Understanding the history of the response of coral reefs to past climate changes can provide valuable information for predicting the future response of modern reefs. However, dating such ancient biotic carbonate is still challenging because of its sensitivity to diagenetic alteration processes, scarcity of well-preserved fossils, and low magnetic mineral content. There have been a long debates about the origin and evolutionary history of coral reefs in the northern South China Sea, mainly due to the lack of direct and reliable age constraints. This provides us with a good opportunity to verify the practicability of different dating approaches, especially the strontium (Sr) isotope analysis of bulk carbonate. Here, we retrieved a 972.55-m-long core from the Xisha Islands to provide a credible chronologic constraint on the carbonate platform evolution. The lithostratigraphy, strontium isotope stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy were analyzed throughout the whole reef sequence. The lithostratigraphic results show that the 873.55 m reef sequence developed on an ancient volcaniclastic basement and experienced multiple evolutionary phases. The 87Sr/86Sr results of all 100 bulk carbonate samples vary from 0.708506 to 0.709168 and show a monotonic increase with decreasing depth, except for a few outliers. Trace-element criteria and stable isotope (δ18O and δ13C) methods were applied to these bulk carbonate samples, and results imply that the primary or near-primary seawater 87Sr/86Sr values were likely preserved, although different degrees of diagenetic alteration occurred. In addition, the paleomagnetic results indicate 10 normal polarity and eight reversed polarity magnetozones. Based on the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the selected 58 samples and paleomagnetic reconstruction of polarity reversals, the bottom of the reef sequence is dated to 19.6 Ma, and the observed polarity chronozones extend from chron C6 (19.722–18.748 Ma) at 866.60 m to present at the top. Based on the new data, we propose a new chronologic framework for the evolutionary history of the reef islands, where: (1) the reefs initiated in the early Miocene (19.6 Ma) and were drowned until 16.26 Ma; (2) during 16.26–10.66 Ma, lagoon to lagoon slope environments prevailed; (3) the lagoon environment progressively transformed into a reef crest environment from 10.66 to 4.36 Ma and 4.36 to 1.59 Ma; and (4) the reef started to be drowned again during 1.59–0 Ma. Our study provides a new and reliable chronologic constraint on the general evolutionary history of the reef islands in the northern South China Sea. Furthermore, the 87Sr/86Sr results from bulk carbonate indicate that strontium isotope stratigraphy is a powerful dating tool only when rigid sample selection, sequential leaching procedures, and strict trace-element and isotopic criteria are applied.


Renewable energy sources will play an increasingly central role in the power network of the future. The will to reduce the dependence on fossil sources as well as growing environmental awareness, both individually and governmentally, is forcing governments throughout the world to invest an enormous amount of capital in renewable energy sources. The European Union, through its Energy and Climate Policy, has fixed an ambitious target: to provide, 20% of electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The additional volatility introduced by renewable energy source to the grid can be compensated by energy storage systems as well as by demand control measurements and by the reinforcement of the power grid. These solutions can improve the system reliability of the electric grid and the efficiency of the energy supply and give more flexibility to the system. This study analyzes the possibilities to use electric vehicles connected to the grid as energy storage system within a Virtual Power Plant structure. Through the formulation of an optimization problem the optimal number of electric vehicles has been evaluated.


Historically, the design and construction industry has been slow to innovate. As a result, productivity in the construction industry has declined substantially compared to other industries. Inefficiencies in this industry are well documented. However, the potential for cost savings and increased efficiency through the use of the Internet and e-commerce may not only increase the efficiency of the design and construction industry, but it may also significantly change the structure and composition of the industry. This is suggested because effective implementations of e-commerce technologies are not limited to one aspect of one industry. E-commerce may be most effective when it is thought of and applied to multi-industry enterprises and in a global context. This paper continues the exploration of a concept that we have been working on for several years, namely that "...information technology is evolving from a tool that incrementally improves 'backoffice' productivity to an essential component of strategic positioning that may alter the basic economics, organizational structure and operational practices of facility management organizations and their interactions with service providers (architects, engineers and constructors)." (Johnson and Clayton 1998) This paper will utilize the case study methodology to explore these issues as they are affecting the AEC/FM industry. 1 The Problem As figure 1 shows, construction productivity seriously lags behind other industries. It is not hard to see why. According to one article, "inefficiencies, mistakes and delays account for $200 billion of the $650 billion spend on construction in America every year." (The Economist 2000). This article goes on to say that the typical $100 million building project requires 150,000 separate documents such as working drawings, contracts, change orders, and requests for information. Other industries have improved productivity through investing in information technology. The advent of the Internet and business-to-business e-commerce promises a continued increase in this trend. The definition of e-commerce has evolved as the use of the Internet has evolved. We use ecommerce in this proposal to mean all aspects of business and market processes enabled by the Internet and web technologies, including supporting issues such as data standards for interoperability. However, we also interpret e-commerce as something that is more than a collection of computer technologies. As in our previous study, we view e-commerce as the strategic deployment of technologies. The US Department of Commerce has estimated 1) that high technology has driven more Figure 1. Construction Productivity Index, 1964-1998 (Constant $ of contracts / workhours of hourly workers). This table was developed by Paul Teicholz, Professor Emeritus, Stanford, from data published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Commerce.


Products fabricated of man-made fibres, which are produced or processed in relatively large amounts in Austria, usually contain glass or rock wool. Regulations laid down limits for the exposure at the workplace to glass/rock wool dust. For this purpose, a gravimetric concentration threshold has been established for the assessment period "working year". A measuring procedure matched to the established threshold is employed to measure the concentration of airborne dust at the workplace.


Objectives: Use of urinary bladder markers in daily practice is still under debate. Our study assessed the diagnostic yield of the BTA stat test in comparison to histology, in patients presenting with hematuria. Methods: One hundred and twenty-two consecutive patients who presented with painless macroscopic hematuria and were evaluated for primary bladder cancer from November 2006 to November 2008 were retrospectively studied. Patients with a history of bladder cancer, pelvic irradiation or malignancies were excluded from the study. Patients with obvious or suspicious lesions were treated with transurethral resection of the bladder tumor and bladder biopsy was done. The test's specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value and sensitivity in relation to tumor macroscopic features and histology were calculated. Results: Mean age was 68.1 years. Bladder cancer was diagnosed in 34 (27.8%) patients. In 30 patients (24.5%) the cause was undefined and 58 (48.3%) had benign causes of hematuria. The test was positive in 16/34 cases with bladder cancer, 12/30 with no visible cause and 12/58 of the cases with benign causes. Sensitivity was 47% and specificity 72.7%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 40 and 75.6% respectively. Sensitivity was increased for high grade, nodular and invasive lesions (66, 80 and 75%, respectively). Two patients with an initial negative diagnostic work-up were later proved to have bladder cancer. The most common cause of a false positive test was cystitis. Conclusions: BTA stat, has low sensitivity for the diagnosis of bladder cancer and is not useful for the diagnosis of bladder cancer in patients with hematuria. False positive results can be minimised if patients with known or obvious benign conditions are excluded de novo from the test.


In the near future and even today more fields of translation are expected to move towards new translation practices. There are several reasons for these changes. Recently, translation activity has gained a new dimension in our modern society witnessing important transformations especially in information and communication technologies and turning into a global village. These transformations were brought by new technologies. Translation technologies were also affected from this situation and as a result translators have found themselves in more different settings than in the past during the translating process. In relation with this, our study discusses the journey of the translation activity from its linear dimension to non-linear dimension. In doing so, the study also deals with the underlying the reasons of this journey and focuses on the concept of the productivity which can be associated with the non-linear translation approach as well as differentiating it from the concept of the translation quality associated with the linear translation approach. The study follows a descriptive approach and presents some figures as to the discussed matter.


The numerical simulation of flows of very elastic fluids has been a subject of intense research for the past decades with important industrial applications. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that many efforts have been made to improve the convergence capabilities of the numerical methods used. Recently, an important contribution to the High Weissenberg Number Problem has been presented by Fattal and Kupferman [J. nonNewt. Fluid Mech. 123, 281-285, (2004)], who developed the matrix-logarithm of the conformation tensor technique, henceforth called log-conformation tensor. This methodology guarantees that solutions of viscoelastic flow problems are physically admissible and can deal with sharp elastic stress layers. Several investigators have been using the logconformation tensor and results for high Weissenberg number flows have been reported. However, this technique has only been applied to simulate confined flows of viscoelastic fluids. In this work we investigate the application of the log-conformation tensor technique to three-dimensional unsteady free surface flows. We applied the log-conformation tensor formulation to solve the Oldroyd-B constitutive equation and solved the momentum equation using a finite difference Marker-and-Cell type method. Results for the simulation of the extrudate swell of Oldroyd-B fluids at high Weissenberg numbers are presented.


Purpose and research question: The present study investigated whether there was any significant difference between balanced bilinguals, dominant bilinguals, limited bilinguals and monolinguals in the application of metacognitive linguistic skills while doing a reading comprehension task in the additional (English) language. Namely, how do different degrees of bilingualism affect metacognitive linguistic skills? Methodology: The present study examined three domains of metacognitive reading process (planning, monitoring and evaluating), as well as the overall use of metacognitive reading strategies. Four groups of participants (30 seventh grade students in each group) completed a Metacognitive Reading Strategies Questionnaire, aimed at measuring their metacognitive awareness in each domain after fulfilling a reading comprehension task in English. Data analysis: A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used in order to test the differences within groups and between groups. Findings and conclusions: Level of metacognitive reading awareness was affected by the degree of bilingualism. There was a positive influence of balanced (reading and writing skills in the second language) and imbalanced (oral skills in the second language) degrees of bilingualism on metacognitive linguistic abilities. A balanced degree of bilingualism exerted the greatest influence on most of the metacognitive reading domains (planning, monitoring and the total use of metacognitive strategies). Significance: A significant advantage of balanced bilinguals over all other groups was revealed. Level of metacognitive reading awareness was affected by the degree of bilingualism. Thus, bilingual education should be taken seriously due to its positive effect on all aspects of thinking and learning. Results provided additional support to the notion that bilingualism had a positive impact on the metacognitive linguistic skills. Moreover, the balance between the languages appeared to be a significant variable. Thus, balanced bilinguals, who possessed the highest competence in the second language, showed the best performance in the domains of planning, monitoring and overall use of metacognitive reading strategies. Limited bilinguals, on the contrary, demonstrated the lowest scores in the mentioned domains. The findings also revealed the absence of any considerable difference between the groups in the domain of evaluating.


There are large quantities of heat produced in the machining process of cartridge type structures(58SiMn steel) is wasted, it is necessary to recycle and make use of these heat from the perspective of environmental protection and energy saving. In this paper the waste heat recovery system that based on heating pump were analyzed, including the system composition, working principle, the thermal parameters, etc. Much influence to the technology, properties and material of the cartridge type structures were brought because of the building up of the waste heat recovery system. In order to satisfy the service property of the cartridge type structures, the metallographic analysis method were established after the processes changes with the seasons that the cylinder parts was measured on the spot. Type of tube was conducted for different temperatures (750°C–850°C) through the heating time 2min to a stable metallographic holding time of 10min, after that, the metallographic microstructure of the samples was observed. finally, the changing of the samples before and after heat treatment were compared and analyzed. Based on the analysis, the results have proved that the mechanical property of the cartridge type structures will not to be brought down after 970 °C in the waste heat recovery system. This research shows that waste heat recovery system which is used in the production of the cartridge type structures is effective.


Microstructure of Al-Si alloy castings depends most generally on melt preparation and on the cooling rate imposed by the thermal modulus of the component. In the case of Al-Si alloys, emphasis is put during melt preparation on refinement of pro-eutectic (Al) grains and on modification of the Al-Si eutectic. Thermal analysis has been used since long to check melt preparation before casting, i.e. by analysis of the cooling curve during solidification of a sample cast in an instrumented cup. The conclusions drawn from such analysis are however valid for the particular cooling conditions of the cups. It thus appeared of interest to investigate how these conclusions could extrapolate to predict microstructure in complicated cast parts showing local changes in the solidification conditions. For that purpose, thermal analysis cups and instrumented sand and die castings with different thermal moduli and thus cooling rates have been made, and the whole set of cooling curves thus recorded has been analysed. A statistical analysis of the characteristic features of the cooling curves related to grain refinement in sand and die castings allowed determining the most significant parameters and expressing the cube of grain size as a polynomial of these parameters. After introduction of a further parameter quantifying melt refining an excellent correlation, with a R2 factor of 0.99 was obtained.


A narrow-linewidth master-oscillator fiber power amplifier system was presented, in which an ultrastable, continuous-wave, single-frequency laser was adopted as the master oscillator and a China-made Yb-doped large-mode-area fiber was used as the power amplifier medium. The system generates single-frequency radiation up to 7.3 W at 1064-nm wavelength with 39% slope efficiency and 26% optical-optical power conversion efficiency. The spectral characteristics as well as the suppression of amplified spontaneous emission were discussed in detail.


Urban shrinkage is a problem that is faced by some metropolitan areas globally in urban cities faced with depopulation. Therefore, these cities require "smart shrinking", which consists of design methods intended to satisfy residents' living needs, even though the population is declining. The purpose of this paper is to develop a walkability indicator for visualizing smart shrinking. The methods include statistical analysis by GIS analysis and questionnaire in the Northern Osaka Metropolitan Area where there are many small-sprawl areas. The following four results were identified. First, the population decline in sprawl areas indicates the regional characteristics of each city. Second, this paper develops a walkability indicator composed of household density, convenience of facilities, road connectivity, and traffic safety. Third, Wi(i), which is walkability in each residential area, in sprawl areas, and in public housing areas, is important for future population change. Finally, the validity and effectiveness of the indicator is clarified by questionnaires regarding regional evaluation. In conclusion, the walkability indicator is able to visualize smart shrinking in sprawl areas.


This essay aims to analyse the tensions in the rise of populist rhetoric through satires and parodies performed by the two migrant artists in France and Italy. More specifically, it analyses to what extent racist and sexist stereotypes are performed through ethnic humour. The comparison of postcolonial performativities of these artists allows us to deconstruct and show similarities and differences in right-wing populist rhetoric. In Italy and France the right-wing populist parties share a rhetoric that instrumentalises the issue of extra-European migration as "the problem" of the generalised condition for the European "crisis".


INTRODUCTION
The efficacy of vitamin D for migraine remains controversial. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the influence of vitamin D versus placebo on treatment in migraine patients.

METHODS
We search PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases through April 2020 for randomized controlled trials assessing the effect of vitamin D versus placebo on treatment efficacy in migraine patients. This meta-analysis is performed using the random-effect model.

RESULTS
Five randomized controlled trials are included in the meta-analysis. Overall, compared with control group in migraine patients, vitamin D treatment is associated with substantially reduced number of headache days (standard mean difference [SMD], -0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.83 to -0.23; P = 0.0006), frequency of headache attacks (SMD, -1.09; 95% CI, -1.86 to -0.32; P = 0.006), headache severity (SMD, -0.55; 95% CI, -0.91 to -0.19; P = 0.0003), and Migraine Disability Assessment score (SMD, -0.76; 95% CI, -1.11 to -0.40; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D treatment is effective to alleviate migraine.


We reconsider our former determination of the chiral quark condensate $\langle \bar q q \rangle$ from the related QCD spectral density of the Euclidean Dirac operator, using our Renormalization Group Optimized Perturbation (RGOPT) approach. Thanks to the recently available {\em complete} five-loop QCD RG coefficients, and some other related four-loop results, we can extend our calculations exactly to $N^4LO$ (five-loops) RGOPT, and partially to $N^5LO$ (six-loops), the latter within a well-defined approximation accounting for all six-loop contents exactly predictable from five-loops RG properties. The RGOPT results overall show a very good stability and convergence, giving primarily the RG invariant condensate, $\langle \bar q q\rangle^{1/3}_{RGI}(n_f=0) = -(0.840_{-0.016}^{+0.020}) \bar\Lambda_0 $, $\langle\bar q q\rangle^{1/3}_{RGI}(n_f=2) = -(0.781_{-0.009}^{+0.019}) \bar\Lambda_2 $, $\langle\bar q q\rangle^{1/3}_{RGI}(n_f=3) = -(0.751_{-.010}^{+0.019}) \bar\Lambda_3 $, where $\bar\Lambda_{n_f}$ is the basic QCD scale in the \overline{MS} scheme for $n_f$ quark flavors, and the range spanned is our rather conservative estimated theoretical error. This leads {\it e.g.} to $ \langle\bar q q\rangle^{1/3}_{n_f=3}(2\, {\rm GeV}) = -(273^{+7}_{-4}\pm 13)$ MeV, using the latest $\bar\Lambda_3$ values giving the second uncertainties. We compare our results with some other recent determinations. As a by-product of our analysis we also provide complete five-loop and partial six-loop expressions of the perturbative QCD spectral density, that may be useful for other purposes.


RU486 (mifepristone) followed by a prostaglandin (PG) analogue has been marketed in France since April 1990 as a medical alternative to surgery for early pregnancy termination. By law, the drug is used only in the centres approved for voluntary pregnancy termination, and its distribution is strictly controlled. Before being marketed, it was distributed to more than 20,000 women, as part of a training programme for the prescribers. Analysis confirmed an efficacy rate of 95.3%. Failures included incomplete ovular expulsion (2.8%), premature vacuum aspiration (0.7%) and ongoing pregnancy (1.2%). Pelvic pain and malaise were reported as side-effects in 1.6 and 1.2% of the cases respectively. Infectious complications were reported in 0.2% of the cases. Three severe adverse events (one of which was fatal) occurred, including myocardial infarction and ventricular arhythmia, in the hours following PG administration and justify a careful medical monitoring in the centre 3-4 h after administration of PG. For this reason, a trial was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of an oral form of a PGE1 analogue (misoprostol). When RU486 was followed 36-48 h later by 400 micrograms of misoprostol, the efficacy rate was 96.9%, indicating an efficacy equivalent to that obtained with the other PG analogues. The distribution procedures were adequately followed by the prescribers and by the patients. In summary, RU486 constitutes a safe and efficient medical means of pregnancy termination, provided that the manufacturer's recommendations are properly followed.


This investigation was conducted to study culling patterns in swine breeding herds. Data were obtained from 89 Minnesota swine breeding herds and included 5918 sows and 1324 gilts for a total of 7242 culled femaled. Each producer was involved for 12 consecutive months. They were asked to record every female that was removed from the herd, the reason for its culling and its parity. The annual culling rate for the sample averaged 50%, but varied considerably between herds ranging from 15% to 85%. Culled females had produced an average of 3.77 litters. Half of the females culled did not produce more than three litters. Reproductive failure accounted for 32% of all removals. The average parity of the females culled in that category was only 2.37: almost 33% were gilts. Failure to conceive represented 75% of all females culled for reproductive failure. Proportionally, culling as a result of anestrus was higher in gilts. It accounted for 33% of all gilts culled for reproductive failure which was twice as much as for sows. Inadequate performance accounted for 17% of all removals. These sows had produced an average of 5.11 litters. These results indicated that few animals were culled on the basis of first litter performance. Old age comprised 14% of all removals and the average parity at culling for this category was 7.11. Death accounted for 12% and the average parity for these females was 3.40. Locomotor problems and peripartum problems were the cause of 28% and 23% of all deaths, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


A series of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) based luminescent downing-shifting (LDS) molecules was synthesized based on a new design strategy for electron donor–acceptor conjugated fluorophores, in which TPE was paired with malononitrile and used as an electron donor. Because of their strong characteristics of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and aggregation-induced emission (AIE), the synthesized fluorophores exhibit both large Stokes shifts (129–146 nm) and high quantum yields (0.84–0.99). Applied PMMA solid films doped with the synthesized molecules on the surface of a CdTe solar cell can significantly increase its short circuit current density (Jsc) by a magnitude of 6–10%.


cannot lie at the vertex B of the wedge since the velocity and hence the mach number m will be zero at B for detached shocks. It may also be mentioned that boundary layer ef-fects, which are neglected in this discussion, may actually play a significant role in the determination of the point P when the value of the angle cop is near to the value of the wedge angle e.


Problem setting . In a market economy and increased competition between enterprises become increasingly important concepts such as business information, trade secrets, know-how, confidential information, the information with restricted access. Given the fact that only one patent protection is unable to meet the needs of researchers, in addition to formal public protection and secured legal means we would like to pay attention at private legal measures, particular, the mode of trade secrets. Recent research and publications analysis . Different aspects of the protection of trade secrets were investigated by specialists such as G. Androschuk, J. Berzhye, I. Davydov, O. Davydyuk, D. Zadyhaylo, P. Kraynov, G. Nikiforov, S. Nikiforov, V. Rubanov, E. Solovyov, L. Hoffman, V. Chaplygin, A. Cherniavsky and others. However, at present there is a lack of comprehensive research of this legal phenomenon, equally useful for innovators and businesses that actively protect corporate security. Paper objective . This article is planned to determine the legal characteristics, structural elements and mechanisms by which the use of trade secrets in business have a positive impact on innovation development and corporate security entities. Paper main body . On the basis of requirements of Art. 505 Civil Code of Ukraine and art. 39 of the TRIPS Agreement we formulated commercial information signs under which it receives legal protection as an object of intellectual property: (1) privacy (real or potential) in the sense that it is as a whole or in a precise combination of aggregate and its components are not generally known or available to persons in the circles that normally deal with such information; (2) commercial value (not purely industrial or industrial), due to its secrecy; this information is unknown to others, which is a commercial interest; (3) the lawful holder of the information provides active special measures (technical, organizational, legal) to preserve secrecy. The objects of trade secrets, depending on the fields may be the following types of information: (1) scientific and technical; (2) management; (3) commercial; (4) financial. At this stage, there is a growing role of know-how, compared with patents, because as their special advantages and drop interest in patenting innovations as an independent factor, as well as economic and legal efficiency mode of trade secrets. Under the know-how necessary to understand the technical, manufacturing, engineering knowledge, experience and skills related to the design, development, manufacture, sale, operation, maintenance, repair, improve technology and other innovative objects which have the status of trade secrets, and a factor of competitiveness entity. Given the fact that the administrative and jurisdictional mechanisms for the protection of trade secrets are more or less clear, we focused on internal corporate events. First, this is consolidation in the basic documents of the entity (statute, founding and collective agreements, work rules on trade secret law) such provision as law on ownership and protection of trade secrets. Second, the order of the head of the entity to approve the list of information to be protected as a trade secret. Third, develop and adopt regulations on trade secrets. Fourth, to approve the regulations on the organization of the documents containing trade secrets. Fifth, to include in a labor agreement (contract) the condition of non-disclosure of trade secrets or employee expected signing of enhancing privacy protection. Conclusions of the research . In order to stimulate innovation growth and protection of corporate security entities we should propose changes to the legislation: (1) secure the definition of the concept of «know-how (secret production)» indicating that the exclusive right to the secret of acting as long as the relation of production secrets operating mode of trade secrets; (2) add Tax Code of Ukraine following types of tax benefits: (a) exemption of small businesses from paying value added goods produced using in-house production know-how (secrets), sold small businesses within the term of exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (B) exemption of small businesses from paying income tax amounts in the form of sales of products derived from the use of know-how (secrets) in-house production from the beginning of their use, within the term of the exclusive rights to these intellectual activities, but not more than 5 years; (3) adopt by the Cabinet of Ministers exemplary (typical) provision of trade secrets in business organizations, which determine the general procedure for the use of legal, organizational and technical means to ensure the confidentiality of trade secrets.


The refugees in various parts of the world are victims of conflicts in their country and they are in a weak position both economically and weakly from the juridical aspect. The research is a normative legal research, and it is classified into a descriptive research. The results shows that the non-refoulement principle is a basic aspect of refugee law and has been developed to be the norm of jus cogens and the international customary law. However, normativelly, the legal instruments of refugees have been owned by Indonesia; just the handling of refugees is still not maximized. Indonesia is bound by the principle of non-refoulement because in addition to being preemptory norm or jus cogens and international customary law, the principle of non-refoulement has become the norm of ergo omnes, as well as Indonesia has ratified the Convention of Anti-Torture, IV Geneva Convention and the International Covenant on Civil Rights and Politics, all of which contain the consequences that Indonesia adhering to the principle of non-refoulement. Therefore, Indonesia should ratify the 1951 Convention on the status of refugees so that the handling of illegal immigrants can be resolved quickly. Keywords: General Election, Election System, Indigenous Peoples, Noken


Sound recognition has been studied for decades to grant machines the human hearing ability. The advances in this field help in a range of applications, from industrial ones such as fault detection in machines and noise monitoring to household applications such as surveillance and hearing aids. The problem of sound recognition like any pattern recognition task involves the reliability of the extracted features and the recognition model. The problem has been approached through decades of crafted features used collaboratively with models based on neural networks or statistical models such as Gaussian Mixtures and Hidden Markov models. Neural networks are currently being considered as a method to automate the feature extraction stage together with the already incorporated role of recognition. The performance of such models is approaching handcrafted features. Current neural network based models are not primarily designed for the nature of the sound signal, which may not optimally harness distinctive properties of the signal.

This thesis proposes neural network models that exploit the nature of the time-frequency representation of the sound signal. We propose the ConditionaL Neural Network (CLNN) and the Masked ConditionaL Neural Network (MCLNN). The CLNN is designed to account for the temporal dimension of a signal and behaves as the framework for the MCLNN. The MCLNN allows a filterbank-like behaviour to be embedded within the network using a specially designed binary mask. The masking subdivides the frequency range of a signal into bands and allows concurrent consideration of different feature combinations analogous to the manual handcrafting of the optimum set of features for a recognition task. The proposed models have been evaluated through an extensive set of experiments using a range of publicly available datasets of music genres and environmental sounds, where they surpass state-of-the-art Convolutional Neural Networks and several hand-crafted attempts.


Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is a metabolic disease of dairy cows that has significant economic effects on dairy farms due to its effect on reproductive performance, milk production, and future risk of disease. Subclinical ketosis has been defined as being present when serum β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) concentrations are >1.2 mmol/L. Currently there are 2 electronic hand- held meters marketed for cow-side determination of βHB levels. One meter, the Nova Vet Blood Ketone and Glucose Monitoring System, is a new veterinary specific entrant to the market, and no performance data on it exists. The other, Precision Xtra, is a human meter validated for use in cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic test performance of 2 different cow-side handheld meters and a milk βHB test to a reference laboratory testing method.


Inelastic electron scattering form factors for excitation of states up to 2.4 MeV in 114Cd have been obtained in the momentum-transfer range between 0.37 and 1.09 fm-1. The 21+ quadrupole moment and 22+ radiative transition rates are deduced using a vibrational model in which one- and two-phonon states are mixed. The results obtained are in excellent agreement with recent reorientation effect measurements. Inclusion of higher momentum transfer data favours a 3- assignment for the 1.957 MeV level. The 4+ level at 2.35 MeV is shown to have an enhanced transition rate, making it a candidate for the single-phonon hexadecupole transition.


Background: The rejection attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) is a major obstacle in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. Various studies have shown that knowledge of HIV/AIDS can reduce negative/rejection attitudes towards PLHA. Objective: In order to study and explain the relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS with a rejection attitude towards PLHA in Indonesian society. Method: This study analyzed secondary data of the 2012 IDHS using a cross sectional research design. Multivariate analysis used Logistic Regression test was done to process the data of IDHS 2012. We used 41,004 samples consisting of all women of reproductive age 15-49 years old, married men aged 15-54, and 15-24 years old men who had never married. The relationship analyses used logistic regression with interaction and confounding test. Result: There was a significant negative relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS with an negative attitude towards PLHA (p-value= 0.001; OR= 0.47). Variables substantially confounder were the level of education and media exposure. In addition, there was an interaction between knowledge with level of education, and knowledge with media exposure. Conclusion: The level of education and media exposure becomes a very important variable to one's knowledge and attitude. Therefore, it is necessary to increase knowledge through education and media exposure to reduce the attitude of rejection of PLHA.


The product cordial labeling is a variant of cordial labeling. Here we investigate product cordial labelings for alternate triangular snake and alternate quadrilateral snake graphs.


To date, there has been little examination of the area of roadside safety on nonfreeway urban roads. To understand better the design of safe roadsides in urban environments, this study used negative binomial regression models to examine the safety effects of three roadside design strategies: widening paved shoulders, widening fixed-object offsets, and providing livable-street treatments. The model results indicated that of the three strategies, only the livable-streets variable was consistently and negatively associated with reductions in roadside and midblock crashes. Wider shoulders were found to increase roadside and midblock crashes, while unpaved fixed-object offsets had a mixed safety effect by decreasing roadside crashes but having a slightly positive effect on midblock crashes. To understand better the reasons for these findings, this study then examined roadside crash site locations for tree and utility pole crashes. It found that the majority (between 65% and 83%) did not involve random midblock encroachments, as currently assumed, but instead involved objects located behind both driveways and side streets along higher-speed urban arterials. Collectively, these findings suggest that most urban roadside crashes are not the result of random error but are instead systematically encoded into the design of the roadway. The study concluded by distinguishing between random and systematic driver errors and by discussing strategies for eliminating systematic error while minimizing the consequences of random error.


Classification of network traffic is an important topic for network management, traffic routing, safe traffic discrimination, and better service delivery. Traffic examination is the entire process of examining traffic data, from intercepting traffic data to discovering patterns, relationships, misconfigurations, and anomalies in a network. Between them, traffic classification is a sub-domain of this field, the purpose of which is to classify network traffic into predefined classes such as usual or abnormal traffic and application type. Most Internet applications encrypt data during traffic, and classifying encrypted data during traffic is not possible with traditional methods. Statistical and intelligence methods can find and model traffic patterns that can be categorized based on statistical characteristics. These methods help determine the type of traffic and protect user privacy at the same time. To classify encrypted traffic from end to end, this paper proposes using (XGboost) algorithms, finding the highest parameters using Bayesian optimization, and comparing the proposed model with machine learning algorithms (Nearest Neighbor, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Naive Bayes, Multilayer Neural Networks) to classify traffic from end to end. Network traffic has two classifications: whether the traffic is encrypted or not, and the target application. The research results showed the possibility of classifying dual and multiple traffic with high accuracy. The proposed model has a higher classification accuracy than the other models, and finding the optimal parameters increases the model accuracy.


Introduction. Organophosphate poisoning by oral or inhalation routes is characterized by a typical time-course of clinical features. Case presentation. We report a case of subcutaneous chlorpyrifos self-injection leading to a delayed cholinergic phase, prolonged coma, and severe permanent neurologic injury with electrophysiological patterns suggestive of overlapping intermediate syndrome and distal peripheral neuropathy. Time-course and severity of clinical features were not altered by either atropine or pralidoxime administration. Due to prolonged and severe alteration in consciousness, we used brain multimodal nuclear magnetic imaging and auditory cognitive event-related potentials to assess the patient's potential for awakening. Electrophysiological testing used to monitor muscle weakness showed the coexistence of 20 Hz-decremental responses in proximal muscles and severe denervation in distal muscles. Red blood cell acetylcholinesterase activity progressively normalized on day 60, while plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity remained low until day 100. Chlorpyrifos was detectable in serum until day 30 and urine metabolites for up to three months, supporting the hypothesis of a continuous chlorpyrifos release despite repeated surgical debridement. We suggest that adipose and muscle tissues acted as a chlorpyrifos reservoir. At one-year follow-up, the patient exhibited significant neuromuscular sequelae. Conclusion. Subcutaneous chlorpyrifos self-injection may result in severe toxicity with prolonged neurologic injury, atypical overlapping electrophysiological patterns, and a poor final outcome.


We prove a conjecture of Lacey and Li in the case that the vector field depends only on one variable. Specifically: let v be a vector field defined on the unit square such that v(x, y) = (1, u(x)) for some measurable u : [0, 1] → [0, 1]. Let δ be a small parameter, and let R be the collection of rectangles R of a fixed width such that δ much of the vector field inside R is pointed in (approximately) the same direction as R. We show that the operator defined by MRf(z) = sup z∈R∈R 1 |R| ∫


The modelling of athletic movement is an important method in motor-skill learning. A world champion and a world record-holder, C.J, with a time of 12.91s, was chosen as a model-athlete in 110m hurdles in this study. He was compared with R.G, a Tunisian athlete and African champion based on his personal best of 13.90s. The biomechanical characteristics of the latter were analysed and compared with that of C.J's using the kinematic and kinetic parameters of the 110m hurdle clearance of the two athletes to determine the difference in their hurdling technique. R.G's hurdling sequences over the fourth and fifth hurdle were recorded using four cameras [Sony DCR-PC108 E ]. His kinematic model was digitised using SkillSpector ® software. The results showed a difference in the centre of mass displacement at hurdle clearance and velocity-parameters in both the take-off and the landing phases. When comparing R.G to C.J, the latter had a smaller vertical displacement and a longer horizontal displacement, in addition to, a greater horizontal velocity along with a better reaction force and a higher peak-power. To improve R.G's performance, greater horizontal velocity and lower contact time at the take-off phase through a higher rate of force development are needed. Keywords: 110m Hurdles; Motion analysis; Displacement; Velocity; Reaction force.


view of the present lack of information as to their usefulness. But it should be appreciated that the diet and water consumed by many persons has involved for a long time an intake of fluorine similar in form and quantity to that which might arise from the use of fluoride tablets in fluorine-free areas. It is suggested, therefore, that emphasis should be placed, on the pursuit of practical trials-of which so far there are few signs in Britain.-I am, etc.,


Abstract:The world of work has been reorganised, the numbers of workers employed through the standard employment relationship has declined and there has been an increase in non-standard employment: labour broking, outsourcing and other forms of precarious and temporary work. This has created highly unequal workplaces where atypical workers perform the same work as permanent workers for often half the wages of what a permanent worker receives. This article considers how precarious workers are organising, outside of trade unions, to fight against workplace inequality to gain rights to permanent work. This article develops the power resource approach (PRA) as a lens through which to explore how labour broker workers are organising in Gauteng. Through the analysis of two workplace case studies, the article examines how amendments to the Labour Relations Act (LRA) in 2015 provided new rights and a new avenue through which precarious workers could organise. The case studies illustrate the dynamic interactions between institutional and associational power, an often overlooked relationship , and demonstrate the multiple avenues through which precarious workers mobilise their power to fight against inequality.


In the present work, chrysin loaded bilosomes were formulated, characterized and evaluated to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of drug. Accordingly, chrysin loaded bilosomes were prepared by applying the thin film hydration method; also, fractional factorial design was used to optimize the production conditions of nanoformulations. The prepared formulations were subjected to different methods of characterization; then the hepatoprotective activity of the optimized one was evaluated in the CCl4 hepatointoxicated mice model. Optimized chrysin loaded bilosomes showed a spherical shape with a particle size of 232.97 ± 23 nm, the polydispersity index of 0.35 ± 0.01, the zeta potential of -44.5 ± 1.27 mv, the entrapment efficiency of 96.77 ± 0.18%, the drug loading % of 6.46 ± 0.01 and the release efficiency of 42.25 ± 1.04 during 48 h. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical-scavenging assay demonstrated the superiority of the anti-oxidant potential of chrysin loaded bilosomes, as compared to pure chrysin. This was in agreement with histopathological investigations, showing significant improvement in serum hepatic biomarkers of CCl4 intoxicated mice treated with chrysin loaded bilosomes, as compared with free chrysin. These results, thus, showed the potential use of bilosomes to enhance the hepatoprotective activity of chrysin via oral administration.


Network meta-analysis (NMA) has emerged as a useful analytical tool allowing comparison of multiple treatments based on direct and indirect evidence. Commonly, a hierarchical Bayesian NMA model is used, which allows rank probabilities (the probability that each treatment is best, second best, and so on) to be calculated for decision making. However, the statistical properties of rank probabilities are not well understood. This study investigates how rank probabilities are affected by various factors such as unequal number of studies per comparison in the network, the sample size of individual studies, the network configuration, and effect sizes between treatments. In order to explore these factors, a simulation study of four treatments (three equally effective treatments and one less effective reference) was conducted. The simulation illustrated that estimates of rank probabilities are highly sensitive to both the number of studies per comparison and the overall network configuration. An unequal number of studies per comparison resulted in biased estimates of treatment rank probabilities for every network considered. The rank probability for the treatment that was included in the fewest number of studies was biased upward. Conversely, the rank of the treatment included in the most number of studies was consistently underestimated. When the simulation was altered to include three equally effective treatments and one superior treatment, the hierarchical Bayesian NMA model correctly identified the most effective treatment, regardless of all factors varied. The results of this study offer important insight into the ability of NMA models to rank treatments accurately under several scenarios. The authors recommend that health researchers use rank probabilities cautiously in making important decisions.


Sustainable Development involves the integration of social, environmental and economic objectives. Indeed when we refer to the sustainability of economic development, it should be well known that this is strictly related to environmental consequences, social and cultural changes and financial sustainability of the policies implemented for promoting growth. Unfortunately, the evidence of these years suggests that the standard measures of development have little relation with human welfare and that this strong pressure on economic growth is destroying the natural environment. Therefore, expressions like "sustainable development" (and especially "sustainable economic growth") could seem just as an oxymoron. Moreover the vulnerability of the financial system can be interpreted as a crucial issue in a globalised market. The aim of this non - technical paper is investigating the determinants of Sustainable Development capturing the various dimensions of this phenomenon from the described standpoints.


Daily weight gain, economic, nutritional and clinical aspects of goats receiving two types of mineral supplements were evaluated during 148 days in Seropedica county, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The animals were daily fed with fresh and chopped Andropogon gayanus or Pennisetum purpureum; the concentrate ration was formulated without a mineral mixture and was offered together with the forage of 300 up to 500 g/animal/day. Sixteen goats were divided into two groups of 8 animals each (4 small and 4 larger goats). For one group a commercial mineral mixture was used, and to the other group a selective mineral mixture containing only Na, P and Cu was offered. The animals were weighed every 30 days and the mineral supplement intake was measured monthly. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and the end of the experimental period. There was no difference in daily weight gain when the selective or commercial mixture was given for both groups. The selective mineral supplementation was 2.3 (for the smaller animals) and 3.9 (for larger animals) times more economic than the conventional supplementation with a "complete" mineral mix. The two groups showed recovery of hair quality and had an increase of hair pigmentation around the eyes, which was attributed to the correction of copper deficiency. In the larger animals the intake of both supplements increased the red blood cells counts, and the haematocrit and haemoglobin values. The forage intake was sufficient to meet the Ca and Co needs of the animals, and for P the concentrate intake was sufficient to overcome the demand for this element. The requirement of zinc was supplied through the forage and the concentrate ration. Thus, when an adequate concentrate and a good quality forage is given, only the deficient mineral element(s) should be supplemented. In this specific case only Na and Cu should be given. The result of this experiment confirms the hypothesis that selective mineral supplementation - i.e. supplementation of the mineral element(s) deficient in the diet - was correct and can result in reduction of the cost with the mineral supplementation of a herd.


The Tokyo Metropolitan Government has planned future flood control for a rainfall intensity of 100 mm/hr, which corresponds to a return period of 70 years, and a runoff coefficient of 0.8. Considering that the realization of this plan requires a long construction period and high construction costs, the decision was made to proceed by stages. In the first stage, the improvement of the facilities will be based on a rainfall intensity of 75 mm/hr (presently 50 mm/hr), corresponding to a return period of 17 years, and a runoff coefficient of 0.8. In the next stage the facilities will be improved to accommodate a rainfall intensity of 100 mm/hr. In the Nakano and Suginami regions, which suffer frequently from flooding, the plan of improvement based on a rainfall intensity of 75 mm/hr is being implemented before other areas. This facility will be used as a storage sewer for the time being. The Wada-Yayoi Trunk Sewer, as a project of this plan, will have a diameter of 8 m and a 50 m earth cover. This trunk sewer will be constructed considering several constraints. To resolve these problems, hydraulic experiments as well as an inventory study have been carried out. A large drop shaft for the trunk sewer is under construction.


Question 4:In a case of failed discoidectomy, assuming you have exhausted your conservative measures, what investigations do you carry out, and what surgical procedure do you perform?


Sanitation felling is considered as the main measure to protect managed forests from damage due to outbreaks of the European Spruce Bark Beetle. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of sanitation felling on stopping the spread of a bark beetle population from an un-managed to a managed forest area. For this, we advance an individual-based dispersion model of Ips typographus by adding the influence of wind on the beetle dispersion and by importing GIS data to simulate real world forests. To validate the new model version and to find reasonable parameter values, we conduct simulation experiments to reproduce infestation patterns that occurred in 2015, 2016, and 2017 within the national park Saxon Switzerland, Germany. With the then calibrated model IPS-SPREADS (Infestation Pattern Simulation Supporting PREdisposition Assessment DetailS), we investigate the impact of different factors such as the distance between beetle source trees and the forest border on the amount of damage within the managed forest stand and test the effectiveness of different levels of sanitation felling and its point of action on reducing the amount of damaged trees. As expected, the results of the model calibration show that the direction of wind plays an important role for the occurring infestation patterns and that bark beetle energy reserve is reduced during mass outbreaks. The results of the second experiment show that the main drivers for the amount of damaged trees are the primary attractiveness and the distance to beetle source trees. Sanitation felling effectiveness is highest when performed near the beetle source trees, with considerably high felling intensities and if there is at least some distance to the managed forest. IPS-SPREADS can be used in future studies as a tool for testing further management measures (e.g., pheromone traps) or to assess the risk for bark beetle infestations of forest areas near to wind-felled or already infested trees.


This study was conducted to compare the eating habits of disabled and non-disabled children in Seoul and Gangneung, Korea. Questionnaires about eating habits were answered by the children s parents and their teachers. The subjects of this study consisted of 146 disabled children (108 boys and 38 girls) from two special education schools and 241 non-disabled
children (control group, 120 boys and 121 girls) from two elementary schools in Seoul and Gangneung, respectively. The percentage of the children who required more than 30 minutes to eat was 11.3% in the disabled group and 2.5% in the non-disabled group. In the disabled group, 44.0% ate excessive amounts of food or could not control their intake. The percentage of the children whose frequency of eating breakfast was less than 1 to 2 times per week was 21.0% in the disabled group and 9.7% in the non-disabled group. Also, 7.6% of the disabled group and 13.9% of the non-disabled group had snacks more than three times per day. The percentage of children who were able to eat by themselves was lower in the disabled group (47.9%) than in the non-disabled group (87.8%). Of the remainder of the disabled group, 28.6% spilled food, and 14.3% needed the aid of others when picking up side dishes. The percentage of parents who worried about their children s eating an unbalanced diet was 48.5% in the disabled group and 41.8% in the non-disabled group. In addition, there were problems with eating behaviors in 22.7% in the disabled group;and with under-eating
(15.9%) and with excessive intake of instant foods (16.8%) in the non-disabled group. These results suggest that the eating habits and eating behaviors of disabled children are different from those of non-disabled children. Thus, nutritional educational programs and educational materials for disabled children and their parents should be developed. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(6) : 840 ~ 855, 2003)
KEY WORDS : disabled children·eating habits·eating behavior


This work adds on to the on-going efforts to provide more autonomy to space robots. Here the concept of programming by demonstration or imitation learning is used for trajectory planning of manipulators mounted on small spacecraft. For greater autonomy in future space missions and minimal human intervention through ground control, a robot arm having 7-Degrees of Freedom (DoF) is envisaged for carrying out multiple tasks like debris removal, on-orbit servicing and assembly. Since actual hardware implementation of microgravity environment is extremely expensive, the demonstration data for trajectory learning is generated using a model predictive controller (MPC) in a physics based simulator. The data is then encoded compactly by Probabilistic Movement Primitives (ProMPs). This offline trajectory learning allows faster reproductions and also avoids any computationally expensive optimizations after deployment in a space environment. It is shown that the probabilistic distribution can be used to generate trajectories to previously unseen situations by conditioning the distribution. The motion of the robot (or manipulator) arm induces reaction forces on the spacecraft hub and hence its attitude changes prompting the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) to take large corrective action that drains energy out of the system. By having a robot arm with redundant DoF helps in finding several possible trajectories from the same start to the same target. This allows the ProMP trajectory generator to sample out the trajectory which is obstacle free as well as having minimal attitudinal disturbances thereby reducing the load on ADCS.


The relationship between sperm characteristics and reproductive success was examined in male herring, Clupea harengus L.Males were categorised as being ®rsttime or repeat spawners on the basis of their age; they were also grouped according to whether their sperm were immediately active and exhibited forward motion on contact with seawater (FM) or had little or only vibratory motion (VM). Unlike the Paci®c herring C. pallasii Valencienes, Atlantic herring sperm is usually motile on contact with seawater. The age, weight and gonadosomatic index (testes mass as a percentage of somatic mass ˆ GSI) were measured and used as characteristics for individual ®sh. Sperm traits measured were (1) adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration, (2) sperm count, (3) duration of sperm motility. Reproductive success for each male was estimated from the fertilisation rate and from the length of larvae at hatching. Fertilisation rates for all ®sh were generally >80%. The ATP concentration of non-activated spermatozoa was negatively correlated with fertilisation rate. Among repeat spawners, ®sh with higher GSIs produced larvae that were larger at hatching. Although VM sperm fertilised eggs at rates equivalent to fertilisation by FM sperm, the larvae produced by VM sperm were signi®cantly smaller at hatching. Larval length tended to increase in parallel with the duration of sperm motility, but the relationship was not signi®cant in these tests. The results did not indicate any age or size pattern to spawning readiness in male herring. Sperm that are not yet ready to be shed are not fully motile on contact with seawater, but are still capable of fertilising eggs that hatch successfully. There is likely to be a progression of males which come into spawning readiness within a spawning shoal; therefore it is possible that paternal in ̄uences would result in a progressive decrease in larval size over the spawning period in winter-spawning Celtic Sea herring.


This thesis explores the field of hand exoskeleton robotic systems with slip detection and its applications. It presents the design and control of the intelligent sensing and forcefeedback exoskeleton robotic (iSAFER) glove to create a system capable of intelligent object grasping initiated by detection of the user's intentions through motion amplification. Using a combination of sensory feedback streams from the glove, the system has the ability to identify and prevent object slippage, as well as adapting grip geometry to the object properties. The slip detection algorithm provides updated inputs to the force controller to prevent an object from being dropped, while only requiring minimal input from a user who may have varying degrees of functionality in their injured hand. This thesis proposes the use of a high dynamic range, low cost conductive elastomer sensor coupled with a negative force derivative trigger that can be leveraged in order to create a controller that can intelligently respond to slip conditions through state machine architecture, and improve the grasping robustness of the exoskeleton. The mechanical and electrical improvements to the previous design, the sensing and forcefeedback exoskeleton robotic (SAFER) glove, are described while details of the controller design and the proposed assistive and rehabilitative applications are explained. Experimental results confirming the validity of the proposed system are also presented. In closing, this thesis concludes with topics for future exploration. Development of Intelligent Exoskeleton Grasping Through Sensor Fusion and Slip Detection


The Bender Gestalt test and Human Drawings are frequently utilized tests in assessing school readiness in children. This study was a pilot attempt to evaluate these two tests in a Turkish sample as they relate to first grade behaviour as measured by teacher ratings. One hundred and five children were evaluated at the end of kindergarten using the Bender Gestalt test and Draw A Person Test. The Koppitz (1968, 1975) system was utilized in the scoring of both tests. The children were followed-up and teacher ratings on three academic dimensions and three behavioural dimensions were obtained at the end of the first grade. Significant correlations were obtained between the Bender Gestalt and Human Drawings of the children and teacher ratings of academic achievement and behavioural adaptation at the end of first grade. It appears that the Bender Gestalt test performance at the end of kindergarten is strongly correlated with teacher observations at the end of first grade. Although the relationship between Human Drawing scores and teacher ratings of academic behaviour was not as strong, a relationship was observed between teacher ratings of peer relations and conduct and these scores.


Molecular geometry represents one of the most important structural features and governs physical properties and functions of materials. Nature creates a wide array of substances with distinct geometries but similar chemical composition with superior efficiency and precision. However, it remains a formidable challenge to construct abiological macromolecules with various geometries based on identical repeating units, owing to the lack of corresponding synthetic approaches for precisely manipulating the connectivity between monomers and feasible techniques for characterizing macromolecules at the single-molecule level. Herein, we design and synthesize a series of tetratopic monomers with chevron stripe shape which serve as the key precursors to produce four distinct types of metallo-macromolecules with well-defined geometries, viz., the concentric hexagon, helicoid polymer, ladder polymer, and cross-linked polymer, via platinum-acetylide couplings. Concentric hexagon, helicoid, and ladder metallo-polymers are directly visualized by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and ultra-high-vacuum low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the single-molecule level. Finally, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are selected as the guest to investigate the structure-property relationship based on such macromolecules, among which the helicoid metallo-polymer shows high efficiency in wrapping SWCNTs with geometry-dependent selectivity.


The aim of research is to indicate the failure to use information on road depreciation in the process of making decisions about investment into road maintenance. Depreciation as accountancy category has not been sufficiently used as managerial information and its status has been marginalised. A big problem is also the non-defined status of "emergency" maintenance which some legal subjects responsible for road management book as investment maintenance which is used to compensate for the road value, and some as expenditure, in which case the mentioned investments do not even enter the base for depreciation calculation. In writing this paper the data about the book road value were taken into consideration, the amount of depreciation as well as the data about investments into the maintenance on state roads in the period from 2001 to 2008. In data analysis the methodology of descriptive statistics and regression analysis have been implemented. The results of the study of correlation between the value of depreciation and the investment into emergency maintenance have shown that the investment amount is at the level of 74% of the depreciation amount, which indicates the underestimated depreciation rate regarding the fact that roadway condition evaluations are not in harmony with such investment. Key words: road depreciation, periodic maintenance, road value, road management


We created a new, 100 m horizontal resolution bathymetry raster and used it to define 29 canyons of the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) slope area off of Alaska, USA. To create this bathymetry surface we proofed, edited, and digitized 18 million soundings from over 200 individual sources. Despite the vast size (~1250 km long by ~3000 m high) and ecological significance of the EBS slope, there have been few hydrographic-quality charting cruises conducted in this area, so we relied mostly on uncalibrated underway files from cruises of convenience. The lack of hydrographic quality surveys, anecdotal reports of features such as pinnacles, and reliance on satellite altimetry data has created confusion in previous bathymetric compilations about the details along the slope, such as the shape and location of canyons along the edge of the slope, and hills and valleys on the adjacent shelf area. A better model of the EBS slope will be useful for geologists, oceanographers, and biologists studying the seafloor geomorphology and the unusually high productivity along this poorly understood seafloor feature.


In improving the results of treatment the procedures advocated have been early diagnosis, prompt and adequate blood transfusion, and a more vigorous surgical approach with a trend away from partial gastrectomy and towards vagotomy. Though the need for blood transfusion is obvious, the particular value of early diagnosis is doubtful. It has become a catch phrase that no surgeon welcomes a blind date with a haematemesis, but the increased comfort claimed from, say, a barium meal examination may be more illusory than real in a country where acute and chronic peptic ulceration are much the commonest causes of bleeding.2 Thus in patients who have clear radiological evidence of duodenal ulcer careful examination of the stomach for a missed gastric ulcer on the posterior wall or an acute erosion will still be necessary. Moreover, in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer the need for surgery is based on the presence of haemorrhage rather than the type of ulcer. Apart from problems of malnutrition the relatively high mortality associated with partial gastrectomy has been one of the principal sources of dissatisfaction with the procedure and the causes of the turn towards vagotomy. Moreover, partial gastrectomy for gastrointestinal bleeding may be a drastic solution for what may be only a short-term problem, and so it would be natural to prefer an approach which did not interfere permanently with normal gastrointestinal function. One such approach is the attempt to combine diagnosis, by selective angiography, with treatment by infusion into the appropriate vessel of a combination of propranolol and adrenaline. This is similar to the now established treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices by a rapid intravenous infusion of vasopressn,3 which lowers portal venous pressure by constricting the splanchnic arteriolar bed. Experimentally propranolol and adrenaline have previously been shown to be as effective as vasopressin in reducing mesenteric blood flow,4 and clinically of 11 patients treated for a variety of conditions causing haematemesis and melaena one only, with advanced arteriosclerosis and a coagulation defect, failed to respond promptly. Obviously more work will be needed to establish the value of this treatment, and in theory it would be right to call for a controlled therapeutic trial in which patients who had had a bleeding site demonstrated by angiography would then receive randomly either a control or a vasconstrictor infusion. Nevertheless, upper gastrointestinal bleeding occurs at inconvenient times, and may start and stop abruptly, and any therapeutic trial would be a formidable undertaking. A better approach to the problem might be to try to develop either vasoconstrictor drugs with a selective action on the gut or an easier approach to selective treatment. Is the time tipe, for instance, to re-examine the value of orally administered vasoconstrictors which might have a direct topical effect on the bleeding lesion?


The use of protein electrophoretic data for determining species boundaries in amphipods is addressed. Analysis of published literature on genetic differentiation in amphipods showed that pairs of allopatric populations which have genetic identities (I) above a value of 0.85 probably represent intraspecific populations, whereas pairs of populations which have genetic identities below about 0.45 probably represent different species. It was recommended that if I values fall between 0.45 and 0.85, additional factors such as evidence of a lack of gene flow between the populations, and concordant morphological variation should be considered.


This paper analyzes empirically on the relationship between the change in loan portfolio weightand GDP shock which is recognized as a systematic risk factor. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether Korean banks reduce their loan portfolio risks by flexible adjustment of their loan portfolios designed to escape risk from GDP shock. As the main results. Korean banks show a lending behavior of adjustment to portfolio weight on their loan asset that is sensitive to GDP shock. Moreover, this paper studies whether the effect from GDP shock to the change of loan portfolio weight are differential attributed to difference of bank ownership and location. As the result, we can find out that lending behavior of the Korean banks tends to reduce their portfolio risk in that significant adjustment for loan assets that are sensitive to GDP shock comes out when economy is stagnant. Oppositely, we also confirmthat the banks' loan portfolio risk tends to increases in the light of the fact that the loan size with high variability in value to business cycle is getting bigger when the economy expands. Therefore, as the policy implication, we suggest that the financial authorities must note that the risk of the bank loan portfolios may increases during economic expansion rather than economic depression, and that advance supervisory action and related regulations are required.


For members of stigmatized groups, being confronted with highstatus outgroup members threatens social identity and undermines performance on status-relevant dimensions. Two experiments examined whether the negative effects of outgroup contexts are alleviated when value is expressed for a dimension on which the stigmatized ingroup excels. Specifically, the authors assessed whether ingroup versus outgroup context and contextual value for ingroup dimensions affects group members' reactions to failure on status-relevant dimensions and subsequent performance. Experiment 1 showed that in comparison to ingroup contexts, outgroup contexts induce stigmatized group members to protect social identity and to feel more agitated following negative performance feedback. Experiment 2 showed that when others in the context emphasize the importance of a dimension on which the ingroup excels, the negative effects of outgroup contexts are alleviated, stigmatized group members feel more cheerful concerning an upcoming task, and task performance is characterized by a focus on success.


Introduction: The process of giving breast milk for infant during the first six months without adding other fluids or solid food with the exception of medicines; called Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF). It is an important strategy for maintaining and improving child health. The overall aim of the study was to investigate the level of knowledge and practices regrading EBF and the factors associated with them among mothers in Al Mukalla, Yemen.
Methods: A community-based cross- sectional study was conducted in the urban and rural area localities in Al-Mukalla. Five hundred eighty-one mothers were selected randomly for those having a child aged <5 years. Data were collected using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between the variables.
Results: Urban mothers had good knowledge about EBF, while it was widely practiced among rural mothers. Eighty-two percent of urban mothers knew about EBF, and the main source for them was visits to Maternal and Child Health centers. Certain factors like age among rural mothers, education and work of mothers in both areas were significantly associated with EBF knowledge and practice of mothers.
Conclusion: Fair knowledge was common among urban mothers while their EBF practice was comparatively lower than mothers living in rural area. There is a need for efforts and adequate support at all levels to increase the knowledge and translates it into practice.


The in vitro metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene was compared between pancreas and liver with and without pretreatment. There was no significant difference in metabolic pathways between the two tissues. Evidence for induction of the metabolism was evident following 3-methyl-cholanthrene pretreatment. Temporal studies demonstrated rapid elimination of BP from the tissues within the first 5 hours with possible recirculation of metabolites 22 hours after injection of the carcinogen. There was significant binding of BP to DNA in pancreas and liver at 5 hours.


This study was aimed at assessing the effect of stocking density on the survival and growth of Dumbo fish fry raised in a recirculated system. The study was conducted at the the Laboratory of Aquaculture, Department of Aquaculture and Fishery Business and Chemistry Laboratory of the Faculty of Agribusiness and Food Technology, Djuanda University from May to September 2010. A completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications was used. Treatments consisted of stocking density rates of 20, 30, 40, and 50 fish/l. Tanks sized 50x30x30 cm3 were filled in with 25 liter water and fish fry sized 2.24-2.30 cm in the corresponding stocking density rates. Feeding was done ad libitum twice a day at 09.00 and 16.00. Parameters measured included survivability rate, body length growth, daily weight gain, feed efficiency, protein retention, and water quality. Results showed that stocking density gave significant effects (P0.05) on feed efficiency and protein retention. The highest survivability rate, body length growth, and daily weight gain of 66.00%; 2.13 cm; and 5.54%, respectively, were obtained in stocking density of 20 fish/l. The quality of water used as a medium of catfish fry raising in each treatment during the experimental period was found to be within good range for the survival and growth of the fry. It was concluded that improving stocking density from 20 to 50 fish/l did not improve Dumbo catfish fry survival and growth rates. Meanwhile, the use of recirculated system was found to maintain medium water quality.

Keywords : recirculated system, survivability rate, catfish fry


Boron oxide was synthesized from boric acid in a fluidized bed in two stages. At the first stage, boric acid was converted to metaboric acid at a bed temperature of 130°C and then boron oxide was obtained by the dehydration of metaboric acid in the second stage between 225-235°C. Synthesized boron oxide was amorphous, had bulk density of around 0.61 g/cm 3 , >98.67% purity and about 650 μm mean particle size. Boron oxide particles had a shape of platelets within large aggregates of between 300-600 μm.


This article examines the genesis, dynamics and positioning of activist groups of translators and interpreters who engage in various forms of collective action. The activism of these groups is distinctive in that they use their linguistic skills to extend narrative space and empower voices made invisible by the global power of English and the politics of language. They further recognise that language and translation themselves constitute a space of resistance, a means of reversing the symbolic order. Their use of hybrid language, their deliberate downgrading of English, the constant shuffling of the order and space allocated to different languages on their websites—all this is as much part of their political agenda as their linguistic mediation of texts and utterances produced by others, in their capacity as translators and interpreters. The article examines the positioning of these groups vis-à-vis what Tarrow (2006, p. 16) terms 'the new generation of global justice activists' on the one hand, and professional translators and interpreters on the other, and argues that they occupy a 'liminal' space between the world of activism and the service economy.


ABSTRACT
This study aims to determine and obtain empirical evidence about the effect of leverage and managerial ownership on firm value by disclosing corporate social responsibility as a moderating factor. This research was conducted on mining companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2014-2018. The research sample was selected using the nonprobability sampling method with a purposive sampling technique and obtained 13 mining companies, so the number of observations in the study was 65 observations over 5 years. Data analysis techniques used is Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the results of the study, it shows that disclosure of corporate social responsibility as a moderating variable weakens the influence of leverage on firm value, disclosure of corporate social responsibility as a moderating variable that strengthens the effect of managerial ownership on firm value.

Keywords :

Csr disclosure, leverage, managerial ownership, firm value


Rare B decays permit stringent tests of the Standard Model and allow searches for new physics. Several rare radiative-decay studies of the B meson from the BaBar collaboration are described. So far no sign for new physics was discovered.


Abstract The Radiation Test Facility (RTF) is under construction at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics to control the electronics under irradiation of particles that imitate cosmic rays (protons, carbon, aluminum, iron, tin, bismuth, and uranium). For the norms of radiation safety of personnel and users of the RTF to be observed, a local shielding and beam dump must be designed. Simulations of the dose rates around the designed shielding and beam dump are carried out in the present work.


INTRODUCTION
Near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging is a rapidly growing research field which has the potential to be an important imaging modality in cancer diagnosis. Various exogenous NIR fluorophores have been developed for the technique, including small molecule fluorophores and nanoparticles. NIRF imaging has been used in animal models for the detection of cancer overthe last twenty years and has in recent years been used in human clinical trials.

AREAS COVERED
This article describes the types and characteristics of exogenous fluorophores available for in vivo fluorescent cancer imaging. The article also discusses the progression of NIRF cancer imaging over recent years and its future challenges, from both a biological and clinical perspective. in The review also looks at its application for lymph node mapping, tumor targeting and characterization, and tumor margin definition for surgical guidance.

EXPERT OPINION
NIRF imaging is not in routine clinical cancer practice; yet, the authors predict that techniques using NIR fluorophores for tumor margin definition and lymph node mapping will enter clinical practice in the near future. The authors also anticipate that NIRF imaging research will lead to the development of flurophores with 'high brightness' that will overcome the limited penetration of this modality and be better suited for non invasive tumor targeting.


Almost all of species recognize outer world by integrating information from several sensors such as eyes and ears. Using this strategy, they seems to realize robust recognition in any situations. Furthermore, some researcher found that there are cases that the integration of visual inputs and acoustic inputs plays an important rule for the learning in their early life. From these points of view, we have already proposed a sensory integrating system. The system has several sets of neural networks and sensors. Each neural network receives inputs from corresponding sensor, and recognize the inputs. The output of each neural network is sent to an integrating unit, which integrates outputs from all the neural networks. The integrating unit outputs the recognition result of the system. This paper improves the previous system by introducing a new learning and recognition method based on a Bayesian strategy. The aim of this new system is that 1. Robust recognition in any situation using several sensors. 2. Detection of the correct class of ambiguous sensory inputs, using a Bayesian strategy. 3. Bayesian learning without any supervised signals.


During development, melatonin receptors are transiently expressed in multiple neuroendocrine tissues, suggesting a novel role for melatonin in developmental physiology. The best characterised model of melatonin signalling during development is the pars distalis of the rat pituitary. However, although many studies have characterised the postnatal decline of melatonin receptors in the rat pars distalis, the mechanism(s) that time the developmental onset of receptor expression during embryogenesis are unknown. Analysis of these mechanisms may yield important information regarding the putative role of melatonin in neuroendocrine development. Here, we report the expression of MT1 melatonin receptor mRNA in the rat pituitary from embryonic day 15.5 (e15.5). Prior to e15.5, the homeodomain transcription factor Msx‐1, an inhibitor of cellular differentiation, is widely expressed throughout the pituitary. In transient transfection experiments, Msx‐1 potently inhibited pituitary homeobox‐1 (Pitx‐1)‐induced MT1 promoter activity and therefore may represent a key inhibitor of MT1 expression in early pituitary development. During late embryogenesis, MT1 mRNA was expressed in both the ventral and dorsal pituitary. Analysis of a 1.5‐kb fragment of the rat MT1 promoter revealed four putative cis‐elements for the POU domain factor Pit‐1, which is associated with mid‐dorsal cell lineages. Although Pit‐1 induced a strong, dose‐dependent stimulation of MT1 promoter activity in vitro, dual‐labelled in situ hybridisation revealed no colocalisation of MT1 and Pit‐1 mRNAs in vivo at e19.5. By contrast, all MT1 positive cells colocalised with αGSU and most with βTSH mRNA. Our data therefore implicate the decline of Msx‐1 expression as a key event that times the onset of melatonin receptor expression to the differentiation of endocrine cells types in the developing pituitary gland, and suggest that the melatonin‐sensitive cells in the embryonic pituitary are primarily Pit‐1‐independent thyrotrophs in the rostral pituitary, with a secondary population of pars distalis gonadotrophs.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the early complications of esophageal replacement with colon in children.

METHODS
Descriptive cross-sectional study from 2005 to 2011 in pediatric patients diagnosed with alkali intake, esophageal atresia or esophageal injury traumatic esophageal replacement handled via retrosternal colon. Descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS 20.0.

RESULTS
We included 19 esophageal replacements, age seven (4-15), 13 (68%) male and six (31%) female. Initial diagnosis of ingestion of caustic 13 patients (68%) and type III esophageal atresia six cases (32%). Of the six esophageal atresia, four(66%) had dehiscence plasty, one (17%) long-gap atresia and type 1 (17%) esophageal perforation by dilatation. The segment of transverse colon was used in eight (42%), transverse/descending seven (36%), ascending/transverse three (15%), and descending colon one (5%). Early complications were pneumothorax one patient (5%), pneumonia three (15%), sepsis three (15%), intestinal obstruction due to adhesions two (10%), intussusception one (5%), cervical fistula three (15%). One death from sepsis (5%) at four days after surgery.

DISCUSSION
Esophageal replacement with colon is a good alternative for esophageal replacement; the most frequent early complications were cervical fistula, pneumonia, and sepsis.


An all-Raman single-band transmission of 5.12 Tb/s (128/spl times/42.7 Gb/s) with 50-GHz channel spacing over 1280 km of standard single-mode fiber is successfully demonstrated. This ultra-high capacity for a spectral efficiency of 0.8 b/s/Hz is achieved by strong optical filtering of transmitted signals. Simulation results and an analysis of the impairment factors to system performance are also presented.


In 2014, the Federal Assembly adopted the new Swiss Citizenship Act, which will enter into force on the 1 of January 2018. One of the missions of this Act is to align the pre-conditions for Swiss Citizenship with the Swiss integration stage model, a controversial move by the Federal Assembly that tightens the rules for access to citizenship and consequently narrows the space of cantonal policy. Under the new rule, only permanent residents (C-permit holders) would be entitled to Swiss citizenship. Consequently, the examination of the integration achievements of all foreigners who wish to naturalize in Switzerland has been intensified in an "ex ante" optic, due to the prerequisite of the C-permit. As the requirement of the early grant of the C-permit falls within the jurisdiction of the 26 cantons, the new rule will hardly obtain the desired result of harmonizing the path to Swiss citizenship. With reference to the two keywords of Swiss integration policy, requiring and promoting, which state the requirements and individual responsibilities of a foreign person with regard to integration and the promotion of equal opportunities, this article gives a first impression of the cantonal requirements for obtaining the C-permit in the case of successful integration. Further, it gives an overview of integration promotion factors, such as the right to a long-term stay, political rights, and the right to family reunification, all of which are connected to the legal status of the Cpermit and can determine the extent to which the path to citizenship remains open. It critically assesses the division of competence national/cantonal in the framework of integration policy and citizenship rights, concluding that the attempted "uploading" of the issue has resulted in strengthening rather than weakening the cantonal layer of citizenship governance.


The design parameters of a 120-GHz gyromonotron capable of output powers in excess of 1 MW are determined. A nonlinear model of the interaction between the beam and RF field is used in which the efficiency is a function of only three normalized variables. By expressing the technological constraints in terms of these variables, permissible design parameters yielding high-efficiency operation can be calculated. Constraints that are considered include ohmic heating of the walls, voltage depression of the beam, reduced coupling between the beam and RF field due to beam thickness, and efficiency degradation due to space-charge forces within the beam. An analysis of the trade-offs between current and voltage at the 1-MW level indicates that lower-order modes can be utilized at lower voltages, but the constraints based on current limitations are difficult to satisfy. An 80-kV 29-A design is presented that achieves a total efficiency of 44 percent. The primary uncertainty of these designs is the severity of competition due to parasitic modes. However, a number of isolated asymmetric modes appear capable of single-mode emission at 1 MW based on present experimental results. Multimegawatt operation is also considered. It is shown that powers exceeding 20 MW are possible if single-mode operation can be achieved in very-high-order modes. The methodology presented in this paper is general and can be easily adapted to other frequencies and output powers.


Modern project management approaches focus on maximizing the value realized from project; yet, many project management textbooks and courses do not incorporate this aspect in their curriculum. This paper reports on our experience in developing and teaching project management courses that integrate the element of maximizing project value in their syllabi. The suggested teaching approach uses traditional and innovative models to teach students how strategic and tactical project decisions should be made. Students are introduced to models that support strategic decisions such as matching a project objective to a business case, deciding on a project configuration, and developing a project plan. They also learn about tactical decisions such as ones that are made during project's execution and control, which are also important for realizing all the project benefits. Thereafter, students use an innovative model that links strategic and tactical decisions, implemented in a simulation tool, to experience the various tradeoffs that affect project value. Based on teachers' and students' evaluations, we recommend using the suggested approach in project management education.


We propose an interpolation algorithm for Division-of-Focal-Plane (DoFP) polarimeters based on the correlation between neighboring pixels. DoFP polarimeters monolithically integrate pixelated nanowire polarization filters with an array of imaging elements. DoFP sensors have been realized in the visible and near-infrared regime. The advantages of DoFP sensors are twofold. First, they capture polarization information at every frame. Second, they are compact and robust. The main disadvantage is the loss of spatial resolution due to the super-pixel sampling paradigm at the focal plane. These sensors produce four low-resolution images, where each image has been recorded by a linear polarization filter offset by 45 degrees. Our algorithm addresses the loss of spatial resolution by utilizing the correlation information between the four polarization pixels in a super-pixel configuration. The method is based on the following premise: if one or more of three polarization parameters (angle of polarization, degree of polarization, and intensity) are known for a spatial neighborhood, then the unknown pixel values for the 0° image, for example, can be computed from the intensity values from the 45°, 90° and 135° images. The proposed algorithm is applied to select cases and found to outperform the bicubic spline interpolation method.


The decline in fertility has been linked to changes in educational attainment, particularly among women. Most studies on this topic have, however, focused on the impact of education on fertility timing. In this study, we examine the association between education and completed fertility; specifically, whether the educational gradient differs between women and men and between younger and older birth cohorts. Importantly, we investigate whether the educational gradient varies across European welfare systems. In our analysis, we applied multilevel modelling to individual-level data on fertility quantum in 25 countries from the European Social Survey. Overall, women and older cohorts had higher completed fertility rates than men and younger cohorts. The total number of children born to each individual decreased with increasing educational levels. This negative gradient was stronger among women than among men, and was weaker among younger than among older cohorts in western Europe. At the macro level, we found the weakest negative educational gradients in the social-democratic countries and in the post-Soviet states. The negative gradient was strongest in the Mediterranean countries and in the postcommunist countries.


Okal and Synolakis (2001) discuss important issues regarding the origin of the complex and controversial 17 July 1998 Papua New Guinea (PNG) tsunami. These comments are appreciated by the author in that they allow a more complete discussion within the seismological community of this highly destructive event that claimed the lives of over 2,200 people. The foremost issue facing the people of Papua New Guinea and coastal communities around the world is how damage from catastrophic tsunamis such as the 1998 event can be mitigated. Toward this goal, investigations and discussions such as this comment and reply are important for advancing our scientific understanding of anomalous events such as this. The purpose of this reply is to clearly state the conclusions of Geist (2000) and respond to specific comments made by Okal and Synolakis (2001).

The conclusions of Geist (2000) are twofold. Conclusion 1: The Mw 7.0 main shock most likely generated a tsunami that can partially account for the observed maximum run-up of 10-15 m near Sissano Lagoon (Figure 1), and Conclusion 2: There is insufficient local tsunami waveform and timing data with which to precisely constrain earthquake and/or landslide generation mechanisms for the tsunami. The conclusion of Geist (2000) is not "(the tsunami) can be explained by a standard dislocation... without the need to invoke a landslide or slump as the mechanism of generation of the locally catastrophic tsunamis," as stated by Okal and Synolakis (2001). Because coseismic uplift from the earthquake occurred offshore, the earthquake most likely generated a tsunami; what is unclear is the size of the seismogenic tsunami and what contribution a submarine landslide might have made in generating additional tsunami energy.

Okal and Synolakis (2001) state in their introduction that "... we agree with overwhelming evidence indicating that tsunamigenic events are never …


Formation of herpes simplex virus-1 capsids requires the presence of intact scaffolding proteins. The C terminus of the abundant scaffolding protein associates with the major capsid shell protein VP5 through hydrophobic interactions. After cleavage by the viral encoded protease, which removes their C-terminal 25 aa, the scaffolding proteins are released from the capsid. We have used electron cryomicroscopy and computer image processing to determine, to 13 A, the three-dimensional structures of capsids containing either cleaved or uncleaved scaffolding proteins. Detailed comparisons show that the structures of the outer icosahedral shells are almost identical in the two capsid types. Differences are apparent in the radial distribution of the density inside the capsid shell (within a radius of 460 ) which represents the scaffolding core. However, in both capsid types, the bulk of this internal density exhibits no icosahedral symmetry. Close examination revealed localized regions of icosahedrally arranged extra density at the interface between the outer shell and the scaffold of protease-minus capsids. Rod-like densities extending inwards for approximately 40 from the capsid shell are present under four of the six quasi-equivalent triplex positions. Under triplexes Tb, Tc, and Te, the major additional densities appear as pairs with the rods in each pair situated 37 apart. We propose that these rods are formed by the C-termini of the scaffolding proteins and represent the sites of interaction between the capsid shell and scaffold.


and Key Results ■ This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of foreign investors' ownership strategies in the land-locked transition economy of Mongolia. Drawing broadly on the transaction cost theory and institutional model, a number of investing firm and host country characteristics were identified. Drawing on a sample of 1,033 affili- ates of foreign investors with varying levels of foreign ownership, the paper exam- ines the choice between a wholly owned subsidiary (WOS) and a joint venture (JV). ■ Strong support has been found for the impact of nationality and normative dis- tance on the ownership mode choice of foreign investors. The results show that the main determinants of foreign equity ownership found in previous research also influence the ownership structure of foreign affiliates in Mongolia. The extent of FDI concentration, natural resource intensity of target industry and location of the affiliate have the expected impact on the foreign investor's choice between a JV and a WOS. However, no support has been found for the impact of capital size of affiliate on the level of equity ownership of foreign affiliates.