The technique of mark-release-recapture was used to study survival before and after sexual maturity in adults of the damselfly Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer). Fewer females were recaptured upon return to water to breed despite no differences in dispersal or daily survival rate between the sexes over the immature period. Because females took longer to mature than males, their poorer recapture rate was attributed to greater overall mortality during their longer maturation phase. Survivorship curves for tenerals marked at emergence suggested that overall survival of immature adults was similar to, if not better than, that of mature adults. The reasons for this are discussed.

Jolly's model was used to estimate daily survival rates for mature adults. The assumptions of the model were tested rigorously. Estimates for females were statistically less reliable than those for males. Mean reproductive spans for males and females were 6.8 and 6.6 days, respectively, giving mean total adult lifespans of 19.4 days and 21.6 days for individuals surviving the maturation period.

Because neither sex visited the breeding site every day, sampling exclusively at water resulted in underestimation of mean reproductive spans for both sexes. Female reproductive spans were underestimated to a greater extent; because females remain away from water longer between visits, there is a greater chance that they will die before being recaptured.

Mean reproductive spans were also underestimated when only a sub-section of the habitat was sampled. Females were significantly more mobile than males and this increased the likelihood that they would move out of the study area, resulting in more severe underestimation. The importance of obtaining accurate estimates of mature lifespan for females is discussed.


Aim: This study examined the impact of traditional and descriptive evaluation on student achievement goals son fifth grade zones 3 and 5 were conducted in Mashhad.
Methods: This study included descriptive census of all 108 students and 118 students from schools at the same level they were not covered by the descriptive evaluation plan were selected. Measuring instruments used in this study, questionnaire development goals. Independent t test and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The results showed that group of traditional descriptive variables were significantly different achievement goals. Further analysis showed that mastery goal orientation of students descriptive significantly higher than students in regular schools at the same level it and the functional orientation - avoid students were significantly less than normal students and between performanceapproach orientation students traditional evaluation descriptive evaluation group was not significant.


After the Second World War, the colonial government initiated many economic policies in order to resuscitate the economy of Britain and to develop the British African territories of which Nigeria was one. Among such economic policies was the establishment of the Marketing Board System. Cocoa marketing board was set up in 1947, while the groundnut, cotton and palm produce marketing boards were set-up in 1949. The boards were established primarily to stabilize Nigerian producers' prices in order to eliminate the seasonal price fluctuations of export produce. Other reasons were to provide funds for regional governments and economic development of the production areas and scientific research in agriculture putting to an end a series of producers' protests and improvement of the quality of the crops through the grading system. This paper attempts a critique of the colonial government's aims of setting-up the marketing boards to ascertain whether the price stabilization, under-utilization, grading policy and other fiscal policies of the boards were judiciously implemented or not. The paper argues that the marketing boards only succeeded to some extent in stabilizing seasonal producers' prices but achieved little success in stabilizing producers' income because the profits that were supposed to accrue to Nigerian peasant producers were used by the colonial administration to cushion their industries abroad that were devastated during the Second World War. This paper also contends that, the colonial government policy was initiated in order to protect her imperial and economic interests at the expense of the Nigerian peasants because the funds accumulated for years were used for other purposes by the British and the Nigerian regional politicians rather than the purposes it was earlier put forward. Our analysis sees marketing board system as a salient exploitative measure and oppression and maintains that the paltry infrastructural development and social amenities provided were largely accidental fallout of colonialism. This paper submits that the marketing boards during the British colonial era were British monopoly statutory institutions created to ensure the domination of Nigerian economy for years. While the colonial government had been guilty of under spending, the 1954  regional marketing boards were accused of overspending, while the 1980s commodity boards were squeezed on an attempt to please the farmers.


Present day applications that require reliable data storage use one of five commonly available RAID levels to protect against data loss due to media or disk failures. With a marked rise in the quantity of stored data and no commensurate improvement in disk reliability, a greater variety is becoming necessary to contain costs. Adding new RAID codes to an implementation becomes cost prohibitive since they require significant development, testing and tuning efforts. We suggest a novel solution to this problem: a generic RAID Engine and Optimizer (REO). It is generic in that it works for any XOR-based erasure (RAID) code and under any combination of sector or disk failures. REO can systematically deduce a least cost reconstruction strategy for a read to lost pages or for an update strategy for a flush of dirty pages. Using trace driven simulations we show that REO can automatically tune I/O performance to be competitive with existing RAID implementations.


Physico-chemical and biological micro-scale environmental parameters within microbial mats formed in hypersaline conditions favour the precipitation of minerals, such as carbonates. We used optical microscopy and the technique "Fluorescence Induction Relaxation " (FIRe) to differentiate the photosynthetic activity of oxygenic photosynthesisers (cyanobacteria) from anoxygenic photosynthesisers (Chloroflexus-like bacteria, CFB) in samples obtained in 2011. After this preliminary investigation, we characterised the elemental composition of the different species of microorganisms, their extracellular substances (EPS), and the minerals precipitated on their surface. This study was made in-situ by µ-PIXE using the nuclear microprobe of the AIFIRA platform (CEN Bordeaux-Gradignan ; protons of 1.5 or 3MeV). With this microprobe it is possible to map the distribution of elements occurring in quantities down to several ppm, a resolution that is particularly favourable for studying microorganisms. SEM observation of the same zones allowed us to localise exactly the microbial structures (cells, EPS) and minerals analysed by nuclear probe. We were thus able to document the differential S and P concentrations in the different microbial species, the CLB being richer in P. Note that the CLB filaments are < 1 µm in diameter. We were also able to demonstrate the anti-correlation of Ca and Mg in the minerals precipitated directly on the microorganisms and on their EPS. Thus we have shown the utility of these in situ, nano-scale methods in studying microbial structures consisting of different species with different metabolic activitie, and different functional groups on their cell walls and EPS implicated in the bioprecipitation of different kinds of minerals. Such features in ancient microbial mats could aid their interpretation and possibly the distinction between ancient oxygenic and anoxygenic mats.


The nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) of the Ac transposase (TPase) protein have been characterized by indirect immunofluorescence detection of TPase deletion derivatives and TPase/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) fusion proteins in transiently transfected Petunia cells. The TPase contains three NLSs near its amino-terminal end, NLS(44-62), NLS(159-178) and NLS(174-206), each of which is sufficient to redirect GUS to the nucleus. Deletion of the N-terminal 102 TPase residues including NLS(44-62) results in strongly reduced nuclear import of the truncated TPase. NLS(44-62) and NLS(159-178) are bipartite NLSs, whereas the structure of NLS(174-206) does not allow a classification into one of the three major NLS categories. NLS(174-206) overlaps with the basic DNA-binding domain of TPase. A substitution of two amino acids in this segment (His191-->Arg and Arg193-->His) results in a total loss of DNA-binding activity, but retains reduced NLS activity. Accordingly, the two functions can be separated. In addition, we show that a NLS-deficient 71 kDa TPase derivative is co-imported into the nucleus in the presence of wild-type TPase.


The invention belongs to urine detection reagents and particularly relates to a reagent for detecting an abnormal metabolite, namely tryptophan, in a human body and a preparation method of the reagent. The reagent for detecting a tumor marker, namely tryptophan, in urine comprises aqueous solutions of Hg , Hg2 , Ni , WO4 , SO4 , NO3 and SeO3 . The preparation method comprises the following steps: preparing a sulfuric acid solution; preparing a nitric acid solution; preparing a solution A; preparing a solution B; preparing a solution C; preparing a solution D; preparing a solution E; mixing. According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, raw materials are easily obtained and are cheap, the preparation process is simple, the obtained reagent is stable in performance and has the characteristics of strong universality, high sensitivity, good specificity and the like when the reagent is applied to cancer detection, and the detection is simple in process, short in time and easy in judgment, so that the reagent is particularly applicable to the massive population check and the treatment effect check of cancer patients.


With the advancement in Personal Healthcare System now it's time to build a standalone application which can play an important role in Personal Healthcare System. Normally the requirement to build this kind of Healthcare application arises when we need a standalone application which can work without Physician. To build this application we studied several existing application and ongoing projects and tried to build a application which can give some diagnostic message for some specific information for ECG, Spo2, Body temperature etc. We studied different kind of application and their data like ECG, Spo2 etc, with their available application, their features and how to process all those data. The most difficult phase was to build such algorithm which can work independently without physician. We also try to implement and enhance pan- Tompkins PQRST algorithm go get some specific diagnosis. In this paper we try to analyze the requirement to build such application and after that implement that on short scale. This application can be very useful for daily computer user to measure their daily common healthcare measurement like ECG, Spo2 etc. In this paper we tried to make more concern on ECG analysis and give an introduction other features. To build this application we use J2EE and oscilloscope. We also modified the oscilloscope (java Program) according to our requirement. We also try to build a whole architecture which can work as a independent unit in personal healthcare system with analyze of some common known healthcare standard which are working on this field like HIMSS, OpenEHR, HL7 etc too.


A computational methodology is presented for the systematic design of analogs. The approach is applicable to large data sets. Series of structurally related compounds are automatically detected, core structures and substituents isolated, novel core-substituent combinations enumerated, and synthetically accessible analogs identified. Compared to active compounds sharing the same core structure, virtual analogs often contain new substitution sites and chemical features. The methodology has been applied to compounds active against more than 1000 targets and has yielded nearly two million well-defined virtual analogs. A database comprising these analogs is made freely available as a resource for candidate selection and chemical exploration.


Background and objectives Although processed complementary foods (PCFs) can contribute to meeting dietary needs of infants and young children, it has been associated with unethical marketing practices, which undermine practice of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. The current study assessed PCF labeling compliance to the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes (CMBMS) and the National Breastfeeding Promotion Regulation (NBPR) in Ghana. Methods A variety of PCF were purchased from child welfare clinics, fuel station shops, supermarkets, "mother/baby" care shops, and pharmacies in the La and Osu Klottey sub-metropolitan areas in Accra. The labels were evaluated against the best practice indicators proposed by the Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition Working Group based on the international CMBMS, and also indicators based on the NBPR. An overall compliance estimate was determined based on intensity of compliance to the indicators. Results The PCF purchased included cereal-based products, fruit juices, fruit and vegetable purees, milk-based products, and combination meals; 75% of PCF were imported. One hundred of the 108 products identified were labeled in English and thus included in analysis. None of the products complied with all labeling requirements of CMBMS or NBPR; 84 and 17% of product labels complied with at least 50% of NBPR and 50% of CMBMS indicators, respectively. Only 5% of labels had content indicating importance of exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months. Additionally, only 5% of labels warned against the hazard of introducing PCF earlier than 6 months as required by the NBPR. Conclusion Labeling of most PCF sold by selected retailers in Accra did not comply with NBPR and CMBMS labeling requirements. Enforcement of local law on labeling of PCF is urgently needed.


In the pages of the inaugural issue of this journal, the work of film educator Alain Bergala was discussed as a means of exploring possible approaches to film education. While Bergala offers many reasons why young people should be taught about film, there is very little discussion
 in his work of how they learn. In the subject field of education more broadly, there is currently a great deal of attention given to this process, with classroom teachers in all disciplines being encouraged to consider the ways that cognitive science might inform both instructional
 design and teaching itself. The popularity of the work of psychologists such as John Sweller and Daniel Willingham can be seen as indicative of a wider, positivist trend in educational research. While, historically, film educators may have seen their pedagogical and curricular activities as
 being located in a more linguistic, and perhaps interpretivist, domain, it is important to note that there is a cognitive tradition within both film studies and film education, mainly arising from the work of David Bordwell. Bordwell's seminal essay, 'A case for cognitivism' (1989), sets out
 some initial reasons why both students of film and film educators should be interested in the way that the brain comprehends the moving image. Drawing on and augmenting the work of other cognitivists such as Paul Messaris (1994) and Gavriel Salomon (1979), Bordwell's work makes for important
 rereading in an educational environment in which there is both some agreement and some scepticism about the significance of the cognitive. This article seeks to outline and critique the most relevant of Bordwell's arguments, taking as its starting point some unanswered questions from my own
 PhD studies, which led me to the work of both Bordwell and Messaris, and subsequently to identifying some ideas that film teachers may wish to reflect upon in terms of their own classroom practice. At the same time, it locates Bordwell's work in the wider field of cognitive perspectives in
 education.


The catalytic system Mn–Na2WO4/SiO2, known for its relatively stable performance for oxidative coupling of methane (OCM), has been thoroughly investigated in the past. In order to evaluate its catalytic performance, micro-fixed-bed reactors were used almost exclusively. This study aims to answer the question of whether this catalytic system would be applicable on a larger scale using a miniplant fluidized-bed quartz glass reactor. Special consideration was given for finding the optimal operating conditions and investigating whether catalyst abrasion and agglomeration could be limiting factors. In this study different compositions of the Mn–Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst were tested. High sodium content catalysts were difficult to fluidize at the optimal reaction temperature due to severe agglomeration by melting. Low sodium content catalysts showed low selectivity to C2+ hydrocarbons. Catalysts containing intermediate levels of sodium were used for detailed testing as they showed promising performance as well as good fluidizability. The influence of the different reaction parameters on performance was tested, resulting in 19.4% C2 yield at 40% C2 selectivity. Catalysts before and after reaction were characterized regarding composition, crystalline phases, surface morphology and thermal stability. After time on stream, all catalysts exhibited a reduction in specific surface area, changes in Mn valence state (Mnδ+ (2 ≤ δ ≤ 3)) and changes in morphology due to grain growth.


Epidemiological studies demonstrate that the incidence of multiple sclerosis (MS) is age-dependent being rare prior to age 10, unusual prior to age 15, with a peak in the mid 20s. It has been suggested that the manifestation of MS is dependent upon having passed through the pubertal period. In the present communication, I propose that critical changes in pineal melatonin secretion, which occur in temporal relationship to the onset of puberty, are intimately related to the timing of onset of the clinical manifestations of MS. Specifically, it is suggested that the fall in melatonin secretion during the prepubertal period, which may disrupt pineal-mediated immunomodulation, may stimulate either the reactivation of the infective agent or increase the susceptibility to infection during the pubertal period. Similarly, the rapid fall in melatonin secretion just prior to delivery may account for the frequent occurrence of relapse in MS patients during the postpartum period. In contrast, pregnancy, which is associated with high melatonin concentrations, is often accompanied by remission of symptoms. Thus, the presence of high melatonin levels may provide a protective effect, while a decline in melatonin secretion may increase the risk for the development and exacerbation of the disease. The melatonin hypothesis of MS may explain other epidemiological and clinical phenomena associated with the disease such as the low incidence of MS in the black African and American populations, the inverse correlation with sun light and geomagnetic field exposure, the occurrence of relapses in relation to seasonal changes and fluctuations in mood, and the association of MS with affective illness and malignant disease. Therapeutically, this hypothesis implies that application of bright light therapy or the use of other major synchronizers of circadian rhythms such as sleep deprivation or application of external weak magnetic fields may be beneficial in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of relapses in the disease.


Numerous applications continuously produce big amounts of data series, and in several time critical scenarios analysts need to be able to query these data as soon as they become available. An adaptive index data structure, ADS+, which is specifically tailored to solve the problem of indexing and querying very large data series collections has been recently proposed as a solution to this problem. The main idea is that instead of building the complete index over the complete data set up-front and querying only later, we interactively and adaptively build parts of the index, only for the parts of the data on which the users pose queries. The net effect is that instead of waiting for extended periods of time for the index creation, users can immediately start exploring the data series. In this work, we present a demonstration of ADS+; we introduce RINSE, a system that allows users to experience the benefits of the ADS+ adaptive index through an intuitive web interface. Users can explore large datasets and find patterns of interest, using nearest neighbor search. They can draw queries (data series) using a mouse, or touch screen, or they can select from a predefined list of data series. RINSE can scale to large data sizes, while drastically reducing the data to query delay: by the time state-of-the-art indexing techniques finish indexing 1 billion data series (and before answering even a single query), adaptive data series indexing can already answer 3 * 105 queries.


Understanding how the competition varies with productivity is essential for differentiating among alternative models of plant community organization. Prior attempts to explain shifts in root and shoot competition along gradients have generally assumed an additive interaction between the two competitive forms, using an experimental design which does not fully separate both above- and belowground processes. At the most basic level, few field studies have separated root and shoot competition, and we have limited knowledge about both the relative importance of these processes, and how they interact to affect plant growth in the field. Presented here are findings from a field study in which root and shoot competition were experimentally separated by using root exclusion tubes and neighbor tiebacks in an early successional community. Individuals of four species (Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Rumex crispus, and Plantago lanceolata) were grown at two levels of fertilization with full competition, aboveground competition only, belowground competition only, or neither above- nor belowground competition. Competition was measured as competitive response, which is the natural log of the relative biomass of a target plant grown with competition compared to growth without competition. In contrast to predictions from current models of productivity-competition relationships, but in agreement with other experimental studies, there was no change in the strengths or root, shoot, or total competition with a modest increase in productivity. Despite no effect of fertilization on the strength of competition, the form of interaction between root and shoot competition varied both as a function of species identity and fertilization. For both of the rosette forming species, the combined effects of root and shoot competition were less than predicted assuming no interaction (a "negative interaction"), with one species switching from a negative to an additive interaction with fertilization. The fact that fertilization caused a shift in the root-shoot interaction, but not in the total strength of root and shoot competition, suggests that the root-shoot interaction is itself a highly labile variable. If root-shoot interactions are common in natural systems, then simply measuring the strength of one form of competition in no way provides any information about the overall importance of that competitive form to plant growth.


The rapid development of frequency-tunable pulsed lasers up to telecommunication wavelengths (1400-1600 nm) led to the design of new materials for nonlinear absorption in this spectral range. In this context, two families of near infra-red (NIR) chromophores, namely heptamethine cyanine and aza-borondipyrromethene (aza-bodipy) dyes were studied. In both cases, they show significant two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections in the 1400-1600 nm spectral range and display good optical power limiting (OPL) properties. OPL curves were interpreted on the basis of TPA followed by excited state absorption (ESA) phenomena. Finally these systems have several relevant properties like nonlinear absorption properties, gram scale synthesis and high solubility. In addition, they could be functionalized on several sites which open the way to numerous practical applications in biology, solid-state optical limiting and signal processing.


Ensemble of Neural Network (NN) models are known to yield improvements in accuracy. Furthermore, they have been empirically shown to yield robust measures of uncertainty, though without theoretical guarantees. However, ensembles come at high computational and memory cost, which may be prohibitive for certain application. There has been significant work done on the distillation of an ensemble into a single model. Such approaches decrease computational cost and allow a single model to achieve accuracy comparable to that of an ensemble. However, information about the diversity of the ensemble, which can yield estimates of knowledge uncertainty, is lost. Recently, a new class of models, called Prior Networks, has been proposed, which allows a single neural network to explicitly model a distribution over output distributions, effectively emulating an ensemble. In this work ensembles and Prior Networks are combined to yield a novel approach called Ensemble Distribution Distillation (EnD), which allows distilling an ensemble into a single Prior Network. This allows a single model to retain both the improved classification performance as well as measures of diversity of the ensemble. In this initial investigation the properties of EnD have been investigated and confirmed on an artificial dataset.


The quality of the current waveform generated by a current-controlled, voltage source inverter, depends basically on three factors: (a) the switching frequency of the PWM modulator; (b) the type of current waveform being generated; and (c) the modulation method used. In the paper, three modulation methods, whose characteristics are their simplicity, are analysed: periodical sampling control, hysteresis band control, and triangular carrier control. These three methods have been tested with three different waveform templates: sinusoidal, quasisquare and rectifier compensation current. They are compared in terms of the harmonic content and distortion at the same switching frequency. The paper shows that for sinusoidal current generation, the best method is the triangular carrier, followed by the hysteresis band and the periodical sampling. However, for the other two types of reference templates, the analysis showed that, depending on external factors such as inverter inductance, type of load, or delays in the PWM switching signals, one strategy may be better than the others. The paper shows that each control method is affected in a different way by the switching time delays present in the driving circuitry and in the power semiconductors. The results are analysed and compared, with the help of computer simulations and experimental results.


Over the last few decades, biomedical implants have successfully delivered therapeutic electrical stimulation to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in people with drug-resistant epilepsy. However, neurostimulation approaches require invasive surgery to implant stimulating electrodes, and surgical, medical and hardware complications are not uncommon. An endovascular approach provides a potentially safer and less invasive surgical alternative. This article critically evaluates the feasibility of endovascular closed-loop neuromodulation for the treatment of epilepsy. By reviewing literature that reported the impact of direct electrical stimulation to reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures, we identified clinically validated extracranial, cortical and deep-cortical neural targets. We identified veins in close proximity to these targets, and evaluated the potential of delivering an endovascular implant to these veins based on their diameter. We then compared the risks and benefits of existing technology to describe a benchmark of clinical safety and efficacy that would need to be achieved for endovascular neuromodulation to provide therapeutic benefit. For the majority of brain regions that have been clinically demonstrated to reduce seizure occurrence in response to delivered electrical stimulation, vessels of appropriate diameter for delivery of an endovascular electrode to these regions could be achieved. This includes: delivery to the vagus nerve via the 13.2±0.9mm diameter internal jugular vein, the motor cortex via the 6.5±1.7mm diameter superior sagittal sinus, and the cerebellum via the 7.7±1.4mm diameter sigmoid sinus or 6.2±1.4mm diameter transverse sinus. Deep cerebral targets can also be accessed with an endovascular approach, with the 1.9±0.5mm diameter internal cerebral vein and 1.2mm diameter thalamostriate vein lying in close proximity to the anterior and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus, respectively. This work identified numerous veins that are in close proximity to conventional stimulation targets that are of a diameter large enough for delivery and deployment of an endovascular electrode array, supporting future work to assess clinical efficacy and chronic safety of an endovascular approach to deliver therapeutic neurostimulation.


The first phytopathogenic bacterium with its DNA entirely sequenced is being detected and isolated from different host plants in several geographic regions. Although it causes diseases in cultures of economic importance, such as citrus, coffee, and grapevine little is known about the genetic relationships among different strains. Actually, all strains are grouped as a single species, Xylella fastidiosa, despite colonizing different hosts, developing symptoms, and different physiological and microbiological observed conditions. The existence of genetic diversity among X. fastidiosa strains was detected by different methodological techniques, since cultural to molecular methods. However, little is know about the phylogenetic relationships developed by Brazilian strains obtained from coffee and citrus plants. In order to evaluate it, fAFLP markers were used to verify genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships developed by Brazilian and strange strains. fAFLP is an efficient technique, with high reproducibility that is currently used for bacterial typing and classification. The obtained results showed that Brazilian strains present genetic diversity and that the strains from this study were grouped distinctly according host and geographical origin like citrus-coffee, temecula-grapevine-mulberry and plum-elm.


Pure fatty tumors of the uterus are exceedingly rare. The more common lipomatous tumor is lipoleiomyoma with varying amounts of two components. Most are post-operative chance findings following hysterectomy for leiomyoma. Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging can assist in pre-operative diagnosis. A 60 year old post-menopausal woman presented with a mass per abdomen. Ultrasound revealed fibroid uterus with lipomatous areas. The hysterectomy specimen showed a pure intramural lipoma of the uterus. As clinical symptoms and signs of uterine lipoma are indistinguishable from uterine leiomyoma, various imaging techniques can aid in pre-operative diagnosis. The diagnosis of pure lipoma of the uterus should only be made when any smooth muscle if present is confined to the periphery of the tumor.


We have investigated microwave dielectric properties and crystal structures of Ca(B3+1/2B1/2'5+)O3 (B: Al, Cr, Mn, Fe; B': Nb, Ta) and Ca(B2+1/3B2/3'5+)O3 (B: Mg, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn; B': Nb, Ta) perovskite ceramics. Compared with well-known Ba-based perovskite dielectrics, the Ca-based complex perovskite dielectrics had lower relative permittivities (er), lower Q values, and larger negative temperature coefficients of resonant frequencies (τf). Ca(Mg1/3Ta2/3)O3 had the highest Q value (Qf=78000 GHz) in this investigation. All Ca(B1/2B1/2')O3 had perovskite structures similar to CaTiO3 with a unit cell including four simple perovskite cells. Ca(B1/3B2/3')O3 with a small B ion such as Ni had the same structure Ca(B1/2B1/2')O3. Ca(B1/3B2/3')O3, however, had perovskite structures with larger unit cells than CaTiO3 when B ions had larger ionic radii.


Abstract:This article examines Lebanese-Québécois playwrightWajdi Mouawad's 2006 play Forêts in the context of the trauma theory of psychoanalysts Jean- Max Gaudillière and Françoise Davoine. It argues that Forêts continues in the trajectory of Mouawad's previous works through its metaphorical use of the concept of l'irruption de l'autre, even while the play represents a move away from the specifics of Mouawad's own biography. Examining the dialogue and the thematic and scenic structure of the play, the article demonstrates Mouawad's sensitivity to a universal understanding of the psychic functioning of personal and historical trauma as disruptions in a subject's relationship to time.


The objective of this article is to provide an efficient means of enforcing green building in Jordan, the Middle East. The paper is proposing assessment tool of Energy Star Rating Scheme and also explaining its role for achieving sustainable development during buildings lifecycle and hence reducing energy and water usage. The scheme development will remove considerable environmental, social and economic issues as Jordan is a country that renowned for its poor energy and water resources. The article provides technical aspects, means, technologies and processes for proposing and implementation green star ratings for buildings. The star ratings are based on integrating renewable energy technologies, water recourses and its consumption management and waste recycling and its management throughout the buildings' life cycle including its design, installation and operation.


The Magnus effect measurement apparatus was designed and built for spinning wind tunnel model which would simulate the rotation of projectiles. Prior to the high speed test, the ground functional test and the low speed test were carried out in the Agency for Defense Development's Low Speed Wind Tunnel(ADD-LSWT) at spin rates from about 6,000 to 10,000 rpm. Magnus force and moment were measured on the spinning projectile model at velocity of 100 m/s. It was shown that the Magnus force and moment were linear function of spin parameter. The test results were compared with Magnus test run on the same configuration in the Arnold Engineering Development Center's Propulsion Tunnel 4T(AEDC-4T).


ABSTRACT Synovial chondromatosis (SC) in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an uncommon entity, mostly when the involvement is bilateral. The authors report a rare case of bilateral SC, with a follow-up of 13 months, and a literature review. A 60-year-old Caucasian woman, with the chief complaint of pain for 6 years in the bilateral pre-auricular region, had a progressive clacking and discomfort on the left side during mouth opening. The panoramic image was suggestive of SC. The bilateral lesion was surgically removed by direct access. Histopathological examination confirmed the clinical diagnosis of bilateral SC. This article shows the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Also, it encourages the referral of such cases to professionals with a greater familiarity with this entity.


The objective of the Second Adaptable Program Lending for Central African Backbone Project is to contribute to increase geographical reach and usage of regional broadband network services and reduce their prices. Some of the negative impacts and their mitigation measures include: 1) disruption to other services, vehicle or pedestrian traffic or any other activities must be minimized; 2) the contractor must make provisions for maintaining access, providing adequate notice of access closures and alternative routing if required; 3) the contractor must identify the location of any existing services under the road prior to commencing with construction; 4) the cable station construction site should be clearly demarcated in order to minimize the construction footprint upon surrounding land; 5) disturbance around the landing site of Praia Pomba, if selected, must be minimized and pollution and waste prevented from entering the stream; and 6) no solid waste may be burned or buried on site. Any waste must be disposed of at a recognized waste disposal site.


Blood coagulates to plug vascular damage and stop bleeding, and thus the function of blood clots in hemostasis depends on their resistance against rupture (toughness). Despite the significance, fracture mechanics of blood clots remains largely unexplored, particularly the measurements of toughness and critical length scales governing clot fracture. Here, we study the fracture behavior of human whole blood clots and platelet-poor plasma clots. The fracture energy of whole blood clots and platelet-poor plasma clots determined using modified lap-shear method is 5.90±1.18 J/m2 and 0.96±0.90 J/m2, respectively. We find that the measured toughness is independent of the specimen geometry and loading conditions. These results reveal a significant contribution of blood cells to the clot fracture, as well as the dissipative length scale and nonlinear elastic length scale governing clot fracture.


Abstract I use Nietzsche's work on theodicy to explore gendered valuation systems around women's bodies. The notion of theodicy provides a different entry point to questions of ideology as it begins with an account of people's attempts to find meaning in their lives. Nietzsche traced humans' propensity to look for and create stories that give meaning to their lives, even when this meaning is one that may ultimately oppress them or celebrate something negative such as suffering. For him it is not the suffering that torments humans, but rather its meaninglessness. In the slums of Northeast Brazil, Afro-Brazilian women invest in the Christian glorification of suffering in a context where they experience their bodies in terms of loss, shame and alienation. I explore how, through a process of creative deception, this suffering comes to be experienced as pleasure. That is, the women reconstruct their bodies using two dominant stories to which they have access: Christianity and the glamorous Brazilian soap operas.


Oxygenation is an important marker in many clinical settings, e.g. diagnosing ischaemic brain injuries in preterm infants or determining treatment effectiveness in cancer patients. Despite significant efforts to determine the oxygenation state of the human tissue with conventional imaging modalities, e.g. positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a method which is fit for continuous, routine use in clinics does not exist. Near infrared optical tomography (NIROT) is a compelling alternative which can be employed to measure tissue oxygenation. This method is based on the illumination and subsequent detection of the tissue response to light in the near infrared (NIR) spectrum. NIROT is non-invasive and safe for continuous monitoring of patients. However, conventional NIROT systems have demonstrated a limited spatial resolution, in the 1-2 cm range, and prevented widespread clinical uptake. A major reason for this limited resolution is the low numbers of sources and detectors in conventional systems. In an effort to improve the spatial resolution of NIROT, researchers have recently applied time-resolved cameras based on single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) to NIROT phantom measurements, achieving a resolution of 5 mm. Despite these promising results, conventional SPAD cameras are unsuitable for clinical measurements due to a slow image acquisition time. In this thesis, time-resolved cameras were developed which have the potential to perform image acquisitions in NIROT measurements for a multi-source multi-wavelength system in a number of minutes. The main objective was to develop a large format, 252 × 144 pixel, time-resolved SPAD camera capable of wide field measurements in a clinical setting. Two new pixel circuits were developed in a backside-illuminated (BSI) 3D IC technology to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dynamic range (DR) in time-resolved measurements. The first circuit demonstrates, for the first time, a technique to increase the excess bias range, and thus the photon detection efficiency (PDE) and timing performance of conventional SPAD pixels.
Coupled to an active recharge circuit, the pixel achieves a minimum dead time of 8 ns, and is thus suitable for high DR measurements. The second presents the first pixel circuit able to interface with a SPAD via the anode or the cathode terminal, thus enabling the possibility of a general purpose time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) die connecting to multiple application specific photodetector dies. A new time-resolved SPAD sensor architecture is presented which employs a time-to-digital converter (TDC) sharing architecture to achieve both high PDE and high throughput parallel measurements. A 32 × 32 sensor based on this architecture is produced in a 180nm CMOS technology. At the maximum throughput, 10^6 photons can be obtained for every pixel in the array in parallel in 4.6 seconds. Finally, a wide-field, 252 × 144 pixel time-resolved sensor is presented. To maintain a fast acquisition speed the architecture includes a per-pixel integrated histogramming readout. This enables the compression of the readout data by up to a factor of 14.9. To the best of the author?s knowledge, this is the first implementation of integrated histogramming on a per-pixel basis for a full sensor array. This new sensor has game changing potential for NIROT, opening the door to high resolution wide-field clinical measurements.


In this paper, toluene removal via photocatalytic oxidation using TiO2 dip coated nanofilms is presented. Nanofilms were synthesized from bacterial cellulose using the electrospinning technique. The physical properties of the nanofilms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The ratio of bacterial cellulose/nylon used in the spinning process was 0.165:1. The results from SEM showed that the structure of the TiO2 composite nanofilms was rutile crystalline with an average particle size of 20 nm, and synthesized nanofilms had an average size of 20 30 nm. The band gap energies of TiO2-dip coated nanofilms ranged from 3.18 3.21 eV. SEM results of TiO2 coated nanofilms suggested that the TiO2 was rather uniformly distributed onto the surface of the nanofilms. The actual amount of TiO2 coated on the nanofilms was estimated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for 1x1 cm surface area. It was found that 0.1852, 0.2897 and 0.7275 mg of TiO2 were coated on the surface of the nanofilms for 1, 2.5 and 5 % (weight) TiO2 dosage, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the nanofilms was tested for the removal of gaseous toluene in a photocatalytic reactor. Experimental conditions were set as follows: UV light intensity of approximately 2.7 mW.cm, flow rate of 0.2 L.min, and an initial toluene concentration of about 200±20 ppm, and a retention time at 200 min. The degradation rate of toluene increased with increasing dosage of TiO2 from 1, 2.5 and 5 %. The nanofilms at a 5 % dosage yielded the highest removal efficiency of 92.71 %, followed by the 2.5 and 1 % dosage, respectively.


OBJECTIVE
Identify the difference of the nutritional status of Thai children from birth to 24 months of age using the national and international growth charts.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The analytic sample was of 4,224 children from the Prospective Cohort Study of Thai Children (PCTC). Age-specific prevalence of malnutrition was estimated using the NCHS, WHO, and Thai growth charts.

RESULTS
Rapid growth faltering was found in both genders during the first two years, regardless of the reference, but the Thai charts reflected better Thai children. When using the Thai and NCHS charts, a steep fluctuation was observed in infancy, although the prevalence of wasting, underweight, and overweight between the references became narrower at 24 months. Meanwhile, the WHO standards identified a higher number of stunted children and showed a linear increasing trend of overweight with age, compared to the Thai reference.

CONCLUSION
Although the Thai growth charts better reflect the Thai children, in consideration of a double burden of stunting and overweight in Thailand, the WHO standards can be used to identify Thai children at risk of stunting and overweight in the first two years of life.


In spread spectrum ranging system receivers such as the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a discriminator is used in the code tracking loop to provide an error signal for the tracking of incoming signals. Typically, the discriminator manipulates several correlator outputs to form the correction signal. A multi-objective approach is adopted here to design the coefficients associated with a multi-correlator-based discriminator to lead to a better performance tradeoff in large tracking range, acceptable multipath-induced bias, high sensitivity, free of ambiguity, and small variance. It is shown that the multiple-objective problem can be tackled via a quadratic/linear programming method, rendering the optimal coefficient vector for the implementation of the discriminator. In addition, as the discriminator design is often subject to conflicting requirements, it is shown that the proposed design approach is capable of establishing bounds on achievable performance. Examples with respect to BPSK (binary phase-shift keying) NRZ (nonreturn-to-zero), and BOC (binary-offset carrier) signals are given to illustrate the design approach.


The lattice scheduler is a process scheduler that reduces the performance penalty of certain covert-channel countermeasures by scheduling processes using access class attributes. The lattice scheduler was developed as part of the covert-channel analysis of the VAX security kernel. The VAX security kernel is a virtual-machine monitor security kernel for the VAX architecture designed to meet the requirements of the A1 rating from the US National Computer Security Center. After describing the cache channel, a description is given of how this channel can be exploited using the VAX security kernel as an example. The author discusses how this channel can be closed and the performance effects of closing the channel. The lattice scheduler is introduced, and its use in closing the cache channel is demonstrated. Finally, the work illustrates the operation of the lattice scheduler through an extended example and concludes with a discussion of some variations of the basic scheduling algorithm.<<ETX>>


Background: MM is a disease of the elderly, with a median age at diagnosis of approximately 65-70 years. Induction chemotherapy followed by high-dose melphalan ASCT is considered the standard of care in younger patients (< 65 years). Historically, transplant eligibility has been determined according to age, based on clinical trials of young MM patients and the potential increased toxicity and mortality in the elderly. However, numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety in elderly MM patients. Here, we present the largest cohort of elderly MM patients aged ≥ 65 years from Australia and their outcomes based on our multi-centre experience.
 Methods: A retrospective case note audit identified 426 MM patients who underwent a single ASCT at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and University Hospital Geelong, Australia, between 2008 and 2016. Patients were analysed based on age at ASCT and divided into the "elderly group" (aged ≥ 65 years) and the "younger group" (aged < 65 years). Patient characteristics including ISS stage, cytogenetics, pre and post transplant response, and engraftment duration were collected. Response assessment included overall response rate (ORR), transplant-related mortality (TRM), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and PFS and compared using the log-rank test.
 Results: There were 123 patients in the elderly group (median age 67 years; range 65-79,) and 303 the younger group (median age 56 years; range 31-64). Median follow-up time was 74 months. There were no differences in gender and cytogenetic risk status between the 2 groups. The younger group had a higher proportion of ISS stage 3 disease (25% vs 13%, p=0.031), while the elderly group had a higher proportion of ISS stage 1 disease (53% vs 38%, p=0.024). More patients in the younger group received full dose melphalan conditioning (200mg/m2) compared to the elderly group (89% vs 76%) while the elderly group had a higher percentage receiving a reduced dose between <100-180mg/m2 (22% vs 9% younger group). A significant proportion of elderly patients received bortezomib based induction chemotherapy (72% vs 48%, p= <0.001) while the younger cohort had more patients receiving DNA damaging agents (e.g. cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin) likely reflecting the increased availability and tolerability of novel agents in elderly patients. ORR pre (≥PR = 87% vs 88% younger group) and post-ASCT (≥PR = 88% vs 87% younger group) were comparable between the 2 groups. Mean time to neutrophil (11 vs 11 days younger group) and platelet (13 vs 12 days) engraftment were similar and TRM was low (2%) in both groups. The median PFS for the elderly group was 37 months compared to the younger group of 49 months which was statistically significant (p=0.042) while the median OS was not reached in both groups [Figure 1].
 Conclusion: The findings of this retrospective study suggest that ASCT is both well tolerated and effective in MM patients aged ≥ 65 years. Therefore despite the increased availability of novel agents, ASCT should still be an essential element of treatment in elderly MM patients who are fit enough for the procedure.
 Figure 1. Figure 1.

 Routledge: BMS: Honoraria; Celgene: Honoraria. Harrison:Janssen-Cilag: Other: Scientific advisory board.


Background. Vertical root fracture might occur during root canal preparation, obturation, post procedures or endodontic treatment. Methods. Fifty-four single-rooted human teeth were decoronated to obtain a standardized length. The root canals were enlarged up to #50 and obturated with gutta-percha and root canal sealer. Eighteen teeth were used as a control group, and vertical root fracture was induced in the remaining teeth. The samples were randomly divided into three groups, as follows: control group (without vertical root fracture), Super-Bond C&B group (fragments were attached with Super-Bond C&B), and self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement group (fragments were attached with self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement). Each specimen was subjected to a fracture resistance test, and data were statistically analyzed using chi-squared test, one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (P=0.05). Results. The fracture resistance values of the control and Super-Bond C&B groups were higher than those of the self-adhesive dual-cured resin cement group (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between the control and Super-Bond C&B groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Within the limitations of the present study, Super-Bond C&B was beneficial in obtaining higher fracture resistance in endodontically treated roots with vertical root fracture.


Abstract The adoption of decision support systems (DSS) by irrigators and other farmers has been surprisingly slow. Various explanations have been given for the slow uptake including poor system design and inadequate marketing of the programs. Much of the work done to understand the adoption of technologies such as DSS amongst farmers is based on the diffusion model developed by Rogers. If the model holds, the optimal strategy for encouraging adoption is to develop a marketing strategy that will encourage innovators and early adopters to begin using the product, who will then influence others to imitate them. However, the diffusion model was originally developed to explain the adoption of the technologies such as hybrid corn, where adoption is relatively straightforward. Many modern technologies can be quite different, involving sizeable expenditures in equipment, infrastructure or human capital, and/or large additional commitments of time. In this study, the ability of the diffusion model to predict the adoption of a DSS known as Irrigator Pro is investigated. This DSS has the capacity to increase yields, reduce fungicide use and reduce the amount of water used for irrigation. A qualitative methodology involving in-depth interviews with irrigators in Georgia, USA is used to investigate farmers' attitudes to Irrigator Pro. The results indicate that several variables suggested by the diffusion model do predict adoption, including age and attitude to risk. However, other variables not predicted by the diffusion model, including computer literacy and ownership of a mid-sized farm were found to be important predictors of adoption. This implies that more rapid and widespread adoption can be achieved by not just targeting those who are traditionally considered to be innovators or early adopters.


Ultra-low energy consumption and ultra-low emission vehicle technologies have been developed by combining petroleum-alternative clean energy with a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) system. Their component technologies cover a wide range of vehicle types, such as passenger cars, delivery trucks, and city buses, adsorbed natural gas (ANG), compressed natural gas (CNG), and dimethyl ether (DME) as fuels, series (S-HEV) and series/parallel (SP-HEV) for hybrid types, and as energy storage systems (ESSs), flywheel batteries (FWBs), capacitors, and lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries. Evaluation tests confirmed that the energy consumption of the developed vehicles is 1/2 of that of conventional diesel vehicles, and the exhaust emission levels are comparable to Japan's ultra-low emission vehicle (J-ULEV) level. In the analysis of energy consumption improvement factors, it was found that a heavy-duty (HD)-HEV benefits from the effect of regenerative braking to a greater extent than a light-duty (LD)-HEV.


Deadlock, livelock, starvation, and other terms have been used to describe undesirable situations involving blocking or not making progress for processes in a concurrent program However, definitions of these terms are inconsistent and often informal This paper provides formal definitions of deadlock, livelock, and starvation in terms of the reachability graph of a concurrent program Also, this paper shows algorithms for the detection of deadlock, livelock, and starvation.


In this study the effects of a single daily dose (average 8.9 mg) of doxazosin (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) given at night were evaluated in 111 patients with mild hypertension. Patients were studied first on no medication, and a second time after being treated for up to 16 weeks with doxazosin. Blood pressure was measured by noninvasive ambulatory monitoring at the beginning and end of the study. There was a sustained reduction of both systolic and diastolic pressure throughout the day and night, but the greatest reduction occurred in the morning hours. Since the peak treatment effect was later than predicted from previous pharmacokinetic studies, it is suggested that the timing of the peak effect may depend on the prevailing level of alpha-adrenergic tone, as well as on the pharmacokinetics of the drug.


We have developed 4-pyrrolidinopyridine catalysts for the geometry-selective (E-selective) acylation of tetrasubstituted α,α'-alkenediols. To elucidate the major factors of the high geometry selectivity, experimental and computational studies were carried out. The control experiments with respect to the substituent of the substrate indicated the fundamental hydrogen bonding of the acidic hydrogen of NHNs and the Z-OH in the substrate. Comparison between C2- and C1-symmetric catalysts exhibited the necessity of the C2-symmetric catalyst structure. The computationally proposed transition state (TS) model well explained the experimental results. Whereas the fundamental NH/amide-CO and the two-point free-OH/acetate anion hydrogen bonds stabilize the transition state (TS), affording the E-product, the steric repulsion between the N-protecting group and the amide side chain destabilizes TS, affording the Z-product. The role of the two amide side chains of the catalyst in a C2-symmetric fashion is the enhancement of the molecular recognition ability through the additional hydrogen bond in a cooperative manner.


Over a period of several semesters, we examined undergraduate students who were enrolled in an introductory computer-programming course. The goal of the study was to observe the degree to which each student's feelings about the discipline of programming were affected by their experience in this course. The course attempted to encourage a learning environment in which students who were unfamiliar or intimidated by the discipline of programming would be informed that the course is explicitly oriented toward them, rather than toward the more advanced students. The course was designed to defer to the needs of low-skill students such that content progression was slow, thorough, and student centered. Students were surveyed at the beginning of the semester on measures of: self-identified programming skill, years of previous programming experience, and like or dislike of programming. Students were then solicited at the end of semester and surveyed on the degree to which they increased or decreased their enjoyment of programming. As the focus of this approach was oriented toward students with low-positive feelings toward programming, we grouped students into groups of high-positive (HP) and low-positive (LP), and then compared their individual change of attitude toward programming at the end of the semester. We observed that LP students reported greater measures of positive affect toward programming by the end of the semester. These results indicate that approaches to increasing interest in programming education must be accompanied by a supportive, student-centered learning environment that acknowledges the difficulty of the subject matter.


Abstract A bridge structure is one of the most expressive forms of art design. The artistic expression of bridge structure combines different concepts of structural design and architectural art design. Finite element differential equations are widely used in bridge art design theory and based on these features, the paper adopts the bridge modal parameter recognition algorithm and uses the finite element model to modify and realise the bridge's artistic design. The simulation results show the feasibility of the author's attempt to use the finite element differential equation as the bridge structure art design carrier. After the finite element differential equation modelling, the bridge art structure correction is highly consistent with the experimental results.


During a 16-hour fasting period, the development of the blood glucose level of ewelessly reared lambs of 4 to 30 days of age was analysed. While the blood glucose level of lambs during their first week of life reacted with a considerable increase and a relatively quick decrease on the administration of milk substitutes, the course of this curve became smoother with increasing age. After a five-hour fasting period, the blood glucose level--after 4 days of the lambs' life--amounted to 101 mg, after 9 days to 96 mg, after 16 days to 91 mg, after 23 days to 64 mg, after 30 days to 71 mg per 100 ml blood. The significance of these results for the establishment of a suitable drinking technology is being discussed.


In this work the young author examines one of the important problems of management's theory the motivation of labour activity. The article gives a deep analysis of definitions of motivation of different authors. It grounds the application of technological approach to the term "motivation". The work is interesting for scientific workers, teaching staff and managers.


Pump-probe measurements in reverse-biased GaAs-GaAlAs waveguide saturable absorbers used in mode-locked diode lasers reveal an ultrafast transient in the absorption recovery dynamics, and a second slower signal before the final recovery. In this paper, we present a numerical model of the absorption and carrier dynamics in these saturable absorbers. The model includes high-field and space-charge effects, in addition to the spectral hole burning and carrier heating typically considered in semiconductor laser amplifiers. The results of the model indicate that field-induced carrier heating strongly influences the absorption dynamics in saturable absorbers. Screening of the electric field by drifting photogenerated charges affects the sweepout of carriers from the absorbing region, and thus, influences the absorption dynamics as well. >


We investigated the expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases in a model of experimental wounds in rats, and their modulation by glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II), a potent activator of wound repair. Wound chambers were inserted under the skin of Sprague-Dawley rats and received serial injections of either 2 mg glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II) or the same volume of saline. The wound fluid and the neosynthetized connective tissue deposited in the chambers were collected and analyzed for matrix metalloproteinase expression and/or activity. Interstitial collagenase increased progressively in the wound fluid throughout the experiment. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II) treatment did not alter its activity. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (gelatinase B) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (gelatinase A) were the two main gelatinolytic activities expressed during the healing process. Pro-matrix metalloproteinase (pro-form of matrix metalloproteinase)-9 was strongly expressed during the early stages of wound healing (day 3). In the wound fluid, it decreased rapidly and disappeared after day 18, whereas in the wound tissue, matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression persisted in the glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II) injected chamber until day 22. Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 was expressed at low levels at the beginning of the healing process, increased progressively until day 7, then decreased until day 18. Activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 was present in wound fluid and wound tissue. It increased until day 12, then decreased progressively. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II) injections increased pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 and activated matrix metalloproteinase-2 during the later stages of healing (days 18 and/or 22). These results demonstrate that various types of matrix metalloproteinases are selectively expressed or activated at the various periods of wound healing. Glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine-Cu(II) is able to modulate their expression and might significantly alter wound remodeling.


This article discusses themajor currents in the analysis of culture in Germanlanguage sociology. First, it sheds light on the role of culture in the history of sociology. Second, it reconstructs the main fields of research in the last 20 years. The authors employ the distinction between sociology of culture and cultural sociology. With regard to the first, the article addresses new types of work in the creative sphere, the changing role of the public, as well as the relation between class and culture.With regard to the second,with its focus on social meaning, the article presents theoretical contributions as well as research from different fields in sociology, in which a cultural sociological perspective has proven to be illuminating.


Pyrazoles have synthetic interest due to its numerous biological activities such as, anti-inflammatory properties (celecoxib), insecticidal effects (fipronil), analgesic effects (metamizole), treatment of erectile dysfunction (sildenafil) and sedative-hypnotic agents (zaleplon). Regarding the available methods for the synthesis of pyrazoles, these structures are usually synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction using alkenes or alkynes, reacting unsaturated ketones or aldehydes with hydrazines and the condensation reaction of 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds with hydrazines. In addition, organoselenium compounds are attractive synthetic targets due to their applicability in organic synthesis in selective reactions, chiral catalysts, photophysical properties and pharmacological activities. Thus, the presence of selenium in the pyrazole ring could result in compounds with new pharmacological and medicinal activities. In recent years, several methods to synthesize 4-(arylselanyl)pyrazoles were reported. However, these protocols usually require pre-functionalization of substrates, use of transition metals as catalysts, multi-step synthesis and long reaction times. In 2015, our research group reported the direct synthesis of 4-(organylselanyl)pyrazoles by copper-catalyzed one-pot cyclocondensation and C−H bond selenylation reactions starting from hydrazines, 1,3-diketones and diorganoyl diselenides (Scheme 1). Recently, Zora et al. reported the one-pot preparation of 4-phenylselanyl-1H-pyrazoles through electrophilic cyclization of α,β-alkynil hydrazones with phenylselanyl chloride (Scheme 2). The potassium peroxymonosulfate exists as a stable triple salt (2KHSO5KHSO4K2SO4), it is a white crystallin solid known as trademark Oxone. In recently years, the use of Oxone has shown an efficient alternative to traditional oxidants in organic synthesis. As oxidizing agent it has many advantages, such as water solubility, stability under several conditions, simplicity in handling, cheap, not toxic acid, easy-to-handle and environmentally safe (generates nonpolluting by-products). Recently, the Oxone has been used in the preparation of important heterocycles, for


Although there is an extensive literature on the eigenvalues of high-dimensional sample covariance matrices, much of it is specialized to independent components (IC) models -- in which observations are represented as linear transformations of random vectors with independent entries. By contrast, less is known in the context of elliptical models, which violate the independence structure of IC models and exhibit quite different statistical phenomena. In particular, very little is known about the scope of bootstrap methods for doing inference with spectral statistics in high-dimensional elliptical models. To fill this gap, we show how a bootstrap approach developed previously for IC models can be extended to handle the different properties of elliptical models. Within this setting, our main theoretical result guarantees that the proposed method consistently approximates the distributions of linear spectral statistics, which play a fundamental role in multivariate analysis. We also provide empirical results showing that the proposed method performs well for a variety of nonlinear spectral statistics.


Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) usually suffer from high packet loss and high link failure rates. These challenges usually increase congestion on some links while other links are almost free. In this paper, we propose a novel mechanism to enhance QoS in multipath routing protocols in MANETs based on the InfiniBand (IB) QoS architecture. The basic idea of our approach is to enhance the load balancing and thus reduce congestion on overloaded links. This mechanism has enabled us to (1) give critical applications higher priority when routing their packets across the network, (2) effectively manage frequent connections and disconnections and thus reduce link failures and packet loss rates, and (3) reduce the overall power consumption as a consequence of the previous gains. We have tested the scheme on the (IBsim) simulator and achieved significant improvements in QoS parameters compared to two well- known routing protocols: AODV and AOMDV.


The humoral immune systems controls viral infections through recognition of critical viral target structures, selective proliferation stimulation of IgM-presenting B cells, class switch to IgG-generating B cells and subsequent affinity maturation of IgG. Affinity maturation is achieved through proliferation, hypermutation and clonal selection of IgG-generating B cells (1-4). The establishment of high affinity IgG is essential for sustained protective antiviral effects (5-10).
While analyzing the maturation of functional affinity (avidity) of IgG towards SARS CoV-2 nucleoprotein, surface protein and its receptor-binding domain, we realized that avidity maturation was frequently not completed after infection. This finding gives insight into the biological strategy of SARS CoV-2 and is important for serodiagnosis. Incomplete avidity maturation might explain the observed decline of the humoral response (11-14), allow for secondary SARS CoV-2 infections and prevent the establishment of herd immunity. Therefore, future immunization strategies should achieve the goal to induce neutralizing IgG of high avidity.


SIR,-I shall be grateful if you will give space for an appeal to provide Christmas gifts for the beneficiaries of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund. Gifts at Christmas-time have a special value and significance, for they make the recipients feel that they are not forgotten and are being given personal help and sympathy. I hope that subscribers to the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund will spare a little more to help colleagues and their relatives who have fallen on hard times, and that members of the medical profession who do not subscribe to the Fund will do so without delay. Owing to the increased cost of living, as shown by the higher prices of food, fuel, and other necessities, the need for support is greater than ever. Donations and subscriptions should be sent to the Secretary of the Royal Medical Benevolent Fund, 1, Balliol House, Manor Fields, Putney, London, S.W.15, and marked "Christmas Gifts."-I am, etc., WEBB-JOHNSON, President, Royal Medical Benevolent Fund.


Extraosseous, extradural and extramedullary Ewing's sarcoma is a rare tumor that usually affects young people. We report a 10 years old child operated for Inguinal Hernia at the age of 4 years which presents a lumbar spinal syndrome for 4 months, the second is a 3 years old child with a history of falls on stairs 4 months ago, presented for 14 days before his admission a right leg paresis at ⅗ on the muscular testing, associated with fever. Both patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging that showed a compressive extradural process from L2 to L5 for the first case and a compressive extradural process from L4 to S2 for the second case. The patients benefited from macroscopic total resection by laminectomy. Histology confirms the diagnosis of Ewing's Sarcoma. Both patients were referred at discharge to the pediatric oncology department for complementary chemotherapy management. The long-term follow-up at three years was good clinically with no recurrence on imaging. Spinal Ewing's Sarcoma extradural without bone involvement remains rare and its overall survival at 5 years is still poor.


Abstract Background Psychiatric comorbidity is common in binge-eating disorder (BED) but effects on treatment outcomes are unknown. The current study aimed to determine whether psychiatric comorbidity predicted or moderated BED treatment outcomes. Methods In total, 636 adults with BED in randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) were assessed prior, throughout, and posttreatment by doctoral research-clinicians using reliably-administered semi-structured interviews, self-report measures, and measured weight. Data were aggregated from RCTs testing cognitive-behavioral therapy, behavioral weight loss, multi-modal (combined pharmacological plus cognitive-behavioral/behavioral), and/or control conditions. Intent-to-treat analyses (all available data) tested comorbidity (mood, anxiety, 'any disorder' separately) as predictors and moderators of outcomes. Mixed-effects models tested comorbidity effects on binge-eating frequency, global eating-disorder psychopathology, and weight. Generalized estimating equation models tested binge-eating remission (zero binge-eating episodes during the past month; missing data imputed as failure). Results Overall, 41% of patients had current psychiatric comorbidity; 22% had mood and 23% had anxiety disorders. Psychiatric comorbidity did not significantly moderate the outcomes of specific treatments. Psychiatric comorbidity predicted worse eating-disorder psychopathology and higher binge-eating frequency across all treatments and timepoints. Patients with mood comorbidity were significantly less likely to remit than those without mood disorders (30% v. 41%). Psychiatric comorbidity neither predicted nor moderated weight loss. Conclusions Psychiatric comorbidity was associated with more severe BED psychopathology throughout treatment but did not moderate outcomes. Findings highlight the need to improve treatments for BED with psychiatric comorbidities but challenge perspectives that combining existing psychological and pharmacological interventions is warranted. Treatment research must identify more effective interventions for BED overall and for patients with comorbidities.


Abstract. Air pollution episode, which are periods with excessive air pollutants, can cause a sharp increase in mortality and morbidity. Nitrogen oxides have an adverse impact on human health and the environment. Previous studies mainly focus on the time period, the frequency, and the duration of heavy NO2 pollution, while ignored its spatial extent which is pivotal in providing early warning and prediction. In this study, we investigated the spatiotemporal variation of the heavy NO2 pollution extent (i.e., heavy pollution center), analyzed its association with meteorological condition and further predicted its distribution in the future. A case study in Jing-Jin-Ji (JJJ), Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomerations showed that the HPC exhibited evident seasonal (winter > summer) and inter-city (mega and medium cities > small cities) differences. In concretion analysis, the HPC areas were negatively correlated with temperature and precipitation, suggesting that dry and cold meteorological conditions were responsible for the severe NO2 pollution events. Trend analysis showed that the small and medium cities may serve as the HPC in the future. During the 2005–2016, the medium and small cities in JJJ experience a more rapid increase in NO2 concentration in comparison to mega cities. Meanwhile, in YRD and PRD, a more rapid decrease was witnessed in the mega cities. The results of this study would provide support for early warning and prediction of heavy air pollutants and offer scientific insights for air pollution episode management.


The legal issues of tissue donation organization in Russian Federation and the part of tissue banks in providing of patient care institution with biological grafts are considered. The differences in activity of services of tissue and organ donation are expounded. The authors discussed the problems of tissue banks financing and possibility of its commercial activity.


Abstract. Since the 1980s, there has been rapid and ongoing hypothesized climate-related range expansion in native Green Treefrogs (Hyla cinerea) northward and eastward in Illinois, Kentucky, and Indiana, United States. Because anuran leg length is positively correlated with locomotor function, longer legs have been shown to facilitate dispersal of invasive anuran populations undergoing biological invasion. These recent range-expansion populations of H. cinerea provide an ideal opportunity to test if a native frog species exhibits similar changes in dispersal-related traits to those found in invasive species. We tested if individuals on the front end of this expansion exhibit significant differences in femur length when compared with frogs collected from the historical-range distribution. We predicted that frogs found at the expansion edge would have longer femur lengths than their counterparts located in historical parts of the range. We found that relative to snout–vent length (SVL), the femur lengths (FL) of H. cinerea from expanded ranges were on average significantly larger than those of frogs from the historical range. This suggests that native expanded-range populations of this species have undergone changes in FL. Rapid shifts in morphological traits of a native species, H. cinerea, in expanded-range populations, appear to mimic morphological trade-offs observed for invasive species of anurans.


Aim: To determine the frequency of fetal outcome in patients presented with pre-eclampsia. Study design: Descriptive cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad from 4th May 2020 to 4th November 2020. Methodology: One hundred and twenty six pre-eclamptic patients aged 18-45 years having gestational age more than 20 weeks were enrolled. Detailed demographics were recorded after taking informed written consent. Fetal outcomes were examined. Data was analysed by SPSS 22.0. Results: Mean age of patients was 27.48±5.618 years with mean gestational age of 35.056±2.9554 ranging from 31.2 to 41.1 weeks. Mean systolic blood pressure was 151.98±8.85 and mean diastolic blood pressure was 96.90±4.64. Mean proteinuria was 170.56±105.92. The frequency of preterm birth was 26 (20.6%), LBW was found in 52.4% patients, IUGR was found in 25.4%, birth asphyxia was found in 19% patients and still birth was found in 16.7%. Conclusion: Pre-eclampsia can lead to major fetal and maternal complications. We found in our study that low birth weight, preterm birth and IUGR were the most common adverse fetal outcomes. Keywords: Fetal outcome, Birth asphyxia, Stillbirth, Preterm birth, Low birth weight, Pre-eclampsia


Scattered coincidences degrade image contrast and compromise quantitative accuracy in positron emission tomography (PET). A number of approaches to estimating and correcting scattered coincidences have been proposed, but most of them are based on estimating and subtracting a scatter sinogram from the measured data. We have previously shown that both true and scattered coincidences can be treated similarly by using Compton scattering kinematics to define a locus of scattering which may in turn be used to reconstruct the activity distribution using a generalized scatter maximum-likelihood expectation maximization (GS-MLEM) algorithm. The annihilation position can be further confined by taking advantage of the patient outline (or a geometrical shape that encompasses the patient outline). The proposed method was tested on a phantom generated using GATE. The results have shown that for scatter fractions of 10–60% this algorithm improves the contrast recovery coefficients (CRC) by 4 to 28.6% for a source and 5.1 to 40% for a cold source while the relative standard deviation (RSD) was reduced. Including scattered photons directly into the reconstruction eliminates the need for (often empirical) scatter corrections, and further improvements in the contrast and noise properties of the reconstructed images can be made by including the patient outline in the reconstruction algorithm as a constraint.


Kazimierz Filip Wize (1873-1953) was a Polish multidisciplinary scholar, a microbiologist, a lepidopterologist, a psychiatrist, and a philosopher. He was an avid promoter of care of the mentally ill. After defending a Ph.D. in medicine in Munich (Germany) in 1899, Wize specialized in bacteriology at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. In 1907 he defended his second Ph.D. in philosophy in Leipzig. Soon, Wize became an internationally active scholar and a prolific writer, working especially on esthetics and the philosophy of medicine. For Wize, philosophy of action was a bridge between abstract academic philosophy, practical ethics, and the philosophy of medicine understood as an art and a science. Later in his life, Wize moved back to practicing medicine, and in the 1930s he specialized in psychiatry. The new field enabled him to apply his esthetic concepts to the treatment of patients and become a pioneer of art therapy. Music, painting, and dance, Wize argued, are a means to achieve serenity and freedom and play an important part in the process of recovery. Much later, Wize witnessed the extermination of psychiatric patients in Poland during a Nazi T4 action.


This paper proposes a novel fingerprinting localisation scheme, called fingerprinting localisation with cruciate directional antennas (FLCDA), using only one anchor node equipped with four directional antennas whose orientations are perpendicular to adjacent ones. The proposed FLCDA consists of two phases. In the RSSI gathering phase, a sensor node is placed at reference positions to send signals. And the RSSI values of the signals received by the four antennas are stored in the anchor node as the positions' fingerprints. In the localising phase, the anchor node localises a target sensor node by receiving its signals with the four directional antennas. The position associated with the fingerprint most matched with the received signals' RSSI values is assumed to be the target node's position. We also design and implement some techniques to accelerate FLCDA without affecting the accuracy too much. FLCDA and its variants are also compared with the related ones.


Twokinds of nucleotide-specific phosphatases were separated chromatographicaIIv on a DEAE-Toyopearl 650 Mcolumn, and designated as NSP-I and -II. NSP-II was further purified to apparent homogeneity using both affinity and gel-filtration chromatography, hut NSP-I purified by the same procedures was not homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NSP-I and -II had many similar features in molecular size, optimum pH, heat stability, and substrate specificity. The molecular weight of each enzymeprotein was estimated to be approximately 45,000 by molecular sieve chromatography. The optimum pH of each enzyme was 6.5 and showed activity in the wide pH range of 5 ~9. Neither enzyme hydrolyzed bis(/>-nitrophenyl)phosphate, adenosine 2':3'-cyclic-mono- phosphate, or sugar phosphate, but both showed a marked preference for 5'-mononucleotides as substrate over />-nitrophenylphosphate.


Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients aberrantly produce viscous mucus in their lungs, which acts as a penetrative barrier to antibiotic delivery and provides an ideal environment for bacterial colonisation. Aims and Objectives The aim is to develop a nanoparticle drug delivery system combining widely used CF therapeutics for an enhanced antibiotic effect. Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic and the mucolytic DNase thins viscous secretions. For this study, it was hypothesised that alginate/chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with tobramycin and functionalised with DNase would enhance penetration of tobramycin to the site of infection within the mucus. Methods Tobramycin loaded alginate/chitosan NPs were formulated by ionotropic gelation and conjugated with DNase on their surface. NP formulation was optimised and CF sputum samples were tested with NPs to establish bactericidal effects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa . Results NPs formed at around 500 nm and were loaded with tobramycin 89µg/mg polymer and DNase 19µg/mg polymer. Activity of both modalities was confirmed against in vitro c ultures of P. aeruginosa and by cleavage of DNA (plasmid and CF sputum samples). Treatment of CF sputum with DNase-tobramycin NPs resulted in reduced viscosity and increased bacterial killing in these samples. Conclusion These novel alginate/chitosan NPs combining DNase and tobramycin are an effective antibacterial treatment in CF sputum. The incorporation of two widely used therapeutics into a single formulation provides promise in the future treatment regimen of CF patients.


School-age children as one of population play an important role in flood natural disaster preparedness. The occurrence of flood natural disaster in Kemiri village of Panti gave both material and immaterial impacts. Flood natural disaster preparedness that can be carried out independently by the community can help empower the community independently or jointly reduce its impact. nThis research was a descriptive explorative research that aimed to determine the ability of school-age children about preparing themselves in the preparedness of natural flood disasters. The sample was taken by simple random sampling with 75 school age children participated in this study. Data were collected by using flood disaster preparedness questionnaire and analyzed with univariate analysis in percentage form. The results obtained that school-age children were still lacking in the 7 indicators of preparedness toward natural flash flood disaster. It was shown from each indicator that majority of children still do not have the ability toward flood natural disaster preparedness. School-age children as part of a community need to get a disaster preparedness skill that will help them take an active role in the communinity including at home and school.


IgG-class anticardiolipin antibodies (IgG-ACA) were found in 25% of patients with myasthenia gravis. The prevalence and the level distribution were significantly different from those of a normal donor population (p < 0.001). In myastenic patients, IgG-ACA bound negatively charged, but not zwitterionic, phospholipids. They were significantly associated with the thymic abnormalities, thymoma and thymic hyperplasia, but not with various factors such as age, sex, antinuclear antibodies, severity of the disease and clinical thrombosis. The IgG-ACA levels did not correlate with titers of anti-acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Thus in Myasthenia Gravis, asymptomatic IgG-ACA could reflect an immune dysregulation under the influence of thymic alterations.


Identifying the optimal atrioventricular (AV) or interventricular (VV) delay is beneficial for patients using cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices. Ultrasonic echocardiography (UCG) has been the most commonly used method; however, it requires high technical knowledge. Impedance cardiography (ICG) can calculate stroke volume by measuring changes in transthoracic electric impedance. This study sought to assess the clinical utility of ICG in comparison with that of UCG for the optimization of CRT devices.Patients who underwent CRT device implantation were retrospectively analyzed. One week after implantation, optimization of AV delay (AVD) was performed in every patient with ICG (AVD-ICG) and UCG (AVD-UCG). VV delay (VVD) was then determined according to the optimal AVD using these two methods.Forty-two patients were enrolled. Average AVD-ICG was significantly shorter than AVD-UCG (128 ± 49 versus 146 ± 41 milliseconds, P = 0.018). Five patients (12%) had the same optimized AVD with two methods, and the difference between AVD-ICG and AVD-UCG was ≤ 20 milliseconds in 19 patients (45%). In the multivariate analysis, the presence of postoperative mitral regurgitation (MR) was an independent predictor of AVD-ICG/AVD-UCG mismatch, defined as a difference over 20 milliseconds (odds ratio = 10.71; 95% confidence interval = 1.72 to 66.72; P = 0.018). The results of optimized VVD were similar using both methods.ICG might be a promising tool for the rapid optimization of CRT devices. However, in patients with moderate-to-severe MR, ICG may not be able to optimize AVD.


Path planning methods for autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are typically designed for one specific type of mission. This work presents a method for autonomous UAV path planning based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL) that can be applied to a wide range of mission scenarios. Specifically, we compare coverage path planning (CPP), where the UAV's goal is to survey an area of interest to data harvesting (DH), where the UAV collects data from distributed Internet of Things (IoT) sensor devices. By exploiting structured map information of the environment, we train double deep Q-networks (DDQNs) with identical architectures on both distinctly different mission scenarios to make movement decisions that balance the respective mission goal with navigation constraints. By introducing a novel approach exploiting a compressed global map of the environment combined with a cropped but uncompressed local map showing the vicinity of the UAV agent, we demonstrate that the proposed method can efficiently scale to large environments. We also extend previous results for generalizing control policies that require no retraining when scenario parameters change and offer a detailed analysis of crucial map processing parameters' effects on path planning performance.


Microtubules provide a chemical signaling function as well as structural support for heart cells. Microtubules modulate autonomic signaling in the heart, and their disruption by colchicine unmasks muscarinic inhibition of Ca (ICa) current. In this study, we compare the actions of the estrogen metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), with those of colchicine on microtubule stability and chemical signal function in guinea pig-isolated ventricular myocytes. Like colchicine, 2-ME binds to microtubules and disrupts the cytoskeleton of cardiac myocytes. Incubation with 2-ME increased the soluble fraction of tubulin and decreased the polymerized fraction at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 μM. 2-ME was less potent than colchicine in causing microtubular disruption. Treatment with 2-ME for up to 4 h was accompanied by a progressive increase of ICa amplitude. There was no change in the rates of ICa inactivation. Carbachol, which has no effect on ICa in untreated ventricular myocytes, inhibited this current in the presence of 2-ME. The extent of inhibition increased with incubation time in 2-ME such that carbachol completely removed the increment of ICa by the estrogen metabolite. The results illustrate the important role of microtubules in modulating cardiac autonomic signaling.


Two stage switching between testing for superiority (SUP) and noninferiority (NI) has been an important statistical issue in the design and analysis of the active-controlled clinical trials. Tsong and Zhang (2005) has shown that the Type I error rates do not change when switching between SUP and NI with the traditional generalized historical control (GHC) approach, however, they may change when switching with the cross-trial comparison (X-trial) approach. Tsong and Zhang (2005) further proposed a simultaneous test for both hypotheses to avoid the problem. The procedure was based on Fieller's confidence interval proposed by Hauschke et al. (1999). Since with the X-trial approach, using the simultaneous test, superiority is tested using all four treatment arms (current test and active control arms, active control and placebo arms in historical trials), the Type I error rate and power are expected to be somewhat different from the conventional superiority test (using the current test and active control arms only). Through a simulation study, we demonstrate that the Type I error rate and power between simultaneous test and the conventional superiority test are compatible. We also examine the impact of the assumption of equal variances of the current trial and the historical trial.


A study on the aquatic invertebrate communities was conducted at Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Lahad Datu, Sabah, with the objectives to study (i) the diversity of aquatic invertebrates across different land use, (ii) the composition of aquatic invertebrates in different habitats and microhabitats in the stream, and (iii) the relationship between invertebrates and the water quality of the stream. Sampling was done at Sg. Lipad which flows across the secondary forest area and plantation area. Kick net method was used to sample the aquatic invertebrates for 14 continuous days in January to February 2015. A total of 3,579 individuals were sampled consisting of 76 families from eight orders, in both of the land uses. The diversity of aquatic invertebrates in the secondary forest was found to be slightly higher than plantation area with H'= 3.213 and H'= 3.188 respectively. The aquatic invertebrates were also found to be more abundant in riffle habitat, and the least in pool habitats. The diversity for pool habitat, however, was the highest among all other habitats with H'= 3.709. Both physico-chemical parameters and biotic indices indicated that the invertebrate communities were affected by the water quality in the surroundings, and may be used for rapid assessment of water quality at TWR.


The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of the impact of staffing and compensation of employees' competence and their implications for methods of personnel working in the unit "Convection" from Primkopad Bekangdam III / SLW. In this research, authors use an analysis of the data-analysis where data are taken based on the population of 54 employees at Primkopad Bekangdam Convection Unit III / Slw and in the determination of samples researcher using the sample consideration is to include all members of the population as a sample for the purpose of completeness data Based on the processing of the first structure by using path-analysis, found that the placement of employees have a significant impact of partial and 51.6%, while compensation is not impartial and give only a less significant impact that is only 13.9%. However, simultaneous placement and compensation of employees has a simultaneous impactof32.5%andsignificant. Keyword: Staffing, compensation, and competence


Double–double radio galaxies (DDRGs) offer a unique opportunity for us to study multiple episodes of jet activity in large-scale radio sources. We use radio data from the Very Large Array and the literature to model two DDRGs, B1450 + 333 and B1834 + 620, in terms of their dynamical evolution. We find that the standard Fanaroff–Riley II model is able to explain the properties of the two outer lobes of each source, whereby the lobes are formed by ram-pressure balance of a shock at the end of the jet with the surrounding medium. The inner pairs of lobes, however, are not well described by the standard model. Instead we interpret the inner lobes as arising from the emission of relativistic electrons within the outer lobes, which are compressed and re-accelerated by the bow shock in front of the restarted jets and within the outer lobes. The predicted rapid progression of the inner lobes through the outer lobes requires the eventual development of a hotspot at the edge of the outer lobe, causing the DDRG ultimately to resemble a standard Fanaroff–Riley II radio galaxy. This may suggest that DDRGs are a brief, yet normal, phase of the evolution of large-scale radio galaxies.


This essay argues that a demand to be written on is intrinsic to architectural constructs. Beginning with the debates that surrounded the renovation of the Berlin Reichstag and the decision to preserve the graffiti left on it by conquering Soviet soldiers in 1945, wall writing is shown to be a profoundly unstable medium that fractures the historicity of its host surfaces even as it highlights their authority as systems of protection or exclusion. In Brassaï's photographs of the streets of modernist Paris, graffiti is understood as a uniquely auto-exhibitive discourse, a script that constantly exposes the limits of writing. In Walter Benjamin's study of Bertolt Brecht's poetry, this lapidary style is characterized as a kind of ex-scription that counters the formative, singularizing force of inscription with a trace logic that disarticulates the very schemas of surface and display that appear to ground it. Benjamin continues this discussion in his Arcades Project, revealing architecture and poetry to be two dimensions of a broader dynamic in which any sentence is a gesture toward the wall it will mark, if not render ephemeral, while any wall is a gesture toward the sentence that it will put on display and thereby potentially evacuate of its expressive or performative power.


A city will continue developing as long as there are activities in it. City development occurs due to the movement of people in carrying out the activities. The transportation system plays a very important role in supporting the movement of the people. Palembang as the Capital of South Sumatra Province, which is one of the centers of development, also relies on a transportation system for its development. The Settlement areas or housing areas grow everywhere with diffuse and irregular patterns. This leads to widespread demand for transportation. This condition is not easy for the public transport to serve, consequently the transport system used is predominantly private vehicles. Of course, the transportation system of this characteristic has broad impact on various aspects of life and urban environment.  With the operation of transmusi buses, it is deemed necessary to study the transport feeder suitable for connecting the centers of settlements on the outskirts towards the path through which the transmusi buses run, so that the performance of transmusi buses can be optimized and the use of private vehicles in urban areas can be minized.    The objective of this study is to develop a pattern of feeder transport services from residential location towards the transmusi bus stops along the routes of transmusi buses in Palembang, especially for the people living in the Sub-district of Gandus  towards transmusi bus stop of Musi II. The method of study used is a descriptive method using a survey. The result of this study is to develop transport feeder from the settlement areas towards the Musi II bus stop by considering the habits of the people,  the public demand, and the characteristics of the region. It will be the development of pedestrian facilities as far as 1 km from the bus stop, especially on the roads through which the heavy vehicles run, parking lots area for motorcycles of  5,682 m2,  sufficient public transport, bus stop of medium size. The conclusion made is to respond to the pattern of sprawl (dispersed settlement) on the outskirts of the city. It is necessary to have a transport systems using feeder -line haul system (feeder-main freight transport). The main transport in urban areas is transmusi bus while freight feeder bus from the settlement towards transmusi bus stop is a variety of modes commonly owned and used by the community all this time with some improvement and additional facilities required.