The distribution of caries by tooth, by location on the tooth and by age in 504 Anglo-Saxon dentitions was determined as a baseline for quantitative comparisons with similar investigations currently being made in dentitions from the Iron-Age, Romano-British and Mediaeval periods and the 18th to 20th centuries. Excluding gross cavities, caries was commonest overall at the cemento-enamel junction, particularly on the interstitial surfaces, the majority of these cavities beginning in cementum. Caries at contact areas or in buccal fissures was rare as was caries at any site in the deciduous dentition. In the youngest two age-groups, caries occurred most frequently in the occlusal fissures but subsequently declined possibly because attrition progressed more rapidly than the caries process. Molars were attacked more frequently than incisors, canines or premolars. The number of cavities near the cemento-enamel junction increased with attrition and with alveolar recession. This finding is in agreement with the suggestion that caries began at this site as destruction of the crown-form by attrition allowed food to pack at the gingival margin and as the resultant alveolar recession led to exposure of the cementum. The lack of sugar in the Anglo-Saxon diet was probably an important factor in the rarity of cavities at the contact areas or in the fissures.


We evaluated a series of first- and second-generation enzyme-linked immunoassays for anti-HCV and compared the findings to those with two confirmatory assays, the recombinant immunoblot assay and serum HCV RNA, in patients with chronic hepatitis C, primary biliary cirrhosis, and chronic hepatitis B. All second-generation immunoassays had good sensitivities (98-100%). Interestingly, detection of HCV RNA had a sensitivity of only 93%, although it was 100% specific. The recombinant immunoblot assay and a peptide-based immunoassay also had good specificity (97% and 100%, respectively), whereas the second-generation immunoassay based on recombinant proteins had a high rate of false positivity, particularly among patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and hyperglobulinemia (specificity 68%). Thus, the diagnosis of HCV infection appears to require the use of more than one test. Whereas a second-generation enzyme-linked immunoassay can be used as an initial test, a confirmatory test (such as recombinant immunoblot assay or determination of hepatitis C viral RNA) may be required if the diagnosis remains uncertain.


The valence threshold photoelectron spectrum (TPES) of BCl3 is reported for the first time. Threshold photoelectron–photoion coincidence (TPEPICO), photoion-fluorescence coincidence (PIFCO) and threshold photoelectron-fluorescence coincidence (TPEFCO) spectroscopies have also been used to measure for the first time, state selectively, the decay pathways of the valence states of BCl3+ in the range 11–19 eV. Vacuum UV radiation from a synchrotron source dispersed by a 5 m normal-incidence McPherson monochromator ionises the parent molecule, and electrons and ions are detected by threshold electron analysis and time-of-flight mass spectrometry, respectively. Undispersed fluorescence from the interaction region can also be detected, allowing the three different types of coincidence experiment to be performed. There are major differences in the intensity distribution of the different bands in the TPES of BCl3 compared with its He I photoelectron spectrum which we attribute to autoionisation. TPEPICO spectra are recorded continuously as a function of photon energy, allowing yields of the fragment ions to be obtained. Over the range 11–19 eV, only the ions BCl2+ and BCl3+ are observed. The ground electronic state of BCl3+ is stable with respect to dissociation to BCl2+, whereas the five excited electronic states fragment to BCl2++ Cl. Kinetic-energy releases into BCl2++ Cl have been measured at the Franck–Condon maxima of the C 2A″2, D 2E′ and E 2A′1 excited states of BCl3+ with good time resolution. PIFCO and TPEFCO spectra are recorded at fixed photon energies. The former experiment can yield the fate of the lower electronic state of the parent ion to which fluorescence occurs. The latter experiment can yield the lifetime of the fluorescing state. Radiative decay is confirmed to occur from the fourth excited state of BCl3+(D 2E′) at 15.5 eV, and the lifetime of this state is measured to be 5.5 ± 0.5 ns. The absence of parent ion signal in the energy-scanning TPEPICO spectrum through the D state allows us to put an upper limit on the fluorescence quantum yield of this state of ca. 0.04.


Background: In vitro studies have shown that endothelial-cell derived microparticles (EMP) can bind and activate leukocytes. It is unknown whether EMP binding to leukocytes regulates leukocyte activation in vivo. In this study, we examined the correlation between EMP binding to neutrophils (EMP-neutrophil conjugates) and neutrophil activation in various clinical conditions. Methods: We studied a total of 251 venous blood samples from 221 subjects with several prothrombotic and inflammatory conditions, including acute venous thromboembolism (n=25), atrial fibrillation (n=48), metabolic syndrome (n=37), congestive heart failure (n=44), early sepsis (n=35), late sepsis (n=30), as well as normal controls (n=32). Using flow cytometry, we measured leukocyte expression of activation marker CD11b and 2 different populations of EMP-neutrophil conjugates. Bitmapping by forward- and side-scatter gating was used to identify neutrophils; EMP62E+-neutrophil conjugates and EMP54+-neutrophil conjugates were measured based on the detection of E-selectin (CD62E) or CD54, respectively, co-expressed with CD45 in neutrophils. Neutrophil nitric oxide (NO) levels were measured by flow cytometry after loading neutrophils with the membrane permeable NO-selective fluorescent indicator DAF-DA. Results: Levels of EMP62E+-neutrophil conjugates consistently and significantly correlated with CD11b expression. This finding was present in patients with acute venous thromboembolism (r=0.46; p=0.02), atrial fibrillation (r=0.42; p=0.003), metabolic syndrome (r=0.56; p 0.05). EMP62E+-neutrophil conjugates correlated with NO levels in neutrophils in patients with congestive heart failure (r=0.48; p=0.001) and atrial fibrillation (r=0.33; p=0.02), but no correlation was seen in other disease states. Conclusions: EMP62E+-neutrophil conjugates strongly correlate with neutrophil activation in normal adults, as well as in multiple pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic disease states. EMP62E+-neutrophil conjugates may serve as a marker of prothrombotic and inflammatory states. Our results combined with prior in vitro studies suggest that EMP62E+ binding to neutrophils is an important and "universal" determining factor for neutrophil activation in vivo in humans. In contrast, binding of EMP54+ to neutrophils does not seem to regulate neutrophil activation. These findings also support the concept that different species of endothelial microparticles have different biologic functions. EMP binding to neutrophils seems to affect NO production in only some disease states.


Guilt and Its Vicissitudes-Judith M. Hughes 2007-11-21 How do psychoanalysts explain human morality? Guilt and Its Vicissitudes: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Morality focuses on the way Melanie Klein and successive generations of her followers pursued and deepened Freud's project of explaining man's moral sense as a wholly natural phenomenon. With the introduction of the superego, Freud laid claim to the study of moral development as part of the psychoanalytic enterprise. At the same time he reconceptualized guilt: he thought of it not only as conscious, but as unconscious as well, and it was the unconscious sense of guilt that became a particular concern of the discipline he was founding. As Klein saw it, his work merely pointed the way. Judith M. Hughes argues that Klein and contemporary Kleinians went on to provide a more consistent and comprehensive psychological account of moral development. Hughes shows how Klein and her followers came to appreciate that moral and cognitive questions are complexly interwoven and makes clear how this complexity prompted them to extend the range of their theory. Hughes demonstrates both a detailed knowledge of the major figures in post-war British psychoanalysis, and a keen sensitivity to the way clinical experience informed theory-building. She writes with vigor and grace, not only about Freud and Klein, but also about such key thinkers as Riviere, Isaacs, Heimann, Segal, Bion and Joseph. Guilt and Its Vicissitudes speaks to those concerned with the clinical application of psychoanalytic theory and to those interested in the contribution psychoanalysis makes to understanding questions of human morality.


Breast cancer is a common cancer type among women. With its increasing incidence early diagnosis has become more important. There are a variety of age-dependent methods for early diagnosis of breast cancer but mammography is the most used method. However, the radiologists show considerable variability in how they interpret a mammogram. Therefore, there is need computer-aided decision-making mechanisms for more reliable results. In this scope various machine learning techniques such as support vector machines, multi layer perceptron and decision trees have been used to early diagnosis in recent years. In this study, centroid-based classifiers are examined for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. The most important reason for this preference is centroid classifiers have low complexity and high performance. Experiments were evaluated on Wisconsin, Diagnostic and Prognostic Dataset. Comparisons between centroid classifiers and the orher classifiers have been done and the results have been presented in terms of accuracy and speed. The highest classification accuracy obtained in the experiments is 99.04%. This classfication rate belongs to the centroid based classifier using the Euclidian measurement. Also, centroid classifiers outperform the other classifiers in terms of classification speed.


For many modern applications like e.g. contactless payment, and keyless systems, ensuring physical proximity is a security goal of paramount importance. Formal methods have proved their usefulness when analysing standard security protocols. However, existing results and tools do not apply to e.g. distance bounding protocols that aims to ensure physical proximity between two entities. This is due in particular to the fact that existing models do not represent in a faithful way the locations of the participants, and the fact that transmission of messages takes time. In this paper, we propose several reduction results: when looking for an attack, it is actually sufficient to consider a simple scenario involving at most four participants located at some specific locations. These reduction results allow one to use verification tools (e.g. ProVerif, Tamarin) developed for analysing more classical security properties. As an application, we analyse several distance bounding protocols, as well as a contactless payment protocol. 2012 ACM Subject Classification Theory of computation Program verification


It is widely acknowledged that urban form significantly affects urban thermal environment, which is a key element to adapt and mitigate extreme high temperature weather in high-density urban areas. However, few studies have discussed the impact of physical urban form features on the land surface temperature (LST) from a perspective of comprehensive urban spatial structures. This study used the ordinary least-squares regression (OLS) and random forest regression (RF) to distinguish the relative contributions of urban form metrics on LST at three observation scales. Results of this study indicate that more than 90% of the LST variations were explained by selected urban form metrics using RF. Effects of the magnitude and direction of urban form metrics on LST varied with the changes of seasons and observation scales. Overall, building morphology and urban ecological infrastructure had dominant effects on LST variations in high-density urban centers. Urban green space and water bodies demonstrated stronger cooling effects, especially in summer. Building density (BD) exhibited significant positive effects on LST, whereas the floor area ratio (FAR) showed a negative influence on LST. The results can be applied to investigate and implement urban thermal environment mitigation planning for city managers and planners.


This short note presents research project on SAMOS: PARALIA ALYKI in Greece. The area of the research includes salt marsh of about 500 m2 which is located in the Natura 2000 protected area of the site code GR4120001. There are 150 protected birds including 57 birds in the red list of IUCN. Vegetation is quite heterogeneous and distinct in different sections. The aim of the project is to develop and implement a long term monitoring scheme for the salt marsh of "Psili Amnos" to assess changes of the vegetation over time and to assess anthropogenic and natural threat in order to take conservation measures. In a note in addition to the presentation of the site and the research aim also the methods considered for monitoring of vegetation are briefly described. To achieve optimal and universal methodology there was discussed which of the methods of data collection and processing typically used in monitoring vegetation could be used both in a project implemented at salt marsh "Psili AMNOS" as well as in studies of coastal and inland salt marshes in Poland.


Novel applications of microbubble migration controlled by microheaters are proposed and demonstrated. One is a liquid-film-type motor/conveyer. Vapor or gas bubbles in the cavities on rotor are driven based on Marangoni effect caused by the microheaters on stator. The other is a "valve-less" valve, which is made of in-line microheaters at an intersection of microchannels, where a microbubble moves according to the thermocapillary force and shuts-off liquid flow due to its surface hardness with no mechanical part. With the developments of these new devices, the mechanisms of heat transfer and fluid motion around the microbubble are discussed.


ChatGPT has recently gathered attention from the general public and academia as a tool that is able to generate plausible and human-sounding text answers to various questions. One potential use, or abuse, of ChatGPT is in answering various questions or even generating whole essays and research papers in an academic or classroom setting. While recent works have explored the use of ChatGPT in the context of humanities, business school, or medical school, this work explores how ChatGPT performs in the context of an introductory computer engineering course. This work assesses ChatGPT's aptitude in answering quizzes, homework, exam, and laboratory questions in an introductory-level computer engineering course. This work finds that ChatGPT can do well on questions asking about generic concepts. However, predictably, as a text-only tool, it cannot handle questions with diagrams or figures, nor can it generate diagrams and figures. Further, also clearly, the tool cannot do hands-on lab experiments, breadboard assembly, etc., but can generate plausible answers to some laboratory manual questions. One of the key observations presented in this work is that the ChatGPT tool could not be used to pass all components of the course. Nevertheless, it does well on quizzes and short-answer questions. On the other hand, plausible, human-sounding answers could confuse students when generating incorrect but still plausible answers.


This brief proposes an efficient very-large-scale integration architecture for folded configurable infinite-impulse response (IIR) filter design, which is used in modern real-time digital signal processing applications such as loudspeaker equalization. The proposed configurable sixth-order IIR filter is designed with three cascaded second-order IIR filters, and the same is used to perform one sixth-order or three second-order or one fourth-order and one second-order IIR filter operations in parallel, where floating-point multiply–accumulate circuit (MAC) is used to design each second-order IIR filter. The proposed sixth-order IIR filter achieves a 58.4% reduction in energy per operation compared with conventional MAC-based architecture using 45-nm technology.


The crystal structure of angelaite, ideally Cu 2 AgPbBiS 4 , a 12.734(5), b 4.032(1), c 14.633(5) A, V 751.2(5) A 3 , space group Pnma, Z = 4, D calc = 6.89 g.cm −3 , from the Angela mine, Los Manantiales district, province of Chubut, Argentina, has been solved by direct methods and refined to R 1 = 6.47% on the basis of 606 unique reflections [ F o > 4σ( F o )]; these were collected on a Bruker P3 diffractometer with a CCD detector and Mo K α radiation from a fragment consisting of an intergrowth of angelaite and galena. Angelaite contains a capped trigonal prismatic Pb site, a quasi-octahedral Bi site, a linearly coordinated Cu site, and three triangular sites, one occupied by Ag and two partially occupied by Cu. Angelaite is a homeotype of galenobismutite with the Pb and Bi1 sites of galenobismutite preserved, and the Bi2 site replaced by the combination of Ag and Cu sites described above, which represent a novel type of substitution: (Ag + + 2Cu + )-for-Bi 3+ . Selenium-free galenobismutite from Felbertal (Austria) was refined to the R 1 value of 2.49% to serve as a reference structure related to that of angelaite.


The Prism model checker facilitates the formal modelling and analysis of systems that exhibit random or probabilistic behaviour. Prism lacks the provision of methods for specification debugging. To help alleviate this problem, we present a tool Prism2Promela for translating Prism into Promela. Once in this form, the SPIN model checker can be used to identify errors in the Promela specification, which can be traced back to corresponding errors in the original Prism specification.


Most existing video summarisation methods are based on either supervised or unsupervised learning. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based weakly supervised method that exploits easy-to-obtain, video-level category labels and encourages summaries to contain category-related information and maintain category recognisability. Specifically, We formulate video summarisation as a sequential decision-making process and train a summarisation network with deep Q-learning (DQSN). A companion classification network is also trained to provide rewards for training the DQSN. With the classification network, we develop a global recognisability reward based on the classification result. Critically, a novel dense ranking-based reward is also proposed in order to cope with the temporally delayed and sparse reward problems for long sequence reinforcement learning. Extensive experiments on two benchmark datasets show that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance.


Since the middle of the 80s, particularly in Europe, the public energy R&D expenditures have noticeably slowed down. Meanwhile, the European deregulation of energy network activities and the consecutive restructuring of energy sectors has led companies to significantly reduce their R&D investments. What will be the consequences of the public and private declines in energy R&D on the output of new technical knowledge? We suggest that the private energy R&D restructuring might in the long term favour the exploitation strategies of companies to the detriment of their exploration strategies. We also examine whether specific incentives – intended to correct the present trend of energy R&D – have been and or should be implemented by the leading European countries.


An ultra-low-power temperature sensor circuit has been developed using a 0.35-µm standard CMOS process. The circuit consists of a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) current generator and a frequency-locked loop, and generates a PTAT clock frequency. The PTAT current generator is the key component of the sensor and was constructed by using the characteristics of a MOSFET in the subthreshold region. Theoretical analyses and experimental results showed that the circuit can be used as a temperature sensor with ultra-low-power consumption of 10 µW or less. The accuracy of the sensor output was within ±1.8°C in a temperature range from 10°C to 80°C. Our sensor would be suitable for use in subthreshold-operated, power-aware LSIs.


An open, multi-centre study was carried out in patients with various moderate to severe painful conditions to assess the effectiveness of zomepirac in relieving pain. Patients were treated with 300 mg to 600 mg zomepirac daily for 7 days. Data from 15,484 patients have been analyzed. Most of the patients (75%) were already being treated with an analgesic on entry and more than half of them had been prescribed this by their doctor. Almost half, however, had still been in pain for more than 4 weeks before receiving zomepirac. An analysis of pain severity assessments showed a reduction from an initial score of 2.4 to 1.3 (on a 4-point rating scale). Global responses were recorded and 71.7% of the patients were considered to have improved according to the opinion of both doctors and patients, with the best response (84.1%) being observed in those with acute painful states such as sprains, strains and fractures and with pain of short duration. Pain frequently disrupts sleep, and 46.2% of patients reported their sleep as 'bad' or 'very bad' on entry to the study. After treatment, this figure was reduced to 15.1%. The side-effects reported, which were mainly gastro-intestinal, were mild in general and led to withdrawal of only 7.2% of the patients before completion of treatment.


Neurotoxic exposures are common and ubiquitous in the environment, particularly in occupational settings. When a patient presents with toxic encephalopathy arriving at the correct diagnosis is often a diagnostic challenge. Recognition of toxic encephalopathy is important because the correct diagnosis of occupational hazards can prevent others (e.g, workers at the same workplace) from further exposure to the toxin. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics are extensively used for a very wide range of purposes. Before PVC can be made into finished products, it always requires conversion into a compound by the incorporation of additives such as heat stabilizers, UV stabilizers, plasticizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, thermal modifiers, fillers, flame retardants, biocides, blowing agents and smoke suppressors, and, optionally pigments. Lead, cadmium or organotins are used as stabilizers. Zinc, tin stabilizers and pigments are also used in PVC. Antimony-zinc complexes have been used as flame retardants in PVC products. We here present a case with acute encephalopathy due to accidental inhalation of PVC and heavy metal combination during the manufacture of electric wire.


BACKGROUND
Delayed childbearing is a growing trend in Iran.

PURPOSE
This study explores the perspectives of women on delayed childbearing.

METHODS
A qualitative study using a content analysis approach was conducted on data acquired using private semistructured interviews with 23 women aged ≥30 years who were childless or pregnant for the first time in an urban area of Iran.

RESULTS
Three main themes were developed using conventional content analysis: "personal inclination," "perceived beliefs about delayed childbearing," and "social support."

CONCLUSIONS
Although women in Iran hold favorable attitudes toward childbearing, a wide range of sociocultural and economic factors encourage these women to postpone their first pregnancy. The findings of this study are relevant and important for nursing and midwifery policy making in countries with cultural and contextual backgrounds similar to Iran.


In gregarious animals, group size correlates negatively with infection levels by some kinds of parasites and positively with infection by others. Conflicting selection pressures can be exerted simultaneously on a host species by different parasite species. Among stationary, mixed-species shoals of juvenile threespine sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and blackspotted sticklebacks, Gasterosteus wheatlandi, shoal size correlated differently with levels of infection by two species of ectoparasites. Stickleback shoal size correlated positively with infection levels by the copepod Thersitina gasterostei, which is transmitted among fish by short-lived planktonic larvae. In contrast, infection levels by the highly mobile crustacean parasite Argulus funduli did not decrease as shoal size increased, as predicted from an earlier laboratory experiment. The species composition of the different stickleback shoals also had an influence on some aspects of infection by these two parasite species. The contrasting mode of transmission of the two parasites results in one parasite species having a higher transmission rate among fish within large shoals, whereas the success of the other parasite species is independent of fish shoal size. The two ectoparasites may thus exert different selection pressures on stickleback shoal sizes.


Vital goal of all anti-cancer therapies are to prevent the incidence of side effects either through more selective therapeutic methodology that target only neoplastic cells or through the use of complementary or alternative medicine. Present study investigated the effects of Panax ginseng (PG) on cisplatin-induced haematological and histopathological (liver, kidney and spleen) changes in rats. Rats were administered with PG (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) before or after an intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (6 mg/kg). Total white blood cells (WBC), absolute neutrophil, lymphocytes and platelets on day 5 were examined. Histopathology of liver, kidney and spleen were additionally assessed. Post-treatment with PG (100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced decrease in platelets. However, cisplatin-induced changes in WBC, absolute neutrophil and lymphocytes were not significantly improved. Cisplatin-induced histopathological changes like liver sinusoidal dilatation, inflammatory infiltration, renal glomerulus damage and changes in white and red pulp of spleen were not augmented by PG. PG improves the resistance of rats against cisplatin-induced haematological or histopathological changes but toxicity was not improved in rats.


The result of the search for new technological solutions in the field of support for roadways in coal mines has in recent years been the widespread use of steel arch with rockbolt support systems. The efficiency of these systems is affected among other things by the option of installing rock bolts after the actual driving the mine roadway, the increased load capacity that these systems can support, and their resistance to dynamic weight. Large variation in the way that these steel arch support can be connected using different types of rock bolts necessitates mining research revealing the effectiveness of such solutions. Although the steel arch with rockbolt support system is used in the majority of European coal mines, it is still not possible to apply templates of schemes due to the diversity of geological and mining conditions. Therefore, throughout a period of several years, the authors of this article conducted research in situ under conditions of different schemes related to connecting arched support frames with rock bolts, with only selected results being presented in the article. The measurements of convergence, load supported by the system frame, load supported by the rock bolts, and the stratification of roof rocks were analyzed, carried out in two roadways with yielding steel arch support in which strand bolts were applied. The article also proposes the index for working maintenance nuw, used in preliminarily assessing the stability of a given working with a limited number of data concerning geomechanical conditions. Additionally considered are empirical methods used in Poland for designing steel arch with rock bolt support systems. The results of mine research indicate that strengthening yielding steel support with strand bolts through steel beams maintains the stability of a roadway, even when exposed to the exploitation stress. Aside from the impact of exploitation, deformations of the support system are negligible, despite the fact that the tensile forces acting on the rock bolts can reach values of up to 160 kN. Under favorable geological and mining conditions, support system frames can be spread up to 1.5 m apart when using rock bolts between them. The conducted measurement of convergence during a three year period revealed a compression amounting to a few centimeters. The results obtained by the research fully confirm the effectiveness of combined yielding steel arch with rock bolt support systems under different mining conditions.


A taxonomy for characterizing adaptive routing protocols for hypercube interconnection networks (HINs) is presented. The taxonomy is based on classes of routing decisions common to any HIN. This taxonomy is used to discuss existing and proposed protocols. Rather than an exhaustive enumeration of related research, the protocols selected for discussion are intended to be representative of the classes defined by the taxonomy. These protocols are candidates for use in massively parallel architectures configured with HINs. To provide some insight into their behavior in very large HINs, results of simulation studies of representative protocols are presented.<<ETX>>


Summary. The nine miles of shelving in the India Office Records hold some 11 000 volumes of shipping records. Many records were destroyed in the mid-19th century—21 tons in 1858, 2 tons in 1859, 300 tons in 1860— because the Company had ceased to be a trading company in 1833, and was abolished in 1858. Some of these records found their way into the former Manuscripts Department of the British Museum, but the result of these clearances is that no cargo manifests, no bills of lading, no subsidiary account books or account books from overseas settlements survive. This lack of documentation for the UEIC means that often we do not know what ships specifically carried, and in the absence of cargo details the research potential for archaeological sites is consequently much greater.

The records include 3000 ships'logs. 6300 volumes are devoted to the payment of officers and crew; 900 miscellaneous volumes deal with personnel of the maritime services and services based in the Indies. The 200 listed losses of the EIC account for 4.5% of total voyages. It should be remembered that most ships and much of the cargo did not belong to the Company (due to the private trade privilege), and that the Company concentrated on freight.


Shorea platyclados (Dark Red Meranti) is a commercially important timber tree species in Southeast Asia. However, its stocks have dramatically declined due, inter alia, to excessive logging, insufficient natural regeneration and a slow recovery rate. Thus, there is a need to promote enrichment planting and develop effective technique to support its rehabilitation and improve timber production through implementation of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and Genomic Selection (GS). To assist such efforts, plant materials were collected from a half-sib progeny population in Sari Bumi Kusuma forest concession, Kalimantan, Indonesia. Using 5900 markers in sequences obtained from 356 individuals, we detected high linkage disequilibrium (LD) extending up to >145 kb, suggesting that associations between phenotypic traits and markers in LD can be more easily and feasibly detected with GWAS than with analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). However, the detection power of GWAS seems low, since few single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to any focal traits were detected with a stringent false discovery rate, indicating that the species' phenotypic traits are mostly under polygenic quantitative control. Furthermore, Machine Learning provided higher prediction accuracies than Bayesian methods. We also found that stem diameter, branch diameter ratio and wood density were more predictable than height, clear bole, branch angle and wood stiffness traits. Our study suggests that GS has potential for improving the productivity and quality of S. platyclados, and our genomic heritability estimates may improve the selection of traits to target in future breeding of this species.


Foreword by Lillian Troll Preface by Rosemary Blieszner and Victoria Hilkevitch Bedford Background The Family Context of Aging: Trends and Challenges by Rosemary Blieszner and Victoria Hilkevitch Bedford Historical Perspectives on the Family and Aging by Tamara K. Hareven Aging and the Family: Present and Future Demographic Issues by Kevin Kinsella Theoretical Frameworks and Research Methods The Family of the Second Half of Life: Connecting Theories and Findings by Bertram Cohler and Karen Altergott Family Relations and Individual Development in Adulthood and Aging by Carol D. Ryff and Marsha Mailick Seltzer Feminist Perspectives on Social Gerontology by Helena Znaniecka Lopata Family Dynamics and the Leisure Experiences of Older Adults: Theoretical Viewpoints by Jay A. Mancini and Dan M. Sandifer Methods and Analysis of Family Data by David J. Mangen Family Relationships Marriage and Close Relationships of the Marital Kind by Margaret Hellie Huyck Sibling Relationships in Middle and Old Age by Victoria Hilkevitch Bedford Aged Parents and Aging Children: Determinants of Relationship Quality by J. Jill Suitor, Karl Pillemer, Shirley Keeton, and Julie Robison Grandparenting in an Era of Rapid Change by Joan F. Robertson The Context of Family Life U.S. Old Age Policy and the Family by Madonna Harrington Meyer and Marcia L. Bellas Legal Issues and Family Involvement in Later Life Families by Robbyn R. Wacker Cultural Diversity in the Late Life Family by Colleen L. Johnson Aging and Kinship in Rural Context by B. Jan McCulloch Convoys of Social Relations: Family and Friendships within a Lifespan Context by Toni C. Antonucci and Hiroko Akiyama Turning Points and Interventions Families and Retirement by Maximiliane Szinovacz and David J. Ekerdt The Effects of Illness on the Family by Jeffrey W. Dwyer Death and Bereavement by Miriam S. Moss and Sidney Z. Moss Widowhood by Shirley L. O'Bryant and Robert O. Hansson Families and Formal Networks by Shirley S. Travis Clinical Interventions with Later Life Families by Sara Honn Qualls Bibliography Index


Three male rhesus monkeys drank methadone hydrochloride (1.0-2.5 mg/ kg/day) in Tang orange drink from age two to four years. Their rate of body weight gain Was faster than that found by other experimenters. In a second study one male monkey drank 2.0 mg/kg/day methadone while two others drank only Tang from age 2Y2 to 3V2 years. The rate of body weight gain was identical for the three monkeys, and was the same as that found in the previous study. The apparent augmentation of body weight gain in the first study was probably due to inter-laboratory differences in housing and feeding conditions.


Traditionally, a user has positioned himself/herself to be in front of a display in order to access information from it. In this information age, life at work and even at home is often confined to be in front of a display device that is the source of information or entertainment. The paper introduces another paradigm where the display follows the user rather than the user being tied to the display. We demonstrate how steerable projection and people tracking can be combined to achieve a display that automatically follows the user.


Cloud Computing has been regarded as evolutionary paradigm recently. It has much strength, such as large storage, ubiquitous network access, cost effective and so on. However it also faces security and privacy concerns. In this paper, we discussed several major security and privacy issues. And we also proposed four effective methods to handle such issues. According to the features of issues, we investigated the feasible solutions and finally found four methods. Such methods can be applied to the generalized Cloud Computing. This paper is original that we consider the characteristics of Cloud Computing adequately, so the methods are well functioned and can be developed further to solve other problems.


Abstract
The unemployment rate in South Africa (SA) has reached levels that require urgent intervention from all training institutions responsible for developing employment skills and preparing students for industry. While the South African Government has launched initiatives such as the National Development Plan and the Skills Development Act to facilitate employment, Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have Cooperative Education programs such as Work-Integrated Learning (WIL) to facilitate student placements within industry, to enhance and promote student exposure, and introduce them to academic programs within the career placement context. The SA government also initiated the National Skills Authority, Sectorial Education and Training Authorities, and the National Skills Fund to collaborate on partnerships with industry and HEIs. The initiatives of the SA Ministry of Higher Education include placement of students in industry. Universities have prioritized placement of students as a critical measure of their success. The realization of industry is to select individuals for placement based on practical experience, not just academic qualifications. Factors such as decolonization of WIL have become part of the academic landscape for HEIs and other training institutions that require more sensitivity when considering the operating environment for industry. HEIs would also benefit from career planning and job analysis in their cooperative education programs. The job-analysis phase should follow the career development phase, which is a core part of WIL that needs to diversify cooperative education policies. HEIs need to upgrade, modernize, and adapt curricula to SA conditions for industry.


ABSTRACT Background: Honey has been shown to have multiple positive effects on human health. However, data on the associations of honey consumption with prehypertension are scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate whether honey consumption is associated with prehypertension in a Chinese population. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4,561 individuals aged ≥40 years. A validated 100-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to assess honey consumption. Blood pressure was measured at least twice by trained nurses. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between honey consumption and prehypertension. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of prehypertension across increasing frequency of honey consumption were 1.00 (reference) for almost never, 1.17 (0.96, 1.41) for ≤6 times/week, and 1.25 (0.86, 1.84) for ≥7 times/week in men (P for trend = 0.09); 1.00 (reference) for almost never, 0.76 (0.62, 0.92) for ≤6 times/week, and 0.84 (0.63, 1.12) for ≥7 times/week in women (P for trend = 0.055), respectively. Conclusion: Our results showed that light-to-moderate intake of honey was associated with lower prevalence of prehypertension in women, but not men. Future studies are required to confirm these associations.


This paper describes the initial planning and pre-job laboratory testing for a gravel pack operation using coiled tubing in the Statfjord Field. The paper also describes the execution of the operations and methods involved. Potential problems related to the placement of the gravel were identified in pre-job meetings and were verified through a comprehensive test programme. A well specific cased hole completion was modelled using an acrylic gravel pack simulator, and a number of tests were performed to determine the optimum solution for gravel concentration, brine viscosity, viscosifier and slurry placement rate. The tests were utilised as an aid in designing the actual gravel placement operation. The gravel packing operation was conducted using small batches of slurry consisting of a non-viscosified brine carrier fluid along with a low gravel concentration. Two separate radioactive tracers were injected into the slurry to give better resolution of the gravel pack logs. The operation and completion technique is reviewed and verified by extensive post completion analysis. This includes calculated sand height verified by gravel pack placement logs. Initial gravel pack productivity is comparable to conventionally gravel packed wells.


Analysing the instability in the multivariate correlation structure, the present thesis starts from assessing in-sample and out-of-sample performances of multivariate GARCH models with or without a structural break. The result emphasizes the importance of correlation change point detection for model fittings. We then propose semi–parametric CUSUM tests to detect a change point in the covariance structures of non–linear multivariate models with dynamically evolving volatilities and correlations. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed statistics are derived under mild conditions. Our simulations show that, even though the nearly unit root property distorts the size and power of tests, the standardization of the data with conditional standard deviations in multivariate volatility models can correct such distortions. Lastly, concerning classical trimmed issue in change point test, we extend the semi-parametric CUSUM to weighted CUSUM tests, which enhances the power across either ends of a sample. A Monte Carlo simulation study suggests that weighted CUSUM tests exhibit better performances than unweighted ones in finite samples. Regarding empirical applications, we show the absorption ratio is a leading indicator of the financial fragility, and we study global financial contagion effect, also we investigate unexpected events in the U.S. equity market.


This work investigates the kinetics of the N2( A3Σu+,v ) state in the atmospheric-pressure Townsend discharge (APTD) operated in a barrier discharge setup in pure nitrogen. To understand the complex nature of the N2( A3Σu+,v ) state we have developed a detailed state-to-state vibrational kinetic model of N2 applicable mainly at low reduced electric fields ( < 200 Td). The kinetic model benefits from the determination of the electric field and the electron density profile using the equivalent electric circuit analysis. The knowledge of both parameters significantly reduces the number of free parameters of the model and thus improves the accuracy of kinetic predictions. The results of the kinetic model are compared with the measured emission spectra of the second positive system and the Herman infrared system of N2. The use of the sensitivity analysis method leads to a better understanding of the role of specific elementary processes in the APTD mechanism and also to the determination of the density of the two lowest vibrational levels of N2( A3Σu+ ), which varies between 1012 and 1014 cm−3 depending on the applied voltage. The determination is important, because the two lowest vibrational levels of N2( A3Σu+ ) are considered to play an important role in the secondary emission of electrons from dielectric surfaces. This work shows that the complex state-to-state kinetic modeling in combination with the phase-resolved emission spectroscopy is the key to a better understanding of the processes responsible for establishing and sustaining the APTD mechanism in nitrogen.


The Cmolecule has the highest symmetry that a molecule can have. In his Perspective,
 MA¼ller
 discusses more complex molecular clusters that have a similarly high symmetry and investigates some principles underlying their formation. He highlights the reports by
 Bai
 et al.
 and
 Moses
 et al., who have synthesized complex fullerene-like clusters with nearly spherical shapes. Because they are often inert and stable, highly symmetric spherical molecules can be attractive for applications in nanotechnology, especially if other desirable properties such as porosity are guaranteed.


The nitro group in aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds also containing reducible substituents such as ethene, nitrile, acid, phenol, halogen, ester, etc., are selectively and rapidly reduced at room temperature to corresponding amines in good yields by employing hydrazinium monoformate, in the presence of commercial zinc dust. It was observed that, hydrazinium monoformate is more effective than hydrazine or formic acid and reduction of nitro group occurs without hydrogenolysis in the low cost zinc dust compared to expensive metals like palladium.


Understanding dynamics of hydrological responses is essential in producing skillful runoff forecast. This can be quantitatively done by tracking changes in hydrology model parameters that represent physical characteristics. In this study, we implement a Bayesian estimation method in continuously estimating hydrology model parameters given observations of rainfall and runoff for small watersheds. The method is coupled with a conceptual hydrology model using a Gamma distribution-based Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph. The whole analytical framework is tested using synthetic data as well as observational data from the Fall Creek watershed. The results show that the Bayesian method can well track the hidden parameters that change inter-annually. Then the model is applied to examine temporal and spatial variability of the rainfall-runoff responses and we find 1) a systematic shift in the rainfall-runoff response for the Fall Creek watershed around 1943 and 2) a statistically significant relationship between rainfall-runoff responses and watershed sizes for selected NY watersheds. Our results demonstrate potential of the Bayesian estimation method as a rapid surveillance tool in monitoring and tracking changes of hydrological responses for small watersheds.


A supermassive black hole moving through a field of stars will gravitationally scatter the stars, inducing a backreaction force on the black hole known as dynamical friction. In Newtonian gravity, the axisymmetry of the system about the black hole's velocity $\mathbf{v}$ implies that the dynamical friction must be anti-parallel to $\mathbf{v}$. However, in general relativity the black hole's spin $\mathbf{S}$ need not be parallel to $\mathbf{v}$, breaking the axisymmetry of the system and generating a new component of dynamical friction similar to the Lorentz force $\mathbf{F} = q\mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}$ experienced by a particle with charge $q$ moving in a magnetic field $\mathbf{B}$. We call this new force gravitomagnetic dynamical friction and calculate its magnitude for a spinning black hole moving through a field of stars with Maxwellian velocity dispersion $\sigma$, assuming that both $v$ and $\sigma$ are much less than the speed of light $c$. We use post-Newtonian equations of motion accurate to $\mathcal{O}(v^3/c^3)$ needed to capture the effect of spin-orbit coupling and also include direct stellar capture by the black hole's event horizon. Gravitomagnetic dynamical friction will cause a black hole with uniform speed to spiral about the direction of its spin, similar to a charged particle spiraling about a magnetic field line, and will exert a torque on a supermassive black hole orbiting a galactic center, causing the angular momentum of this orbit to slowly precess about the black-hole spin. As this effect is suppressed by a factor $(\sigma/c)^2$ in nonrelativistic systems, we expect it to be negligible in most astrophysical contexts but provide this calculation for its theoretical interest and potential application to relativistic systems.


The Enriched Xenon Observatory (EXO) collaboration will search for double beta decay using the 136Xe isotope [1]. During the initial phase (EXO-200), a 200 kg enriched Xe liquid Time Projection Chamber (TPC) will be deployed in the underground experimental area at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP), Carlsbad, USA. We present the design, construction and installation of the EXO-200 TPC focussing on the specific experimental requirements for the detection of neutrinoless double beta decay: high energy resolution and low radioactive background.


A zirconium catalyst system supported on MCM-41 (S-Z) with various weight components (4-20 wt.%) Was synthesized by the sol-gel method. Structure and Morphology Catalysts were characterized by X-RD, TEM, BET, FT-IR and TPD-NH3 methods. In this catalyst, ZrO2 is highly dispersed on the surface of MCM-41 capillaries. Catalytic activity and selectivity were evaluated by the effectiveness of mild hydrothermal decomposition of cellulose to 5hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF). The results show that a catalyst with medium acidity exhibits a high selectivity of 5-HMF.


We consider the dynamical Bragg reflection of an atomic matter wave from a finite optical lattice; the resulting energy dependence of the transmittivity allows us to filter out the velocities of the incident atoms. In particular, we show how the coherence length of the incident beam can be inferred from the sharpness of the transmittivity as a function of the lattice intensity. For incident frequencies well inside the reflecting window, the interference of incident and reflected matter waves gives rise to an oscillatory density profile in front of the lattice which can be observed by means of light diffraction. The angular width of the diffracted peaks also provides information on the coherence length of the incident atomic beam.


By closing and opening ion channels, electric eels are able to convert ion concentration gradients into electricity. Inspired by electric eels, considerable artificial sub-nanoscale ion channels with high ion selectivity and transportation efficiency have been designed for harvesting the osmotic energy between ionic solutions of different salinities, but constructing smart ion-gated sub-nanochannels for effective ion transport is still a huge challenge. Herein, photo-controllable sub-nanochannels of metal-organic framework (MOF) NH2-MIL-53 encapsulated with spiropyrans (SP-MIL-53) were fabricated by a facile in situ growth strategy. Interestingly, the highly ordered sub-nanochannels of SP-MIL-53 were switched on and off to efficiently regulate the ion flux by the light-driven isomerization of SP, which made it a smart ionic gate with a high on-off ratio of 16.2 in 10 mM KCl aqueous solution via UV irradiation. Moreover, the ion-gated sub-nanochannel membrane yielded a high power density of 8.3 W m-2 under a 50-fold KCl concentration gradient in the open state. Density functional theory calculations revealed that K+ ions in SP-MIL-53 sub-nanochannels had a higher mobility constant (3.61 × 10-2) with UV irradiation than without UV illumination (2.33 × 10-22). This work provides an effective way to develop smart ion-gating sub-nanochannels for capturing salinity gradient power.


We introduce a Bayesian defect detector to facilitate the defect detection on the motion blurred images on rough texture surfaces. To enhance the accuracy of Bayesian detection on removing non-defect pixels, we develop a class of reflected non-local prior distributions, which is constructed by using the mode of a distribution to subtract its density. The reflected non-local priors forces the Bayesian detector to approach 0 at the non-defect locations. We conduct experiments studies to demonstrate the superior performance of the Bayesian detector in eliminating the non-defect points. We implement the Bayesian detector in the motion blurred drone images, in which the detector successfully identifies the hail damages on the rough surface and substantially enhances the accuracy of the entire defect detection pipeline.


Simple Summary Anaplasmosis is a bacterial disease that has a severe impact on livestock production, such as reduced milk yield, poor growth and increased susceptibility to other diseases. This pilot study investigated the presence of Anaplasma bacteria and associated antibodies in blood samples collected from a subset of the Swedish goat population. The samples were analysed using polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One of 40 goats tested positive for the presence of genetic material from the bacteria, while 33% of the serum samples contained antibodies for anaplasmosis. These results indicate that anaplasmosis is widespread in the goat population in certain areas of Sweden. More research is needed to understand the impact of anaplasmosis on Swedish goats and goat farmers. Abstract Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease that has a severe impact on livestock production and welfare. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the presence of Anaplasma spp. and associated antibodies in a subset of the Swedish goat population. In 2020, six goat herds located in different parts of Sweden were visited and whole blood and serum samples were collected. The whole blood samples (n = 40) were analysed for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, A. ovis and A. capra using quantitative and conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The serum samples (n = 59) were analysed for the presence of antibodies to Anaplasma spp. using a commercial competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the same analysis was carried out on additional serum samples previously collected in 2018, 2019 and 2020 (n = 166). One goat (2.5%) tested positive for the presence of A. phagocytophilum genetic material, while the seropositivity rate ranged from 20 to 71%, depending on the surveyed year and area. These results indicate widespread exposure to Anaplasma spp. in the Swedish goat population. To inform future risk assessments and control efforts, further research is warranted to determine the prevalence of anaplasmosis and its impact on goat farming in Sweden.


Achromatic and chromatic lightness and darkness of an array of 104 reflecting surfaces were scaled by the method of magnitude estimation. Samples subtended a visual angle of 4° and were viewed under both artificial light and daylight. The dominant wavelengths of the chromatic samples were blue 470, green 553, yellow 574, and red 622 nm. For each hue, the subjective attributes of both lightness and darkness were judged at five levels of colorimetric purity Pc. Both lightness and darkness increased as a power function of the luminous reflectance of the neutral grays and the pigmented surfaces. The lowest exponents, from 0.5 to 0.74, were found among the most and the least saturated samples. Exponents of about 1.0 were obtained for both lightness and darkness functions for the neutral grays, for two Pc levels of red, for one Pc level of green, and one of blue, under both artificial light and daylight. For the yellows, the exponents were close to 1.0 at all purity levels under daylight only. All other samples gave exponents less than one.


We present a fast multi-robotic exploration methodology for 2D and 3D terrains. An asynchronous exploration strategy is introduced which shows significant improvements over the existing synchronous ones. A per-time visibility metric is being utilized by the algorithm. The metric allots the same weight for points for next view whose visibility over time ratios are equal. The outcome of this is that while the number of points visited to explore a terrain is nearly the same as other popular metrics found in literature, the time length of the paths are smaller in this case resulting in reduced time exploration. The results have been verified through extensive simulations in 2D and 3D. In 2D multiple robots explore unknown terrains that are office like, cluttered, corridor like and various combinations of these. In 3D we consider the case of multiple UAVs exploring a terrain represented as height fields. We introduce a way for calculating expected visibilities and a way of incorporating explored features in the per-time metric. The maximum height of the UAV at each location is governed by the so called exposure surface, beneath which the UAVs are constrained to fly. We also show performance gain of the present metric over others in experiments on a Pioneer 3DX robot.


Abstract. Weeds are a major contributing factor to crop yield loss. Weed control is regularly practiced during the growing season, with many growers making a conscious effort to minimise weed-seed return to the soil seedbank during the cropping program. However, growers may be unintentionally introducing weed seeds through sowing of contaminated crop seed. Using samples of crop seed obtained from 29 growers across two Western Australian grain-growing regions, 81 samples were hand-cleaned to determine weed-seed contamination levels. Of those samples, 41% were weed-free, and in the remaining 59%, the main contaminant was Lolium rigidum (annual ryegrass), occurring in 49% of contaminated samples. Crop type and cleaning method had significant effects on the level of weed-seed contamination, with barley having higher levels of contamination than other crops, and professional contractors providing lower contamination than other methods of cleaning. However, any seed-cleaning method provided significantly cleaner grain samples than no seed cleaning. This study established that crop-seed contamination was evident on Western Australian farms and that growers may be unintentionally sowing weed seeds with their crops. Seed cleaning combined with judicious paddock selection and weed-seed removal during the growing season can lead to weed-free crop seed.


Aim: Molecular characterization of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A24 (CVA-24) strains isolated during neurological diseases surveillance activities in Tunisian patients. Materials & methods: Specimens were obtained from two Tunisian children and analyzed for enterovirus with quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR). We sequenced the whole genome of strains detected. Results: The EV-A71 sequence reported was assigned to subgenogroup C2 with a high nucleotide sequence identity to other EV-A71 C2 detected in other countries, which suggests virus migration. Interestingly, in the VP1 coding region, the Tunisian CV-A24 strain displayed high sequence divergence from other CV-A24, which confirms that it represents a new genogroup. Conclusion: This is the first report of EV-A71 in Tunisia and the first report of a CV-A24 strain causing aseptic meningitis.


In 51 instances, patients underwent radionuclide venography with technetium 99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin followed by contrast venography. The criteria used for diagnosis of a positive radionuclide venogram (flow pattern and retention of radionuclide) were evaluated. Cases in which there were discrepancies between the two studies were analyzed. Multiple factors were found to result in a lack of correlation between the two studies. These are: failure to recognize nonfilling of the deep venous system on the radionuclide venogram, disparate distribution of the venographic imaging agents, presence of varicose veins, large venous valves, previous femoral venipuncture, postsurgical narrowing with obstruction, age of the thrombus, and other factors. These factors and their implications with respect to venographic technique are discussed.


The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different implant surface modification technologies—including the presentation of a new technique, involving the formation of a ceramic titanium oxide coating. Three techniques are used to modify metal surfaces: (1) addition of material, (2) removal of material and (3) modification of material already present, e.g. by means of laser or electron-beam thermal treatment. The new technique outlined in this paper relates to the production of a corrosion-resistant, 2000–2500 Å thick, ceramic oxide layer with a consistent crystalline structure on the surface of a titanium implant. The layer is grown electrochemically from the bulk of the metal and modified by heat treatment. Such ceramic oxide-coated implants have advantageous properties compared to implants covered with other coatings: a higher external hardness; a greater force of adhesion between the titanium and the ceramic oxide coating; virtually perfect insulation between an organism and a metal and therefore no possibility of triggering metal allergy. Plates and screws for maxillofacial osteosynthesis and dental root implants with ceramic oxide coatings were subjected to various physical, chemical and electron microscope tests for qualitative characterization, and have been applied in surgical practice over a period of 15 years. The mini-plates removed were examined for the possible surface alterations which may occur during the implantation period. The sites of the removal were inspected for metallosis, which is common when titanium mini-plates are used. The results obtained demonstrate the good properties of the ceramic oxide-coated implants.


The paper will provide an insight into the role of HAZOP in a complex North Sea project involving three significant new sub-sea developments--Lyell, Staffa and Strathspey--operated by third parties and tied back to two existing Ninian platforms, Central and Southern. Major platform modifications were required involving both new process systems and the revamping of existing facilities, all whilst maintaining existing production. This presented substantial technical, project and safety related challenges of a type not hitherto encountered by North Sea operators. An integral part of the project plan was the comprehensive use of HAZOP as a core activity in ensuring that corporate safety and project operability objectives were met. HAZOP was seen as an important element in Chevron`s Ninian Safety Case as the primary tool for hazard identification. The successful application of HAZOP in this complex brown field development required a range of measures, some often overlooked and some involving innovative HAZOP methodology and these are detailed.


The Fox Hills Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maestrichtian) was investigated where it crops out along the southern flank of the Williston basin and in the subsurface over the central portion of the basin, using 300 well logs. The formation is conformable and gradational with the underlying Pierre formation and can be either conformable or unconformable with the overlying Hell Creek Formation. The Fox Hills Formation is younger, thicker, and stratigraphically more complex to the east and is comprised of marginal marine sediments deposited during the final Cretaceous regression. To the west, the Fox Hills Formation is an upward-coarsening unit generally 30 to 45 m thick and usually contains three members: from the base, Trail City, Timber Lake, and Colgate. The lower Fox Hills (Trail City, Timber Lake) is generally dominated by hummocky bedding and contains a variety of trace fossils, most notably Ophiomorpha. The upper Fox Hills (Colgate), where present, is characterized by cross-bedding. To the east, including the type area, the section is generally 80 to 100 m thick and contains four members: from the base, Trail City, Timber Lake, Iron Lightning (Colgate and Bullhead lithofacies), and Linton. In contrast to the section in the west, this section is as more » much as three times thicker, contains abundant body fossils, generally lacks hummocky bedding, and contains the Bullhead and Linton strata. In the west, the strata represent lower shoreface deposits, predominantly of storm origin (lower Fox Hills), overlain by upper shoreface and fluvial deposits (upper Fox Hills). In the east, the lower Fox Hills contains deposits of the lower shoreface (Trail City) and a barrier bar complex (Timber Lake), overlain by the deltaic deposits of the upper Fox Hills (Iron Lightning, Linton). « less


The slow collapse of the European colonial empires after 1945 provides one of the great turning points of twentieth century history. With the loss of India however, the British under Harold Macmillan attempted to enforce a 'second' colonial occupation - supporting the efforts of Sir Andrew Cohen of the Colonial Office to create a Central African Federation. Drawing on newly released archival material, The Politics and Economics of Decolonization offers a fresh examination of Britain's central African territories in the late colonial period and provides a detailed assessment of how events in Britain, Africa and the UN shaped the process of decolonization. The author situates the Central African Federation - which consisted of modern day Zambia, Zimbabwe and Malawi - in its wider international context, shedding light on the Federation's complex relationships with South Africa, with US Presidents Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy and with the expanding United Nations. The result is an important history of the last days of the British Empire and the beginnings of a more independent African continent.


The device of acetylene production by hydrogen (H-) plasma pyrolysis coal is examined and developed not only for studying the application of low temperature plasma but also for studying the clean use of coal. The power-supply control system is used to ensure supplying a steady energy to generate and maintain the plasma electric arc of the device. The hardware configuration and the software design of the system are described in this paper. Verified by experiments, this system can meet the requirements of real-time performance, reliability and extensibility for the device.


Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease that leads to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue, caused by circulating antibodies against different structures of the neuromuscular junction. In most patients, antibodies against acetylcholine receptor (AChR) can be detected. In a smaller proportion of patients with and without AChR antibodies, antibodies to muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), or related proteins such as agrin, cortactin and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4), are present. With current therapy, most patients achieve a stable condition with good quality of life and normal life expectancy. Nevertheless, 10 to 15 % of patients fail to respond ad equately to current therapies and are defined as refractory myasthenia gravis. Their clinical course is characterized by recurrent episodes of severe, acute deterioration, which sometimes appear life threatening. This article gives an overview of the current state of myasthenic antibody diagnostics and recommended treatment of refractory myasthenia gravis.


Indole and indolizines (heterocyclic aromatic compounds structurally and chemically isomeric with indoles) are an important class of N-fused heterocyclic compounds due to their interesting biological and optical properties. Different strategies for generating di‐ verse collections of small molecules with indole and indolizine moieties have been de‐ veloped. They can be synthesized by means of classical and nonclassical pathways. The present study discusses the versatile nature of indole/indolizine derivatives, new green methods for their synthesis, their possible mechanism of action and also provides infor‐ mation about current/future prospects of the topics and different indole/indolizine de‐ rivatives in pharmaceutical/clinical trials. With the remarkable number of approved indole-containing drugs as well as the importance of the indolizine moiety, it can be easily concluded that indole and indolizine derivatives offer perspectives on how pyr‐ role scaffolds might be exploited in the future as bioactive molecules against a broad range of diseases.


Deep learning approaches show unprecedented results for speckle reduction in SAR amplitude images. The wide availability of multi-temporal stacks of SAR images can improve even further the quality of denoising. In this paper, we propose a flexible yet efficient way to integrate temporal information into a deep neural network for speckle suppression. Archives provide access to long time-series of SAR images, from which multi-temporal averages can be computed with virtually no remaining speckle fluctuations. The proposed method combines this multi-temporal average and the image at a given date in the form of a ratio image and uses a state-of-the-art neural network to remove the speckle in this ratio image. This simple strategy is shown to offer a noticeable improvement compared to filtering the original image without knowledge of the multi-temporal average.


ABSTRACT:The advent of the 1979 Islamic Revolution made Iran and Islam dominant representational motifs in western media and literature. The preponderance of such representations revolved around the Iranian nation's identification as a Shiʿi Muslim-majority polity. As such, the Revolution's trajectory and its landmark events -such as the 1979 hostage crisis - were often construed in light of this fact. Prominent among literary representations of post-revolutionary Iran in western literature are V. S. Naipaul's 'Islamic' travelogues, Among the Believers (1981) and Beyond Belief (1998). This paper critiques Naipaul's representations of Iran and Shiʿi Islam in the two travel narratives, highlighting some of the most popular instances of myth and disinformation that the texts propagate. Thematic critique of the narratives is intended to shed light on the author's Orientalist approach and his engagement in ahistorical historicism, which -coupled with a conspicuous ignorance of Iran, Islam, and Shiʿism - has resulted in two of the most notorious literary tirades on Islam and the Muslim World.


INTRODUCTION
Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a clinical entity that develops after sustained and uncontrolled intraabdominal hypertension (IAHT). The ACS is clinically characterized by a massively distended abdomen and respiratory, cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to demonstrate the benefit of early diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension and ACS and to identify risk factors associated with mortality.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We used a prospective study that included all patients admitted to Hospital de Especialidades Miguel Hidalgo with known ACS risk factors between January 2002 and December 2003. All patients were submitted to systematic measurements of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Those patients with grade III-IV IAHT were treated with decompressive laparotomy.

RESULTS
Included in the study were 32 patients (23 males and 9 females). Mean age was 45.0 +/- 18.34 years. Twenty three patients developed IAHT grade I-II (group I) and nine developed grade IIIIV (group II). All group II patients were treated with abdominal decompression. The most common clinical entities associated were closed abdominal trauma (28%), hernias (15%), intestinal occlusions: (12.5%), acute pancreatitis (9.4%) and mesenteric ischemia (6.3%). Grade III-IV IAHT was statistically associated with reoperation (p = 0.038), acidosis (p = 0.003), anuria (p < 0.001) and sustained arterial hypotension (p = 0.004). The significant variables associated to mortality were anuria (p = 0.024) and grade III-IV IAHTA (0.017).

CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to make an early diagnosis of IAHT and ACS with an indirect measurement of IAP. The most important factors related to mortality are anuria and IAHT.


BACKGROUND
The current study investigated cross-sectional associations between maternal and paternal logistic and modeling physical activity support and the self-efficacy, self-esteem, and physical activity intentions of 11- to 12-year-old girls.

METHODS
210 girls reported perceptions of maternal and paternal logistic and modeling support and their self-efficacy, self-esteem and intention to be physically active. Data were analyzed using multivariable regression models.

RESULTS
Maternal logistic support was positively associated with participants' self-esteem, physical activity self-efficacy, and intention to be active. Maternal modeling was positively associated with self-efficacy. Paternal modeling was positively associated with self-esteem and self-efficacy but there was no evidence that paternal logistic support was associated with the psychosocial variables.

CONCLUSIONS
Activity-related parenting practices were associated with psychosocial correlates of physical activity among adolescent girls. Logistic support from mothers, rather than modeling support or paternal support may be a particularly important target when designing interventions aimed at preventing the age-related decline in physical activity among girls.


Miss Abramson has a wonderful subject, pUlsating with life-unexplored tracts of the past, leading up to an exciting present; more, a work of constructive criticism could hold seminal power for the future. She does nothing with it. Instead she offers a drab specimen of routine research. and inadequately carried out at that. I can see little evidence of serious research outside the New York scene. In her preamble she does not mention the Hapgood Players, the Horizon Guild, or the Chicago Ethiopian Art Theatre of 1923, or Detroit's later Concept East~ She does not mention Willis Richardson's plays; Chip Woman's Fortune inaugurated the Chicago Theatre. Richardson lacked dramatic technique, but compensated by vigor of language. More serious is the omission of Angelina Grimke's Rachel, a grim story handled with considerable skill. and a much more important work than most of the plays she cites. Again, there is a totally inadequate account of the vital meeting in November 1950, at which the Council on the Harlem Theatre was formed; the resolutions passed at that meeting were of major importance, as Miss Abramson ought to know, since she quotes an insignificant sentence from an article by Loften Mitchell which discusses them; she does not mention Harold Holifield, Gertrude Jeanette or Julian Mayfield, whose plays were performed there, and one wonders whether the only way of following up Ossie Davis's Alice in Wonder, about which we would like to know more, was a letter to the playwright. Again, her bibliography does not mention Darwin Turner's article on "The Negro Dramatist's Image of the Universe" in CLA. Journal for 1961; it contains DuBois's articles in Crisis in April 1915 and july 1918 but not his more relevant article of May 1962; it contains Hoyt Fuller's symposium in Negro Digest for January 1968, but not his "Black Theatre in America" in April (though items are included up to May of that year) nor Owen Dodson's article is the same issue; it does not cite Liberator at all, though Clebert Ford had an important study of Lorraine Hansberry in 1964 and there have been other useful papers. Critically too the work is defective. Of course you can't go far wrong in dealing with the unfamiliar, and her account of William. Wells Brown's The Escape or Joseph S. Cotter's Caleb the Degenerate is of some interest. But when we come to A Raisin in the Sun we are aware that Miss Abramson is working with no critical tools; she rejects detailed analysis and gives us a hotch-potch, ending with a few snippets of second-hand judgments, and no comprehensive evaluation at all: yet there was a rare chance for the reappraisal of a play which at least held the significance of success. It is noticeable that in her brief account of Baldwin's Blues for Mister Charlie, she quotes perhaps seven conflicting evaluations without giving any judgment of her own of this important play. Above all she is unable to look at her theme from the inside, to enter into and communicate the problems and challenges which face the black playwright, and which have faced him in a slightly different social climate. What a missed opportunity. What a pity.


This second edition may help readers develop a basic understanding of part of the design decision-making process, and the physical aspects of designing print documents. But the book is unlikely to support professionals or students who engage electronic documents, or user-centered design and the user experience (UX), in depth.


Nowdays, there are many translation problems although software application to assist translation are available. The objectives of this research were to identify types of error in translation, students' difficulties in translating text, and factors which influence students' error in translating in English department of State Institute for Islamic Studies Bengkulu. This research  used descriptive quantitative method. The results of this research showed that students' difficulties in translating English text, were elliptical errors (67.29%), idioms (87.5%), and textual meaning (73.54).  The difficulties of students in translating were  lack of vocabulary (87,50%), difficult translating Islamic texts (75,00%), literary works (66,66%), and grammatical issues (62,50%). Then, the factors affected students' error in translation were ignorance of ellipsis; unable to identify ellipsis, idiom, and lexical meaning; lack of strategy in translating ellipsis,  idiom, and lexical meaning; translating words per word; most students lack a strong background on the content of the text. It was concluded that the students got three types of error in transalation, four points difficulties in translation, and six factors which influence the students' error in translation.Keywords: Translation, difficulties, and English text


Background: Ocular injury due to fireworks requires urgent ophthalmic assessment and management to preserve vision. Methods: Spectrum of injury, type of intervention, visual outcome, and reasons for visual loss were assessed in consecutive patients presenting over 2 years with firework-related eye injury. The final visual outcome was recorded as best-corrected visual acuity. Results: In the 96 patients (75 males) enrolled, 122 eyes were involved. Twenty-six patients had bilateral eye injury. The median (interquartile) age was 14 (8, 28.5) years. Injuries occurred during Diwali festival (59.4%) and funeral processions (20.8%); over half (53.8%) were bystanders. Injury was due to negligence (78%), device malfunction (12.5%), and attempts to reignite (5.2%) or recover failed device (4.2%). Presenting symptoms were redness (100%), pain (97%), watering (86%), and reduced vision (77%). Facial laceration, contusion, or hematoma occurred in 13 patients. The most frequent adnexal and ocular surface injuries were lid burns (57.3%), edema (44.2%), charred eyelashes (24.6%), and laceration (13.9%). Open-globe injury occurred in 8 eyes. Common anterior segment injuries were corneal epithelial defect (51.6%) and hyphema (20.5%). Posterior segment injuries included commotio retinae (13.1%) and Berlin's edema (7.4%). Surgical treatment was required in 15 eyes; 107 (88%) were managed conservatively. At study completion, of the 99 eyes evaluated, 21 had reduced visual acuity (<6/6) including 7 with monocular blindness. Factors associated with poor vision were open-globe injury (P < 0.001) and poor initial visual acuity (P = 0.05). Conclusions: Open-globe injury and poor visual acuity at presentation predict the final visual outcome. Monocular blindness following firecracker injury is common.


The 'best interests' decision making standard is used in clinical care to make necessary health decisions for non-capacitated individuals for whom neither explicit nor inferred wishes are known. It has been also widely acknowledged as a basis for enrolling some non-capacitated adults into clinical research such as emergency, critical care, and dementia research. However, the best interests standard requires that choices provide the highest net benefit of available options, and clinical research rarely meets this criterion. In the context of modern norms of bioethics, the best interests standard rarely supports surrogate consent for research and should not be accepted as a routine provision.


Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) is classically associated with Clostridium difficile infection. We report a rare case of cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐associated PMC in a 52‐year‐old female patient who had undergone kidney transplantation more than 20 years ago and was on low dose prednisolone and ciclosporin. She presented with an acute history of fever, lethargy, vomiting and diarrhoea on admission. Computed tomography of the abdomen showed extensive colitis, and colonoscopy revealed extensive pseudomembrane formation. Multiple tests for Clostridium difficile and other common microbiological causes of colitis were negative. CMV DNAemia and colonic biopsies confirmed the diagnosis of CMV colitis. The patient responded to prompt CMV treatment, as demonstrated by clinical, endoscopic, and histological response. While CMV is a common pathogen in the solid organ transplant population that is familiar to most transplant physicians, it may present atypically as PMC. Here, we review the literature on CMV‐associated PMC and its relevance to solid organ transplant recipients. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of CMV‐associated PMC in a kidney transplant recipient.


UNLABELLED
Biliary lipid secretion is a complex process involving a multitude of metabolic pathways. It has always been assumed that bile salt secretion (BSec) fully controls this process. Recently we have demonstrated, that mdr2 P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an important controlling step as well. In this study we have analysed the control structure of this pathway with Metabolic Control Analysis.

METHODS
FVB mice homozygous (+/+) or heterozygous (+/-) for mdr2 P-glycoprotein were infused via the tail vein with tauroursodeoxycholate in stepwise increasing concentrations. Bile was collected and biliary lipids were determined by standard techniques.

RESULTS
To simplify the pathway we have lumped all reactions involved in BSsec into bile in one step. Since this step is not controlled by the canalicular BS concentration, the FCC of BS secretion on phospholipid secretion (PLsec) could be calculated from a plot between BS and PL secretion. The FCC of BSsec varied from 80% at low flux to a value of 90% at maximal BS output. The FCC of mdr2 P-gp was determined by varying the gene dose of mdr2 P-gp. Since PLsec showed linear kinetics towards canalicular BS the FCC could be calculated via the Deviation index. The values for the FCC of mdr2 P-gp in (+/+) mice vary from 80% at low flux to 125% at maximal BS output.

CONCLUSIONS
Both BS secretion and mdr2 P-gp strongly control biliary phospholipid secretion. The sum of the FCCs of both steps is always much higher than 100% implicating the presence of step(s) which exert negative control. We hypothesize that steps controlling biliary water transport account for the negative control.


Although field mapping is acknowledged as the most accurate way to determine channel or drainage networks, it is often impractical, especially for the large and remotely situated mountainous watersheds. Topographic maps, providing a useful surrogate for drainage networks, are the fundamental source for the drainage analysis. But, drainage analysis by manual delineation on topographic maps requires time and expertise, and subjectivity judgments. Furthermore, extracted and mapped data from the topographic maps are not in digital from, thus; requires additional works in order to incorporate with other Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) outcomes. In this study, drainage network delineation was performed using two methods: 1) Traditional method by hand delineation on 1/25,000 topographic map; and 2) Using TauDEM (Terrain Analysis Using Digital Elevation Models) model in ArcGIS 9.0 environment using different resolution and sources of DEMs. We compare and examine these two methods with their drainage network extraction, and results obtained were tested statistically. This study attempts to investigate the consistency of the outcomes obtained from these two different methods using different sources of DEMs.


Earth System Dynamic Intelligence (ESDI) entails developing and making innovative use of emerging concepts and pathways in mathematical geophysics, Earth System Dynamics, and information technologies to sense, monitor, harness, analyze, model and fundamentally unveil dynamic understanding across the natural, social and technical geosciences, including the associated manifold multiscale multidomain processes, interactions and complexity, along with the associated predictability and uncertainty dynamics. The ESDI Flagship initiative ignites the development, discussion and cross-fertilization of novel theoretical insights, methodological developments and geophysical applications across interdisciplinary mathematical, geophysical and information technological approaches towards a cross-cutting, mathematically sound, physically consistent, socially conscious and operationally effective Earth System Dynamic Intelligence. Going beyond the well established stochastic-dynamic, information-theoretic, artificial intelligence, mechanistic and hybrid techniques, ESDI paves the way to exploratory and disruptive developments along emerging information physical intelligence pathways, and bridges fundamental and operational complex problem solving across frontier natural, social and technical geosciences. Overall, the ESDI Flagship breeds a nascent field and community where methodological ingenuity and natural process understanding come together to shed light onto fundamental theoretical aspects to build innovative methodologies, products and services to tackle real-world challenges facing our planet.


OBJECTIVE
This study sought to reassess the relationship between cigarette smoking and education.

METHODS
Data from the 1983 to 1991 National Health Interview Survey for participants aged 25 years and older were used to plot the prevalence of current smoking, ever smoking, heavy smoking, and smoking cessation, as well as the adjusted log odds ratios, by years of education.

RESULTS
The "less than high school graduate" category consisted of two groups with distinct smoking patterns: persons with 0 to 8 years and persons with 9 to 11 years of education. The latter were the most likely to be current, ever, and heavy smokers and the least likely to have quit smoking, whereas the former were similar to persons having 12 years of education. After 11 years of education, the likelihood of smoking decreased and that of smoking cessation increased with each successive year of education. These results persisted after the statistical adjustment for age, sex, ethnicity, poverty status, employment status, marital status, geographic region, and year of survey.

CONCLUSIONS
The relationship between smoking and education is not monotonic. Thus, when evaluating smoking in relation to education, researchers should categorize years of education as follows: 0 to 8, 9 to 11, 12, 13 to 15, and 16 or more years.


For many years, concerns have been expressed about environmental issues in the Arctic. While the Arctic region, unlike Antarctica, has been inhabited for thousands of years, it is under unique threat because of its vulnerability toward resource exploitation and the deposition of various airborne pollutants. With its varied populations, and with eight Nations asserting territorial interests, the Arctic needs a careful approach to its protection and development. This report describes the current Arctic environmental legal regime. It also discusses the possibility of negotiating a sustainability treaty for the Arctic with high standards of environmental protection similar to those in the 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty. It is hoped that this review of the legal and policy contrasts between the Arctic and Antarctic can help in the consideration of future directions for the Arctic legal regime.


Background To compare the long-term outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with or without prior embolization in brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (volume ≤10 mL) for which SRS is indicated. Methods Patients were recruited from a nationwide multicenter prospective collaboration registry (the MATCH study) between August 2011 and August 2021, and categorized into combined embolization and SRS (E+SRS) and SRS alone cohorts. We performed propensity score-matched survival analysis to compare the long-term risk of non-fatal hemorrhagic stroke and death (primary outcomes). The long-term obliteration rate, favorable neurological outcomes, seizure, worsened mRS score, radiation-induced changes, and embolization complications were also evaluated (secondary outcomes). Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results After study exclusions and propensity score matching, 486 patients (243 pairs) were included. The median (IQR) follow-up duration for the primary outcomes was 5.7 (3.1–8.2) years. Overall, E+SRS and SRS alone were similar in preventing long-term non-fatal hemorrhagic stroke and death (0.68 vs 0.45 per 100 patient-years; HR=1.46 (95% CI 0.56 to 3.84)), as well as in facilitating AVM obliteration (10.02 vs 9.48 per 100 patient-years; HR=1.10 (95% CI 0.87 to 1.38)). However, the E+SRS strategy was significantly inferior to the SRS alone strategy in terms of neurological deterioration (worsened mRS score: 16.0% vs 9.1%; HR=2.00 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.38)). Conclusions In this observational prospective cohort study, the combined strategy of E+SRS does not show substantial advantages over SRS alone. The findings do not support pre-SRS embolization for AVMs with a volume ≤10 mL.


Due to their favourable combination of high ionic conductivity and stability versus elemental lithium, garnet-related lithium ion conductors Li7La3Zr2O12 have raised strong interest for both all-solid-state batteries and as protective layers for anode materials. Here we study the correlation between structure and ion mobility in Li7−xLa3(Zr2−xMx)O12 (x = 0, 0.25; M = Ta5+, Nb5+) combining Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations, bond valence (BV) studies and experimental characterisation. In situXRD demonstrates a tetragonal-to-cubic phase transition above 450 K for LixLa3Zr2O12. MD simulations using our new BV-based Morse-type force field reproduce static (lattice constants, thermal expansion, phase transition) and dynamic characteristics of this material. Simulations and structure refinements for the tetragonal phase accordingly yield an ordered Li distribution. The majority of Li fully occupies the 16f and 32g octahedral sites. Out of the two tetrahedral sites only the 8a site is fully occupied leaving the 16e tetrahedral sites with slightly higher site energy due to the tetragonal distortion vacant. For the cubic phase recent structural studies either suggest a major Li+ redistribution to nearly fully occupied tetrahedral sites and distorted octahedral sites with a low occupancy (which leads to unphysically short Li–Li distances) or suggest the existence of additional Li sites. MD simulations however show that the lithium distribution just above the phase transition closely resembles that in the tetragonal phase with only slightly more than 1/3 of the now equivalent tetrahedral 24d sites and almost half of the distorted octahedral 96h sites occupied, so that overly short Li–Li distances are avoided. Pentavalent doping enhances ionic conductivity by increasing the vacancy concentration and by reducing local Li ordering. At higher temperatures Li is gradually redistributed to the tetrahedral sites that can be occupied up to a site occupancy factor of 0.56. BV pathway analysis and closely harmonizing Li trajectories demonstrate that the two partially occupied Li sites of similar site energy form a 3D network suitable for fast ion conduction. The simulated diffusion coefficient and its activation energy closely match the experimental conductivities. The degree of correlation of the vacancy-type Li+ ion migration is analyzed in terms of the van Hove correlation function.


Abstract Gynecomastia is an emerging untoward effect of HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents, but frequency, pathogenesis, relationship to single anti- HIV compounds, evolution, and outcome are still under investigation. We report the first two cases of true gynecomastia observed in prepubertal congenitally-infected boys, and clinical, antiretroviral, metabolic, hormonal, virological, and immunological aspects.


Abstract In this paper, we generated finite element (FE) models to predict the contact pressure between a foam mattress and the human body in a supine position. Twenty-year-old males were used for three-dimensional scanning to produce the FE human models, which was composed of skin and muscle tissue. A linear elastic isotropic material model was used for the skin, and the Mooney–Rivlin model was used for the muscle tissue because it can effectively represent the nonlinear behavior of muscle. The contact pressure between the human model and the mattress was predicted by numerical simulation. The human models were validated by comparing the body pressure distribution obtained from the same human subject when he was lying on two different mattress types. The experimental results showed that the slope of the lower part of the mattress caused a decrease in the contact pressure at the heels, and the effect of bone structure was most pronounced in the scapula. After inserting a simple structure to function as the scapula, the contact pressure predicted by the FE human models was consistent with the experimental body pressure distribution for all body parts. These results suggest that the models proposed in this paper will be useful to researchers and designers of products related to the prevention of pressure ulcers.


I describe my gradually evolving role as a scientist from my birth in Frankfurt (Germany) to my education in the UK, my post-doc years and my experiences as an independent investigator at Purdue University. I discuss the significance of my post-doctoral work in Minnesota where I had my first encounter with an electronic computer and subsequently in Cambridge where I participated in the first structure determination of proteins. After six years back in England my family moved to Indiana (USA) where my home remains to this day. At Purdue University I first studied the structure of enzymes and in the process I discovered the organization and slow evolution of protein domains, each with a specific function. With this success I started what had been on my mind already for a long time, namely the structural analysis of viruses. Initially we studied plant viruses but then switched to small RNA animal viruses, discovering that some plant and animal RNA viruses have closely similar structures and therefore presumably had a common evolutionary origin. Next I became interested in somewhat larger viruses that had lipid membrane envelopes. In turn that has led to the study of very large dsDNA viruses as big as small bacteria as well as studies of bacterial viruses that require complex molecular motors for different parts of their life cycle. While developing crystallographic techniques for the study of viruses it has become progressively more apparent that electron microscopy is an important new tool that is likely to eclipse x-ray crystallography in the next decade.


Using an overall sample of 278 individuals who had taken the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Second Edition (MMPI-2) and who had clear diagnostic information available in their medical records, the Meyers Index (MI) for the MMPI-2 (Meyers, Millis, & Volkert, 2002) was calculated for each individual, and a new version of the MI created for the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) was calculated. The MI is a method of combining multiple MMPI-2 validity scales into a single weighted index to assess exaggerated self-report on the MMPI-2. The new index is intended to provide the same type of global assessment of validity but for the MMPI-2-RF (MI-r). The MI and the MI-r were compared at both individual and group levels and were found to correlate well (r = .87). Diagnostic groups of litigants and nonlitigants of traumatic brain injury, chronic pain, and posttraumatic stress disorder were also examined; and the performance of the MI and the MI-r were similar. Similarly, the pass and fail agreement rate for the two scales was 93%. The results indicate that the MI and MI-r perform very similarly and are good methods of assessing overall validity of MMPI-2 and MMPI-2-RF test performance.


The title of this study is An Analysis on the superior sector in West Lombok in 2005 – 2007. The purpose of this study is to know the superior sectors in West Lombok.
In review of related literature, the researcher enclosures the previous research by Yustina Harini entitled An Analysis on the Potential Correlation of Superior Sector to toward Labour Recruitment in Blitar City. The previous study is used as reference and comparison for the researcher.
The instrument for this study to test the data is Location Quotient (LQ) to know the superior sector in West Lombok on 2005 – 2007. Based on the analysis of LQ, it can be known that approximately LQ value of each sector in West Lombok is as follow; agriculture sector 1,25, mine sector 0,12, industry 0,90, electrical 1,42, construction 1,71, trading 1,61, public transportation 1,29, finance 1,01 and service
sector 1,31.
From the result of study, it can be concluded that there is 7 sectors that includes in superior categories are agriculture, electrical, construction, trading, public transportation, financial and service. While other 2 sectors in non superior sectors are mine and industry. In correlation with the problem above, the researcher can contribute the suggestion to develop potential continuously especially in agriculture sector tourism, where the sectors can be the mainstay to mobilize other sector so that can accelerate economical growth. For sectors that is not in
categories of superioro have sector of West Lombok; like mine and industry, the government does not need to have innovation to develop the sectors. It is because it has not potency to be the superior sector of West Lombok.