A unified treatment is presented of thermoelasticity by application and further developments of the methods of irreversible thermodynamics. The concept of generalized free energy introduced in a previous publication plays the role of a ``thermoelastic potential'' and is used along with a new definition of the dissipation function in terms of the time derivative of an entropy displacement. The general laws of thermoelasticity are formulated in a variational form along with a minimum entropy production principle. This leads to equations of the Lagrangian type, and the concept of thermal force is introduced by means of a virtual work definition. Heat conduction problems can then be formulated by the methods of matrix algebra and mechanics. This also leads to the very general property that the entropy density obeys a diffusion‐type law. General solutions of the equations of thermoelasticity are also given using the Papkovitch‐Boussinesq potentials. Examples are presented and it is shown how the generalized coordinate method may be used to calculate the thermoelastic internal damping of elastic bodies.


I LBNL#42507 SC-MAG 642 I DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF RA CETRACK COIL ACCELERATOR MAGNETS ' K. Chow. D.R. Dic tderi ch. S.A. Go urla y. R. Gupta. W. Harnde n. A. Lictzke. A.D. Mclnturff. G. Millos, L. MOtTison , M . Morrison. and R.M . Scanla n. Lawrcnce 8erkdcy Na tion a l Laboratory, Berkcky, Ca li forn ia Absiraci Most acce lerator lIlagnets ror applications ill the field ({lnge lip 9 T utili ze NhTi su perconductor nnd a cosine lheta coi l design. For fie lds above I) T. it is neeess;'lf)' 10 use Nb)Sn or olher s tra in se nsitive materials. and other coil geometries thm :lfC more comp;lIihlc with th ese materiaJ s mu st be cOllsiderell. This paper lk:scrihcs our reeeni efforls 10 design a seri es r:ll:etrack co il IIlngm:ls lilal will provide ex!,x:.riJlll'-lllal vcri fil:alioll thi s nllerncllive nl<lgnci design for dm'lI ilpe nurc dipok ma gnet wit. the goa l or reaciling a licld level or 15 T. will be described. The expcrim elltal progr;ull . wh ich cO llsis ts of a series of steps leadillg to i t high licit! accclt: rato r quality ma gnet, will he presclltl'll. l :ahriC<lIioJl a The ult illlill C goal of the program is the developmelll of ,ICl:elc rtltor qu,lIity dipoles with fieills up 10 15 1'. 'fIJi. w ill he approached hy ouilding a few lo we r lield magnets tn <lCHlollSlfillC Iht.: feasihility of the design, develop J';lhriC!ltillll tl:Chlliqllcs and understand relevant PCl fOflll:IIICC parilllll: tcrs. S UCCl:SS will al so depend on the p;lr:tllt.:I dt..:\'t..:joplIle 11 I or' hi gh qUlllilY, low cnst St l pc fO 1 It Illctl)l . or ,I or 2 DESIGN 2. I COl/tili clOr (Inti C(lb le Usillg O.XOX mill diameter .,- trand lIlalluf[lctureo by TeledYlle Wah Ch''''g AlhallY ('['weA) for the ITER projcct. w hich ha s a .I e of ahout 6 10 A/mill: ] at 12 T and K. thi s magnet is expccted 10 achieve a bore field of approximatcly 7 T. Thiny stra nd s arc wound into n Rutherfurd style (,,, hie wi th. a reClangulHf cross sec ti on, 1.4.5 X 12.34 mill . The ca hle is insulat ed with a nominal 0 . 13 JllIll thick sleeve of wove n S-2 g lnss. To reouce carhon deposit s during rcaction, the i'nclOry sizing is hilkcd out and replaced with a palmitic acid sizing which leaves:l minimal cmholl re sidue. or race track <.lipoic Inaguet IItili l.illg N h:tS II SUI k:fCt IlHllICH 1f nnc! n wind ,1Ild rem.: [ approa ch will he pre se llted. J INTRODUCTION The ongoing prograJll for the dcvdoplll L' 1I1 alld utili Ztl lio li of brittle ,superconductors for aCct:!cralOr Illtlgncis ill LI3NL ha s recelltl y becli focuseu 011 coil s with iI simple ra cetrack geometfy. High lield, low cust magllL'ts arc tlH': mo,sl likely option for sigilific:llltl y lo we ring th e o\'cf:ill cost of a new hi gh energy collidc r. III pafliculaf. wc tin: concentrating 011 the development or till: COIll IllO/l coil t:lpproncll [1 ,2] for its potl:lltial simplicit y of cOllst ru cti oll and co nsequent cost cllec tivencss. Till: design concL'.pl. shown sehem[ltically in Figure I . cOllsist.. . of (t pair (lr racetrack coils shared hetwee n tw o a(1Crtures. produ ci ng lields in opposite directions. 2.2 Coil Module Design ha sic COIllPOJll:lH Ill' this tlesign is the coil modul e, w hich cOllsists of a douhle-Iayer coil cO llIained in n StiPpOf\ struc ture. The coi l module component s afe shown in Fi gure ::? Th l~ Fi gure I: COllllllon Coil Gcometr y I :igure 2: Coi l Module Ctllllponents ror n 2-Lnyer !~;lC.clrtlck Coi l


The aim of this study analyzed the development curriculum at Pondok Pesantren Al-Aqobah and Pondok Pesantren Tarbiyatun Nasyi'in Pacul Gowang, Jombang. The aim of this study focused on the concepts of curriculum planning studying, curriculum implementation, and curriculum evaluation. This study used descriptive qualitative approach. The source of data was the headmaster Pondok Pesantren, the curriculum staff of the Islamic Boarding School and the teacher of kitab kuning. While data collection used interview, observation, and physical data. The results showed that in concept of planning, the curriculum development at Pondok Pesantren Al-Aqobah was more emphasized on the effectiveness of students acceleration in mastering turats, while at Pondok Pesantren Nasyi'in was more emphasized on the principle of continuity (istiqomah). In implementation of curriculum, Pondok Pesantren Al Aqobah used the Amtsilati method at the first year and for the last evaluation used Authentic Assessment model, and while at Pondok Pesantren Tarbiyatun Nasyi'in learning process was conducted by Bandongan method. In Evaluation of curriculum at Pondok Pesantren Al-Aqobah was conducted directly by Kyai, because the governing structure centralized on Kyai. While at Pondok Pesantren Tarbiyatun Nasyi'in, evaluation was conducted by evaluation team consist of manager Pondok Pesantren, head of madrasah, Mufattisy, mustahhiq, and teachers.
Key words: Curriculum Development, Pondok Pesantren, Implementation Curriculum


The alternative view of the current status and perspective of seismic prediction studies is discussed. In the problem of ascertainment of the uncertainty relation Cognoscibility-Unpredictability of Earthquakes, priorities of works on short-term earthquake prediction are defined due to the advantage that the final stage of nucleation of earthquake is characterized by a substantial activation of the process while its strain rate increases by the orders of magnitude and considerably increased signal-to-noise ratio. Based on the creep phenomenon under stress relaxation conditions, a model is proposed to explain different images of precursors of impending tectonic earthquakes. The onset of tertiary creep appears to correspond to the onset of instability and inevitably fails unless it is unloaded. At this stage, the process acquires the self-regulating character and to the greatest extent the property of irreversibility, one of the important components of prediction reliability. Data in situ suggest a principal possibility to diagnose the process of preparation by ground measurements of strain-rate-dependent parameters, like electromagnetic emission, etc. Laboratory tests of the measurements of acoustic and electromagnetic emission in the rocks under constant strain in the condition of self-relaxed stress until the moment of fracture are discussed in context. It was obtained that electromagnetic emission precedes but does not accompany the phase of macrocrack development.


According to a report published by the European Commission in November 2013, Spain remains the leading destination for European university students in the Erasmus exchange scheme. Both this non-domestic audience and the launch of the European Higher Education Area have caused far-reaching changes in the Spanish university system. A more recent phenomenon to be added to this scenario is the arrival of Chinese students, of whom around 100 chose the Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC) in 2014–2015, a university whose first official language is not Spanish, but Galician. This new situation has serious consequences for this university, both in managerial and teaching terms. The aim of this paper is to build on the experience of Chinese students and their teachers by focusing on how Spanish literature is taught and learned at the USC. Managerial aspects will be discussed within the context of current corporatization of universities, and teaching aspects in relation to comparative literature as intercultural pedagogy.


Rai and Binet staging of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is being superseded by new prognostic markers. The mutational status of the immunoglobulin variable region heavy-chain genes segregates the disease into more benign and more malignant versions, and has been confirmed as an important prognostic marker in prospective clinical trials. A search for surrogate markers for this difficult-to-perform assay has led to flow cytometric assays for CD38 and ZAP-70 expression, although in both cases there are problems with standardization and interpretation of the assays. A separate pathway of research has revealed two chromosomal aberrations--deletions of 11q and 17p--as important prognostic markers. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization has made their detection readily available. These five markers are in different stages of evaluation, but some of them are ready to be used for risk-adapted therapy in clinical trials. Other assays are in earlier stages of assessment.


The electronic nematic phase of Sr₃Ru₂O₇ is investigated by high-resolution in-plane thermal expansion measurements in magnetic fields close to 8 T applied at various angles Θ off the c axis. At Θ < 10° we observe a very small (10⁻⁷) lattice distortion which breaks the fourfold in-plane symmetry, resulting in nematic domains with interchanged a and b axis. At Θ ≳ 10° the domains are almost fully aligned and thermal expansion indicates an area-preserving lattice distortion of order 2 × 10⁻⁶ which is likely related to orbital ordering. Since the system is located in the immediate vicinity of a metamagnetic quantum critical end point, the results represent the first observation of a structural relaxation driven by quantum criticality.


Over the past year, approximately 10,000 American teens have died due to a prescription stimulant overdose. A comprehensive, accurate, and easily integrable approach to detect a drug overdose in the environment where it occurs is imperative. This study proposes a multi-factor automated overdose detection system designed to operate in a teen's living and working space. The eight factors include sweat composition analysis, mood swing detection, measurement of vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate, electrodermal activity), detection of spasms, and consciousness verification. The two-factor reagent strip, consisting of a gold nanoparticle-based diagnostic measure and pH-based control measure, displayed a significant difference in color between simulated case and control sweat. An Arduino-based sensor and hardware apparatus were built and evaluated to integrate the strip onto a laptop mouse. A generalized linear model, gradient boosting machine, and multilayer perceptron trained on over 1.6 million data points were successfully able to detect a mood swing from a baseline emotion. The final model (with an AUC of over 85%) was implemented into the Hero mobile app to monitor a teen's outgoing SMS messages for a mood swing. A mathematical image processing algorithm to measure vital signs was created, and repeated evaluation resulted in a percent error of <5%. These results, along with external sensors/hardware devices and mobile app features, were incorporated into Hero. In contrast to previous solutions, teens can use the Hero system and mobile app for constant background monitoring of physical, emotional, and biochemical signs of overdose in their daily life.


In component based software development, project success or failure largely depends on correct software component evaluation. All available evaluation methods require time to analyse components. Due to the black box nature of components, preliminary judgments are made based on vendor descriptions. As there is no standard way of describing components, descriptions have to be interpreted using semantics and domain knowledge. This paper presents a semi-automated generic method for component identification and classification based on generic domain taxonomy and user generated semantic input. Every query is semantically tailored to what is being looked for, arriving at better results then it is currently possible using available automated categorisation systems.


The "Three Good Things" is a self-administered positive psychological intervention that is effective in reducing depressive symptoms and improving well-being; however, there is still little known about its possible underlying mechanisms. I examined the efficacy of the Three Good Things
 intervention and investigated the mediating role of positive and negative affect in the intervention's effect on depressive symptoms and subjective well-being. Participants were undergraduate students randomly assigned to either the intervention group ( n = 128), who participated in
 a 16-week trial of the intervention and completed assessment measures, or to the control group (n = 121), who completed assessment measures but not the intervention. The three time points for assessment were Week 1 (baseline), Week 8 (Time 1), and Week 16 (Time 2). The results show
 that levels of depression and negative affect were lower in the intervention group than in the control group at Time 2, whereas positive affect and subjective well-being were higher. Thus, the intervention can reduce depression and promote well-being by reducing negative affect and improving
 positive affect.


We study theoretically the propagation of longitudinal wave in weakly compressible elastic media containing random air bubbles by using a self-consistent method. By inspecting the scattering cross section of an individual bubble and estimating the mean free paths of the elastic wave propagating in the bubbly weakly compressible media, the mode conversion is numerically proved negligible as the longitudinal wave is scattered by the bubbles. On the basis of the bubble dynamic equation, the wave propagation is solved rigorously with the multiple scattering effects incorporated. In a range of frequency slightly above the bubble resonance frequency, the acoustic localization in such a class of media is theoretically identified with even a very small volume fraction of bubbles. We present a method by analyzing the spatial correlation of wave field to identify the phenomenon of localization, which turns out to be effective. The sensibility of the features of localization to the structure parameters is numerically investigated. The spatial distribution of acoustic energy is also studied and the results show that the waves are trapped within a spatial domain adjacent to the source when localization occurs.


We examined the nef gene of HIV-1 in a long-term nonprogressor to look for evidence suggesting an attenuated virus. The nef gene was previously shown to be required for induction of AIDS. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) deleted in nef, while infectious, fails to sustain the high viral loads necessary for the induction of AIDS in infected adult rhesus monkeys. The human subject of this report was found to harbor virus (HIV-1 Sur25) encoding open-nef reading frames. However, the nef genes of this subject bore a signature point mutation: a cysteine at amino acid 138. The sequence at this position was identical in all clones examined over a 3-year period. When this sequence was compared to the sequence database for AIDS and human retroviruses at Los Alamos, New Mexico, several isolates from other asymptomatic individuals were also found to encode nef genes with a cysteine at position 138. Furthermore, Cys-138 was found in chimpanzee immunodeficiency virus (CIV), a lentivirus that is similar to HIV but does not cause AIDS in chimpanzees. Multiple cysteines are also found in the nef gene of African green monkey virus, SVIagm, including cysteine at the position analogous to Cys-138. While seroprevalence of SIVagm is high in the wild, there is no known disease associated with this virus. The pathogenic virus isolated from Asian macaques, SIVmac, encodes a Nef protein that has few cysteines. Although the virus HIVSur25 encodes a completely open-nef gene, the virus from this individual is similar to attenuated SIVmac (SIVmac239/nef-deletion) as well as HIV deleted in nef in its growth properties in H9 cells. Nef containing a cysteine at position 138 was shown to be responsible for determining the ability to grow in H9.


Discusses the new socioeconomic conditions in public health, which imply higher requirements to the use of resources and to their quality. Emphasizes that a physician of a general profile promotes the development of such tendencies, the realization of which, in turn, is conductive to other structural changes reflecting the changes in the population health and in changing need in medical care.


The results of aspiration cytology of suspicious indurations in patients following primary treatment of carcinoma of the breast are reported. Within 6 years 115 aspiration cytologies were performed in 84 patients. 63 recurrent cancers were diagnosed. 4 recurrences (6%) were not diagnosed by aspiration cytology. False positive tests were not observed. Aspiration cytology has a high accuracy and results in rapid morphological confirmation of a recurrence in early suspicious changes.


The revolution which saw the seizure of White 'owned' land by the landless Black Zimbabweans has generated unparalleled debates both in and outside Zimbabwe. Neo-colonialists, neo-conservatives and neo- liberals alike have labeled the land revolution as barbaric, destructive, violent and racial. These images, though misleading have been popularised by pro-Western media and have managed to attract sympathy for the former White farmers and at the same time it has managed to demonise the land revolution. This article advances the thesis that these half-baked, ahistorical, propagandistic and racist images have been crafted deliberately to trivialise an agenda which sought to redress the past socio-economic injustices. Secondly, the article argues that White farmers were not innocent bystanders as portrayed by the images, but were in complicit in the whole conflict. Finally, the article concludes that the violence which characterised the revolution was not because Blacks are violent by nurture or nature, but rather were acting within the confines of an environment characterised by negative peace from the unresolved past injustices.


The Hemispheric Social Alliance (HSA) emerged in 1997 in reaction to the advance of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) neo-liberal agenda. As a transnational coalition integrated by trade union organisations, social movements and NGOs from all over the continent, the HSA denounced the detrimental social, economic and environmental consequences of the FTAA project on the most vulnerable sectors of the populations of the Americas. This thesis examines the role of the HSA in the construction of counter-hegemonic alternativest o the FTAA project. The analysis encompassesth e time period that starts with the formation of the HSA in 1997 until the halting of the FTAA process in 2005 and draws on the political process approach of social movement theory - particularly on its notion of political opportunity structures as factors conditioning the capacity of social movements to access and control political resources for the advancement of collectively defined political goals. It is argued that the actions pursued by the HSA to construct an alternative to the FTAA have led to moderate, albeit significant, results. Considerable progress was achieved in fostering a political climate of distrust and opposition to neoliberalism throughout the Americas, which contributed to the stalling of the FTAA process in 2005. In spite of this, the HSA continues to face the challenge of building political alternatives that reflect and expand a commitment to deeper forms of democracy and sustainable development in the region.


Cropcam UAV provides GPS based digital images on demand and real time data with high temporal resolution throughout the equatorial region where the sky is often covered by clouds. The images obtained by the UAV system in this research were used to overcome the problem of unclear images obtained by the satellite and manned aircraft in our study area. Conventional classification methods commonly cannot handle the complex landscape environment in the image. The result of each image has often a salt and pepper appearances which are the main characteristic of misclassification. The objective of this study is to evaluate the land use/land cover features over Penang Island using contextual classification method based on the frequency-based approach. The technique was applied to the high resolution images in three bands collected from a digital camera equipped with the platform system to extract thematic maps. Contextual classifier that utilized both spectral and spatial information could be reduce the speckle error and improve the classification performance significantly. Four classes could be classified clearly within the study area, and a high accuracy was achieved in the classification process. In order to evaluate the performance of the classifier, nine different window sizes ranging from 3 by 3 to 19 by 19 with an increment are tested. The study revealed that the frequency based-contextual classifier is effective with the images used in this research compare with the satellite images and images collected from conventional manned platforms and could be used for land use/cover mapping for the small area of coverage.


A 6-year-old, primiparous female squirrel monkey, diagnosed as being at approximately 100 days of gestation, developed clinical signs of pregnancy toxemia. An ovariohysterectomy was performed and complete recovery followed supportive treatment. Based on histopathology, a diagnosis of incomplete abortion and hydrometrosis was made.


Recently, a real-time, pocket-sized aethalometer (microAeth model AE51) has been developed by Magee Scientific Inc. for measuring the concentration of black carbon in the atmosphere. In this study, two aethalometers, models AE-16 and AE-51, which measure the optical absorption of carbon particles at infrared 880 nm, were operated at time interval of 5-min between January 9 and February 10, 2010 at an urban site of Gwangju, to compare the accuracy of black carbon (BC) concentrations reported from the AE-51 model and to investigate reasonable sampling time of filter media in the AE-51. The air samples in the AE-51 and AE-16 models are collected on T60 (Teflon coated glass fiber) filter media (filter spot area: 0.07 ) and quartz fiber roll-tape filter (filter spot area: 1.67 ), respectively. Real-time measurement results indicate that when the filters were clean, the AE-51 BC was greater than or similar to the AE-16 BC data. However as the filter spots become darker, the AE-16 BC concentrations were higher than the AE-51 BC data and the difference in the BC concentrations from two AE models becomes gradually increased. Relative error in the AE-51 and AE-16 BC concentrations showed significance difference depending on used time of the filter in the AE-51 model, weather pattern, levels of air pollution, etc, ranging from 11.5% (used time of the filter in AE-51: 1,595 min) to 52.5% (used time of the filter in AE-51: 2,085 min). When considering the used time of one filter ticket in the AE-51 model and difference (or relative error %) between AE-16 and AE-51 BC concentrations, it is recommended that the standard sampling time per one filter ticket within the AE-51 model be less than approximately 24 hr (1,440 min) under the normal weather conditions except for severe haze and mist events.


The new quantum mechanics, when applied to the problem of the structure of the atom with point-charge electrons, does not give results in agreement with experiment. The discrepancies consist of "duplexity " phenomena, the observed number of stationary states for an electron in an atom being twice the number given by the theory. To meet the difficulty, Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck have introduced the idea of an electron with a spin angular momentum of half a quantum and a magnetic moment of one Bohr magneton. This model for the electron has been fitted into the new mechanics by Pauli,* and Darwin,† working with an equivalent theory, has shown that it gives results in agreement with experiment for hydrogen-like spectra to the first order of accuracy. The question remains as to why Nature should have chosen this particular model for the electron instead of being satisfied with the point-charge. One would like to find some incompleteness in the previous methods of applying quantum mechanics to the point-charge electron such that, when removed, the whole of the duplexity phenomena follow without arbitrary assumptions. In the present paper it is shown that this is the case, the incompleteness of the previous theories lying in their disagreement with relativity, or, alternatetively, with the general transformation theory of quantum mechanics. It appears that the simplest Hamiltonian for a point-charge electron satisfying the requirements of both relativity and the general transformation theory leads to an explanation of all duplexity phenomena without further assumption. All the same there is a great deal of truth in the spinning electron model, at least as a first approximation. The most important failure of the model seems to be that the magnitude of the resultant orbital angular momentum of an electron moving in an orbit in a central field of force is not a constant, as the model leads one to expect.


An investigation of the behavior of thin-walled steel space truss structures under the interaction of local, member, and overall buckling is described. Nonlinearities due to member buckling or tensile yielding and local buckling of component plates of the member are accounted for in the analysis. First-order geometric effects are included using a geometric stiffness matrix. Second-order effects are included through an updated Lagrangian formulation. An incremental/iterative solution strategy utilizing modified Newton-Raphson iterations with a constant arc-length constraint is presented. The method developed traces the sequence of local buckling and member buckling until eventual failure of the entire structure. snap-through behavior of curved, dome-type structure and the collapse of layered grid due to progressive failure the


Open Innovation has been one of the most-debated topics in management research in the last decade. Although our understanding of this management paradigm has significantly improved over the last few years, a number of important questions are still unanswered. In particular, an issue that deserves further attention is the anatomy of the organizational change process through which a firm evolves from being a Closed to an Open Innovator. The paper represents a first step in overcoming this limitation. In particular, adopting a longitudinal, firm-level perspective, it addresses the following question: which changes in a firm's organizational structures and management systems does the shift from Closed to Open Innovation entail? In answering this question, the paper uses established concepts in organizational change research to look into a rich empirical basis that documents the adoption of Open Innovation by four Italian firms operating in mature, asset-intensive industries. The results show that the journey from Closed to Open Innovation involves four main dimensions of the firm's organization, i.e. inter-organizational networks, organizational structures, evaluation processes and knowledge management systems, along which change could be managed and stimulated.


The transcript published here for the first time is of Leo Strauss's 1963 lecture on, and discussion of, the relation of religion to the commonweal in the tradition of political philosophy. In this lecture, Strauss considers the question of the establishment of religion, the relation of freedom of religion to freedom from religion, and the question of the truth of religion. The lecture has implications for American constitutional jurisprudence, especially concerning the First Amendment, which Strauss situates within the development of modern political philosophy.


This paper aims at a general survey of the product and prospect. of the Korean Medical Law under the Civil Law. The interface between the medical law and civil law is located in the legal approach of the medical treatment and the phenomena of life. The medical law extends speedily to many new fields. Accordingly, the concept of medical law has changed. So far the medical law has been recognized as a field, in which Just the liability and penalty is discussed in case of medical accidents. It has touched on the recovery of their personal interests, that is, their bodily and mental interests including their life after they were injured by medical malpractice. Our medical law papers refer, however, now to the law ruling the bio-technology even before damage is caused by it. According to advance of the medical technology and bio-technology, medical practice does not extend to maintenance of human life but also to its beginning and ending. Medical intervention in beginning of human life includes artificial insemination or reproduction, human cloning, prenatal care, abortion and so on. From the beginning of human history, we have witnessed abortion, and then now we faced the new problems caused by the new technology by which we can confirm the abnormality of chromosomal composition. One of the new problems is wrongful life or birth. Argument about artificial insemination or reproduction and human cloning should be precede by the discussion of human life itself. Medical intervention in ending of human life is typically negative euthanasia. It has been debated whether we can suspend 'a medical treatment of a person with a dead brainstem, that is, a brain-dead person. The debate is on the assumption that the medical treatment of such a person is medically futile. This issue did not need to be discussed until we advanced in the medical technology by which we can enlarge the time between the brain-death and the heart-death. The issues caused by the enlargement need the humane study of human life itself. Another medical intervention in ending of human life is positive euthanasia, by which human life ends earlier than by the natural death. So far the Korean medical law produced marty papers discussing the above mentioned issues and their argument commands the very deep analysis and raises the disciplinary study among law, medicine, philosophy, biology and so on. From now on we need to spread the argument into the Korean society and converge the opinion of majority, in order to make law properly.


There are many reports about the biological effects of electromagnetic fields and hypogravity and there have been many attempts to develop a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon. In this work, a mechanism is described based on the action of these physical environmental factors on single electrically charged groups from amino acids and considering the elongation stage of the protein synthesis as one of the main targets for both factors. For some rapid bioeffects after short exposures, a direct action on the conformation of the binding site of proteins is postulated. The other mechanism described here is based on the effect of these factors on the motion of the ionized calcium at the extracellular fluid. Many reports about the influences of electromagnetic and gravitational fields on gene expression, enzyme activity, bone mineralization, and oncogenesis are discussed, taking into account the new molecular mechanisms.


The prediction of missense variant pathogenicity is normally performed using analyses of multiple sequence alignments optionally augmented with analyses of the (predicted) protein structure. The most straightforward way, though, is to search the literature to see whether this variant has already been described. Variant data from homologous proteins are also valuable because mutations in a homologous protein often have similar effects as mutations at the equivalent residues of the protein of interest. Transferring variant data seems trivial but is seriously hampered by the fact that homologous residue positions have different numbers in different species. This problem is even bigger when to proteins have such low sequence identities that they can no longer be aligned based on their sequences only and their structures need to be compared to align them accurately. The protein superfamily analysis software suite 3DM solves these problems, because 3DM is a system that combines high quality structure based multiple sequence alignments in which aligned residues have the same number, with all published mutant and variant data for human and all other species. We have used 3DM to analyze nine human proteins for which many disease-related variants are known. This study reveals that mutation data can be transferred even between very distant homologous proteins. Thus, protein superfamily information systems, such as 3DM, offer a wealth of unused information that can be used in the analysis of human variants.


Africa is working hard to improve the education levels of all their citizens, and, as a consequence, many South African Universities have seen an impressive increase in the number of postgraduate students. On the other hand, South African Universities have not been able to employ experienced supervisors at the same rate. Given the increasing workload, examiners struggle to maintain their own high standards of consistency, accuracy and fairness. Assessing dissertations requires a serial traversal from beginning to end, sometimes repeatedly, since words are an imprecise communication tool and writing ability variable. Is there any way of making the process more efficient while retaining rigour? We cast the net wide to find a way, and, in doing so we noted the emerging use of visualization as a communication facilitator in other areas of academia and decided investigate it as a mechanism for easing the assessment process. As a first step, we need to determine the current extent of usage. Such usage is not incentivized nor is it explicitly rewarded. If we detect an impact on final grades, this will justify further investigation. We carried out a study that revealed weak correlations with the final grade, depending where the visualizations appeared and also consulted supervisors for their views. The contribution of this paper is to suggest a discourse on the deliberate deployment of visualization to ease postgraduate assessment.


Background: studies indicate correlation between dysphonia and muscle tension. Aim: to evaluate bilaterally the electrical activity of the suprahyoid muscles (SH), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), and trapezius (T), the presence of pain and the voice, after applying transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Method: ten (10) women with nodules or bilateral mucus thickening, and phonation fissure. Volunteers were submitted to 10 TENS sessions (200µs and 10Hz) for 30 minutes. Pain was evaluated using an analogical visual scale; the voice was evaluated through laryngoscopy and through a perceptive-auditory and acoustic analysis; and the myoelectric signal was converted using the Root Media Square (RMS). Voice and EMG data gathering was performed during the production of the E/vowel and during spontaneous speech (SS). Statistical analysis: Shapiro-Wilk Test followed by the Wilcoxon Test, or t Student, or Friedman Test (p < 0.05). Results: It was observed that the TENS decreased the RMS readings, pre and pos treatment, for the Right T (RT) (2.80 ± 1.36 to 1.77 ± 0.93), the Left T (LT) (3.62 ± 2.10 to 2.10 ± 1.06), the Left SCM (LSCM) (2.64 ± 0.69 to 1.94 ± 0.95), and the SH (11.59 ± 7.72 to 7.82 ± 5.95) during the production of the E/vowel; and for the RT (3.56 ± 2.77 to 1.93 ± 1.13), the LT (4.68 ± 2.56 to 3.09 ± 2.31), the Right SCM (RSCM) (3.94 ± 2.04 to 2.51 ± 1.87), and the LSCM (3.54 ± 1.04 to 3.12 ± 3.00) during SS. A relieve in pain was also observed. Regarding the voice analysis, there was a decrease in level of laryngeal injuries; no difference was observed during the production of the E/vowel in the perceptive-auditory analysis; there was a decrease in the level of dysphonia and hoarseness during SS. Conclusion: TENS is effective in improving the clinical and functional signs of dysphonic women.


Steady state analysis is carried out for plasma between coaxial cylinders in presence of an externally applied uniform axial magnetic field under the assumption of quasi-neutrality of electric charge and neglect of sheaths at the walls. The radial distributions of plasma density and electric potential are given as functions of the ratio of inner and outer radii of the two cylinders. For any given value of this ratio and gap size, an equivalent radius of a cylindrical plasma is given that has the same temperature and electric field for the same gas under the same physical conditions as the coaxial plasma. The equivalent radius may be used to determine the temperature and axial electric field of a cylindrical plasma of the same gas under the same physical conditions are known from theory or experiments.


The present study focused on the evaluation of the state of riparian ecosystems of the Bumbu River by the riparian strip quality index. The Riparian Quality Index (RQI) is a synthesis of information to assess the health of the riparian ecosystem along its course. Physical and chemical water quality analyses of this hydrosystem showed a slightly acidic pH (6.6 to 6.9), high conductivity (188 to 202µs/cm), a temperature around 26 °C and high turbidity (80 to 91 NTU), low dissolved oxygen (1.49 to 1.89 mg/l), nitrate, phosphates, BOD5 and COD had high average levels of 45.4 mg/l, 14.8 mg/l, 15.6 mg/l and 24.8 mg/l respectively. The examination of the spatial variation of this index according to the different stations shows that the quality of the riparian strips of the Bumbu River is weak to accomplish their ecological functions with an RBQI around 34.6 and 46.3. The herbaceous and cultivated strata occupied important proportions of the riparian strips of this hydrosystem.


We study the balanced Allen–Cahn problem in a singular perturbation setting. We are interested in the behaviour of clusters of layers, i.e. a family of solutions uε(x) with an increasing number of layers as ε → 0. In particular, we give a characterization of cluster of layers with asymptotically positive length by means of a limit energy function and, conversely, for a given admissible pattern, i.e. for a given a limit energy function, we construct a family of solutions with the corresponding behaviour.


We present a tool for qualitative data discovery that aids researchers in analyzing synchronized log data with audio collected from multiple computers. The tool was originally developed for team games in which the goal of play is to exercise coordination skills. In team coordination games, players cooperate toward a shared objective by communicating effectively and synchronizing their game world actions. To evaluate such games, researchers observe communication between players synchronized with their actions in-game, discovering instances of team coordination. Coordination is a composite of communication and in-game action; thus it is essential to observe both in context. The tool enables simultaneous observation from each player's viewpoint, synchronized with communication using log files and time-stamped audio. Viewpoints and voice tracks can be selectively soloed and muted, enabling researchers to focus attention. The application can be expanded to support logs and audio from other user studies.


A medical college without a hospital under its control, but relying on independent institutions, cannot supply ideal facilities for teaching medicine. The difficulties may be divided into two groups: (1) The arrangement is not satisfactory to the college authorities from the college standpoint; (2) the arrangement is equally unsatisfactory to the hospital authorities from the hospital standpoint. I. DIFFICULTIES FROM THE COLLEGE POINT OF VIEW In order that the arrangement may be satisfactory to the college, its teachers must be connected with the hospital. The professor of surgery must be, de facto , surgeon to the hospital. A change in the occupant of a chair in the college must mean that the new occupant acquires, by his election in the faculty, a position on the hospital staff. Only in this way can desirable men be drawn to the college, and the college be allowed the widest freedom in selecting its corps


Recent publications have presented research showing that WD repeat domain 4 (WDR4) plays a significant role in various kinds of malignant tumours. However, the expression profile of WDR4 is still unspecified, as is its significance in the analysis of human pan-cancer. We conducted an in-depth analysis of three aspects of WDR4 expression patterns from 33 types of cancer and determined the value of WDR4 for prognostic prediction and carcinoma drug resistance prediction. WDR4 was expressed in different cancer cell lines at inconsistent levels. Aberrant expression of WDR4 has been observed in various malignant cancers and is significantly implicated in overall survival outcomes. The expression level of WDR4 is also strongly associated with tumour immunity, such as immune scores and tumour-infiltrating immune cells. The level of WDR4 is related to microsatellite instability and tumour mutation burden in several types of malignancy, and validation studies implied that WDR4-associated terms and pathways are involved in malignancy. We explored the expression level of WDR4 across 33 types of cancer and showed that WDR4 plays a significant role during cancer development. More crucially, WDR4 is associated with immune infiltration, which suggests that WDR4 could be an immunotherapy target in cancers. In summary, our research showed that WDR4 plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and has the potential for to be targeted with treatments.


Mortality in sufferers from Down's syndrome over the age of 1 year in the 1970s was analysed using the Wessex Mental Handicap Register linked to the NHS Central Register. Of the 1045 subjects, 37 died during the period of the study; the standardised mortality ratio based on England and Wales mortality was 5.39. Mortality ratios were high between the ages of 1 and 14 compared with older ages. Bronchopneumonia and congenital heart disease were the main causes of death. Problems with certification and selection of underlying cause of death showed the potential value of multiple-cause coding.


I faced this Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists with both humility and enthusiasm. Humility toward the responsibility, and enthusiasm for being able to speak without immediate rebuttal. I realized I would speak in the Bicentennial Year … the Bicentennial of our country, which can be viewed also as a Bicentennial of Immunology. It seemed appropriate to present an overview of our surging discipline and to analyze its origin and future. I considered and discarded several titles. "Milestones of Progress in Immunology", for example, seemed both trite (because this year everyone is speaking of milestones), and also overwhelming. We have come too far too fast to permit comprehensive coverage. I decided to try to present an overview from my personal perspective and to inscribe a series of "runestones" to mark the progress of the exciting travels I see as being particularly important in the development of our discourse. Figure 2A and B are photographs of Runestones.


OBJECTIVE
To characterize the development of hypothyroidism in pediatric patients who receive a fixed dose of radioactive iodine (RAI).

STUDY DESIGN
Medical records of children treated with fixed-dose RAI for Graves'disease between 1993 and 2001 were reviewed. Multiple variables including sex, age, thyroid hormone levels, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin titer, antithyroid medication use, and 24-hour radioiodine uptake were investigated as possible predictive factors for the development of hypothyroidism after treatment. All patients received RAI at a dose of between 13.8 and 15.6 mCi (average, 14.7 mCi; SD, 0.5).

RESULTS
Permanent hypothyroidism developed in all 40 patients, although a second dose of RAI was required in one case. The average time to hypothyroidism was 77 days (SD, 32), with a range of 28 to 194 days; 75% of the patients were diagnosed with hypothyroidism between 40 and 90 days. RAI treatment was ineffective in an additional patient, who required subtotal thyroidectomy.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that a fixed dose of RAI is effective therapy in nearly all pediatric patients with Graves'disease. Factors predicting the time course to hypothyroidism were not identified.


Linear algebra underlies a large proportion of computational problems. With the continuous increase of scale on modern hardware, performance of small sized linear algebra has become increasingly important. To overcome the shortcomings of conventional approaches, we employ a new approach using a microkernel framework provided by ATLAS to improve the performance of a few linear algebra routines for all problem sizes. Our initial research consists of improving the performance of parallel LU factorization in ATLAS for which we were able to achieve up to 2.07x and 2.66x speedup for small problems, up to 91% and 87% of theoretical peak performance for asymptotic problems on a 12-core Intel Xeon and a 32-core AMD Opteron machine, respectively, outperforming all the state-of-the-art libraries at the time. Such performance was achieved via an exhaustive search of all the tuning parameters, which could take days. This motivated us to try to develop a computational model for our LU factorization that could predict those parameters by combining some basic empirical timings and a theoretical model based on the amount of required computations. While our model provided good prediction for mid-to-asymptotic sized problems, there were some unknown factors for small problems that could possibly be answered by extending the ATLAS tuning framework. While this extension is underway, we decided to pursue the model research using simpler serial BLAS-based approach. We investigated and implemented two Level-3 BLAS routines: TRSM and TRMM that are widely used primarily by LAPACK operations like the aforementioned LU factorization. With the microkernel-based approach, we were able to improve the performance of both routines by up to 15% and 73% for square and fat problems, respectively, over prior ATLAS implementations on modern hardware. Finally, with a collaborative research with ARM Inc., we improved the performance of the most important Level-3 BLAS operation GEMM in ATLAS by up to 53% via implementing microkernels


SUMMARY Vitellogenin (Vg) is an egg-yolk precursor protein in most oviparous species. In honeybee (Apis mellifera), the protein (AmVg) also affects social behavior and life-span plasticity. Despite its manifold functions, the AmVg molecule remains poorly understood. The subject of our structure-oriented AmVg study is its polyserine tract — a little-investigated repetitive protein segment mostly found in insects. We previously reported that AmVg is tissue specifically cleaved in the vicinity of this tract. Here, we show that, despite its potential for an open, disordered structure, AmVg is unexpectedly resistant to trypsin/chymotrypsin digestion at the tract. Our findings suggest that multiple phosphorylation plays a role in this resilience. Sequence variation is highly pronounced at the polyserine region in insect Vgs. We demonstrate that sequence differences in this region can lead to structural variation, as NMR and circular dichroism (CD) evidence assign different conformational propensities to polyserine peptides from the honeybee and the jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis; the former is extended and disordered and the latter more compact and helical. CD analysis of the polyserine region of bumblebee Bombus ignitus and wasp Pimpla nipponica supports a random coil structure in these species. The spectroscopic results strengthen our model of the AmVg polyserine tract as a flexible domain linker shielded by phosphorylation.


This paper discusses the suitability of adopting flipped classroom model as instructional method to teach introductory computer programming courses at higher education. It explores how the potentials of this model can be used to address the reasons of difficulties of learning computer programming. However, adopting flipped classroom has some challenges, so the paper reviews these challenges in order to be considered when planning to implement this model. Finally, the paper presents some research gaps that need to be investigated in order to improve the practice of this model and to avoid any disadvantages when implementing this model in computer programming courses.


This study develops and validates a dispositional measure of employability (DME). Dispositional employability was defined as a constellation of individual differences that predispose individuals to (pro)active adaptability specific to work and careers. A dispositional approach to employability represents an alternative conceptualization to those previously found in the literature. Three independent studies were conducted to establish construct validity. Using exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) and confirmatory factor analysis (Study 2), a 25-item DME instrument was confirmed. Study 2 supported the hypothesized second-order latent multidimensional factor structure of the DME. Study 3 confirmed the stability of the DME and provided support for its construct validity by longitudinally showing that dispositional employability was significantly related to employees' positive emotions and affective commitment related to organizational changes. It was shown that these effects were above and beyond those found for tolerance for ambiguity, work locus of control, self-esteem, and optimism. Implications for future organizational research and practice are discussed.


By performing first-principles calculations and non-equilibrium Greenʹs function, the energy band structure, transmission spectrum and current-voltage characteristics of the O-doping zigzag boron nitride narrow-nanoribbons (z-BNNNRs) were investigated. The calculation results show that O-doping remarkably changes the z-BNNNRs energy band structure and transform the material from a semiconductor to a metal. It is also demonstrated that the system exhibits an obvious negative differential resistance (NDR) characteristic. Further investigations revealed that the position and concentration of O-doping also affected the NDR behavior over a certain range of bias. The negative differential conductance (NDC) for edge-doping is greater than that for middle-doping and the maximum of the NDC increases with an increase of the concentration of O-doping. This special electronic transport property of O-doping z-BNNNRs makes it more suitable as a candidate for molecular devices.


The Supplement to vol. 6, 2016 of SCIRES-IT contains the result of CoCoNet (Towards COast to COast NETworks of marine protected areas, coupled with sea-based wind energy potential), a project of the EU Oceans of Tomorrow programme (http://www.coconet-fp7.eu). The European Union requires Open Access to the results of the projects resulting from its support to scientific advancement. This is in full accordance with the policy of SCIRES-IT, an eco-sustainable open–access journal, which joins the main principles of the Berlin Declaration on Open Access with the aims of the International Convention on Biological Diversity. CoCoNet tackled two problems that are closely linked with each other: the protection of the marine environment and clean energy production. Hence, the Supplement is divided into two parts that, together, form a unicum.


Sampling-based algorithms are viewed as practical solutions for high-dimensional motion planning. Recent progress has taken advantage of random geometric graph theory to show how asymptotic optimality can also be achieved with these methods. Achieving this desirable property for systems with dynamics requires solving a two-point boundary value problem (BVP) in the state space of the underlying dynamical system. It is difficult, however, if not impractical, to generate a BVP solver for a variety of important dynamical models of robots or physically simulated ones. Thus, an open challenge was whether it was even possible to achieve optimality guarantees when planning for systems without access to a BVP solver. This work resolves the above question and describes how to achieve asymptotic optimality for kinodynamic planning using incremental sampling-based planners by introducing a new rigorous framework. Two new methods, STABLE_SPARSE_RRT (SST) and SST*, result from this analysis, which are asymptotically near-optimal and optimal, respectively. The techniques are shown to converge fast to high-quality paths, while they maintain only a sparse set of samples, which makes them computationally efficient. The good performance of the planners is confirmed by experimental results using dynamical systems benchmarks, as well as physically simulated robots.


To the Editor. —It is most curious to me that the greatest objection to eyelid tattooing has been raised by those who are least likely to ever require this. Drs Anderson1and Alpar2have made their views on eyelid tattooing quite clear. It is my impression that these gentlemen understand neither the reason why women request this procedure nor the importance they place in its result. Residents are trained in blepharoplasty, and there has never been a great controversy over improving the cosmetic appearance of the eyes by this means. Blepharoplasty is performed by plastic surgeons and ophthalmic surgeons alike to improve the quality of one's appearance. See also p 1434. I have personally performed over 100 eyelid tattoos, and I have found the procedure delightful to me and delightful to my patients. No patient has ever lost an eyelash. Dr Alpar2raised the question of why


Network processing elements in virtual machines, also known as Network Function Virtualization (NFV) often face CPU bottlenecks at the virtualization interface. Even highly optimized paravirtual device interfaces fall short of the throughput requirements of modern devices. Passthrough devices, together with SR-IOV support for multiple device virtual functions (VF) and IOMMU support, mitigate this problem somewhat, by allowing a VM to directly control a device partition bypassing the virtualization stack. However, device passthrough requires high-end (expensive and power-hungry) hardware, places scalability limits on consolidation ratios, and does not support efficient switching between multiple VMs on the same host.
We present a paravirtual interface that securely exposes an I/O device directly to the guest OS running inside the VM, and yet allows that device to be securely shared among multiple VMs and the host. Compared to the best-known paravirtualization interfaces, our paravirtual interface supports up to 2x higher throughput, and is closer in performance to device passthrough. Unlike device passthrough however, we do not require SR-IOV or IOMMU support, and allow fine-grained dynamic resource allocation, significantly higher consolidation ratios, and seamless VM migration. Our security mechanism is based on a novel approach called dynamic binary opcode subtraction.


: Monodeuterated methyl groups have previously been demonstrated to provide access to long-lived nuclear spin states. This is possible when the CH 2 D rotamers have sufficiently different populations and the local environment is chiral, which foments a non-negligible isotropic chemical shift difference between the two CH 2 D protons. In this article, the focus is on the N -CH 2 D group of N -CH 2 D-2-methylpiperidine and other suitable CH 2 D-piperidine derivatives. We used a combined experimental and computational approach to investigate how rotameric symmetry breaking leads to a 1 H CH 2 D chemical shift difference that can subsequently be tuned by a variety of factors such as temperature, acidity and 2-substituted molecular groups.


This paper compares the competitiveness and resilience of firms governed by a single board that were considered "too big to fail" in 2008 with firms governed by a network of boards. Network governance introduces a division of power, checks and balances with stakeholder engagement. Hierarchical firms and/or regulators governed by a unitary board can deny the reliable identification, communication, analysis and mitigation of operating problems and risks. These problems increase with the size of the organization and are exacerbated by information overload on senior managers, directors and/or regulators. The 2008 financial problems were anticipated by some employees and external commentators. However, stakeholders exposed to risks possessed insufficient influence in either governing and/or regulating firms to take corrective action. Empirical evidence reveals that the resilience of network governed organizations arises from distributed intelligence, decision-making and controls that facilitate the mitigation of risks while providing competitive and/or operating advantages. The paper concludes that it is imprudent for regulators to allow financial firms that are excessively large and/or with excessively complex operations to exist without network governance or for any such non-financial firms to be publicly traded.


BACKGROUND
Resistance gene analogues (RGAs) have been isolated from many crops and offer potential in breeding for disease resistance through marker-assisted selection, either as closely linked or as perfect markers. Many R-gene sequences contain kinase domains, and indeed kinase genes have been reported as being proximal to R-genes, making kinase analogues an additionally promising target. The first step towards utilizing RGAs as markers for disease resistance is isolation and characterization of the sequences.

RESULTS
Sugarcane clone US01-1158 was identified as resistant to yellow leaf caused by the sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV) and moderately resistant to rust caused by Puccinia melanocephala Sydow & Sydow. Degenerate primers that had previously proved useful for isolating RGAs and kinase analogues in wheat and soybean were used to amplify DNA from sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) clone US-01-1158. Sequences generated from 1512 positive clones were assembled into 134 contigs of between two and 105 sequences. Comparison of the contig consensuses with the NCBI sequence database using BLASTx showed that 20 had sequence homology to nuclear binding site and leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) RGAs, and eight to kinase genes. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences with similar sequences from the NCBI database allowed the identification of several conserved domains. The alignment and resulting phenetic tree showed that many of the sequences had greater similarity to sequences from other species than to one another.

CONCLUSION
The use of degenerate primers is a useful method for isolating novel sugarcane RGA and kinase gene analogues. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of these genes in disease resistance.


Objective To determine whether HIV-1 genotyping and expert advice add additional short-term virologic benefit in guiding antiretroviral changes in HIV+ drug-experienced patients. Design A two factorial (genotyping and expert advice), randomized, open label, multi-center trial. The patients were stratified according to the number of treatment failures. Patients and methods HIV-1 infected patients on stable antiretroviral therapy who presented virological failure were included into the study. Genotypic testing was performed by using TrueGene HIV Genotyping kit and the results were interpreted by a software package (RetroGram®, version 1.0). An expert advisory committee suggested the new therapeutic approach based on clinical information alone or on clinical information plus HIV-1 genotyping results. Plasma HIV-1 RNA load, CD4+ cell count and adverse events were recorded at baseline and every 12 weeks. Results A total of 326 patients were included. The baseline CD4+ cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA were 387 (± 224) × 106 cells/l and 4 (± 1) log10 respectively. The proportion of patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/ml at 24 weeks differed between genotyping and no genotyping arms (48.5 and 36.2%, P < 0.05). Factors associated with a higher probability of plasma HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/ml were HIV-1 genotyping [odds ratio (OR), 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–2.8;P = 0.016] and the expert advice in patients failing to a second-line antiretroviral therapy (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–8.3;P = 0.016). Conclusions HIV-1 genotyping interpreted by a software package improves the virological outcome when it is added to the clinical information as a basis for decisions on changing antiretroviral therapy. The expert advice also showed virologic benefit in the second failure group.


Psychoanalysis aims to restore the artist in the patient, the part of the person that makes interest despite, or whatever, the early environment. At its most extreme, for the artist her own life, it is not so much a question of what she has been given (no one chooses their parents, but everyone invents them, makes what they can of them). The psychoanalytic model here is the dream, or the child's infantile sexual theory, in which so-called reality functions more like a hint than an instruction, setting the dreamer and child off on the work of transformation (Phillips, 1998, pp. 4-4).


. The operator Λ { 2 } , { 3 } acting on line arrangements is de-fined by associating to a line arrangement A , the line arrangement which is the union of the lines containing exactly three points among the double points of A . We say that six lines not tangent to a conic form an unas-suming arrangement if the singularities of their union are only double points, but the dual line arrangement has six triple points, six 5 -points and 27 double points. The moduli space of unassuming arrangements is the union of a point and a line. The image by the operator Λ { 2 } , { 3 } of an unassuming arrangement is again an unassuming arrangement. We study the dynamics of the operator Λ { 2 } , { 3 } on these arrangements and we obtain that the periodic arrangements are related to the Ceva arrangements of lines.


The authors report optical studies of excitons in a GaInAs/InP multiple-quantum-well structure grown by low-pressure metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy. Sharp n=1 heavy- and light-hole excitonic structure is observed in low-intensity absorption spectra at 4 K and room temperature. The low-temperature exciton luminescence linewidth of 5 meV and the long carrier lifetime at room temperature of 47 ns (at low excitation density) indicate the high quality of the sample. They have measured the dependence of the absorption coefficient on incident light intensity at the n=1 heavy-hole exciton and find pronounced nonlinearity with a low-intensity nonlinear absorption coefficient of 700 cm W-1 and the lowest saturation intensity yet reported for a quantum well system, 3.6 W cm-2.


Is it possible to evaluate the moral cognition of complex artificial agents? In this work, we take a look at one aspect of morality: `doing the right thing for the right reasons.' We propose a behavior-based analysis of artificial moral cognition which could also be applied to humans to facilitate like-for-like comparison. Morally-motivated behavior should persist despite mounting cost; by measuring an agent's sensitivity to this cost, we gain deeper insight into underlying motivations. We apply this evaluation to a particular set of deep reinforcement learning agents, trained by memory-based meta-reinforcement learning. Our results indicate that agents trained with a reward function that includes other-regarding preferences perform helping behavior in a way that is less sensitive to increasing cost than agents trained with more self-interested preferences.


The behavior of translationally–internally entangled (TIE) states in an interferometer of the Mach–Zehnder type is studied, by means of a game whose results show that TIE states allow near-certain guessing of both path (corpuscular) and phase (wavelike) features, as opposed to conventional states that are constrained by standard complementarity.


An efficient method for the synthesis and purification of a variety of iodinated phospholipid analogues is described. 1-Acyl-2-[[[3-(3-[125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)- propionyl]amino]caproyl]phosphatidylcholine (125I-PC) was prepared by alkylation of 1-acyl-2-(aminocaproyl)phosphatidylcholine with monoiodinated Bolton-Hunter reagent. 125I-Labeled phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine were produced from 125I-PC by phospholipase D catalyzed base exchange in the presence of ethanol-amine or L-serine. All of these lipid analogues transferred readily from donor vesicles into recipient membranes. When an excess of acceptor vesicles was mixed with a population of donor vesicles containing the iodinated analogues, approximately 50% of the 125I-labeled lipids transferred to the acceptor vesicle population. In addition, under appropriate incubation conditions, these lipids were observed to transfer from vesicles to mammalian cells. Autoradiographic analysis of 125I-labeled lipids extracted from the cells after incubation with vesicles at 2 degrees C for 60 min revealed that a large proportion of the 125I-labeled phosphatidic acid was metabolized to 125I-labeled diglyceride and 125I-labeled phosphatidylcholine, whereas no metabolism of exogenously supplied 125I-labeled phosphatidylethanolamine or 125I-labeled phosphatidylcholine could be detected.


3 Abstract Cave and camel crickets are widely distributed in caves throughout the world, and in North America they make up the bulk of the biomass in many caves. Most caves do not have large populations of bats, so the guano, eggs, and carcasses of these cavernicolous crickets are dependable sources of fixed energy for troglobites (Mohr and Poulson, 1966; Barr, 1967; Barr and Kuehne, 1971; Richards, 1971; Harris, 1973). The crickets often are a true keystone species, maintaining cricket guano communities and specialized egg predators, as well as providing more dispersed energy inputs that increase overall ecosystem diversity. They are all commonly referred to as crickets, and are all in the same Order (Orthopterans) with grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids. Most cave crickets actually are grasshoppers. Cave crickets in Hawaii are true crickets (Gryllids). Because cave crickets are relatively large and abundant, they have received more study as a group than most other cavernicolous invertebrates, but there are still a lot of things we don't know about cave crickets and some continuing mysteries.


This paper presents a general equilibrium model of money demand where the velocity of money changes in response to endogenous fluctuations in the interest rate. The parameter space can be divided into two subsets: one where velocity is constant as in standard cash-in-advance models, and another one where velocity fluctuates as in Baumol (1952). The model provides an explanation of why, for a sample of 79 countries, the correlation between the velocity of money and the inflation rate appears to be low, unlike common wisdom would suggest. The reason is the diverse transaction technologies available in different economies.


The stress distribution along the trajectories of passive particles released in turbulent flow were computed with the use of Lagrangian methods and direct numerical simulations. The flow fields selected were transitional Poiseuille-Couette flow situations found in ventricular assist devices and turbulent flows at conditions found in blood pumps. The passive particle properties were selected to represent molecules of the von Willebrand factor (vWF) protein. Damage to the vWF molecule can cause disease, most often related to hemostasis. The hydrodynamic shear stresses along the trajectories of the particles were calculated and the changes in the distribution of stresses were determined for proteins released in different locations in the flow field and as a function of exposure time. The stress distributions indicated that even when the average applied stress was within a safe operating regime, the proteins spent part of their trajectories in flow areas of damaging stress. Further examination showed that the history of the distribution of stresses applied on the vWF molecules, rather than the average, should be used to evaluate hydrodynamically-induced damage.


Based on the case-study of the dance-group kaikkottukali, this article examines the different types of knowledges that are made manifest in a performance, for instance collective coordination or dissociation between what is expressed in singing or music and what is shown through dancing. It also focuses on the new media, such as books and video-recordings (VCD) that help make this particular dance better known among the private caste-organisations networks and art-schools festivals supported by the regional State of Kerala. Even if this dance has managed to reach a larger audience today, locally it bears statutory stakes that need constant redefinition. The analysis of the types of knowledges is viewed alongside that of forms of ascendancy (and of local personalities) that hold authority on aesthetic codes used by performers. And it shows a process of crystallisation between the conflicting values of a caste-based society that organises musical knowledge on hierarchical terms and the cultural policy of a Communist government which aims at diffusing egalitarian values to which the different groups of performers try to adjust or to resist.


Introduction: Anxiety is one of the components of patient stress in the dental office and is recognized as one of the main factors that negatively affect treatment. The control of anxiety can be performed through conscious sedation, for which benzodiazepine is the drug of choice in dental practice, however present side-effects. Objective: The objective of the following study is to evaluate the efficacy of Valeriana officinalis L. (Valerian) for control of anxiety during the third molar surgery. Materials and Methods: A single oral dose of either Valerian (100 mg) or placebo was randomly administered 1 h before each surgical procedure to 20 volunteers between 17 and 31 years of age. Anxiety level was assessed by physiological parameters (blood pressure and heart rate [HR]) and the observation of signs. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, Friedman test, Wilcoxon test and effect size test were performed (P < 0.05). Results: According to the researcher's (80%) and surgeon's (75%) evaluations, the patients treated with Valerian were calmer and more relaxed during surgery. Valerian had a greater effect on the maintenance of systolic blood pressure and HR after surgery. Conclusion: Valerian was more effective at controlling anxiety than a placebo when used for the conscious sedation of adult patients submitted to impacted lower third molar surgery.


The present paper describes the development of unique chemistries for plugging and sealing water producing zones and binding produced sand in unconsolidated formations. This is achieved by tuning the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles to act as either conformance sealants or as sand binders. Wherein the sealants would completely seal-off the water and gas producing zones, the binders would consolidate the produced sand while maintaining the reservoir permeability.
 The sealing and binding mechanisms of the nanoparticles are based upon triggered chemistries to achieve delayed gelling activation to ensure proper placement of the treatment into the target zone and avoid premature plugging of pipe lines, coiled tubing or other tubulars. The treatment can be placed downhole as a single pill. When the surface chemistry is tuned for the nanoparticles to act as binders for sand consolidation, the pill has high affinity to the solid surface and therefore is less prone to build up in the pore space. Once cured at reservoir temperature it forms a thin layer of hard gel around the surface of the sand particles, cementing the sand grains together at the same time maintaining open porosity to ensure easy flow of hydrocarbons and injected water. When the pill is deployed as a sealant for water conformance, it occupies the available pore space to seal-off the water producing zones. The newly developed systems can be effectively applied as sealants or binders up to BHST of 300°F.
 The surface modified nanoparticles were studied for their abilities to consolidate loose sand and at the same time maintain good permeability in case of binders, while to plug and seal water producing zones in case of conformance sealants. The static and dynamic gelation times were evaluated up to 300°F. It was shown that the gelation time of the nanoparticles can be controlled by surface chemistry modification, pH alterations as well as by adjusting the concentration of the activator, which is advantageous as it allows the treatment to remain pumpable over predictable periods of time. The effects of shear rate on gelation time and viscosity buildup are presented. Regain permeability studies showed that permeability could be controlled by specific surface modifications of the nanoparticles.
 The novelty of this paper is that it not only describes the development of unique nanoparticles for water conformance and sand control, but also provides a selection criteria for applying the surface modified nanoparticles for these downhole applications.


This is a comparative case study research on the family planning programs of India, China, and Bangladesh´s attempts of gaining control over the population growth of the country. The study is done with basis in feminist theory, examining the views on women, men, gender equality, sanctity of the individual, state intervention and the individual right to privacy within the programs implementations. This has been done as to answer the research question; How do the state justify the particular family planning program used in the country, and the chosen application of it? The study showed that all three countries have patriarchal views, with women being more subjected to coercion in the name of family planning than men, and sons being preferred over daughters. The level of state intervention differs between the cases, but the justification of all three programs lie in the ability to provide for the citizens of the country. The family planning program is seen as the best way to be able to this for the government.


The treatment of comminuted, intra-articular distal femoral fractures (Orthopaedic Trauma Association [OTA] classification1 33-C3) is challenging. Many of these injuries are the result of high-energy trauma, which generates severe soft-tissue damage and articular and metaphyseal comminution. Bone loss resulting from open fracture and poor bone quality may decrease the stability of fixation. Traditional devices for internal fixation have included the 95° condylar blade-plate, the dynamic condylar screw with a 95° side-plate, and intramedullary nails. However, coronal fractures or extensive distal comminution may preclude the use of these devices. In such cases, a lateral buttress or neutralization plate may be used. The condylar buttress plate was the first implant designed to serve this function. Unfortunately, when this device is applied in the presence of medial comminution or bone loss, failure of fixation and varus collapse may eventually result2,3.

Recent advances in technology for the treatment of distal femoral fractures include the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS; Synthes, Paoli, Pennsylvania) and the Locking Compression Plate (LCP) condylar plate (Synthes)4-15. Each of these implants offers multiple points of fixed-angle contact between the plate and screws in the distal part of the femur, theoretically reducing the tendency for varus collapse that is seen with traditional lateral plates. The LISS differs from the LCP condylar plate in composition, shape, and placement. Early clinical studies of the LISS have demonstrated a high frequency of fracture union with low rates of malalignment7-9,15. Few cases of failure of the LISS have been reported11,12,16. To our knowledge, there have been no published studies focusing specifically on the LCP condylar plate and no reported cases of failure of this implant in the distal part of the femur. The purposes …


Type IIP supernovae (SNe IIP) often show relatively high continuum polarization (∼1%) in the late phase. This polarization feature is generally believed to be due to an inner aspherical core revealed in the late phase, while this polarization feature can also be contributed by the effect of polarized-scattered echoes by circumstellar (CS) dust around the SN. In this paper, we propose a unique method to distinguish polarization from the SN ejecta and from the light echo. We quantitatively examine wavelength dependence of the polarization created by the scattered echoes for various geometries and amounts of CS dust. It is found that the polarization in the U-band has characteristic features, i.e., the polarization emerges at an earlier phase with higher polarization degree than that in longer wavelengths. These are due to the rapid evolution of the U-band light curve as well as higher optical depth of dust in shorter wavelengths. Except for the U band, the polarization increases after the plateau phase, and the polarization degree is generally higher for shorter wavelengths. These polarimetric features can be easily distinguished from the polarization expected from an aspherical core, which predicts almost no wavelength dependence. Moreover, we show that multi-band polarimetric observations for SNe IIP can constrain a parameter space in the CS dust mass and distance from the SNe. We thus encourage multi-band polarimetric observations for SNe IIP.


Looks at two aspects of the industrial purchasing process: constructing a definitive any variations in their relative importance by purchasing and non‐purchasing executives when making buying decisions. Proposes that marketing manager need to know what factor influence buying behaviour in order to be able to design better a marketing mix for their organization. Suggests that marketing, managers may also benefit from an analysis of vendor attributes.


: We discuss statistical methods to analyze data for reliability (agreement among or between raters) and validity. Such analysis are frequently required for medical care data. We also discuss the application of these statistical methods to a study of the reliability and validity of nominal group estimation procedures to identify cost-effective topics for quality assurance purposes.


Decreased expression of the plasma membrane citrate transporter INDY (acronym I'm Not Dead, Yet) promotes longevity and protects from high-fat diet- and aging-induced metabolic derangements. Preventing citrate import into hepatocytes by different strategies can reduce hepatic triglyceride accumulation and improve hepatic insulin sensitivity, even in the absence of effects on body composition. These beneficial effects likely derive from decreased hepatic de novo fatty acid biosynthesis as a result of reduced cytoplasmic citrate levels. While in vivo and in vitro studies show that inhibition of INDY prevents intracellular lipid accumulation, body weight is not affected by organ-specific INDY inhibition. Besides these beneficial metabolic effects, INDY inhibition may also improve blood pressure control through sympathetic nervous system inhibition, partly via reduced peripheral catecholamine synthesis. These effects make INDY a promising candidate with bidirectional benefits for improving both metabolic disease and blood pressure control.


In response to a recently published note by Fryer (2001), which addressed a short paper of mine (Olesen, 2000), in itself written as a response to a critical paper by Fryer (1999) of my original article on branchiopod phylogeny (Olesen, 1998), a few comments are here presented. First, it should be noted that what is really needed now concerning progress in our understanding of branchiopod phylogeny, are constructive contributions either supplying new information or providing more strict cladistic interpretation of already available information. The latest contributions by Fryer and myself have only little relevance in this context. Nevertheless, it is necessary for me to respond again, since there could be a danger that some will just accept the claims made by Fryer because of the well-deserved authority he constitutes. As a matter of fact, many of the comments made by Fryer (2001) are meaningless. While some parts of Fryer (1999) were welcome because real errors were detected in Olesen (1998) that were subsequently corrected in a modiŽ ed analysis of branchiopod phylogeny (Olesen, 2000), the scientiŽ c relevance of Fryer (2001) is questionable. In my opinion, little of that paper would be left if it were screened for methodological misunderstandings and doubtful claims. The purpose of the present note is to rebut Fryer (2001).


Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are a major public health problem. Of particular importance in the context of food safety is the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes within nontyphoidal Salmonella, which is a leading bacterial cause of foodborne disease. We determined the prevalence of AMR genes across a very large number of Salmonella genomes (n = 25,647) collected from isolates from 16 common food sources. The average percentage of isolates from nonanimal foods, such as fruit, nuts and seeds, and vegetables, harboring at least one AMR gene was only marginally lower (72%) than that observed in isolates from animal foods such as beef, chicken, turkey, and pork (74%). This high prevalence of AMR genes was primarily driven by the high prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance genes in nearly all food isolates; genes for resistance to tetracycline and sulfonamide also were highly prevalent. However, evaluation of the number of genes per isolate revealed that the prevalence of AMR genes was higher in animal food isolates than in nonanimal food isolates (P = 0.018). A random forest analysis provided evidence that within a given serovar, resistance gene profiles differed according to isolate food source. AMR gene profiles could be used to correctly predict the food of origin for 71% of the isolates, but success differed according to serovar. This information can help inform AMR risk assessments of food commodities and refine processes for targeting interventions to limit the spread of AMR through the food supply.


Neoliberal transformations in the field of asylum in Germany have, since 2016, placed an emphasis on labour market participation as the primary way through which refugees can establish long-term residence claims. Yet, while new arrivals are increasingly expected to rapidly integrate into this market, they are often armed with differential and precarious legal statuses which overwhelmingly determine the spheres of economic activity refugees can enter. This is especially true for the ever increasing number of rejected asylum seekers who are temporarily "tolerated", for whom the only path to residence requires that they display their value as economic subjects to the German state. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Berlin between 2017 and 2020, I argue that, armed with little other than their cultural identities and networks, many refugees heavily relied on co-ethnic relationships to facilitate their participation in the labour market. The result is a displacement of the management of new diversity to ethnic economies, a move that disavows the marginalising consequences of the neoliberal transformations refugees are subject to. By masking a relationship between recently arrived migrants and the German economy and society as a relationship between migrants themselves, I argue that these practices work as alibis of exclusion.


The magnetization up to 50 kOe, the magnetic susceptibility under external pressure up to 5 kbar and the thermal expansion of the cubic Laves phase compounds were studied over a wide temperature range. Two well defined concentration regions were isolated in the x-T phase diagram: , in which the antiferromagnetic structure is primarily determined by the d-d interaction (-type), and , in which the f-d interaction plays a dominant role (-type). It is concluded that both the Gd and the Mn sublattices are ordered in below , the change in the magnetic characteristics at 40 K being interpreted as an antiferromagnetism-non-collinear ferrimagnetism transition. The intermediate compound shows a freezing and time-dependent behaviour at low temperatures characteristic of short-range order. The effects can also be induced by external pressure at higher Gd concentrations.


The repulsive Coulomb interaction is included in the integral-equation approach to two-particle scattering. The partial-wave projected momentum-space Coulomb wavefunctions are studied and their application is discussed. Practical examples for their successful use (i) in determining scattering parameters from a given potential and (ii) in the inverse scattering theory are given.


After identifying the economic benefits that increased medical tourism from Canada to the United States may confer on the U.S. healthcare market and local economies, this essay analyzes applicable U.S. legal impediments that certain medical tourism arrangements — to wit, those involving a third-party medical tourist "broker" — may implicate. While the authors demonstrate that such arrangements will not run afoul of the U.S. federal Stark Law and federal Anti-kickback Statute, certain state-level anti-kickback and fee-splitting prohibitions impose the most substantial of the potential legal impediments on such arrangements. Given these state restrictions, the article suggests ways to structure these transactions in a manner designed to minimize this risk, and ultimately show that making a Canadian medical practice the medical tourism broker — serving as both the clearinghouse for identifying patients and as the broker for negotiating the arrangements — is critical for legal compliance purposes. Replacing the for-profit lay-owned entity with a medical practice that does not seek to profit from the arrangement serves critically to minimize inappropriate referrals and lowers the risk to the American providers under applicable legal barriers. Finally, the authors propose changes to the applicable laws to further eliminate risk from Inbound Medical Tourism ventures, without compromising the patient protection goals of existing laws.


Structures of edge dislocations in aluminum are calculated using molecular dynamics and an effective medium theory with many-atom interactions. The local density approximation is used to calculate the positron states at different trapping sites. The partial [211]-dislocation is a very shallow trap with a positron binding energy of less than 80 meV and a positron lifetime similar to the bulk lifetime. Vacancies and single jogs at the dislocation line result in a lifetime of about 224 ps which is in a good agreement with the experimentally observed lifetimes in aluminum containing dislocations.


S.G., female, aged 29 years; M.G., male, aged 7 years; S.G., female, aged 11 months. History and examination. All three affected family members suffered from an identical widespread erythematous urticated maculopapular eruption. Although migratory, individual lesions persist for up to 8 h. Noted since early infancy, the rash is present on most days. The mother and son also suffer from intermittent transient limb and joint aches, but without evidence of arthritis. The mother has itchy, painful eyes with clinically a mild blepharitis. Poor hearing has been evident in both mother and son since early childhood. Audiometry reveals a 'ski-slope' audiogram, in which hearing falls off steeply from low to high tones. The hearing loss is thought to be mostly cochlear with symmetrical 50 db loss. Investigations. The ESR is variably raised at 30-70 mm/h. There is mild neutrophilia (WCC 13-0-170 X 19 /̂1). ANF was weakly positive at a titre of i: 10 with borderline DNA binding (21 U/ml). The following were normal or negative: Serum biochemistry, immunoglobulins, cryoglobuiins, complement studies. X-rays of chest, hands and feet, virus and syphilis serology. A rectal biopsy was negative for amyloid in the mother, but a renal biopsy has not been performed. Skin biopsies showed mild dermal oedema with a scattered perivascular and periadnexal infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells. Direct immunofluorescence was negative. Comment. This family, we believe, has Muckle Wells syndrome, a disease complex consisting of amyloidosis, deafness, urticarial rashes and migratory limb and joint pains.' It is thought to be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and this family's pattern of inheritance would support this—there is also one daughter who is not affected. Systemic amyloidosis seems to occur in about 25% of reported cases with renal failure supervening.'^ Onset is usually in late childhood, but there is a report ofa family in whom the rash was noted at birth. ̂


The Indonesian throughflow is presumed to be driven by a sea level gradient from the Pacific to the Indian Ocean. Deep throughflow transport may also be driven by a steric gradient between the two basins. The sea level gradient, in turn, is thought to be maintained by the differing wind patterns in the two basins: monsoonal in the Indian Ocean and trades in the western equatorial Pacific. In the interaction between sea level, wind stress, and thermocline depth as identified from historical measurements, we find (1) over the Indian, Indonesian, and equatorial Pacific basins and specifically within the throughflow region, sea level, and thermocline seasonal variations are negatively correlated (sea level rise corresponding to thermocline deepening) and sea level and meridional wind stress are also correlated; (2) the expected strong seasonal gradients in sea level through the eastern throughflow region (near the island of Timor) are found, though without an accompanying thermocline depth gradient; (3) seasonal convergence in baroclinic, upper ocean throughflow transport previously identified [Meyers et al., 1995] in the Timor Sea is associated with changes in sea level as well as upper ocean dynamic height at annual period but not at semiannual; (4) interannual variability explains more of the sea level variance in the eastern throughflow region than is explained by seasonal harmonics; however, there does not appear to be a strong interannual signal in the sea level gradient to drive fluctuations in the upper ocean throughflow. We hypothesize that seasonal variability in the upper layer throughflow and interannual variability in the deep throughflow are the predominant results of the complex interaction of forcing mechanisms.


The present experimental research examined whether framing early adolescents' (11- to 12-year-olds) learning activity in terms of the attainment of an extrinsic (i.e., physical attractiveness) versus intrinsic (i.e., health) goal and communicating these different goal contents in an internally controlling versus autonomy-supportive way affect performance. Both conceptual and rote learning were assessed. Three experimental field studies, 2 among obese and 1 among nonobese participants, confirmed the hypothesis that extrinsic goal framing and internal control undermine conceptual (but not rote) learning, even in comparison with a control group. Study 3 indicated that the positive effect of intrinsic goal framing on conceptual learning was mediated by task involvement, whereas the positive effect of autonomy-supportive communication style on conceptual learning was mediated by relative autonomous motivation.


Despite major advances in medicine and public health during the past few decades, disparities in health and health care persist. Racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States are at disproportionate risk of being uninsured, lacking access to care, and experiencing worse health outcomes from preventable and treatable conditions. As reducing these disparities has become a national priority, insight into the social determinants of health has become increasingly important. This article offers a rationale for increasing the diversity and cultural competency of the health and health-care workforce, and describes key strategies led by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of Minority Health to promote cultural competency in the health-care system and strengthen community-level approaches to improving health and health care for all.


Twenty-three patients with portal hypertension due to alcoholic cirrhosis were treated by distal splenorenal shunt and gastrosplenic mesenteric disconnection. In the post-operative period, two patients died; in one patient gastro-intestinal bleeding recurred 7 days after surgery and was due to ruptured varices with thrombosis of the splenorenal shunt; ascites developed in 14 patients. Twenty patients were followed up 6 months or more after surgery. Intestinal bleeding occurred in 3 patients with patent shunt. Ascites always disappeared within 3 months after operation. Four patients developed encephalopathy. Seventeen patients were investigated by angiography 3 months or more after surgery. The shunt was patent in 15 and occluded in 2 patients. In all patients with patent shunt a collateral circulation between the portomesenteric to gastrosplenic systems developed. In all patients, the portal flow decreased as suggested by diminution of the diameter of the portal vein. The authors conclude that 3 months after operation, results of distal splenorenal shunt with gastrosplenic disconnection are not hemodynamically different from those of side-to-side portocaval shunt.


PURPOSE
To investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean Version of the Assault Response Questionnaire (ARQ-K) measuring the intensity of reaction to victimization of emergency nurses in Korea.

METHODS
An internal consistency reliability and construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted using SPSS WIN (20.0) and AMOS (20.0). Survey data were collected from 321 nurses who worked in 3 levels - wide regional emergency centers, regional emergency centers, appointed emergency centers - of emergency care facilities in Busan, Korea.

RESULTS
The Cronbach's alpha values regarding internal consistency were .77~.93 for the subscales of ARQ-K. Factor loadings of the 26 items on the four subscales ranged from .59 to .84. The four-subscale model was validated by confirmatory factor analysis (χ²/df=3.85, p<.001, RMR=.06, GFI=.80, NFI=.81, TLI=.83, CFI=.85, RMSEA=.09).

CONCLUSION
This study shows that the Korean Version of the Assault Response Questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument to assess nurses' reaction to victimization of emergency nurses in Korea.


The class of generalized linear models (GLMs) extends the classical linear model for continuous, normal responses to describe the relationship between one or more predictor variables x1,…,xp and a wide variety of nonnormally distributed responses Y including binary, count, and positive‐valued variates. GLMs expand the class of response densities from the normal to an exponential family that contains the normal, Poisson, binomial, and other popular distributions as special cases. The models produce estimated expected values that conform to response constraints and allow nonlinear relationships between predictors and expected values. It is straightforward to construct the likelihood for a set of data so that maximum likelihood and related likelihood‐based methods are popular techniques for parameter estimation and inference. A key point with GLMs is that many of the considerations in model construction are the same as for standard linear regression models as the models have many common features. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 407–413 DOI: 10.1002/wics.175


Abstract Savings groups are an important feature of life in rural Uganda and elsewhere. They have been celebrated as an 'alternative', community-based approach to economic development with a particular focus on empowering women. In this article we offer a more critical perspective, showing how a savings group in a village in eastern Uganda informs more general experiences of financialization. Joining the group was not really an 'alternative' to other forms of finance and was often a first step to securing loans from moneylenders, microfinance institutions and commercial banks. We show how poorer members of the group, typically women, 'rented out' their membership to wealthier villagers. Members also used the Friday meetings to socialize and to build political careers, and to reflect critically on experiences of financialization. 'Money looks for money', a phrase new to the area, interrogates these socialities and inequalities, as part of the seemingly inexorable pull of loans, interest and financialized debt.