality and unsettle dominant modes of representation. Championing sexual liberation, Antifémina also questions the influence of the destape on women's bodies throughout the advertisements lining Barcelona's streets and ultimately reveals patriarchy as the connection between dictatorship and late capitalist forces in a modernizing city.


A full smart grid implementation requires the digitization of all parts of the smart grid infrastructure, including secondary electrical substations. Unfortunately, this introduces new security threats, which were not apparent before. This article uses a Smart Grid Threat Modeling Template implementing the STRIDE model to create a threat model of a digital secondary substation and its communication with the control center. Threats are classified by priority and need for further investigation. The tool was compared with a CORAS analysis, and was determined to be more time efficient. Denial of service (DoS) threats were classified as the most critical, and they were further evaluated in a precise simulation model created for this purpose. This model combines simulation with emulated communication, and enables verification of threat likelihoods and impacts. The results show that even publicly available tools can be easily used to disrupt grid communication and potentially cause loss of the entire grid's observability and controllability.


This research aims to compare the acceptance and usage of the Cloud Computing Systems (CCSs) such as Google Documents in higher institutes within socio-cultural context of the each institution's educational culture The main purpose of the study is to identify and compare the participants' reflects based on the acceptance and usage of CCS in both UK and TR. T-test analyses were carried out between gender and the components of TAM3; the components of TAM3 and the groups, in order to see the differences. One of the main findings of this study is the distinction between the universities in the way of their perception on Computer Anxiety (CANX) in their own educational-culture of each institution context. Furthermore, the participants' perception on the Image (IMG) component has the lowest scores of all of the components of TAM 3 in both countries. Based on the findings, given that students come from different cultures during these times in which mobilization is very important, it is thought that the result achieved in the study is not related to the cultural values of a society but the socio-cultural context of both educational institutions included in the study.


The Bombyx mori silkworm is well known as it has been bred by our ancestors with mulberry tree leaves for thousands of years. However, Bombyx mori is not the only silkworm that can produce silk, many other kinds of silkworms can also make silks for commercial use. In this research, we compare the mechanical properties of five different commercial silk fibres including domesticated mulberry Bombyx mori, non-mulberry semi-domesticated eri Samia ricini, and wild tropical tasar Antheraea mylitta and muga Antheraea assamensis. The results demonstrate that the non-mulberry silk fibres have a relatively high extensibility as compared to the mulberry silk fibres. In the meantime, the non-mulberry silk fibres show comparatively unique toughness to the mulberry silk fibres. Synchrotron radiation FTIR microspectroscopy, synchrotron radiation wide angle X-ray diffraction, and Raman dichroism spectroscopy are used to analyze the structural differences among the five species of silk fibres comprehensively. The results clearly show that the mechanical properties of both mulberry and non-mulberry silk fibres are closely related to their structures, such as β-sheet content, crystallinity, and the molecular orientation along the fibre axis. This study aims to understand the differences in the structural and mechanical properties of different mulberry and non-mulberry silk fibres, which are of importance to the related research on understanding and utilizing the non-mulberry silk as a biomaterial. We believe these investigations not only provide insight into the biology of silk fibroins from the non-mulberry silkworms but also offer guidelines for further biomimetic investigations into the design and manufacture of artificial silk protein fibres with novel morphologies and associated material properties for future use in different fields like bioelectronics, biomaterials and biomedical devices.


OBJECTIVE
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of a low intensity diode laser (λ=808 nm; 60 J/cm2) associated with stannous fluoride on the inhibition of dentin erosion by assessing percentage of superficial hardness loss (%SHL) and calcium release into the acid solution.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Human root dentin slabs were assigned to eight groups (n=10), according to treatments (control, stannous fluoride, diode laser therapy, and the combination of stannous fluoride and laser therapy), and acid challenge (hydrochloridric or citric acid). All slabs were subjected to a previous 2 h acquired pellicle formation; laser and fluoride treatments were performed according to the groups. Subsequently, the slabs were exposed to erosive challenge (0.01 M hydrochloridric acid or citric acid 1% for 60 sec). Additionally, calcium released into the acid solution during erosive challenge was analyzed by photometric test. Data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p<0.05).

RESULTS
Mean values (±SD) for %SHL of treated groups did not present statistically significant differences, regardless of the erosive challenge. However, in relation to released calcium concentration, groups treated with laser presented statistically significant lower calcium loss under hydrochloridric acid challenge (p<0.001). To groups under citric acid attack, only the combination of treatments (p=0.037) was able to show a protective effect on dentin.

CONCLUSIONS
Under the conditions of this study, 808 nm diode laser with or without stannous fluoride could effectively reduce dentin surface loss under both acid exposures. Only calcium concentration analysis was sensitive enough to measure the effects under the tested conditions.


Normal mouse spleen cells treated with sodium periodate for 10 min at 4 degrees are stimulated to undergo blastogenesis and to incorporate thymidine. In contrast, periodate treatment does not stimulate DNA synthesis in nude mice spleen cells. The effect of such treatment on the antibody response in vitro induced by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and by trinitrophenyl polyacrylamide (TNP-PAA), a T-independent antigen has been evaluated. Periodic-induced proliferation is accompanied by a marked inhibition of the immune response to both of these antigens in normal mouse spleen cells. Mild oxidation of nude cells with periodate markedly enhances their anti-TNP response elicited by TNP-PAA. The data suggest that periodate-induced immune suppression is associated with T lymphocytes. Furthermore, periodate-treated cells are capable of suppressing the in vitro antibody response of untreated normal cells.


Abstract:Performed at regular intervals since 1634, the passion play at Oberammergau in Bavaria has in recent decades become a byword for the allegedly timeless continuities of European and especially German anti-Jewish prejudice. This article explores the publication and reception of the first significant attempt to accuse Oberammergau of antisemitism: Joseph Krauskopf's A Rabbi's Impressions of the Passion Play, published in Philadelphia in 1901. The specific context of American Reform Judaism at the turn of the century contributed to the nature and timing of Krauskopf's attack on the play, but although Krauskopf achieved limited success among both Christian and Jewish audiences in the United States, Britain, and Germany, Jewish feminist Bertha Pappenheim's subsequent efforts to publish a German translation of his book ultimately failed. Krauskopf's difficulties in turning either American or European public opinion against the Oberammergau play expose the obstacles to the ideal of an integrated trans-national Jewish public sphere at the dawn of the twentieth century.


Aim of the study: To determine and compare the influence of the HPV DNA sta- tus and p16(INK4a) expression on the outcome of postoperative radiotherapy for squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity or oropharynx. Material and methods: 59 patients with high-risk squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity or oropharynx were enrolled. They underwent major surgery and post- operative radiotherapy. The HPV DNA status and p16(INK4a) expression were assessed with QPCR and immunohistochemistry and correlated with loco-regional control and overall survival. Results: 15.3% of tissue samples were HPV positive. All positive patients were identified with HPV16 subtype infection, and no other subtypes of high-risk HPV were detected. 5-year LRC in HPV(+) patients was 100%, compared to 50% in the HPV(-) group. 17.9% of all samples had evident p16(INK4a) expression. Among HPV(+) cases, 55.6% showed p16(INK4a) expression. 5-year LRC in patients with p16(INK4a) expression was 89%, compared to 51% in the p16(INK4a) negative group but this tendency was not significant (p = 0.055). Conclusion: These data show that the HPV status is a good predictor of loco- regional control and overall survival in patients treated with radical surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy. The study shows a strong correlation between high-risk HPV infection and p16(INK4a) expression, but detection of viral DNA with QPCR has stronger prognostic potential.


The governance of Australian nonprofit voluntary sport organisations (VSOs) was once almost the exclusive domain of volunteers. However, changes in government policy and funding levels in recent years has led to the introduction of professional staff in these organisations. Rapid changes to the political, social and economic environment have created new complexities with which VSOs and their governing boards must grapple. Boards act as the main decision making body for these organisations, and as such have a significant impact on the governance of these organisations, and therefore their ability to deliver services. While the process of professionalisation within VSOs has been well documented, very little research has examined factors that may influence the ability of the boards of VSOs to perform effectively. The fields of nonprofit governance and sport management provided a theoretical and conceptual framework for the investigation of the board performance of VSOs. Two broad themes concerning research into board performance were identified in the nonprofit literature; the structural characteristics of the board, and board-executive relations. These two themes have also been addressed to a limited extent within the sport management literature, but not in relation to board performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between board performance, board structures and board-executive relations in Australian VSOs. The study investigated the differences in board structure between effective and ineffective boards, and the relationship between board performance and various elements of board structure, specifically complexity, formalisation and centralisation. The differences in the nature of board-executive relations between effective and ineffective boards, and the relationship of board performance to board-executive relations were also investigated. The sampling frame for the study was state governing bodies of sport in the state of Victoria, Australia. Seven case organisations were identified by a panel of experts; four exhibiting effective board performance and three exhibiting ineffective board performance. Data were collected through structured interviews with executives, from an examination of board documents, from a self-administered questionnaire of executives, board chairs and board members, and through semi-structured interviews with executives, board chairs and board members. Data were collected on board performance, the complexity, formalisation and centralisation of the boards, power patterns within the boards, and the nature of board-executive relations. Data analysis involved both quantitative and qualitative techniques. It was concluded that effective board performance was related to a higher level of board centralisation and associated with a higher level of board formalisation. Board performance was not related to board complexity. Board power patterns that were perceived to be powerless or fragmented were related to lower levels of board performance. Elements of the board-executive relationship that were related to effective board performance were identified as establishing trust between the board and executive, the control of information by the executive, shared board leadership and the responsibility for board performance. Importantly, the study identified the central role executives have in determining the ability of VSO boards to perform effectively. The study contributed to the body of knowledge concerning the governance of VSOs, specifically the measurement of board performance, and the investigation of its relationship with board structure and board-executive relations. A number of questions were advanced for the development of theory and empirical investigation through further research. The study also extended what is known about the models of nonprofit governance and their utility in explaining the workings of VSO boards. The findings of this study suggest that there is a need to adapt such models to the organisational context of member-based organisations such as VSOs


Background and Objectives: Elective arthroplasty in Romania has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and its effects are not quantified so far. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of COVID-19 on arthroplasty interventions and how they varied in Romania. Materials and Methods: We performed a national retrospective analysis of patients who underwent primary and revision elective hip and knee interventions at the 120 orthopedic-traumatology hospitals in Romania that are registered in the National Endoprosthesis Registry from 1 January 2019 to 1 September 2022. First, we examined the monthly trend in the number of surgeries for seven categories of arthroplasties. We calculated the percentage change in the average number of cases per month and compared them with other types of interventions. We then examined the percentage change in the average monthly number of arthroplasty cases, relative to the number of COVID-19 cases reported nationwide, the influence of the pandemic on length of hospital stay, and the percentage of patients discharged at home who no longer follow recovery protocols. Finally, we calculated the impact of the pandemic on hospital revenues. Results: There was an abrupt decrease in the volume of primary interventions in hip and knee patients by up to 69.14% with a low degree of patient care, while the average duration of scheduled hospitalizations increased. We found a 1–2-day decrease in length of hospital stays for explored arthroplasties. We saw an increasing trend of home discharge, which was higher for primary interventions compared to revision interventions. The total hospital revenues were 50.96% lower in 2020 compared to 2019, and are currently increasing, with the 2022 estimate being 81.46%. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that the COVID-19 pandemic severely affected the volume of arthroplasty of the 120 hospitals in Romania, which also had unfavorable financial implications. We proposed the development of new procedures and alternative clinical solutions, as well as personalized home recovery programs, to be activated if necessary, for possible future outbreaks.


In order to obtain the characteristics of magnetic core under … 0:5{5 "s saturation time, a one-stage magnetic pulse compression circuit without external demagnetization circuits which are commonly used in magnetic compressors is designed. The current through the core is calculated by voltage across the resistive load, and the loop voltage is picked up with a single wire loop and integrated by software. B{H curves are derived from the measured voltage and current wave forms. B{H curves show that the core loss is in inverse proportion to the time to saturation, whereas the percentile core loss decreases as the charging energy increases. While the eddy current loss and dissipated energy are in direct proportion to dB/dt. The low inductance of magnetic switch indicates that the core is saturated and behaves as an air core. By applying custom characteristics to each stage in Pspice simulation, more practical energy transfer in magnetic pulse compression and the efiects of leakage current are presented.


There is deficiency and gaps among medical graduates in performing certain procedures and skills. Till recent years, some school used an apprenticeship model for teaching procedures. The way of teaching skills should be revised and reinforced. Medical schools showed adopt formal curricula based training for teaching procedure. In this letter, we would like to highlight the challenges and weakness in teaching procedure for undergraduates medical students.


Photodiodes are widely used to convert light into electrical signals. The conventional silicon (Si) based photodiodes boast high photoelectric conversion efficiency and detectivity. However, in general, inorganic-based photodiodes have low sensitivity at visible wavelengths due to their absorption of infrared wavelengths. Recently, electrical conducting polymer-based photodiodes have received significant attention due to their flexibility, low cost of production and high sensitivity at visible wavelength ranges. In the present work, we fabricated an organic photodiode (OPD) with a consisting of ITO/ NiOx/ P3HT:PC60BM/ YbF3/Al structure. In the OPD, a yitterbium fluoride (YbF3) buffer layer was used as the electron transport layer. The OPD was analyzed by using optical-electrical measurements to determine its J-V, detectivity, and dynamic characteristics. We investigated the physical effects of the YbF3 buffer layer on the performance of OPD such as its carrier extraction, leakage current and ohmic characteristics.


In this paper, we derive analytical bit error rate (BER) performance of impulse radio using spread-spectrum technique under correlated random timing jitters. The result is applied to the bipolar pulse waveform and position modulation (BPWPM) to study its degradation in performance. High-order derivatives of the Gaussian pulse with about 500 ps pulse width are chosen to comply the FCC part 15 limit. The analysis concludes that both jitter root-mean square (RMS) value and correlation between jitters are important factors that influence system performance. When the jitters are highly correlated, different signal sets will have different levels of performance degradation even with the same jitter RMS value, which needs be taken into consideration in impulse radio system design.


The comparative effects of the ethanolic extracts of Ficus carica and Mucuna pruriens on haematological parameters were investigated in albino rats. The animals were divided into three main groups: group 1 which served as the control, received 5.0ml/kg body weight of normal saline, while groups 2 and 3 received a daily administration (per os) of  200mg/k/g body weight of extracts of M. pruriens and F. carica respectively for 14 days. Results showed that the extracts significantly increased the haemoglobin concentration, PCV and red blood cell count by the 14th day when compared with the control (p<0.05). F. carica was found to be more effective than M. pruriens in elevating the red blood cell count, especially by the 14th day. The two extracts , however, significantly decreased the total white blood cell count, as well as the percentage neutrophils, when compared with the control group (p<0.05), but not significant between test groups, even by the 14th day. Phytochemical analyses showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates in both plants. Tannins were present in F. carica but not in M. pruriens. These results thus justify the ethnobotanical use of these plants as blood building herbs.


Directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) can be characterised as directed graphs whose strongly connected components are isolated vertices. Using this restriction on the strong components, we discover that when $m = cn$, where $m$ is the number of directed edges, $n$ is the number of vertices, and $c < 1$, the asymptotic probability that a random digraph is acyclic is an explicit function $p(c)$, such that $p(0) = 1$ and $p(1) = 0$. When $m = n(1 + \mu n^{-1/3})$, the asymptotic behaviour changes, and the probability that a digraph is acyclic becomes $n^{-1/3} C(\mu)$, where $C(\mu)$ is an explicit function of $\mu$. Łuczak and Seierstad (2009, Random Structures & Algorithms, 35(3), 271--293) showed that, as $\mu \to -\infty$, the strongly connected components of a random digraph with $n$ vertices and $m = n(1 + \mu n^{-1/3})$ directed edges are, with high probability, only isolated vertices and cycles. We call such digraphs elementary digraphs. We express the probability that a random digraph is elementary as a function of $\mu$. Those results are obtained using techniques from analytic combinatorics, developed in particular to study random graphs.


Information borrowing from historical data is gaining attention in clinical trials of rare and pediatric diseases, where statistical power may be insufficient for confirmation of efficacy if the sample size is small. Although Bayesian information borrowing methods are well established, test-then-pool and equivalence-based test-then-pool methods have recently been proposed as frequentist methods to determine whether historical data should be used for statistical hypothesis testing. Depending on the results of the hypothesis testing, historical data may not be usable. This paper proposes a dynamic borrowing method for historical information based on the similarity between current and historical data. In our proposed method of dynamic information borrowing, as in Bayesian dynamic borrowing, the amount of borrowing ranges from 0% to 100%. We propose two methods using the density function of the t-distribution and a logistic function as a similarity measure. We evaluate the performance of the proposed methods through Monte Carlo simulations. We demonstrate the usefulness of borrowing information by reanalyzing actual clinical trial data.


Abstract Background and Objectives Screening for functional disability is a promising strategy to identify high-need older adults. We compare 2 disability measures, activities of daily living (ADLs), and life space constriction (LSC), in predicting hospitalization and mortality in older adults. Research Design and Methods We used the nationally representative National Health and Aging Trends Study of 30,885 observations of adults aged 65 years and older. Outcomes were 1-year mortality and hospitalization. Predictors were ADLs (receiving help with bathing, eating, dressing, toileting, getting out of bed, walking inside) and LSC (frequency of leaving home). Results Of respondents, 12.4% reported 3 or more ADLs and 10.8% reported rarely/never leaving home. ADL disability and LSC predicted high rates of 1-year mortality and hospitalization: of those with 3 or more ADLs, 46.4% died and 41.0% were hospitalized; of those who never/rarely left home, 40.7% died and 37.0% were hospitalized. Of those with both 3 or more ADLs and who never/rarely left home, 58.4% died. ADL and LSC disability combined was more predictive of 1-year mortality and hospitalization than either measure alone. ADL disability and LSC screens identified overlapping but distinct populations. LSC identified more women (72.6% vs 63.8% with ADL disability), more people who live alone (40.7% vs 30.7%), fewer who were White (71.7% vs 76.2%) with cancer (27.6% vs 32.4), and reported pain (67.1% vs 70.0%). Discussion and Implications LSC and ADLs both independently predicted mortality and hospitalization but using both screens was most predictive. Routine screening for ADLs and LSC could help health systems identify those at high risk for mortality and health care use.


Of all figures seen in Mesopotamian art, the naked or kilted human male figure with curls of hair on either side of his face is one of the most familiar. A form of this figure was portrayed already in the Jemdet Nasr period; he became common in Early Dynastic III, and particularly in the Akkadian period, after which he was less popular, though he was revived from time to time, probably until Achaemenid times. Since the early identification with Gilgamesh has been abandoned, he has been referred to by many names: the "six-locked hero", "wild man", "naked hero", or whatever. Long ago Erich Ebeling cited evidence that his Akkadian name was talīmu, the "twin". F. A. M. Wiggermann, in his article "Exit talim!", and later in his valuable book Mesopotamian Protective Spirits, has argued that this familiar figure was instead referred to in Akkadian, at least in the first millennium B.C., as laḫmu, the "hairy one", the "Hairy". This identification has been accepted by numerous other scholars. Wiggermann presents the following evidence for his identification (listed from the most general to the most specific, rather than in Wiggermann's own order): 1. Lexical evidence to show that the root lḫm means "to be hairy", and that the noun laḫmu means "the hairy one". 2. Various citations of the noun laḫmu that in general are consistent with the identification. 3. A very specific association of the term and the image in the Neo-Assyrian texts which prescribe the preparing of figurines to be buried in houses and palaces for protection against evil spirits. This evidence is the same as was used by Ebeling for his identification of the "wild man" as talīmu, which Wiggermann wishes to discredit.


Mitochondrial homeostasis reflects a dynamic balance between membrane fission and fusion events thought essential for mitochondrial function. We report here that altered expression of the C. elegans BCL2 homolog CED-9 affects both mitochondrial fission and fusion. Although striated muscle cells lacking CED-9 have no alteration in mitochondrial size or ultrastructure, these cells appear more sensitive to mitochondrial fragmentation. By contrast, increased CED-9 expression in these cells produces highly interconnected mitochondria. This mitochondrial phenotype is partially suppressed by increased expression of the dynamin-related GTPase DRP-1, with suppression dependent on the BH3 binding pocket of CED-9. This suppression suggests that CED-9 directly regulates DRP-1, a model supported by our finding that CED-9 activates the GTPase activity of human DRP1. Thus, CED-9 is capable of regulating the mitochondrial fission-fusion cycle but is not essential for either fission or fusion.


BACKGROUND
False positive test results in children who are tested for food allergies may lead to inappropriate dietary restrictions.

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to report our experience with a 3 year-old boy, who presented with "multiple food allergies" and, however, passed the food challenges, and to review our experience regarding management of children with high specific food IgEs with high total IgE.

METHODS
Medical records of 16 children with food challenges were reviewed. Median age of subjects was 39 months, with a history of adverse clinical reaction to a food, a specific IgE greater than the decision point, and an elevated total serum IgE level of 500 IU, underwent challenges to the offending food.

RESULTS
13 out of 16 subjects were successfully re-exposed to the suspected foods and continued to tolerate these foods well.

CONCLUSION
Our finding suggests a much lower clinical risk with previously defined specific IgE decision points in children with very high levels of total IgE (> 6000 IU/ml).


Research Summary This article develops theory on how an organization's structure affects future reorganizations. I highlight that a firm's structure shapes not only the locus of decision‐making power (i.e., centralization and decentralization) but also the employees' interaction structure. I develop microlevel theory that connects the firm's structure to the interactions among its employees—for instance, its influence on the time employees spend adjusting their behavior after a reorganization. This theory predicts that some structures are more likely than others to promote a reorganization to occur sooner. I use a unique, hand‐collected data set of reorganizations in the cell‐phone manufacturing industry to test and find directional support for this theory. Managerial Summary I examine the effect of a firm's current structure on its corporate reorganization decisions, which are defined as the addition and/or removal of business units. I posit that the way employees are grouped into those business units may affect both the type and timing of subsequent reorganizations; the reason is that employees of similar (resp. different) backgrounds should need less (resp. more) time to achieve effective collaboration. Using data on the reorganizations of cell‐phone manufacturing firms during 1983–2008, I find directional support for the theory. This result implies that managers may need to watch closely any reorganization that shifts the firm toward more heterogeneous interaction structures—because its implementation may well require additional time.


An airflow window is a system to improve solar blocking performance of windows. It is a practically beneficial system, however, still has a potential to improve the performance by controlling the air flow in the cavity between the glazing. In this development, we apply a Dynamic Insulation technique into the cavity of the airflow window. CFD analyses were carried out to measure the thermal performance. The results show that declines in the solar heat gain coefficient as well as the surface temperature of the inner glass were observed. The effects improve the radiant environment at perimeter zone in office buildings.


The pronounced globalization changes and the high degree of digitization are everyday in the modern work that cause changes in the operation of enterprises, regardless of the size and type of activity it performs. In this regard, the Internet as an informative medium is a part of everyday life, and the adoption of a certain decision for the future business activity is related to the consideration of various social media Social media is a powerful communication medium, but also a tool for sharing information about the business. Through social media, businesses have the opportunity to follow the latest trends, opportunities and analysis and actively participate in the business environment where customers are present and interconnected. Social networking is part of the day-to-day operation of enterprises. Small businesses are increasingly using social media as a marketing tool to improve customer relationships. From the content point of view, the paper will explain the characteristics of social media, the differences between traditional and social media as marketing tools and the factors that contribute to the increased use of social media in everyday work. The subject of this paper's research is focused on perceiving the importance and influence of social media on the development of small enterprises in the Republic of Macedonia. For this purpose, practical research has been conducted. The conducted analysis of the environment and the results of the conducted research confirm the established hypotheses that social media represent a real need for all enterprises and entrepreneurs need education to gain knowledge about the opportunities offered by social media. On the basis of the obtained results from the conducted research will be given suggestions and directions in order to efficiently exploit the possibilities of social media and improve the performance of enterprises in order to adjust the contemporary processes.


Introduction: The cat allergen, Felis domesticus ( Fel d1 ), is a common trigger of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma exacerbation. Aerosolized Fel d1 in an Environmental Exposure Chamber (EEC) reproducibly evokes nasal and ocular symptoms in cat allergic patients. Mild asthmatics9 respiratory responses inside the EEC were assessed. Methods: Patients with history of rhinoconjunctivitis and positive SPT to Fel d1 were exposed to low, well-controlled levels of aerosolized Fel d1 in an EEC for 3hrs, over 4 consecutive days [V2a, V2b, V2c, V2d]. Total nasal, ocular, and asthma (cough, wheezing, & shortness of breath) symptoms were collected [scale:0-3] pre-EEC and then every 30min. FEV 1 was measured at screening, pre- & post-EEC. Of the patients who met eligibility criteria, 12 patients were mild asthmatics (GINA classification 1). Asthma scores and FEV 1 from these patients were evaluated. FEV 1 measures were analyzed using paired t-test. Results: A consistent decrease in FEV 1 and an exacerbation of asthma symptoms was observed in mild asthmatic patients over 4 consecutive days. At V2a, there was a decrease of 10.9 to 87.6±4.52% (p 1 with decreases of 10.2 to 87.1±5.25% (p=0.07) [V2b], 11.9 to 84.9±5.50% (p Conclusion: Low-dose aerosolized cat allergen EEC clinical model provides a safe, consistent and natural exposure environment to exacerbate a clinical response in asthmatic patients indicating that the EEC model may be used for testing putative therapeutics for cat allergy induced asthma.


In this letter we propose a mobility model using preferential attachment via objects called attractors. We introduce a new kind of mobility we call Gathering Mobility, where nodes, although independent, exhibit a collective behavior. We show that this model, called Pragma, achieves a scale-free spatial distribution in the situation of population growth.


This paper analyses instabilities on the cryolite/aluminium interface in an aluminium reduction cell. The simplified cell model is a finite rectangular tank containing the two fluid layers, and carrying a uniform normal current. The magnetic field is assumed to be a linear function of position. Several previous studies have considered waves consisting of a single Fourier component but here we consider perturbations which are a general combination of the normal gravity-wave modes. We derive a system of coupled ordinary differential equations for the time-development of the mode amplitudes, and show that instability can occur via mode interactions, the electromagnetic perturbation force due to one mode feeding energy into the other. Growth rates are determined by computing the eigenvalues of an interaction matrix, and an approximate method using only the three leading diagonals is developed. If two modes have similar frequencies they may resonate and become unstable at a very low threshold current. We consider the influence of various cell parameters and draw some general conclusions about cell design.


In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirement for an advanced degree at Idaho State University, I agree that the library shall make it freely available for inspection. I further state that permission for extensive copying of my thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the Dean of Graduate Studies and Research, Dean of my academic division, or by the University Librarian. It is understood that any copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission.


Sinus pericranii (SP) is an uncommon and usually asymptomatic communication between intra- and extracranial venous drainage pathways in which blood flow can circulate bidirectionally through abnormal dilated veins through a skull defect. Diagnosis and evaluation of the venous drainage pattern is important if treatment is contemplated. Cerebral angiography with the use of Dyna CT can be helpful in the diagnosis of SP and its relationship with the skull defect. The authors report what is, to the best of their knowledge, the first case of SP treated by means of endovascular embolization with Onyx.


A specific survey was carried out on a sample of men and women of childbearing age to study their attitudes towards parenthood and to analyse psycho-social aspects which may have an effect thereon. The analysis took into account; the children number, woman's age, socio-economic status and occupational activity. Whatever the factor studied, it was constantly observed that the demand for an additional child (in particular the third child) was expressed more often by men than by women.


We reply to the comment by Shanker regarding the validity of our conjecture that generalizes electromagnetic mixing rules. Our reply also emphasizes the fact that a correct conjecture is always more useful the bolder it is.


Measurements of atmospheric OH concentrations were conducted between August 2010 and July 2011 at Mace Head showing maximum daytime values of 0.21 (±0.25) × 106 cm−3 in winter and 2.26 (±1.37) × 106 cm−3 in summer. Plots of OH versus ozone photolysis frequency, J(O1D), exhibited strong linear correlations with slopes of 1.06 (±0.05) × 1011 cm−3 s (R = 0.75) in clean marine air and 1.31 (±0.04) × 1011 cm−3 s (R = 0.79) in mixed marine/continental air. Surprisingly, no significant difference in the former correlation was found between low and high tide periods. NO and NO2 levels in air from the marine sector (190–300°) were typically below the detection limit (30 pptv and <200 pptv, respectively). In the land sector, NO mixing ratios <50 pptv dominated most of the time, suggesting that the atmospheric oxidation efficiency in this region is predominantly characterized by primary OH sources in a low NOx environment.


Irrigation is a vital component of the world agriculture. It is practiced worldwide on 270 million hectares and it consents to produce 40% of our total food. Agricultural water consumption accounts for 70% of total freshwater use. The competition for this precious resource is increasing tremendously. Therefore, it is becoming critically important to optimize agricultural water use efficiency (WUE) defined as the ratio of crop yield over the applied water. This requires a shift from maximizing productivity per unit of land area to maximizing productivity per unit of water consumed. To maximize WUE it is necessary to conserve water and to promote maximal crop growth. The former requires minimizing losses through runoff, seepage, evaporation, and transpiration by weeds. The latter objective may be accomplished by planting high-yielding crops/cultivars well adapted to local soil and climatic conditions. Optimizing growing conditions by proper timing of planting and harvesting, tillage, fertilization, and pest control also contribute to improve crop growth. Most of these techniques refer to proven technology, whose implementation and/or fine-tuning in current farming systems may tremendously improve water management efficiency. In this paper, after discussing the importance of irrigation in agriculture, we will introduce basic concepts that define crop WUE and will finally review the means to improve irrigation efficiency in field vegetable crop production.


Lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) may develop from a potentially malignant disorder known as Actinic cheilitis (AC). The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are possible targets for cancer therapeutics. The LSSC and AC samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in order to detects endogenous levels PAKs group I (PAK1 and PAK2) and group II (PAK4, PAK5 and PAK6) only when they were in phosphorylated form (active). Keratinocytes of the basals stratum showed intense staining for phosphoPAKs 1/2, while the most superficial cells of the stratum spinosum and the surface layer showed moderate immunostaining for PAKs 4/5/6 phosphorylated in the epithelium adjacent to injured area. AC did not immunoexpress actives PAKs 1/2 and PAKs 4/5/6. LSSC did not immunoexpress phosphoPAKs 1/2, but some degenerating cells and cells in the necrotic area showed intense staining. Our results suggest that PAKs 1/2 not participate in the regulation of AC and LSCC pathogenesis, while PAKs 4/5/6 are involved in the regulation of cell death in LSCC.


Two new sutures are introduced for laparoscopic two-handed instrument suturing and knot tying, as well as a device for making them. In the first design, a nonslipping loop is placed at each end of a straight suture; they act as anchoring devices to maintain the suture in the two-dimensional plane of focus of the laparoscopic camera. The loops provide a large surface area that facilitates grasping the suture during the rotational and pulling maneuvers employed in instrument knot tying. The double-looped suture can be used for tying off and retracting tubular structures. The second design consists of a suture ligature with a curved or straight needle at one end and a single, non-slipping loop at the other. Illustrations demonstrate tying and suturing techniques for approximating tissue with the new sutures. A device consisting of two pairs of posts, for making the looped suture in a uniform fashion, is also discussed.


Introduction

The absenteeism of students from classrooms and clinical setting has a negative impact on their performance and prolongs the length of their studying. The aim of this study was to identify the factors influencing absenteeism among students at Harar Health Science College.

Methods

Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted on 313 college health science students. A self-administered pre tested questionnaire which consists of teaching (6 items), course content (4 items), learning (4 items), assessment (6 items) and social problems (3 items) was used to collect data by using Stratified random sampling method with proportionate allocation.

Results

38 (31.1%) was taken the highest frequency of 4 or more days absenteeism and Pharmacy department was the leading from all other health science departments. The main reasons reported for missing lectures, clinical site and skill lab were shortage of instructors at clinical site, insufficient equipment at demonstration room, inconvenient language used by the instructors and the assessment technique used by the instructors.

Conclusion

the overall prevalence of absenteeism from the class room as well as hospital practice was 186 (59.4%) and 115 (36.7%) respectively.


Deep learning (DL) based contrast dose reduction and elimination in MRI imaging is gaining traction, given the detrimental effects of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agents (GBCAs). These DL algorithms are however limited by the availability of high quality low dose datasets. Additionally, different types of GBCAs and pathologies require different dose levels for the DL algorithms to work reliably. In this work, we formulate a novel transformer (Gformer) based iterative modelling approach for the synthesis of images with arbitrary contrast enhancement that corresponds to different dose levels. The proposed Gformer incorporates a sub-sampling based attention mechanism and a rotational shift module that captures the various contrast related features. Quantitative evaluation indicates that the proposed model performs better than other state-of-the-art methods. We further perform quantitative evaluation on downstream tasks such as dose reduction and tumor segmentation to demonstrate the clinical utility.


: Next generation broadcast network concentrates on IPTV (Internet Protocol TeleVision). The main hurdle in IPTV is streaming of audio and video signals. A number of commercial systems are built to study and analyze the behaviour of live streaming of audio and video signals. Peer to Peer multiplexing (P2P) provides a good solution for this problem. In this paper a variation of P2P multiplexing is proposed which is called as receiver based P2P multiplexing. To analyze the performance of the proposed multiplexing techniques the very famous European network "Zatto" is considered. This paper also describes the network architecture of Zatto and uses the data collected from the provider to evaluate the performance of the proposed variation in P2P multiplexing.


Absorptive capacity is a firm's ability to identify, assimilate, transform and exploit external knowledge for value creation. The information systems literature has shown its critical role to create competitive advantages. This research studies the relationship between external environment exposure and the ability to create value based on external information. It re-examines the foundations of absorptive capacity through the business model framework. This research analyses absorptive capacity of 71 firms operating in a weak appropriability sector (open source). Using a mixed method research setting, it models how companies create and strategically maintain their absorptive capacity. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it shows that firms that claim interacting the most with communities have a high probability to have a low absorptive capacity. Conversely, firms that pretend interacting the least with their environment have a high probability to have a high absorptive capacity. Secondly, this research argues that firm absorptive capacity is mainly explained by the intention that motivates environment interaction.


Ad hoc network is a set of mobile nodes that each mobile host is able to move freely and the network is unpredictable topologies transformation. Therefore, the searching for transmission path becomes difficult and complicated. Because each mobile host in ad hoc network acts as a switching node that routes and forward packets to its neighboring mobile hosts (or nodes), hop by hop, or multi-hop. Unlike the conventional mobile wireless networks that all nodes must communicate via the base-station as single-hop. Many proposed routing protocols have been developed for ad hoc network in order to maximize the benefit of bandwidth and network utilization. The associativity-based routing (ABR) is an effective routing protocol that becomes interested. Thus, in this paper, we proposed the modification and improvement of ABR protocol by including the position information of mobile hosts into its algorithm. This approach can reduce routing overhead of route discovery process and increase more beneficial performance for mobile ad hoc networks


In the U.S. a great deal of attention has been given to expanding the STEM skills of students graduating from high school. But the spread of STEM literacy also depends on fostering an appreciation of the role of STEM in society. The IEEE History Center has developed a pilot project that demonstrates that the pre-university social studies curriculum is the ideal forum to explore the relationship of STEM to human development and to help students see the profound societal dimensions of STEM.


Abstract Working in the archives of living writers provides exciting possibilities for extended interpersonal research as well as ethical challenges. This article explores the author's experience of working in Helen Garner's restricted archives and negotiating the demands of scholarly objectivity with an increasingly felt empathic engagement. The author traces a chronological path through the archives relating to Garner's three substantial works of non-fiction: The First Stone (1995), Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004) and This House of Grief (2014). She draws attention to some of the ways in which distance and objectivity can be influenced not only by contact with a living writer but also by the space in which the archive is encountered. With a deliberate focus on the lived experience of researching, rather than a scholarly examination of archival theory, the author offers a case study of how the interaction of archives and living subject can shape research and publication.


Technology has invaded our dental practices in many areas. Computer software and networks manage offices, while equipment now has sophisticated electronics to help us treat our patients more effectively. The Internet and cell phones have changed the way we communicate with each other, manufacturers, our patients, and even how we obtain some continuing education.


1. Policy and/or tradition is not adequate rationale for siderail use in light of current information indicating that siderails can be a hazard. 2. If a client is going to climb out over the siderail, the siderail increases risk for client injury. In such cases siderail use cannot be justified. 3. The nurses's goal is not to eliminate siderail use, but to individualize it--to use siderails only in cases in which they increase the safety, security, and mobility of clients.


We derive a widely-applicable first principles approach for determining two-body, static effective interactions for low-energy Hamiltonians with quantitative accuracy. The algebraic construction rigorously conserves all instantaneous two-point correlation functions in a chosen model space at the level of the random phase approximation, improving upon the traditional uncontrolled static approximations. Applied to screened interactions within a quantum embedding framework, we demonstrate these faithfully describe the relaxation of local subspaces via downfolding high-energy physics in molecular systems, as well as enabling a systematically improvable description of the long-range plasmonic contributions in extended graphene.