Abstract. This classroom action research is motivated by the low mathematics learning outcomes, especially in the reduction material. This study aims to improve student learning outcomes on Mathematics about the reduction by using contextual learning models are expected to improve student learning outcomes. The contextual learning method is a learning concept that helps teachers associate the material they teach with real-world student situations and encourage students to make connections between the knowledge he has and its applicationin their daily lives. The method used in this study is Classroom Action Research (PTK) with the object of research in class I SD Negeri 2 Gatak. The focus of the research on the reduction of contextual learning is an effort to improve the learning outcomes of Mathematics. Data collection is done by direct observation of the learning process. The results showed that there was a significant increase of student learning outcomes in pre-cycle learning activities, cycle I and cycle II. The increase can be seen from the average value of students and the percentage of completeness of learning outcomes from KKM which is determined at 65. Based on the results of these observations it can be concluded that the application of Mathematics subject matter reduction learning contextual learning models can improve student learning outcomes in class ISD Negeri 2 Gatak. Furthermore, the results of this study can be used to improve learning with similar cases.


A wireless bus for stacked chips was developed by utilizing inductive coupling among them. This paper discusses inductor layout optimization and transceiver circuit design. The inductive coupling is analyzed by an equivalent circuit model, parameters of which are extracted by a magnetic field model based on the Biot-Savart law. Given communications distance, transmit power, and SNR budget, inductor layout size is minimized. Two receiver circuits, signal sensitive and yet noise immune, are designed for inductive Non-Return-to-Zero (NRZ) signaling where no signal is transmitted when data remains the same. A test chip was fabricated in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS. Accuracy of the models is verified. Bit error rate is investigated for various inductor layouts and communications distance. The maximum data rate is 1.25Gb/s/channel. Power dissipation is 43mW in the transmitter and 2.6mW in the receiver at 3.3V. If chip thickness is reduced to 30 /spl mu/m in 90nm device generation, power dissipation will be 1mW/channel or bandwidth will be 1Tb/s/mm/sup 2/.


Autologous chondrocyte transplantation is a new procedure developed for the treatment of focal articular cartilage defects of the knee. The exact indications and limitations of this procedure have not yet been completely defined through prospective, randomized studies. The purpose of this study was to examine the indications and contraindications for surgery in consecutive cases initially rejected for reimbursement of surgical expenses by insurance companies, but now on appeal, to assess whether patients referred by the physicians met the procedure criteria. Twenty-four consecutive candidates were referred for adjudication when the recommending orthopaedic surgeon appealed a rejection by a medical reviewer. The factors examined included the number and size of the cartilage lesions, the presence of tricompartmental arthritis, transplantation proposed for patellar lesions, patient age, and sagittal plane deformity. In 23 of 24 cases (96%) the indications for the procedure were not met or specific contraindications were present. In 15 of 24 cases (63%) there were multiple contraindications. The results of this study underscore the importance of controlled, application-limited experience before the release of new procedures for widespread clinical applications. The uncontrolled use of this procedure may negatively skew the overall results for this technique, prejudicing a procedure that may be successful for the correct indications.


The article attempts to work out the relevant methodology that will allow an integrated approach to find solutions to current economic challenges, given the fact that the national economy is a complex multicomponent system. It is emphasized that mathematical methods and models are widely used as effective tools to handle a range of problems in various areas of research and, in particular, in economic studies. However, despite the availability of numerous research endeavors, the issues of modelling the relationships between national economic development and regulatory policy have not been sufficiently studied. The purpose of this study is to build a three-dimensional matrix of regulatory change management in the frameworks of the national economic development. The methodological research background relies on modelling of regulatory policy effects on national economic development by using economic mathematical methods and models. A three-dimensional matrix of managing change in regulatory policy has been proposed which is based on the assessment of the current state of regulatory policy and modelling of the relationships between national economic development and regulatory policy with regard to the obtained values of the aggregate development index calculated by sectors of the national economy, generalized index of the regulatory policy in industries and the indicator of the regulatory policy effects on development, the zoning of which allows to distribute its impact sector by sector along with identifying the nature and the priority areas for further regulatory actions to be applied to a particular industry or sector of the economy. The three-dimensional matrix zoning has been performed according to certain parameters: vertical zoning (zones of passive and active changes), transverse horizontal zoning (zone of fixation and transformation) and horizontal longitudinal zoning (zones adjustment and protection). It is argued that economic mathematical modelling is an important tool in managing business processes. Modelling is used to build reliability models with reference to aggregated development indices by sectors of the national economy and the generalized indices of regulatory policy, and identify specific regulatory policy changes needed to enhance the national economic development.


Post-weaning growth data, including body length, body weight, and several visceral organ weights, were collected for intact and hypophysectomized female hamsters aged 4 to 12 weeks. In addition, hypophysectomized hamsters were treated with bovine growth hormone for a period of six weeks and the effects examined.


In the last decade, the service sector had a very rapid growth, due to the so-called "tertiarisation" of the economy. Accordingly, the energy consumption, mainly attributable to public and private buildings, is rapidly growing, thus making buildings energy saving one of the main issues of the energy policy at regional, national and international levels.

To this aim, we developed an effective methodology to improve energy efficiency of the service sector buildings. This may represent a handy great opportunity to save natural and economic resources, especially where the buildings structure and the technical systems are old, the maintenance activities are not carefully carried out or a systematic energy management is not applied. Nevertheless, actions in this direction are often considered too expensive and complicated, if compared with residential energy optimization, because of the big extension, the variety of activities and the high number of occupants typical of the service sector buildings. The developed approach for energy audits aims to investigate the energy aspects of existing non-domestic buildings in a structured way, in order to clearly identify their energy saving potential and to improve their energy performances. The main goal of the study is defining a general methodology to analyze the current energy use and consumption considering a limited number of their peculiar elements such as dimensions, activities, users behavior, technical systems data and energy bills. Furthermore, these informations are completed by an appropriate energy measuring campaign. All the possible energy uses in service buildings are taken into account (i.e. lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, hot water production). The results obtained from the analysis allow to evaluate a global level of building energy efficiency, and to identify those single areas, specific systems or everyday activities where energy is wasted. These considerations also provide basis for programming cost-effective energy saving action plans.

The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a case study for an Administrative Center building in Rome, Italy. Results demonstrate the methodology reliability and the cost reduction potentialities.


Ladder-type π-conjugated skeletons are promising building units for new materials for organic electronics, wherein their annelated coplanar structures enhance the π-conjugation, leading to a set of desirable properties such as intense fluorescence and high carrier mobility. As a new entry into this class of skeletons, we now disclose two series of ladder molecules, i.e., silicon- and carbon-bridged oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s and thiophene- and selenophene-based heteroacenes. The former ladder molecules contain the silole substructure in which the silicon bridges affect the electronic structure and thus photophysical properties through the σ*-π* conjugation. The latter heteroacenes can be recognized as the heteroatom analogs of acenes and may be promising materials for organic thin film transistors. These two series of molecules have been synthesized based on newly developed intramolecular cyclizations of acetylenic compounds.


of the model legislation, which AUL annually updates, is to help state governments enact enhanced informed consent laws for abortion. The Women's Right to Know Act requires physicians to provide specific information to women before they may consent to having an abortion. It also suggests that individual US state governments to develop informational materials about abortion and pregnancy that healthcare providers must give to women before they receive an abortion. As of 2020, twenty-eight states have enacted informed consent laws for abortion that resemble the Women's Right to Know Act. In a larger effort to dismantle legal access to abortion, the AUL's Women's Right to Know Act encourages individual states to restrict access to abortion to protect, what the organization calls, the unborn child.


Recently, several exact methods to compute decision trees have been introduced. On the one hand, these approaches can find optimal trees for various objective functions including total size, depth or accuracy on the training set and therefore. On the other hand, these methods are not yet widely used in practice and classic heuristics are often still the methods of choice.

In this paper we show how the SAT model proposed by [Narodytska et.al 2018] can be lifted to a MaxSAT approach, making it much more practically relevant.

In particular, it scales to much larger data sets; the objective function can easily be adapted to take into account combinations of size, depth and accuracy on the training set; and the fine-grained control of the objective function it offers makes it particularly well suited for boosting.

Our experiments show promising results.

In particular, we show that the prediction quality of our approach often exceeds state of the art heuristics. We also show that the MaxSAT formulation is well adapted for boosting using the well-known AdaBoost Algorithm.


Gut‐directed hypnotherapy (GDH) is a highly effective brain‐gut behavioral therapy which is recommended in international guidelines for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There is increasing recognition of the value of GDH as part of integrated care alongside medical and dietary approaches. This has led to recent innovations to widen access to GDH to meet the increasing demand. Recent advances include streamlined courses of individualized GDH, group therapy, and remote delivery. In this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Peters et al. retrospectively report outcomes of smartphone app‐delivered GDH in a population with self‐reported IBS. While adherence was low, those that completed smart phone‐delivered GDH‐achieved symptom benefit. This mini‐review summarizes the current evidence‐base for available modalities of GDH and discusses the current and future utility and development of mobile health applications in the digital therapeutics' era.


In the Doublet IIA high power rf heating experiments, a slow wave is launched by an electrostatic antenna above the lower hybrid frequency. Such an antenna has been proposed previously for generating a well-defined large parallel wavenumber spectrum. In the present experiments, a total of six structures with n/sub parallel/ from 11 to 16 at 800 and 915 MHz at power up to 100 kW/structure are being used. The coupling and radiated spectrum are analyzed using the theory developed for these antennas. They are found to be insensitive to changes in plasma parameters.


This article explores the overlap of symptoms between autism and attachment difficulties in adulthood. Clinicians express difficulties in differentiating between these conditions contributing to misdiagnosis. Distinguishing autism spectrum behaviors from behaviors relating to disorganized attachment can be challenging. Urgency is added by the fact that the number of cases is increasing in the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is becoming increasingly recognized that ASD shares phenotypic similarities with other traditionally distinct developmental conditions. This article aims enhance the clinicians' critical reasoning regarding the patient's behavior to distinguish if its autism or attachment-related behavior disorders. For us, the clearest differentiation factor seemed to be the nature of the behavior.


An analysis of high selectivity TE/sub 10/-mode filters with quarter-wavelength coupled resonators formed by axially spaced dielectric plates is presented and shows that high-loaded quality factors of individual resonators can be obtained by placing the resonant frequency close to the waveguide cutoff frequency and by using low-loss Iow-dielectric constant materials. Design equations for Butterworth and Chebyschev filters are presented and employed in a three-cavity Butterworth filter having 30-MHz bandwidth at resonant frequency at 7250 MHz. Experimental results show that filter performance can be well predicted.


The site-specific recombination system of phage lambda promotes crossovers at its attachment site (att). In this report we show that when phage are crossed in conditions where only the site-specific recombination system is active, a low frequency of crossovers can also be detected in a region that is close to but does not contain att. These crossovers require the phage int gene, the host hip gene, and the integrity of att. They are not detected if one of the parents carries a substitution of a heterologous attachment site (attB instead of attP). To explain these findings we suggest that site-specific recombination can proceed by exchange of single strands between the participating chromosomes at att and migration of the resulting junction outside of att.


We report on a Japanese boy with oto-palato-digital syndrome type II, an X-linked lethal congenital skeletal dysplasia. The clinical, radiological and histological findings indicate that defective intramembranous ossification may be the principal abnormality responsible for the entity.


The effects of pump failures in nine zone and pump configurations for the size-exclusion simulated moving bed purification of insulin are analyzed. Simulations based on verified intrinsic parameters are used to understand the dynamic wave phenomena. This understanding helps determine the best zone and pump configuration, determine the time window to recover from the degraded state, and formulate contingency responses to failures. The results show that the open-loop three-zone simulated moving bed is the best. It is more reliable, and has higher productivity and reduced residence time of the high molecular weight impurities. A disadvantage of the three-zone is the higher solvent consumption. In the recommended configuration: desorbent pump failure is critical and dual redundant pumps are recommended; feed pump failure is marginal and results in diluted product; and zone II pump failure is critical—the time window for corrective action is half a step-time. Zone pumps are recommended instead of outlet pumps because they do not result in stationary phase collapse from high pressure drop and allow higher productivity in pressure-limited systems. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006


Iterative Gaussianization is a fixed-point iteration procedure that can transform any continuous random vector into a Gaussian one. Based on iterative Gaussianization, we propose a new type of normalizing flow model that enables both efficient computation of likelihoods and efficient inversion for sample generation. We demonstrate that these models, named Gaussianization flows, are universal approximators for continuous probability distributions under some regularity conditions. Because of this guaranteed expressivity, they can capture multimodal target distributions without compromising the efficiency of sample generation. Experimentally, we show that Gaussianization flows achieve better or comparable performance on several tabular datasets compared to other efficiently invertible flow models such as Real NVP, Glow and FFJORD. In particular, Gaussianization flows are easier to initialize, demonstrate better robustness with respect to different transformations of the training data, and generalize better on small training sets.


Workshop "The Narrative in Eastern and Western Art", Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto, 2-5 December 2013
Abstract by Ivo Raband, University of Berne

Printed Narrative:
The Festival Books for Ernest of Austria from Brussels and Antwerp 1594

During the early modern period the medium of the festival book became increasingly more important as an object of 'political narration' throughout Europe. Focusing on Netherlandish examples from the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, my talk will focus on the festival books printed for the Joyous Entries of Archduke Ernest of Austria (1553–1595). Ernest was appointed Governor General of the Netherlands by King Philipp II in 1593, being the first Habsburg Prince to reside in Brussels since 30 years.
In Brussels and Antwerp, the Archduke was greeted with the traditional Blijde Imkomst, Joyous Entry, which dates back to the fourteenth century and was a necessity to actually become the sovereign of Brabant and Antwerp and to uphold the privileges of the cities. Decorated with ephemeral triumphal arches, stages, and tableaux vivants, both cities welcomed Ernest and, at the same time, demonstrated their civic self-assurance and negotiated their statuses. In honor of these events of civic power, the city magistrates commissioned festival books. These books combine a Latin text with a description of the events and the ephemeral structures, including circa 30 engravings and etchings. Being the only visual manifestation of the Joyous Entries, the books became important representational objects.
The prints featured in festival books will be my point of departure for discussing the importance of narrative political prints and the concept of the early modern festival book as a 'political object'. By comparing the prints from Ernest's entries with others from the period between 1549 and 1635, I will show how the prints became as important as the event itself. Thus, I want to pose the question of whether it would have been possible to substitute a printed version of the event for the actual ceremony.


Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in women and comprises 18% of all cancers in women. The United Kingdom has the highest age standardised incidence and mortality from breast cancer in the world.1 Since 1990, death rates from breast cancer have decreased by over 25%, and this is at least in part due to the improved use of adjuvant tamoxifen and chemotherapy. Current research is focused on a greater understanding of the response and resistance to treatment, including the role of apoptosis. Accessibility of the primary tumour makes breast cancer uniquely suitable for such studies. Here we summarise and integrate the data on apoptosis and its role in the development, prognosis, and treatment of breast cancer.

Normal breast development is controlled by a balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis, and there is strong evidence that tumour growth is not just a result of uncontrolled proliferation but also of reduced apoptosis. The balance between proliferation and apoptosis is crucial in determining the overall growth or regression of the tumour 2 3 in response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy and, more recently, hormonal treatments. All of these act in part by inducing apoptosis.4–6 Thus it is possible to delineate the biology of individual tumours at the molecular and biochemical level by examining apoptosis and its control and regulation and to exploit these to clinical advantage. Much of this work is still the subject of research. Understanding these relations could allow individually tailored treatments to maximise tumour regression and the efficacy of treatment. It could also help to answer why some tumours fail to respond and thereby indicate new routes of drug development.

#### Summary points

Increased apoptosis with increased proliferation is associated with malignant tumours

Breast tumours with increased apoptosis are more likely to be high grade and negative for oestrogen receptors

High …


This paper presents a novel method for generating a single polynomial approximation that produces correctly rounded results for all inputs of an elementary function for multiple representations. The generated polynomial approximation has the nice property that the first few lower degree terms produce correctly rounded results for specific representations of smaller bitwidths, which we call progressive performance. To generate such progressive polynomial approximations, we approximate the correctly rounded result and formulate the computation of correctly rounded polynomial approximations as a linear program similar to our prior work on the RLibm project. To enable the use of resulting polynomial approximations in mainstream libraries, we want to avoid piecewise polynomials with large lookup tables. We observe that the problem of computing polynomial approximations for elementary functions is a linear programming problem in low dimensions, i.e., with a small number of unknowns. We design a fast randomized algorithm for computing polynomial approximations with progressive performance. Our method produces correct and fast polynomials that require a small amount of storage. A few polynomial approximations from our prototype have already been incorporated into LLVM's math library.


This cross sectional study was performed to find the adequate amount and combination of dietary protein and energy for maintaining better nutritional status for stable non-diabetic maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The body composition including body fat, total body water, body cell mass and body protein were measured by multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis in 200 stable MHD patients without diabetes (124 men, 76 women). Dietary energy intake (DEI) and dietary protein intake (DPI) were assessed by a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire (BDHQ), the DPI value being confirmed by calculating the normalized protein equivalent of total nitrogen appearance (nPNA). The nutritional status and the body composition were compared among 4 groups of patients in each gender that were divided by the combination of DEI and DPI; high energy (HE)/high protein (HP), HE/low protein (LP), low energy (LE)/HP and LE/LP groups. The mean DPI ranged between 1.17-1.23 and 0.89-0.95 g/kg IBW/d in the HP and LP groups, respectively for both genders, and the mean DEI was 35-37 and 24-25 kcal/kg IBW/d in HE and LE groups, respectively. BMI and serum albumin concentration were not different among the 4 groups. Body cell mass index (BCMI) was maintained in the HE groups regardless of DPI, and it was significantly higher in the HE/HP group than in the LE/LP group. Multiple regression analysis also showed that the BCMI was more greatly affected by DEI than DPI. These results indicated that a DPI of 0.89-0.95 g/kg IBW/d could be sufficient for maintaining BCMI, if DEI is kept over 35 kcal/kg IBW/d in stable non-diabetic MHD patients. This DPI level is lower than the recommended DPI proposed by dietary guidelines in the US and Japan.


A Copper- Mullet walled Carbon Nanotube Cu/MWCNT composite coatings prepared by direct and pulse electrodeposition with various contents of MWCNT particles, using electrodeposition method from acidic sulfate bath. The effect of the current density, pulse frequency and  particle loading (PL) of MWCNT particle in the electrolyte on the morphology and volume fraction Vol% of MWCNT in deposit were investigate. The experimental results indicated that the depositing condition affect on the microstructure of deposited copper and MWCNT Vol% in deposit. Also, the Vol% of MWCNT increases in deposit with particle loading (PL) increasing in the bath and increased with increased current density. Increasing MWCNTs in electrolyte produced increased microhardness values and increasing content MWCNT in the electrolyte resulted in decrease wear rate.


The influence of latex morphology, composition and drying conditions on film formation and film properties is investigated for heterogeneous poly(acrylate) latex model systems. For blends of small latex particles water evaporation is the rate limiting process of film formation and the critical hard phase content reaches theoretical predictions. Upon increasing the size of the particles, their deformation becomes rate limiting which results in lower critical hard phase content, which significantly depends on film thickness. Film forming properties of blends are compared with that of heterogeneous lattices possessing different morphology. According to conventional measurements of the minimum film forming temperature, core-shell lattices with a glassy (high Tg) shell are non-film forming. A more thorough investigation reveals significant differences depending on latex composition and even film formation. It is demonstrated that this film formation is rate limited by particle deformation. Electron microscopy, turbidity measurements, electromechanical testing and interferometrical thickness determination are used to investigate film densification and particle deformation. Solid state NMR spin diffusion measurements are applied to characterize morphological changes during film formation and interdiffusion.


In this study, thermal properties of different cotton and Angora rabbit fiber blended fabrics were investigated. It is known that cotton fiber has good comfort properties and Angora rabbit fiber is a speciality fur fiber which possesses good softness, whiteness and warmth. The aim of this study was to combine the excellent characteristics of these fibers to produce knitted fabrics with better comfort properties. First, short staple yarns were spun from cotton and Angora rabbit fibers with different blend ratios in two different spinning systems. Then, 1 × 1 rib knitted fabrics were produced with these yarns and the thermal comfort parameters of fabrics were measured on Alambeta and Permetest devices. Finally, according to end use, the optimum ratios were analyzed. The results indicated that the increase of Angora fiber ratio in the fabric and the spinning system affected the thermal comfort properties. The statistical analyses showed that only the fabrics including 25 % of rabbit fiber generated a significant difference on these parameters. Besides, the fabrics knitted from ring yarns had a warmer feeling at first touch and provided more thermal insulation but less water vapor permeability than the fabrics knitted from open-end yarns.


Structure of tax systems of particular countries across the world features with great complexity and largely differ from one country to another. Statutory tax rates are not a good measure of the tax burden imposed by the tax nor are they a good tool for comparing of different tax systems or analysing the effects of changes in tax laws. To gather all these information we need to construct synthetic indicators as effective tax rates that are the main subject of this work. The effective tax rates can be calculated using several different methods. The first part of this work describes and summarizes these methods of computation of effective tax rates and points its strengths and weaknesses. The second part of the work is then bases on authors own effective tax rate's computations and compares effective tax rates in the Czech Republic with those in Europe. The aim is to find out whether the final tax burden in the Czech Republic is higher or lower than in EU-15 countries. Moreover the effective tax rates are compared to the statutory ones and the features of Czech tax system are described.


Keys for graphs aim to uniquely identify entities represented by vertices in a graph. We propose a class of keys that are recursively defined in terms of graph patterns, and are interpreted with subgraph isomorphism. Extending conventional keys for relations and XML, these keys find applications in object identification, knowledge fusion and social network reconciliation. As an application, we study the entity matching problem that, given a graph G and a set Σ of keys, is to find all pairs of entities (vertices) in G that are identified by keys in Σ. We show that the problem is intractable, and cannot be parallelized in logarithmic rounds. Nonetheless, we provide two parallel scalable algorithms for entity matching, in MapReduce and a vertex-centric asynchronous model. Using real-life and synthetic data, we experimentally verify the effectiveness and scalability of the algorithms.


Transmembrane Protein 39A (TMEM39A) is a member of TMEM family. The understanding about this protein is still limited. The earlier studies indicated that TMEM39A was a key mediator of autoimmune disease. TMEM39A seems to be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis in numerous of populations. All of these works stop at insufficient information by using gene functioning methods such as: Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and/or follow-up study. It is the fact that the less understood of TMEM39A actually is the attraction to the scientist in near future. In this review the current knowledge about TMEM39A and its possible roles in cell biology, physiology and pathology will be described.


from various doctors under whom she had served, as effective remedies for epilepsy. Neurological examination revealed no positive findings. There was evidence of guilt feelings associated with the patient's vocational duties, which were revealed on an occasion when he turned up alone for examination. After patient questioning of the man's wife, it became apparent that she had misled the doctors, whose therapeutic advice she had sought, by her insistent diagnosis of 4" meemasmoray " (major epilepsy) as her husband's malady. This patient's " epileptic fits " were no more than wild, convulsive struggles against those who had to hold him down; they lasted 10 minutes or more at a time, showed no clonic-tonic sequence, nor association with tongue-biting or involuntary micturition. It seemed probable that hyperventilation preceded some of these seizures and that consciousness was not truly lost. Evidently a case of Charcot's " hysterolepsy " had been mistreated as one of true epilepsy. The patient made a satisfactory recovery under pentothal narcosis.


We show that too much meritocracy, modeled as accuracy of performance ranking in contests, can be a bad thing: in contests with homogeneous agents, it reduces output and is Pareto inefficient. In contests with sufficiently heterogeneous agents, discouragement and complacency effects further reduce the benefits of meritocracy. Perfect meritocracy may be optimal only for intermediate levels of heterogeneity.


One of the more convoluted dilemmas in election law involves distinguishing government actions motivated by race from those motivated by partisanship. In this Essay, prepared for the Howard Law Journal's 15th Annual Wiley Branton Symposium, I argue that the race or party dilemma is simply a variant of a dilemma that law has confronted before. It is a dilemma about the extent of law's — and by extension, society's — comprehension and definition of "institutional" or "systemic" discrimination.

In support of this claim, the Essay examines two doctrines in which the Supreme Court attended to institutional or systemic discrimination: the state action doctrine and the Civil Rights Act of 1964's Title VII doctrine, as encapsulated in the Court's 1971 decision, Griggs v. Duke Power Company. More precisely, it compares the assumptions and inferences about the nature of racial discrimination informing both the leading state action cases and Griggs, with those informing current election law doctrines in which the race or party distinction obtains.

Ultimately, the Essay argues that if the elimination of institutional or systemic discrimination is the goal, then the stark dichotomy between race and partisanship found in election law doctrines should be dispensed with.


Abstract 1. Different concentrations of zinc–methionine (Zn-Met) were given to pigeon squabs, and the resulting effects on growth, immune functions and intestinal microflora were investigated from hatching to 28 d of age. A total of 180 artificially hatched pigeon squabs were randomly allotted to each of three treatments with three replicates of 20 squabs. The three treatments given were either one ml (2 mg/ml) Zn-Met, one ml (10 mg/ml) Zn-Met or one ml 0.9% NaCl solution. 2. The results showed that Zn-Met improved the growth performance of squabs. The average daily and average weekly weight gain was significantly greater in squabs treated with Zn-Met than in the control group. 3. The group given 2 and 10 mg supplemental Zn-Met had heavier thymus, spleen and bursa of Fabricius than the control group at d 28. 4. Maternal antibody titres against Newcastle disease haemagglutination inhibition and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase were significantly higher in squabs treated with supplemental 2 and 10 mg Zn-Met compared to the control group at d 14 and d 28. 5. Additionally, the squabs given supplemental 2 mg Zn-Met exhibited significantly higher Bacillaceae, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium populations at d 14 and d 28, but lower Escherichia coli populations at d 28 compared to the control group. On the contrary, Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Bifidobacterium populations were significantly decreased with 10 mg Zn-Met at d 28. 6. This study indicates that supplementation with Zn-Met has a positive effect on growth performance, immune function and regulation of intestinal flora in pigeons. An inclusion level of 2 mg seems to be better than 10 mg Zn-Met per day per bird.


A bulk‐current model for advanced metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) is proposed and implemented. The model consists of an impact ionization mechanism, the drain to bulk current and a tunneling mechanism, the gate to bulk current, and requires totally 21 model parameters covering all bias conditions. The simulated results with the parameter values reproduce measurements for any device size without binning. Validity of the model has been tested with circuits, which are sensitive to the change of the stored charge due to impact ionization current and tunneling current. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


In this paper we discuss the problem of action-specific knowledge processing, representation and acquisition by autonomous robots performing everyday activities. We report on a thorough analysis of the household domain, which has been performed on a large corpus of natural-language instructions from the Web and underlines the supreme need of action-specific knowledge for robots acting in those environments. We introduce the concept of Probabilistic Robot Action Cores (PRAC) that are well-suited for encoding such knowledge in a probabilistic first-order knowledge base. We additionally show how such a knowledge base can be acquired by natural language and we address the problems of incompleteness, underspecification and ambiguity of naturalistic action specifications and point out how PRAC models can tackle those.


This paper has made a thorough analysis of Brushless DC Motor Simulation System, in which we use a single neuron PID control algorithm based on RBF neural network for on-line identification (RBF-PID Algorithm). A special human-computer interaction (HCI) interface was designed in this paper, which provides interface for users to set the correlative parameters and select related control algorithm. Two control algorithms: Conventional PID and RBF-PID Algorithm were respectively adopted in this paper to make a comparison. The result shows that RBF-PID Algorithm performs better controlling Brushless DC Motor. Thus, the Simulation System is of great advantage for parameters testing and setting for the controller of Brushless DC Motor compared with traditional manual methods in practical use.


Annotating the semantics of time in language is important. THYME (Styler et al., 2014) is a recent temporal annotation standard for clinical texts. This paper examines temporal expressions in the first major corpus released under this standard. It investigates where the standard has proven difficult to apply, and gives a series of recommendations regarding temporal annotation in this important domain.


BACKGROUND
High serum copeptin levels are associated with injury severity after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, not much is known regarding its relation with mortality. Thus, we sought to evaluate its relation with disease mortality.

METHODS
Fifty healthy controls and 94 patients with acute severe TBI were included. Plasma samples were obtained on admission and at days 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7. Its concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS
Twenty-six patients (27.7%) died from TBI in a month. After brain injury, plasma copeptin level in patients increased during the 6-hour period immediately, peaked in 24 hours, plateaued at day 2, decreased gradually thereafter, and was substantially higher than that in healthy controls during the 7-day period. A forward stepwise logistic regression selected plasma copeptin level (odds ratio, 1.008; 95% confidence interval, 1.002-1.014; p = 0.010) as an independent predictor for 1-month mortality of patients. A multivariate linear regression showed that plasma copeptin level was negatively associated with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (t = -7.161; p < 0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve identified plasma copeptin cutoff level (451.8 pg/mL) that predicted 1-month mortality with the optimal sensitivity (88.5%) and specificity (75.0%) values (area under curve, 0.874; 95% confidence interval, 0.789-0.933; p < 0.001). The area under curve of plasma copeptin level was similar to that of GCS score (p = 0.299). However, copeptin did not statistically significantly improve the area under curve of GCS score (p = 0.413).

CONCLUSIONS
Increased plasma copeptin levels are associated with mortality after TBI.


To increase the security of modern, volatile supply chains a proactive risk management based on real-time risk related information transparency is required. At this time, none or only limited empirical/objective information about digitalization benefits for supply chain risk management is available. A method is needed, which draws conclusion on the estimation of costs and benefits of digitalization initiatives. The paper presents a flexible simulationbased approach for evaluating digitalization scenarios prior to realization. The evaluation approach is integrated into a framework and its applicability will be shown in a case study of a German steel producer, evaluating digitalization effects on the Mean Lead time-at-risk.


The arc stud welding process has been adapted for use in producing reconstituted Charpy V-notch impact specimens. In this process, each half of a tested and fractured Charpy specimen is used as the central region of a reconstituted specimen. End tabs are joined to one half of a fractured specimen by a specially designed stud welding apparatus. SA533B-1 and SA508-2 unirradiated and irradiated pressure vessel steel specimens have been produced. Both conventional and precracked reconstituted specimen data have been produced. Both types of data have been shown to be in excellent agreement with original specimen data. The arc stud welding process can therefore be used to increase the amount of data obtainable from a limited number of specimens or to obtain Charpy data when full size specimens cannot otherwise be obtained.


Based on the ERA5-Land datasets from 1981–2020, a decadal oscillation has been found in the variation of summer runoff in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Basin (MLYRB). The oscillation suggests that the MLYRB will experience increased runoff in the next few decades after 2020, which saw a record high runoff in the MLYRB. The decadal changes in summer runoff over the MLYRB under various climate change scenarios are then analyzed with direct runoff outputs from 28 general circulation models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Given that the equal-weighted multi-model ensemble mean could not well represent the historical runoff changes in the MLYRB, in this paper we introduce a model weighting scheme that considers both the model skill and independence. It turns out that this scheme well constrains the models to represent the observed decadal changes of summer runoff. The weighted mean projections suggest that the summer runoff in the MLYRB during 2015–2100 under all warming scenarios will be higher than the present day; and 2021–2040 is likely to be a period with significantly increased summer runoff. Results of the present study have great implications for flood control and effective water resources management over the MLYRB in the future, and the weighting approach used in this paper can be applied to a wide range of projections at both regional and global scales.


Some research results in advanced optical lithography, Electron beam lithography, X-ray lithography are introduced in this paper. For advanced optical lithography, optical proximity correction and phase-shift masking (PSM) are studied, and 150nm pattern is achieved by i-line Stepper using transparent PSM. For e-beam lithography, the resist process, proximity effect correction and mix & match technologies are investigated, and 27nm CMOS device is successfully fabricated. The 0.15μm GaAs PHEMT devices are successfully fabricated by employing X-ray lithography.


The problem of decentralized stabilization is considered for a class of large-scale time-varying systems with delayed state perturbations in the interconnections. In this note, the upper bounds of the uncertainties in the interconnections are assumed to be unknown. The adaptation laws are proposed to estimate such unknown bounds, and by making use of their updated values, a class of decentralized memoryless state feedback controllers is constructed. Based on Lyapunov stability theory and Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, it is shown that the solutions to the resulting adaptive closed-loop large-scale time-delay system can be guaranteed to be uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the validity of the results.


Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) densely innervate the forebrain and modulate synaptic plasticity, cortical processing, brain states and oscillations. However, little is known about the functional diversity of cholinergic neurons and whether distinct types support different functions. To examine this question we recorded BFCN in vivo, to examine their behavioral functions, and in vitro, to study their intrinsic properties. We identified two distinct types of BFCN that markedly differ in their firing modes, synchronization properties and behavioral correlates. Bursting cholinergic neurons (BFCNBURST) fired in zero-lag synchrony with each other, phase-locked to cortical theta activity and fired precisely timed bursts of action potentials after reward and punishment. Regular firing cholinergic neurons (BFCNREG) were found predominantly in the posterior basal forebrain, displayed strong theta rhythmicity (5-10 Hz), fired asynchronously with each other and responded with precise single spikes after behavioral outcomes. In an auditory detection task, synchronization of BFCNBURST neurons to auditory cortex predicted the timing of mouse responses, whereas tone-evoked cortical coupling of BFCNREG predicted correct detections. We propose that cortical activation relevant for behavior is controlled by the balance of two cholinergic cell types, where the precise proportion of the strongly activating BFCNBURST follows an anatomical gradient along the antero-posterior axis of the basal forebrain.


Collision detection is an important component of many robotics applications, from robot control to simulation, including motion planning and estimation. While the seminal works on the topic date back to the 80s, it is only recently that the question of properly differentiating collision detection has emerged as a central issue, thanks notably to the ongoing and various efforts made by the scientific community around the topic of differentiable physics. Yet, very few solutions have been suggested so far, and only with a strong assumption on the nature of the shapes involved. In this work, we introduce a generic and efficient approach to compute the derivatives of collision detection for any pair of convex shapes, by notably leveraging randomized smoothing techniques which have shown to be particularly adapted to capture the derivatives of non-smooth problems. This approach is implemented in the HPP-FCL and Pinocchio ecosystems, and evaluated on classic datasets and problems of the robotics literature, demonstrating few micro-second timings to compute informative derivatives directly exploitable by many real robotic applications, including differentiable simulation.


The transnational spread of communicable and non-communicable diseases has opened new vistas in the discourse of global health security. Emerging and re-emerging pathogens, according to exponents of globalization of public health, disrespect the geo-political boundaries of nation-states. Despite the global ramifications of health insecurity in a globalizing world, contemporary international law still operates as a classic inter-state law within an international system exclusively founded on a coalition of nation-states. This article argues that the dynamic process of globalization has created an opportunity for the World Health Organization to develop effective synergy with a multiplicity of actors in the exercise of its legal powers. WHO's legal and regulatory strategies must transform from traditional international legal approaches to disease governance to a "post-Westphalian public health governance": the use of formal and informal sources from state and non-state actors, hard law (treaties and regulations) and soft law (recommendations and travel advisories) in global health governance. This article assesses the potential promise and problems of WHO's new International Health Regulations (IHR) as a regulatory strategy for global health governance and global health security.


Rapid detection, reporting, and response to an infectious disease outbreak are critical to prevent localized health events from emerging as pandemic threats. Metrics to evaluate the timeliness of these critical activities, however, are lacking. Easily understood and comparable measures for tracking progress and encouraging investment in rapid detection, reporting, and response are sorely needed. We propose that the timeliness of outbreak detection, reporting, laboratory confirmation, response, and public communication should be considered as measures for improving global health security at the national level, allowing countries to track progress over time and inform investments in disease surveillance.


Lab-scale studies show that power ultrasound (US) accelerates meat curing and produces superior quality hams through cavitation. This study aims to optimize pilot-scale production of US hams for quality and sensory analysis. Firstly, optimization trials were conducted whereby samples were cured in an US bath (900W) with 2 × US probes inserted (each set at 40, 56 or 72 W cm) for 2, 4 or 6 h. At all US powers, a desired NaCl level (2.25 ± 0.05%) was attained in 2 h while the control required 4 h. Secondly, samples were assessed for weight change, texture profile analysis, cook loss and expressible moisture. A 9 member trained sensory panel assessed hams in a quantitative descriptive test. Two treatments (US bath + 2 US probes at 40 or 56 W cm each) caused greater weight loss than the control (p<0.001), possibly due to protein losses. Treatment had no effect on the cook loss, expressible moisture or TPA (p>0.05). Sensory analysis revealed a tendency for cookedham flavor to increase with increasing power (p=0.061), however all other attributes were unaffected by treatment (p>0.05). This demonstrates the potential of US at industrial level for reducing meat curing time without affecting quality.


In this paper, the LES was used and the one-equation method was adopted as the sub-grid method. In addition, the simulations are performed in three-dimensional, unsteady and single-phase case and the Froude number is considered 0.000255. To investigate the effect of the combustion model, the combustion model of flamelet generated manifold is used in the simulation of fire in the room and the results of this combustion model are compared with infinite fast chemistry models and eddy dissipation models. Comparing the results, it can be seen that in the fire scenario in the room with a heat release rate of 62.9 kW, the mean temperature in the flame is approximately 1500 Kelvin. Also, the results of the eddy dissipation combustion model and infinite fast chemistry predict the temperature results better than the flamelet generated manifold combustion model; but, all three combustion models are close to experimental results with a relative error of less than 10%, in predicting the velocity. Due to the low computational cost of the flamelet generated manifold model and the ability to use detailed kinetics in this combustion model, as well as its acceptable accuracy, it is appropriate to use this model in the compartment fire simulation.


In this paper, a Co60Fe20Y20 film was sputtered onto Si (100) substrates with thicknesses ranging from 10 to 50 nm under four conditions to investigate the structure, magnetic properties, and surface energy. Under four conditions, the crystal structure of the CoFeY films was found to be amorphous by an X-ray diffraction analyzer (XRD), suggesting that yttrium (Y) added into CoFe films and can be refined in grain size and insufficient annealing temperatures do not induce enough thermal driving force to support grain growth. The saturation magnetization (MS) and low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) increased with the increase of the thicknesses and annealing temperatures, indicating the thickness effect and Y can be refined grain size and improved ferromagnetic spin exchange coupling. The highest Ms and χac values of the Co60Fe20Y20 films were 883 emu/cm3 and 0.26 when the annealed temperature was 300 °C and the thickness was 50 nm. The optimal resonance frequency (fres) was 50 Hz with the maximum χac value, indicating it could be used at a low frequency range. Moreover, the surface energy increased with the increase of the thickness and annealing temperature. The maximum surface energy of the annealed 300 °C film was 30.02 mJ/mm2 at 50 nm. Based on the magnetic and surface energy results, the optimal thickness was 50 nm annealed at 300 °C, which has the highest Ms, χac, and a strong adhesion, which can be as a free or pinned layer that could be combined with the magnetic tunneling layer and applied in magnetic fields.


In an endeavour to improve the quality of optometric eye care services in South Africa, the scope of practice was expanded to include the use of ocular diagnostic procedures such as goniosco- py that require the use of ophthalmic drugs. The purpose of this study was to assess the practices of specific diagnostic techniques (contact tonometry, 78 D/90 D lens fundus examination, binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy and gonioscopy) requiring the use of ophthalmic drugs among optometrists in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province. These specific techniques are referred to as diagnostic procedures in this article. A questionnaire containing information on demography and practice of these specific techniques was sent to all 213 KwaZulu-Natal registered optometrists who owned private practices. One hundred and thirty two completed questionnaires were received, a response rate of 62%. One hundred and seventeen (55%) of the questionnaires were included in the analysis of which 55% of the respondents were females and 45% were males. Sixty two optometrists (53%) were certified in di- agnostic procedures but many procedures were not being practiced. These procedures and the percentage respondents were: Contact tonometry (60%), 78 D/90 D lens fundus examination (60%), binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (84%) and gonioscopy (78%). Also, among these certified respondents (62 optometrists), a significant proportion (60%) disagreed when asked if they were confident and proficient in performing the relevant diagnostic procedures. Many, (61%) agreed that lack of incentives discouraged them from routinely performing the procedures. More than half (58%), agreed that chair time was an important factor in deciding whether or not to perform these diagnostic procedures. Of the total respondents (117), 86% agreed that they were confident about the accuracy of their referrals and less than half (45%) disagreed that diagnostic procedures should be the sole responsibility of ophthalmologists. Less than half (48%) agreed that diagnostic procedures should be incorporated into routine eye examinations. This study indicatesthat the performance of these diagnostic procedures was limited despite many optometrists having the  necessary educational certification. It is recom- mended that initiatives that can be translated into practical action such as CPD workshops should pay greater attention to the improvement of diagnosticskills and practice. In addition, further education or opportunities emphasizing the importance of per- forming these diagnostic procedures over financialgains and time constraints are warranted.


In the dissertation, a power conversion system for fuel cell is composed of a PWM inverter with LC filter in order to convert fuel cell voltage to a single phase 220[V]. In addition, new insulated DC-DC converters are proposed in order that fuel cell voltage is boosted to 380[V]. In this paper, it requires smaller components than existing converters, which makes easy control. The proposed DC-DC converter controls output power by the adjustment of phase-shift width using switch in the secondary switch which provides 93-97[%] efficiency in the wide range of output voltage. Fuel cell simulator is implemented to show similar output characteristics to actual fuel cell. Appropriate dead time td enables soft switching to the range where the peak value of excitation current in a high frequency transformer is in accordance with current in the primary circuit. Moreover, appropriate setting to serial inductance La reduces communication loss arisen at light-load generator and serge voltage arisen at a secondary switch and serial diode. Finally, TMS320C31 board and EPLD using PWM switching technique to act a single phase full-bridge inverter which is planed to make alternating current suitable for household


In granting certiorari in the case of DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, the Supreme Court asked the parties to brief whether respondents have standing to challenge Ohio's investment tax credit. This report applies modern standing doctrine to the Cuno case and concludes that the Cuno plaintiffs do not have standing to raise their claims in federal court. Moreover, the authors write, allowing the Cuno plaintiffs' case to be resolved in federal court would open the federal court system to a wide range of taxpayer challenges better left to the political branches of government. Nevertheless, they recognize that there may be other litigants that would have standing to challenge Ohio's investment tax credit in federal court.


Abstract:This article examines Percival Everett's collapsing of distinctions between writers and readers, and between reality and storyworlds, in his 2013 novel, Percival Everett by Virgil Russell. Through the depiction of an intimate writing relationship between father and son and through expansive storytelling that grows to encompass Nat Turner and even the author himself, the novel responds to critics who would delimit African American literary works-including Everett's erasure (2001). By refusing to privilege specific time periods or certain forms of African American experience above others, Virgil Russell seeks to open up the boundaries of African American literature.


The hydrodynamic performance of ships may be improved by the retrofit of Energy Saving Devices (ESDs). These devices are typically seen in the aft part of the ship hull and act by lowering the ship resistance, conditioning the fluid in front of the propeller and/or recovering energy from the rotational swirl of the fluid leaving the propeller.
 In the case of a retrofit of an existing ship no straight forward solution exists. In order to find a beneficial design that will improve hydrodynamic performance, a successful and accurate initial assessment of the flow around a hull is of the most importance. Once the flow around the hull is scrutinized in detail, and required flow changes are determined, a ship designer can progress with designing an Energy Saving Device specifically tailored to have a desired effect.
 This paper presents a high quality numerical evaluation of the flow around a ship hull in the full scale using a sophisticated DES model that was successfully validated against the sea trials. The findings from the numerical analysis will identify the potential improvements in the hydrodynamic performance of the ship that could be achieved by ESD.


ABSTRACT In plants, posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) has been reported for cytoplasmic RNAs from endogenous nuclear genes, transgenes, viruses, and, recently, for a viroid with nuclear replication and accumulation. However, phenomena of this kind have not been described for mitochondrial or chloroplastic RNAs. Here we show that viroids that replicate and accumulate in the chloroplast are also targets of PTGS and this process may control viroid titer.


The reverse lateral arm adipofascial flap covered immediately with a skin graft has been used successfully for reconstruction of a cubital fossa defect (caused by avulsion injury) and an exposed olecranon (resulting from recurrent bursitis) in 2 patients. The flap is nourished by the septal perforators of the posterior radial collateral artery, which in turn obtains its blood supply from the interosseous recurrent artery. The distal vascular pedicle should contain a sufficient amount of subcutaneous fat and its underlying fascia to enhance the arterial input and the venous drainage of the flap. The primary benefit of this technique is that the thickness of the flap can be tailored to fit into the defect, and the donor site can be closed primarily without tension. The advantages include satisfactory cosmetic results, a rapid one-stage procedure, no sacrifice of the main artery or local muscle, and avoidance of any long-term immobilization of the involved elbow joint.


At the heart of the UK's corporate governance framework for listed companies is the UK Corporate Governance Code, which is a voluntary code. The Code has developed over many years and its genesis can be found in the legendary Cadbury Report that was published in 1992. The Code very much depends on the comply or explain principle, namely a company must comply with the Code or explain why it does not do so. Arguably it was the need for the accountability of boards of directors that was a major factor that contributed to the development of the whole code movement in the UK. It is clear that generally speaking the accountability of boards has become an increasingly critical element in any assessment of corporate governance. But it has been asserted that one of the features of self-regulatory structures such as the Code is that they are low on accountability. This paper seeks to ascertain whether this is in fact correct as far as the code system in the UK is concerned, and particularly in the way that it has developed over the years. Allied to this the paper also seeks to assess whether the system has adequately provided for accountability of boards in the UK. To this end the paper examines the reports of the corporate governance committees of the 1990s and 2000s, the various iterations of the Combined Code, and the UK Corporate Governance Code concerning what provision is in fact made for accountability of boards. The paper concludes that while the various reports and codes that have been published in the UK from 1992 onwards say the right things and this appears to enhance accountability, the Codes have been relatively weak on accountability. Further, even though the comply or explain principle purports to foster accountability, it can prevent accountability as the decision whether to comply or how to explain is completely within the discretion of the board of directors. Hence, the board that is to be accountable is in fact the arbiter of what is accounted for and how.


The wing beat of small insects attracts special interest because conventional aerodynamics predict a reduction of flight efficiency when aerofoils are small and slow. The kinematics of the wing beat of tethered flying Drosophila melanogaster were investigated by using artificial slow motion pictures which were generated by single strobe flashes triggered in synchrony with the wing beat. The properties of Drosophila wing motion are described qualitatively and compared with the published data for other dipteran insects. Drosophila moves its wings in a pattern that differs considerably from the well-documented wing beat of the bigger blowfly Phormia. By means of a computerized three-dimensional reconstruction, the variables of the wing-beat cycle, such as wing path and angles of attack, are analysed quantitatively. These data will be the basis of aerodynamic calculations presented in accompanying papers.


In today's modern era, information disclosure is an important pillar in terms of information dissemination. The internet provides this role so that the public at large can access information without limits. With these developments, it indirectly forms an era of cyber society or commonly referred to as cyberspace society. Access provided by the internet makes the community quite intense in interacting as part of cyberspace society. Even in many studies say that, now is the time when our social life has begun to shift to social interaction in cyberspace, where all forms of conventional interactions are made as easy as possible with the presence of social media. The alternatives offered in interacting can lead to increasing community needs in obtaining information needs. This is in line with the development of significant advances in technology.Edwin Sutherland (1947) introduced the theory of Differential Associations. According to him deviant behavior is an action that is obtained after going through the learning process. The learning process in question is learning and understanding the deviant norms of the subculture. So, behavior deviation is a phenomenon that is learned by someone from another person or group.From the results of the study that shows that hacking activities are carried out by the learning process and some of them form a group that has certain goals and not a few of them individually or in groups have an ideology of hacking activities. And the results of these activities are used for their funding


This dissertation examines people's understanding of and action according to norms. Two models are distinguished: a cognitive and a non-cognitive model.

The cognitive model is characterized by requiring for people to understand norms and each other, and to act accordingly, that they have higher-order mental states whose propositional contents refer to the mental states of others and from these infer beliefs about what is normative and intentions to act accordingly. On the other, non-cognitive model, understanding norms and others and to act accordingly is understood as an embodied, situated, ecological, and enacted know-how. Such knowledge does not imply that people entertain mental states with propositional contents that something is a norm or that someone is in a certain mental state, from which they infer what to do; instead it presupposes certain embodied activities in the context of particular situations in social environments that people together participate in enacting. In this manner of learning by way of participation people can be said to know how to act together in accord to norms even if they do not know that that is what they do and even if they cannot state that an action is normative. This means that people can be understood to have an understanding of norms and each other, and to act accordingly, in circumstances that do not meet the conditions required on the cognitive model.

The first four papers venture the task of developing a non-cognitive model for how to understand how people understand norms and each other, and act accordingly. It is argued that the non-cognitive model is in several respects an imrpovement on the cognitive model.
The last two papers examine, respectively, the claims that meaning and belief are essentially normative in the sense that from some word or expression having meaning and from some mental state being a belief one can directly derive oughts for how to use the word or expression or whether to have, revise, or abandon the belief. Both claims are argued against. Nevertheless, it is argued that at least meaning can be understood to presuppose certain normative properties in patterns of use, such that one can be recognized as a speaker if and only if one can be understood as committing oneslef and to be entitled to certain further claims, and as entitling others to hold one to be so committed and to critize, or commit to, what one is saying depending on whether they reject or accept it. This means that if one is not recognized as committed-entitled to certain claims then one is not recognizable as a speaker––once one is, though, there is nothing in particular that one ought or ought not say. It follows from this normativity claim that there is nothing essentially right or wrong with the use of any expression, but something is recognizable as a meaningful expression if and only if it commits and entitles speaker and hearers to further expressions.


Herein, a de novo vinylogous reactivity of vinyl diazo esters in the C-H bond allylation of benzamides has been developed by coalescing cobalt and photoredox catalysis via C-H activation/allyl carbene migratory insertion. A close relationship between the high valent cobalt catalyst and the photocatalyst has been found to be crucial for this reactivity. The reaction uses oxygen as the sole oxidant and produces benign nitrogen as the only by-product. The reaction shows a good substrate scope with respect to both vinyl diazo esters and benzamides. The utility of the protocol is demonstrated through the late-stage functionalization of several bioactive molecules.


The rationale for stem cell transplantation is feasible and tests the hypothesis that the immune system is important in the pathogenesis of SSc in carefully selected patients. At the present time, results from pilot studies of SCT in systemic sclerosis are moderately encouraging, although further refinements in SCT treatment protocols are probably necessary. Finally, the time for a controlled study of SCT is rapidly approaching.


Tayeb Salih was a Sudanese novelist who is widely known and esteemed through his novel 'Season of Migration to the North'. He was generally characterized as the 'genius of the modern Arab novel' by the scholarly reviewer. Emerging from a modest backdrop of religious mentors and small farmers, Tayeb Salih established his narrative fixed to his homeland, summarizing the cooperative rural life. In a time when social assessment, cruel realities of life and pledged literature dominated Arabic literature, he crushed the indifference with his remarkable ideologies of his cultural background and religious upbringing. After a moderation in teaching, journalism and broadcasting, he started to writing and composed some of the most distinguished literary works. His 'Mawsim al-Hijra ila al-Shamal' (Season of Migration to the North') is considered as typical work of fiction of his literary career, which made him one of the greatest Arabic authors of the 20th century. Such was his popularity that his novels have seen translated in more than 20 languages. Some of his famous novels are 'Urs al-Zayn', 'Al-Rajul al Qubrosi', 'Doumat Wad Hamid', and 'A Handful of Dates'. He introduced a Yearly Award to encourage and appreciate young and formative writers.


To the Editor. —Can racial research be "racist" if it results in major clinical benefits to a minority group? A recent Lancet editorial observed: "For many clinical scientists the painful fact is that there are many physiological differences between black and white hypertensives." 1 Careful studies of these differences (which may be both genetic and environmental in their origin) led a Joint National Committee to conclude that blacks respond better to diuretics and calcium antagonists than to β-blockers or ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors. 2,3 These findings should be of great benefit to black hypertensive patients and may help them to live longer and healthier lives. Also, there are racial differences in drug metabolism: rapid acetylation is much more common in Orientals than in blacks or whites. 4,5 This information has benefited Orientals suffering from tuberculosis, since physicians now recognize them as a group at higher risk of isoniazid toxic


A three-axis tactile force sensor that determines the touch and slip/friction force may advance artificial skin and robotic applications by fully imitating human skin. The ability to detect slip/friction and tactile forces simultaneously allows unknown objects to be held in robotic applications. However, the functionalities of flexible devices have been limited to a tactile force in one direction due to difficulties fabricating devices on flexible substrates. Here we demonstrate a fully printed fingerprint-like three-axis tactile force and temperature sensor for artificial skin applications. To achieve economic macroscale devices, these sensors are fabricated and integrated using only printing methods. Strain engineering enables the strain distribution to be detected upon applying a slip/friction force. By reading the strain difference at four integrated force sensors for a pixel, both the tactile and slip/friction forces can be analyzed simultaneously. As a proof of concept, the high sensitivity and selectivity for both force and temperature are demonstrated using a 3×3 array artificial skin that senses tactile, slip/friction, and temperature. Multifunctional sensing components for a flexible device are important advances for both practical applications and basic research in flexible electronics.


In previous papers the author has shown that lens systems focusing wide-angle, large diameter illumination beams do not focus the output beam-waist at the location predicted by the standard paraxial lens imaging equations. The paraxial equations fail because they are meant to apply to rays that lie in the plane of the lens system axis of symmetry- meridional rays, whereas illumination beams are composed of skew or out-of-plane rays. The skew-ray equations derived in the author's earlier papers turn out to provide the correct description of the non-imaging optics of focused illumination beams. The skew-ray beam equations allow the basic lens system parameters; focal length and conjugate distances to be determined from the input beam diameter and divergence angle. The lens system parameters calculated from the skew-ray beam equations are optimal in the sense that they define an optical system that theoretically satisfies the fundamental requirement of conservation of E'tendue. Therefore if the appropriate aberrations of this theoretically optimum illumination beam optical system can be corrected the system should approach 100 percent geometric throughput. This paper discusses how certain types of imaging optical systems can be used as models for the design of equivalent non-imaging illumination beam- transformer optical systems. The use of these image system models permits a direct assessment of the importance of the classical image aberrations in the design of highly efficient illumination beam optics. The paper also outlines design methods for optimizing illumination beam optics using existing imaging optics software. The conclusion is that practical illumination optics beam-transformers can be designed with throughputs above 99 percent, even using a single lens.


Giri Kedaton site belongs to the legacy of cultural heritage that has numorous historical values, especially the history of the spread of Islam and the government in Gresik since the 14 th century. Giri Kedaton Site was a kingdom founded by SunanGiri and served as the Core City II Gresik in 1487 AD. Currently Giri Kedaton transforms to become cultural tourism object in religious or pilgrimage tourism sector. In 2002-2005, the local government conducted preservation and conservation activities at the Giri Kedaton site. The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics as well asto measure the vitality of Giri Kedaton site, and determine the variables that may affect the vitality of the sites. The identification of the characteristics of the GiriKedaton site is explained by researcher by using qualitative descriptive analysis, while the frequency distribution analysis was employed to assess the vitality, and the variable effect was analyzed by multivariate linear regression. Based on its mode value on an analysis of a frequency distribution obtained value vitality giri kedaton site is low,  from the results of linear regression analysis multivariate obtained the best method that is a enter methode, where model is as follows : Y = - 2.884 + 0,075 X1+ 0,039 X2 + 0,055 X3 + 0,119 X4 + 0,174 X5 + 0,115 X6 +  0,108 X7 + 0,110 X8 + 0,071 X9 + 0,158 X10 + 0,005 X11 + 0,92 X12 + 0,159 X13 + 0,265 X14 + 0,153 X15. Based on the result analysis of the regression (t-test) variable influence significantly is government's support (0.002), sidewalks (0.005) and housings (0.047). The conclusion of this study showed that the Giri Kedaton site has supporting function as religious tourism but there is still lacks of adequate infrastructures and facilities including parking areas and economic facilities. In addition to the length of visit (1-3 hours) and the frequency of visits (first visit) have a low value which indicates that the Giri Kedaton site has limited tourism attraction; in other words, it has not been recognized by most visitors. For the vitality of Giri Kedaton site is low as the travelers rated the infrastructure aspects not sufficient to support the site as a religious tourism attraction. For the multivariate linear regression model used was the enter model and only three independent variables who is influential significantly to the site that is government's support (X14), sidewalks (X5), conditions of housing facilities (X10). Keywords : giri kedaton, multivariate linear regression, religious tourism, vitality


To ensure safety of cosmonauts impacted by +Gx loads during insertion into orbit of a Soyuz-type space vehicle, it is critical to conduct appropriate medical selection of candidates to space flights, to give them proper complete physical and specialized centrifuge training, and to make it sure that at the moment of actual injection the cosmonaut's posture is optimal relative to the g-vector and that the body is tight fitting the custom-molded couch. No AGS is needed. For the purposes of protection of cosmonauts descending in the Soyuz vehicles, vital are countermeasures applied in the course of flight, water-salt supplements on the descent day, and the optimal posture, an anti-g suit, and a custom-molded couch with an additional body-restraint system and dampers used on the phase of reentry.


Under the circumstance that higher education in China is developing at a super-normal speed,the newly-established local colleges and universities arise at the right moment to meet the demands of popularization of higher education.These colleges and universities should concentrate on the requirements of being pragmatic and objective when positioning their school-running aims.To cultivate the urgently-needed talents and conduct needed science researches and develop technology for the local area,they should adequately exert and strengthen their own advantages so as to form distinguishing features of their own.


Background: When new elements are included in the medical curriculum and the total time frame remains unchanged, established disciplines have to shorten their courses. This might bring about frustration among the teachers and students concerned, which in turn might affect how other courses are perceived. Findings: Two course evaluations, one before and one after a major change in the curriculum were compared. Comments were also analysed. We found that the students' and teachers' frustration influenced the students' evaluations of a new course in the philosophy of medicine and accordingly brought about an unintended message effect referred to as a framing effect. Conclusions: The results of this observational study indicate that a negative framing effect might influence course-evaluations. We suggest that this study might be used as a point of departure for further empirical studies about negative framing effects.


A simple and sensitive flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique was developed for the determination of trace amounts of cobalt (Co) in various samples after adsorption on modified analcime using a recently synthesized tetradentate Schiff base ligand, bis-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldimine)-N-diethylene-triamine, by a column method in the pH range of 5 to 7, with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The influence of flow rates of the stripping and sample solution, the amount of ligand, types of stripping, and the least amount of eluent required for elution of the Co ion from the column were investigated. The effects of interfering ions on the recovery of Co were studied. The method was successfully applied for determination of Co in water and plant samples. The maximum capacity of the modified sorbent was found to be 0.58 mg/g of Co(II); the preconcentration factor was 250. Linearity was maintained at 0.2-40 microg/L in the original solution. The LOD was 1.44 x 10(-2) microg/L in the original solution.


The ability to collect a large dataset of human preferences from text-to-image users is usually limited to companies, making such datasets inaccessible to the public. To address this issue, we create a web app that enables text-to-image users to generate images and specify their preferences. Using this web app we build Pick-a-Pic, a large, open dataset of text-to-image prompts and real users' preferences over generated images. We leverage this dataset to train a CLIP-based scoring function, PickScore, which exhibits superhuman performance on the task of predicting human preferences. Then, we test PickScore's ability to perform model evaluation and observe that it correlates better with human rankings than other automatic evaluation metrics. Therefore, we recommend using PickScore for evaluating future text-to-image generation models, and using Pick-a-Pic prompts as a more relevant dataset than MS-COCO. Finally, we demonstrate how PickScore can enhance existing text-to-image models via ranking.


Plant –based energy production (energy crops, forest growth) and residue and waste based fuels can substitute fossil fuels in a sustainable and environmental friendly way. In this study, bioenergy includes bio-resources that can be potentially used for modern energy production. Modern bioenergy options offer significant, cost-effective and
perpetual opportunities for greenhouse gas emission reductions. It can also significantly contribute to sustainable development both in developed and less developed countries, provided that all issues related to its practical exploitation are carefully considered. Bioenergy potential is assessed using three categories: bioenergy from dedicated energy crops, surplus natural forest growth and biomass from residues and wastes. Review shows that bioenergy can supply more than 60% of the global energy demand in 2050 with less environmental impacts. Advancement of bioenergy Production and conversion technologies can are the main constraints to attain the estimated global bioenergy share in the future. Keywords : Bioenergy, potential, climate policy, bioenergy conversion technologies, environmental impacts, developing and developed countries Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management Vol. 1 (3) 2008: pp. 40-51


In this paper product code based schemes are proposed to support higher error correction capability. Conventional reliable MLC NAND flash memories based on BCH codes or Reed-Solomon (RS) codes have a large number of undetectable and mis corrected errors. Moreover, standard decoders for BCH and RS codes cannot be easily modified to correct errors beyond their error correcting capability. Proposed product codes use Reed-Solomon (RS) codes along rows and Hamming codes along columns and have reduced hardware overhead. The proposed product codes can correct errors in multi level cell (MLC) NAND Flash memories with lower bit error rate (BER). MLC NAND flash memories can reduce the number of errors undetected for all code words to be almost 0 at the cost of less than 20% increase in power and area compared to architectures based on BCH codes and RS codes. Keyword BCH codes, Reed-Solomon, MLC NAND flash memories.


Objectives: Montelukast 4mg (MTL-4) is an add-on therapy for asthmatic infants. Given the quality and exhaustivity of the data, French claims data (SNIIR-AM) is a relevant tool to investigate MTL-4 effectiveness in infants. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of MTL-4, associated or not with ICS, vs. ICS without MTL-4, on health outcomes of infants with mild to moderate uncontrolled asthma. Methods: Infants (6-24 months) receiving ≥2 consecutive dispensing of respiratory drugs from 2010 to 2011, and presenting an initial exacerbation within 6 months of the first dispensing were preselected. Asthma-related outcomes included hospitalizations, dispensing of oral corticosteroids, addition of short-acting beta agonists, switch to a higher ICS dosage, or nebulized CS. The studied groups were infants receiving MTL-4 +/- ICS (MTL-4 group) and infants receiving ICS without MTL-4 (ICS group). The two groups were matched and compared, as to the occurrence of a new exacerbation and the total number of exacerbations during the 6 month follow-up following initial exacerbation. Results: Among 115,489 infants (mean age: 13.9 months; 62.9% boys), 4,477 infants of the MTL-4 group were matched with 13,386 infants of the ICS group. In multivariate analysis, the risk of a new exacerbation was lower in infants of MTL-4 group (57 days between 2 exacerbations) compared to infants in ICS group (54 days) (HR=0.91, IC95% [0.87;0.95]). The total number of exacerbations (1.72 during 6 months) did not differ between the 2 groups (p=0,8617). Conclusions: MTL-4 and ICS appear to be comparable therapeutic strategies, with similar effects on exacerbation. The SNIIR-AM allows conducting comparative effectiveness research.


BACKGROUND
The pulmonary autograft operation (the Ross procedure) involves excision of a portion of the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract, prolonged cross-clamp times, and insertion of a pulmonary homograft. There is concern about the effect of such operations on right ventricular function.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Twenty-five patients undergoing either pulmonary autograft or homograft replacement of the aortic valve as part of a prospective randomized trial had echocardiographic RV long-axis measurements performed before surgery and 6 months (range 3 to 12 months) after surgery. In all patients, systolic excursion (SE) and both shortening and lengthening rates (SR and LR, respectively) were reduced postoperatively (P<0.05) (homografts: SE 1.5+/-0.4 versus 2.3+/-0.6 cm, SR 6.8+/-2.1 versus 9. 6+/-3.1 cm/s, LR 6.0+/-1.8 versus 8.9+/-3.0 cm/s; autografts: SE 1. 4+/-0.4 versus 2.2+/-0.4 cm, SR 5.8+/-3.0 versus 8.2+/-3.0 cm/s, LR 5.7+/-1.9 versus 8.5+/-3.7 cm/s). There were no differences between the 2 groups. Eighteen patients who had undergone either aortic homograft or pulmonary autograft surgery were studied between 6 and 35 months after surgery. RV volumes were assessed with the use of MRI in addition to echocardiographic RV long-axis measurements. Global volumes were increased to a similar amount in both groups (homografts: end-diastolic volume 145+/-34 mL, end-systolic volume 78+/-23 mL; autografts: end-diastolic volume 157+/-33 mL, end-systolic volume 89+/-25 mL; P=NS), whereas stroke volumes were maintained in both groups (homografts 67+/-15 mL, autografts 67+/-16 mL; P=NS). RV SE was depressed in both groups to a similar degree to that seen with the previous group (homografts 1.5+/-0.3 cm, autografts 1.4+/-0.2 cm).

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic valve replacement with either a pulmonary autograft or an aortic homograft leads to a degree of persistent RV longitudinal dysfunction that is not more pronounced in those undergoing the Ross procedure. The mechanisms and long-term effects of these changes must be further studied.


Abstract The article deals with the fundamental problems that emerged on the territory of the Czech Republic during the implementation of the asylum procedure throughout the migration crisis in the years 2015 to 2019. Problematic issues related primarily to the detention of migrant asylum seekers were identified by studying the key decisions of national and international courts. The first problematic point was the amendment to the Asylum Act, which required the courts to discontinue proceedings on the review of detention orders after the foreign national was released from detention. Due to the conflict with EU law and the impossibility to claim damages for unlawful detention, this amendment was finally annulled by the Constitutional Court. The second problem was that the factual conditions for asylum seekers in the EU Member State where the asylum seeker was to be transferred for the purpose of processing his/her asylum application, were not examined. In this regard, the situation had since been rectified and the administrative authorities and courts of the Czech Republic already take this aspect into account when deciding whether an asylum seeker detained on the territory of the Czech Republic is to be transferred to the country where he/she applied for asylum. The most serious problem is so far incomplete transposition of the Procedures Directive, in particular Article 46 of the Procedures Directive, which requires from the court to review the decisions on asylum in full jurisdiction and could possibly grant asylum itself. However, this requirement does not correspond to the concept and system of administrative courts in the Czech Republic and would require a significant and costly change. The last issue identified was the poor implementation of the Dublin III Regulation, involving not setting serious risk of absconding of an asylum seeker as a precondition for his/her detention directly in the law.


Hybrid vehicles (HV) have originally been equipped with a high-capacity motor and inverter for driving. However, there is a great need for emergency power sources in the event of an earthquake or the like. This paper proposes a system that uses an HV drive motor and inverter to achieve high-capacity power generation from motor neutral points, and reports test results using a Toyota Prius.


Diversity, equity, inclusion and accessibility (DEIA) is of increasing strategic importance to a wide range of organizations, including scholarly publishers and other information organizations. Many of these organizations are now embedding specific DEIA initiatives in their strategic goals, supported by the budget and resources necessary to successfully implement them—however, progress towards achieving these goals is often slow and incremental. While different organizations may have different experiences and areas of focus, there are also many similarities, which can be widely drawn on by anyone seeking to improve DEIA in their own organization or community. This article focuses on five very different information organizations represented in NISO's DEIA Committee, which are working on improving DEIA—American Chemical Society, Atla, Benetech, Elsevier, and NISO—in order to make recommendations for other organizations in this space, based on our shared experiences.


The rigidity modulus and Young's modulus of lead single crystals have been measured by static methods as functions of crystal orientation. The elastic parameters so obtained are in agreement with the previous values determined dynamically by Goens and Weerts. The bending-torsion effect is large for certain orientations, and its effect upon the measurement of rigidity modulus by torsion has been studied. The elastic limit for lead under longitudinal stress occurred when the resolved shear stress on the most favorably placed octahedral plane was about 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ dynes per ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$. Observations have been made of the transient creep under longitudinal stress. The creep strain velocity at any instant was found to be proportional to the difference between the final strain reached under that load and the strain present at the instant.


Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the developed world.In this thesis computational modelling techniques were used to study the mech-anisms and genesis of atrial arrhythmias. It is separated into 2 parts:(1) The mechanistic links between mutations of the fast Na+ channel (INa )and the ability of the sinoatrial node to pace the surrounding atrial muscle wereinvestigated. The mutations were separated into two groups, one for the mu-tations affecting the steady-state activation, and the other for those affectingsteady-state inactivation. On the single cell level it was found that all mutationsslowed the pacing rate of the sinoatrial node in a similar way, but at the 2D levelthe two mutation groups modulated the excitation of the tissue differently. Onecaused a conduction block between the sinoatrial node and atrium, where theother abolished pacemaking all together.(2) A new set of mathematical models were then developed for the sheep atria.This was incorporated into an anatomically detailed 3D geometry of the wholesheep atria to form a platform suitable for the study of clinical atrial fibrillation,and other atrial arrhythmias. Due to the lack of single cell electrophysiologydata available, a method of cross-species modelling was utilised. A biophysicallydetailed model of the 3D sheep atria was created, and used in a preliminary studyinto the susceptibility of tissue to atrial fibrillation from the rapid pacing of thepulmonary vein area. It was found that both electrical heterogeneity and thecomplex fibre structure of the atria need to be considered for sustained atrialfibrillation to be seen.


We report a comparative neutron scattering study of the molecular mobility and nonexponential relaxation of three structurally similar glass-forming liquids, isopropanol, propylene glycol, and glycerol, both in bulk and confined in porous Vycor glass. Confinement reduces molecular mobility in all three liquids, and suppresses crystallization in isopropanol. High-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering spectra were fit to Fourier transformed Kohlrausch functions exp[-(t∕τ)(β)], describing the α-relaxation processes in these liquids. The stretching parameter β is roughly constant with wavevector Q and over the temperature range explored in bulk glycerol and propylene glycol, but varies both with Q and temperature in confinement. Average relaxation times are longer at lower temperatures and in confinement. They obey a power law ∝ Q(-γ), where the exponent γ is modified by confinement. Comparison of the bulk and confined liquids lends support to the idea that structural and∕or dynamical heterogeneity underlies the nonexponential relaxation of glass formers, as widely hypothesized in the literature.


While pressure fluctuation is an inherent part of operating pipelines, review of historic operations of several pipelines in the years leading up to a failure shows a trend in the severity level of the pressure cycling. It was recognized that moderate to severe levels of pressure cycling are not acceptable on a pipeline for an extended period of time. As a result, pipelines that are operating at, or worse than this severity level have a higher likelihood of failure due to the potential fatigue crack growth induced by the pressure fluctuations.Enbridge has developed a managed approach to addressing the ramification linked to reducing pressure cycling on its system to address both existing and new assets. This approach is presented in paper IPC2014-33485 "Pressure Cycle Management". This paper discusses the particulars for establishing targets to help with driving and monitoring the success of pressure cycling mitigation activities.Each pipeline is given different pressure cycling targets using a risk based approach taking into account the current condition and pipe properties of the pipeline, i.e. cracking susceptibility. Factors like feature population and distribution, vintage of pipe, longseam weld type, failure history, ILI technology used to inspect the pipeline, and when the last hydrostatic test took place are taken into account when determining the pressure cycling targets. The more susceptible to in-service crack growth that a pipeline represents, the more stringent the pressure cycling targets will be.Pressure cycling severity is determined with a methodology based on TTO Number 5 and fatigue modeling. The challenge is in converting the pressure cycling severity target into meaningful cycling targets that can be used to reduce the cycling. The severity target is transformed into typical maneuvers performed on the pipeline to give operators and schedulers an idea of how many cycles and of what magnitude they have to work with to still meet the cycling severity target.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


For the purpose of pursuing education, students stay in hostel to carry out their desired course. During hostel life, they gain experience and learn various things from their teachers and inmates. In addition, as they are staying away from their family, they go through certain enduring experiences like loneliness, lack of social support, and other issues. The present study examined the relationship between loneliness, social support internet addiction, and life satisfaction among day scholars and hostel students. The sample consisted of 200 college students out of which 100 were day scholars and 100 were hostel students. The students were selected from 3 colleges in Chennai city. The students were administered Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Dr. Kimberly Young (1996), UCLA Loneliness Scale by Russell, D. (1978), Social Support Questionnaire by Sarason et al., (1987) and Life Satisfaction by Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). Pearson correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between internet addiction, loneliness, social support and life satisfaction. Independent samples t-test was used to examine the difference between day scholars and hostel students. The analysis revealed that internet addiction and loneliness were significantly positively correlated. There was no significant relationship between internet addiction and social support. Internet addiction and life satisfaction were found to be significantly negatively correlated. Loneliness and social support were found to be significantly negatively correlated. Loneliness and life satisfaction were found to be significantly negatively correlated. There was a significant positive correlation between social support and life satisfaction. Also, results indicated that there were no significant differences in internet addiction and life satisfaction among day scholars and hostel students. There were significant differences in loneliness and social support among day scholars and hostel students. Hostel students tended to have higher loneliness and experience lesser social support.