A study was made of oxalated umbilical vein blood of nearly every infant born at The Mount Sinai Hospital in a nine month period. A specimen of maternal blood was available for intragroup antibody screening and six cases of Rh-Hr hemolytic disease were eliminated from the data. The umbilical vein blood was tested, where possible, for: (1) group and Rh, (2) direct antiglobulin test, (3) hemoglobin, (4) reticulocyte count and examination of red cell morphology, (5) plasma bilirubin, and (6) osmotic fragility in 0.52 per cent NaCl. From the mothers' blood groups, the infants were classified into group compatible and group incompatible, and the arithmetic means of the hemoglobin, reticulocyte count, and plasma bilirubin obtained for each class. A third class of infants, those with positive direct antiglobulin test, were analysed separately for comparison.

1. A weakly positive direct antiglobulin test was obtained on the umbilical vein blood of over 11 per cent of group incompatible infants but in none of the group compatible infants.

2. It appears that the weakly positive direct antiglobulin test detects an abnormal class of group incompatible infants, since their mean hemoglobin is low, their mean reticulocyte count is high, and their mean bilirubin is high, when these means are compared with those of the other group incompatible infants.

3. Thirty-eight of thirty-nine mothers of incompatible infants with positive direct antiglobulin test were group O. In comparison with the distribution of the blood groups of the mothers of other incompatible infants, this disproportion is of significance.

4. The mean reticulocyte count of incompatible infants with negative direct antiglobulin test is slightly (but with statistical significance) higher than the mean reticulocyte count of compatible infants. This difference was found to be associated almost entirely with group O mothers.

5. Thirty-one out of thirty-eight infants with positive direct antiglobulin test had increased osmotic fragility in hypotonic NaCl. Two of the negative cases appeared to have slight spherocytosis on blood smear.


Central (intracerebral ventral) and peripheral (subcutaneous and intraperitoneal) administration of ghrelin causes obesity in rodents by increasing food intake and decreasing fat oxidation. Recent studies in humans have shown that plasma ghrelin concentration was inversely related to body fat and was lower in Pima Indians, a population susceptible to obesity. Whether ghrelin plays a role in the etiology of obesity in humans is unknown. We, therefore, measured plasma ghrelin concentration before and after two interventions in monozygotic twins previously studied at Laval University, Quebec City. Twelve pairs of monozygotic twins were overfed by 84,000 kcal over a 100-day period, whereas another seven pairs of monozygotic twins were submitted to a 53,000 kcal negative energy balance induced by exercise over a 93-day period. At baseline, for all the subjects, plasma ghrelin concentration was negatively correlated with body mass and body fatness (r varying from 0.36 to 0.45). The intraclass coefficient for the twin resemblance (r(I) = 0.75; p = 0.006) indicated that plasma ghrelin concentration is a familial trait. In response to the 100-day intervention, plasma ghrelin exhibited a non-significant decrease of 61 +/- 30 fmol/l (p = 0.18) with overfeeding and a non-significant increase of 58 +/- 34 fmol/l (p = 0.17) with negative energy balance. However, there was no relationship between baseline plasma ghrelin concentration and the magnitude of body weight change in both interventions. These first experimental data under "clamped energy balance conditions" do not provide evidence that plasma ghrelin is involved in the etiology of human obesity. However, studies in free-living individuals are needed to clarify this question.


In order to srudy three-level inverters using in high voltage,high power motors drive applications,the switch model and topolgical were analyzed in detail,the mathematic model of the asynchronous motor was presented,then a method that SVPWM control convert bridge was proposed.The simulation results indicate that the method can effectively realize three-level SVPWM control and high performance speed-regulation of asynchronous motor.


Today the development of robots has increased a lot. Over time the robot can used as a medium of learning and education. The maze mapping system can be used as educational media in robotics. In this study, the idea was obtained to design a robot moving objects that are able to move on a flat striped plane like a line tracer robot. Robot it adopts a maze mapping system to find the fastest path in moving objects. These objects are in the form of mini objects that have been given a color consisting of red, yellow, green, and blue. The four colors are used as a reference for the robot to detect objects based on the color that will be moved from the object detection start point to the available finish point. The method to be used on the robot is A*. The A* algorithm is able to find the fastest route on the path traversed by the robot, by adding up the actual distance with the estimated distance thus making it optimal in the search for the route. The microcontroller used on This robot is an Arduino Due which functions to enter data from the results of sensor readings is on the robots. The sensors consist of an infrared module that functions as a detector line and TCS34725 color sensor to detect the object to be moved. This wheeled robot using a DC motor with a voltage of 12V to drive the two wheels. Than 10 times experiment to determine the fastest path with 1 type of color, obtained success with 70%. The results of this study can be used as a comparison material for the A* method with the A* method another fastest path search.


The National Library of Medicine Classification is excellent for the shelf arrangement of books in a medical library. However, it is too general for a very specialized dental collection such as ours at Northwestern University Dental School Library. We suggest an expansion of the WU category based on the pattern followed in other areas of the NLM classification. An index for the expanded scheme is included.


Antonio, the merchant of Venice, is an admirable, or at least unobjectionable, figure.4 He cares about his friends and the finer things in life. Although he is a merchant and deals with money, he conducts his trade honorably and discreetly, and his work is not the focus of his life. He is intelligent, generous, and patient-a good fellow on whom his friends can rely. Shylock, the usurer, cares almost exclusively about making money. When his greed is thwarted, he is consumed by his desire for vengeance. True, he loves his daughter, but moneymaking is the focus of


Helicobacter cinaedi can cause bacteremia mainly in immunocompromised patients. We present the clinical characteristics of H. cinaedi bacteremia in 4 renal transplant patients. Interestingly, all cases showed triggers of bacterial translocation: 2 cases developed after colonic perforation caused by diverticulitis, 1 case developed post cholecystectomy, and the remaining patient had chronic diarrhea. Accordingly, bacterial translocation caused by severe gastrointestinal complication could be a cause of H. cinaedi bacteremia.


The present work aims to understand whether the establishment of gender quotas for the composition of management positions in Brazilian and Portuguese cooperatives would have the power to fully promote the principle of voluntary and open membership. Therefore, an approach to the roles imposed by society on men and women and propagated by patriarchy is essential to understand why women created the feminist movement and how important it is to achieve equality. In addition, it is essential to understand the characteristics of cooperatives, as well as its first principle - voluntary and open membership - in order to verify the reasons why cooperatives become an ideal model for promoting gender equality. Despite this, in the Brazilian and Portuguese cases, the data show that there is a disparity between men and women from entry, but that it is more relevant when observing the managerial positions. Thus, based on this information and in view of the barriers that keep women away from leadership positions, understanding the conditions for implementing affirmative action such as quotas is essential to verify the possibility of its implementation in the case of cooperatives, in respect for the principles that govern them. In this way, the use of the focus-group methodology seeks to fill in the information collected by the doctrinal, legal and statistical study, based on the empirical analysis of the opinions of jurists and directors of cooperatives on the feasibility of the implementation and of alternatives capable of leading to parity.


This instrument has been used by us for induction of pneumothorax in 30 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis and for refills of air on more than 553 occasions. It is preferred to the standard types of apparatus for giving artificial pneumothorax, which employ columns of water in bottles to displace air into the chest, because it is smaller, the operation is simpler, the air is under much more delicate control, the intrapleural pressure may be read more conveniently during the introduction of air, and the U-tube of the manometer is filled and refilled with water more easily. The pump can be used for various other clinical purposes as well, since it is capable of driving efficiently either gases or fluids. The mechanical details of the pump have been described elsewhere,1and it is necessary here to point out only the chief characteristics. The pump consists of a wheel 14 cm.


It is often expected that temperate plants have expanded their geographical ranges northward from primarily southern refugia. Evidence for this hypothesis is mixed in eastern North American species, and there is increasing support for colonization from middle latitudes. We studied genome‐wide patterns of variation in RADseq loci to test hypotheses concerning range expansion in a North American forest herb (Campanula americana). First, spatial patterns of genetic differentiation were determined. Then phylogenetic relationships and divergence times were estimated. Spatial signatures of genetic drift were also studied to identify the directionality of recent range expansion and its geographical origins. Finally, spatially explicit scenarios for the spread of plants across the landscape were compared, using variation in the population mutation parameter and Tajima's D. We found strong longitudinal subdivision, with populations clustering into groups west and east of the Mississippi River. While the southeastern region was probably part of a diverse Pleistocene refugium, there is little evidence that range expansion involved founders from these southern locales. Instead, declines in genetic diversity and the loss of rare alleles support a westward colonization wave from a middle latitude refugium near the southern Appalachian Mountains, with subsequent expansion from a Pleistocene staging ground in the Mississippi River Valley (0.51–1.27 million years ago). These analyses implicate stepping stone colonization from middle latitudes as an important mechanism of species range expansion in eastern North America. This study further demonstrates the utility of population genetics as a tool to infer the routes travelled by organisms during geographical range expansion.


The White House Task Force on National Health Care Reform, headed by First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, is expected to release its prescription for health care reform this month. From the outset, Clinton's mandate was clear: to provide universal coverage while reining in costs for delivering quality health care. Before President Clinton was even sworn into office, he had outlined the major principles that would shape the health reform debate. Global budgeting would establish limits on all health care expenditures, thereby containing health costs. Under a system of managed competition, employers would form health alliances for consumers to negotiate for cost-effective health care at the community level. So far, a basic approach to health care reform has emerged. A key element is universal coverage--with an emphasis on acute, preventive, and mental health care. Other likely pieces are employer-employee contributions to health care plans, laws that guarantee continued coverage if an individual changes jobs or becomes ill, and health insurance alliances that would help assure individual access to low-cost health care. What still is not clear is the extent to which long term care will be included in the basic benefits package. A confidential report circulated by the task force last month includes four options for long term care: incremental Medicaid reform; a new federal/state program to replace Medicaid; a social insurance program for home and community-based services; or full social insurance for long term care. Some work group members have identified an additional option: prefunded long term care insurance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Abstract All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) plays an essential role in cell survival and differentiation by binding to retinoic acid receptors (RARs), including RAR-α, RAR-β, and RAR-γ. Injury to podocytes is the most frequent cause of glomerulosclerosis (GS). This study was performed to investigate which of the RAR subtypes is involved in the signal pathway of ATRA-induced differentiation of injured podocytes. ATRA (0.1 μM) was administered to Adriamycin (ADR)-induced, injured podocytes, in vitro. Morphological changes were observed. The protein/mRNA expression of podocin, nephrin, transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1), and the RARs (RAR-α,β,γ) was measured by RT-PCR and Western blotting. ATRA treatment ameliorated cell hypertrophy and reduced the shedding of the cytoplasm which was observed under light microscope and the extension of the foot processes was observed under scan electron microscope. Compared with the injured podocytes, ATRA exposure significantly increased the protein/mRNA expression of nephrin and podocin and it markedly reduced TGF-β1 (all p < 0.05). Compared with the injured podocytes, the protein/mRNA expression of RAR-α and RAR-γ was significantly increased after ATRA exposure; however, the expression level of RAR-β was not significantly different. The RAR-α/γ protein expression level was positively correlated with nephrin and podocin (−α, r = 0.637, 0.663; −γ, r = 0.882, 0.878; all p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with TGF-β1 (−α, r = −0.650; −γ, r = −0.739; all p < 0.05). The RAR-β protein expression level was not correlated with nephrin, podocin and TGF-β1 (r = −0.312, 0.079, −0.279; all p > 0.05). In conclusion, RAR-α/γ (and RAR-β to a lesser degree) may be involved in the signal pathway of ATRA-induced differentiation in injured podocytes.


On-site wastewater treatment and disposal systems consisting of a septic tank and soil infiltration trenches are widely employed as an economical effluent disposal option in areas without a wastewater collection network. Infiltration systems utilising peat or sand have been reported to be inefficient in reducing phosphorus (P) concentration to acceptable levels. The present study examined a range of industrial waste residues as amenders to improve P sorption in sand. A series of experiments was undertaken to assess their comparative P sorption capacities and then to examine the performance of selected amenders for renovation of septic tank effluent.

P sorption capacities of materials including Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and several industrial waste residues (acidic precipitator and bottom fly ash. alkaline lagoon and precipitator fly ash, black oxide and neutralised red mud) were evaluated first by batch sorption isotherms and then by a repeated contacting test. Ranking of adsorbents by the two methods are inconsistent. Batch sorption isotherm is a crude way of estimating the P sorption capacity of sorbents. Ranking of adsorbents based on these results did not always reflect the expected performance of the sorbents under actual infiltration operation. On the other hand, repeated contacting with P solution gave a more realistic estimation. The results of subsequent column experiments showed a similar ranking.

Among the materials tested, alkaline precipitator fly ash exhibited the greatest sorbed P. Alkaline lagoon fly ash was found to be less effective than alkaline precipitator fly ash and neutralised red mud. Relatively high application rate of lagoon fly ash appeared necessary for sustained P removal.

Kinetic studies of the various adsorbent materials were undertaken to elucidate the time course of the adsorption process. P sorption by the adsorbents was found to occur in two distinct stages. The first stage involved relatively rapid P uptake and lasted up to several days. A slower phase of P sorption followed which in some cases continued for many months. For all materials tested, with the exception of Merribrook loamy sand the fast reaction accounted for a large proportion (>70%) of the total P uptake at different initial P concentration. P sorption in the rapid sorption stage appeared to be related to the soluble calcium (Ca) content of alkaline precipitator fly ash and red mud gypsum. The time course of P sorption could be described by the Elovich equation and by a kinetic extension of the Freundlich isotherm expression for contact times up to 16 days.

Continuous infiltration studies using laboratory columns (30 cm) were carried out to assess renovation of septic tank effluent by percolation through Merribrook loamy sand, Spearwood sand, lagoon fly ash and sand amended with 30 or 60% (w/w) lagoon fly ash or 20% (w/w) neutralised red mud. The removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was high in all column effluents (71 to 93%). Extent of nitrification was high in Spearwood sand, Merribrook loamy sand and 20% red mud amended Spearwood sand. however, actual removal of nitrogen (N) by nitrification and denitrification was high in columns containing lagoon fly ash.

Unamended Spearwood sand possessed only minimal capacity for P sorption. Merribrook loamy sand and red mud amended sand effected complete P removal through the study period. Significant P leakage occurred from lagoon fly ash amended sand columns following six to ten weeks of operation. Neither lagoon fly ash or red mud caused any studied heavy metal contamination including manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) of effluent. It can be concluded that Merribrook loamy sand is much better natural soil than Spearwood sand as a filter medium. The addition of lagoon fly ash enhanced the removal of P in Spearwood sand but the efficiency was lower than with red mud amendment.

A further set of column studies were conducted to investigate septic tank effluent renovation by sand amended with alkaline precipitator fly ash. Spearwood sand was amended with 0, 5, 15 and 30% (w/w) precipitator fly ash. Amending Spearwood sand with alkaline precipitator fly ash significantly improved the removal of N and P from infiltrating septic tank effluent. P breakthrough occurred in sand amended with 5% precipitator fly ash after week 8. P was not detected in the columns containing 15% and 30% precipitator fly ash over investigation period. N removal increased with increasing fly ash content. However significantly enhanced levels of Ca, aluminium (Al) and selenium (Se) were present in the effluent from columns with amended sand. There could be of concern with reference to water quality criteria for ground water receiving the infiltrated effluent. It was concluded that the precipitator fly ash could be a suitable amendment for coarse sand to provide better effluent quality at an application rate of around 15%. An adequate dilution factor may be needed at the receiving water body in order to avoid groundwater contamination from Ca, Al and Se.


Forcings and feedbacks controlling the seasonally sea ice‐free Arctic Ocean during the mid‐Piacenzian Warm period (3.264–3.025 Ma, MPWP), a period when CO2 level, geography, and topography were similar to present day, remain unclear given that many complex Earth System Models with comparatively higher skills at simulating twentieth century Arctic sea ice tend to produce perennial Arctic sea ice for this period. We demonstrate that explicitly simulating aerosol‐cloud interactions and the exclusion of industrial pollutants from model forcing conditions is key to simulating seasonally sea ice‐free Arctic Ocean of MPWP. The absence of industrial pollutants leads to fewer and larger cloud droplets over the high‐latitude Northern Europe and North Pacific, which allows greater absorption of solar radiation at the surface during the early summer. This enhanced absorption triggers the seasonally runaway sea ice surface albedo feedback that gives rise to September sea ice‐free Arctic Ocean and strongly amplified northern high‐latitude surface warmth.


Abstract Obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome (OSAHS) is a condition causing apnea and hypopnea. LncRNA-ROR revealed properties in regulating hypoxia response. Our study explored the roles of ROR in CoCl2-induced hypoxia injury in HK-2 cells. HK-2 cells were treated with CoCl2 to induce hypoxia injury. Cell viability, cell apoptosis and apoptotic proteins were detected using CCK-8, flow cytometry and western blot, respectively. The alter expression of ROR and miR-145 was achieved through transfection. Moreover, the expressions of HIF-α and ERK and MAPK related factors were examined using western blot. We found that CoCl2 decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis as well as increased the expression of ROR. ROR overexpression increased cell viability, decreased cell apoptosis. ROR overexpression upregulated anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and decreased p53, Bax and cleaved-Caspase-3. ROR overexpression also increased the expression of HIF-α. On the opposite, ROR silence led to the opposite results as relative to ROR overexpression. ROR overexpression decreased expression of miR-145. Co-transfection with ROR overexpression and miR-145 impaired the promoting effects of ROR in CoCl2 treated cells. ROR increased phosphorylation of ERK while decreased phosphorylation of MAPK. In conclusion, lncRNA ROR alleviated CoCl2-induced hypoxia injury through regulation of miR-145 as well as modulating ERK and MAPK signalling. Highlights CoCl2 induces ROR upregulation; Overexpression of ROR reduces CoCl2-induced HK-2 cell injury; Silence of ROR promotes CoCl2-induced HK-2 cell injury; Overexpression of ROR decreases miR-145 expression; ROR overexpression modulates ERK and MAPK signalling pathways through regulation of miR-145.


Utilizing aortopulmonary vascular graft placement, we established a lamb model of pulmonary hypertension that mimics congenital heart disease with increased pulmonary blood flow. We previously demonstrated that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is increased in lambs at age 4 wk. However, these lambs display a selective impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation that is suggestive of a derangement downstream of NO release. Thus our objective was to characterize potential alterations in the expression and activity of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) induced by increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension. Late-gestational fetal lambs (n = 10) underwent in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft (shunt). Western blotting analysis on lung tissue from 4-wk-old shunted lambs and age-matched controls showed that protein for both subunits of sGC was increased in shunted lamb lungs compared with age-matched controls. Similarly, cGMP levels were increased in shunted lamb lungs compared with age-matched controls. However, PDE5 expression and activity were also increased in shunted lambs. Thus although cGMP generation was increased, concomitant upregulation of PDE5 expression and activity may have (at least partially) limited and accounted for the impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary vasodilation in shunted lambs.


List of contributors 1. Left relatively convex subgroups Yago Antolin, Warren Dicks and Zoran Sunic 2. Groups with context-free co-word problem and embeddings into Thompson's group V Rose Berns-Zieve, Dana Fry, Johnny Gillings, Hannah Hoganson and Heather Mathews 3. Limit sets for modules over groups acting on a CAT(0) space Robert Bieri and Ross Geoghegan 4. Ideal structure of the C*-algebra of R. Thompson's group T Collin Bleak and Kate Juschenko 5. Local similarity groups with context-free co-word problem Daniel Farley 6. Compacta with shapes of finite complexes: a direct approach to the Edwards-Geoghegan-Wall obstruction Craig R. Guilbault 7. The horofunction boundary of the lamplighter group L2 with the Diestel-Leader metric Keith Jones and Gregory A. Kelsey 8. Intrinsic geometry of a Euclidean simplex Barry Minemyer 9. Hyperbolic dimension and decomposition complexity Andrew Nicas and David Rosenthal 10. Some remarks on the covering groups of a topological group Dongwen Qi 11. The -invariants of Thompson's group F via Morse Theory Stefan Witzel and Matthew C. B. Zaremsky.


Deflocculated suspensions of coarse powders tend to cake as the individual particles settle out and form compact, cohesive sediments. Limited flocculation results in looser sediments because the settled-out flocs incorporate large amounts of the liquid suspending medium. Controlled flocculation of bismuth subnitrate suspensions was achieved by the addition of small amounts of bentonite. The interaction of the coarse, positively charge bismuth subnitrate particles in aqueous suspension with negatively charged, colloidally dispersed bentonite was investigated by measuring electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation volume, and viscosity. Gradual addition of bentonite dispersion to bismuth subnitrate suspensions first reduced the zeta-potential of the bismuth subnitrate particles from +28 mv to zero, then inverted it, and finally caused it to level off at -20 mv for bismuth subnitrate-bentonite weight ratios below 200. Owing to the much greater specific surface area of bentonite, the surface of the bismuth subnitrate lath-shaped crystals was completely covered by 0.5% of its weight in clay platelets. Adhesion was promoted by electrovalences between surface bismuthyl ions and cation-exchange sites of the clay and by secondary valences. The charge neutralization of bismuth subnitrate by bentonite was a heterocoagulation process: the addition of small amounts of the clay flocculated the bismuth subnitrate suspensions and eliminated caking. While the zeta-potential of the bismuth subnitrate particles leveled off when their surface was saturated with bentonite platelets, sedimentation volume and viscosity continued to increase when the clay concentration was increased further while maintaining the bismuth subnitrate concentration constant. The excess, nonadsorbed bentonite formed the characteristic house-of-cards structure, incorporating the bentonite-coated bismuth subnitrate particles as cornerstones.


This paper proposes spatial outliers detection method of studying multiple non-spatial attributes based on special objects. The spatial outliers detection algorithm based on the Mahalanobis distance is proposed in this paper. The simulated experiment results demonstrate this method is feasible and effective, simultaneously the time complexity of center algorithm is analysed. Except the research type mentioned, spatial outliers detection still includes time-order data and time-space data outliers detections, which are related to the attribute values of other neighbors.


In food safety analysis, the detection and control of foodborne pathogens and their toxins are of great importance. Monitoring of virus transmission is equally important, especially in light of recent findings that coronaviruses have been detected in frozen foods and packages during the current global epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019. In recent years, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted considerable scholarly attention for pathogenic microorganisms and toxins detection and sensing due to their rapid response time, high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, high specificity, label-free detection, portability, and cost-effectiveness. FET-based biosensors can be modified with specific recognition elements, thus providing real-time qualitative and semiquantitative analysis. Furthermore, with advances in nanotechnology and device design, various high-performance nanomaterials are gradually applied in the detection of FET-based biosensors. In this article, we review specific detection in different biological recognition elements are immobilized on FET biosensors for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins, and we also discuss nonspecific detection by FET biosensors. In addition, there are still unresolved challenges in the development and application of FET biosensors for achieving efficient, multiplexed, in situ detection of pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. Therefore, directions for future FET biosensor research and applications are discussed.


In this four-part review article, an update of psychological gerontology since 1988 in German speaking countries is given as follows: Cognitive development in old age (part I), personality development in old age (part II), social relations in old age (part III), tasks, burdens, and border situations in old age (part IV). In part I of the update which is presented in this issue, the description of recent trends in cognitive research serves as a background to highlight, in a first step, the basic research in the field concerned with the mechanics as well as the pragmatics of intelligence in the later years. In a further step, research on memory processes including psychological work with relevance for the investigation of dementia is reviewed. Finally, cognitive intervention studies reflecting the impact of an applied cognitive gero-psychology and aimed to support the potential and limits of the plasticity of the intelligence and memory development in old age find consideration.


This paper begins by introducing the notion of a simple hybrid mechanical system, which generalizes mechanical systems to include unilateral constraints on the configuration space. From such a system we obtain, explicitly, a simple hybrid system. The main contribution of this paper is to provide conditions on when it is possible to reduce the phase space of hybrid systems obtained from simple hybrid mechanical systems, and general simple hybrid systems, due to symmetries in the systems. Specifically, given a Hamiltonian G-space minus; which is the ingredient needed to reduce continuous systems - we find conditions on the hybrid system and the G-space so that reduction can be carried out in a hybrid setting - conditions that are explicitly related to conditions on the original hybrid mechanical system


Discretisations of differential eigenvalue problems have a sensitivity to perturbations which is asymptotically least as h ? 0 when the differential equation is in first order system form. Both second and fourth order accurate discretisations of the first order system are straightforward to derive and lead to generalised eigenvalue problems of the form ?? where both A and B are narrow-banded, block bidiagonal (hence unsymmetric) matrices, and typically B is singular. Solutions of the differential equation associated with eigenvalues of small magnitude are best determined by the discretisations. Thus Krylov subspace methods (for example) require A to be invertible and seek large solutions of ?? This already requires rational methods in principle. It follows that rapidly convergent methods based on inverse iteration applied to the original formulation as a nonstandard generalised eigenvalue problem prove attractive for the narrow-banded systems considered here. Also they have the advantage that they are applicable under the weaker condition A ? ?B ? =? . We have had extensive experience with a method combining aspects of Newton's method and inverse iteration and having a convergence rate of 3.56 . Our implementation combines this basic algorithm with a limiting form of Weilandt deflation to find a sequence of eigenvalues. It has proved extremely satisfactory in a range of applications. This formulation has the further advantage that it is easy to insert the eigenvalue calculation inside an outer loop to satisfy a constraint on an auxiliary parameter. Examples to illustrate both the robustness of the deflation and the flexibility of the approach are provided.


This study is to evaluate the property for the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures using anti-stripping agent. Asphalt mixtures using lime, hydrated lime and liquid anti-stripping agent are evaluated through the three types of modified moisture conditioning(H C -, V S , F-T). Indirect Tensile Test, that is recommended by AASHTO TP-9, which includes creep test, resilient modulus test and strength test is used to estimate moisture susceptibility. Analysis method through Energy Ratio(ER) that is proposed by Roque at University of Florida is used to evaluate moisture susceptibility and moisture resistance effects of asphalt mixtures using anti-stripping agent. As a test result, material property of asphalt mixtures was changed by moisture conditioning methods and the types of anti-stripping agent. Also, cracking resistance of accumulated moisture damage was changed by moisture conditioning methods and the types of anti-stripping agent. Based on test result, it was found that cracking resistance using Energy Ratio was differed from 10% to 30%.


This paper demonstrates and assesses the capability of the advanced three- dimensional (3-D) ionosphere tomography technique, during severe conditions. The study area is northeast Asia and quasi-Japan-centred. Reconstructions are based on Total electron content data from a dense ground-based global navigation satellite system receiver network and parameters from operational ionosondes. We used observations from ionosondes, Swarm satellites and radio occultation (RO) to assess the 3-D picture. Specifically, we focus on St. Patrick's day solar storm (17–19 March 2015), the most intense in solar cycle 24. During this event, the energy ingested into the ionosphere resulted in Dst and Kp and reaching values ~-223 nT and 8, respectively, and the region of interest, the East Asian sector, was characterized by a ~ 60% reduction in electron densities. Results show that the reconstructed densities follow the physical dynamics previously discussed in earlier publications about storm events. Moreover, even when ionosonde data were not available, the technique could still provide a consistent picture of the ionosphere vertical structure. Furthermore, analyses show that there is a profound agreement between the RO profiles/in-situ densities and the reconstructions. Therefore, the technique is a potential candidate for applications that are sensitive to ionospheric corrections.


Application of the wavelet transform (WT) to design of a single phase-to-ground protection algorithm that could be applied to medium voltage (MV) relay design in overhead and cable transmission lines is presented. The algorithm concept is based on the phase comparison between wavelet coefficients of zero sequence voltage and current signals. The idea was tested for signals generated in the physical model of the MV network. The results obtained are presented and the advantages as well as the limitations of the algorithm presented are discussed.


Physical activity (PA) is a cornerstone of treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Among other benefits, regular PA improves physical function which can prevent institutionalization. However, effective PA interventions are not widely adopted in primary care. Our recent systematic review identified an effective PA intervention for adults with T2D that was nearly pragmatic enough for use in primary care. However, it still required adaptation to fit clinic work flows and to be reimbursed by insurance. After adapting the intervention (Be ACTIVE) to address these issues, we hypothesized Be ACTIVE would improve PA and physical function relative to randomized controls. This pragmatic pilot trial randomized adults with T2D to 12 weeks of Be ACTIVE (6 telephone behavioral counseling sessions + PA tracking (FitBit©); 3 primary care visits to teach strength exercises + monitor safety) vs. enhanced usual care (3 self-management mailings). At baseline and post-intervention, we assessed PA with Actigraph© accelerometers (steps/week) and physical function by a timed 400-meter walk (sec) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB, 0-12 scale). To date, we have completed assessments for 15 participants (n=8 Be ACTIVE, n=7 controls). Pre-post PA increased by 19.8% in the Be ACTIVE group (+5122 ± 10steps/week; data shown as mean ± SE) and decreased by 15.9% in controls (-3122 ± 1233 steps/week). SPPB scores increased by a clinically important >1-point difference in the Be ACTIVE group (+1.1 ± 0.2), and were stable in controls (+0.3 ± 0.1). The 400-meter walk time improved by 10.3% in Be ACTIVE participants (-38.3 ± 6.6 sec) and declined by 5.4% in controls (+17.3 ± 6.4 sec). Be ACTIVE is a reimbursable intervention delivered by primary care staff. Strong pilot data support that Be ACTIVE improves PA/physical function. If our data remain promising at trial completion, the next step towards broader dissemination will be to test Be ACTIVE in multiple clinical settings. Disclosure A.G. Huebschmann: Research Support; Self; Merck &Co., Inc..I.M. Leavitt: None.R. Glasgow: None.J.G. Regensteiner: None.A.L. Dunn: None.


Abstract In a discussion of selected works by Mary Sibande, the author explores how the artist visually locates a persona, "Sophie Ntombikayise," she has created within the realm of theatrical fantasy through use of exaggerated poses, dramatic gestures, and extravagant dress. Sibande's theatrical quotations of the language of dress and use of dramatic poses may be related to photographic representations of the Victorian female hysteric in various stages of a hysterical attack, in that they both evoke a sense of excess. It is suggested that, in works on the exhibition The Purple Shall Govern (2013), Sibande moves from the language of quotation of photographic representations of hysteria traceable in earlier works, into the realm of parody. Drawing on feminist writers who posit that hysteria may be regarded as a form of non-verbal, bodily communication for otherwise "voiceless" Victorian women, and relating this to the silencing and invisibility of the black domestic worker in the South African home under apartheid, the author argues that hysteria may be construed as an empowering form of self-expression.


The use of oxygen concentrators for the supply of medical oxygen in developing countries is increasingly becoming an alternative to conventional compressed gas cylinders, which are expensive to refill and logistically challenging to transport. Oxygen is important for obstetric, surgical, and an aesthesia care, as well as for the effective management of many diseases including severe sepsis, malaria, and pneumonia. One major obstacle to the effective use of oxygen concentrators in resource poor settings is the need for a constant power supply. An assessment of power availability in three health centres in The Gambia is presented, which highlights the issue of intermittent electricity supply for real health centre settings in a developing country. A battery-powered oxygen delivery system is also presented, which is charged from an intermittent grid power supply. This oxygen system will be beneficial in areas with little or intermittent electricity supply, such as The Gambia, where oxygen is in short supply.


Patches of natural vegetation remaining in landscapes occupied by man are continuously under threat due to the edge effects and also to land use types around these remnants. The most frequent threats and land use types in the vicinity of 81 Cerrado (tropical savanna type) fragments in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed in order to verify if the frequency of every type of disturbance to the natural ecosystem depends on the neighboring land use. The hypothesis of the study assumes that environmental threats are correlated with land use around protected areas. From the 81 areas, the most frequent human-induced land cover types around the Cerrado remnants were: pasture (recorded in 78% of the areas), sugarcane plantations (26%), roads (19%), annual crops and reforestation (14% each). The most frequent sources of threats were invasive grasses (35% of the areas partially or totally invaded) and cattle (observed in 32% of the areas), followed by deforestation (21%), and fire (21%). The chi-square analysis revealed that, with the exception of deforestation, which does not depend on land use, all other threats are influenced by the neighboring land use. The occurrence of invasive grasses and fires are strongly favored by the presence of roads and urban areas. Sugarcane, reforestation, and permanent crops were the less impacting land use types found in the study area, when only considering impact frequency. These land use types have fire and weed control, and also exclude cattle, indirectly protecting natural ecosystems.


In addition to the reported synthetic routes for the acetylene derivatives of quinones, a detailed analysis of the fundamental chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties of this class of compounds is presented herein. The advantages of Pd- and Cu-catalyzed cross-coupling of terminal alkynes with iodarenes via the Sonogashira reaction to produce new acetylenylquinones with predetermined properties are examined. Here, combining quinoid and acetylene residues into one molecule gives the resulting compounds chemical specificity, as demonstrated by several reported examples of non-trivial transformations. In particular, the presence of the quinoid cycle significantly increases the electrophilicity of the triple bond and determines the range of transformation possibilities. Moreover, acetylenylquinones have heightened sensitivity to both external (such as the reaction temperature and the nature of the solvent) and internal (e.g., the structure of substituents in the nucleus and the acetylene fragment) factors. For example, regioselective cleavage of a strong triple bond under the action of amines is possible in the absence of a metal catalyst. Peri-substituted acetylenyl-9,10-anthraquinones are most suited for the synthetic route because of the proximity of the acetylene and carbonyl groups. Mechanisms of reactions of selective alkynylquinones are described.


English alabasters represent a unique contribution to medieval art. Less sophisticated, perhaps, than other contemporary forms of religious art, they were a neglected area of study until this volume was first published in 1984. Stories from the New Testament and The Golden Legend were the most favoured subjects, and the numerous examples that survive in churches and museums throughout Europe attest to their wide and enduring appeal. Francis Cheetham examines here all aspects of their production and demonstrates how the panels and altarpieces can aid our understanding of life and devotional practice in medieval times.At the heart of this fascinating study is a richly illustrated catalogue of the 260 examples in the collection of London's Victoria and Albert Museum: a collection 'so comprehensive that it would be possible to write a survey of the subject almost without recourse to pieces elsewhere,' as Sir Roy Strong notes in his Foreword. Their division into subject categories is an invaluable aid to identification and classification. The late Francis Cheetham was an acknowledged expert on medieval English alabasters, and this reissue of his classic work will be welcomed by historians, art historians, collectors and dealers alike, taking its place alongside his "Alabaster Images of Medieval England" which was published by the Boydell Press in 2003.


Background: Development of diagnostic reasoning (DR) is fundamental to medical students' training, but assessing DR is challenging. Several written assessments focus on DR but lack the ability to dynamically assess DR. Oral assessment formats have strengths but have largely lost favour due to concerns about low reliability and lack of standardization. Medical schools and specialist medical colleges value many forms of oral assessment (eg, long case, Objective Structured Clinical Examination [OSCE], viva voce) but are increasingly searching for ways in which to standardize these formats. We sought to develop and trial a Standardized Case-Based Discussion (SCBD), a highly standardized and interactive oral assessment of DR. Methods: Two initial cohorts of medical students (n = 319 and n = 342) participated in the SCBD as part of their assessments. All students watch a video trigger (based on an authentic clinical case) and discuss their DR with an examiner for 15 minutes. Examiners probe students' DR and assess how students respond to new standardized clinical information. An online examiner training module clearly articulates expected student performance standards. We used student achievement and student and examiner perceptions to gauge the performance of this new assessment form over 2 implementation years. Results: The SCBD was feasible to implement for a large student cohort and was acceptable to students and examiners. Most students and all examiners agreed that the SCBD discussion provided useful information on students' DR. The assessment had acceptable internal consistency, and the associations with other assessment formats were small and positive, suggesting that the SCBD measures a related, yet novel construct. Conclusions: Rigorous, standardized oral assessments have a place in a programme of assessment in initial medical training because they provide opportunities to explore DR that are limited in other formats. We plan to incorporate an SCBD into our clinical assessments for the first year of clinical training, where teaching and assessing basic DR is emphasized. We will also explore further examiners' understanding of and approach to assessing DR.


In this Letter, a combination of conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) with a compliant cantilever is used to electrically probe oxidised TiO 2-x nanostructures in situ. In STM mode, both the written width and the effective resistivity of material in the written line increase with write bias. At low writing voltages (~3.5 V), the STM written lines are narrow (30 nm), but they are not resistive enough to allow patterns with a 1-2 μm perimeter to provide electrical isolation above 10 MΩ. Raising the bias to 8.5 V during writing allows similar structures to provide isolation of better than 250 MΩ. The resistivity in the lines written at the latter with high bias is 28 Ω m. From electrical estimates, the oxidation appears to go through the thickness at all voltages, but is more chemically incomplete (larger value of x) at low voltage. The data are not consistent, with a small amount of metallic Ti remaining under the written mark, that is, partial penetration of the oxidation. The thickness of this Ti layer would have to be unphysically small (1 million times smaller than an atomic layer thickness) to allow this interpretation.


The retrovirus HIV-1 is the etiological agent of the decades-long AIDS pandemic. Although vaccination is the most common preexposure route to prevent acquisition of viral disease, scalable efficacious vaccination strategies have yet to be developed for HIV-1. By contrast, small molecule inhibitors of the HIV-1 enzymes reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease have been developed that effectively block virus replication. Three different drug compounds are commonly prescribed for people living with HIV as once-daily oral tablets. Once-daily pills composed of two different reverse transcriptase inhibitors are moreover approved as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) treatment for virus naïve individuals who may partake in behaviors associated with increased risk of HIV-1 acquisition such as unprotected sex or injection drug use. Long-acting (LA) injectable HIV-1 enzyme inhibitors are at the same time being developed to sidestep adherence noncompliance issues that can arise from self-administered once-daily oral dosing regimens. Cabotegravir (CAB)-LA, which inhibits integrase strand transfer activity, has in recent clinical trials been shown to prevent HIV-1 acquisition more effectively than once-daily oral dosed reverse transcriptase inhibitors. In this Perspective, we examine bench to bedside aspects of CAB-LA treatment and development, starting from the biochemical basis of HIV-1 integration and pharmacological inhibition of integrase catalysis. We also review the results of recent clinical trials that evaluated CAB-LA, as well as the promises and challenges that surround its use for HIV/AIDS PrEP.


The haemolytic activity of 59 samples, natural or partially synthetic pure saponins and mixtures thereof, was determined. The tested saponins possessed triterpenic genins and six structural skeleton types were studied. Structure-activity relationships were established by comparison of the functional groups of each saponin and of the branched sugar chains attached to aglycone. The haemolytic activity is shown to depend on the number of sugar units in the chains, as well as on the presence of an osidic chain in position 3 or of functional groups on the genin such as carboxylic or 16a-OH. Comparison of activities of monodesmosidic and bidesmosidic saponins showed that monodesmosidic saponins were generally more active and suggested a polar balance between the two sugar chains at positions 3 and 28. Twelve saponins showed strong haemolytic activity and five possessed a Haemolytic Index (HI) greater than 100,000, such as the a- and ß-aescines (HI: 200,000).


The hatching of insect eggs is a classic circadian behavior rhythm controlled by the biological clock. Its function is considered to impose a daily rhythm on the embryo, allowing it to hatch within a permissible time window. However, the molecular pathways through which the clock affects embryonic hatching behavior remain unclear. Here, we utilized a clock gene Cryptochrome1 (Cry1) knockout mutant to dissect the pathways by which the circadian clock affects embryonic hatching rhythm in the silkworm. In the Cry1 mutant, the embryo hatching rhythm was disrupted. Under the constant light or constant dark incubation conditions, mutant embryos lost their hatching rhythm, while wild-type embryos hatch exhibiting free-running rhythm. In the light-dark cycle (LD), the hatching rhythm of CRY1-deficient silkworms could not be entrained by the LD photoperiod during the incubation period. The messenger RNA levels and enzymatic activities of Cht and Hel in the mutant embryos were significantly reduced at circadian time 24 (CT24). Transcriptome analysis revealed significant differences in gene expression at CT24 between the Cry1 knockout mutant and the wild-type, with 2616 differentially expressed genes identified. The enriched Gene Ontology pathway includes enzyme activity, energy availability, and protein translation. Short neuropeptide F signaling was reduced in the CT24 embryonic brain of the mutant, the expression of the neuropeptide PTTH was also reduced and the rhythm was lost, which further affects ecdysteroid signaling. Our results suggested that the silkworm circadian clock affects neuropeptide-hormone signaling as well as physiological functions related to hatching, which may regulate the hatching rhythm.


This research work presents a new approach for optimal location of FACTS controllers in a multi machine power system using MATLAB coding. Using the proposed method, the location of FACTS controller, their type and rated values are optimized simultaneously. Among the various FACTS controllers, Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator (TCSC) and Unified power Flow Controller (UPFC) are considered. Optimal Power Flow (OPF) is one of the most important processes in power system, which improves the system performance by satisfying certain constraints. Generally, different optimization methods are used in the literature to solve the OPF problem. In some research works, the optimization process is done by considering total fuel cost or by considering the environmental pollution that occurs during power generation. But in some other research works, FACTS controllers are used to improve the power flow without considering the power generation cost. The OPF problem is one of the most extensively studied topics in the power system community. In power system operation, OPF is an extended problem of economic dispatch (ED) which consider several parameters such as generator voltage, transformer tap change, SVC, and include constraints such as transmission line and transformer loading limits, bus voltage limit, and stability margin limit . The main function of OPF is to select the optimal operation state of a power system, in the time of meeting some particular constraints. OPF study plays a key role in the Energy Management System (EMS), where the entire operation of the system is regulated in each possible real time intervals.


Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a general term for a family of transmission technologies to delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks. VoIP systems employ session control protocols to control the set-up and tear-down of calls as well as audio codecs which encode speech allowing transmission over an IP network as digital audio via an audio stream. This paper analyzes performance of SIP model (Session Initiation Protocol) based on IPPBX (IP-Private Branch exchange) which is a software application which provides call routing services by parsing and forwarding all the incoming SIP packets in various remote IP telephony network. Then, the M/Er/1 and M/M/1 performance models of the IP-PBX was simulated and some of the key performance benchmarks such as average response time to process the SIP calls and mean number of jobs in the system was reviewed.


Bronchogenic cyst is a benign lesion with congenital dysplasia. Although the occurrence of this type of cyst is rare in the retroperitoneum, the presence of fluid-fluid levels is an even rarer phenomenon in bronchogenic cysts. Therefore, it can be easily misdiagnosed due to the lack of a universal guideline of specific imaging manifestations. The present report describes the case of a patient with a bronchogenic cyst with fluid-fluid levels whilst also performing a brief literature review to summarize the findings of previous reports on this condition. A 48-year-old male individual presented with severe lower back pain without any obvious causes. A CT scan revealed a low-density cystic mass of ~3x4x6 cm in the left front of the T12-L2 area, which originated from the left crus of the diaphragm. MRI revealed a fluid-fluid level in the cyst. Anterior thoracolumbar surgery was performed to completely resect the mass. During the surgery, it was confirmed that the cyst originated from the left crus of the diaphragm and the lesion was diagnosed to be a bronchogenic cyst by pathological analysis. The patient's symptoms improved after the surgery and no recurrence of the cyst was observed during the 3-year follow-up period. The presence of a fluid-fluid level in a retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst is rare, particularly in the abdominal aorta and paravertebral regions, rendering it easily misdiagnosed. It may be associated with protein, hemorrhage and calcium-containing mucus deposition in the cysts. In the present study, a rare case of fluid-fluid level in bronchogenic cyst was reported and a literature review was provided.


Abstract Universities are important economic actors and make a considerable impact on the demand and supply side of their local economies. The aim of this paper is to quantify, compare and classify the different economic demand-and supply-side contributions of the university locations within Lower Saxony (Germany) using a combination of multiplier analysis and spatial econometrics on a NUTS 3 level. In comparison to numerous other studies, this paper does not focus on the economic impact of individual cases or a selected university location but gives a complete picture of the importance and significance of all university locations within Lower Saxony. The income-induced direct and indirect demand effects are estimated using a rich data set of higher education statistics in combination with an income and employment multiplier derived from a regional input-output table. The supply-side effects, i.e. the impact of the education and research outcomes, are estimated with the help of spatial panel regressions, a model derived from human capital theory and knowledge spillover theory. The estimation results give a complete and reproducible impression of the importance and significance of the different university locations, offering the opportunity for comparisons and classifications.


The origin of the stationary frontal wave packet spontaneously generated in rotating and stably stratified vortex dipoles is investigated through high-resolution three-dimensional numerical simulations of non-hydrostatic volume-preserving flow under the f-plane and Boussinesq approximations. The wave packet is rendered better at mid-depths using ageostrophic quantities like the vertical velocity or the vertical shear of the ageostrophic vertical vorticity. The analysis of the origin of vertical velocity anomalies in shallow layers using the generalized omega-equation reveals that these anomalies are related to the material rate of change of the ageostrophic differential vorticity, which in shallow layers are themselves related to the large-scale ageostrophic flow along the dipole axis, and in particular, to the advective acceleration. It is found that on the anticyclonic side of the dipole axis the combined effect of the speed and centripetal accelerations causes an anticyclonic rotation of the horizontal ageostrophic vorticity vector in a time scale of about one inertial period. These facts support the hypothesis that the origin of the stationary and spontaneously generated frontal wave packet at mid-depths is the large acceleration of the fluid particles as they move along the anticyclonic side of the dipole axis in shallow layers.


Most professional FM radio transmitters are capable of accepting baseband signals from 40 Hz to 100 kHz. Stereo programme transmissions require a base bandwidth up to 53 kHz, which leaves a potential capacity for other baseband signals in the range 53 to 100 kHz. In the United States this capacity has been exploited for some years, and various systems are in operation under the generic title of Subsidiary Communications Authorisation (SCA) issued by the FCC. In the USA, sub-carriers up to 92 kHz have been used and are possible due to the FM channel spacing used in US frequency assignment planning. In the UK, CCIR Recommendation 450 has been followed due to the need for closer channel spacing limits in the European Frequency Plan. This effectively limits sub-carrier frequencies to a maximum of 76 kHz. The two Independent Local Radio stations for the London area both carry the EBU Radio Data System (RDS) signal on a sub-carrier of 57 kHz, and both stations also carry financial data information services on sub-carriers of 69 kHz. This latter service is known as Radio Teletext.


SARS-CoV-2 Omicron led to the most serious outbreak of COVID-19 in Hong Kong in 2022. Under the pressure of a high volume of patients and limited medical resources, Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) has been extensively used. This is a case-control study of the infected patients that aims to evaluate the effectiveness of CHM using data extracted from the Hong Kong Baptist University Telemedicine Chinese Medicine Centre database. Patients with COVID-19 confirmed by either a rapid antigen test or a polymerase chain reaction who had completed two consultations and taken CHM within 10 days of the first positive test were included in the study (CHM group, [Formula: see text]). The matched control cases were those who did not take CHM within 10 days of the first positive test and were based on age ([Formula: see text] 3 years), vaccine doses ([Formula: see text] 3 doses, or 3 doses), and gender (no-CHM group, [Formula: see text]). The outcomes included the negative conversion time (NCT, primary outcome), total score of individual symptoms, number of the reported symptoms, and individual symptom disappearance rates. The NCT of the CHM group (median days: 7.0, interquartile range: 6.0-8.0) was significantly shorter than that of the no-CHM group (8.0, 7.0-10.5; [Formula: see text]). CHM treatment significantly reduced the total score of individual symptoms ([Formula: see text]) and the number of the reported symptoms ([Formula: see text]) as compared with that of the no-CHM group. Additionally, the symptom disappearance rates of symptoms such as chills, cough, sputum, dry throat, itching throat, headache, chest tightness, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and fatigue were significantly higher in the CHM group than in the no-CHM group. In conclusion, CHM intervention can significantly reduce NCT and COVID-19 symptoms. Chinese medicine can be accurately prescribed based on a telemedical consultation.


Registration is an important problem and a fundamental task in image processing technique. in the medical image processing fields, some techniques are proposed to find a geometrical transformation that relates the points of an image to their corresponding points of another image. In recent years, multimodality image registration techniques are proposed in the medical imaging field. Especially, CT and MR imaging of the head for diagnosis and surgical planning indicates that physicians and surgeons gain important information from these modalities, in radiotherapy planning manual registration techniques performed on MR image and CT images of the brain. Now-a-days, physicians segment the volumes of interest (VOIs) from each set of slices manually. However, manual segmentation of the object area may require several hours for analysis. Furthermore, MDCT images and MR images contain more than 100 slices. Therefore, manual segmentation and registration method cannot apply for clinical application in the head CT and MR images. Many automatic and semiautomatic image registration methods have been proposed. The main techniques of image registration are performed by the manual operation, using landmark and using voxel information, in this paper, we develop a new method for automatic registration of head images by computer which obtained CT and MR images employing maximization of mutual information. The mutual information registration criterion allows fully automated, highly robust registration of multimodal images. The primary objective of this study is to increase accuracy of the registration and reduce the processing time


Ibrahim Mohedas is currently a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan. He received his B.S. in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin in 2011. His research focuses on the design of medical devices for resource limited settings, particularly related to the use of design ethnography in developing these technologies. He works in the Laboratory for Innovation in Global Health Technology (LIGHT) and is co-advised by Shanna Daly and Kathleen Sienko.


Abstract. Desrita, Hasugian FK, Yusni E, Manurung VR, Rambey R. 2021. Feeding habits of Tinfoil barb Barbonymus schwenenfeldii in the Tasik River, South Labuhanbatu, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2131-2135. Research on feeding habits of Tinfoil barb, Barbonymus schwanenfeldii was carried out in the Tasik River from July to August 2020. This study aims to determine the composition of foods consumed by Tinfoil barb fish, and the availability of natural food in the Tasik River from 3 sampling stations. Fishes were caught using a gillnet with a mesh size of 3.18 cm, then the fish samples were dissected, and the digestive tract was taken and preserved with 10% formalin. A total of 138 Tinfoil bars were caught for this study. Analysis of stomach contents found that Tinfoil barb ate phytoplankton (41-48%) as the primary food, moss (25-38%), plant pieces (13-17%), worms (2-11%) as a complementary food and few of insects (0-4%), zooplankton (0-1%) as other foods. Based on analysis of food item values, all types of food and ratio within the intestine length and the total length showed that Tinfoil Barb was classified as omnivorous. The availability of natural foods for Tinfoil Barb in the Tasik River consists of the genera Asteroinella, Bacillaria, Bidulphia, Cestom, Gyrosigma, Gonatozygon, Oscillatoria, and  Thalassiora.


The recent revelations of classified information by the likes of Edward Snowden are a reminder of the vast expanse of such data generated by the United States and other governments. Both adversaries and friends covet not only our intelligence information, but also operational plans, weapons technology, encryption codes, and a host of other documents. Despite constant instruction on security procedures, however, many Americans with access to this information find it difficult to believe that their coworkers would willingly divulge such classified items to foreign governments or non-state actors. As a result, argues Michael Sulick, literally dozens of spies have evaded discovery, even while compromising our most significant secrets to our opponents. Many agents avoided detection not only because of the negligence of their coworkers, but also because of the poor security policies and institutional rivalries of their employers. Thus, for example, the lack of compartmentalization within the FBI's classified computer systems allowed Robert Hannsen access not only to a broad range of information, but also to ongoing investigations that might indicate whether the Bureau suspected him of wrongdoing. Even when spies were discovered, they often avoided the full penalties of their crimes because their employers were unwilling to expose secret information in an open courtroom, making it difficult to prove that the accused had compromised national security. The motives of such spies were varied. Some, such as Kendall and Gwendolyn Myers, betrayed their country because of ideological belief, in their case, by spying for Cuba. Others felt loyalty to their country of origin, betraying their adopted government to help Hungary or China or Israel. Many spies, Sulick contends, had abusive childhoods that left them fascinated with the idea of outwitting their government and defying its authority. Such damaged personalities often developed incredible egos that eventually tripped them up. By far the most common motivation, however, was money. Far too many government employees found themselves deeply in debt or coveting a lifestyle that they could not afford, so they turned to espionage as a means of financing their desires. This was especially true of underpaid servicemen and servicewomen during the Cold War, many of whom were entrusted with the nation's highest secrets but paid below the poverty level. As the author reiterates, however, in most cases, their fellow workers saw nothing unusual about colleagues who blatantly lived beyond their means. In short, American Spies is an extended study of how NOT to protect classified information. Sulick's sketches of the perpetrators are both fascinating and informative, offering excellent reading, as well as object lessons in the difficulties of operating the national security state. The reader might well wonder how the United States can ever maintain the necessary secrecy about its intelligence and operations activities.


Isothermal-isobaric molecular dynamics simulations are used to examine the microscopic structure and principal thermodynamic properties of a model solution consisting of NaCl salt dissolved in methanol solvent. Four united atom force fields for methanol are involved. Concerning ion solutes we used the Joung-Cheatham, Smith-Dang models as well as the model from the laboratory of Vrabec. Our principal focus is to evaluate the quality of predictions of different combinations of models for basic properties of these solutions. Specifically, we explored the change of density on molality, the structural properties in terms of various pair distribution functions, the coordination numbers, the number of ion pairs and the average number of hydrogen bonds. In addition, changes of the self-diffusion coefficients of species, the solvent dielectric constant and the evolution of the surface tension with ion concentration are described.


SummaryThe growth of oat seedlings in West-moreland silt loam, more acid than pH 6.0, may be materially retarded by the presence of a few hundred parts of zinc per million parts of soil. The injurious effects of the zinc may be prevented by the application of calcium carbonate. The detrimental effects of 800 parts of zinc per million to oat seedlings were prevented in three different samples of soil by incorporating sufficient calcium carbonate to reduce soil acidity to that corresponding to pH 6.0. The results of analysis of the tops of oat seedlings indicate that the concentration of zinc in the soil solution is decreased to a non-toxic level in the neighborhood of pH 6.0 and approaches a minimum at pH 6.5. Some practical implications of these findings are discussed.


Many forms of word relatedness have been developed, providing different perspectives on word similarity. We introduce a Bayesian probabilistic tensor factorization model for synthesizing a single word vector representation and per-perspective linear transformations from any number of word similarity matrices. The resulting word vectors, when combined with the per-perspective linear transformation, approximately recreate while also regularizing and generalizing, each word similarity perspective. Our method can combine manually created semantic resources with neural word embeddings to separate synonyms and antonyms, and is capable of generalizing to words outside the vocabulary of any particular perspective. We evaluated the word embeddings with GRE antonym questions, the result achieves the state-ofthe-art performance.


This article aims to explain and analyze the relationship between Islam and gender, while the research method used is literature study, namely a series of activities related to methods of collecting library data, reading and taking notes and processing research materials. Meanwhile, the data sources in this study were obtained from books, articles, journals and the internet. The data sources are divided into two categories, namely primary and secondary data sources. Primary data sources, namely books and previous research, then secondary data sources consisting of journals, articles, magazines, literature, documents, and so on. The two kinds of research sources are then used as the author's research material to be analyzed in order to find answers to the problems that are the focus of the research.
Meanwhile, the main findings in this study are the general view of gender, the Islamic view of gender, justice in Islam, the concept of gender bias in the Koran, gender equality in the perspective of the Koran and the principle of equality.
The principle of gender equality in an Islamic perspective is that men and women are the same in several ways, namely; as a servant of Allah, as the caliph of Allah, accepted the primordial covenant, was actively involved in the events of the cosmic drama, and had the same potential for achievement. This principle is clearly outlined in the Islamic teaching guidelines in the form of texts or texts from the Qur'an and Hadith. Meanwhile, the difference between men and women can only be seen in terms of the level of devotion to Allah SWT.


An improved systolic array for realising a second-order recursive digital filter derived directly from its transfer function is presented. Compared to previously presented arrays, the realisation of this new systolic array is no longer circumlocutory. Thus the new array has the advantage of no restriction of b/sub 1/ not=0 as for the Lin array and Kwan array. It further reduces the hardware and response time, while maintaining the regularity and high throughput rate. >


For many years, digital signal processing has been governed by the theory of Fourier transform and its numerical implementation. The main disadvantage of Fourier theory is the underlying assumption that the signals have time-wise or space-wise invariant statistical properties. In many applications the deviation from a stationary behavior is precisely the information to be extracted from the signals. Wavelets were developed to serve the purpose of analysing such instationary signals. The book gives an introduction to wavelet theory both in the continuous and the discrete case. After developing the theoretical fundament, typical examples of wavelet analysis in the Geosciences are presented. The book has developed from a graduate course held at The University of Calgary and is directed to graduate students who are interested in digital signal processing. The reader is assumed to have a mathematical background on the graduate level.


Alpha 2 adrenergic agonists currently are used in the anesthetic management of the surgical patient for their sedative/hypnotic, anesthetic-sparing, analgesic, and sympatholytic properties. Experimental and clinical studies have progressed to the point where anesthesiologists are now focusing on the use of these agents for their analgesic and anesthetic effects. This interest has coincided with the development and clinical introduction of dexmedetomidine. Clinical studies using existing alpha 2 agonists have revealed a tremendous potential for these agents that will be fully realized when more selective and specific compounds become available.


Permian operators have dramatically increased the number of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells over the past 5 years and face challenges associated with maximizing production of existing wells while developing new acreage and benches, all the while meeting capital return requirements. Over that time, DNA diagnostics have been applied successfully to more than 1000 wells throughout the Permian Basin to help operators reduce uncertainties ranging from drained rock volume, well-well communication, and sources of water production.
 When subsurface conditions change, microbes change, and the DNA from microbes can be used to profile total fluid flow (water + oil phases) from benches and between wells. It therefore serves as a powerful tool to provide a range of answers, using advanced analytics and integration with various data sets. In this study, we will provide the background of DNA diagnostics and related analytics, along with the latest insights into viable operating environments. We also highlight recent Permian basin projects that have used DNA in conjunction with operator data to reduce uncertainty about subsurface conditions.
 We will show Total Fluid Logs, which are based on comparing DNA signatures from produced fluids with a DNA stratigraphy log. Total Fluid Logs are utilized to 1) constrain interpreted fracture heights, and 2) work in combination with pressure and production data for Rate Transient Analysis (RTA) for significantly improved estimation of the half-length. The case histories will illustrate the differences between production rates and confirmed fracture height and half-length, and a discussion of microseismic is included.
 We show how produced fluid collection during pad completions can elucidate well-well communication and demonstrate the impact of completion size and completion order on effective drainage heights. DNA changes in produced fluids can be compared to production data to reveal the timing and impact of frac hits between wells during zipper completions.
 Finally, we provide a suggested workflow for analyzing water contributions out of target in the diagnosis of problem wells. Petrophysical logs can be compared to drainage height assessments to help reveal from which depths water may be producing and can be integrated with production data for a more complete subsurface understanding.
 DNA diagnostics represent a complementary, cost effective, minimum environmental footprint and low risk tool for operators to easily integrate into existing production and engineering workflows for monitoring well health and subsurface conditions across time.


Age hardening is one of the important variable from many variable that affect the viscoelastic properties of bitumen with timing. Age hardening of bitumen is an irreversible process, which significantly affect the durability of pavements and eventually increases the maintenance cost. When the bitumen is age hardened, the asphalt mixture will become brittle and its ability to support traffic-induced stresses and strains may significantly decrease. The main mechanisms of aging of bitumen are oxidation and loss of volatiles during asphalt mixture production (shortterm ageing) and in-place service period (long-term ageing). Both are cause an increase in viscosity (or stiffness) of the bitumen. The aging of bitumen is one of the principal factors causing the deterioration of asphalt pavements. . The aging modes of failures includes fatigue, thermal induce cracks, and raveling. This review paper carried out on the present studied to examine the effect of aging on bitumen binder using different filler materials. Studies have shown that the neat bitumen binder has more aging effect than modified bitumen. Keyword : Bitumen, Penetration Test, Softening Test, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, TFOT, RTFOT.


The development of a number of articulations in the chick embryo skull, and of adventitious (secondary) cartilages associated with them, is described. The cells of the adventitious cartilages differed from the hyaline cartilage of the chondrocranium in being encapsulated and rapidly becoming hypertrophic. In every case but one the adventitious cartilage was formed in direct association with an articulation. The articulations may have articular cavities (quadrate-quadratojugal; quadratepterygoid; pterygoid-cranium; squamosal-quadrate) or be without these (squamosalotic capsule; pterygoid-palatine; surangular- and angular-Meckel's cartilage). The adventitious cartilage developed in "germinal cells" which, immediately before the onset of chondrification, had been engaged in ossification. Later, the same group of cells often reverted to bone formation, and the adventitious cartilage became partly covered by bone. Where there were articular cavities, fibrous membranes lining the articulations appeared on each side of the cavity and these usually became fibrocartilaginous. These membranes continued into the fibrous layers of the periostea of the elements concerned, while the germinal cells from which the adventitious cartilages were formed became cambial layers continuous with the cambial layers of the periostea. Movement, and mechanical strains resulting from the action of muscles, is obvious at articulations having articular cavities. In those lacking articular cavities, the anatomy of the muscles makes it extremely probable that the site on the membrane bone is pulled upon, or moved against, the cartilage with which the articulation is made. The facts of the development of adventitious cartilage, and of the anatomy of the musculature, are in harmony with the hypothesis that the change in morphogenetic direction of the germinal cells, from osteogenesis to chondrogenesis, is mechanically induced.


This study reviews the treatment response to the antiepileptic drug topiramate (Topamax—mean dose 202 mg/d, range 150–350 mg/d) of a group of 22 institutionalized intellectually disabled adults (8 males, 14 females, mean age 46.5 years, age range 25–70 years). These individuals were predominantly classified as having severe or profound intellectual disability and as having a mood disorder. The individuals studied were treated for aggression, self-injurious behaviors, destructive/disruptive behaviors or a combination of these, and/or other challenging and maladaptive behaviors. All subjects were receiving concurrent psychotropic and/or anticonvulsant medications. Effectiveness was determined by retrospective review of summaries of quarterly multidisciplinary Neuropsychiatric Behavioral Reviews. Assignment of global severity scores and evaluation of longitudinal behavioral graphs of target symptoms occurred. Overall, statistically significant decreases in global severity scores and in the cumulative aggression and worst behavior rates occurred in the subjects, especially when the 3 months before and the 3 to 6 months after starting topiramate were compared. The overall subject group showed no significant weight changes. One subject developed delirium, 1 developed hypoglycemia, 1 developed sedation, and 2 developed constipation. The results suggest that topiramate may have a role in the treatment of challenging/maladaptive behaviors in intellectually disabled individuals.


Plant pathogenic and beneficial fungi have evolved several strategies to evade immunity and cope with host-derived hydrolytic enzymes and oxidative stress in the apoplast, the extracellular space of plant tissues. Fungal hyphae are surrounded by an inner, insoluble cell wall (CW) layer and an outer, soluble extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix. Here we show by proteomics and glycomics that these two layers have distinct protein and carbohydrate signatures, implicating different biological functions. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) β-1,3-endoglucanase HvBGLUII, which belongs to the widely distributed apoplastic glycoside hydrolase 17 family (GH17), releases a conserved β-1,3;1,6-glucan decasaccharide (β-GD) from the EPS matrices of fungi with different lifestyles and taxonomic positions. This low molecular weight β-GD does not activate plant immunity, is resilient to further enzymatic hydrolysis by β-1,3-endoglucanases due to the presence of three β-1,6-linked glucose branches and can scavenge reactive oxygen species. Additionally, exogenous application of β-GD leads to enhanced fungal colonization in barley. Our data highlights the hitherto undescribed capacity of this often overseen fungal EPS layer to act as an outer protective barrier important for fungal accommodation within the hostile environment at the apoplastic plant-microbe interface. Significance Here we identify and characterize a conserved β-1,3;1,6-glucan decasaccharide with antioxidant activity released from the fungal extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix by the activity of a plant apoplastic endoglucanase. In addition, we provide a quantitative proteomic analysis of the fungal EPS and cell wall (CW) layers. HIGHLIGHTS The fungal extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) matrix and the cell wall (CW) are specific layers with distinct protein and carbohydrate signatures A conserved β-1,3;1,6-glucan decasaccharide (β-GD) is released from the EPS matrices of different fungi by the activity of the barley β-1,3-endoglucanase BGLUII, a member of the widely distributed apoplastic GH17 family The β-GD efficiently scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS) and enhances fungal colonization The immunomodulatory potential as microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) as well as the biochemical activity as ROS scavenger of soluble low molecular weight β-glucans are defined by the presence of β-1,6-glucose branches


Many lecturers preach teamwork, but they do not practice it by sharing responsibility for classes. Particularly in a transnational context, inputs from lecturers and learners from various countries might be beneficial for students' learning. This paper asks the question: How can higher education institutions (HEI) set up cross-country and cross-HEI co-teaching to facilitate the transfer of host and home country knowledge? The authors provide insights into a transnational co-teaching project that partly relies on virtual distance learning across countries. This real-life project supports small and medium sized enterprises in their international endeavours with the support of lecturers and student teams from the respective host countries as well as their home countries. The authors discuss advantages and disadvantages of cross-country and cross–HEI co-teaching in comparison to traditional teaching methods. Furthermore, the authors elaborate on the impact of virtual distance learning in comparison to in-class teaching at a single physical location. Due to the international nature of the project, it mainly relies on distance learning that can be very effective when implemented correctly. The paper provides lessons learned from the project that might be beneficial for lecturers with and without international components in their teaching.


Despite an influential shortcoming of minimally invasive sugary (MIS), which is the lack of tactile feedback to the surgeon, MIS has increasingly been used in various types of surgeries. Restoring the missing tactile feedback, especially information which can be obtained by the palpation of tissue, such as detection of embedded lump and softness characterization is important in MIS. The present study aims to develop tactile feedback systems both graphically and physically. In graphical rendering approach, the proposed system receives signals from the previously fabricated piezoelectric softness sensors which are integrated with an MIS grasper. After processing the signals, the tactile information is displayed by means of a color coding method. Using the graphical images, the softness of the grasped objects can visually be differentiated. A physical tactile display system is also designed and fabricated. This system simulates non-linear material properties of different soft objects. The system consists of a linear actuator, force and position sensors and processing software. A PID controller is used to control the motion of a linear actuator according to the properties of the simulated material and applied force. Graphical method was also examined to render the tactile information of embedded lumps within a soft tissue/object. The necessary information on the size and location of the hidden features are collected using sensorized MIS graspers. The information is then processed and graphically rendered to the surgeon. Using the proposed system surgeons can identify presence, location and approximate size of hidden lumps by grasping the target object with a reasonable accuracy. Finally, in order to determine the softness of the grasped object, another novel approach is taken by the design and fabrication of a smart endoscopic tool equipped with sensors for measuring the applied force and the angle of the grasper jaws. Using this method, the softness/compliance of the grasped object can be estimated and presented to the surgeon


In this study, we examined the relationship between national identification and anti-immigrant prejudice in a multilevel analysis of ISSP survey data from 37,030 individuals in 31 countries. We argue that this relationship depends on how national groups are defined by their members. Across the 31 national samples, the correlation between national identification and prejudice ranged from weakly negative (-.06) to moderately positive (.37). The relationship was significantly stronger in countries where people on average endorsed a definition of national belonging based on language, and weaker where people on average defined the nation in terms of citizenship. These effects occurred at a national rather than individual level, supporting an explanation in terms of the construction of nationality that prevails in a given context. Endorsement of the ancestry-based criteria for nationality was positively associated with prejudice, but only at the individual level.


A snap-stabilizing protocol guarantees that the system always behaves according to its specification provided some processor initiated the protocol. We present how to snap-stabilize some important protocols, like Leader Election, Reset, Snapshot, and Termination Detection. We use a Snap-stabilizing Propagation of Information with Feedback protocol for arbitrary networks as the key module in the above transformation process. Finally, we design a universal transformer to provide a snap-stabilizing version of any protocol (which can be self-stabilized with the transformer of [15]).


We define a new notion
of contracting element of a group and we show that contracting elements coincide with
hyperbolic elements in relatively hyperbolic groups, pseudo-Anosovs in mapping class groups, rank one isometries
in groups acting properly on proper

 {\mathrm{CAT}(0)}

 spaces, elements acting hyperbolically on the Bass–Serre tree in graph
manifold groups. We also define a related notion of weakly contracting element, and show that those coincide with
hyperbolic elements in groups acting acylindrically on hyperbolic spaces and with iwips in

 {\mathrm{Out}(F_{n})}

 ,

 {n\geq 3}

 . We show that each weakly contracting element is contained in a hyperbolically embedded elementary subgroup, which allows us to answer a problem in [16].
We prove that any simple random walk in a non-elementary finitely generated subgroup containing
a (weakly) contracting element ends up in a non-(weakly-)contracting element with exponentially decaying probability.


Control of transmitted power is crucial for the successful operation of multi-user wireless channels communications. There are practical situations in which the transmitted power cannot be adjusted by feedback information; hence, only forward transmit power allocation can be applied, especially in situations where a feedback channel is not available in a wireless network or when wireless nodes are only transmit types. Conventionally, transmitted power can be fixed. Higher gain may be observed if the sensors' transmitted power is randomized. In this work, random power allocation for a Nakagami-m distributed wireless channel model was investigated, and a number of random distributions were evaluated theoretically and tested by simulations. The outage probability was evaluated theoretically and validated by Monte Carlo simulations.


The study of the chemical and electrochemical fluorescence switching properties of a family of substituted triphenylamine derivatives is reported. First of all, the synthesis of a family of six compounds is described. They are characterized by electrochemistry, UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemistry. Theoretical calculations were performed in order to corroborate the experimental results. While these compounds emit blue to green light under UV irradiation with a large quantum yield (37%) in the case of one molecule, the fluorescence intensity is quenched upon oxidation. The fluorescence behavior can be switched between the strong fluorescent (neutral) state and the non-fluorescent (oxidized) state with a high contrast (around 1500 for the fluorescence intensity for one of these molecules). Furthermore, the chromatic contrast of three of these molecules reaches 70% that can be important for further applications.


Data from a Nelore population was used to evaluate environmental effects and to estimate genetic parameters for days to calving (DPP). The influence of contemporary group, age at breeding season, month of last calving and weaning weight of the calf at the end of the breeding season were evaluated with fixed models. The weaning weight of the calf at the end of the breeding season was the only effect that did not influence DPP. Two different contemporary group (CG) definitions were also evaluated. Herd, year and season of breeding, management groups (birth, weaning and breeding) and mating type (multiple sires, single sire or artificial insemination) defined the first CG and the second CG included the same variables and sex of the calf. Variance components were estimated using restricted maximum likelihood method fitting univariate animal models, including or not non-calvers cows (which were penalized by adding 21 days to the largest DPP record in their management group). Heritability estimates ranged between 0.01 and 0.11. Exclusion of the permanent environmental effect from the model overestimated additive genetic variance. The method of assigning penalties to non-calvers cows was unsuitable; it resulted in reduced additive genetic variance. The results suggest that DPP is strongly influenced by the environment.


High peak power, narrow linewidth sources continue to be in high demand. Fiber amplifiers are a compelling option to scale peak power of long 100-ns-pulses because of their compact size and robustness. Unfortunately, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) limits peak power of narrow linewidth fiber sources causing instability. We demonstrate SBS suppression for 130-ns pulses from a 5 MHz linewidth seed laser in a fiber amplifier by using tapered fiber with large 50 µm diameter core in the output. The longitudinal change in the core diameter induces frequency shift in the SBS gain peak and the back-travelling Stokes wave is suppressed towards smaller core. We reach 2.2 kW peak power with 18.7 dB polarization extinction ratio and record breaking 4 kW peak power by exciting both polarization states of the polarization maintaining tapered fiber. The output beam quality equals to single mode fibers with M2 = 1.08.


The Electron Proton Helium Instrument (EPHIN) aboard the Solar Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observed several SEP events with protons accelerated to energies E>500 MeV, whereas no neutron monitor (NM)
 of the worldwide network showed a significant increase in their counting rate. For instance, the SEP event on 8 November 2000 with maximum proton intensity at 500 MeV of >0.1 (cm2 s sr MeV)-1 is outstanding,
 as this maximum pro-ton flux is comparable with the GLEs on 14 July 2000 and on 15 April 2001 (max. count rate increase in 5-min data of 225% at South Pole NM). In a first step we applied a forward modelling
 approach of the SEP event on 8 November 2000, i.e. we computed the expected NM count rate increases for selected NM stations, utilizing as input para-meters the SEP spectra determined from EPHIN data as well
 as anticipated pitch angle distribution and apparent source direction. The simulated count rate increases for selected NM stations showed that this SEP event should have be seen as a clear GLE. To further
 understand this situation, we investigated in a next step recent GLEs and sub-GLEs. Consequently, a total of four SEP events were selected, two clearly identified GLEs and two sub-GLEs. We performed
 a "GLE analysis" based on the data of the worldwide network of NMs for each of the four SEP events and then compared the derived SEP spectra with the proton spectra as determined from EPHIN measurements.


The paper examines how Malmo and the surrounding areas have been affected by the Oresund Bridge. Employment is the measure of economic activity that has been used including employment in private and public sectors. Our hypothesis is that the Oresund Bridge's impact on employment in the municipalities close to the bridge should be bigger than the impact on the remaining municipalities in Scania. Comparing the private and public sector, the hypothesis is that the private sector should be more responsive or market-driven and therefore be more affected of an infrastructure investment. Theories used are New Economic Geography and Paul Krugman's core-periphery model together with the difference-in-differences method. Our hypothesis is valid but not confirmed; the results reflect a change, in surrounding municipalities, but they are marginal and may also be the effect of other economic developments.


The Lindstedt series were introduced in the XIXth century in Astronomy to study perturbatively quasi-periodic motions in Celestial Mechanics. In Mathematical Physics, after getting the attention of Poincare, who studied them widely by pursuing to all orders the analysis of Lindstedt and Newcomb, their use was somehow superseded by other methods usually referred to as KAM theory. Only recently, after Eliasson's work, they have been reconsidered as a tool to prove KAM-type results, in a spirit close to that of the Renormalization Group in quantum field theory. Following this new approach we discuss here the use of the Lindstedt series in the context of some model problems, like the standard map and natural generalizations, with particular attention to the properties of analyticity in the perturbative parameter.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolution of collaboration among researchers in Library Hi Tech based on the co-authorship network analysis.

Design/methodology/approach
The Library Hi Tech publications were retrieved from Web of Science database between 2006 and 2017. Social network analysis based on co-authorship was analyzed by using BibExcel software and a visual knowledge map was generated by Pajek. Three important social capital indicators: degree centrality, closeness centrality and betweenness centrality were calculated to indicate the co-authorship. Cohesive subgroup analysis which includes components and k-core was then applied to show the connectivity of co-authorship network of Library Hi Tech.

Findings
The results indicated that around 42 percent of the articles were written by single author, while an increasing trend of multi-authored articles suggesting the collaboration among researchers in librarian research field becomes popular. Furthermore, the social network analysis identified authorship network with three core authors – Markey, K., Fourie, I. and Li, X. Finally, six core subgroups each included six or seven tightly connected researchers were also identified.

Originality/value
This study contributed to the existing literature by revealing the co-authorship network in librarian research field. Key researchers in the major subgroup were identified. This is one of the limited studies that describe the collaboration network among authors from different perspectives showing a more comprehensive co-authorship network.