Multiple object tracking consists of detecting and identifying objects in video. In some applications, such as robotics and surveillance, it is desired that the tracking is performed in real-time. This poses a challenge in that it requires the algorithm to run as fast as the frame-rate of the video. Today's top performing tracking methods run at only a few frames per second, and can thus not be used in real-time. Further, when determining the speed of the tracker, it is common to not include the time it takes to detect objects. We argue that this way of measuring speed is not relevant for robotics or embedded systems, where the detecting of objects is done on the same machine as the tracking. We propose that one way of running a method in real-time is to not look at every frame, but skip frames to make the video have the same frame-rate as the tracking method. However, we believe that this will lead to decreased performance. In this project, we implement a multiple object tracker, following the tracking-by-detection paradigm, as an extension of an existing method. It works by modelling the movement of objects by solving the filtering problem, and associating detections with predicted new locations in new frames using the Hungarian algorithm. Three different similarity measures are used, which use the location and shape of the bounding boxes. Compared to other trackers on the MOTChallenge leaderboard, our method, referred to as C++SORT, is the fastest non-anonymous submission, while also achieving decent score on other metrics. By running our model on the Okutama-Action dataset, sampled at different frame-rates, we show that the performance is greatly reduced when running the model – including detecting objects – in real-time. In most metrics, the score is reduced by 50%, but in certain cases as much as 90%. We argue that this indicates that other, slower methods could not be used for tracking in real-time, but that more research is required specifically on this.


MXene, the class of two-dimensional materials, has been found to be useful as potential electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors. Although experimental investigation on the electrochemical performances of a few MXenes have been carried out with exciting results, a complete understanding of their atomic scale behaviour is yet to be done. Using first-principles electronic structure methods, we perform a systematic investigation of the capacitances in pristine and functionalised MXenes M n +1 C n O 2 where M = Ti,V, Nb and Mo . We provide results on each of the three sources of the capacitance and analyse them in detail for a complete understanding of their behaviour. The inter-pretation of the experimental results, wherever available, in the light of our computations,provides useful insights.


The present paper is an exploration of the economics of subjectivism and opportunity or alternative costs. Most contemporary economists pay lip service to these concepts, but when push comes to shove, all too often they jettison them. We shall illustrate this lapse from basic economics with a challenge that has been perplexing several modern economists: why do people always walk on staircases, but only sometimes on escalators. Landsburg (2002) misunderstood the reason people only sometimes walk on escalators, whereas they always walk on stairs. Garrison (2009) tackled the same problem, with somewhat different results. Both of them, however, are guilty of a failure to use what is perhaps the most fundamental concept in the economist's toolkit – opportunity cost, known to an immense number of non-economists by the aphorism 'There's no such thing as a free lunch.' This oversight resulted in his (their) failure to explain why people only sometimes walk on escalators, in contradistinction to the fact that they always walk on staircases.


For optical see-through head-mounted displays, the mismatch between a display's focal length and the real world scene inadvertently prevents users from simultaneously focusing on the presented virtual content and the scene. It has been shown that it is possible to ameliorate the out-of-focus blur for images with a known focus distance, by applying an algorithm called Sharp View. However, it remains unclear if Sharp View also improves the readability and clarity of text rendered on the display. In this study, we investigate whether users reported increased text clarity when Sharp View was applied to a text label, and how the focal demand of the display, the focal distance to real world content, and gaze condition affect the result. Our results indicate that, in non-fixated viewing, there is a significant user preference for Sharp View-enhanced text strings.


The effect of potent sheep anti-mouse interferon globulin was investigated in several different experimental virus diseases of mice. In anti-interferon globulin-treated mice infected intraperitoneally with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I, the latent period was shortened, and the overall LD50 was increased several hundredfold compared to virus-infected control mice. When HSV was inoculated subcutaneously all anti-interferon globulin-treated mice died, whereas only 5% of virus-infected control mice died. Subsequent treatment with anti-interferon globulin of previously HSV-infected mice did not result in reactivation of HSV. Treatment of adult mice with anti-interferon globulin resulted in an earlier appearance of MSV-induced tumors, a greater number of mice bearing tumors, an increase in tumor size, and an increase in the duration of tumors. All tumors eventually regressed despite reinjection of anti-interferon globulin. Anti-interferon globulin treatment resulted in a rapid onset of disease and death in adult mice inoculated (intranasal) with VSV and in newborn mice infected with NDV. Anti-interferon globulin exerted no effect on the course of influenza virus infection of mice. We conclude that the early production of interferon is an importane element in the response of the mouse to several viruses exhibiting different pathogeneses.


Fretting regime transition is traditionally achieved by qualitative assessment of the fretting loops (tangential force , 芸 vs tangential displacement 絞) and material response. Other studies used parameters in which thresholds are theoretically determined to exceed friction at the contact for regime transition identification. This study successfully developed a flexible loop analysis method based on simple vector principles that is able to quantify and characterise its constituent parts. In terms of fretting contact analysis the loop analysis method provided a complementary method of regime transition identification to those based on theoretically overcoming friction at the contact, with strong agreement between the two. This novel method provides an efficient way to correlate regime transition with other data sets, with additional insights into the mechanical response of the contact compared to other regime transition criteria. Possible applications of this method include enabling smart asset monitoring and in the development of engineering components that are subject to fretting. This is an extremely flexible technique that has applicability for other types of loop analysis.


The objective of this project was to develop a method for using thermal imaging to determine end-point in chemical mechanical polishing (C.M.P.) for a shallow trench isolation (S.T.L) C.M.P. process and contact layer C.M.P. process. A two-dimensional thermal imaging camera was used to measure the pad temperature during processing. The pad temperature is an indication of the friction between the pad and the wafer being processed. As the polishing process transitions from one layer of material to the next layer of material the amount of heat generated will change. For the STI layer a 0.3 to 0.4 degree Fahrenheit (F) shift was found in the transition from LTO to Nitride and a 1.1 degree shift was found going from Nitride to Silicon substrate. The Contact layer results were inconclusive because seven of the eight experimental wafers could not be polished. The top layer of Tantalum film could only be polished on one out of eight wafers.


Music preference is being influenced by various sociological factors. This study was undertaken to investigate music preferences across five different socio-economic classes in selected urban and suburban areas of Sri Lanka. Ten music tracks representing the correspondent musical genres were selected. The single most preferred and the weighted hedonic mean score for the genres in each class were obtained as upper class: jazz, upper middle class: nature music, middle class: popular instrumental, working class: popular instrumental and poor class: rock. The interaction between socio-economic classes and genres was significant (p<0.05). Compelling associations for folk, jazz, and popular instrumental genres were found with the upper-middle class while the upper class has shown a significant association for popular instrumental music. Despite the socio-economic status, the highest preference and the highest weighted hedonic mean score were recorded with popular instrumental. Thus, understanding music preference behaviour is vital for music education and research.


In this paper, the boundary value problem for the heat equation in the region which degenerates at the initial time is considered. Such problems arise in mathematical models of the processes occurring by opening of electric contacts, in particular, at the description of the heat transfer in a liquid metal bridge and electric arcing. The boundary value problem is reduced to a Volterra integral equation of the second kind which has a singular feature. The class of solutions for the integral equation is defined and the constructive method of its solution is developed.


SAR images are highly sensitive to observation configurations, and they exhibit significant variations across different viewing angles, making it challenging to represent and learn their anisotropic features. As a result, deep learning methods often generalize poorly across different view angles. Inspired by the concept of neural radiance fields (NeRF), this study combines SAR imaging mechanisms with neural networks to propose a novel NeRF model for SAR image generation. Following the mapping and projection pinciples, a set of SAR images is modeled implicitly as a function of attenuation coefficients and scattering intensities in the 3D imaging space through a differentiable rendering equation. SAR-NeRF is then constructed to learn the distribution of attenuation coefficients and scattering intensities of voxels, where the vectorized form of 3D voxel SAR rendering equation and the sampling relationship between the 3D space voxels and the 2D view ray grids are analytically derived. Through quantitative experiments on various datasets, we thoroughly assess the multi-view representation and generalization capabilities of SAR-NeRF. Additionally, it is found that SAR-NeRF augumented dataset can significantly improve SAR target classification performance under few-shot learning setup, where a 10-type classification accuracy of 91.6\% can be achieved by using only 12 images per class.


BACKGROUND
Evidence for the effectiveness of treatments for subjects at ultrahigh risk (UHR) for developing psychosis remains inconclusive.

OBJECTIVE
A new cognitive behavioral intervention specifically targeted at cognitive biases (ie, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy [CBT] for UHR patients plus treatment as usual [TAU] called CBTuhr) is compared with TAU in a group of young help-seeking UHR subjects.

METHODS
A total of 201 patients were recruited at 4 sites and randomized. In most cases, CBTuhr was an add-on therapy because most people were seeking help for a comorbid disorder. The CBT was provided for 6 months, and the follow-up period was 18 months.

RESULTS
In the CBTuhr condition, 10 patients transitioned to psychosis compared with 22 in the TAU condition (χ(2) (1) = 5.575, P = .03). The number needed to treat (NNT) was 9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.7-89.9). At 18-month follow-up the CBTuhr group was significantly more often remitted from an at-risk mental state, with a NNT of 7 (95% CI: 3.7-71.2). Intention-to-treat analysis, including 5 violations against exclusion criteria, showed a statistical tendency (χ(2) (1) = 3.338, P = .06).

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with TAU, this new CBT (focusing on normalization and awareness of cognitive biases) showed a favorable effect on the transition to psychosis and reduction of subclinical psychotic symptoms in subjects at UHR to develop psychosis.


Purpose: An attempt was made to characterize the orbital shear stress by comparing the effects of orbital shear stress on vascular endothelial cells (ECs) with the results of animal experiments. Materials and Methods: In the laboratory study, cultured ECs of well were distinguished by center and periphery then exposed to orbital shear stress using an orbital shaker. In the animal study, arteriovenous (AV) fistulas were made at the right femoral arteries of Sprague-Dawley rats to increase the effect of the laminar flow. The condition of the stenosis was given on the left femoral arteries. The protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Akt phosphorylation were observed and compared. Results: Under orbital shear stress, ECs showed an increase in iNOS protein expression and phosphorylation of Akt but most of the protein expressions derived from the periphery. When compared to the animal study, the increased expression of iNOS protein and phosphorylation of Akt were observed in the sample of AV fistula conditions and the iNOS protein expression was decreased in the stenosis conditions. Conclusion: Orbital shear stress did not show the characteristics of a pure turbulent shear force. By comparing the observation with the morphological changes of vascular ECs and site-specific protein expression on the results of animal experiments, uniform directional lamina shear stress forces were expressed at the periphery.


The Scenario-based Engineering Process (SEP) is a new method for software product development where scenarios are used to more efficiently and effectively design systems with large or complex decision support domains. SEP reduces development time and increases adaptability for change by using task descriptions as a direct informational link throughout the design process. Task analysis databases are generated from the scenarios and governed by semantic organizational principles which allows intelligent search techniques. The paper reviews a Defense Advanced Research Project Agency project that developed SEP methodologies used to develop a producibility decision support system.


Background and Purpose:Evidence supporting early mobility in the intensive care unit (ICU) by physical therapists (PT) has led to an increased need to adequately prepare PTs to manage patients in this environment. Due to variability in education about the critical care setting, new graduates require more orientation to the ICU, especially in a level 1 trauma center. A comprehensive orientation to patient management in the critical care environment was developed to promote safe, effective care. Methods:New PT employees to our hospital system participate in a program providing mentoring and requiring an assessment of competency before practicing alone in the ICU. The simulation laboratory was used to reproduce the critical care setting for new employees to demonstrate patient management. Use of a standardized patient allowed PTs to demonstrate mobilization of a patient in the ICU. Conclusions:We developed a competency program for PTs newly hired to a level 1 trauma center to address safety and competence in the critical care environment. Such a program would be helpful for departments looking for a more comprehensive method to ensure PTs practice safely and effectively in a dynamic critical care setting.


The impact of wholesale prices is examined in a context where the end customer access both free content and pay-per-use content, delivered by two different providers through a common network provider. We formulate and solve the game between the network provider and the pay-per-use content provider, where both use the price they separately charge the end customer with as a leverage to maximize their profits. In the neutral case (the network provider charges equal wholesale prices to the two content providers), the benefits coming from wholesale price reductions are largely retained by the pay-per-use content provider. When the free content provider is charged more than its pay-per-use competitor, both the network provider and the pay-per-use content provider see their profit increase, while the end customer experiences a negligible reduction in the retail price.


Fictional languages have become increasingly popular over the recent years appearing in novels, movies, TV shows, comics, and video games. While some of these fictional languages have a complete vocabulary, most do not. We propose a deep learning solution to the problem. Using style transfer and machine translation tools, we generate new words for a given target fictional language, while maintaining the style of its creator, hence extending this language vocabulary.


Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic mediator of inflammatory responses. A cysteine-rich, highly glycosylated 30-kD TNF-binding protein (TNF-BP) purified from urine may have a role in regulation because it protects in vitro against the biological effects of TNF. The cytotoxic effect of TNF on the fibrosarcoma cell line WEHI 164 was inhibited by 50% at a 10-fold excess of TNF-BP. The binding of TNF to the receptor was partially reversed after the addition of TNF-BP. Results from biosynthetic labeling of cells with 35S-cysteine followed by immunoprecipitation with anti-TNF-BP indicated that TNF-BP is formed and released at the cell surface by cleavage because no corresponding cellular polypeptide was observed. A cellular 60-kD polypeptide, which was immunoprecipitated with anti-TNF-BP, may correspond to the transmembrane TNF-receptor molecule and be the precursor of TNF-BP. Thus, TNF-BP appears to be a soluble form of a transmembrane TNF-receptor. Moreover our results demonstrate that the production of TNF-BP is increased when the TNF receptor is downregulated in cells by treatment with TNF or by activation of protein kinase C with phorbol esters. TNF-BP may be an important agent that blocks harmful effects of TNF, and, therefore, useful in clinical applications.


Cholinergic binding proteins were purified from torpedo electric organ. The preparation comprises: solubilization by non-ionic detergents followed by unspecific prepurification. For prepurification the double reversed technique proved to be very useful. Finally we applied affinity chromatography. For the affinity purification we used resins with chemically well defined small ligand groups from the depolarizing type (carbachol- and decamethonium-analogue), and from the stabilizing type (gallamine amide amine). The purified receptor proteins from all three resins showed different subunit compositions and different properties of alpha-bungarotoxin binding.


The Palestinian refugee issue has been a pressing political and humanitarian problem for over sixty years, yet recent frameworks–in particular the two-state paradigm since Oslo–have marginalized the refugees and their claim to a right of return. This article aims to give an overview of the current situation. It argues that the binary logic of the two-state solution has been too narrow to take the refugee problem fully into account, and that the refugees are likely to end up being an 'obstacle' to peace after an agreement. Moreover, little to no voice has been given to refugees by the PA/PLO leadership, which sheds further doubt on the feasibility of current approaches to finding a lasting solution. Finally, this article takes into account the effects of the on-going conflict in Syria, which is causing further displacement and insecurity for Palestinian refugees.


The Colonial Sugar Refining Co Ltd - Guide to Australian Business Records Corporate entry - The Guide to Australian Business Records is a biographical, bibliographical and archival database of Australian business entities with links to related articles and images.


Polarization-independent fiber-optic filters are presented that replace the polarizers in traditional birefringence filters with a Sagnac interferometer. The performance of these filters is discussed when Solc and Lyot type birefringence combinations are used. A high-order, compound filter combining these two filters is presented, along with experimental verification.


The objective of this work was to develop an industrially relevant olefin metathesis initiator, which circumvents the expensive, patent protected, often cumbersome preparative routes via Grubbs benzylidene complexes. Upon coordination of a Schiff base ligand to a second-generation ruthenium allenylidene complex, the formation of three catalyst isomers was observed. The major isomer was successfully isolated, and tested in a few olefin metathesis reactions. Acids such as HCl and HSiCl(3) were found to boost the metathesis reaction but the in situ formation of a neutral Ru carbyne complex restricted the catalytic capacity. Using the Lewis acid PhSiCl(3), the formation of a carbyne species was avoided, and turnover numbers up to 30,000 were reached in the ring-opening metathesis polymerisation of cycloocta-1,5-diene.


Food insecurity is a major problem in developing countries and undermines people in various regions of the world. Productive Safety Net program is one of the largest social protection programs operating in Ethiopia. This study evaluates the impact of productive safety net program on households' food security and asset building in Zuway Dugda District. The study employed random sampling to draw 2 rural kebles that are participating in the programme. Data was collected from 180 sampled households. The sample respondents were drawn from both program beneficiary and non-beneficiary households (90 each) randomly. The required data was generated from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected from household heads through structured interview schedule that was administered by trained enumerators. Pre-tested and validated questionnaire was also used. Pilot testing was conducted with 30 non-sample respondents assumed to have homogeneous characteristics. The study employed Descriptive statistics and econometric model to analysis data.  Results from Descriptive statistics indicate that program beneficiary households' asset and calorie intake have increased. Applying a propensity score matching technique to estimate the econometric result; the study examined the independent effect of 12 variables and it was found out that 7 of them were important to characterize the participation. The study found that the program beneficiaries have more or less the same calorie intake to non-beneficiaries group. Concerning household asset the program beneficiary and non-beneficiary households have statistically significant difference after matching. The impact of the program on calorie intake and household asset on participating households create a great change regarding to food security. The program has promising impact on participants' livelihood. It seems that the program establishes better future for participants and alleviates poverty. Hence, this has an encouraging message for program designers, implementers, and funding agents to take proper action to achieve the intended goals. Keywords: Productive Safety Net Program, Propensity Score Matching (PSM), Household Asset


In spite of impressive advances in the application of wave equation imaging technology to generate images of complex structures, ray-based tools are generally used for the equally important step of velocity determination. Closing the experimental loop, by using the same wave equation imaging algorithm to measure velocity and to obtain a final image, is more than just philosophically pleasing. In strata exhibiting complex velocity structure, wave equation migration algorithms may be the only tools able to image some reflectors, so it stands to reason in such cases that only a wave equation velocity update can reliably measure velocity errors near these reflectors. In this article, we present a wave equation velocity update scheme, similar to depth focusing analysis, utilizing the time-shift imaging condition. We demonstrate the robustness of this approach under salt and in a land fault shadow example with limited acquisition effort. A common criticism levied against wave equation migration is the difficulty in efficiently obtaining 3D angle gathers (incidence, azimuth, and dip angle). We also present an efficient Fourier-domain angle decomposition technology for wave equation migration and demonstrate efficacy on synthetic and field data examples.


For quantitative determination of 19 triterpene constituents, including six ganoderma alcohols (1-6) and 13 ganoderma acids (7-19), in the products of Ganoderma lucidum, an analytical system was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography with an ODS column. The mobile phase was a linear gradient of 1% AcOH/H(2)O-CH(3)CN and 2% AcOH/H(2)O-CH(3)CN, and the elution profile was monitored at 243 and 250 nm for ganoderma alcohols and acids, respectively. The relative standard deviations of this method were less than 2.35% and 2.18% (n=5) for intraday and interday assays, and the recoveries were 90.9-100.8% and 93.4-103.9% for constituents of alcohol and acid groups, respectively. This system was applied to a quantitative determination of the constituents in 10 different products of G. lucidum: six usual umbrella forms of the fruiting bodies, three antlered forms of the fruiting bodies and spores, and eight specimens from the same G. lucidum strain, which was parasitized on logs from different plants or different fungus beds. The analytical results indicated that the quantity and composition of these triterpenes differed appreciably among various specimens, but the relative ratio of the alcohols and acids was not significantly different when the same strain of G. lucidum was used.


In order to reverse the rising cost of energy, in 1983 Simpson Paper Company installed a 35MW IM5000 gas turbine generating unit exhausting into a supplementary fired, three-pressure (HP, IP, LP) boiler at its Shasta Pulp & Paper Mill in Andersorf/ Redding, California. This first U.S.-based IM5000 was chosen for Simpson's cogeneration plant because the steam-producing capability of its exhaust gas most nearly matches the mill's steam load and because of the relatively high proportion of energy output which is converted to electrical power versus exhaust gas energy for steam production. By operating at a compression ratio of 30:1 and a base load firing temperature of 2100F (1149 Q , the plant achieves a simple-cycle efficiency in excess of 36%, including the burden of water injection for emissions control. In addition to the IM5000 gas turbine and the heat recovery boiler, the plant utilizes the following features which enable it to meet the special requirements of the Shasta Mill: (1) evaporative cooler to reduce inlet temperature and increase power as much as 20% in the hot, dry Shasta Mill environment, (2) exhaust gas damper and duct burner to match steam production to mill demand, (3) high pressure design of the IP and LP drums to enable these drums to be bottled when HP steam demand is high and LP and IP demand is low, and (4) water injection system — to meet stringent federal and northern California NOx standards. Based on 1983 fuel and power costs, Simpson Paper Company expects a simple payback of approximately three years on the $18.5 million investment in its cogeneration plant. The plant began continuous round-the-clock operation on May 22, 1983.


Education is included as one of the planned efforts to optimize human skills according to their abilities. Efforts are made by individuals consciously and planned to realize an effective learning process with the aim of educating students in developing their potential. Problems in education are a top priority that must be solved, one of which concerns the problem of the quality of education. The quality of education is currently experiencing challenges as a result of the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus. At the beginning of 2020 the world was shocked by the emergence of the Covid-19 outbreak that spread to all corners of the world, including Indonesia. Educational institutions in Indonesia are very affected by this outbreak. Schools need to adapt to new habits, namely the distance learning system. With the outbreak of this virus, it is necessary for other educational institutions to use online learning methods without exception, with the aim that the learning process continues even though it must be done at home. The purpose of this study is to describe the use of Multimodal Teachers through Blended Learning at SDN Jombok 2 Jombang and students' use of Multimodal through Blended Learning at SDN Jombok 2 Jombang. In accordance with these characteristics, the research approach used in this research is qualitative research. This study emphasizes the use of multimodal through blended learning which aims to describe the speech of teachers and students through verbal (lingual language) and non-verbal (hand gestures) when interacting in blended learning. Methods of collecting data in this study were recording, observation, and interviews. The stages of data analysis in this study went through three stages, including: (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion/verification. The results of using multimodal through Blended Learning at SDN Jombok 2 Jombang are multimodal teachers in directive actions in the form of orders, including: (1) movement of the fist object, (2) representative hand movement of writing activities, (3) representative hand gesture of raising a hand, ( 4) representative hand gestures, and (5) representative hand gestures pointing.


Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtner is a heterophyllous amphibious macrophyte that produces apical rosettes of floating leaves. The importance of air contact for inorganic carbon and N uptake and for growth was investigated. Plants were grown with the floating rosette in contact with air of various humidities (10, 50, and >90% relative humidity) and with the submerged parts in N-free water at 350 [mu]M free CO2 and the roots in sediment with low or high NH3-N content. Humidity greatly affected the transpiration rate, whereas growth rate and N content were unaffected and were comparable to values measured for fully submerged shoots. Air contact had, however, a significant impact on growth when the free CO2 concentration in the water was low. Thus, the growth rate of shoots with air contact was about 3 times faster than the rate of fully submerged shoots when grown at air-equilibrium concentration of dissolved free CO2 in the water (16 [mu]M). This difference decreased with increased dissolved free CO2 concentration in the water, and the two shoot types grew at the same rate when the submerged shoots received >350 [mu]M free CO2. The quantitative importance of the floating rosette for total carbon uptake declined also with decreased ratio of floating rosette to total shoot weight. It is concluded that floating rosettes can enhance the inorganic carbon uptake of Callitriche. In contrast, air contact is of minor importance for nutrient transport.


The generation of computer-shaded pictures requires that a program calculate intensities for each pixel. These intensities are then viewed on a monitor or transferred to film. It is desirable that the intensity values on the monitor or the reflectance values on the film have a linear relationship with the original calculated intensities both to give the user fine control over the appearance of the object and to do anti-aliasing properly. However, after the calculated intensity values are sent to the DAC'c some nonlinear distortions occur both in the CRT and on film. We can compensate for this by adjusting the intensity number just before digital-to-analog conversion. This compensation can be accomplished by a table lookup using the intensity as an index into the table and the corresponding value as the new intensity. Fortunately, most hardware manufacturers have made table lookup features part of their equipment. However, the entries in the table must still be generated. The methods for doing this are not well known in the computer graphics community. This paper presents an algorithm for generating a compensation table.


Pain can lead to increase in the sympathetic stimulation and thereby cause hypertension and rebleed in the operative site. The ideal management of pain in these circumstances is a topic of debate worldwide. The standard algorithm for pain management is usually with nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs (NSAIDS) with or without opioids. Good pain management helps to reduce not only the pain but also shortens hospital stay and cost and leads to early recovery but overenthusiastic use of drugs can lead to sedation, mydriasis, respiratory depression which could increase the intracranial pressure or obtundation of deteriorating neurological signs. There is thus no Gold Standard drugs or algorithm to manage post craniotomy pain and this review aims to discuss the common availability of medicine and review the various options available for successful management of post craniotomy pain (PCP). Each neurosurgical centre must have a protocol and guidelines regarding PCP management which will be easier for the juniors and nurses to follow. Multimodality treatment can achieve best results and further controlled trials with the different medications alone or in combination, studies in cannabinoid derivatives in future can help to formulate and ideal PCP management algorithm.


Ultrathin (<; 5 nm) polymer layers formed on crystalline silicon by solution deposition are used as surface passivation layers to realize highly efficient organic-inorganic solar cells. A conductive polymer is then deposited on the passivated silicon surface as a hole transporting layer to fabricate Schottky solar cells. The solar cell with a polyethylenimine passivation layer exhibits an excellent efficiency of 11%. The devices are fabricated by a simple solution-based spin-coating method at low temperature ( <; 150 °C), which may be used to produce efficient organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells at low cost.


Today, high energy electro-magnetic radiation or charged particles are widely used for medical treatments of certain patients. Precise prediction and measurements of energy deposition of any types of radiation on tissue is the most important portion of radiation therapy. In this research, special fiber optics doped either with Phosphor (P), Germanium (Ge) or Erbium (Er) with various doping concentrations are used as a radiation sensor and irradiated by Co-60 source with 169 cGy per minute for 3 minutes. During irradiation, the Radiation Induced Attenuation (RIA) was measured as a function of radiation dose rates. A non-linear behavior of RIA was observed for Ge doped fiber optics at various laser frequencies. However, fiber optics doped with P or Er show a linear attenuation at 532 nm laser during irradiation. In addition, to maintain the sensitivity of fiber optic dosimeters as a function of exposure time, the residual radiation was bleached with photon, thermal energy and both techniques simultaneously. Bleaching photon sources were three types of lasers with wavelengths 445nm (300mW), 532nm (500mW) and 808nm (1000mW). After fiber optics were irradiated and RIA measured as a function of radiation dose, they bleached to recover original sensitivity condition of dosimeters. This process repeated ten times to analyze the sensitivity of fiber optic dosimeters.


Correct positioning of the surgeon and patient in palate surgery is a problem often faced by the craniofacial surgeon. To achieve the best result, it is essential that the surgeon has direct visualization and sufficient access to the field. We describe a simple solution to this complex problem, which has been used by Dr. Ian Jackson for the last 20 years. We believe the Jackson method of positioning offers good visualization of both anterior and posterior parts of the palate, while minimizing the strain associated with neck extension during conventional positioning in cleft surgery.


Abstract Post-secondary business teacher educators strive to prepare student teachers for the classroom. However, post-secondary teacher educators must seek the input of experienced secondary teachers to assist them in developing such prepared student teachers. Secondary business educators in a southeastern state were surveyed to obtain data in the areas of: 1) the most important things business educators believe business education student teachers should do during student teaching; 2) the most important topics business teacher educators at colleges/universities should cover in business education methods courses prior to the student teaching experience; and 3) the most frequent student discipline issues current business educators face today. The findings from this study have implications for student teachers, current business educators, and business teacher educators. Introduction Post- secondary business teacher educators strive to prepare student teachers for the classroom. This challenging task involves several skills for students teachers to become prepared for the classroom. Such skills include managing classrooms, working effectively with diverse learners, organizing skills, lesson planning, teaching, and other soft skills. Student teachers must recognize the need to prepare secondary students for graduation and the workforce. Secondary students need the following traits and skills upon graduation: "dependability, attention to detail, teamwork, obtaining and analyzing information, problem solving, and writing clearly" (Coplin, 2004, p. B5). This is important information for business education student teachers to keep in mind when they work with secondary students during student teaching and as they transition into becoming first year teachers. According to the Policies Commission for Business and Economic Education (PCBEE) Policy Statement 78, "business teacher education programs must prepare prospective teachers who can help their business students become confident, skillful, and interested participants in the economic and business environment" (PCBEE, 2006, p.l). Business education student teachers will also prepare many secondary students for post- secondary education. However, secondary and post- secondary educators differ in their opinions about the skills students need to succeed in post- secondary education (ACT, 2006). Post-secondary educators do not believe that achieving state standards results in students being prepared for college. Data from the American College Testing (ACT) National Curriculum Survey® 2005-2006 provides this evidence. Secondary and post- secondary educators were asked the following question: "How well do you think your state's standards prepare students for college-level work?" The results for those answering "well" or "very well" are listed in Table 1 below. Consequently, secondary educators have a much higher perception of their state's standards in preparing students for college-level study. Conversely, postsecondary educators do not agree as noted by the low percentage of respondents indicating students were prepared "well' or "very well." In addition, the ACT National Curriculum study investigated the preparation of students for college. Preparing secondary students for employment, however, is equally important. A discussion should occur between secondary and post- secondary educators along with student teachers as to whose role it is to prepare students for employment upon high school graduation. This discussion will help student teachers be more prepared to understand their role in educating others. Should school systems be tailoring the education process to produce graduates with the skills necessary for immediate employment or should that responsibility belong to the future employers (Krahn, Lowe, & Lehmann, 2002)? Student teachers must be aware of a school's educational goals, along with educators in the school, as to how students are being prepared and what skills are being taught to help students be successful in the workplace. …


Interferometric temperature sensors comprising a zinc selenide film on the end of a single-mode optical fiber have been incorporated into rugged probes for measurement of gas temperature fluctuations in aerospace turbomachinery test rigs. Two-wavelength illumination provides signals in quadrature for determination of optical phase change of the signal reflected from the film which is exposed to the gas flow. We present ensemble-averaged results showing 15 K amplitude gas temperature fluctuations up to 70 kHz with a resolution of 1 K. >


In this book, some factors affecting productivity and egg quality in brown laying hens were studied and discussed. From the study of the effect of methionine, linoleic acid and supplemented fat in the diet it could be concluded that the levels of these components of commercial diets currently used in Spain, in the last part of the production cycle, can be reduced considerably without any effect on hen productivity and little effect on egg quality. In response to the influence of calcium level and source of the diet of laying hens it could be concluded that brown egg-laying hens late in the production cycle require more than 3.5% Ca in the diet (4.08 g Ca/d) to maintain productivity and shell quality. Also, the substitution of part of the fine limestone of the diet by coarse limestone or oyster shell does not affect productive performance and tibia characteristics although it might improve some shell quality traits. Regarding the influence of main cereal and mean particle size of the cereal in the diet of laying hens it could be concluded that both corn and hard wheat can be used indistinctly in diets for laying hens when ground to pass through a 6- to 10-mm screen.


The biogenesis of natural diarylheptanoids is discussed, with particular reference to curcumin [1,7-bis-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione], the pigment of Curcuma Ionga rhizome. Methods for the isolation, characterisation, and degradation of curcumin, suitable for biosynthetic work, are reported. In administration of labelled precursors to C. Ionga,[1- and 3-14C]phenylalanine were incorporated into curcumin without scrambling of the label. [1- and 2-14C]-Acetate and -malonate were also incorporated, and the fractional distribution of label along the heptane chain was determined; the results do not provide satisfactory support for the expected biosynthetic scheme, in which two cinnamate units condense with one malonate unit. Other interpretations are discussed. [3H]-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-, -4-hydroxy-, and -3,4-dihydroxy-cinnamic acids were prepared, and supplied to C. Ionga with [14C]phenylalanine. The first two cinnamic acids are incorporated into curcumin significantly better than the last, although none was utilised quite as efficiently as phenylalanine.


This essay is part of a symposium where the contributors were asked to identify their "favorite" commercial calamity. It takes a lot to create a calamity in the commercial arena. Transactional attorneys spend a good deal of their time drafting around the calamities of the past. The Supreme Court's decision in Till v. SCS Credit Corp., 541 U.S. 465 (2004), nevertheless deserves the label. The issue before the Court was straight-forward - how should bankruptcy courts ascertain the appropriate interest rate in a Chapter 13 plan. At one level the case is a calamity in that the Court failed to produce a majority opinion. This issue simply called for a clear rule. While some rules may be better than others, the overriding concern should have been to provide definitive guidance on this oft recurring issue. Here, the Court simply failed. Till bids for calamity status on a second score as well. The opinions show little regard for commercial law. To be sure, Justice Scalia's opinion demonstrates that he at least understood the basic functioning of bankruptcy law and credit practices. The same cannot be said for the remaining opinions. Justice Thomas, accusing all of textual infidelity, authored an opinion which adopted a measure that no court of appeals had endorsed. He argued that, though virtually unnoticed, the Bankruptcy Code mandated that Chapter 13 debtors pay the same rate of interest as the country's most solvent financial institutions. Justice Stevens did little better. His opinion suggests that, for those in Chapter 13 who are seeking to repay their secured debts over time, one should start with the prime rate, and then add 1% to 3%. To be sure, one could articulate a rational for this formula approach that comports with the dynamics of Chapter 13. (We need an easy-to-implement rule; we know that collateral tends to be valued too high, so a rule that sets interest too low may achieve a rough balance.) Unfortunately, this is not the tact that Justice Stevens took. His opinion rests on the assertion that Chapter 13 provides sufficient safeguards so that a modest increase in the prime rate represents the true risk to creditors. This reasoning cannot be squared with what we know about Chapter 13 practice. Moreover, by suggesting that courts can provide a more accurate assessment of default risk than markets, Justice Stevens's opinion creates the possibility for mischief across the Bankruptcy Code.


An increasing amount of research has recently focused on dimensional sentiment analysis that represents affective states as continuous numerical values on multiple dimensions, such as valence-arousal (VA) space. Compared to the categorical approach that represents affective states as distinct classes (e.g., positive and negative), the dimensional approach can provide more fine-grained (real-valued) sentiment analysis. However, dimensional sentiment resources with valence-arousal ratings are very rare, especially for the Chinese language. Therefore, this study aims to: (1) Build a Chinese valence-arousal resource called Chinese EmoBank, the first Chinese dimensional sentiment resource featuring various levels of text granularity including 5,512 single words, 2,998 multi-word phrases, 2,582 single sentences, and 2,969 multi-sentence texts. The valence-arousal ratings are annotated by crowdsourcing based on the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) rating scale. A corpus cleanup procedure is then performed to improve annotation quality by removing outlier ratings and improper texts. (2) Evaluate the proposed resource using different categories of classifiers such as lexicon-based, regression-based, and neural-network-based methods, and comparing their performance to a similar evaluation of an English dimensional sentiment resource.


Objective:To explore the clinical features and therapeutic efficacy of nasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy (TON)treatment.Method:Two hundred and twelve cases (217 eyes) with TON were retrospectively analyzed in our study, who were treated with nasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression in our institution from 1999 to 2016. χ ² -test was used to explore the potential prognostic factors on visual acuity.Result:All patients were followed up from 6 months to 2 years postoperatively, and the effective rate was 54.38%(118/217).In the 166 eyes with no light perception (NLP), the effective rate was 46.39% (77/166), while in the 51 eyes with light perception (LP), the effective rate was 80.39% (41/51).The therapeutic efficacy of patients with LP or above LP was better than that of NLP, and the difference was statistically significant(χ ²=18.186, P< 0.01).Moreover, the therapeutic efficacy of patients without an optic canal fracture was better than that with an optic canal fracture,and the difference had statistical significance (χ ²=10.096, P<0.01).Conclusion:The efficacy of nasal endoscopic optic nerve decompression on TON was positive, and even for the patients with NLP or a long history also should have a try.


Different computational schemes for relativistic many-body calculations are reviewed and analysed from the view of quantum-electrodynamics, in particular the commonly used "no-virtual-pair approximation" (NVPA). The apparent gauge dependence of the electron-electron interaction, obtained from the exchange of a single virtual photon, is discussed in the light of two-photon exchange. Numerical results obtained in the NVPA scheme are discussed and some possibilities of going beyond that level are indicated.


The inverse problem of inferring information about the intervening ocean can be solved by a comparison of the computed arrival times and measured patterns of arrivals. This approach is very effective if in the process of sound signal propagation the modal energy exchange is negligible, the mode propagation can be considered as adiabatic and each mode has a clear amplitude and phase. In the range-dependent ocean, drastic `repopulation' of the modes takes place due to intense energy exchange. The energy distribution between modes changes, and the order of modal arrivals varies. For the strong-mode-coupling case a fixed mode travel time does not have a monotonic relationship with the temperature variation. To obtain monotonic dependence of the sound signal parameters upon the environmental characteristics, specific approaches to the forward problem solution have to be used; two of them - the collective arrival time and the cumulative sum - are considered in this paper. They consists of defining trends in the signal arrival pattern caused by the temperature changes, and computing average parameters of the arriving signal ensemble.


We are pleased to introduce Volume 60, Number 2, of the African Studies Review of 2017. This issue features the 2016 African Studies Review Distinguished Lecture delivered by Peter Geschiere at the 59th annual meeting of the African Studies Association, as well as the Presidential Address delivered by Dorothy Hodgson. The scholarly articles range from two articles that provide important insights into the impact of violence on voting behavior, two fascinating articles on political life in Zimbabwe, as well as considerations of urban life and culture in Zanzibar, Angola, and Ghana. Rounding out the issue is a Commentary on migration within Africa and beyond. The book review and film review sections provide several timely reviews of new releases. The issue begins with Peter Geschiere's "A 'Vortex of Identities': Freemasonry, Witchcraft, and Postcolonial Homophobia" (7–35). When this article was presented as a lecture at the 2016 ASA meeting it stimulated intense discussion, as it brings together two of the signature topics of the author's scholarly publications—witchcraft and the supernatural, and sexuality and homophobia. Acknowledging the timeliness of these topics, both for African studies and queer studies, Geschiere roots his analysis deeply in his Cameroonian fieldwork and his experiences of Cameroonian culture and politics. This is a wide-ranging and fascinating piece that connects the rise of homophobia with the morass of postcolonial politics, and the practices of Rosicrucianism and Freemasonry with indigenous occult beliefs. Rather than simply trying to separate and name these different cultural strands, Geschiere shows the interconnections that are sometimes obscured by studies and analyses that pursue narrower research agendas. Geschiere ends with a suggestion that scholars of African studies heed "Michael Taussig's call from 1987 that, as academics, we must dare to lose ourselves in 'epistemic murk'" (26). Dorothy Hodgson's Presidential Address, "Africa From the Margins" (37–49), engages an equally significant topic for scholars of African studies—the continuing relevance of the lives of Africans living in rural areas, or living in informal settlements beyond the gaze of global metanarratives.


The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) drastically witnesses an increase in different domains and contributes to the fast digitalization of the universe. Henceforth, next generation of IoT-based systems are set to become more complex to design and manage. Collecting real-time IoT-generated data unleashes a new wave of opportunities for business to take more precise and accurate decisions at the right time. However, a set of challenges, including the design complexity of IoT-based systems and the management of the ensuing heterogeneous big data as well as the system scalability, need to be addressed for the development of flexible smart IoT-based systems. Consequently, we proposed a set of design patterns that diminish the system design complexity through selecting the appropriate combination of patterns based on the system requirements. These patterns identify four maturity levels for the design and development of smart IoT-based systems. In this article, we are mainly dealing with the system design complexity to manage the context changeability at runtime. Thus, we delineate the autonomic cognitive management pattern, which is at the most mature level. Based on the autonomic computing, this pattern identifies a combination of management processes able to continuously detect and manage the context changes. These processes are coordinated based on cognitive mechanisms that allow the system perceiving and understanding the meaning of the received data to make business decisions, as well as dynamically discovering new processes that meet the requirements evolution at runtime. We demonstrated the use of the proposed pattern with a use case from the healthcare domain; more precisely, the patient comorbidity management based on wearables.


For the study of an effect that fin thickness and shape of heat exchanger have on the elevation of heat transfer efficiency, we make models of plate fin type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which was given a transformation of fin thickness in plate f)n type heat exchanger and louvered fin type heat exchanger which are often used now. And the effect of fin thickness on pressure drop and characteristics of heat transfer was experimented and analysed when air velocity and temperature of plate heating was a variable. The results of experiment shows below. Pressure drop shows larger in louvered fin type exchanger than in plate fin type exchanger, size of pressure drop shows like this order that fin thickness is 0.3mm, 0.2mm, 0.1mm. Mean heat transfer coefficient shows higher in louvered fin type exchanger than in plate fin type exchanger, size of mean heat transfer coefficient by fin thickness shows same in both case in louvered fin type heat exchanger and plate fin type exchanger like this order that fin thickness is 0.1mm, 0.2mm, 0.3mm.


The aim of this study was to develop and validate a simple, rapid, precise, more accurate, reliable, least time
consuming HPLC method for individual as well as simultaneous estimation of pravastatin, atorvastatin and
simvastatin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The chromatographic separation was achieved by using a
mixture of methanol and 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid in water as the mobile phase, with a C18 (150×4.6 mm i.d.,
2.7 µm) reversed-phase column at flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and the eluents were monitered at 238 nm. A good
linearity was found in the 0.12-0.24 mg/mL for both pravastatin and atorvastatin and 0.02-0.14 mg/mL simvastatin
concentration range. The accuracy was good and recovery values for pravastatin, atorvastatin and simvastatin
ranged from 99.21-100.40%, 99.87-100.39 and 98.84-100.66%, respectively. The proposed novel method was found
to be efficient, accurate, precise, specific and economic and is suitable for individually as well as simultaneous
estimation in quality control laboratories and research institutes.


An analysis of approximately 6000 km2 of Sea Beam swaths indicates that the floor of the median valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 24°–30°N is strewn with near-circular volcanoes. We have identified 481 seamounts in the height range 50–650 m. Because many of the features which appear to be seamounts do not meet our criteria fully, they have not been counted, and our numbers are likely a minimum estimate of the population. The large abundance of seamounts on the median valley floor indicates that seamount volcanism plays an important role in the accretionary processes at this section of the MAR. The summit height distribution of the MAR seamount population is consistent with the exponential frequency-size distribution model for off-axis eastern Pacific seamounts (Jordan et al., 1983; Smith and Jordan, 1987). The model parameters for the MAR population yield an average of about 195 seamounts per one thousand square kilometers, and a characteristic height of about 60 m. Shape statistics compiled from the 481 seamounts give parameters that are exactly the same, or cover the same range in values as those obtained from a study of Pacific seamounts in the height range 140–3800 m (Smith, 1988) implying a universal control on seamount construction. Based on the volcanic morphology, we identify 18 spreading segments along the ridge. All except two contain a prominent axial volcanic ridge. Many of the seamounts identified are associated with the axial ridges. From the Sea Beam swaths, we infer that the ridges are composed of piled up seamounts and hummocky flows, and interpret them to be the primary sites of crustal construction. This style of volcanism contrasts strongly with that observed at the East Pacific Rise where seamounts are virtually absent at the spreading axis. The construction of seamounts and hummocky flows may be directly related to the fact that the MAR is fed by magma chambers that are limited in size and frequency. We suggest that small magma pockets with slow eruption rates produce seamounts either from pipes or initial fissure eruptions that collapse to construct a single edifice; small magma bodies with somewhat higher eruption rates produce hummocky fissure fed flows. Using buoyancy arguments, the heights of the MAR seamounts are related to the depth of the magma bodies. We hypothesize that small magma bodies rise buoyantly to the base of the hydrothermally cooled brittle lid where they are trapped, and then erupt. If this hypothesis is correct, the thickness of the brittle lid controls seamount height, and the exponential distribution of seamount summit heights implies that the thickness of the brittle Hd follows an exponential distribution in time and space with characteristic thickness 1.4–1.9 km. If seamounts and hummocky flows are fed each from their own discrete magma body trapped at the brittle/ductile transition, then the lower crust of the MAR will be made up of the products of a multitude of small plutons.


The preliminary scope and contents of the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) handbook are presented. The work consists of two tasks. One task is the book itself, containing graphs, tables, and the necessary explanatory texts, and the second is a computer tape containing nuclear data: cross sections, spectra of neutron sources, and decay data for a number of selected isotopes. The data will be supplemented by a number of codes to process cross-section data. The need for covariance information is discussed and some doubts are raised about the benefits of using this kind of information in treating well logging data. >


The coupled mode theory (CMT) is used to analyze uniform Fiber Bragg gratings. The multi-mode CMT is expressed as the flrst-order vector ordinary difierential equations (ODEs) with coe-cients depending on the propagation distance. We show in this paper that by changing variables, the original couple mode equations (CMEs) can be re-casted as constant coe-cient ODEs. The eigenvalue and eigenvector technique (EVVT), the analytic method for solving constant coe-cient ODEs, is then applied to solve the coupled mode equations. Furthermore, we also investigate the application of Runge- Kutta method (RKM) to the calculation of the global transfer-function matrix for CMEs. We compare the transmission and the re∞ection


Members of the Rheumatic Fever Working Party and United Kingdom participating centres: The late Sir JAMES SPENCE (chairman), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle; Professor A. BRADFORD HILL, Honorary Director, Statistical Research Unit of the Medical Research Council (vice-chairman, and chairman following the death of Sir JAMES SPENCE); Professor E. G. L. BYWATERS (secretary), Canadian Red Cross Memorial Hospital, Taplow; Dr. E. ELLIS, Royal Victoria Infirmary; Newcastle; Professor STANLEY GRAHAM, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow; Professor R. S. ILLINGWORTH, Children's Hospital, Sheffield; Dr. B. E. SCHLESINGER. Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London; Professor A. G. WATKINS, Llandough Hospital, Cardiff. Members of the Principal Investigators Subcommittee and United States participating centres: Dr. DAVID D. RUTSTEIN (chairman), Co-ordinating Centre, American Heart Association, New York; Dr. ALBERT DORFMAN, La Rabida Jackson Park Sanitarium, Chicago; Dr. EDWARD E. F[ISCHEL, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York; Dr. JOHN D. KEITH, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto (Canada); Dr. JOHN A. LICHTY, University of Colorado Medical Centre, Denver; Dr. BENEDICT F. MASSELL, House of the Good Samaritan, Boston; Dr. CURRIER McEwEN, New York University-Bellevue Medical Centre, New York. Associated investigators at co-operating centres: In the United Kingdom: Drs. 0. P. GRAY and N. ROYSTON, Cardiff; Dr. GAVIN C. ARNIEL, Glasgow; Drs. D. G. COTTOM, J. N. MONTGOMERY, and H. J. WESTON, London; Dr. RENDLE SHORT, Sheffield; Drs. BARBARA ANSELL, ALAN ST. J. DIXON, K. HALLIDIE SMITH, and GERALD THOMAS, Taplow. In the United States: Drs. CARROL BUTLER, FLORENCE MAYER, RAYMOND J. WALTHER, and ELIOT YOUNG, Boston; Drs. JOHN I. GR'ss, ANDREW LORINCZ, IRVING ROZENFELD, and KATHERINE SMULL, Chicago; Drs. MATTHEW L. GIBSON and JOHN H. GITHENS, Denver; Drs. CHARLES W. FRANK and DANIEL LARSON (Columbia), New York; Drs. JANET BALDWIN (deceased), EUGENIA F. DOYLE, ANN G. KUTTNER, GENE H. STOLLERMAN, and HARRISON WOOD (New York University), New York; Drs. R. D. ROWE and A. D. BARRY MCKELVEY, Toronto (Canada). Statistical consultation and services were provided by Miss MARJORIE T. BELLOWS, chief statistician, and Mrs. ELIZABETH R. DENSEN, of the American Heart Association, and Dr. JOHN KNOWELDEN, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Mr. FELIX MOORE, professor and chairman, Department of Public Health Statistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, served as statistical consultant. Dr. A. ST. J. DIXON, Taplow, served as co-ordinating registrar for the British centres. Mrs. RUTH E. RuSrTEIN was co-ordinator for the centres in the United States.


Introduction: Amniotic membrane contains collagen, cytokines and growth factors, is immune privileged, and has been shown to modulate inflammation and reduce scarring. Dehydrated human amnion/chorion membrane (dHACM) allografts have been used in many clinical and surgical applications to facilitate healing. We describe our experience of using commercially available dHACM allograft as an adhesion barrier in women undergoing da Vinci robot laparoscopy at an outpatient surgery center.
Methods: With IRB permission, we conducted a retrospective evaluation of medical records from 16 consecutive patients that had undergone robotic laparoscopy for pelvic pain due to endometriosis and adhesions. All patients had resection of endometriosis and adhesiolysis with application of dHACM. As per our routine practice, all had been scheduled for a second surgery to inspect for reformation of adhesions, and to lyse any additional adhesions found.
Results: We found handling characteristics of dHACM to be suitable for the microsurgery environment, although care needed to be taken to avoid fraying or breaking the material as it was introduced through the trocar. Fifteen of 16 patients receiving dHACM had a second procedure 1-2 weeks later. In 14 of the 15 cases, no new adhesions were observed in areas where dHACM was placed. No adverse events or major complications had been recorded in the medical record.
Discussion: The biologic properties of dHACM give rise to its use in a wide variety of clinical applications. Our experience demonstrates that using dHACM as an adhesion barrier is feasible in women undergoing da Vinci robot laparoscopy.


Higher productivity of an organization is based on modern manufacturing systems and digitizing the manufacturing processes. The problem is how to match together technological capabilities of machine tools (machining centres) with the need to manufacture a product; and how to increase the efficiency of process planning procedures. Injection molds are the products with many different features, with high quality requirements, and variable geometrical parameters. The problem is sophisticated because most of the products are unique and do not repeat. In order to be able to respond quickly changeable situations where sometimes more than 4 different programs are needed on a daily basis, manufacturing systems will have to become more autonomous. For this purpose, it is necessary to take advantages of the possibilities of modern production programs by linking them with know-how of engineers. Manufacturing operations management (MOM) and machine learning are the tools used for developing knowledge-based manufacturing solutions in the company. Framework has been developed to gather data in the company and develop the rules based on data models and information analysis. The designed solutions for feature-based machining (FBM) give high quality technological solutions and increase the efficiency of machining process by computer numerical control (CNC) programming. Product manufacturing information (PMI) model is in development together with integration of the machine learning system.


We are living in an age of institutional revolution and democratic doubt. Our institutional capacity to solve complex problems—including especially the problem of providing ever more crucial services, such as education, to an ever more differentiated public—is increasing. But this capacity seems disconnected from, perhaps even at odds with our capacity for selfrule by familiar, parliamentary means. Pessimismaboutamismatchbetweenourproblem-solvingcapacitiesand our capacity for self-rule is congenital to organizational theory and a recurrent theme in modern reflection on democracy. Weber famously saw our passion for practical mastery of the world leading down the path lit by purposive reason to an inescapable, iron cage of bureaucracy (Weber 1958). John Dewey, writing in The Public and its Problems (1927) in the late 1920s, worried that the American republic was threatened by the rise of the largeorganizationcontrolledbymanipulativeelites.Democracymight save republican freedom, he thought, but only if the public could learn to organize itself to challenge again and again its own habits of thought. Public primary schools in which pupils, alone and together, learned to make independent sense of immediate experience became in this program a key bulwark against propagandistic manipulation (Dewey 1915). Writing twenty years later anddeeply sympathetic toDewey,HerbertSimonseemedtoclose


The literature reports a large variety of adverse reactions to potassium iodide. A severe hypersensitivity reaction to potassium iodide in a 51-year-old woman with Graves' thyrotoxicosis is described. Following administration the patient developed sialadenitis, conjunctivitis, stomatitis and acneiform iododerma that responded dramatically to withdrawal of the potassium iodide and administration with corticosteroids. Awareness of these adverse reactions may prevent prolonged hospitalization and unnecessary tests and treatments.


This study focused on the morphological characteristics of the uropygial glands of the Japanese quail and silver polish, particularly the arterial nourishment. With this respect, coloured‐latex injected animals were dissected and their glands and related arteries were observed. The gland in the Japanese quail was relatively longer than that in the silver polish. The first caudal segmental arteries in the Japanese quail were specialized as the uropygial gland artery while the fourth caudal segmental ones were continued as the uropygial gland artery in the silver polish. Branches from the second and third caudal segmental arteries and skin also contributed bilaterally to the vascularization of the gland in the Japanese quail. Observing the more complex arterial structure in the Japanese quail suggests more active uropygial gland in this species, when compared with the silver polish.


Ventilation systems are used in gas turbine packages to control the air temperature, to protect electrical instrumentation and auxiliary items installed inside the enclosure and to ensure a proper dilution of potentially dangerous gas leakages. These objectives are reached only if the ventilation flow is uniformly distributed in the whole volume of the package, providing a good air flow quality as prescribed by international codes such as ISO 21789. To evaluate the effectiveness of the ventilation design, numerical computations are performed for several purposes, one of which is the identification of poorly ventilated portions of the enclosure. In fact, it is essential to accurately detect the regions which are less ventilated, since they could be prone to the accumulation of an accidental fuel gas leak. There are different approaches to identify these portions, such as decay regression or inlet source analysis, that require unsteady simulations of the flow field inside the package. The present work discusses the implementation of a new methodology using machine learning and artificial neural networks (ANN) to detect the poorly ventilated regions where a gas cloud can accumulate. The concentration of fuel gas is estimated starting from a steady-state computation without running a more expensive unsteady computation. The entire process is built around an accurate training of the ANN using a proper set of simpler test-cases that have been identified to match the characteristics of the gas turbine enclosure. During the training phase accuracy and overfitting of the ANN were monitored to ensure robustness of the method. The procedure is then applied to a real case scenario and the results are presented in this paper highlighting the main advantages of this approach respect to a conventional use of CFD analysis. Computations of the flow fields are carried out using OpenFOAM with RANS and U-RANS approaches, while the ANN is developed and trained in Python.


The prediction of the elastic properties of a polycrystalline material requires the knowledge of its orientation density function (ODF), which represents mathematically the crystallographic texture. The real piece of texture information needed for such calculations depends on the modelling and is obtained from pole figures, the number of which is determined by crystal symmetry. According to these features different methods have been used to calculate (mean values, self-consistent approach) the elastic properties of low-symmetry materials with minimal texture information. Calculation of these properties for hexagonal materials becomes very simple and can be achieved directly from 00.1 pole figures.


Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex disease and its diagnosis and treatment can require multiple capabilities easily available for the patients. Objectives Our objective was to set up a multidisciplinary consultation enabling patient support in occidental Brittany. Methods Given the complexity for the management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a multidisciplinary consultation was set up to ensure optimal care for SLE patients at Brest University Medical School. This consultation was set on a quarterly base and gather rheumatologists, dermatologists, nephrologists, gynecologists and internal medicine physicians. A close collaboration with the immunology laboratory for biological diagnosis and follow-up was also set up. Clinical and biological data were collected. Results Of the 49 SLE patients followed since 2009, 45 were women (91.8%). The mean age was 47.1±17.7 years. Eighteen patients had malar rash (37.5%), 21 (43.8%) photosensitivity, 7 (14.6%) oral ulcers, 6 (12.5%) alopecia, 43 (89.6%) diffuse articular pain or arthralgia, 10 (20.8%) tenosynovitis, 15 (31.25%) lupus glomerulonephritis, 7 (14.3%) pericarditis, 2 (4%) cardiac vegetations, and 3 (6.1%) pleurisy. The mean SLEDAI score was 2.7±3.5, with values ranging from 0 to 17. Twenty patients were referred for diagnostic opinions (40.8%), 31 (63.3%) for therapeutic advice, 3 (6%) for pregnancy monitoring, and 16 (32.6%) for comorbidities management. The main comorbidities were cardiovascular risk factors and osteoporosis. Conclusions In conclusion, the multidisciplinary consultation helps to provide diagnostic and therapeutic aid due to the presence of experts from several disciplines. Patient enrollment for several services enables the creation of a valuable database whose analysis is ongoing. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Purpose of review To summarize the treatment options available for the management of postparalytic facial synkinesis which include facial rehabilitation, chemodenervation, and a spectrum of surgical interventions. Recent findings Facial rehabilitation and botulinum toxin chemodenervation represent the foundation of facial synkinesis management, with specific treatment paradigms directed by individual patient needs. Evolving surgical approaches range from isolated selective myectomies or neurectomies to combination approaches which may incorporate various types of nerve transfer with gracilis free muscle transplantation. Summary Postparalytic facial synkinesis bears significant patient morbidity due to aesthetic and functional implications. Management strategies must balance patient goals with treatment risks and typically progress stepwise from the least to most invasive interventions. Emerging techniques reveal a convergence in approaches to facial reanimation and synkinesis mitigation.


Abstract Background: Social Media usage is on the rise since its inception in the early 2000s. Though some aspects of Behavioral Addictions like Online gaming have been recognized as addictions, excessive social media usage requires more studies to validate the same. The study considers the General Pathological Internet Use aspect of the Cognitive Behavioural Model theory in its approach to deciphering Social Media Addiction. Objective: This study aims to determine what percentage of the population studied is at a high risk of developing Social Media Addiction and analyzes the factors prevalent to Indian users, The shorter version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale is used and the scale is validated. Material and Methods: The objectives are achieved by using a questionnaire BSMAS scale, applying exploratory factor analysis to BSMAS, and validating the tool for the Indian social media users. The current study focused on India, with a sample of 747 respondents selected through convenience sampling. BSMAS short scale and Likert score, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were applied. Results and Conclusion: 18% of the sample was at risk of developing Social Media addiction. EFA reduced the six factors of BSMAS to three relevant factors viz., Salience, Mood Modifications/Tolerance, and Relapse explaining 37.4% of the total variance. Confirmatory Factor Analysis validated the scale for the Indian population. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin KMO measure of Sampling Adequacy is .925, the Internal reliability of the data is .89, which is highly favorable. Bartlett's test of Sphericity is the chi-square value 4034.47 /153 and p-value is less than .001, revealing that the sample was suitable for the EFA.


There were two papers published on brachial plexus block (BPB) this month. One was on the difference in outcome between infra and supra-clavicular approach using nerve stimulator when blocking the upper arm from the elbow joint down [1], and the other paper compared the outcome between ultra-sonography guided supra-clavicular approach with direct visualization of the brachial plexus to cases where visualization was not achieved [2]. Both approach methods showed high success rates in achieving nerve block of the upper arm but incidence of Horner's syndrome and pneumothorax was lower in the infra-clavicular block group in the fist study. The second study showed that even when direct visualization was not achieved or was vague, injection around the subclavian artery, though the success rate was a bit low, was adequate enough to achieve nerve block and there was no significant difference in the complication rate, not to mention that there was no case of pneumothorax.

For a successful brachial plexus block to be achieved there are many factors to be considered, one particular factor is the precise targeting of the nerve itself and there have been various methods to do so. Such as inducing parethesia through direct nerve contact, direct injection into the peri-arterial sheath via arterial puncture, identifying sensory and motor response using nerve stimulators, and the more recently acclaimed visualization of surrounding anatomical structures using ultra-sonography resulting in higher success rates in achieving brachial plexus block. There are a number of recent studies on BPB comparing the effectiveness of nerve block achieved by the combined use of nerve stimulator and ultra-sonography, and the independent use of each method separately which show diverse results depending on the researcher, but the use of ultra-sonography guided BPB prevails overwhelmingly in success rate, complication rate, shorter duration of application and patient satisfaction [3-7].

The anatomical pathway to reach the brachial plexus is diverse. Since the first report on the variation of the brachial plexus over a 100 years ago to more recent cadaver autopsies showing cord level variations in up to 12.8% of cases [8], acknowledge the diverse range of variations associated with the brachial plexus which can not only play a definite role in the failure of BPB, but can also increase the rate of complications due to multiple punctures when using the nerve stimulator, which in turn makes the usefulness of ultra-sonography more valid. Nerve block performed under ultra-sonography does not come without a financial burden, but there has been a report acknowledging that the use of ultra-sonography financially overpasses the nerve stimulator in the long run [9].

In conclusion, even though the introduction of the nerve stimulator and nerve block needle immensely advanced BPB, it cannot be compared to the advantages brought about by ultra-sonography. Furthermore, ultra-sonography is continuously developing into 3-dimensional and 4-dimensional even at this moment. Nevertheless, there are still many hospitals without even the most basic ultra-sonograhic equipment and I hope that in the very near future all medical facilities become equipped with ultra-sonography.


In response to the lack of accurate and reliable parameters in the discrete element simulation analysis of the sugarcane leaf crushing and return device, in this work, the actual and simulated errors of two stacking angles α and β of sugarcane leaves were used as indicators to calibrate the discrete element parameters. The second-order regression models between the important parameters and the indicators were obtained by Plackett-Burman test, steepest climb test, and Box-Behnken optimization test, and the analysis of variance and interaction factors were performed. The response surface method and particle swarm optimization algorithm were used to find the best significance parameters, and the best combination of significance parameters was obtained: the static friction coefficient between sugarcane leaves was 0.306, the rolling friction coefficient between sugarcane leaves was 0.198, and the recovery coefficient of sugarcane leaf-plate collision was 0.102. The relative errors of the simulation results and the physical test stacking angle α and stacking angle β were 0.609% and 1.643%, respectively. The calibration parameters can provide a theoretical reference for the design and research of sugarcane leaf crushing and returning machines, as well as the calibration of discrete element model parameters for leaf crops with high water content.


This research examined the effects of mastery vs. performance training goals and learning and performance goal orientation traits on multidimensional outcomes of training. Training outcomes included declarative knowledge, knowledge structure coherence, training performance, and self-efficacy. We also examined the unique impact of the training outcomes on performance adaptability by predicting generalization to a more difficult and complex version of the task. The experiment involved 60 trainees learning a complex computer simulation over 2 days. The research model posited independent effects for training goals relative to goal orientation traits and independent contributions of training outcomes to the performance adaptability of trainees. The findings were consistent with the proposed model. In particular, self-efficacy and knowledge structure coherence made unique contributions to the prediction of performance adaptability after controlling for prior training performance and declarative knowledge. Implications and extensions are discussed. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.


An integrated fault-tolerant scheme is presented with disturbance compensation. Fault-detection and compensation are merged together to provide a robust algorithm against model uncertainties. The GIMC control architecture is used as a feedback configuration for the fault-tolerant scheme. The synthesis procedure for the parameters of the fault-tolerant scheme is carried out by using tools of robust control theory. In order to increase the set of strongly detectable faults, the disturbance information is feedforward into the fault detection algorithm. A detection filter is designed for fault isolation taking into account the uncertainties in the mathematical model. Finally, the fault compensation strategy also incorporates the disturbance estimation to improve the performance of the closed-loop systems after the fault is detected. In order to illustrate these ideas, the speed regulation of a dc motor is selected as a case study, and the experimental results are reported.


Access to finance plays a significant role in economic development. The cost, efficiency of delivery, financing period, and terms under which finance is obtained influence the likelihood that development will be sustainable. Sustainable development requires that finance be supplied to the points of demand where economic growth can take place in a way that is sustainable and self-sustaining. This is more complex than merely providing finance for economic growth. In this paper, we use South Africa as a case study to discuss the relationship between access to finance, economic growth, and sustainable development. We provide a broad description of the financial system in South Africa, with particular emphasis on the role of banks and informal finance in the provision of credit to individuals and the SMME (small, medium, and micro enterprise) sector. We use a series of correlation tests and develop a basic econometric model to test the relationship between economic growth and the use of financial services in South Africa. In the correlation analysis, we focus on specific types of financial services sector output, with particular emphasis on consumer and household use of financial services. Results indicate that there is a positive relationship between growth in the use of a range of financial products and the rate of growth of the GDP (gross domestic product) of South Africa. In addition, we find that there are a number of direct, indirect, and interactive relationships, which determine the rate of usage of financial services in relation to the GDP. We also find that access to finance in South Africa is skewered by race and gender and also towards the urban areas. Such policy is deleterious to sustainable development. Accordingly, we conclude by suggesting policy that may enhance economic growth and sustainable development in South Africa.


Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor β super family. Because of its extensive clinical usages, its recombinant production is beneficial. In this study, activin A was expressed in E. coli using the pET 21a expression vector. The optimization of the activin A production in E. coli was done by using the response surface methodology (RSM). At this stage, the effect of IPTG and lactose concentration as inducers on protein production was investigated. The effect of different post-induction time and temperature on protein production was then studied in two strains of E. coli (BL21(DE3) and BL21(DE3) plysS). For enhanced expression, the optimum IPTG and lactose concentrations were 1.5 mM and 0% W/V respectively. In the DE3 strain, the optimum post-induction time and temperature were 10 hours and 30°C respectively while in DE3 (plysS) these were 4 hours and 35°C respectively


Patient suicide is one of the most stressful events that can occur during the professional life of the psychiatrist. International studies suggest that every other psychiatrist will have at least one patient who commits suicide. The author provides a personal account of her reaction to one patient's death. The somewhat limited literature on psychiatrists' reactions to suicide is reviewed. One third of those who experience suicide in a patient in their own care may develop low mood, sleep disturbance or irritability in the weeks that follow. The author discusses why suicide can have such a profound effect on the psychiatrist. As young doctors are more prone to stress reactions following suicide, training programs should prepare them for this event. Informal support from colleagues and team members can mitigate the doctor's reactions in the aftermath.


The quality of recorded speech signals can be substantially affected by room reverberation. In this paper we focus on a blind method for speech dereverberation based on the multi-channel linear prediction model in the short-time Fourier domain, where the parameters of the model are estimated using a maximum-likelihood procedure. Contrary to the conventional approach, we propose to model the desired speech signal using a general sparse prior that can be represented as a maximization over scaled complex Gaussians. Experimental evaluation, employing a parametric complex generalized Gaussian prior for the desired speech signal, shows that instrumentally predicted speech quality can be improved compared to the conventional approach.


We report the design and fabrication of compact 2- and 3-stage coplanar (CPW) microwave monolithic integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers having high output power at Ka-band. Based on a 0.15-μm gate length GaAs PHEMT process, a two-stage MMIC driver amplifier has demonstrated at 35 GHz, a linear gain of 11 dB, an output power at 1 dB gain compression P/sub -1 dB/ of 350 mW, and a saturated output power P/sub sat/ greater than 500 mW. For the same frequency, the high-power CPW 2-stage amplifier achieved a linear gain of 9.5 dB, with P/sub -1 dB/=725 mW and more than 1 W of saturated output power, Additional thermal management resulted in an increased performance, namely, 10.4 dB linear gain, P/sub -1 dB/=950 mW and P/sub sat/=1.2 W. To our knowledge, these are the highest output powers ever reported at Ka-band for any uniplanar MMIC.


Following the digitization of archival records of ethnographic work conducted among Yemeni Jews in the early 1970s, we presented these findings to the same community at the same location, fity years later. In this renegotiation, our interlocutors radically undermined the credibility of our archival material. We analyze the audience's reactions and the way they reflect different ethnographic dynamics, contextualizing their critical position in the tensions between archival knowledge and lived repertoire in general, and specifically in relation to traumatic experiences of Yemenis in Israel. Finally, we discuss how the suspicion toward the archive is embedded in larger current discourses on "truth" and "facts" and how in this context, it can be beneficial to scrutinize tradition archives in a community setting.


Abstract This paper is a first attempt to provide a quantitative evaluation of consumer well-being resulting from the UK Soft Drinks Industry Levy introduced in April 2018. Using a model setup that encompasses both a normal case and a Giffen case for sugary drinks consumption, a computational exercise is performed to quantify the welfare social loss for a variety of household incomes. The model demonstrates that the introduction of a soft drinks levy results in a non-trivial welfare loss, particularly in terms of monetary value and weight effect. We also find that the wealthiest individuals in society are affected positively by this levy, whilst the poorest segment of the population are adversely affected, especially in the presence of a binding nutritional constraint.


Smart homes require every device inside them to be connected with each other at all times, which leads to a lot of power wastage on a daily basis. As the devices inside a smart home increase, it becomes difficult for the user to control or operate every individual device optimally. Therefore, users generally rely on power management systems for such optimization but often are not satisfied with the results. In this paper, we present a novel multi-objective reinforcement learning framework with two-fold objectives of minimizing power consumption and maximizing user satisfaction. The framework explores the trade-off between the two objectives and converges to a better power management policy when both objectives are considered while finding an optimal policy. We experiment on real-world smart home data, and show that the multi-objective approaches: i) establish trade-off between the two objectives, ii) achieve better combined user satisfaction and power consumption than single-objective approaches. We also show that the devices that are used regularly and have several fluctuations in device modes at regular intervals should be targeted for optimization, and the experiments on data from other smart homes fetch similar results, hence ensuring transfer-ability of the proposed framework.


In a distributed multi-user environment, the security policy must not only specify legitimate user privileges but also aid in the detection of the abuse of the privileges and adapt to perceived system threat conditions. This paper advocates extending authorization policy evaluation mechanisms with a means for generating audit data allowing immediate notification of suspicious application level activity. It additionally suggests that the evaluation of the policies themselves adapt to perceived network threat conditions, possibly affected by the receipt of such audit data by other processes. Such advanced policies assist in detecting and responding to intrusion and misuse and they allow more efficient utilization of security services, such as authentication, audit, and notification. We present an authorization framework, which enables the representation and enforcement of advanced security policies. Our approach is based on expanding the policy evaluation mechanism with the ability to generate real time actions, such as checking the current system threat level and sending a notification.


Out-of-school children (ATS) and vulnerable children dropping out of school (ARPS) are problems in education that the government must face. Today, the number of out-of-school children and dropouts has increased. For this reason, the government must develop strategies to deal with these problems. The purpose of this analysis is to increase HDI in a region. The research method used is a literature study that focuses on literature, journals, and articles. The results of the research The strategy to restore ATS and prevent ARPS must be carried out according to the environmental conditions of individual children. By providing adequate and easily accessible learning facilities both formally and non-formally, then providing motivation and support for children's conditions with an interesting and fun learning system.


Studies of forest loss and fragmentation provide clear examples of the linkages between ecological pattern and process. Reductions in forest area lead to higher within-patch extinction rates, the eventual loss of area-sensitive species, and declines in species richness and diversity. Forest loss also results in increased isolation of remnants, lower among-patch immigration rates, and less 'rescue' from surrounding populations. Specific responses, however, are sometimes counterintuitive because they depend on life-history tradeoffs that influence population dynamics and species co-existence in heterogeneous landscapes, not just forest remnants. Thus, while fragmentation generally favours r-selected, generalist strategies, such as high dispersal and a wide niche breadth, ecological outcomes may be confounded by species-specific responses to conditions in the human-dominated matrix and the ways in which forest edges shape cross-landscape movements. Given that pressures on global forestlands continue to intensify due to growing population sizes, economic pressures, and needs for space and resources, successfully maintaining or restoring species will necessitate a combination of short- and long-term actions that address both habitat protection and restoration. Doing so will require an interdisciplinary approach that gives adequate attention to the manners by which forest loss and fragmentation affect population dynamics through changes in forest area, isolation, habitat quality, matrix properties, and edge effects as well as the synergistic interactions of fragmentation with climate change, human-altered disturbance regimes, species interactions and other drivers of species population declines.


Introduction Fishermen are an occupational group who are typically highly exposed to water based risk, and face consequences of disaster frequently. A number of fishermen have experienced both fatal and non-fatal drowning, although fishermen are generally not treated as a vulnerable community. There is very limited knowledge on the context of drowning in fishermen and opportunities for prevention in fisherman in Bangladesh. Objectives To explore current safety management perceptions and practices among the fishermen. Methods An anthropological study captured data through in-depth interviews (IDIs-16) and focus group (FGD-3) discussion with fishermen, key informant interviews (KI-4) with lenders and boat owners, we also conducted observations (6) of fishing practices. Data were transcribed and coded into NVIVO-11 software. Data were analyzed by content and thematic areas. Results Most fishermen perceived drowning as a natural incident or as 'God's will' and therefore it cannot be prevented. Many fishermen did not take any safety equipment, as they believe in the case of bad weather they will able to come to inland and also think as fishermen they are strong enough to rescue themselves. They thought themselves as very good swimmers and perceived they could rescue themselves by floating equipment such as that used to float fishing nets. Majority of fishermen reported not carrying any safety equipment as they thought it is necessary only for fishing in the sea. Furthermore, the fishermen reported that as they need to store fish in their boat and there is no space remain to keep safety equipment. Conclusion Most of the fishermen did not perceive drowning as an occupational hazard, had no training of use of life-saving equipment and rescue and did not have adequate safety equipment. Community awareness along with first aid, safety equipment and training are necessary to reduce drowning risk in marginalized fishermen community in Bangladesh.


The concept of time lens is based on the analogy between optical spatial diffraction and temporal dispersion. It extends our knowledge of optics in the space-domain into the timedomain. Novel temporal imaging and signal processing systems can be created that mimic the operation of their spatial counterparts in the space-domain. A distinktive advantage of these temporal processing systems is their extremly high speed, up to picosecond range with currently available devices. In this Phase I program, we have studied the space-time duality and established a theoretical model for general temporal imaging systems. Design criteria for a phase chirp modulator as well as dispersive delay lines have been developed. Several temporal imaging and signal processing systems have been designed with commercially available optical and optoelectronic devices. Various applications of these temporal processing systems were studied. A temporal microscope and a temporal 4-f filtering system have been identified for prototype development in Phase I1. #.J i.•'. ~~.2'''' .. .. ' '


The recent availability of consumer-level head-mounted displays and omnidirectional cameras has been driving an explosion of 360 video content. Transforming the original recorded 360 video content in meaningful interactive multimedia presentations that support viewers in tasks such as learning, entertainment, and telepresence, however, is not trivial and requires new tools. Such tools must provide an easy-to-use authoring model for the integration of different media objects and active user interface elements.In this paper, based on real-world scenarios for interactive 360 videos, we gather a set of requirements and propose a declarative authoring model to support authors in the process of designing and creating 360-degree interactive video presentations. As a case study, we implement different applications showing the expressiveness and completeness of the model in the scope of the target scenarios.