The Articles of Agreement on the New Development Bank is not only the Charter of the New Development Bank of the BRICs, but also a new rule of global financial governance. Its internal governance rules resemble its skeleton, supporting the decision-making and operation of the entire New Development Bank. On the basis of drawing lessons from the agreements of the existing international development financial institutions, there are many innovative practices in the internal governance rules of the New Development Bank. However, at the beginning, there are still some imperfections in the internal governance of the new development bank. Its legitimacy, accountability, and beneficial coordination among the three are outstanding, which are mainly manifested in: First, the New Development Bank has established a basic internal organizational structure of the board of directors, board of governors and presidents.Second, the lack of representativeness of directors, presidents and vice presidents weakens the legitimacy of the bank. Third, the rotation system of the president of BRICS countries affects the bank's aid continuation of policy. Fourth, the voting mechanism of equal rights in the five countries reduces the efficiency of the bank, and the two-state veto system has led to a lack of leaders in decision-making rules.Under the current post-epidemic background, the New Development Bank, as the first global development financial institution established by developing countries, is playing an active role by providing emergency assistance loans and other means, especially the economic recovery of emerging market countries. In view of this, it is necessary to make a systematic and innovation analysis on the internal governance of the New Development Bank. The regulation of the internal governance of the New Development Bank should be carried out from the following aspects: First, to establish a coordinating supervisory agency, strengthen the coordination, supervision and mutual restriction of the existing mechanism of the New Development Bank, and implement a director system combining non-resident and resident directors. Second, to improve the representativeness of directors and presidents, and establish the election system of rotating presidents and the procedure of no-confidence cases. It includes optimizing the composition of rotating presidents, extending the period of rotation, establishing the procedure for no-confidence motions against rotating presidents, and adjusting the automatic rotation system for rotating presidents. Finally, to establish a more reasonable voting mechanism that weights basic voting rights and equity voting rights and an interest compensation mechanism of non-founding countries that replaces voting rights with interests.


The aim of this article is to demonstrate the negotiations and disputes between different kinds of knowledge and power in the history of the Brazilian National Policy for Comprehensive Men's Healthcare based on the creation in 2008 of the Technical Area for Men's Health within the Ministry of Health's Department of Strategic Programs. We observed the Brazilian Society of Urology's position as the policy was being drawn up, including the discourse adopted, based on interviews held with managers from the Ministry of Health and the assistant representative of the United Nations Population Fund in Brazil. We analyzed the visibility of the male body in signs of resistance to the interventions of biopower in the expression of the right to health.


There is now comprehensive evidence that physical inactivity is a primary cause of most cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire has demonstrated to be an effective tool for predicting the development of cardio-metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Importantly, one FINDRISC question is related with physical activity. PURPOSE: Thus, the present study aimed: (i) to determine the influence of physical inactivity on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in university staff; and (ii) to determine possible connections between health parameters and the questionnaire responses.


The visualization and forecasting system for northern areas of Pakistan has been developed to help users to visualize historical temporal weather data in their respective region. This system is designed with the goal to supplement the productivity of already available website of Pakistan meteorological department. The system is flexible enough to visualize current data. It also presents multiple weather scenarios to visualize weather data. The weather data which is visualized is available from 1980 to 2010 from different weather stations of Pakistan, maintained by the Pakistan Meteorological Department. Two types of weather forecasting has been implemented. Short term weather forecasting has been done to predict the daily forecast and Long term forecasting uses linear regression for predicting the weather trends from year 2011 to 2026 based on real-time data. The system is designed in such a way that it can present data in user friendly and comprehensible graphical formats and plots. The results for long term forecasting show that in next ten years rain fall will decrease effectively in the northern areas of Pakistan, whereas, an increase in the humidity has been observed after carefully reading the forecasted plots. Received: 07/02/2017 Accepted: 27/10/2017


In fusion plasmas, intermittently occurring large-scale coherent structures in electrostatic turbulence sometimes contribute more than 50% of total transport, so the investigation on these coherent structures is important for understanding plasma confinement. New experimental techniques are required to extract these coherent structures from fluctuating signals. In this work a 12-tip poloidal rake probe was used on the HT-7 superconducting tokamak to measure plasma turbulence in the plasma edge region. Several signal analysis methods based on a biorthogonal wavelet were developed and applied to the probe data. Since the structure of the selected wavelet is every similar to that of the turbulence wave packet, information about large-scale coherent structures can be selectively extracted from the ambient turbulence. The spatiotemporal patterns of the large-scale coherent structures were reconstructed using the selected wavelets as well as those of small-scale details. These wavelet-based techniques can be ap...


Tensile strength and ductility of carbon steels have been measured in the temperature range of mushy zone by the in-situ melting tensile test technique with Gleeble system. The specimen was melted and cooled to the test temperature before the tensile deformation in order to get the mechanical properties subject to the continuous casting process. During hot tensile test, a ceramic fiber tube was used to reduce the radial temperature gradient in the heated specimen. Tensile strength of carbon steels in the temperature range of mushy zone increased with decreasing test temperature, and was well described by the modified yield criterion for porous metals. The measured zero strength temperature (ZST) and zero ductility temperature (ZDT) were related to the solid fractions evaluated by the numerical simulation of microsegregation developed by Ueshima et al. The characteristic solid fractions of ZST and ZDT which corresponded to 0.75 and 0.99, respectively, were well described by the prediction equation on ZST and ZDT at given steel compositions and cooling rates.


【Gonadosomatic index, condition index and reproductive cycle with the gonadal development of the female Octopus ocellatus were investigated by histological observations and morphometric data, from January to December, 2000. And changes in biochemical components of the ovary and the trunk tissues including the digestive organ associated with gonadal development were studied by biochemical analysis from January to October, 2001. The specimens were collected at the coastal waters of Buan, Jeollabuk-do, Korea, from January 2000 to October 2001. O. ocellatus is a dioecious organism. The gonad of O. ocellatus locates medially in posterior region of the body. Morphology of the ovary shows round and oval in shape, the average diameter and external colour of ripe ovary was 32 mm and semitransparent light brown in colour. As the ovary was getting mature, transparent elongated eggs covered with chorion were present in the ovarian cavity. Monthly changes in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) showed a similar pattern with those of the condition index. The GSI and condition index began to increase in March and reached the maximum in April. And then, their values decreased from May and reached the minimum in September. Reproductive cycle of O. ocellatus can be categorized into five successive stages: early developing stage (September to December), late developing stage (November to March), ripe stage (March to May), partially spawned stage (April to June), and degenerative/resting stage (June to October). Follicle cells attached to an oocyte were involved in vitellogenesis in the cytoplasm of the vitellogeneic oocyte and formation of chorion (secondary egg membrane) of the ovarian eggs. Spawning occurred between April and June. The spawning period was once a year and the peak took place between May and June. This species belongs to semelparity. According to changes in biochemical contents of the ovary and the digestive organ, monthly variations of moisture, total protein, total lipid and glycogen contents (%) in the ovary showed a negative correlationship with those of the trunk tissues including the digestive organ. Accordingly, it is assumed that the ovary only may be received nutrient supply (total lipid content) for gonadal development from the trunk tissues including the digestive organ (r = -0.55, p】


Huntington's disease (HD) is a genetic neurodegenerative progressive and fatal disease characterized by motor disorder, cognitive impairment and behavioral problems, caused by expanded repeats of CAG trinucleotides in the HTT gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of TBP gene CAG/CAA repeats in conjunction with HTT gene CAG repeats, on the age of HD onset in Brazilian individuals. Individuals diagnosed as molecularly negative for HD, presented 29-39 TBP CAG/CAA (mean = 36 ± 2; median = 36). The most frequent allele had 36 repeats. The heterozygosity was 84%. In individuals diagnosed as molecularly positive for HD, a range of 25-40 TBP CAG/ CAA was found (mean = 36 ± 2; median = 36). The most frequent TBP allele had 38 repeats and the heterozygosity was 81%. We also conducted TBP direct Sanger sequencing of some samples which demonstrated other TBP structures different from the wild-type. The HTT expanded CAG and TBP CAG/CAA repeat sizes jointly explained 66% of the age at onset (AO) in our HD patients. The strongest variable in the model associated to AO was the number of expanded HTT CAG repeats. The difference between the association of HD AO with HTT expanded CAG together with TBP CAG / CAA and the association of HD AO with HTT expanded CAG was 0.001 (∆R2). Therefore, we found a weak association (0.1%) of TBP CAG/CAA repeats on HD AO, if any.


To the Editor: Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy are not only at increased risk for severe visual loss but also have a significantly increased risk of death, and indications are that both risks are heightened when there is tight control of diabetes.1-4 Of the 759 patients in the Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000160), 139 (18%) died over a follow-up period of 4.5 years. At the end of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (NCT00000151) conducted by Bressler et al. (Oct. 20 issue),5 61% of the patients were deceased, and mortality was significantly increased across all age groups. The Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study on type 2 diabetes had to be terminated after 3.5 years because of increased mortality in the group receiving intensive glycemic therapy.1,2 In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), the group of patients with mild-to-moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and well-controlled glucose levels had significant worsening of the retinopathy at the 6and 12-month follow-up visits.4 The DCCT also indicated that for patients with retinopathy that is already approaching the high-risk stage, it may be prudent to delay the initiation of intensive treatment until photocoagulation can be completed, particularly if levels of glycated hemoglobin are high.4 What to do?


Berberine is a quaternary alkaloid derived from the plant Berberis aristata having antibacterial, antiamoebic, antifungal, antihelminthic, leishmanicidal and tuberculostatic properties. The effect of berberine sulphate salt on the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis in vitro was compared to the efficacy of metronidazole as a reference drug. Results showed that berberine sulphate was comparable to metronidazole as regards potency with the advantage of being more safe and possible replacement in metronidazole resistant cases.


Perovskite solar cells have reached certified power conversion efficiency over 25%, enabling the realization of efficient large-area modules and even solar farms. It is therefore essential to deal with technical aspects, including the reverse-bias operation and hot-spot effects, which are crucial for the practical implementation of any photovoltaic technology. Here, we analyze the reverse bias (from 2.5 to 30 V) and temperature behavior of mesoscopic cells through infrared thermal imaging coupled with current density measurements. We show that the occurrence of local heating (hot-spots) and arc faults, caused by local shunts, must be considered during cell and module designing.


There are number of methods, already developed, used to monitor condition of lubricants in dynamic systems through the detection of the wide spectrum of sound, produced during the movement of mechanical parts. Generated sound includes frequencies that can be detected by human ear. However, these methods are only applicable to moving, i.e. dynamic mechanical systems, and cannot be applied in static mechanical systems. They are designed to remain static, until they are required to respond to an external trigger. These devices do not emit any acoustic signal and that makes it hard to monitor their condition with already developed sound processing methods. Thus, another, ultrasonic inspection approach is proposed to test such mechanisms. This research project review current technologies and introduces new, ultrasonic pulse-echo technique that can be applied in the inspection of lubricant in the static mechanical systems. Using this novel method, ultrasound waves are propagated through a specimen consisted of the high viscosity grease and metal pieces. Different impedances and thickness of the lubricant/grease can be measured and its condition can be monitored


This essay addresses Pablo Neruda and Nancy Cunard's Spanish Civil War poetry anthology Los poetas del mundo defienden al pueblo espanol alongside Cunard's earlier anthology, her massive and eclectic Negro: Anthology (1934). I argue that when read alongside Cunard's later, lesser-known collaboration with Neruda, Negro can be seen as one part of Cunard's larger trajectory as an editor of coalitional anthologies. Los poetas, an understudied collection of modernist poetry deserving of recovery in its own right, also allows greater perspective of Cunard's earlier anthology. Reading Negro alongside Los poetas makes clear that the stakes of the project, along with the current academic discourse surrounding Cunard, are rooted in questions of the possibility of coalition. Ultimately, I argue that these anthologies uniquely model within their aesthetic form the organization of the political coalitions they seek to produce. They are coalitional, with the goal of bringing disparate elements into productive harmony, in both aesthetics and praxis. I locate what I call coalitional aesthetics within each volume, simultaneously attesting to the disparity of its constituent parts and to their unity. Coalitional aesthetics do not smooth over incongruities between individual parts but rather emphasize them, insisting on their singularity even within the whole they comprise.


The present study examined self-efficacy in 77 elementary and 146 secondary school teachers, most of whom were taking an educational psychology course at The University of the West Indies (UWI). Participants completed Gibson and Dembo's (1984) Teacher Efficacy Scale (TES), Bandura's (n.d.) Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TES), and two single items developed by researchers at the RAND Corporation. Elementary teachers reported higher levels at self-efficacy than did secondary teachers on all variables. TES and TSES subscale scores resulted in moderate to high internal consistency estimates, with the TSES scores having higher scores on average. TSES scores also had stronger intercorrelations than did TES scores or RAND items. Number of Years Teaching (NYT) was not related to self-efficacy, but a single global self-rating of teaching ability had moderate correlations with some efficacy variables. Future research should examine the factor structure of TSES scores and the potential of increasing the self-efficacy of secondary teachers through teacher training.


I use simulations from the Land Use in Rural New Zealand model to consider mitigation for different classes of sheep-beef farms under climate policy. Farmers in the model can respond to carbon prices by abandoning or afforesting marginal land. In assessing carbon credits against liabilities, I consider only the income a farmer would be able to get with certainty without taking a carbon price risk. Farmers in intensive farm classes tend to bear the costs of emissions because their opportunity cost of exiting pastoral agriculture is high. The dominant land-use response in more extensive systems is land abandonment or afforestation, depending on location. Less profitable farm classes generally face higher average liabilities in relation to profits, both before and after the land-use response. Results indicate that farmers in North Island hill country may benefit most from afforestation opportunities. In this farm class, income from rewards could offset over half of farmers' emission liabilities.


: Factor VII deficiency is an autosomal recessive hereditary disorder characterized by a normal partial thromboplastin time and a prolonged prothrombin time. Definite diagnosis of this condition requires a specific Factor VII assay. Its quite uncommon occurrence in the newborn was first described by Alexander and associates in 1951. A one-day-old male, full-term newborn was presented here with skin pallor, respiratory distress and bitemporal bulging masses noted immediately after birth. Computed tomography scan of the brain revealed a subgaleal hematoma and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Laboratory studies revealed prolonged prothrombin time and a Factor VII level less than 1%. Literature on the clinical manifestation and management of Factor VII deficiency is reviewed briefly.


This paper introduces an equivalent circuit model for an irreversible single-electron box (SEB) in HSPICE. This model is based on the orthodox theory and the solution to the master equation in the time domain. Using this model, we study the behavior of the device at low-frequencies and its hysteresis characteristic, and we compare the results with those of simulation of nano-structures (SIMON), considered as a reference. We observe that the results in the steady-state limit obtained from our model are completely identical to those of SIMON. In addition, the behaviors of the device at high-frequencies are calculated using the proposed model. To verify the results, they are compared with analytical solutions for a square-pulse input signal. We see that our circuit model also gives accurate results for transient calculations. As an applicable example, the proposed circuit model is applied to an irreversible SEB-based majority gate, and the time-dependent outputs are calculated.


Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze in theory and practice the extent and ways the role of regulators in collaborative regulatory systems differs from their roles in more traditional, state-led regulatory systems.
Methodology/Approach/Design - The descriptive and analytical methodology of this paper is supported by primary and secondary sources of research data: books, newspapers, official documentation, independent reports, and private stakeholders' analysis. Moreover, field experiences of eminent professionals and senior civil servants have also been taken into consideration to reach conclusions and provide useful information.
Findings - Main finding is that the regulator in collaborative systems acts as a facilitator or mediator, one who traces and deploys the regulatory activity inside a network of participation, and less as the wielder of state-authority.
Practical implications - The analysis in this paper can be of considerable use to all actors who deploy regulatory activity in order to deliver better regulatory outcomes to society, performing newer and different techniques, assessing the collaborative regulator's role in practical cases.
Originality/Value - This paper analyzes the role of the collaborative regulator by addressing the differences and similarities between collaborative regulation and an array of regulatory styles and approaches.


A remote Ru(II)(terpy)2 unit incorporated in conjugation with the [NHC-Ru(II)(para-cymene)] catalytic site, acts as a "coordination booster" for enhancing the catalytic efficiency to achieve excellent performance in selective oxidative scission of various carbon-carbon multiple bonds to the corresponding aldehydes, ketones and diketones. Generation of an active catalyst via oxidative loss of para-cymene from the precatalyst was found to be accelerated by the "coordination booster" through the electronic effect.


This research has identified ways in which the communication of archaeological knowledge of the British Mesolithic to the wider public could be improved. This has led to recommendations for good practice in improving public understanding of the period. Narrative theory has been used to conduct an analysis of how the Mesolithic has been portrayed across the following communication channels: a selection of academic writings since 1865; popular channels labelled as informative media (web-pages, blogs, YouTube videos, popular archaeology books, newspapers, BBC Online news and popular archaeology magazines); - imaginative media that involve reconstruction or evocative exploration of the past (television programmes, fiction and pictorial illustrations); popular channels linked to education (museums and their education activities, school resources). School education was identified as offering the best chance to influence the widest potential audience and develop new perceptions of the Mesolithic. The final output of the research therefore has been the creation of a school resource for the Mesolithic, focussing on the site of Star Carr and available on the Star Carr web-site. The research has identified and challenged the stereotypes in our depictions of the Mesolithic. It shows that the Mesolithic can be made more accessible and pertinent to audiences through the use of narrative principles and that the period has relevance for those audiences through offering them a perspective on their lives in the present. The research has shown that our portrayals of the Mesolithic can help us better understand the present, and at last allow us to fulfil Grahame Clark's wish from 1943 that prehistory can find a place in educating new generations to create a better world.


The efficient use of grains for animal feed requires the use of analytical methods that can provide rapid indications of the suitability of the grain for animal nutrition. Ideally, these methods need to be applied at the site of grain receival within the tight time and cost confines of grain delivery. In addition, methods are needed in plant breeding to efficiently screen for target aspects of feed-grain quality to facilitate the development of genotypes with improved nutritional quality. This review describes a range of techniques that can fulfil these analytical requirements. These include visual examination of grain samples for species identification and for recognition of defects and contaminants. This long-standing approach is rapid, but it is subjective and dependent on the expertise of the operator. The newer technology of image analysis offers the prospect of providing similar information automatically and quantitatively, without the risk of operator bias. Near-infrared (NIR) analysis is already in general use for grain analysis at many receival depots in wheat-growing countries, mainly for the determination of moisture and protein content. There are promising indications that NIR can be extended to the determination of many other aspects of grain composition, both the positive aspects that contribute to feed quality, as well as components such as beta-glucan content that have negative contributions for non-ruminants. Furthermore, NIR is being developed to provide a direct indication of metabolisable energy for a range of grain types. Whereas NIR is primarily suited to the determination of quantitatively major components of the grain, without the requirement of significant sample preparation, immunological analyses are appropriate for the determination of specific and minor components, such as mycotoxins, lectins, alkaloids, and pesticide residues. These and other methods, suited for on-site analysis, need to be combined with effective sampling to ensure that the results of testing are representative of the whole of the grain consignment, and also integrated into a systematic strategy to ensure cost-effective testing.


Objective: To describe a new titanium clip prosthesis for partial ossicular reconstruction with a micro ball joint in the headplate for compensation of tympanic membrane displacements. Patients: Laboratory experiments followed by 18 consecutive patients. Interventions: A micro ball joint was implemented into a headplate of titanium middle ear prosthesis. First, the new prosthesis was tested in the laboratory in temporal bone experiments. Second, the new prosthesis was clinically installed in 18 patients. Outcome Measures: Results of laser Doppler vibrometry and force measurements in the laboratory experiments, analysis of a questionnaire, and preoperative and postoperative pure tone audiometry. Results: The frictional resistance in the joint was measured to be 12 mN that should allow for adequate mobility under physiologic conditions. The effective sound transmission of the prosthesis was demonstrated by laser Doppler vibrometry. Intraoperatively, the installation of the prosthesis was always straightforward with headplate prosthesis shaft angles between 60 and 90 degrees. Postoperatively, pure tone audiometry revealed satisfying hearing results with a remaining average air-bone gap of 18.2 dB over the frequencies 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 3,000 Hz. No signs of prosthesis dislocation were discovered within the follow-up period of approximately 6 months. Conclusion: The experimental data show that the new modified prosthesis headplate fulfills the requirements necessary for sound transmission. The joint allows the plate to follow movements of the tympanic membrane. This characteristic in conjunction with the proven clip design ensure for optimal prosthesis placement and effectiveness.


Summary
Results of hybridization experiments between twenty-six species of Taraxacum (nine of which are sexual) are reported. Most crosses set good seed. The chief barriers to interspecific hybridization seem to be absence of sexuality, absence of pollen and restitutional pollen. There is no evidence of seed-incompatibility. Taxonomically remote hybrids set less good seed than near interspecific hybrids.

Hybrids are intermediate in character and usually more vigorous than the parents. The progeny of diploid sexual males are fertile, diploid and sexual, those of triploid agamospermous males are mostly near-diploid, fertile and sexual, but some are facultatively agamospermous triploids.

The existence of several intraspecific character differences is noted in some sexual species and the nature of character inheritance is noted in interspecific hybrids.

The nature of hybrids in the field is discussed and examples of hybrid populations reported. The scarcity of reports of hybrids is noted and reasons for this are discussed.


Phosphoproteomics methods are commonly employed in labs to identify and quantify the sites of phosphorylation on proteins. In recent years, various software tools have been developed, incorporating scores or statistics related to whether a given phosphosite has been correctly identified, or to estimate the global false localisation rate (FLR) within a given data set for all sites reported. These scores have generally been calibrated using synthetic data sets, and their statistical reliability on real datasets is largely unknown. As a result, there is considerable problem in the field of reporting incorrectly localised phosphosites, due to inadequate statistical control. In this work, we develop the concept of using scoring and ranking modifications on a decoy amino acid, i.e. one that cannot be modified, to allow for independent estimation of global FLR. We test a variety of different amino acids to act as the decoy, on both synthetic and real data sets, demonstrating that the amino acid selection can make a substantial difference to the estimated global FLR. We conclude that while several different amino acids might be appropriate, the most reliable FLR results were achieved using alanine and leucine as decoys, although we have a preference for alanine due to the risk of potential confusion between leucine and isoleucine amino acids. We propose that the phosphoproteomics field should adopt the use of a decoy amino acid, so that there is better control of false reporting in the literature, and in public databases that re-distribute the data. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD028840.


Uncertainty considered in robust optimization is usually treated as irreducible since it is not reduced during an optimization procedure. In contrast, uncertainty considered in sensitivity analysis is treated as partially or fully reducible in order to quantify the effect of input uncertainty on the outputs of the system. Considering this, and the usual existence of both reducible and irreducible uncertainty, an approach that can perform robust optimization and sensitivity analysis simultaneously is of much interest. This article presents such an integrated optimization model that can be used for both robust optimization and sensitivity analysis for problems that have irreducible and reducible interval uncertainty, multiple objective functions and mixed continuous-discrete design variables. The proposed model is demonstrated by two engineering examples with differing complexity to demonstrate its applicability.


This research aims to know the marketing strategy of a political candidate from the independent online election Districts are simultaneously carried out in 2017. This research took South Buton regency location in Southeast Sulawesi Province and made of candidate La Ode Agus Mbaeda and La Ode Agus (AA) as a subject in the study because it comes from an independent or non-line political party. In identifying a political marketing strategy undertaken by the prospective spouses AA, researchers used a model of political marketing from Smith and Hirst, who use the three phases namely: segmentation, targeting, and positioning politics. The research approach applied in the research is descriptive qualitative approach. Through this approach, the problem can be a breakfast buffet clearly and details of segmentation, targeting, and Positioning Politics that will have an impact on the determination of strategies and tactics to win team consolidation. The results of this study found that the process of segmentation has been done by the team to win even though the process is not done thorough and complete. The team winning only focuses on one segment of the course, i.e. ethnic culture/social segments with the neglect of other segments which should be entered in part a process of segmentation. On the targeting of the winner, the team approach as a strategy of ethnic-based which is considered able to obtain support vote by utilizing custom personalities as the main target. It is a phenomenon in rural communities that the community would be so listen to what was said by the indigenous character. Primordialism approach in the context of rural communities in Indonesia can still be used as a decoy to get support. On the final stage, due to segmentation and targeting only focuses on one segment alone IE social culture/ethnicity, then the team winning more political positioning accentuates regional son issues because it is believed to be still strongly influences the perception community voters.


We assessed the effects of using a broadcast caller during surveys and increasing survey duration to estimate northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) density and occupancy. From 15 May 2009 to 15 August 2009, we conducted repeat-visit breeding bobwhite surveys at 180 sites in Delaware, USA. Increasing survey duration from 3 min to 7 min, or using a broadcast caller, improved detection probability for a single visit by 52% and 42%, respectively. However, density estimates when using a broadcast caller were biased high—≥3 times greater compared to passive-listening surveys. Density estimates for 3-min and 7-min passive surveys were not different. Additionally, bobwhite occupancy was similar among all 3 survey treatments. Use of a broadcast caller to survey for bobwhites appears to violate the assumption of distance sampling that an individual is detected prior to movement. Use of a broadcast caller is inappropriate for determining density estimates through distance sampling, but may be appropriate for determining site occupancy. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.


Two themes have consistently dominated many of the major American works on Soviet politics in recent years. The first is that the Soviet Union is undergoing a peculiar form of socioeconomic change that the Soviets call "developed socialism." The second dominant theme is that developed socialism fosters tensions within the Soviet bureaucratic structure and society that threaten to delegitimate democratic centralism and the command economy. Unfortunately, describing these themes has run ahead of their analysis. Consequently, the lexicon on Soviet modernization has become cumbersome and convoluted. Related concepts are rarely tied together, thereby denying the student of Soviet politics an appreciation of the policy consequence of developed socialism.


Background
Pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome (PIHS) appears retinopathy.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and contrast sensitivity (CS) has been widely used in ophthalmology, but the application of OCT and CS in PIHS fundus lesions is less reported.

Objective
This study was to assess fundus changes of PHIS by using OCT and CS.

Methods
Two hundred and thirty-three eyes of 116 PIHS patients with fundus diseases were enrolled from January 2011 to January 2014 in the Cangzhou Central Hospital.One hundred eyes of fifty normal pregnant women were collected at the same period.Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), fundus examination, OCT, CS were performed on these subjects.The CS values and BCVA between normal pregnant woment and PIHS patients were compared by independent samples t test.The correlation between BCVA grade and CS grade, OCT grade and CS grade, OCT grade and BCVA grade was calculated by trend χ2 test and Gamma rank correlation analysis.The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Cangzhou Central Hospital, all the subjects signed informed consent.

Results
OCT results showed that 172 eyes were abnormal (65.15%), including 94 eyes with neurosensory serous retinal detachment (54.65%), 40 eyes with pigment epithelium and the ellipsoid zone change (23.26%) and 38 eyes with optic disc edema, retinal hemorrhage and other changes (22.09%). The CS values in each spatial frequency and the BCVA in the PIHS group were significantly lower than those in the normal control group (all at P<0.05). The OCT examination result was positively correlated with BCVA in the PIHS group (G=0.807, χ2=93.418, both at P=0.000). The CS value under the 6.0 c/d had the best correlation with BCVA (G=0.820, χ2=97.397, both at P=0.000). The OCT examination result was positively correlated with CS under the 6.0 c/d (G=0.932, χ2=126.376, both at P=0.000).

Conclusions
Combination of fundus examination, OCT and CS can objectively and comprehensively assess the morphology and function of retinopathy in PIHS patients, which provide the basis for the clinical diagnosis and timely treatment.

Key words:
Pregnancy-induced hypertension syndrome; Retina disease; Optical coherence tomography; Contrast sensitivity


Due to the use of enhanced recovery processes that necessitate the use of a considerable amount of water, mature petroleum reservoirs generate crude oil with huge amounts of water. The majority of this water gets emulsified into crude oil during production, increasing viscosity and making flow more difficult, resulting in production, transportation, and refining operational challenges that have an influence on corporate productivity. Natural surfactants with a strong potential to create stable emulsions are naturally mixed with crude oils. Because crudes with a high amount of stable emulsion have a lower value, the stable emulsion must be adequately processed to meet industrial requirements. As a result, basic research on natural surfactants that contribute to emulsion stability is examined in order to effectively separate emulsions into oil and water. This would need a review of various emulsification methods as well as the proper formulation for effective demulsification. The petroleum industry recognizes the importance of an efficient demulsification procedure for treating emulsions. Numerous studies on the mechanisms of emulsification and demulsification have been undertaken for decades. To guarantee optimal hydrocarbon output, effective treatment is required. The present paper is to review reported works on the formation of petroleum emulsions, demulsification treatments, and characteristics of fit-for-purpose demulsifiers as well as research trends in emulsion treatment.


Iodine is an essential nutrient. An adequate intake of iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones. The term iodine excess is used in this profile to refer to increases in intake relative to estimated physiological requirements. As a reference point, the chronic dietary intake of iodine in U.S. populations has been estimated to range from approximately 150 to 950 µg/day. Estimates for various populations have ranged from <50 µg/day in iodine-deficient regions to >10 mg/day in populations that regularly ingest seaweeds containing a high iodine content. The National Research Council (NRC) Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for iodine is 150 µg/day (2.1 µg/kg/day for a 70-kg adult), with additional allowances of 25 and 50 µg/day during pregnancy and lactation, respectively. The diet is the major source of iodine intake in the U.S. population. Iodine enters the human diet from a variety of natural sources, including mineral dissolution and atmospheric transport and deposition of seawater aerosols to surface water, vegetation, and soil. Major food categories that contribute to dietary iodine include marine produce (e.g., fish and shellfish) and milk. Cows and goats absorb iodine from ingested vegetation and water, when iodine is either deposited on the vegetation or in water or when the iodine is taken up by vegetation grown in soils containing iodine. The absorbed iodine is excreted into their milk; goat milk typically has higher concentrations of iodine than cow milk for equal deposition on feed. Additional sources of iodine in milk derive from the use of iodine disinfectants on cows, milking machines, and other milk processing equipment, as well as from supplementation of dairy feed with iodine-containing compounds. Breast milk is the primary source of iodine intake in nursing infants. Commercial infant formula preparations are fortified with sufficient iodine to support infant health, growth, and development. Cow milk is a significant source of iodine intake in children. Iodine is also intentionally added to the U.S. diet as iodized table salt and as iodine-containing bread dough oxidizers. Other sources of intake derive from the use of iodine-containing topical disinfectants (e.g., povidone-iodine), iodine-containing diagnostic and therapeutic agents, dietary supplements, and water purifiers containing iodine.


The purpose of this study was to identify structures of exercise attitude and perceived behavior control (PBC) in the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to verify whether items based on exercise behavioral and control beliefs can account for exercise intention and behavior with the causality. Data was collected from 497 college students who were attending colleges in capital areas. According to the content analysis, exercise advantages in behavioral beliefs were improvement in physical and mental health, appearance, refreshment and regular life, by contrast, exercise disadvantages were physical discomfort, time consuming and expensive, displeasure, and tired. In addition, exercise facilitating factors in control beliefs were partners, access, facility physical environment and participation pressure for exercise. On the other hand, exercise obstructing factors were weather, lack of time and motivation, bad facility physical environment and dietary control. Lastly, according to the structural equation modeling, goodness-of-fit-index indicated gratifying results all in all, and 37% of exercise intention was explained by exercise attitude, subjective norm and PBC, also exercise behavior was predicted of 27% by exercise intention and PBC. These results were discussed in comparison with previous findings of the western cultures.


Dendrimers are an important new class of macromolecule which have many potential applications from drug delivery to metal extraction. A number of methods have been developed for the synthesis of dendrimers and related hyperbranched polymers. We chose the divergent initiator core method to synthesise three series of dendrimers with phloroglucinol, hydroquinone and naphthalene-2,6-diol as the core moieties, using DCC in the presence of DPTS as the esterification agent. The fluorescence of the naphthalene core was used to investigate the microenvironment of the core. Early investigations indicate there is a marked change in the core's environment between generations two and four.
MALD1-MS was tested as a method for the analysis of dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers. Molecular masses of dendrimers were obtained within 2 Da in every case, although low mass ions are sometimes observed. The origin of the low mass species is not yet entirely clear although there are indications that these arise from both the MALDI-MS process and during synthesis.
'lhe synthesis of poly(3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid), again using the DCC- DPTS esterification agent was investigated. This method was found to give hyperbranched polymers which were difficult to handle. Studies by MALDI-MS indicate the difficult handling properties are a result of DCC
being bound to the hyperbranched polymer. Thus, a modification of Frechet's method was used to prepare poly(3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid).
It was demonstrated that the hydroxyl terminated dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers could be functionalized at the branch termini with units such as acetyl, pent-4-enoyl, oleoyl and lineoyl. Epoxy terminated dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers were also prepared. The epoxy terminated dendrimers were analysed as potential crosslinking agents for polyester powder coatings. Initial results indicate that the epoxy groups prefer to react with one another rather than with the resin and thus little curing of the resin was observed.


Despite the consistent effort to reduce hunger and poverty, a sizeable proportion of the population in India is living below the poverty line (22% 2011-12) and 36% women and 34% men were underweight. Malnutrition and poverty form a vicious circle of poverty which needs to be removed through government intervention. In the context, using data from national representative "employment and unemployment" (and 61st round 2004-05 and 68th round 2011-12) of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) we have tried to establish the association between nutrition status and wage in India. In order to take into account the heterogeneous effect of the calorie intake across the income distribution and endogeneity of the calorie consumption, we have applied instrumental variable quantile regression. Regression result confirms the heterogeneous impact of per-capita calorie intake across household income distribution. Result shows that the marginal effect of per consumer unit calorie intake on wage decrease with the increase in wage. Calorie intake elasticity of wage gain increases from 0.76 at the lowest 10th quantile to the 1.11 at the highest 90th quantile of the wage distribution in 2004-05. In 2011-12 calorie-wage elasticity decreased to 0.42 and 0.79 respectively at the 10th and 90th quantile of the wage distribution. Study clearly shows the urgent need of public nutritional supplementation at the low of the wage distribution for the maximization of wage gain from the marginal public nutritional expenditure.


A novel heterojunction avalanche transit-time diode with low-high-low doping profile is proposed. The avalanche ionisation occurs only in a low doping GaAs zone and the drift zone incorporates high (GaAlAs) and low (GaAs) doping materials having different saturated drift velocities. Potential performances of the structure are analysed in the X-band and in the millimetre-wave range using computer simulations. Theoretical predictions show an important improvement of the conversion efficiency in comparison with GaAs low-high-low impatt diodes.


There are also some blunders, e.g.: p. 80 n. 10 and p. 143 n. 19 take as references to jurors two passages referring to judges of dramatic contests; pp. 87-8 refer to the Prometheus myth in the apparent belief that Prometheus is son of Zeus. There are some misprints, the most serious a lacuna between p. 105 and p. 106. There is no index, no bibliography, and not enough cross references. The final impression must be one of misdirected effort. N . V. DUNBAR Somenille College, Oxford


In continuation to one of my previous papers (Kształtowanie się cen opcji indeksowych a ich wycena na podstawie modelu Blacka-Scholesa), where the research problem to what extent pricing of option using theoretical models is tangent to the behaviour of market option prices in Polish conditions was scrutinized, in the present work it is verified whether there exist significant differences between the behaviour of market option prices in relation to option prices resulting from the Black-Scholes model during periods of a bull and bear market. In order to make those comparisons, the parameters of the lines of regression describing the dependence of market prices of options for index WIG20 on their prices resulting from B-S model were calculated. On the basis of these calculations, it is possible to say how market prices resemble prices resulting from the model. The research was conducted for two periods of similar length, assuming that between 20 September 2004 and 18 March 2005 we had a bull market and during the days between 1 August 2008 and 20 March 2009 the market was bearish.


After a review of the main academic research and perspectives on social enterprises both in China and abroad, a framework for understanding social enterprises is offered in summary. The framework has two dimensions: the social enterprise phenomenon and social enterprises' characteristics. We also adopt three angles ‐ the public interest, markets, and culture ‐ from which to observe them. And we analyze them on four levels: market practices, public-interest innovations, policy support, and ideals and values. Upon these foundations, social enterprises can be defined as a form of enterprise somewhere between public-interest and for-profit enterprises, a product of the organic combination of the public interest and the market economy, and a kind of social organization combining properties and characteristics of NPOs and enterprises. As they develop, social enterprises in China have formed their own characteristics and specific models.


In "Disruption of the ascending arousal network in acute traumatic disorders of consciousness," Snider et al. compared ascending arousal network (AAn) connectivity seen on high-angular-resolution diffusion imaging in patients with traumatic coma to normal controls and found reduced AAn pathway integrity in patients with traumatic coma. Machado commented that consciousness requires some preservation of the AAn pathway and proposed the need to assess the AAn pathway in brain dead patients as a means to assess for awareness. Edlow and Snider responded that it is unknown how much of the AAn pathway must be intact to facilitate consciousness and advised against using AAn connectivity as a means to assess for consciousness. Furthermore, they noted that assessing AAn connectivity may be beneficial for patients with disorders of consciousness, but they do not consider this technique applicable to patients who are brain dead.


Intestinal intussusception is a rare cause of bowel obstruction in adults and can be associated with a pathologic lead point. We report a case of multiple simultaneous small bowel intussusceptions in a 41-year-old female who presented with a 3-week history of intermittent, crampy epigastric abdominal pain, nausea and diarrhea. Computed tomography imaging demonstrated two areas of intussusception. The patient underwent exploratory laparoscopy, and six separate regions of intussusception were discovered.


Background:Liver enzymes (LEs) abnormalities associated with pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are understudied. We undertook to describe the development and associations of abnormal LEs in pediatric IBD. Methods:We ascertained a cohort of 300 children with IBD and collected retrospective data. A Kaplan–Meier analysis determined the time to development of different thresholds of abnormal LEs. Associations between clinical variables and the development of abnormal LEs were determined. Results:The probability of developing the first episode of abnormal LEs above the upper limit of normal (ULN) within 150 months was 58.1% (16.3% by 1 mo post-IBD diagnosis). There was a 6% prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) or autoimmune sclerosing cholangitis (ASC) in this cohort. Of those diagnosed with PSC/ASC, 93% had persistent LE elevations at a threshold of >2× ULN, while those without PSC/ASC had a 4% probability of this abnormality. Elevated gamma glutamyltranspeptidase levels of 252 U/L had a 99% sensitivity and 71% specificity for PSC/ASC in IBD. After exclusion of patients with PSC/ASC, corticosteroids, antibiotics, and exclusive enteral nutrition demonstrated strongly positive associations with the first development of abnormal LEs >ULN (hazard ratio 2.1 [95% confidence interval, 1.3–3.3], hazard ratio 5.6 [95% confidence interval, 3.6–8.9], hazard ratio 4.2 [95% confidence interval, 1.6–11.3], respectively). Conclusions:Abnormal LEs are common in pediatric IBD and occur early. PSC/ASC is associated with persistently high LEs and gamma glutamyltranspeptidase levels >252 U/L. Children with IBD are at risk of elevated LEs if they require medications other than 5-ASA to induce IBD remission.


Nonprofit organizations faced enormous challenges in maintaining service operations and fulfilling their responsibilities to their communities during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Good leadership is key to ensuring effective responses and the survival of nonprofits during a crisis. Leaders must maintain the commitment, passion, and dedication of their teams even during uncertain and difficult times. Hence, this study explored the performance of nonprofit leaders during the COVID‐19 pandemic by focusing on the difficulties encountered by their frontline staff. In a qualitative paradigm, three focus group sessions were conducted with 23 social workers from child and youth, family, and elderly care services in Hong Kong. We generated four major themes related to the expectations of nonprofit employees on their leaders: (a) visionary direction, (b) compassionate respect and communication, (c) timely support and guidance, and (d) trustworthy relationship. Our findings revealed the frustration experienced by nonprofit employees and have significant implications for their leaders. Specifically, nonprofit employees expected to receive more guidance, protection, and understanding from their leaders. Using the transformational leadership model as a reference, this study provides suggestions on how nonprofit organizations can effectively address the concerns of their employees during a crisis.


Background:Sugammadex (Org 25969), a novel, selective relaxant binding agent, was specifically designed to rapidly reverse rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. The efficacy and safety of sugammadex for the reversal of profound, high-dose rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade was evaluated. Methods:A total of 176 adult patients were randomly assigned to receive sugammadex (2, 4, 8, 12, or 16 mg/kg) or placebo at 3 or 15 min after high-dose rocuronium (1.0 or 1.2 mg/kg) during propofol anesthesia. The primary endpoint was time to recovery of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9. Neuromuscular monitoring was performed using acceleromyography. Results:Sugammadex administered 3 or 15 min after injection of 1 mg/kg rocuronium decreased the median recovery time of the train-of-four ratio to 0.9 in a dose-dependent manner from 111.1 min and 91.0 min (placebo) to 1.6 min and 0.9 min (16 mg/kg sugammadex), respectively. After 1.2 mg/kg rocuronium, sugammadex decreased time to recovery of train-of-four from 124.3 min (3-min group) and 94.2 min (15-min group) to 1.3 min and 1.9 min with 16 mg/kg sugammadex, respectively. There was no clinical evidence of reoccurrence of neuromuscular blockade or residual neuromuscular blockade. Exploratory analysis revealed that prolongation of the corrected QT interval considered as possibly related to sugammadex occurred in one patient. Another two patients developed markedly abnormal arterial blood pressure after sugammadex that lasted approximately 15 min. Conclusion:Sugammadex provides a rapid and dose-dependent reversal of profound neuromuscular blockade induced by high-dose rocuronium (1.0 or 1.2 mg/kg) in adult surgical patients.


During World War II, that lovely, patriotic pinch hitter "Rosie the Riveter" stepped up to bat, entering the workforce so her boyfriend, "Charlie," could take it for the team by going to war. Once she saw her MVP rounding third, Rosie happily slid into her warm, safe home, gratified by a job well done. However, contrary to popular belief, Rosie was no mere pinch hitter. Throughout the 1940s the American woman was capable of being more than a temporary hire. She was a professional musician, a war correspondent, and a member of the United States Congress as well as a professional baseball player. The All-American Girls' Baseball League (AAGBL) began as wartime entertainment; however, it would last nine years after World War II with its effects still reverberating today. The image of Rosie the Riveter must be recognized for what it was--propaganda to fill labor shortages during the war. Rosie the Riveter did not reflect the experiences of every American woman. For example, African American and working-class women never had the luxury of being temporary hires. The female wartime labor boom empowered the American woman by expanding public acceptance of her presence in traditionally male dominated occupations, such as professional baseball. However, the idea of the "pinch hitter" enabled scholars to "normalize" the idea that women's wartime accomplishments were temporary. (1) Some scholars of earlier feminist literature have gone as far as to say that women received little, if any, long-term benefits from their accomplishments in wartime America. For feminist scholar Elaine Tyler May, "postwar Americans believed wholeheartedly that men should rule the roost." (2) Regardless of cultural norms many wartime and postwar women worked and played outside of their traditional gender roles, achieving success in professional fields of occupation. By autumn 1942 many minor baseball leagues had closed down due to the lack of wartime manpower. By 1943 only eleven leagues were operating, a thirty-one-team drop-off from two seasons earlier. It appeared that by 1944, Major League baseball might have to close its own ballpark gates. (3) Diamond stars, such as Joe DiMaggio, were putting on military uniforms. Even if the government did not shut down professional baseball, team owners became concerned that the player quality would suffer and fans would lose interest. (4) In late 1942 Philip K. Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, tapped Ken Sells, the assistant to the general manager of the club, to head up a task force to brainstorm on the issue. After exploring several options the committee recommended a professional softball league with female players. Softball was as popular as baseball at the time. (5) However, it cannot be ignored that softball was a game dominated by women and that women were one of the few sectors of the American population, aside from children, the disabled, and the elderly, who were guaranteed exemption from the draft. Sells's commission led to the founding of the AAGBL in 1943; however, the league began its auspicious history as the All-American Girls' Softball League (AAGSL). (6) And a girls' league it would be, as all of the players ranged in age from their teens to their twenties. (7) However, a few were married and held professional careers as well as being mothers. It should be noted that these players took no offense at the moniker "girl." Today, in a post-NOW (National Organization for Women) era, these women still refer to themselves and their former teammates as "the girls." A professional organized athletic league had never been successfully attempted with women to this point, so Wrigley called on the support and expertise of fellow Major League Baseball executives. Ken Sells was named president of the league. (8) Wrigley also called on Cubs attorney Paul V. Harper and Brooklyn Dodgers general manager Branch Rickey to become the league's first trustees. When the league was officially announced, Wrigley claimed that it was time for "softball to take its proper place among American girls and women as one of the country's major sports. …


Background Unsafe injection practices in health-care settings often result in notification of potentially affected patients, to disclose the error and recommend blood-borne pathogens testing. Few studies have assessed public perceptions and preferences for patient notification. Methods Six focus groups were conducted during Fall 2009, with residents of Atlanta, GA, and New York City, NY. Questions focused on preferences for receiving health information, knowledge of safe injection practices, and responses to and preferences for a patient notification letter. A mixed-method analysis was performed for qualitative themes and descriptive statistics. Results A total of 53 individuals participated; only 2 had ever heard of the term safe injection practices. After identification of unsafe injection practices, participants preferred to be notified via telephone, letter/mailing, email, or face-to-face from the facility where the incident occurred. More than 25 different types of information were mentioned as elements to be placed in a patient notification letter including: corrective actions by the facility, course of action for the patient, assurance of medical coverage, and how it happened/reason for the incident. Participants preferred that the tone of the letter be empathetic; nearly all indicated it was "very likely" that they would seek testing if notified. Conclusions Facilities and health departments should strive to assure the notification process is conducted swiftly, clearly guiding affected patients to the necessary course of action. Notification letters are not "one size fits all," and some preferences expressed by patients may not be feasible in all situations. Prevention efforts should be complemented by research on improving effective patient communications when unsafe injection practices necessitate patient notification.


The genomics revolution over the past three decades has led to great strides in rare disease (RD) research, which presents a major shift in global policy landscape. While RDs are individually rare, there are common challenges and unmet medical and social needs experienced by the RD population globally. The various disabilities arising from RDs as well as diagnostic and treatment uncertainty were demonstrated to have detrimental influence on the health, psychosocial, and economic aspects of RD families. Despite the collective large number of patients and families affected by RDs internationally, the general lack of public awareness and expertise constraints have neglected and marginalized the RD population in health systems and in health- and social-care policies. The current Coronavirus Disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exposed the long-standing and fundamental challenges of the RD population, and has reminded us of the critical need of addressing the systemic inequalities and widespread disparities across populations and jurisdictions. Owing to the commonality in goals between RD movements and universal health coverage targets, the United Nations (UN) has highlighted the importance of recognizing RDs in policies, and has recently adopted the UN Resolution to promote greater integration of RDs in the UN agenda, advancing UN's commitment in achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals of "leav[ing] no one behind." Governments have also started to launch Genome Projects in their respective jurisdictions, aiming to integrate genomic medicine into mainstream healthcare. In this paper, we review the challenges experienced by the RD population, the establishment and adoption of RD policies, and the state of evidence in addressing these challenges from a global perspective. The Hong Kong Genome Project was illustrated as a case study to highlight the role of Genome Projects in enhancing clinical application of genomic medicine for personalized medicine and in improving equity of access and return in global genomics. Through reviewing what has been achieved to date, this paper will provide future directions as RD emerges as a global public health priority, in hopes of moving a step toward a more equitable and inclusive community for the RD population in times of pandemics and beyond.


Although tracheotomies are the standard procedure for elective surgical airways, some patients present with challenging anatomy. In circumstances of abnormal skeletal deformities, such as kyphoscoliosis, the airway is also often tortuous and access to the trachea may be difficult. In the situation of severely distorted tracheal anatomy, where access to the trachea may require a mediansternotomy, a cricothyroidotomy may be the safer option. This article details the technique involved in approaching a substernal larynx and stomatizing a cricothyroidotomy for a patient who required a long‐term surgical airway secondary to severe kyphoscoliosis from Proteus syndrome and failure to extubate.


During the past few years we have had an opportunity to observe an unusual form of spontaneous hypoglycemia which, as far as we are aware, has not been previously reported. The patients concerned have all been chronically addicted to alcohol and have been drinkers of denatured alcohol in a form known locally as "smoke." This so-called smoke has been prepared by the addition of a variety of denatured alcohols (varnish and paint removers, antifreeze, "canned heat") to water; the milky or "smoky" appearance of the resultant mixture has been the basis for its name. Samples of typical denatured alcohols used have always given strongly positive tests for methyl alcohol. Not one of the patients, however, has complained of diminution of vision. Although we have gathered little information concerning the exact nature and cause of this hypoglycemic reaction, we are reporting our clinical observations on 6 patients in the hope that


Diode lasers have been used for multiple applications in dentistry; however, its use for soft tissue management around dental implants has not been reported much. The role of symmetrical gingival tissue with properly positioned zenith is paramount to achieving aesthetics. The gingival zenith can be described as the most apical point on the marginal gingiva; its ideal placement should be at the crest of the curvature of the gingival margin for the central incisors, canines, and premolars, this should be ideally located slightly distal to the middle of the long axis on these teeth. This produces a slight inclination of the distal root which plays a vital role in the foundation of a beautiful smile. If this gingival complex is malpositioned in maxillary anterior region, it may result in an unaesthetic appearance even if the artificial teeth are perfectly aligned. Here, authors are presenting two patients with missing anterior teeth, who were not satisfied with the final aesthetic outcome of their implant supported prostheses. Due to history of trauma and painful course of treatment, patients were not comfortable with one more exposure to injectable anaesthesia, use of scalpel, or long healing process when they were almost nearing completion of their treatment. So, Diode laser was used for soft tissue excision around implants followed by gingival contouring in pontic region to achieve the desired gingival zenith and contour. The procedure was painless, blood free, followed by quick healing and effective in achieving optimal aesthetic outcome for both the patients.


In the present study the characteristics of turbulent oscillatory flows in a square-sectional curved duct were investigated experimentally. A series of experiments for air flow were conducted to measure axial velocity profiles, secondary flow velocity profiles and pressure distributions. The measurements were made by a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) system with a data acquisition and processing system which includes Rotating Machinery Resolve (RMR) and PHASE software. The results from the experiment are summarized as follows. (1) The maximum velocity moved toward the outer wall from the region of a bend angle of . The velocity distribution had a positive value extended over the total phase in the region of a bend angle of . (2) Secondary flows were generally proportional to the velocity of the main flow. The intensity of the secondary flow was about 25% as much as that in the axial direction. (3) Pressure distributions were effects of the oscillatory Dean number and respective region.


It is shown that catalytic carbonylation of various compounds using iron carbonyl complexes is based on two types of reactions [redox disproportionation of iron carbonyl induced by Lewis bases and oxidative addition of Brønsted and Lewis acids to (hydrido)carbonylferrate anions] comprising single-electron initiation steps and subsequent radical chain reactions. The role of iron carbonyl radical anions as catalysts for carbonylation processes with controlled reduction potential of the medium is noted. Characteristic features of the radical chemistry of iron and other transition metal carbonyls is analysed.


The role of the corporate IT has steadily evolved over the past 25 years. Unfortunately, most executives know neither where IT fits in their organization nor what it should be doing. To maximize corporate productivity, IT departments must recast themselves to do what they were meant to do: Understand all factions (including customers) within a company and how they should interact, ensure that all required information is available exactly when and where it is needed, make it easy for customers to do business with the company, and take a proactive role in implementing this vision throughout the company


For a long time, the development of urban infrastructures has been considered as a national responsibility, which means the urban infrastructures should be invested, constructed and operated by the public sectors. The urban subway infrastructures have the characteristics of large upfront investment, long cycle for return on investment, low profits and so on, which make the private sectors that they have no abilities to afford the investment and no desires to afford the investment for the infrastructures. However, many years after years, with the development of countries, public sectors are increasingly hard to afford the huge funds to construct and maintain infrastructures under monopolistic mode. Since from the eighties of the 20th century, western countries and some other countries had started to do some researches and practices to PPP financing model and accumulated many experiences. China, as a developing country with rapid economics development, is more urgent for a variety of large?scale infrastructures than other countries. It is a certain way to build more and more infrastructures with flexible and variable financing models. Over the past decade in China, the transformation of government functions and the increasing demands for subways, encouraged the opening of urban subway market, the diversification of investment and financing entities, the introduction of competition, and improvement of management efficiency. In the year of 2005, the PPP financing model reached a peak of its development in China. The Beijing Metro Line 4 is the first application case of PPP financing model in China, which tried to use PPP financing model in the design, construction and operation to ease the shortage of central government funds. But in the following years, there are only few cities tried to introduce PPP financing model to the subway projects, and most of the other cities were worried about PPP financing model itself, which has complex form of organizations and high cost in the early phases, with the co?effects from global economic crisis in the year of 2008, there seems a declining trend on the application of PPP financing model in China. However, it can be seen as another period to apply PPP financing model in China currently. The main objective is this thesis is how to achieve successful PPP subway project in China. In this thesis, the author starts from the theoretical explanation of PPP financing model applying in the urban subway infrastructures through analyzing the definition, classification, life cycle and actor analysis of PPP financing model and the characteristics of urban subway. And then, with these theories, the applicability of PPP financing model on urban subway in China is discussed in section 2.3. In the third chapter, the author chooses critical success factors as the point, collects and designs a questionnaire with 59 success factors based on comprehensive factors and seven life cycle phases, which are feasibility study and project approval phase, the private sectors chosen and establishment of PPP Project Company phase, design phase, tender phase, construction phase, operation and maintenance phase, and transfer phase, and all of these success factors are considered as critical ones by some famous academics. After two months sending and collection of the questionnaires, 41 valid questionnaires are finalized. The data from these responders are analyzed from the view of phases and totality in section 3.3. There are 18 critical success factors from the view of phases, which are The project conforms to national policies, urban development objectives, degrees of economic development, Governments' abilities on finance and leadership, Financing model is attractive to private sectors, Expected return on investment to private sectors, Good relationship between competitors and governments, Good management skills of the contractors, Innovation of design, PPP experiences of private sectors, Total investment of design, Special preferential policies provided by the governments, Good quality control, Good safety measures, Reasonable price, Stable operation environment, Support by the Central Government, Normative legislation and enforcement (Foreign Investment Law, Contract Law, Intellectual Property Law, Bidding Law, Tax Law), Good method to transfer technology, and Good degree of the current project. There are seven success components from the view of totality, which are Component 1 (Safety, high quality and the stability of operation environment in the operation and maintenance phase), Component 2 (Safety, high quality and standards on the construction in the construction phase), Component 3 (Abilities and credits of contractors, which will influence the results of tender), Component 4 (Ability of local government, the local government is a important public sector in the subway projects, which will influence the PPP projects much), Component 5 (Relationship between governments and the other departments or organizations, which sometimes will influence the negotiation results on preferential treatments between these organizations or departments and governments in the tender phase), Component 6 (Anticipated benefits got by the private sectors), and Component 7 (Support from the central government, which is the fundamental to carry out all the infrastructures in China). In the fourth chapter, the author takes Harbin Subway case as the example, and the objective is to design some specific policy recommendations for Harbin government to use PPP financing model in Harbin Subway Line 2 or 3. The history and future plan of Harbin Subway are discussed at the beginning to analyze the applicability and feasibility of PPP financing model on Harbin Subway. Then, from the view of Harbin government, the author analyzes the goal hierarchy and actors involved in Harbin Subway case. Associated with the critical success factors from the questionnaires, the author gives some specific policy recommendations in life cycle phases, especially in the private sectors chosen and establishment of PPP Project Company phase, which is the basic phase of successful PPP project.


.................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................ iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... vii


This report is on 19 patients with vertebrobasilar insufficiency in whom direct extra-intracranial arterial bypass surgery to the posterior circulation was performed. In all patients preoperative angiography had demonstrated vascular lesions of haemodynamic significance of either one or both vertebral arteries (VA) or within the vertebral-basilar artery junction (VABAJ). The bypass procedure was performed between the occipital artery (OA) and - depending on the localization of the obstructive vascular lesion - the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA), the VA or the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA). A modification of the operative technique is presented with using a paramedian approach. The clinical results of this series support the concept that a patent extra-intracranial graft to the posterior circulation may have a protective effect by preventing further ischaemic events.


Ad-hoc routing protocols use a number of algorithms for route discovery. Some use flooding in which a route request packet (RREQ) is broadcasted from a source node to other nodes in the network. This often leads to unnecessary retransmissions, causing congestion and packet collisions in the network, a phenomenon called a broadcast storm. This paper presents a RREQ message forwarding scheme for AODV that reduces routing overheads. This has been called AODV_EXT. Its performance is compared to that of AODV, DSDV, DSR and OLSR protocols. Simulation results show that AODV_EXT achieves 3% energy efficiency, 19.5% improvement in data throughput and 69.5% reduction in the number of dropped packets for a network of 50 nodes. Greater efficiency is achieved in high density network and marginal improvement in networks with a small number of nodes.


The relative dependence or independence of the secretion of the neurohypophysial hormones, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, was investigated using a wide variety of stimuli reported to cause the secretion of one or the other hormone. Differences in species, animal preparations, sampling techniques, assays, and other factors make comparison of many previous studies difficult. The aim of this study was to overcome these problems by using the same methodology, animal species, and assays to compare vasopressin and oxytocin release. To further strengthen the analysis, determinations of vasopressin and oxytocin were done in the same blood samples. The results demonstrated that during simultaneous release of both hormones, vasopressin is released in greater proportion following restraint stress, hemorrhage, isotonic hypovolemia, and nicotine, whereas oxytocin is released in greater proportion following endotoxin or hypertonic saline. Vasopressin was released without oxytocin following diethylstilbestrol. Oxytocin was released without concomitant vasopressin release following exercise, hypothermia, hyperthermia, labour, and lactation. Neither oxytocin nor vasopressin release was observed following thyroid-releasing hormone or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. These data illustrate the marked flexibility of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system that regulates secretion of vasopressin and oxytocin.


The great part of the traditional knowledge on ethnobotanical plants and their uses is gradually vanishing due to industrialization, therefore ethnobotanical studies that explore and preserve the knowledge are in urgent needed before the knowledge are lost ever. This study was conducted to record and conserve the traditional knowledge of botanical taxa in Korea from 2006 to 2014. According to the survey results, derived from 17,328 sheets of 1,771 residents at 868 places, the ethnobotanical plants in Korea consisted of a total 924 taxa; 130 families, 493 genera, 813 species, 7 subspecies, 92 varieties and 12 form. Of them, herbs were 619 taxa (67.0%) and woody plants were 305 taxa (33.0%). 707 taxa (76.5%) out of 924 taxa grow wild, 44 taxa (4.8%) were cultivated wild species, 145 taxa (15.7%) were introduced for cultivation, and 28 taxa (3.0%) were naturalized plants. The analysis of usage for 924 taxa showed that the edible use was the highest with 58.9%, followed by medicinal with 26.9%, material with 3.7% and ornamental with 2.3%, respectively. The leaf of plant was the most useful part, followed by stem and root. Quantitative analysis of the ethnobotanical plants in Korea was performed by the basic values of FC, NU and UR, and indices of CI, RFC, RI and CV. As a result, The CI place Artemisia princeps in first position, followed by Aster scaber, Kalopanax septemlobus. The RFC place A. scaber in first position, followed by A. princeps, Aralia elata. The RI place A. princeps in first position, followed by Pinus densiflora, Morus alba. The CV place A. princeps in first position, followed by P. densiflora, K. septemlobus.


OBJECTIVE
The wound healing process is well-understood on the cellular and tissue level; however, its complex molecular mechanisms are not yet uncovered in their entirety. Viewing wounds as perturbed molecular networks provides the tools for analyzing and optimizing the healing process. It helps to answer specific questions that lead to better understanding of the complexity of the process. What are the molecular pathways involved in wound healing? How do these pathways interact with each other during the different stages of wound healing? Is it possible to grasp the entire mechanism of regulatory interactions in the healing of a wound?

APPROACH
Networks are structures composed of nodes connected by links. A network describing the state of a cell taking part in the healing process may contain nodes representing genes, proteins, microRNAs, metabolites, and drug molecules. The links connecting nodes represent interactions such as binding, regulation, co-expression, chemical reaction, and others. Both nodes and links can be weighted by numbers related to molecular concentration and the intensity of intermolecular interactions. Proceeding from data and from molecular profiling experiments, different types of networks are built to characterize the stages of the healing process. Network nodes having a higher degree of connectivity and centrality usually play more important roles for the functioning of the system they describe.

RESULTS
We describe here the algorithms and software packages for building, manipulating and analyzing networks proceeding from information available from a literature or database search or directly extracted from experimental gene expression, metabolic, and proteomic data. Network analysis identifies genes/proteins most differentiated during the healing process, and their organization in functional pathways or modules, and their distribution into gene ontology categories of biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular localization. We provide an example of how network analysis can be used to reach better understanding of regulation of key wound healing mediators and microRNAs that regulate them.

INNOVATION
Univariate statistical tests widely used in clinical studies are not enough to improve understanding and optimize the processes of wound healing. Network methods of analysis of patients "omics" data, such as transcriptoms, proteomes, and others can provide a better insight into the healing processes and help in development of better treatment practices. We review several articles that are examples of this emergent approach to the study of wound healing.

CONCLUSION
Network analysis has the potential to considerably contribute to the better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of wound healing and to the discovery of means to control and optimize that process.


This paper explores a form of bounded rationality where agents learn about the economy with possibly misspecified models. I consider a recursive general-equilibrium framework that nests a large class of macroeconomic models. Misspecification is represented as a constraint on the set of beliefs agents can entertain. I introduce the solution concept of constrained-rational expectations equilibrium (CREE), in which each agent selects the belief from her constrained set that is closest to the endogenous distribution of observables in the Kullback–Leibler divergence. If the set of permissible beliefs contains the rational-expectations equilibria (REE), then the REE are CREE; otherwise, they are not. I show that a CREE exists, that it arises naturally as the limit of adaptive and Bayesian learning, and that it incorporates a version of the Lucas critique. I then apply CREE to a particular novel form of bounded rationality where beliefs are constrained to factor models with a small number of endogenously chosen factors. Misspecification leads to amplification or dampening of shocks and history dependence. The calibrated economy exhibits hump-shaped impulse responses and co-movements in consumption, output, hours, and investment that resemble business-cycle fluctuations.


Studies on mixed chimerism are currently focused primarily on obtaining less toxic conditioning protocols. With these issues in mind, we have undertaken the attempt to optimize the procedure of mixed chimerism induction in mice. In order to reduce toxicity, we used decreasing doses of total body irradiation (TBI) together with combination of blocking antibodies. We also tried to eliminate immunosuppression (cyclophosphamide - CP) treatment after bone marrow transplantation. B6.SJL-PtprcaPep3b mice were injected with 20-30 x 106 bone marrow cells from Balb C mice. Mice were treated with TBI (3 - 1.5 - 0 Gy) on "-1" day of the experiment and blocking antibodies against CD40L ("0", and "4" days) and additionally anti-CD8 ("-2" day) and/or anti-NK1.1 ("-3" day). Mice in certain groups also received CP (175 mg/kg) on "2" day. Presence of mixed chimerism was assessed in peripheral blood cells by flow cytometry on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 6th and 8th weeks of the experiment by detecting of CD45.1 (characteristic for B6.SJL-PtprcaPep3b strain) and CD45.2 (characteristic for Balb C strain) antigens expression. We also analyzed the percentage of peripheral blood CD8 T-cells (CD3e/CD8a) and NK cells (Ly-49D/NK1.1). We found that reduction of TBI dose and elimination of CP decrease the rate of mixed chimerism formation. The highest percentage of donor cells was obtained in the group of animals treated with 3 Gy of TBI, CP and combination of anti-CD40L, anti-CD8, and anti-NK1.1 antibodies. The 3 Gy TBI was necessary to induce stable mixed chimerism, but it could be obtained without the CP use. The percentage of CD3e/CD8a and Ly-49D/NK1.1 cells was significantly lower in the groups of mice treated by corresponding antibodies. Moreover, we observed the lowest number of peripheral blood Ly-49D/NK1.1 cells in the group of animals with highest mixed chimerism. Our experiments in mice model can help in better understanding of mixed chimerism phenomenon and in selecting the method of mixed chimerism induction with lowest possible toxicity. This also might improve the protocols of stable mixed chimerism induction in humans, and in the future, the effectiveness of vascularized organ transplantation.


Groundwater contamination by pesticides or herbicides is getting one of the most serious environmental problems. This study focuses on water contamination by pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) on the northern foot of Mt. Asama, Gumma Prefecture, where cabbage patch is intensively distributed and a great amount of PCNB is applied. The area is composed of volcanic ashes, lavas and pyroclastic materials whose permeabilities are very large. Waters of river, groundwater and spring were sampled through April to October in 1987 and PCNB, PCA, PCTA, and other major elements were analyzed. Water quality is determined mainly by geologic formation and secondary by land use or agricultural activities. Groundwater as well as river water is contaminated by PCNB. The maximum values in river water and groundwater are 1.4 p and 7.9 ,u0 , respectively. Even spring water above cabbage patch area is also contaminated, which indicates PCNB is carried through atomosphere. PCA and PCTA, the principal degradation products of PCNB, are detected proportionally to PCNB and their rations to PCNB are relatively higher in September and October than in summer.


The high sensitivity of one of the most important crops in the world, such as vine (Vitis vinifera L.), to particular changes caused by the phenomena associated with global warming, is encouraging the wine industry to place value on grape varieties that are autochthonous to each production area. These are generally conserved in germplasm banks and may pose a useful tool to counteract the effects of climate change. In order to determine the actual resource that such varieties constitute, this research has carried out a genetic identification, a morphological characterization, and an analysis of the grape musts obtained from four autochthonous varieties (Cañocazo, Castellano, Mantúo de Pilas, and Palomino Fino). This genetic analysis has allowed the identification of autochthonous varieties with different genotypes. However, all of them had similar phenotypic characteristics in terms of high hair density in adult leaves. With respect to the physicochemical composition of the musts, significant differences have been observed between the autochthonous varieties, with respect to the control variety of Palomino Fino. Nevertheless, all of them have exhibited an adequate physicochemical composition to produce quality white wines. For all of the above reasons, these local varieties should be considered suitable for cultivation in areas with warmer and drier climates, such as Andalusia (Spain).


A number of studies have established that adolescents are attracted to games of chance and gambling, and have confirmed that excessive gambling is not a phenomenon of adulthood alone. In Quebec, the proportion of high school students who are struggling with gambling problems is estimated at 2.6% (Ladouceur, Boudreault, Jacques, & Vitaro, 1999). So far, few researchers have studied adolescent populations that are at greater risk of developing gambling problems. The present study was carried out among 104 adolescents in difficulty, ranging in age from 12 to 19 and served by the Centre jeunesse de Québec. It assesses the prevalence of excessive gambling and the problems associated with it. The results indicate that 92.3% of adolescents had bet at least once during the previous year and 40.4% bet every week. The prevalence of excessive gambling was established at 7.7%. Girls were found to gamble as frequently as boys and to experience as many gambling problems. In addition, habitual gambling was found to be associated with the consumption of psychotropic substances, delinquent behaviour and school absenteeism. The discussion puts the results obtained in perspective and emphasizes the need for establishing gambling prevention programs among at-risk youth.


Long-term cigarette smoking increases the risk of colorectal cancer mortality. Tobacco9s addictive toxin, nicotine, was reported to increase DNA synthesis of colon cancer cells. Since metastasis is the major cause of cancer death, the influence of nicotine on the migration of colon cancer cells remains to be determined. The influence of nicotine on the migration of colon cancer cells was evaluated using trans-well assay. Nicotine receptor-mediated migration was studied by using both inhibitors and small interfering RNA (siRNA). The role of COX-2 signal was studied using pharmacological inhibitors. The expression of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker and COX-2 signal was evaluated using real time PCR. Nicotine enhanced DLD-1 and SW480 cell migration in dose dependent manner. We used inhibitors and siRNA to demonstrate that α7-nAChR mediates nicotine-enhanced colon cancer cell migration and upregulates fibronectin expression, which is involved in nicotine-enhanced migration. Further, COX-2 signal was induced by nicotine treatment and is involved in nicotine-enhanced fibronectin expression. We concluded that nicotine, tobacco9s additive toxin, enhances colon cancer metastasis through α7-nAChR and fibronectin, a mesenchymal marker for epithelial mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, COX-2 signal was also involved in the induction of fibronectin. Therefore, smoking may play role in the progression of colon cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5182. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-5182


When a ray in free space impinges obliquely on the boundary of a lossy medium, whose refractive index is complex, it is refracted at a complex angle, and the coordinates of points on it must take complex values. It follows that, when a ray travels from one real point to another through media some of which are lossy, the ray path can strictly be traced only by using complex values of some of the space coordinates. Approximate treatments using only real space have been used in the past for weakly attenuating media, but this is not accurate for heavier attenuation, and, moreover, there are some problems where the use of complex space is advantageous even for loss free media. The intensity of the received signal is determined partly by attenuation, and partly by convergence or divergence of neighbouring rays. By allowing for this, the convergence of rays near a focus, or a 'skip' zone can be studied. The technique of using complex space and of allowing for ray convergence is worked out for a plane stratified ionosphere. Examples are given first for an isotropic ionosphere in which electron collisions are not negligible, and then for an anisotropic ionosphere. It is shown how the technique can be used to find the angular diameter of the 'Ellis window', and the results obtained agree well with Ellis's experimentally determined value.


Initial experimental work has demonstrated that x-ray bombardment of organic-based photocells (specifically P3HT:PCBM-based) leads to a reduction in the open-circuit voltage (Voc) without apparent change in the carrier relaxation time. The variation of Voc was suggested to be due to the injection and trapping of holes near the anode, which resulted in a decrease in the built-in potential. We have extended the experimental measurements to higher total dose (~1300 krad(SiO2)). Using standard inorganic modeling tools, a device model of the organic cell has been developed and predictions made. These predictions have been compared to the results of the previous and new experimental measurements and they demonstrate reasonable agreement between the two, thereby supporting the initial charge buildup hypothesis. Questions about the origin and behavior of the photo-carrier relaxation arise.


Longline fishing vessels, such as those that target tuna or billfish, also unintentionally catch endangered marine turtle species on the high seas. The stock composition of this bycatch is often unknown but potentially complex, with individuals coming from many possible origins on an ocean-basin scale. To better understand the stock composition of green turtle (Chelonia mydas) bycatch we obtained 46 turtles, 27-91 cm in curved carapace length, caught by Hawaii- and American Samoa-based pelagic longline fishing vessels across large areas of the North- and South-central Pacific. We genotyped these at nine microsatellite loci and one mitochondrial DNA marker, and used a baseline of 1,043 nesting female green turtles from beaches across the Pacific for population assignment and mixed-stock analysis. By analyzing both marker types jointly we were able to increase power and genetically resolve ten baseline stocks of nesting females with mean self-assignment and simulated accuracies of 75-97%. Above the Equator, green turtle bycatch was composed mostly of individuals from Hawaiian and Eastern Pacific stocks, with a small number from the Western Pacific. Below the Equator, the most common stocks in the bycatch were from Australia and the Coral Sea, American Samoa and French Polynesia, and the Galápagos Islands. Overall, turtles originating from East, West, and Central Pacific breeding populations were major components of the bycatch, suggesting that the geographic ranges of these populations overlap across large tracts of ocean during the pelagic life history stages.


Aim: Chronic hyperglycemia can cause cognitive impairments such as learning and memory impairment. In our study, we aimed to investigate the levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), neural cell adhesion molecules (NCAM), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and glutathione (GSH) molecules and the protective effect of melatonin in the brain tissue of baby rats with diabetic mothers. Materials and Methods: Wistar-Albino rats used in the experiments were obtained from Firat University Experimental Research Center. Morris Water Maze Test is a learning and memory test commonly used in rats and mice. In the statistical analysis of the data; one-way analysis of variance (One-way ANOVA) was used to evaluate the significance of NCAM, GFAP, LPO, GSH levels between three groups, and repeated measures analysis of variance (Repeated measures one-way ANOVA) was used to evaluate the Morris Water Maze learning test. Results: Learning was worse in rats whose mothers were diabetic compared to diabetes + melatonin and control groups. With the administration of melatonin to diabetic mothers during their pregnancy, an improvement was observed in the learning ability of baby rats. NCAM 180, GFAP, GSH levels were significantly lower (p <0.05, p <0.001, p <0.05), and LPO level was higher (p <0.001) in baby rats with diabetic mothers compared to the control group. NCAM 180 and GFAP levels were significantly higher in the group that was administered melatonin during pregnancy (p <0.05, p <0.01), and LPO levels were lower (p <0.01). With the administration of melatonin during pregnancy, GSH levels were higher than the diabetes group, even though the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Learning and memory functions are impaired in the offspring of diabetic mothers. The decrease in NCAM isoforms can inhibit brain development and the formation of synaptic plasticity. Decreased GFAP density may pose a problem in completing brain maturation in offspring of diabetic mothers. It has been observed that the administration of melatonin to diabetic mothers during their pregnancy is protective against the harmful effects of oxidative stress in their offspring due to its antioxidant effect.