Abstract 5087 Background Rituximab is an anti-CD20 chimeric-monoclonal antibody, and its effectiveness for treatment of CD20-positive B-cell lymphomas has been proven over the past 10 years. Although rituximab is now a key molecular targeting drug for CD20-positive lymphomas, some patients with rituximab resistance have emerged. We previously reported that the CD20-protein-negative phenotypic change after using rituximab is one of the critical mechanisms in rituximab resistance (Hiraga J, Tomita A, et al., Blood, 2009., Sugimoto T, Tomita A, et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2009.). Recently, we have recognized that some newly-diagnosed B-cell lymphomas show CD20-protein-positive in immunohistochemistry (IHC) but -negative in flow cytometry (FCM) analyses. For these patients, so far, neither the molecular mechanisms of CD20 IHC(+)/FCM(−) phenotype, nor the relationship between this phenotype and rituximab resistance are clear. Thus, the clinical significance of introducing rituximab therapy for these patients must be elucidated. Aims Analyses of the molecular backgrounds of CD20 IHC(+)/FCM(−) phenotype in primary B-lymphoma cells, and confirmation of the effectiveness of rituximab therapy for the patients who show CD20 IHC(+)/FCM(−) phenotype. Results Primary B-cell lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell (DLBCL), follicular, MALT, mantle cell, and Burkitt) tissues and cells were analyzed by IHC and FCM. Four newly-diagnosed B-cell lymphoma patients showed IHC CD79(+)/CD20(+) and FCM CD19(+)/CD20(−) phenotype using anti-CD20 antibodies L26 for IHC and B1 for FCM, and all were diagnosed as DLBCL. Chromosomal analysis showed complex karyotypes in 3 out of 3 patients analyzed, and no shared abnormalities were confirmed. Primary lymphoma cells from 3 patients were available for further molecular analyses, and the genomic DNA, the total RNA, and the protein from whole cell lysate were obtained from these lymphoma cells. DNA sequencing analysis indicated no significant genetic mutations on the coding sequences (CDS) of MS4A1 (CD20) gene. Semi-quantitative and quantitative RT-PCR indicated that CD20 mRNA expression was almost normal in 2 patients and ≂~f10 times lower in 1 patient compared to the positive control B-lymphoma/leukemia cells. Almost the same expression tendency with RT-PCR was confirmed in immunoblot analysis using whole cell lysate and the two different anti-CD20 antibodies. The molecular weight of the CD20 protein in immunoblotting corresponded to the wild type in these patients. Rituximab binding assay in vitro was performed using primary lymphoma cells from a patient and the fluorescent-labeled rituximab (Alexa488-rituximab). Interestingly, rituximab binding on the surface of the CD19 positive lymphoma cells was confirmed in vitro. Rituximab containing combination chemotherapy was performed, resulting in complete response in all 4 cases after completing 4 to 8 courses. Conclusions and Discussion CD20 IHC(+)/FCM(−) phenotype was confirmed in newly-diagnosed DLBCL patients. Significant abnormalities in CD20 protein and mRNA expression in immunoblotting and RT-PCR were not confirmed, and genetic mutations on CDS of MS4A1 gene, resulting in the conformation change of CD20 protein, were not detected. The possibility of abnormal post-translational modification or aberrant localization of CD20 protein, leading to interference with antibody binding, can not be excluded. Rituximab binding with CD19-positive primary lymphoma cells was confirmed in a patient, suggesting that CD20 IHC(+)/FCM(-) phenotype does not directly indicate the ineffectiveness of rituximab for these cells. Further investigations, performing in vitro CDC and ADCC assay using primary lymphoma cells, are still warranted to show rituximab effectiveness and sensitivity to those cells. Disclosures: Kinoshita:Zenyaku Kogyo Co.: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding. Naoe:Zenyaku Kogyo Co.: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding.


Strategy Logic (SL) is a very expressive logic for expressing and verifying properties of multi-agent systems: in SL, one can quantify over strategies, assign them to agents, and express properties of the resulting plays. Such a powerful framework has two drawbacks: first, model checking SL has non-elementary complexity; second, the exact semantics of SL is rather intricate, and may not correspond to what is expected. In this paper, we focus on strategy dependencies in SL, by tracking how existentially-quantified strategies in a formula may (or may not) depend on other strategies selected in the formula. We study different kinds of dependencies, refining the approach of [Mogavero et al., Reasoning about strategies: On the model-checking problem, 2014], and prove that they give rise to different satisfaction relations. In the setting where strategies may only depend on what they have observed, we identify a large fragment of SL for which we prove model checking can be performed in 2 -EXPTIME. 1998 ACM Subject Classification F.3.1 Specifying and Verifying and Reasoning about Programs, F.4.1 Mathematical Logic


Non-standard database applications like CAD, CASE, or cooperative authoring systems impose new requirements on database management systems (DBMS). While object-oriented DBMS provide appropriate data modelling facilities they still lack adequate transaction management support for this kind of applications. Cooperative authoring processes are mainly characterized by long duration activities that are interactively performed by m ultiple authors. They cooperate on shared documents to produce a nal, commonly accepted, hyperdocument. Thus, a transaction model that is well-suited for such a n e n vironment has to support long-running, interactively controlled activities, in which the competition for resources is replaced by the need to cooperate. In this paper, we present requirements for a cooperative transaction model to overcome the limitations of the traditional transaction model. The requirements are derived from the analysis of the cooperative hypermedia document authoring domain.


Soil and water loss from sloped farmland is a mainly environmental and agricultural issue worldwide. Many management practices have been selected and are effective to reduce sediment and associated nutrient losses. Fallout 210Pbex tracer technique was used to quantity the soil erosion in terrace cultivation and contour farming field. The soil erosion rate from up-and-down slope field was estimated by RUSLE2 model. The sediment yields from contouring and terraces were reduced 63% and 95%, respectively, by comparison with up-and-down tillage. Terraces could reduce soil erosion 74% and intercept runoff 45% than contouring tillage. However, the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus with runoff from terraces were greater than those from contouring field. Transport loads of TP, DTP, and phosphate (PO43- -P) through water from terraces increased 4.54, 1.34, and 2.53 times than those from contouring tillage, respectively. It is concluded that no single mitigation option can reduce all pollutants. Terrace can achieve pollutants reduction target in tandem with other soil and water conservations.


In 2015, the International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force (IVETF) published the "Consensus Proposal: Diagnostic Approach to Epilepsy in Dogs", proposing the basis for a standardized method of diagnostic procedures in patients suffering from seizures. The recommended modus operandi comprises two fundamental steps to clarify if the patient is truly suffering from epilepsy and to determine its underlying cause. The authors suggest a tier system of three confidence levels describing the reliability of the diagnosis "idiopathic epilepsy" The authors of the consensus proposal emphasize that these recommendations will evolve over time with advances in neuroimaging, electroencephalography, and molecular genetics of canine epilepsy. In this article, the contents of the consensus proposal are summarized in German language.


The small islands have unique natural conditions, although they are surrounded and isolated by the sea, their natural environment is well preserved and offers interest views. Ecotourism is one of the activities to utilize ecosystem services of small islands. The study aimed to evaluate the suitability of tourism and assess the feasibility of investing in ecotourism development using the Tourism Suitability Index (TSI) and the Small Island Investment Index (SII). The research location is on Saor Island, one of the small islands in Madura Island. The results showed that Saobi Island is suitable for diving and snorkelling tourism (2.0 ≤ TSI <2.5). Infrastructure conditions, governance, socio-culture make Saobi Island a suitability investment place for tourism investment (SII = 3.70). Saobi Island policies to support small island ecotourism investments are improving the quality of accessibility, land ownership, availability of infrastructure, reinventing local traditions and improved the quality of human resources Keywords: ecotourism, Saor island, small island investment


Purpose
The research purpose of this paper is to confirm that internal overvoltages in the push–pull power inverter can be used to improve the discharge ignition in the gliding arc discharge (GAD) plasma reactor.

Design/methodology/approach
Investigations are based on the acquisition of voltage changes that occur together with the development of the discharge column and the imaging the GAD with the use of a high-speed camera.

Findings
The power supply has the distinctive feature of not having the switching overvoltages completely extinguished, as it is in typical push–pull inverters. The overvoltages still exist but only dangerous peaks are cut off. The remaining ones, of a dumped resonance character (Figure 3), are transferred to the secondary coil of the transformer. Correctly shaped overvoltages are used for ignition improvement in the GAD reactor.

Practical implications
GAD plasma reactors have many applications for pollution control, disinfection and sterilization of surfaces and for plasma deposition, surface functionalization, as well as in agricultural and medical treatment. Investigations prove the push–pull inverter's advantages in comparison with the transformer-type power supply. Properly configured push–pull inverters have good ignition properties and control options, allowing to generate, desirable for many applications, homogeneous non-thermal plasma.

Originality/value
The idea of using switching overvoltages in transistors of push–pull switching-mode power supplies is new and has not been previously used to improve discharges ignition in a non-thermal plasma reactor.


Abstract Background We aimed to investigate time period effects in the risk of work disability, defined as long-term sickness absence (LTSA) and disability pension (DP) due to common mental disorders (CMDs), among young employees according to employment sector (private/public) and occupational class (non-manual/manual). Methods Three cohorts, including all employed individuals with complete information on employment sector and occupational class, aged 19–29 years and resident in Sweden on 31 December 2004, 2009 and 2014 (n = 573 516, 665 138 and 600 889, respectively) were followed for 4 years. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated to examine the risk of LTSA and DP due to CMDs using Cox regression analyses. Results In all cohorts, public sector employees had higher aHRs for LTSA due to CMDs than private sector employees, irrespective of occupational class, e.g. aHR, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.16–1.33 and 1.15, 1.08–1.23 among non-manual and manual workers in cohort 2004. The rates of DP due to CMDs were much lower in cohorts 2009 and 2014 than 2004 leading to uncertain risk estimates in the later cohorts. Still, public sector manual workers had a higher risk for DP due to CMDs than manual workers in the private sector in cohort 2014 than in 2004 (aHR, 95% CI: 1.54, 1.34–1.76 and 3.64, 2.14–6.18, respectively). Conclusions Manual workers in the public sector seem to have a higher risk of work disability due to CMDs than their counterparts in the private sector calling for the need for early intervention strategies to prevent long-term work disability.


Extracellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) regulate cellular responses to a variety of extracellular stimuli. In the nervous system, ERK1/2 is critical for neuronal differentiation, plasticity and may also modulate neuronal survival. In this minireview, we present evidence that supports prosurvival activity of ERK1/2 in neurons. Several reports suggest that ERK1/2 mediates neuroprotective activity of extracellular factors, including neurotrophins. In addition, ERK1/2 is activated by neuronal injury. In damaged cells, ERK1/2 activation may act as a defensive mechanism that helps to compensate for the deleterious effects of a damaging insult. The emerging mechanisms of ERK1/2-mediated neuroprotection may involve transcriptional regulation and/or direct inhibition of cell death machinery.


Flow level analysis of communication networks with multiple shared resources is generally difficult. A recently introduced sharing scheme called balanced fairness has brought these systems within the realm of tractability. While straightforward in principle, the numerical evaluation of practically interesting performance metrics like per-flow throughput is feasible for limited state spaces only, besides some specific networks where the results are explicit. In the present paper, we study the behaviour of balanced fairness in light and heavy traffic regimes and show how the corresponding performance results can be used to approximate the flow throughput over the whole load range. The results apply to any network, with a state space of arbitrary dimension. A few examples are explicitly worked out to illustrate the concepts.


Elucidation of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are often very challenging and yields complex and unclear results. Lectin-glycoprotein interactions are especially difficult to study due to the noncovalent nature of the interactions and inherently low binding affinities of proteins to glycan ligands on glycoproteins. Here, we report a "ligand-directed labeling probe (LLP)"-based approach to fabricate protein probes for elucidating protein-glycoprotein interactions. LLP was designed with dual photoactivatable groups for introduction of an alkyne handle proximal to the carbohydrate-binding pocket of lectins, Ricinus communis agglutinin 120 (RCA120) and recombinant human Siglec-2-Fc. In proof-of-principle studies, alkynylated lectins were conjugated with the photoreactive diazirine crosslinker and environment-sensitive fluorophore, respectively, by the bioorthogonal click reaction. The modified RCA120 or Siglec-2-Fc was used for detecting the interaction with target glycoprotein in solution or endogenously expressed glycoproteins on live HeLa cells. We anticipate that the fabrication of these protein probes will accelerate the discovery of novel PPIs.


Many clinical laboratories have problems detecting extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases. Confusion exists about the importance of these resistance mechanisms, optimal test methods, and appropriate reporting conventions. Failure to detect these enzymes has contributed to their uncontrolled spread and sometimes to therapeutic failures. Although National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommendations exist for detecting ESBL- producing isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp., no recommendations exist for detecting ESBLs in other organisms or for detecting plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases in any organisms. Clinical laboratories need to have adequate funding, equipment, and expertise to provide a rapid and clinically relevant antibiotic testing service in centers where these resistance mechanisms are encountered.


During the last two decades leading Albanian political actors have developed political activity based on two parallel indicator: western formal models and marketing electoral programs, as well as eastern oriental model in the way they have designed and developed policy, elections, internal democracy and public discourse. Being correct to western formal models came as foreign imposition, as needed impersonation in terms of lack of experience and practical knowledge, as well as the response of major civic expectations.The conclusion of this material is that we are dealing with continuous coexistence between Western model in programs and eastern model in practical implementation of these programs. Practical application of a parallel political system, in values, methods and political discourse was due to domestic consumption needs, fragility in the formation of political culture, local recognition of the dominant methods in politics and the pursuit of short-term political goals.This thesis paper aims to analyze the formal western presentation of the two main political parties and their leaders during the transition, and to make this analysis in comparative relation to feeds and real features in daily political activity. Part of the study are the programs and the most important political positions, international relations associated with the level of democracy and the role of political parties in shaping a democratic, professional studies in the field of political behavior and political discourse.


Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) is gaining widespread interest from the fields of biomolecule detection, cell tracking, and diagnosis, benefiting from its negligible background, deep tissue penetration, and multispectral capacity. However, a wide range of 19F MRI probes are in great demand for the development of multispectral 19F MRI due to the limited number of high-performance 19F MRI probes. Herein, we report a type of water-soluble molecular 19F MRI nanoprobe by conjugating fluorine-containing moieties with a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) cluster for multispectral color-coded 19F MRI. These chemically precise fluorinated molecular clusters are of excellent aqueous solubility with relatively high 19F contents and of single 19F resonance frequency with suitable longitudinal and transverse relaxation times for high-performance 19F MRI. We construct three POSS-based molecular nanoprobes with distinct 19F chemical shifts at -71.91, -123.23, and -60.18 ppm and achieve interference-free multispectral color-coded 19F MRI of labeled cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, in vivo 19F MRI reveals that these molecular nanoprobes could selectively accumulate in tumors and undergo rapid renal clearance afterward, illustrating their favorable in vivo behavior for biomedical applications. This study provides an efficient strategy to expand the 19F probe libraries for multispectral 19F MRI in biomedical research.


Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke, trailing only ischemic stroke in frequency. There are many underlying pathological conditions associated with ICH; hypertension, amyloid angiopathy, ruptured saccular aneurysm, and vascular malformation account for the majority of cases. Initial goals of treatment include preventing hemorrhage extension, as well as the prevention and management of elevated intracranial pressure along with other neurologic and medical complications. Summary of review: Data were obtained from 21 studies conducted between 2000 to 2018 with title of Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage research articles were included in this review that we review clinical features and diagnosis of Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion: Hypertensive vasculopathy is the most common etiology of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Major risk factors for spontaneous ICH are hypertension, older age, the presence of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.


This paper presents the use of overlay networks as a tool to confront the consequences of extreme network attacks. In particular, it suggests the use of disaster recovery sites, which are becoming a common practice of all major IT infrastructures. The main goals of this attempt are to enable IT infrastructures to deal with severe network attacks such as denial of service and distributed denial of service attacks as well as insider attacks


Paradoxical sinus bradycardia and cardiac asystole resulted in episodic weakness, syncope, or aborted sudden cardiac death during exertion in 8 cardiomyopathic Doberman Pinschers. Bradycardias persisted for 1 to 2 minutes in 5 of 8 dogs, and were often followed by sinus tachycardia. Syncope was prolonged on multiple occasions in 5 dogs, and was accompanied by white, then cyanotic mucous membranes, mydriasis, and apparent sudden death.


The recent development of distributed generation technologies is changing the focus of the production of electricity from large centralized power plants to local energy systems scattered over the territory. Under the distributed generation paradigm, the present research scenario emphasises more and more the role of solutions aimed at improving the energy generation efficiency and thus the sustainability of the overall energy sector. In particular, coupling local cogeneration systems to various typologies of chillers and heat pumps allows setting up distributed multi-generation systems for combined production of different energy vectors such as electricity, heat (at different enthalpy levels), cooling power, and so forth. The generation of the final demand energy outputs close to the users enables reducing the losses occurring in the energy chain conversion and distribution, as well as enhancing the overall generation efficiency.This book presents a comprehensive introduction to energy planning and performance assessment of energy systems within the so-called Distributed Multi-Generation (DMG) framework. Typical plant schemes and components are illustrated and modelled, with special focus on applications for trigeneration of electricity, heat and cooling power. A general approach to characterization and planning of multi-generation systems is formulated in terms of the so-called lambda analysis, which extends the classical models related to the heat-to-power cogeneration ratio analysis in cogeneration plants. A unified theoretical framework leading to synthesize different performance assessment techniques is described in details. In particular, different indicators are presented for evaluating the potential energy benefits of distributed multi-generation systems with respect to classical case of separate production and centralized energy systems. Several case study applications are illustrated to exemplify the models presented and to point out some numerical aspects relevant to equipment available on the market. In particular, schemes with different cogeneration prime mover typologies, as well as electric, absorption and engine-driven chillers and heat pumps, are discussed and evaluated. A number of openings towards modelling and evaluation of environmental and economic issues are also provided. The aspects analysed highlight the prominent role of DMG systems towards the development of more sustainable energy scenarios.


This article examines the dynamics of young people's political participation in Malaysia during the 1998 Reformasi era by focusing its analyses on the patterns of participation and the impacts of the 1998 Reformasi and the 1999 general election on young people's political engagement.  By using content analysis of secondary data, the findings show that the 1998 Reformasi marked as a turning point that changed political engagement of young people from politically indifferent or disconnected generation to politically engaged citizens, whether in the forms of conventional politics (i.e. voting) or unconventional politics (i.e. protest activism and social movements) whilst failed to replace the existing ruling regime.  This change was closely related to the regional trend, socioeconomic factors and the new media.


Despite the importance of product repairability, current methods for assessing and grading repairability are limited, which hampers the efforts of designers, remanufacturers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and repair shops. To improve the efficiency of assessing product repairability, this study introduces two artificial intelligence (AI) based approaches. The first approach is a supervised learning framework that utilizes object detection on product teardown images to measure repairability. Transfer learning is employed with machine learning architectures such as ConvNeXt, GoogLeNet, ResNet50, and VGG16 to evaluate repairability scores. The second approach is an unsupervised learning framework that combines feature extraction and cluster learning to identify product design features and group devices with similar designs. It utilizes an Oriented FAST and Rotated BRIEF feature extractor (ORB) along with k-means clustering to extract features from teardown images and categorize products with similar designs. To demonstrate the application of these assessment approaches, smartphones are used as a case study. The results highlight the potential of artificial intelligence in developing an automated system for assessing and rating product repairability.


The aim of the article is to develop a new metodology of analysis and evaluation of Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) machine tool subsystem design configurations. It examines the use an integrated, systemic, global and user oriented approach for the complex problem of selecting among several configuration alternatives the most suitable for a specific case. The metodology is implemented using the Decision Support System framework, offering an objective tool to help managers and engineers during the design stage of the developeent cycle of an flexible manufacturing systems.


Abstract We present an approach based on geomorphometry to predict material properties and characterize site conditions using the V S 30 parameter (time‐averaged shear‐wave velocity to a depth of 30 m). Our framework consists of an automated terrain classification scheme based on taxonomic criteria (slope gradient, local convexity, and surface texture) that systematically identifies 16 terrain types from 1‐km spatial resolution (30 arcsec) Shuttle Radar Topography Mission digital elevation models (SRTMDEMs). Using 853 V S 30 values from California, we apply a simulation‐based statistical method to determine the mean V S 30 for each terrain type in California. We then compare the V S 30 values with models based on individual proxies, such as mapped surface geology and topographic slope, and show that our systematic terrain‐based approach consistently performs better than semiempirical estimates based on individual proxies. To further evaluate our model, we apply our California‐based estimates to terrains of the contiguous United States. Comparisons of our estimates with 325 V S 30 measurements outside of California, as well as estimates based on the topographic slope model, indicate our method to be statistically robust and more accurate. Our approach thus provides an objective and robust method for extending estimates of V S 30 for regions where in situ measurements are sparse or not readily available.


The kinetics of adsorption of CO(2) molecules dissolved in aqueous solution onto a hydrophobised silica surface were investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). The results of this investigation were compared with those obtained earlier from tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) under the same experimental conditions (J. Yang, J. Duan, D. Fornasiero, J. Ralston, J. Phys. Chem. B., 2003, 107(25), 6139-6147; ref. 1). The QCM results represent the early stage of CO(2) gas adsorption (<20 min), before CO(2) gas bubbles adsorbed on the surface can be directly observed by TMAFM. The QCM results confirmed our observation from TMAFM imaging: that CO(2) gas molecules present in solution only adsorb on silica when its surface is hydrophobic. More importantly, the results showed that gas adsorption/bubble growth undergoes two consecutive kinetic processes: a slow and a fast adsorption process.


The sublimation condensation technique is one of the most convenient separation methods used commercially. The parameters that affect the deposition layer thickness in desublimation heat exchanger tubes was investigated and determined in this paper. Experimental setup was fabricated, assembled and performed at Standard Temperature and Pressure, PIEAS, Pakistan. Condenser was fabricated of stainless steel having diameter (18 mm) and total length (340 mm) at PIEAS. Four Pyrex capillary tubes were used with different thicknesses and diameters. Laboratory grade Naphthalene and Ammonium chloride was selected as sublime materials. Direct heating method was employed to separate condensable sublime material from non condensing carrier gas (Air). Concentric type single pass desublimation heat exchanger was made by placing capillary tube inside the condenser. The deposited layer thickness versus time and tube length as function of the tube diameter, thermal conductivity of sublime material, coolant temperature and type of coolant was determined experimentally. To measure thickness of desublimed material which was deposited inside very small capillary tubes is difficult to measure so the qualitative deposited weight method was employed.


N. Katz introduced the notion of the middle convolution on local systems. This can be seen as a generalization of the Euler transform of Fuchsian differential equations. In this paper, we consider the generalization of the Euler transform, the twisted Euler transform, and apply this to differential equations with irregular singular points. In particular, for differential equations with an irregular singular point of irregular rank 2 at $x=\infty$, we describe explicitly changes of local datum caused by twisted Euler transforms. Also we attach these differential equations to Kac-Moody Lie algebras and show that twisted Euler transforms correspond to the action of Weyl groups of these Lie algebras.


This paper assembles family business conceptions from the innovation and technology management perspective, and tests them in the case of a Mexican sugarcane producer. Literature indicates that non-financial objectives, risk aversion and strong controls negatively influence family firms' innovation outcomes. Based on semantic network analysis, we collected transversal information on the firm's technology activities, innovation values and organizational flows, which allowed for the identification of an organizational management profile that shapes an innovation style. Although we acknowledge literature consistency in aspects such as family direct influence and control, or the importance of STI partnerships and external knowledge, our findings didn't identify any concerns about losing control in parts of the family business. This research contributes to the understanding of technology management and organizational elements in an emerging economy's family firm from a relational perspective. Implications for theory endorsement and characterization of family business innovation and technology management in developing countries are discussed.


Trade (UD) Cap Bunga an industry houselhold products unlike bepang located in pelaihari sout Kalimantan. Research purpose analyze what factors most affect planning marketing strategies bepang internally and externally. Determine marketing strategies bepang uses the training ahp by the application of expert choice 2000. Methods used is the methods of Analysis Strengh, Weaknes, Opportunities, Threat ( SWOT) and  Anaytic Hirerarchy Proces (AHP). The results of marketing strategies factors influencing the bepang is. Power (Strengh) bepang products quality product using the resulting 4,66 and industry bepang obtain certificates/business licensing letter 4,33 produced by the. Weaknes (weaknes) bepang use simple product packaging and the products of the 2,66 bepang not easlily repaired by 1,66 score.Opportunities (opportunities) product bepang easy marketed the score by which  produced 4,66  and products bepang competitive with other products the score the was produced 4,66.Threat (threat) in marketing not promote a printing press and electronic media the score that was produced 2,66 and is a product similar with score that was produced 3. Alternative marketing strategy using the method of analysis of SWOT AHP is to maintain quality material so that the certificate/letter of bussiness permission to make bepang product UD. Cap Bunga easy to market and qualite competitive with ather products.


OBJECTIVE
Kelantan in Malaysia has a high prevalence of diabetes and colorectal cancer is also on the rise. This study is to determine the association of metabolic diseases, particularly diabetes type 2 [DM2] and hypertension, with colorectal cancer patients in our population.

METHODS
This retrospective study was conducted on all colorectal carcinomas in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM) in Kelantan from ythe ears 2001-2006. The data were retrieved from the Registry in Pathology laboratory and the clinical details from the patients' clinical records and analyzed using SSPS Version 12.0, with a value of p<0.05 taken to be statistically significant.

RESULTS
138 CRC cases with complete clinical records were included. The age ranged from 16.0 to 88.0 years, with a mean of 56.9 -/+ SD 15.4. The male 90(65%) to female 48(35%) ratio was 1.7:1.0 and 47.8% were suffering from metabolic diseases; 18(13.0%) with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2(DM2), and 48(34.8%) with hypertension (HT). Diabetes Type 2 and hypertension also demonstrated significant association (p<0.05) with the stage and the site of the cancer. Patients with diabetes type 2 88.8%(16/18) and Hypertension 85.4% (41/48) were strongly associated with cancers located in the distal to transverse colon (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION
There is a high proportion of metabolic diseases; hypertension and diabetes type 2 among colorectal carcinomas seen in Kelantan population. In this preliminary study we noted a strong association of metabolic diseases with the stage and site of the cancer. To reduce CRC incidence, the high prevalence of DM2 in Kelantan needs to be addressed.


Renewal or al-Tajdeed is a natural phenomenon related to the attitudes of all people. People are being attracted towards anything new. However, the renewal should be based on knowledge or report to provide a solution to Muslim problems and their contemporary issues. This study was conducted to advocate for renewal in teaching the recitations of the Quran (al-Qiraat) in order to reduce its difficulty and bring it closer to the learners' memories using new method in step with basic materials in the whole world for extension of traditional knowledge as in the case of different branches of Islamic knowledge. Meanwhile, the scholars have advocated for that in the past and present based on the content and existence of this legislation. The research employed different research methods for the purpose of this study. Inductive approach was used for relevant books on al-tajdeed and development in the process of imparting this knowledge to the students using simple methods. Also historical approach was employed to review al-tajdeed related to al-Qiraat science based on knowledge and facilitation and its development in this era. One of the important things to know is that al-qiraat is a revelation from the Almighty Allah, therefore it is not possible to bring new thing into it, but the advocacy of renewal in it is based on knowledge. Descriptive approach was also used to describe the books in the present study. Moreover, the researcher used analytical approach to analyse the views of scholars on using al-tajdeed in teaching the al-qiraat science. Then methods were developed for teaching this important knowledge. One of the most important findings of the present study is that al-qira'at passed many stages until it has been considered by all. It started to undergo a process from difficult stage to a simpler one. If it remains as it was without being renewed in teaching, it would have now become more difficult. There are some fundamentals which the past and the present scholars agreed upon in the teaching of al-qira'at. They cannot be changed whatever the level of development and technological advancement we reach. These include memorization and studying the Noble Qur'an orally from the Quranic scholars. Keywords:  Renewal, Qur'anic recitation, teaching qiraat science, teaching methods


Antibody-based immunotherapy represents a promising strategy to specifically target and eliminate chemoresistant leukemic cells in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We evaluated a single-chain bispecific CD33/CD3 BiTE® antibody (AMG 330) for its suitability as immunotherapy in AML. A prerequisite for successful immunotherapeutic approaches using this molecule is the expression of CD33 on AML blasts including leukemic stem cells (LSCs). Therefore, we quantified CD33 expression on AML blasts and LSCs by flow cytometry (mean fluorescence intensity, MFI) and correlated expression intensity with cytogenetic and molecular disease characteristics in order to identify patient cohorts possibly most suited for CD33-targeted therapies. CD33 expression was detected in >99% of patient samples (n=621, MFI ratio ≥ 1.5) although highly variable. A strong correlation between high CD33 expression levels and NPM1 mutations ( p<0.001 ) was found. In contrast, low CD33 expression levels were significantly associated with complex karyotypes and t(8,21) translocations ( p<0.001 ). Furthermore, LSCs within the CD34+/CD38- compartment displayed CD33 at higher levels than healthy donor stem cells ( p=0.047 ). Importantly, colony formation of CD34+/Lin-cells from healthy donors was not affected after pre-incubation with AMG 330 and T-cells.

A major hurdle for measuring cytotoxic effects on AML blasts has long been that primary AML patient samples show progressive cell death within a few days ex-vivo . To simulate the natural setting of target and T-cells in AML patients, we developed a long-term culture system for AML blasts that allowed us to observe these co-cultures for up to 5 weeks. Thus, we were able to show effective elimination of AML blasts within primary samples by AMG 330-activated and expanded residual CD3+/CD45RA-/CCR7+ memory T-lymphocytes. While the functional relevance of CD33 expression levels was shown by faster lysis kinetics of CD33BRIGHT vs. CD33DIM AML cell lines in an in-vitro cytotoxicity assay potent anti-leukemic activity on primary AML blasts was observed irrespective of CD33 expression level. At low effector to target ratios (up to 1:79), the recruited T-cells lysed autologous blasts completely in the majority of samples. Further T-cell analysis showed that naive T-cells (CD45RA+/CCR7+) were not expanded by AMG 330; neither were terminally differentiated T-cells (CD45RA+/CCR7-), probably due to their poor proliferative capacity. We did not observe an increase in percentage of CD3+/CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3+regulatory T-cells in the presence of AMG 330, suggesting that these cells may not have impacted AMG 330-mediated T-cell activity in our experiments. Compared to control cultures, T-cells were shown to up-regulate the activation markers CD25, PD-1, TIM3 and LAG3 upon response to AMG 330, which was partially reversible after complete target cell elimination. However, PD-1 up-regulation did not correlate with an up-regulation of PD-L1 on AML blasts despite substantial INFγ secretion by activated T-cells.

This study provides the first correlation of CD33 expression levels to a comprehensive genotype analysis in adult AML patients. While CD33 expression may vary by AML biologic subgroup, AMG 330 exposure led to lysis of AML blasts even in samples with low levels of expression. Targeting CD33 using AMG 330 in primary AML samples led to efficient T-cell activation and expansion as expected from the mechanism of action of BiTE® antibodies. The remarkable ex-vivo activity of AMG 330 supports further development of AMG 330 as an immunotherapy for patients with AML.

Disclosures: Kufer: AMGEN Research (Munich) GmbH: Employment; AMGEN Inc.: Equity Ownership. Kischel: AMGEN Research (Munich) GmbH: Employment; AMGEN Inc.: Equity Ownership. Zugmaier: Amgen Research (Munich) GmbH: Employment; Amgen Inc.: Equity Ownership. Baeuerle: AMGEN Research (Munich) GmbH: Employment; AMGEN Inc.: Equity Ownership. Riethmuller: AMGEN Inc.: Equity Ownership.


We present a probabilistic model extension to the Tesniere Dependency Structure (TDS) framework formulated in (Sangati and Mazza, 2009). This representation incorporates aspects from both constituency and dependency theory. In addition, it makes use of junction structures to handle coordination constructions. We test our model on parsing the English Penn WSJ treebank using a re-ranking framework. This technique allows us to efficiently test our model without needing a specialized parser, and to use the standard evaluation metric on the original Phrase Structure version of the treebank. We obtain encouraging results: we achieve a small improvement over state-of-the-art results when re-ranking a small number of candidate structures, on all the evaluation metrics except for chunking.


The forecasting and guidance system is discussed first. Secondly the most feasible labour structure for Finland in year 2012 is presented. Third task is to point out the combination of ability of a local economy to increase the number of successful product oriented enterprises in the local economy and the new types of competent ownership of business premises. The structure of the method has been tested also in St. Petersburg. At the end some tools needed in forecasting and guidance are presented.


Background Ganglioglioma is a rare and slowly growing benign tumor. We investigated the outcomes of patients who underwent different combination treatments. Methods Between 1998 and 2012, 16 patients, including 11 men and 5 women, with a median age of 12.5 years (range, 2.5-65 years) were treated for intracranial gangliogliomas at our institution. The median follow-up period was 5.7 years (range, 48 days-15.6 years). Fifteen cases were included in the outcome assessment because one patient was lost to follow-up. Complete resection was achieved in 8 (53%) patients. Six (40%) patients underwent incomplete resection with or without adjuvant radiotherapy, and one patient with a brainstem tumor underwent only stereotactic biopsy. Results Gangliogliomas predominantly affected young (87.5%), male patients and most frequently presented with seizures (64%). Of eight patients who underwent complete resection, seven did not show recurrence, whereas only three of six with incomplete resection showed no recurrence. Four patients with recurrence received salvage treatments (two repeat surgeries and two radiosurgeries). A tumor control rate of 93% (14/15) was achieved at the last follow-up. No recurrence or malignant changes were observed after a median follow-up of 12 and 4.5 years in four patients who received gamma knife (GK) radiosurgery as adjuvant and salvage treatment. Conclusion Complete resection produced the best outcomes and incomplete resection followed by adjuvant or salvage treatments showed favorable outcomes. In patients who are not eligible for complete resection because of tumor location or potential neurologic deficits following surgery, GK radiosurgery should be considered for the treatment of residual or recurrent tumors.


This paper explores two established techniques for doing time series modeling and prediction of mean and variance. The first method is an explicit method used to establish the embedding dimension of the time series, define the sensitivity of each variable and come up with a systematic decision of the delay of inputs for future prediction. The second method makes use of recurrent networks to implicitly derive models with "adaptive" time delays for the mean and variance predictions of a given time series. The recurrent system gives better prediction performance on artificial chaotic signals as well as real world exchange rate data in terms of mean squared error criterion and requires no laborious determination of the number of inputs.


Introduction: Studies investigating the occurrence of osteoporosis in Eating Disorders (EDs) are limited. This thesis investigates the extent to which individuals with different ED diagnoses and ED behaviours suffer from bone loss, and studies bone loss in both adolescents and adults with EDs. Finally, this thesis will investigate the current treatments to improve bone health in EDs, and make recommendations for both treatment and future research avenues. Methods: Chapters 5 and 8 of this thesis present systematic reviews of the literature, firstly investigating Bone Mineral Density (BMD) across ED sub-types using a meta-analysis (Chapter 5), and secondly investigating current treatment options and the mechanisms behind these treatments (Chapter 8). Chapters 6 and 7 investigate bone health outcomes in a general population sample, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Lifetime ED behaviours and ED diagnoses are investigated in adults as predictors of BMD (Chapter 6), and ED behaviours are investigated as longitudinal predictors of BMD and fracture occurrence in adolescents (Chapter 7). Finally, the mechanisms associated with bone loss are reviewed and treatment options are discussed (Chapter 8). Results: Chapter 5 found that not only Anorexia Nervosa (AN), but also Bulimia Nervosa (BN) was associated with low bone mineral density (BMD). Chapter 6 advanced upon this and found individual ED behaviours (fasting and restricting) to be predictive low BMD in adult women. Chapter 7 found that fasting, purging and excessively exercising in adolescence were longitudinal predictors of fracture occurrence up to early adulthood. Finally, Chapter 8 found that bisphosphonate therapy, and also transdermal oestrogen were the only empirically supported treatments to improve BMD in AN. Conclusions: The results from this thesis advance on the current literature as we find that not only AN, but also BN and individual ED behaviours are all predictive of poor bone health outcomes in both adults and adolescents. Treatment options are severely limited for this group, and those available have an uncertain safety profile. Future research should aim to protect bone health in all EDs, and develop safe and efficacious treatments.


Simple Summary As the byproduct of crops, straw is an important roughage resource in sheep production in rural areas. Finger millet straw crop has widely been planted in arid and semi-arid area of the world. However, little is known about the effect of mixed diets containing millet straw and corn straw on the production of fattening lambs. This research evaluated the effect of whole mix diet concentrate and roughage containing different proportions of millet straw and corn straw on the growth performance, blood metabolites, immune capacity, and carcass traits of lambs. The results proved the feeding effect of millet straw substituted for 50% of corn straw in fattening lambs. Abstract As the byproduct of finger millet, millet straw is a new forage resource of ruminants. The effect of the combined utilization of millet straw with corn straw on fattening lamb production is seldom reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different proportions of millet straw instead of corn straw on the growth performance, blood metabolites, immune response, meat yield, and quality of fattening lamb. Sixty-three-month-old healthy Small-Tailed Han sheep crossbred rams with an average initial weight of 19.28 ± 2.95 kg were randomly divided into four groups, with three replicates in each group and five lambs in each replicate. The replacement ratio of millet straw of each group (Group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ) was 0%, 25%, 35%, 50% at the first stage (the first two months) and 0%, 20%, 28%, 40% in the second period (final two months), respectively. The experiment lasted 4 months 10 days of the pre-feeding period. The results indicated that the body weight gain and average daily gain of group Ⅱ were significantly higher than those of group Ⅰ and group Ⅳ (p < 0.05). The concentration of total protein in group Ⅳ was significantly increased compared to those of the other three groups at the second stage (p < 0.05), which proved that the protein synthesis metabolism capacity was improved with the addition of millet straw. The concentration of the plasma glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase and lactic dehydrogenase of lambs was significantly decreased in group Ⅱ (p < 0.05). The combination of millet straw and corn straw had no impact on the glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides metabolism (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the pre-slaughter weight, carcass weight, dressing percentage, loin-eye area, and GR value among the four groups (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the immune response and meat quality were not impacted by the different proportions of millet and corn forage diets. The results showed that the combined utilization of millet straw with corn straw could improve the blood biochemistry metabolism capability of fattening lambs. The replacement of 50% of corn straw with millet straw could improve the growth performance and be an application in fattening lamb production.


Interest rate is one of the primary tools in the monetary policy which moves the countries' economy into positive or negative path. In the meantime, the fiscal imbalance keeps a bond on the interest rate of countries. Empirically, this study tested the impact of fiscal imbalance on the interest rate in Sri Lanka using the annual time series data from the period of 1959 to 2014. In this study, the fiscal imbalance was considered as the independent variable and the interest rate was used as the independent variable. While the money supply and the inflation were utilized as controlled variables. To test this impact, the multiple regressions model was employed. Based on the regression outcome, the fiscal imbalance positively impacted on the interest rate at one percent level.


OBJECTIVES
To explain the different approaches for interpreting acid-base disorders; to develop the Stewart model which offers some advantages for the pathophysiological understanding and the clinical interpretation of acid-base imbalances.

DATA SOURCE
Record of french and english references from Medline data base. The keywords were: acid-base balance, hyperchloremic acidosis, metabolic acidosis, strong ion difference, strong ion gap.

DATA EXTRACTION
Data were selected including prospective and retrospective studies, reviews, and case reports.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Acid-base disorders are commonly analysed by using the traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach which attributes the variations in plasma pH to the modifications in plasma bicarbonates or PaCO2. However, this approach seems to be inadequate because bicarbonates and PaCO2 are completely dependent. Moreover, it does not consider the role of weak acids such as albuminate, in the determination of plasma pH value. According to the Stewart concept, plasma pH results from the degree of plasma water dissociation which is determined by 3 independent variables: 1) strong ion difference (SID) which is the difference between all the strong plasma cations and anions; 2) quantity of plasma weak acids; 3) PaCO2. Thus, metabolic acid-base disorders are always induced by a variation in SID (decreased in acidosis) or in weak acids (increased in acidosis), whereas respiratory disorders remains the consequence of a change in PaCO2. These pathophysiological considerations are important to analyse complex acid-base imbalances in critically ill patients. For example, due to a decrease in weak acids, hypoalbuminemia increases SID which may counter-balance a decrease in pH and an elevated anion gap. Thus if using only traditional tools, hypoalbuminemia may mask a metabolic acidosis, because of a normal pH and a normal anion gap. In this case, the association of metabolic acidosis and alkalosis is only expressed by respectively a decreased SID and a decreased weak acids concentration. This concept allows to establish the relationship between hyperchloremic acidosis and infusion of solutes which contain large concentration of chloride such as NaCl 0.9%. Finally, the Stewart concept permits to understand that sodium bicarbonate as well as sodium lactate induces plasma alkalinization. In fact, sodium remains in plasma, whereas anion (lactate or bicarbonate) are metabolized leading to an increase in plasma SID.

CONCLUSION
Due to its simplicity, the traditional Henderson-Hasselbalch approach of acid-base disorders, remains commonly used. However, it gives an inadequate pathophysiological analysis which may conduct to a false diagnosis, especially with complex acid-base imbalances. Despite its apparent complexity, the Stewart concept permits to understand precisely the mechanisms of acid-base disorders. It has to become the most appropriate approach to analyse complex acid-base abnormalities.


Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by cutaneous psoriasis, peripheral joint damage, axial joint damage, and enthesitis and is usually diagnosed after the appearance of psoriatic skin disease. PsA mutilans is relatively rare in Japan. In the present case, the patient was diagnosed with PsA with foot mutilans deformity only. Hand and spinal radiograph findings were unremarkable. As in the present case arthritis is occurred prior to the onset of skin lesion, we should make early diagnosis to prevent mutilans deformity.


Microwave irradiation was applied to the synthesis of polyethers from 1,8-dibromo- and 1,8-dimesyl-octane under solid–liquid phase-transfer catalytic conditions. To evaluate the influence of microwaves on the reaction rates and polyether properties, we carried out the polymerization reactions under similar conventional conditions (oil bath) with the same temperature profiles. First, the microwave-assisted syntheses proceeded more rapidly in comparison with conventional heating, and the reaction time was reduced from 24 h to 30 min with higher yields of polyethers. Second, the structure of the polymers strictly depended on the activation mode. Under microwave conditions, the polyethers were characterized by higher molecular weights with better homogeneity. Third, the mechanism of chain termination was different under microwave and conventional conditions. The polyethers prepared with conventional heating possessed shorter chains with mainly hydroxylated ends, whereas under microwave irradiation, the polymer chains were longer with mainly ethylenic group ends. In fact, under microwave irradiation, ethylenic group ends were formed rather rapidly and set up a hindrance to further polymer growth. In contrast, under conventional conditions terminations were essentially constituted by hydroxyl functions; however, further polymerization was terminated as well. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1255–1266, 2003


This paper designs a mixed algorithm called PSO_ACS to solve the vehicle routing problem with simultaneous pick-up and delivery. The ACS and PSO are combined by defining information heuristic factor and expectation heuristic factor as the functions of the particle's positions, and the PSO algorithm is adopted to improve the heuristics parameters self-adaptively. This algorithm improves the convergent speed through changing the inertial weight of the PSO. The results of the numerical experiments on the Dethloff instances show that the mixed algorithm could get better value in efficient time.


Vestibular disorders are quite common and can cause significant disability. Diagnosis and treatment of these disorders is very complex, requiring multidisciplinary input including physical therapy (PT) and audiology (AUD). The purpose of this research was to determine if an interprofessional educational experience between the PT and AUD students will increases the students' confidence in their knowledge of the role of the other discipline, circumstances which would require referral to the other discipline, and communication with individuals from the other discipline. PT and AUD students were divided into small groups and worked through an unfolding case. A paper-and-pencil survey was utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of the experience. Mann-Whitney U-tests demonstrated no significant difference between the confidence levels of PT and AUD students pre-test and post-test. Wilcoxon signed ranks tests demonstrated statistically significant gains in confidence levels on all items from pre-test to posttest. The authors attribute these gains to interprofessional collaboration, case-based learning, and discipline- specific facilitation. In the future, this exercise would benefit from additional disciplines. The outcomes strengthen the research that interprofessional education and case-based learning are effective methods of education. This should lead to increased communication in clinical settings and ultimately improved patient outcomes.


Northern Ireland's Troubles conflict, like many complex conflicts through the world, has often been conceived as considerably motivated by religious differences. This paper demonstrates that religion was often integrated into an ethno-religious identity that fueled sectarian conflict between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland during the Troubles period. Instead of being a religious-based conflict, the conflict derived from historical divides of power, land ownership, and civil and political rights in Ireland over several centuries. It relies on 12 interviews, six Protestants and six Catholics, to measure their use of religious references when referring to their religious other . The paper concludes that in the overwhelming majority of cases, both groups did not use religious references, supporting the hypothesis on the integrated nature of ethnicity and religion during the Troubles. It offers grounding for looking into the complex nature of sectarian and seemingly religious conflicts throughout the world, including cases in which religion acts as more of a veneer to deeply rooted identities and historical narratives.


2,3-Dihydro-3-[(S)-1-phenethyl]quinazolinone and some new 2-substituted derivatives bearing isopropyl, o-nitrophenyl and p-nitrophenyl groups were prepared in 40-90% yield by amidation of isatoic anhydride with (S)-phenylethylamine, followed by condensation with triethyl orthoformate, isopropylaldehyde, o-nitro- and p-nitro-benzaldehyde, respectively. The two 2-subtituted dihydroquinazolinones obtained either by using isopropylaldehyde, o-nitro- or p-nitrobenzaldehyde, were separated and purified before their NMR spectra in CDCl3 solutions were recorded. The detection of the low energy conformation of O=C-N-phenethyl segment in solution allowed the correlation of the NMR data with the configuration of newly stereogenic carbon C-2; thus, one diastereomer was labeled SS while the other was RS. Configurations determined by the NMR method were corroborated by X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray structures of each diastereomeric series showed characteristic conformational types: a propeller-like for the SS and a hairpin for the RS series. Interatomic distances of the hairpin conformation suggest the existence of intramolecular face-to-face interactions between two aromatic rings.


Cashew policy reforms in Mozambique have been controversial. They are often invoked by critics as an illustration of how agricultural policy reforms supported by international financial institutions may fail to have their intended effects. This paper revisits the reforms and their outcomes almost two decades later. While the reforms resulted in higher producer prices and an increase in output, lack of consensus on the specifics of the reforms and associated non-price support arrangements created a situation in which the sector was not able to withstand international price shocks that ultimately led to a collapse of both the processing industry and cashew production. Non-price support by donors improved the efficiency of the processing industry but this was not complemented by an expansion in cashew nut supply as such support did not extend to smallholder cashew producers. For the reforms to have had their intended results, greater investment in -- and support to -- smallholder production was needed to increase yields and overall output. Such a more comprehensive approach to cashew policy reform would have required a greater focus on achieving consensus on the causes of the cashew sector's problems and agreement by all stakeholders on a common institutional framework for pricing and non-price support.


In geophysics, the shallow water model is a good approximation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes system with free surface and it is widely used for its mathematical structure and its computational efficiency. However, applications of this model are restricted by two approximations under which it was derived, namely the hydrostatic pressure and the vertical averaging. Each approximation has been addressed separately in the literature: the first one was overcome by taking into account the hydrodynamic pressure (e.g. the non-hydrostatic or the Green-Naghdi models); the second one by proposing a multilayer version of the shallow water model.

In the present paper, a hierarchy of new models is derived with a layerwise approach incorporating non-hydrostatic effects to model the Euler equations. To assess these models, we use a rigorous derivation process based on a Galerkin-type approximation along the vertical axis of the velocity field and the pressure, it is also proven that all of them satisfy an energy equality. In addition, we analyse the linear dispersion relation of these models and prove that the latter relations converge to the dispersion relation for the Euler equations when the number of layers goes to infinity.


The history of China, as any history, is a story of and in translation. Translating Early Modern China: Illegible Cities tells the story of translation in China to and from non-European languages and Latin between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries, and primarily in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Each chapter finds a particular translator resurrected from the past to tell the story of a text that helped shape the history of translation in China. In Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu, Latin, and more, these texts helped to make the Chinese language what it was at different points in its history. Translating Early Modern China explores what the form of an academic history book might look like by playing with fictioning as part of the historian's craft. The book's many stories—of glossaries and official Ming translation bureaus, of bilingual Ming Chinese–Mongolian language primers, of the first Latin grammar of Manchu, of a Qing Manchu conversation manual, of a collection of Manchu poems by a Qing translator—serve as case studies that open out into questions of language and translation in China's past, of the use of fiction as a historian's tool, and of the ways that translation creates language.


One or more heavy spin-1 fields may replace the Higgs boson in keeping perturbative unitarity up to a few TeV while at the same time account for the electroweak precision tests. We study the Drell-Yan production of heavy vector and axial-vector states in generic Higgsless models at hadron colliders. We analyse in particular the l + l , WZ, and three SM gauge boson final states. In the l + l case we show how present Tevatron data restricts the allowed parameter space of these models. The two and three gauge boson final states (especially WZ, WWZ, and WZZ) are particularly interesting in view of the LHC, especially for light axial-vector masses, and could shed more light on the role of spin-1 resonances in the electroweak precision tests.


The use of the Grosse-Kempf nail in the treatment of fractures of the tibia is limited for two reasons: (1) the medullary canal may be too narrow to permit adequate reaming to accommodate the instrumentation; (2) complex or comminuted fractures rarely occur without severe soft tissue involvement or exposure of the fracture. The authors report 24 cases treated since 1981. They describe the radiographic features, indications for treatment, time for union, and programme of rehabilitation. These are practically identical to those found in a previous report on femoral shaft fractures. In the present series, the only complication was a false aneurysm of the posterior tibial artery which was successfully treated surgically with no loss of function.


Specimens of the genus Amanita, collected from northern Thailand and deposited in the fungal herbarium of Chiang Mai University and some overseas herbaria were studied. Twenty-five taxa, including eighteen new to Thailand, are described briefly. A key to species is provided. The new records for Thailand are A. alboflavescens, A. avellaneosquamosa, A. chepangiana, A. clarisquamosa, A. flavipes sensu lato, A. fritillaria, A. fuliginea, A. hongoi, A japonica, A. manginiana sensu W.F. Chui, A. obsita, A. ovalispora, A. pseudoporphyria, A. rubrovolvata, A. sinensis, A. sinocitrina, A. subglobosa, and A. virgineoides. A type study of A. pudibunda is included. Amanita frostiana sensu R. Heim is proposed to be properly diagnosed as A. rubrovolvata.


a change in interspace. In conclusion the rate of failure and minor complications lower the efficacy of HTEA to 91% of the pts submitted to epidural puncture. However, so long as a strict protocol for anticoagulation is followed, and awaiting future studies to demonstrate a better patient outcome, we consider HTEA an effective adjunct for anaesthesia for coronary surgery. References: 1 Pastor MC, Sánchez MJ, Casas MA, et al. Thoracic epidural analgesia in coronary artery bypass graft surgery: seven years' experience. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003; 17: 154–159. 2 Sanchez R, Nygård E. Epidural anesthesia in cardiac surgery: is there an increased risk? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1998; 12: 170–173.


The Internet of Things (IoT) has risen from ubiquitous computing to the Internet itself. Internet of vehicles (IoV) is the next emerging trend in IoT. We can build intelligent transportation systems (ITS) using IoV. However, overheads are imposed on IoV network due to a massive quantity of information being transferred from the devices connected in IoV. One such overhead is the network connection between the units of an IoV. To make an efficient ITS using IoV, optimization of network connectivity is required. A survey on network optimization in IoT and IoV is presented in this study. It also highlights the backdrop of IoT and IoV. This includes the applications, such as ITS with comparison to different advancements, optimization of the network, IoT discussions, along with categorization of algorithms. Some of the simulation tools are also explained which will help the research community to use those tools for pursuing research in IoV.


An accurate three-dimensional potential energy surface for H/sub 3/ has been obtained by the configuration interaction (CI) method. The calculated energies, for 156 nuclear configurations, with the energy of the saddle point taken to be zero, are believed to lie within 0.1 kcal/mole of the exact clamped-nuclei limit. The CI calculations used an extended one-particle basis set of 4 s-type, 3 p-type, and 1 d-type contracted Gaussian functions, and a nearly complete n-particle basis set. In order to solve the large secular problem, the direct CI method was adapted to the problem of complete CI for three valence electrons. The properties of the accurate H/sub 3/ potential surface were used to evaluate ab initio and semiempirical methods for potential surface calculations, with emphasis on their applications to other exchange reactions.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, major challenges are facing pediatric cancer centers regarding access to cancer centers, continuity of the anti-cancer therapy, hospital admission, and infection protection precautions. Pediatric oncologists actively treating children with cancer from 29 cancer centers at 11 countries were asked to answer a survey from May 2020 to August 2020 either directly or through the internet. COVID-19 pandemic affected the access to pediatric cancer care in the form of difficulty in reaching the center in 22 (75.9%) centers and affection of patients' flow in 21 (72.4%) centers. Health care professionals (HCP) were infected with COVID-19 in 20 (69%) surveyed centers. Eighteen centers (62%) modified the treatment guidelines. Care of follow-up patients was provided in-hospital in 8(27.6%) centers, through telemedicine in 10 (34.5%) centers, and just delayed in 11 (38%) centers. Pediatric oncologists had different expectations about the future effects of COVID-19 on pediatric cancer care. Seventy-six percent of pediatric oncologists think the COVID-19 pandemic will increase the use of telemedicine. Fifty-five percent of pediatric oncologists think if the COVID-19 pandemic persists, we will need to change chemotherapy protocols to less myelosuppressive ones. Collaborative studies are required to prioritize pediatric cancer management during COVID-19 era.


Conventional methods of real time sound effects in 3D graphical and virtual environments relied upon preparing all the needed samples ahead of time and simply replaying them as needed, or parametrically modifying a basic set of samples using physically based techniques such as the spring-damper simulation and modal analysis/synthesis. In this work, we propose to apply the generative adversarial network (GAN) approach to the problem at hand, with which only one generator is trained to produce the needed sounds fast with perceptually indifferent quality. Otherwise, with the conventional methods, separate and approximate models would be needed to deal with different material properties and contact types, and manage real time performance. We demonstrate our claim by training a GAN (more specifically WaveGAN) with sounds of different drums and synthesizing the sounds on the fly for a virtual drum playing environment. The perceptual test revealed that the subjects could not discern the synthesized sounds from the ground truth nor perceived any noticeable delay upon the corresponding physical event.


Assignments of 1H, 15N, and 13C magnetic resonances for ribonuclease H from Escherichia coli have been completed using double- and triple-resonance 2D and 3D NMR experiments. These assignments include all types of 1H, 15N, and 13C nuclei detectable by NMR. The enzyme used, which cleaves the RNA moiety of an RNA-DNA duplex, consists of 155 amino acid residues and has 1962 nuclei (227 nitrogen, 762 carbons, and 973 protons) observable independently by NMR. Among those, 1868 nuclei (95%) have been assigned. Two methods, 3D HCH and 13C-13C-1H heteroSQC/homoSQC, were newly devised to complete the side chain assignments. These methods were used to elucidate the -CH2- and -C-CH-substructures. Triple-resonance experiments to detect other types of substructures, (e.g., -N-CH- and -C-NH-) were also applied. In total, 10 kinds of 3D NMR experiments were used to complete the assignments. The chemical shifts obtained through the assignments were analyzed in terms of the tertiary structure of the protein molecule. Among the 13C chemical shifts, larger secondary shifts (deviations from shifts at the random coil state) were observed for the C alpha, C beta, and C' nuclei, which reflect the local structures on the backbone, that is, the alpha-helix, beta-sheet, and left-handed helix, respectively.


This article gives an overview of how Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) influence self-management and control of type 2 diabetes in later life. This qualitative multiple case study focused on 20 adults with a history of adverse childhood experiences and type-2 diabetes at two clinical sites in Harlem and the Bronx. In addition to discovering that emotional and physical neglect; physical abuse and separation of a family member(s) were the most common forms of adverse childhood experiences encountered by this group of participants, it became clear from these interviews that participants fell into 3 groups, the Proactive, the Debilitated, and the Deniers. Poignant participant stories are given to reflect each group. A Trauma Informed Primary Care (TIPC) model is discussed as a guideline for healthcare providers to help them work and advocating for this patient population.


We have re-examined the distorted-wave Born approximation for inelastic collisions. We find that the distortion in the relative motion of the collision partners cannot be neglected even for high-energy ion-atom collisions. Furthermore, if the distortion in the relative motion is not treated exactly, post-prior discrepancies will occur. We have applied the distorted-wave Born approximation, with distortion included through first order, to ground-state-to-ground-state electron capture by positrons from hydrogen atoms. The results are presented in this paper. We have also examined the nonrelativistic asymptotic behavior of the cross section for electron capture from hydrogen by positrons incident with a speed v approx. infinity. We find that, for e/sup 2//hv << 1, capture occurs primarily to states of positronium that have an odd orbital-angular-momentum quantum number. It follows that the cusp signifying charge transfer to the continuum will, for positron impact, be symmetric when e/sup 2//hv << 1.


Background: Posterior circulation stroke is less common than stroke involving the anterior circulation. An understanding of the Posterior circulation stroke phenomenology and mechanisms requires knowledge of neurovascular anatomy and of the structure-function relationships of this region of the brain. Identifying mechanisms of stroke is essential so that appropriate preventive therapies may be instituted. Methods: A prospective study was conducted over a period of 1 year after obtaining permission from institutional ethics committee. Recently diagnosed cases of posterior circulation stroke from medicine and neurology wards were enrolled, who fulfilled inclusion criteria. Results: Most common age for posterior circulation stroke in this study was 41-70 years of age with median age of 56.5 years. It is more common in males (55%) than females (45%). Ischemic posterior circulation stroke is more common (63.15%) than haemorrhagic posterior circulation stroke (36.85%). Most common presenting feature of posterior circulation was ataxia (77.3%). Most common risk factor for posterior circulation stroke was hypertension (60.5%) followed by dyslipidemia (55.26%). Most common site of involvement in ischemic posterior circulation stroke was cerebellum (37.5%) followed by occipital lobe (24%). Commonest site of bleed found was cerebellum (64.4%) followed by pons (35.6%). Mortality in posterior circulation stroke in present study was 15.78%. Conclusions: Posterior circulation stroke present with a wide variety of symptoms. Episodes are often staggering and more protracted than those of anterior circulation stroke. Further studies are needed to determine the safest and most effective treatment modalities for the various types of posterior circulation stroke.


Using extensive simulations, we have investigated the behaviour of finite element image reconstruction for electrical impedance tomography in the presence of inaccuracies likely to exist in real measurements. This study characterizes reconstruction when subjected to noise propagation using different excitation patterns and modes of operation. Specifically, a generalized framework for finite element image reconstruction is presented which allows electrical impedance images to be recovered from data collected in either voltage, current or impedance modes of operation that correspond naturally to the allowable boundary condition types which determine unique model solutions to the underlying partial differential equation as the basis for property estimation. Driving conditions consisting of electrode pairs, trigonometric or synthesized trigonometric patterns have been considered. The simulations presented here are based on an arbitrary impedance distribution for which applied and observed voltages and currents were computed. The applied and observed patterns were then processed identically to real data with the addition of 0, 0.1% and 1% random Gaussian noise. The mean squared error (MSE) between the reconstructed and exact impedance images constituted the measure of algorithmic performance. Our findings suggest that finite element reconstruction tolerates noise on the measurement data better than on the applied portion of the signal; pair excitations consistently produced the lowest MSE; noise appears to compound itself in the synthesized trigonometric patterns mode; and the applied voltage mode consistently yields more accurate images in the presence of noise than the equivalent cases corresponding to current mode. While only evaluated with trigonometric patterns, the impedance mode generally produced the lowest MSE in a limited set of simulation comparisons.


A technique for the determination of two-dimensional impurity profiles in silicon using methods for emission computed tomography is presented. Several one-dimensional impurity profiles obtained for different directions through the sample are used to reconstruct the two-dimensional profile. A simulation study of the experiment is described, and effects of various experimental and reconstruction parameters are discussed. Reconstructions of an area of 4 mu m*4 mu m from thirteen one-dimensional measurements, with a resolution of 1000 AA, are numerically possible. >


ABSTRACT The exact distribution of a classification function is often complicated to allow for easy numerical calculations of misclassification errors. The use of expansions is one way of dealing with this difficulty. In this paper, approximate probabilities of misclassification of the maximum likelihood-based discriminant function are established via an Edgeworth-type expansion based on the standard normal distribution for discriminating between two multivariate normal populations.


creased risk of functional impairment and depression. While working on a different manuscript from this study, we became aware that our coding of the Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire-Jr was incorrect. The questionnaire consists of 15 items, each scored on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 ("I never had this thought") to 6 ("Almost every day"). A total score ranging from 0 to 90 is calculated as the sum of each item. Clinically significant suicidal ideation is defined as a total score of 31 or higher. In our database, we instead coded each item on a scale from 1 to 7, which inflated the total score by 15 points. Therefore, the means we reported are incorrect. Corrections to address this coding error affect the data reported for suicidal ideation in Table 2. These errors did not affect the conclusions or interpretations of the study. We apologize to the journal and readers for the error. We appreciate the opportunity to correct the data in our study.2


This paper describes two methods to estimate the effective charge of a protein in solution by capillary electrophoresis and demonstrates these methods by using representative proteins. In one method, a "charge ladder"--a series of derivatives of a protein differing by known increments of charge but differing only minimally in hydrodynamic drag--is generated by covalent modification of the epsilon-amino groups of lysines with 4-sulfophenyl isothiocyanate or acetic anhydride. In the second method, the equivalent of a charge ladder is produced by noncovalent association of a protein with differently charged ligands. Analysis of the electrophoretic mobilities of the protein and its derivatives as a function of added charge allows the effective charge to be estimated for the unmodified protein. This type of analysis permits estimation of the effective charge of a protein without knowing its composition, structure, or amino acid sequence.


Aims: In renal replacement therapies, increaseing the life expectancy and keeping health is not the only goal, rather it involves keeping and increasing quality of life. The aim of this study was to measure and compare the quality of life in renal transplantation and haemodialysis patients. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study performed on renal transplantation and haemodialysis patients reffered to one of the Tehran city hospitals in 2008. 76 haemodialysis and renal transplantation patients were selected by purposeful sampling method. For data collection, demographic and SF-36 questionnaires were used. Data was analyzed by SPSS 15 software and paired T-test and ANOVA with repeated measures methods. Results: Economic, family and job satisfaction (1=very satisfied; 5=very unsatisfied) for haemodialysis patients were 3.2 (relative satisfied), 2.34 (satisfied) and 1.36 (very satisfied) and for transplantation patients were 2.75 (relative satisfied), 2 (satisfied) and 3.10 (very satisfied), respectively. Two groups had significant differences in quality of life in general health (p=0.004) and physical health (p=0.01). Conclusion: Transplantation patients with higher score in quality of life in general health and physical health have better life than haemodialysis patients.


In a paper entitled "The Etiology of Yellow Fever, a Supplemental Note," 1 the Army Yellow Fever Board (which was then composed of the late Major Walter Reed, surgeon, U. S. Army, and the writer) stated that no results worthy of record had been obtained from the examination of infected mosquitoes, either when dissected in the fresh state or when studied in serial sections after being hardened and embedded. They also reported that two out of three non-immunes had been infected with yellow fever by the subcutaneous injection of 1.5 c.c. of blood serum drawn from a yellow fever patient and subsequently passed through a new Berkefeld filter which was afterward found to be impervious to the Micrococcus aureus . In the latter part of July of the present year there appeared from the Government Printing Office the Report 2 of Working Party No. 1 of the Yellow Fever Institute of the U.


This paper quantifies the economic effects of climate change on Turkey. We use an integrated framework that combines an economy-wide model with a crop water requirement model to analyse the probable effects of the B1 scenario of the intergovernmental panel on climate change which is comparable to representative concentration pathway 4.5 scenario. Results suggest that the economic effects of climate change will not have serious economic effects over the period up to late 2030s, but the negative effects dominate the economy in the second half of this century. This provides Turkey an excellent opportunity to increase resilience and implement appropriate adaptation policies. The impact of climate change varies across regions. Agriculture and food production will be heavily affected. Especially irrigated production will decline as water stress increases. Significant decline in agricultural production is transmitted throughout the economy and reduces national welfare. Part of agriculture's decline is compensated by imports, thus deteriorating Turkey's food trade balance.


We study the (metric) Diophantine approximation properties of uniformly expanding transformations and some non-uniformly expanding transformations, i.e. transformations T(x) with an associated countable (not necessarily finite) partition and a return time function R(x) (constant on the blocks of the partition) so that is uniformly expanding, and we obtain Borel–Cantelli results on hitting times of shrinking targets. Our arguments do not require the so-called big image property for and our results contain most of the diversity of examples of slowly mixing systems. We also obtain, with related techniques, results for one-sided topological Markov chains over a countable alphabet with a Gibbs measure.


Quality of service is an important factor and roots that are able to provide satisfaction for its customers. So that customers are satisfied with the services provided. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of service quality on customer satisfaction. This study uses primary data sourced from direct observation and questionnaires were distributed to the respondents who subsequently analyzed using linear analysis berganda.Hasil data analysis found that the variable physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and gender differences affect the customer satisfaction at Restaurant Indus Ubud.


The solubilization of oleic acid in the aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate was studied in the presence of various kinds of alcohols in various concentrations. When the concentration of alcohols in the detergent solution is not so great, the solubility of oleic acid decreases as the amount of alcohols increases. This is explained by the solution of oleic acid and alcohols in the same place in the micelle, i. e., in the palisade layer. When the water soluble alcohols are used the solubilization of oleic acid turns out to increase at a certain concentration of the alcohols in the detergent solution. This is explained by the solution of oleic acid in the solvent liquid as well as in the detergent micelles.


Presenting content to an audience is important in several fields, including education, marketing, and entertainment. Therefore, the main goal of the presenter is to transport messages to the audience. The paper aims to improve the process of message transportation by providing audience-friendly and anticipatable gestures for the presenter to be used for 3D interaction with the content. For this purpose, we first gathered input from a potential audience through a Wizard of Oz experiment and implemented three coherent gesture sets using the Kinect. We conducted an online survey to evaluate the hypotheses regarding the anticipation rate and perceived user experience. In particular, two of our three gesture sets show tendencies to be intuitively predictable by an untrained, uninformed audience. As the three sets differ significantly in the anticipation level, we conclude that future improvements of such gestures would enhance the audience's ability to predict the intended actions even further.


The article as a whole seeks to explore new ways of looking at the literature of intercultural encounter using ideas of culture shock, cultural adaptation and narrative theory. It also demonstrates the importance of Anglophone literature about Japan to the understanding of how writers from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries sought to engage with people from other ethnic groups. From the 1850s, when Japan ended its policy of national isolation, until the beginning of World War II, the literary marketplace was flooded with numerous English-language texts which dealt with almost every aspect of Japanese life, covering subjects as diverse as art and design, botany, geology, women's rights, war, public health, theatre, linguistics and religion. However, despite the size of this Anglophone Japan corpus, only well-known texts such as Isabella Bird's Unbeaten Tracks in Japan and the works of Lafcadio Hearn have attracted substantial in-depth analysis. One reason for the neglect of the field is that previous decades of scholars regarded this literature as too ephemeral to be worth studying. Another may be that conventional Saidian frameworks for interpreting the literature of cultural encounter fail to provide a satisfactory understanding of relationships between westerners and the Japanese. However, this resistance to Saidian interpretation means that the Anglophone Japan corpus is ideal for testing alternative readings of cross-cultural literature. This, the first section of the article, presents a brief overview of Anglophone literature on Japan, and investigates some of the new strategies being put forward for interpreting these texts. The second part of the article will follow on by presenting a case study of one theme which dominated discussions of Japan in the early twentieth century: the figure of the samurai and the idea of 'Bushidō' (the 'way of the samurai'). By undertaking this analysis, I demonstrate how ideas of culture shock and narrative psychology can be used to give a more nuanced understanding of the personal and social motives behind the literature of intercultural encounter.


Congestion control in Cluster Wireless Sensor Networks (CWSNs) has drawn widespread attention and research interests. The increasing number of nodes and scale of networks cause more complex congestion control and management. Active Queue Management (AQM) is one of the major congestion control approaches in CWSNs, and Random Early Detection (RED) algorithm is commonly used to achieve high utilization in AQM. However, traditional RED algorithm depends exclusively on source-side control, which is insufficient to maintain efficiency and state stability. Specifically, when congestion occurs, deficiency of feedback will hinder the instability of the system. In this paper, we adopt the Additive-Increase Multiplicative-Decrease (AIMD) adjustment scheme and propose an improved RED algorithm by using neighbor feedback and scheduling scheme. The congestion control model is presented, which is a linear system with a non-linear feedback, and modeled by Lur'e type system. In the context of delayed Lur'e dynamical network, we adopt the concept of cluster synchronization and show that the congestion controlled system is able to achieve cluster synchronization. Sufficient conditions are derived by applying Lyapunov-Krasovskii functionals. Numerical examples are investigated to validate the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm and the stability of the network.


ABSTRACT WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 5 (WOX5) is a member of the WUSCHEL (WUS) homeodomain transcription factor family. WOX5 is expressed mainly in the quiescent center (QC) and confers stem cell identity in the root apical meristem (RAM). Consistent with the role of WUS in repressing root meristem development, we found that ectopic expression of WOX5 disrupted shoot development by repressing shoot-related genes, such as YABBY1 (YAB1). Our findings suggest that WOX5 and WUS potentially confer different tissue identities and specify RAM and SAM, respectively.


The Gram stain of material from the abscess showed many Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative coccobacilli. The organism that grew in aerobic culture initially presented as a pleomorphic Gram-positive organism with both coccoid and rod-shaped forms. After extended incubation, the Gram stain morphology appeared more consistently diphtheroid-like, with some branching. Based on the Gram stain morphology, the negative result for catalase, and the negative results for pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (PYR) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), the isolate was presumptively identified as Actinobaculum species. Matrixassisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy using the Vitek MS RUO system with Saramis SuperSpectra database version 4.09 (bioMérieux, Durham, NC) provided a good identification of Actinobaculum schaalii, with an 80.5% confidence value and a reference species proposed as a single choice. The identification was corroborated at the Georgia Public Health Laboratory using DNA sequence analysis of a 401-bp segment of the 16S rRNA gene, which yielded 99.6% homology with A. schaalii strain NR_040859.1 (http://www.ncbi .nlm.nih.gov/GenBank/index.html). The genus Actinobaculum was first described in 1997, at which time A. schaalii was designated the type species and Actinobaculum suis (formerly Actinomyces suis) was transferred from the genus Actinomyces. Actinobaculum urinale and Actinobaculum massiliense were added in 2003 and 2006, respectively. The phylogenetic relationships of Actinobaculum are not yet clearly established, but existing phylogenetic studies show the genus to be closely related to the genera Actinomyces, Arcanobacterium, Trueperella, and Mobiluncus (1). Actinobaculum grows best under anaerobic or microaerophilic conditions and requires at least 5% CO2. These Gram-positive coccoid rods have a tendency to branch and may decolorize on a Gram stain. Actinobaculum grows very slowly, producing pinpoint gray colonies 1 mm in diameter, and may show weak beta-hemolysis on agar containing 5% horse or sheep blood after 2 to 5 days of incubation. A. suis is known to cause actinomycosis of the mammary gland, urinary tract infections, and abortions in sows. The Actinobaculum species that have been found in humans probably belong to the commensal flora of the oral cavity and genitourinary tract and may be present on surrounding skin (2). The elderly appear to be at the greatest risk for colonization (2). Prevalence of infection and pathogenic potential are undoubtedly underestimated, and there are increasing numbers of reports of Actinobaculum infections appearing in peer-reviewed literature. A few reports implicate A. urinale and A. massiliense as causes of chronic cystitis in elderly women. In addition, A. massiliense has been reported as a cause of superficial skin infection (3). A. schaalii is the most frequently reported species and has primarily been recovered from urine, typically as a cause of unexplained pyuria or urinary tract infection unresponsive to treatment with ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim in elderly patients with underlying urological conditions. A survey of randomly selected urine specimens showed that 22% of 155 urine samples from patients over 60 years of age were positive for A. schaalii at quantities of 10 CFU/ml using real-time PCR (4). Urinary tract infections caused by A. schaalii in adults can progress to urosepsis. Other serious illnesses attributed to A. schaalii include osteomyelitis, endocarditis, necrotizing fasciitis, bacteremia, abscesses, and epididymitis (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). A. schaalii infections, particularly in the urinary tract in both adult and pediatric populations, are frequently reported as polymicrobial (4, 9, 10). Review of the literature identified six cases of A. schaalii infections in children under the age of 15 years (6, 10, 11). The most common presentation was cystitis, and in nearly all cases, a preexisting urogenital abnormality was identified. All of the reported children were diaper dependent, suggesting that, similar to what was observed for the adult population, colonization with A. schaalii is an important risk factor for development of infection. Resemblance to normal flora of the skin and mucosa and difficulties identifying Actinobaculum using conventional biochemical tests or test systems that do not include this organism in the identification database have likely led to underrecognition or misidentification of this opportunistic pathogen. In addition, many clinical laboratories incubate urine cultures in ambient air for 24 to 28 h. These conditions will fail to detect Actinobaculum, which requires at least 5% CO2, and several days of incubation may be needed to produce visible colonies. It is recommended that Actinobaculum be considered in cases of unexplained chronic pyuria that does not respond to treatment with ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim. Discrepancies between direct Gram stain and culture results under aerobic conditions may suggest Actinobaculum infection. Analysis of urine sediment revealed the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in most cases, but the organism does not possess the enzyme needed to reduce nitrate to nitrite, and the result for dipstick urinalysis is therefore negative for nitrites (7). Susceptibility testing for A. schaalii has not been standardized, and most reports of susceptibility results do not provide MICs or describe the methods or interpretive criteria used. In studies where conditions and MICs or interpretive criteria were specified, A. schaalii isolates were determined to have low MICs for penicillin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, linezolid, tetracycline, and nitrofurantoin. Iso-


A spigelian hernia is an uncommon hernia of the anterior abdominal wall. We herein report a case of spigelian hernia, pre-operatively diagnosed as an incisional hernia. A 61-year-old woman had undergone an abdominal hysterectomy 14 years prior to her admission to our hospital complaining of a left lower abdominal mass with recurring pain. At the time of the operation the hernial orifice appeared not to be related to her previous surgical scar, but was located at the spigelian fascia below the level of the umbilicus. The hernial sac was dissected and the defect of the abdominal wall was closed. The diagnosis of a spigelian hernia can be difficult because of its nonspecific clinical findings and insidious nature. Diagnostic procedures and differential diagnosis are herein discussed with a review of the literature.


The present research aims to investigate the key features of turn taking in Mata Najwa talk show about Ragu-ragu Perpu (doubtful of rules of law). In addition, the authors propose to describe the use of turn-taking features between speaker to listener in Mata Najwa talk show. Moreover, The authors utilize a qualitative research methodology by applying a descriptive analysis in the research. To collect the data, the authors select the specific types of turn-taking occured between. In analyzing the data, the authors implemented Jacob L. Mey analysis theory in which selected the types of turn-taking into several forms. For instance, taking the floor (starting up, taking over, interruption, and overlaps), holding the floor, and yielding the floor. The results indicated that the conversation between seven speakers during the talk show are dominated by interruptions and overlapping. It indicates that 24 utterences express the existance of interruptions, while 16 lucutors show the overlapping. Moreover, the speakers tend to use several strategies to hold the talk, including verbal fillers, silent pauses, and lexical repetitions. Within the context of Mata Najwa talk show program, the host of the Mata Najwa tends to apply greetings and questions in yielding the talk to the interlocutors. In conclusion, interruption and overlapping are the two features of turn-taking mostly occured during the conversation.