Federated search has the potential of improving web search: the user becomes less dependent on a single search provider and parts of the deep web become available through a unified interface, leading to a wider variety in the retrieved search results. However, a publicly available dataset for federated search reflecting an actual web environment has been absent. As a result, it has been difficult to assess whether proposed systems are suitable for the web setting. We introduce a new test collection containing the results from more than a hundred actual search engines, ranging from large general web search engines such as Google and Bing to small domain-specific engines. We discuss the design and analyze the effect of several sampling methods. For a set of test queries, we collected relevance judgements for the top 10 results of each search engine. The dataset is publicly available and is useful for researchers interested in resource selection for web search collections, result merging and size estimation of uncooperative resources.


Correction by heating and pressing is used as a method of repair for steel structures damaged by local buckling, but the effect of correction by heating and pressing on mechanical behavior of steel members is not elucidated sufficiently. So to examine the compressive characteristics of box columns corrected by heating and pressing, a series of experiments was carried out. Local buckling was generated in the virgin column by compressive loads and it was corrected by heating below the A 1 transformation temperature and then pressing. A compressive experiment for the corrected columns was performed and the results of the experiment were compared with that in the virgin situation. The stiffness in the axial direction of the corrected column decreased and the out-of-plane displacement at the ultimate situation increased compared to those in the virgin situation. This was because of the irregularity of the column's height due to correction of the panels. In the case that the irregularity was leveled by lathing, they were controlled and kept as those of the virgin columns. In any case the ultimate strength of the box column corrected by heating and pressing was not lower than that in the virgin situation.


The Ordovician and Silurian deposits in the Baltic Basin are represented by siltstones, mudstones, limestones, marls, sandstones and, most commonly, claystones with a markedly shaley structure.  Claystones that are particularly rich in organic matter are considered as potential reservoirs for shale gas accumulations. Samples from 11 boreholes, including core samples of the Piaśnica, Sluchowo, Kopalino, Sasino, Prabuty, Jantar, Pelplin and locally Paslek, Kociewie and Puck formations, were analysed by optical microscopy, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD). The Piaśnica, Sasino, Jantar, Paslek and Pelplin formations are characterized locally by a dominance of black bituminous claystones with a high content of organic matter, and a generally consistent clay mineral composition. Individual samples only show variations in silt fraction and carbonate content. Very important is the negligible proportion of swelling minerals in the clay fraction; the percentage of smectite in the mixed-layered illite/smectite minerals does not exceed 15%. It is important for the rocks to have adequate [SiO2 >10%; Quartz (Q) + Feldspars (Fs) + Carbonates >40%] brittleness. The content of quartz, feldspars and carbonates (here >40%) suggests that the claystones are susceptible to hydraulic fracturing. The claystones show micropores between detrital grains, between the flakes of clay minerals, within pyrite framboids, and organic matter and secondary micropores within grains.


The Chinese government is developing biomass ethanol as one of its automobile fuels for energy security and environmental improvement reasons. The energy efficiency of the biomass-based fuel ethanol is critical issue. To investigate the energy use in the three biomass-base ethanol fuel systems, energy content approach, Market value approach and Product displacement approach methods were used to allocate the energy use based on life cycle energy assessment. The results shows that the net energy of corn based, wheat based, and cassava-based ethanol fuel are 12S43MJ, 10299MJ and 13112MJ when get one ton biomass-based ethanol, respectively, and they do produce positive net energy.


The present investigation was undertaken in rats to determine whether sensory nerves exist in apposition to the bronchial microvessels which may function as rapidly adapting receptors (RAR). The primary and secondary bronchi on both sides were removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Nerves were frequently found in relation to venules external to the muscle coat of bronchi. They comprised myelinated axons which ended individually as non-myelinated convoluted terminals enclosed within a loose capsule of attenuated cells. Serial sections showed that these terminals were not related to ganglion cells. Cervical vagal section and injection of HRP-WGA into the nodose ganglion provided corroborative evidence of the sensory nature of these terminals. Vagal section caused degenerative changes in the encapsulated nerve terminals in the bronchial walls and horseradish peroxidase labelling was demonstrable in such terminals. Moreover, immunocytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of calcitonin gene regulated peptide and substance P in these structures. It is suggested that they comprise the RAR. Encapsulated nerve terminals were not found in the epithelial layer, in the submucous coat or in the muscularis of bronchi.


The manufacturing process of expanded metal meshes is based upon an in-line expansion of partially slit metal sheets, creating a pattern formed by strands and bonds. After this process, the mechanical properties of the base material change, especially in the bonds. Due to the size of strands and bonds, it is difficult to quantify the amount of cold work that the base metal undergoes, hence the mechanical properties in the final meshes are difficult to predict. This paper presents an empirical method for the estimation of the yield strength on standard and flattened expanded metal, correlating Vickers microhardness with the yield strength using the Tabor's relationship. In addition, the effect of various heat treatments on the yield strength of expanded metal was investigated. Results show that the yield strengths estimated through the Tabor's equation are in good agreement with those obtained through standard mechanical testing, for various levels of cold work. In addition, it was found that the manufacturing process introduces some degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy in the material, and that long times of exposure to heat treatments are required to mitigate the effects of the cold work


Computers and Internet have evolved into necessary tools for our professional, personal and social lives. As a result of this growing dependence, there is a concern that these systems remain protected and available. This concern increases exponentially when considering systems such as smart power grids. Therefore, research should be conducted to develop effective ways of detecting system anomalies. To have realistic results, the studies should be tested on real systems. However, it is not possible to test these experiments on the live network. With the recent collaboration of Universities and research labs, a new experiment test bed has been established.
 As a result, experiments can now be implemented on real networks. In our study, we design an experiment to analyze Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS Attack) on a real network with real Internet traffic. The approach that we use in our study can easily be generalized to apply to smart power grids.


In a previous study, we demonstrated that the β5′-loop in the C-terminal domain of human pancreatic triglyceride lipase (hPTL) makes a major contribution in the function of hPTL (Chahinian et al. (2002) Biochemistry 41, 13725–13735). In the present study, we characterized the contribution of three residues in the β5′-loop, Val-407, Ile-408, and Leu-412, to the function of hPTL. By substituting charged residues, aspartate or lysine, in these positions, we altered the hydrophilic to lipophilic ratio of the β5′-loop. Each of the mutants was expressed, purified, and characterized for activity and binding with both monolayers and emulsions and for binding to colipase. Experiments with monolayers and with emulsions suggested that the interaction of hPTL with a phospholipid monolayer differs from the interaction of the hPTL-colipase complex with a dicaprin monolayer or a triglyceride emulsion (i.e. neutral lipids). Val-407, Ile-408, and Leu-412 make major contributions to interactions with monolayers, whereas only Val-407 and Ile-408 appear essential for activity on triglyceride emulsions in the presence of bile salt micelles. In solutions of taurodeoxycholate at micellar concentrations, a major effect of the β5′-loop mutations is to change the interaction between hPTL and colipase. These observations support a major contribution of residues in the β5′-loop in the function of hPTL and suggest that a third partner, bile salt micelles or the lipid interface or both, influence the binding of colipase and hPTL through interactions with the β5′-loop.


In the United States, approximately 5% of the population is malnourished or has low body weight, which can adversely affect immune function. Malnutrition is more prevalent in older adults and is often a result of energy imbalance from various causes. Dietary supplementation to promote positive energy balance can reverse malnutrition, but has not been assessed for its effect on immune parameters. This 8-week clinical feeding trial evaluated the effect of a commercially available, high-protein, high-energy formula on body weight and immune parameters in 30 adult volunteers with body-mass indices (BMI) <21 kg/m2. After the intervention, participants gained a mean of 3.74 lbs and increased BMI by 0.58 kg/m2. The intervention improved lean body mass and limited body fat accumulation. However, no clinically significant improvements in immune measures were observed. These results support the use of high-protein, high-energy supplements in the treatment of underweight/malnutrition. Further investigation utilizing feeding studies of longer duration, and/or studying severely malnourished individuals may be needed to detect an effect on immune parameters of weight gain promoted by nutritional supplements.


Background: Tuberculosis (TB) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. Sample collection and the paucibacillary nature of TB in children makes diagnosis challenging. Rapid diagnostic tools using easily obtained specimens are urgently needed. Methods: Hospitalized, HIV-infected children aged 12 years or less enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (NCT02063880) comparing urgent to post-stabilization antiretroviral therapy initiation in Kenya underwent TB evaluation. At enrollment, sputum or gastric aspirates were collected for TB culture and Xpert, stool for Xpert, and urine for lipoarabinomannan (LAM). When possible, a second sputum/gastric aspirate for culture was obtained. Stool Xpert and urine LAM performance were compared to reference sputum/gastric aspirate culture. Results: Among 165 HIV-infected children, median age was 24 months [interquartile range (IQR) 13–58], median CD4+% was 14.3 (IQR 8.9–22.0%), and 114 (69.5%) had severe immunosuppression. Thirteen (7.9%) children had confirmed TB (positive culture and/or Xpert). Sputum/gastric aspirate Xpert, stool Xpert, and urine LAM sensitivities were 60% [95% confidence interval (CI) 26–88%], 63% (95% CI 25–92%), and 43% (95% CI 10–82%), respectively. Specificity was 98% (95% CI 94–100%) for sputum/gastric aspirate Xpert, 99% (95% CI 95–100%) for stool Xpert, and 91% (95% CI 84–95%) for urine LAM. Stool Xpert and urine LAM sensitivity increased among children with severe immunosuppression [80% (95% CI 28–100) and 60% (95% Cl 15–95%)]. Conclusion: Stool Xpert had similar performance compared with sputum/gastric aspirate Xpert to detect TB. Urine LAM had lower sensitivity and specificity, but increased among children with severe immunosuppression. Stool Xpert and urine LAM can aid rapid detection of TB in HIV-infected children using easily accessible samples.


Iceland is a country with one of the the highest development of geothermal energy in the world. Geothermal energy is used expensively for space heating in the cold climate of Iceland, in addition to using it for electricity generation. The paper presents a survey of this development, current status and future prospects, both the widespread use of geothermal energy for residential space (district) heating, and its history, especially in urban communities. The phenomenally rapid development in electricity generation is also reviewed. The paper also discusses briefly the international situation in geothermal energy and describes the role of geothermal energy in the fuel substitution process in Iceland since the early 20th century. We also characterize major geothermal high temperature areas, their potential output and locations, based on the underlying geological aspects. Furthermore, the paper presents geothermal energy forecasts and forecasting methods, in particular those published by the public Energy Forecasting Committee (EFC) with the mandate, since 1978, of forecasting future energy use, including the geothermal component. Geothermal electricity generation's share in world electrical generation has been approximately constant in the last two decades but grown explosively in Iceland. We review this high growth of geothermal electricity and the developed high penetration of space heating and industrial use in Iceland. This will cast light on the importance of geothermal energy in this very important "geothermal country" of Iceland in international context.


Cytoskeletal tension enables cells to adhere, spread, contract, and migrate. In adherent, non-muscle cells such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts, tension is generated by actomyosin stress fibers applying traction forces to cell-matrix adhesions. Tension extends stress fibers beyond their unloaded lengths and cells maintain a preferred level of fiber strain that depends on actomyosin activity (Lu 2008). Stretching the matrix upon which cells adhere perturbs the cell-matrix traction forces and cells respond by actively re-establishing the pre-existing level of force (Gavara 2006). Sudden large increases or decreases in strain result in rapid stress fiber disassembly and reassembly (Lu 2008), suggesting that perturbing fiber strain from a preferred level stimulates stress fiber turnover.© 2010 ASME


A primary reason that insurance companies allocate very small portions of their portfolios to equities is the concern that even modest allocations will reduce their ratings. This article shows that contrary to the conventional wisdom, the highest-rated companies have higher allocations to equities. It provides likely explanations for this relationship of higher allocation to equities and higher ratings.


This study illustrates that health issues are an aspect of the politico-economic and social environment. Health is contingent upon a series of factors like unplanned growth of cities resulting in the breakdown of municipal infrastructure such as availability of potable water, housing, sanitation, removal of waste and drainage. In the light of such a scenario in Surat, Shah makes an in-depth analysis of the spread and control of plague. He relates it to the socio-economic background of victims, the location of their residence, neighbourhood, education, class and caste background. He found that the intensity of plague was greater in slums and unplanned parts of the city, i.e., areas lacking basic amenities. Shah strongly believes that the plague in Surat is only a reflection of urban


Finding quantitative aspects of quantum phenomena which cannot be explained by any classical model has foundational importance for understanding the boundary between classical and quantum theory. It also has practical significance for identifying information processing tasks for which those phenomena provide a quantum advantage. Using the framework of generalized noncontextuality as our notion of classicality, we find one such nonclassical feature within the phenomenology of quantum minimum error state discrimination. Namely, we identify quantitative limits on the success probability for minimum error state discrimination in any experiment described by a noncontextual ontological model. These constraints constitute noncontextuality inequalities that are violated by quantum theory, and this violation implies a quantum advantage for state discrimination relative to noncontextual models. Furthermore, our noncontextuality inequalities are robust to noise and are operationally formulated, so that any experimental violation of the inequalities is a witness of contextuality, independently of the validity of quantum theory. Along the way, we introduce new methods for analyzing noncontextuality scenarios, and demonstrate a tight connection between our minimum error state discrimination scenario and a Bell scenario.


In 1960 Eva Hesse (1936-1970) created an unusual group of oil paintings that, when considered in contrast to her sculptural assemblages from 1965 to 1970, foretell her desire to embody emotional states in abstract form. Contrary to existing scholarship, which suggests that these works represent a form of self-deprecation, this book seeks to consider these "spectre" paintings as manifestations of a private, haunted interiority in the context of the artist's burgeoning maturity. The paintings in the spectre campaign comprise two distinct categories. The first, a selection of small-scale oil on Masonite paintings, depicts two or three loosely rendered figures positioned in vacant pictorial spaces. These gaunt forms portray an apparent disconnection between one body and another; and yet, the pictorial drama of the works would be incomplete without the presence of each figure. The second group of paintings imbues a more perplexing psychological state, as characters alternately take on the forms of alien-like creatures or as close resemblances to the artist herself. Through an enlightening assessment of these underappreciated works, readers will gain new insight into their pivotal role in Hesse's oeuvre.


Produced water is inevitable in the life span of a reservoir despite the challenges associated with it. To make an informed decision on economic and engineering design, it is essential to establish post water breakthrough trend to predict water production and to design surface facilities to handle the volume of water that will be produced. Several correlations and models have been proposed in the literature; however, each of the models could solve the problem from which it was derived. Most of the traditional models represent water cut as a function of cumulative oil production or time which is only achievable when accurate water cuts are available.
 This paper analysis post water breakthrough performance using empirical models. In this proposed method, the water cut (WC) was redefined and plotted against the oil flow rate (Qo). Different models were developed to capture the trends of the plotted graph. It is interesting to note that during water breakthrough, there exist exponential, hyperbolic and harmonic increase in water production throughout the reservoir life span. The model was validated with producing field data and has proven to be robust and can be a reliable tool for estimating water production.
 The newly developed model in this paper offers an advantage of predicting the corresponding WC at any given Qo and bottom hole pressure.


The identification of tumor-specific antigens recognized by T lymphocytes on human cancer cells has elicited numerous vaccination trials of cancer patients with defined tumor antigens. These treatments have induced T cell responses but have shown a low clinical efficacy in tumor-bearing melanoma patients. Immunosuppression at the tumor sites is the most likely explanation for the poor effectiveness of cancer vaccines. Many researchers are trying to decipher the underlying immunosuppressive mechanism. Galectin-3, a lectin secreted by tumor cells and macrophages, plays a role in the dysfunction of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL). We have observed that human TIL, in contrast with CD8 blood cells, show impaired IFN-γ secretion and cytotoxicity. TIL dysfunction correlates with the segregation of T cell receptor (TCR) and CD8 co-receptor at the T cell surface. Treating TIL with soluble galectin ligands or an anti-galectin-3 antibody restored IFN-γ secretion, cytotoxicity and TCR/CD8 co-localization. Our working hypothesis is that TIL, having been stimulated recently by their antigen, harbor a set of glycans that contain numerous ligands for galectins, which block their proper function. In agreement with this hypothesis, we have recently observed that, compared to resting CD8 T cell clones, the N-glycans of recently activated clones contains more multi-antennary N-glycans and consists of longer LacNAc chains. We propose that therapeutic vaccines combined with soluble galectin ligands could reverse local immunosuppression at the tumor site and may induce more tumor regressions in cancer patients than vaccination alone


Abstract Background The last three decades have seen the development of chemsex, the diversification of substances through New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), and new technologies allowing people to buy online and find peers to consume on applications while remaining in private spheres (Trend, Cadet-Taillou, 2020). The latter has made it more difficult to reach users, so as to document their uses and the population, and to design public health schemes aimed at users, except through targeting metapopulations known to consume more than the general population (Léobon et al., 2018; Talley et al., 2011). Methods The PlaySafe association designed two dummy websites, one selling GBL, the other NPS. These websites use the same graphics and syntactic codes as the main websites of the field, except for: 1) a fake drug named "love machine"; 2) an automatic redirection to a health promotion page instead of payment finalization. The information collected is: delivery region, birth year, gender, perceived usefulness of the health promotion messages, whether people would recommend to friends, the contents and quantities of the shopping cart, the time spent on each page, and data gathered via Google Analytics. Results On both websites 21,459 order attempts have been placed. This pathfinder research project has allowed to reach 6,203 people on the GBL website in 30 months and 7,927 people in 12 months on the NPS website, with people spending on average 1 min 35 s on the first website's prevention page and 1 min 27 s on the second. Around 85% of people consider the content useful, among whom 75% would recommend the website to friends. This communication also aims to present the characteristics of the reached population. Conclusions This innovative approach has allowed to precisely target a population escaping public health research and prevention schemes. It appears interesting to explore online prevention, especially since most of the respondents consider the experience helpful and recommendable. Key messages NTIC can serve research and actions in public health in order to reach online drug buyers. Monitoring the online drug market can be used to design actions by stakeholders.


Today, the landscapes of Asia—and Southeast Asia in particular—are undergoing major transformations, many of which are due to urbanisation processes that impact coastal areas. These are often controversial reclamation projects, generically referred to as the 'war of sand'—an (in)visible conflict named for the raw material used to develop artificial land for property development. In Malacca, Malaysia, coastal urbanisation engenders serious environmental damage via the elimination of mangroves, deterioration of water quality and marine ecosystems, and erosion. It also causes severe social and economic transformation that leads to specific social dynamics marked by the marginalisation of certain ethnic minorities. This invites us to rethink the right to the city and the landscape in the moment of reclaiming land. For this purpose, this article describes how coastal development and reclamation projects are heavily mining local communities and the environment. The sand war, it turns out, is not purely a resource-grabbing conflict nor a real estate process with heavy environmental implications, but an implicit war against ethnic and religious communities. Inequality is a consequence not by accident but by design.


ABSTRACT The NO-emission or flat premixed methane-air flames on a ceramic foam surface burner has been studied. This burner is developed for domestic heating systems, drying equipment and small industrial furnaces. A skeletal mechanism for lean-methane oxidation is used to compute the temperature and concentration fields of the major combustion species. The NO-emission is computed with a NO postprocessor using the output of the flame calculation as input The nitrogen chemistry computation is based on the reaction mechanism of Glarborg et al. (1992). Steady-state relations are introduced for most of the intermediates. In this way convection-diffusion-reaction equations for NO and HCN have to be solved only. The computation time is reduced significantly by using these post-calculations instead of solving the complete complex reaction scheme in one computational step. The computed flame temperature, surface temperature and NO-emission is compared with experimental results. The NO-emission is measured at seve...


This is the story of how an easy-going Sydney politician, with a reputation for enjoying the pleasures of the table and a fondness for cricket, became possessed by one enduring enthusiasm. That passion, maintained across almost two decades, was to make a new country from a collection of British colonies.

How did Edmund Barton, although only one of many who contributed to the federal cause, come to be regarded as its actual and symbolic leader? In the company of figures like Henry Parkes, Samuel Griffith, George Reid and Alfred Deakin, Barton was by no measure the most flamboyant or forceful of these campaigners. So what led the supporters of Federation to acknowledge the man caricatured in the press as 'Tosspot Toby' as the necessary man, 'the one man for the job' of the first prime minister of the Commonwealth of Australia?

Starting as a struggling young Sydney lawyer, blooded in the turbulent politics of colonial New South Wales, Barton came to understand that Federation mattered. This genial gentleman from clubland embarked on a personal crusade: he found common ground between strident colonial rivals, steered a draft constitution through two fractious conventions, travelled thousands of kilometres to convince open-air audiences, confronted interfering London 'statesmen', risked bankruptcy, and negotiated the necessary compromises to create a new political entity. Without Barton's talents Australia might not have become a commonwealth in 1901.

Few Australians can recall the name of their first prime minister, fewer know what kind of man he was. This, the first biography in fifty years, demonstrates that Edmund Barton was and is worth knowing.


For too long, nuclear deterrence theorists have remained apart from the revolution in the life sciences, and particularly evolutionary psychology, which has fundamentally changed the scientific understanding of the human mind. As a result of advances in evolutionary psychology, we now know that how the brain interprets actions and makes decisions is complicated, imperfect, greatly dependent upon emotions, and varied among humans. Consequently, it is fundamentally naïve and dangerous to assume a similar outcome in deterrent situations when there is variation in cognition among leaders. The rational deterrence model's assumption of a universal rationality is irredeemably flawed and students of nuclear deterrence must replace it with a gradated understanding of rationality.


When sufficiently close to the Sun, ices in cometary nuclei sublimate, ejecting in space dust and gases whose compositions can be derived by the remote spectral analysis of the cometary atmospheres. Those very rich spectra reveal a host of constituents from simple radicals like OH and CN in the optical range, to relatively complex organic molecules in the infrared and sub-millimeter domain. The majority of these molecules are made of C, H, O and N atoms. Iron, nickel and a few other siderophile atoms have only been detected in two exceptional sungrazer comets in a century and a half. Here we report that free atoms of iron and nickel are ubiquitous in cometary atmospheres as revealed by high-resolution spectra obtained in the near-ultraviolet with the ESO Very Large Telescope for a large sample of comets of various dynamical origins. The emissions of NiI and FeI in cometary comae have been overlooked until now and, surprisingly, are even detected at large heliocentric distances. The abundances of both species appear to be of the same order of magnitude, contrasting with the typical solar system abundance and providing clues about their origins in comet nuclei.


Objective: To investigate the relationship between chronic multisymptom illness (CMI) and possible exposure to an open-air burn pit at three selected bases among those deployed to operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Methods: Chronic multisymptom illness (reporting at least one symptom in at least two of the following symptom constructs: general fatigue; mood and cognition problems; and musculoskeletal discomfort) was assessed, differentiating by potential burn pit exposure, among deployers who completed 2004 and 2007 Millennium Cohort questionnaires. Results: More than 21,000 Cohort participants were deployed in support of the current operations, including more than 3000 participants with at least one deployment within a 3-mile radius of a documented burn pit. After adjusting for covariates, no elevated risk of CMI was observed among those exposed. Conclusions: There was no increase in CMI symptom reporting in those deployed to three selected bases with documented burn pits compared with other deployers.


Short bowel syndrome is at once a surgical, medical, and a disorder, with potential for life-threatening complications as well as eventual independence from artificial nutrition. Navigating through the diagnostic and therapeutic decisions is ideally accomplished by a multidisciplinary team comprised of nutrition, pharmacy, social work, medicine, and surgery. Early identification of patients at risk for long-term PN-dependency is the first step towards avoiding severe complications. Close monitoring of nutritional status, steady and early introduction of enteral nutrition, and aggressive prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infections such as line sepsis, and bacterial overgrowth can significantly improve prognosis. Intestinal transplantation is an emerging treatment that may be considered when intestinal failure is irreversible and children are suffering from serious complications related to TPN administration.


By use of broad bandwidth light source, the potential of OCT is demonstrated to perform noninvasive optical biopsy of the human retina (D. Huang, et al, 1991). OCT is based on low coherence interferometry (R. C. Youngquist, et al, 1987), in which the pattern of interference between the reference and object beams is used to determine the amount of light reflected back from a certain point within the volume of the sample under study. The broad bandwidth source is used for illumination, so the two beams only produce an interference pattern when their optical paths difference is less than the coherence length of the source. This means that the bandwidth of the source determines the axial resolution of the OCT system. Therefore, by using ultra-broad bandwidth light source (such as Ti: Al2O3 laser, laser generated from a photo crystal fiber, ultra-broadband SLD), the cross section image as biopsy is achieved successfully(A. Unterhuber, et al, 2003, Yimin Wang, et al, 2003, D.S. Adler, et al, 2004).


The field of environmental law first emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a discipline of broad malleable phrases. These phrases have been supplanted in subsequent years by the increasingly detailed minutiae of environmental statutes and regulations. This Article argues that modern microenvironmental law is dominated by fine print exhibiting three attributes: (1) it is hidden and difficult to detect; (2) it has been crafted by actors who seek to use it to their advantage; and (3) it leads to unexpected outcomes. As a result, modern environmental law is seldom what it appears to be. Using illustrations drawn from the Clean Air Act and from the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Article demonstrates that the initial appearances of environmental control schemes can be misleading, because the schemes are vastly different once their fine print has been explored. The Article closes with an urgent call for the scholarly illumination of microenvironmental law, warning that a failure to plumb the fine print will result in a regime in which we deceive ourselves about the real meaning and effects of environmental law.


Deep packet inspection is playing an increasingly important role in the design of novel network services. Regular expressions are the language of choice for writing signatures, but standard DFA or NFA representations are unsuitable for high-speed environments, requiring too much memory, too much time, or too much per-flow state. DFAs are fast and can be readily combined, but doing so often leads to state-space explosion. NFAs, while small, require large per-flow state and are slow.
 We propose a solution that simultaneously addresses all these problems. We start with a first-principles characterization of state-space explosion and give conditions that eliminate it when satisfied. We show how auxiliary variables can be used to transform automata so that they satisfy these conditions, which we codify in a formal model that augments DFAs with auxiliary variables and simple instructions for manipulating them. Building on this model, we present techniques, inspired by principles used in compiler optimization, that systematically reduce runtime and per-flow state. In our experiments, signature sets from Snort and Cisco Systems achieve state-space reductions of over four orders of magnitude, per-flow state reductions of up to a factor of six, and runtimes that approach DFAs.


This thesis presents a complete, self-contained
list of the renormalization constants Z in unified
gauge models to second order in the gauge coupling
constant g for four gauge choices. These are the
Lorentz covariant (parameter c) gauges, the axial and
Coulomb gauges, and a general non-covariant gauge
(parameter a2/b2).
Specific details of the calculation of the one-loop
infinities are provided. It is thus possible to
explicitly verify the Ward-Slavnov-Taylor identities
to this order. Comparisons are made which suggest
parallelisms between the non-covariant gauges and
certain covariant gauges. For instance, the infinities
in the axial gauge are exactly what one would find in
the Lorentz gauge with c = -3. Similarly, less clear
correspondences are found between the Coulomb and Fermi
(c = 1) gauges, and between a general non-covariant
gauge with a2/b2 = -3 and the Landau (c = 0) gauge.
Finally, we are able to present for every Lorentz
gauge an 'equivalent' non-covariant gauge, and viceversa.


Since their introduction by Kocher in 1998, power analysis attacks have attracted significant attention within the cryptographic community. While early works in the field mainly threatened the security of smart cards and simple processors, several recent publications have shown the vulnerability of hardware implementations as well. In particular, field programmable gate arrays are attractive options for hardware implementation of encryption algorithms,but their security against power analysis is a serious concern, as we discuss in this paper. For this purpose, we present recent results of attacks attempted against standard encryption algorithms, provide a theoretical estimation of these attacks based on simple statistical parameters and evaluate the cost and security of different possible countermeasures.


Agroforestry practices in fact has long been practiced by rural communities (local traditional agroforestry), and even in some places the implementation of agroforestry has an important role in the socio-cultural aspects of the local community. Study of the characteristics of land use (systems and pattern of agroforestry-based land use), as well as the orientation of land use is still rarely studied. Even it is not a study based agroforestry landscape, but the micro-scale (plot-based interaction). So there is no information that can explain characteristis of agroforestry landscape of the community. It is important to look at the specific characteristics of agroforestry-based land use that is owned by the community. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of agroforestry on community land in the Simoro village and assess the orientation of agroforestry land use community-owned Simoro village. Analysis of data used in this research are descriptive analysis and analysis of the NEP (New Environmental Paradigm). Research resulted, the pattern of agroforestry and land use at Simoro village include simple and complex agroforestry system, where the farmers combine seasonal crops and tree crops, whereas in complex agroforestry system using mix cropping pattern at home garden. The results of analysis of the NEP (New Erwironmental Paradigm) shows the value of egoistic respondents fall into the low category. This indicates that respondents, in general, have a desire to clear land to not only put the interests of the individual and the consideration of the benefit and loss agroforestry practic, but also considering into account the conservation of nature, while the value of altruristic fall in the low category. This indicates that respondents generally lack aware of the public community interest and the value of biospheric of respondents were also may be categorized of high. This indicates that the community of  Simoro village generally have the awareness of the importance of environmental aspects, not only for their personal important, but also for the other village community. Keywords: Agroforestry, land uses, biospheric, alturistic, egoistic.


A simplified model that can predict the transitions from compaction to detonation and shock to detonation is given with the aim of describing experiments in beds of porous HMX. In the case of compaction to detonation, the energy of early impact generates a slowly moving, convective‐reactive deflagration that expands near the piston face and evolves in a manner that is characteristic of confined deflagration to detonation transition. A single‐phase state variable theory is adopted in contrast to a two‐phase axiomatic mixture theory. The ability of the porous material to compact is treated as an endothermic process. Reaction is treated as an exothermic process. The algebraic (Rankine–Hugoniot) steady wave analysis is given for inert compaction waves and steady detonation waves in a piston supported configuration, typical of the experiments carried out in porous HMX. A structure analysis of the steady compaction wave is given. Numerical simulations of deflagration to detonation are carried out for parameters that describe an HMX‐like material and compared with the experiments. The simple model predicts the high density plug that is observed in the experiments and suggests that the leading front of the plug is a secondary compaction wave. A shock to detonation transition is also numerically simulated.


Abstract In this paper, a dc Josephson junction between two singlet superconductors (d-wave and s-wave) with arbitrary reflection coefficient has been investigated theoretically. For the case of high Tc superconductors, the c-axes are parallel to an interface with finite transparency and their ab-planes have a mis-orientation. The physics of potential barrier will be demonstrated by a transparency coefficient via which the tunneling will occur. We have solved the nonlocal Eilenberger equations and obtained the corresponding and suitable Green functions analytically. Then, using the obtained Green functions, the current-phase diagrams have been calculated. The effect of the potential barrier and misorientation on the currents is studied analytically and numerically. It is observed that, the current phase relations are totally different from the case of ideal transparent Josephson junctions between d-wave superconductors and two swave superconductors. This apparatus can be used to demonstrate d-wave order parameter in high Tc superconductors.


This text presents an examination of Murasaki Shikibu's 11th-century classic "The Tale of Genji". The author explores the role of possessing spirits from a female viewpoint, and considers how the male protagonist is central to determining the role of these spirits. Relying on anthropological as well as literary evidence, the author addresses the motives of the possessed character and locates Mono no ke within the politics of Heian society, interpreting spirit possession as a female strategy adopted to counter male strategies of empowerment. The author argues that possessions become performaces by women attempting to redress the balance of power. The book considers five major instances of spirit possession in the narrative and discusses the rendering of these possessions in the visual arts.


Luis Paret y Alcazar' Self-Portrait of 1776 shows the Spanish artist standing before the tranquil yet rugged Puerto Rican landscape dressed as a local peasant or jibaro. Wearing a white shirt, striped pants, and flowered hat, he carries a bunch of plantains and a machete. The artist constructs a vision of himself as a Puerto Rican peasant, the jibaro. The use of the jibaro's attire by Paret y Alcazar can be understood within the context of the carnivalesque in which the upper-class masqueraded as peasants. The painting also reveals the intellectual elite's appropriation and subsequent adoption of the jibaro as cultural symbol. The work was produced after Paret y Alcazar's removal from the Spanish court of Carlos III and his exile to the island of Puerto Rico from 1775 to 1778. The self-portrait, later sent to the Bourbon monarchy as a gift, was pivotal in securing not only the painter's return to the Spanish court but also the continued success of his professional career by communicating important cultura...


Objective: This study discussed the relation of miR-21 and radiation sensitivity of cervical cancer HeLa cells, clarify the possible action mechanism of miR-21 on cell apoptosis and autophagy change. Method Cevical cancer HeLa cells were divided into sham-irradiated group and 4Gy radiotherapy group, respectively transfected miR-21 NC (negative control), miR-21 mimics, miR-21 inhibitor NC and miR-21 inhibitor. Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR detection were performed to check the miR-21 expression level before and after the irradiation. Colony forming experiment was to observe the effect of miR-21 on radiation sensitivity of HeLa cells. Flow cytometry was to detect cell apoptosis and autophagy cell percentage. Bioinformatics method was adopted to predict the target genes of miR-21. The combination of miR-21 and target gene 3'UTR were verified by luciferase reporter gene analysis. Expression level of related protein beclin1 were detected by Western Blotting method. Results: compared to shamirradiated group, the miR-21 expression level increased significantly in 4Gy radiotherapy group (p 0.05). Compared to miR-21 inhibitor NC group, the HeLa cells radiation sensitivity also had no evident changes in miR-21 inhibitor group (p>0.05). Compared to miR-21 NC +4Gy group, HeLa cell apoptosis rate increased significantly in miR-21 mimics + 4Gy group. Compared to miR-21 inhibitor NC group, HeLa cell apoptosis rate decreased apparently in miR-21 inhibitor group. Compared to miR-21 NC group, the autophagy rate of inR-21 mimics group could increase (p<0.05). Compared to miR-21NC+4Gy group, the autophagy rate in miR-21 mimics+4Gy could increase (p<0.05). Compared to miR-21 NC+4Gy group, the protein expression level increased in miR- 21 mimics_4Gy group (p<0.05). Conclusion: the taregt genes beclin1 of miR-21 were detected. Over expression of miR-21 promoted the radiation induced apoptosis and autophagy, but had no direct impact on cervical cancer HeLa cell radiation sensitivity


Two experiments were conducted to determine (a) whether male garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis) require a functional vomeronasal or olfactory system to return to previously preferred shelter locations and (b) the sensory modalities used by snakes to aggregate in the absence of previously deposited chemical cues. In Experiment 1, snakes with vomeronasal nerve lesions did not return to previously preferred shelter locations when tested individually. However, when tested with a group that included "control" animals, they returned to previously preferred shelters. The shelter-selection behavior of snakes with olfactory nerve lesions improved postoperatively, whereas the behavior of animals with sham lesions was unchanged. In Experiment 2, snakes were tested for aggregation in aquaria in which the substrate and other contents were cleaned between trials. After blindfolding or after olfactory nerve cuts, snakes aggregated at normal levels. When the snakes' vomeronasal ducts were sutured closed, aggregation scores were significantly depressed, although two of the three groups with vomeronasal duct sutures did aggregate just above chance levels. These studies indicate that use of chemical signals by garter snakes in shelter selection and aggregation is mediated by the vomeronasal system and that neither the olfactory nor the visual system is critical for these behaviors.


While protein functions such as binding or catalysis remain very difficult to predict computationally from primary sequences, approaches which involve the parallel processing of diverse proteins are remarkably powerful for the isolation of rare proteins with functions of interest. Stated using a Darwinian vocabulary, a repertoire of proteins can be submitted to selection according to a function of interest for isolation of the rare fittest proteins. Parallel processing strategies rely mainly on the design of in vitro selections of proteins. To ensure that complex molecular information can be extracted after selection from protein populations, several types of links between the genotype and the phenotype have been designed for the parallel processing of proteins: they include the display of nascent proteins on the surface of the ribosome bound to mRNA, the display of proteins as fusions with bacteriophage coat proteins and the fusion of proteins to membrane proteins expressed on the surface of yeast cells. In the first two display strategies, covalent and non covalent bonds define chemical links between the genotype and the protein, while in the last case compartmentation by a membrane provides the link between the protein and the corresponding gene. While parallel processing strategies allow the analysis of up to 1014 proteins, serial processing is convenient for the analysis of tens to thousands of proteins, with the exceptions of millions of proteins in the specific case where fluorescent sorting can be adapted experimentally. In this review, the power of parallel processing strategies for the identification of proteins of interest will be underlined. It is useful to combine them with serial processing approaches such as activity screening and the computational alignment of multiple sequences. These molecular information processing (MIP) strategies yield sequence-activity relationships for proteins, whether they are binders or catalysts (Figure 1).


The paper attempts to give a formal framework to capture the entire process of scientific discovery including hypothesis formation, reasoning, identifying contradictions, peer reviewing, reformulating and so on. Data mining can be seen as one step in this complex process of interactive learning of an empirical theory This paper uses the terminology from paraconsistent logic and paracomplete logic that extends Aristotle square in a hypercube of oppositions which defines or substantiates any step of the discovery process. The central formal notions are validated on a mathematical scientific discovery game, and an industrial application in the field of Drug Discovery illustrates how the presented framework combines different learning processes to predict pharmaco-kinetic properties (ADME-T) and adverse side effects of therapeutic drug molecules.


In-toeing and out-toeing problems are generally physiologic variants that arise from in utero posturing, and that gradually correct spontaneously during the active growing years of the child. Few torsional deformities result in genuine problems. Most residual effects are cosmetic, compounded by the anguish of concerned relatives and friends. Rarely is operative correction warranted. If corrective surgery comes under consideration, it is usually deferred until the patient reaches the age of 10.


Ultrasound is the most commonly used clinical imaging modality. However, in applications requiring cell‐labeling, the large size and short active lifetime of ultrasound contrast agents limit their longitudinal use. Here, 100 nm radius, clinically applicable, polymeric nanoparticles containing a liquid perfluorocarbon, which enhance ultrasound contrast during repeated ultrasound imaging over the course of at least 48 h, are described. The perfluorocarbon enables monitoring the nanoparticles with quantitative 19F magnetic resonance imaging, making these particles effective multimodal imaging agents. Unlike typical core–shell perfluorocarbon‐based ultrasound contrast agents, these nanoparticles have an atypical fractal internal structure. The nonvaporizing highly hydrophobic perfluorocarbon forms multiple cores within the polymeric matrix and is, surprisingly, hydrated with water, as determined from small‐angle neutron scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Finally, the nanoparticles are used to image therapeutic dendritic cells with ultrasound in vivo, as well as with 19F MRI and fluorescence imaging, demonstrating their potential for long‐term in vivo multimodal imaging.


Abstract Objectives: Young women experience high levels of anxiety and distress during cancer diagnosis and therapy, and it can be devastating to become pregnant in this vulnerable state. Pregnancy during cancer treatment is strongly discouraged, as radiotherapy and chemotherapy administered during the first trimester of pregnancy result in increased congenital malformations. Methods: In this study, we analysed an unselected, consecutive cohort of young breast cancer (BC) patients with regard to unintended pregnancy during the first year after BC diagnosis. We analysed all patients who were ≤40 years of age at initial BC diagnosis (n = 100, mean age at diagnosis: 35.9 years), according to data from the Basel Breast Cancer Database. The frequency of unintended pregnancy was assessed, and particular attention was given to patients' obstetric and reproductive history. Results: Forty-two percent of the cohort (mean age 36.5 years) were identified as not at risk of unintended pregnancy during the first year after BC diagnosis. However, 58% of the cohort (mean age 35.6 years) were using an ineffective contraceptive method and thus were at risk of unintended pregnancy. The rate of unintended pregnancy was 3.5% in this group (two patients). Oncologists should be aware that the use of reliable contraception should be discussed before starting, and also during, adjuvant therapy. Conclusions: Oncologists should consider actively referring young BC patients to a gynaecologist to ensure proper contraceptive counselling.


One of the best-known methods for discriminating λ-terms with respect to β-convertibility is due to Corrado Böhm. The idea is to compute the infinitary normal form of a λ-term M, the Böhm Tree (BT) of M. If λ-terms M, N have distinct BTs, then M ≠β N, that is, M and N are not β-convertible. But what if their BTs coincide? For example, all fixed point combinators (FPCs) have the same BT, namely λx.x(x(x(. . .))). We introduce a clocked λ-calculus, an extension of the classical λ-calculus with a unary symbol τ used to witness the β-steps needed in the normalization to the BT. This extension is infinitary strongly normalizing, infinitary confluent and the unique infinitary normal forms constitute enriched BTs, which we call clocked BTs. These are suitable for discriminating a rich class of λ-terms having the same BTs, including the well-known sequence of Böhm's FPCs. We further increase the discrimination power in two directions. First, by a refinement of the calculus: the atomic clocked λ-calculus, where we employ symbols τ p that also witness the (relative) positions p of the β-steps. Second, by employing a localized version of the (atomic) clocked BTs that has even more discriminating power.


Abstracts The towing of unprotected icebergs from the Antarctic continent (66° S.) to latitude 38° S. has been simulated using an explicit hydrodynamic model and an extended two-dimensional melting model. It was found that nominal towing accelerations in excess of 2 × 10-5 m s-2 were required to deliver ice over this route in most circumstances, and minimum energy consumptions were obtained at accelerations around 10-4 m s-2. Unprotected icebergs could be delivered with about 50% yield to latitude 38° S., but the rate of deterioration in the warm waters indicates that protection would be required for longer journeys. The towing simulation was most sensitive to north-south current components, the total towing distance and the rate of iceberg deterioration. Efforts directed towards locating suitable icebergs in the region 50° S. to 60° S., and towards increasing knowledge of the changing current patterns in the Southern Ocean would be most valuable, as would a knowledge of the mechanisms and rates of deterioration of icebergs in warm seas.


By employing pulsed laser deposition, amorphous carbon nitride (a-CNx) thin films, were prepared on unheated Si (100). Investigation of compositional and structural modifications induced by microwave nitrogen plasma afterglow on amorphous carbon nitride thin films, has been carried out in the range of nitrogen pressure 10–1000 Pa. The role of nitrogen plasma afterglow on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of a-CNx was explored using the diagnostic techniques: Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Upon analyzing the Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectra, it is concluded that employing nitrogen plasma afterglow during the films deposition favors, in general, the increase in nitrogen content and the formation of sp bonding in the a-CNx films. The analysis of scanning electron and atomic force microscopy images demonstrated that the films had a granular structure formed from particles coalesced together into cauliflower-like clusters and the particles size increased by increasing nitrogen pressure. A 2D atomic force microscopy line profile measurements provide evidence to a decrease in size of clusters using nitrogen plasma afterglow which could be due to the annihilation of excess vacancies and/or the elimination of grain boundaries. These analyses were found to be quite reliable to help understand the effects of microwave nitrogen plasma afterglow on amorphous carbon nitride thin films.


Along with the expanding use of engineered metal oxide nanomaterials (MONMs), there is a growing concern over their unintentional adverse toxicological effects on human health and the environment upon release and exposure. It is inevitable that biota will be exposed to nanomaterials, through intentional administration or inadvertent contact under such circumstances. Therefore, a thorough investigation of the potential nanotoxicity of MONMs at the nano–bio–eco interface is urgently needed. In general, nanomaterials interact with their surrounding environments, biotic and abiotic, immediately upon introduction into the environment. The behavior and fate of MONMs are influenced by the dynamics of the environment. Thus, understanding the interactions at the nano–bio–eco interface is necessary for selecting and designing MONMs with minimum adverse impacts. Despite the limitations of currently available techniques, careful characterization of nanomaterials and the choosing of methodologies that promote further risk assessment promise more reliable and accurate data output. Conventional toxicological analysis techniques lack the power to handle the large datasets generated from in vitro/in vivo observations. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent experimental and theoretical studies on the toxicity of MONMs mediated by two-way or three-way interactions. In the Perspectives, we also call for more open collaborations between industry, academia, and research labs to facilitate nanotoxicological studies focused specifically on interactions at the nano–bio–eco interface, leading to safe and effective nanotechnology for commercial, environmental, and medicinal use.


Lorenzo Lotto's Portrait of Andrea Odoni is one of the most famous paintings of the Italian Renaissance. Son of an immigrant and a member of the non-noble citizen class, Odoni understood how the power of art could make a name for himself and his family in his adopted homeland. Far from emulating Venetian patricians, however, he set himself apart through the works he collected and the way he displayed them. In this book, Monika Schmitter imaginatively reconstructs Odoni's house – essentially a 'portrait' of Odoni through his surroundings and possessions. Schmitter's detailed analysis of Odoni's life and portrait reveals how sixteenth-century individuals drew on contemporary ideas about spirituality, history, and science to forge their own theories about the power of things and the agency of object. She shows how Lotto's painting served as a meta-commentary on the practice of collecting and on the ability of material things to transform the self.


Background: Nowadays, narrow diameter implants are being increasingly used in posterior regions with insufficient bone width to avoid invasive bone augmentation procedures. Recent studies have indicated that narrow implants with a diameter of 3.3 to 3.5mm showed comparable survival rate with standard diameter implants. However, there are no high-quality clinical trials comparing the clinical outcomes of narrow diameter implants to standard diameter implants with augmentation procedures in atrophic posterior region. The purpose of present study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of narrow diameter implants in posterior jaws. Methods/Design: This study is designed as a prospective, single-center, 2-arm parallel, randomized controlled clinical trial. Patients in need of single implant crowns in posterior jaws will be included in the study according to clear defined inclusion-and-exclusion criteria. Randomized number table will be used to assign the patients into two groups: group 1: narrow diameter implant group (NDI); group 2: standard diameter implant with bone augmentation group (SDI). Implant survival rate, mechanical complications, marginal bone loss, peri-implant conditions and patients' satisfaction will be recorded. Clinical and radiological re-evaluations will be performed at 6, 12, 36, 60 months after the final crowns delivery. Discussion: Our findings will help evaluate the clinical efficacy of narrow implant in posterior region. If the results were favorable, narrow implants might be recommended as a viable alternative for posterior region with insufficient bone width. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR1800020426 (registered on 29 December 2018)


The author's interpretation of the content and essence of ideological and political discussions in the Russian post-October emigration in years 1920-1930 about the causes of the revolutionary collapse of Russia, the ways and prospects of the revival of the national Russian statehood has been presented. The connection between the ideological search for Russian emigration and the central for Russian social thought, the problem of understanding the originality of the Russian political process, the features of the formation and evolution of national political identity, has been substantiated. The reasons for the widespread anti-democratic views and beliefs in the emigrant environment, the growing distrust of Western democracy and liberal institutions and values have been revealed. An analysis of the political projects and models of the future revived Russia proposed by Russian emigrants («social Christianity», a renewed monarchy), which affirmed the special path of development of Russia that distinguished its «philistine» West, – has been given. The conclusion about the importance of these projects of the ideal structure of the future of Russia for the modern state development of Russia, the search for its new identity, has been made.


This paper presents a class of examples where a barter economy develops through agents' optimizing decisions into a monetary economy. A barter economy with m commodities is characterized by m(m-1)/2 commodity pair trading posts for active trade of each good for every other. Monetary equilibrium is characterized by active trade concentrated on m-1 posts, those trading in 'money' versus the m-1 other nonmonetary commodities. Specialization, the concentration of the trading function in a few trading posts in the monetary trade arrangement, reflects the workings of scale economies in transaction costs. As households discover that some pairwise markets (those with high trading volumes) have lower transaction costs, they restructure their trades to take advantage of the low cost. When a trading post's transaction cost is sufficiently low, households find it advantageous to use the low transaction cost goods as intermediary goods in their transactions, rather than trade directly (at high transaction cost trading posts) for the goods they want. The process converges to an equilibrium where only the high volume trade through a single intermediary good ('money') takes place. Monetization of trade results from dynamic adjustment to scale economies in the transaction technology.


The effects on pilocarpine-induced saliva secretion by a hot aqueous extract of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to (BN), its constituents, rhizomes of Anemarrhena asphodeloides, three saponins (pseudoproto-timosaponin-AIII (An-S-1), proto-timosaponin-AIII (An-S-2) and timosaponin-AIII (An-S-3)) and calcium were examined in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic and normal mice. The hot aqueous extracts of BN (250 and 500 mg/kg, i.p.) and Anemarrhena (170 and 340) mg/kg, i.p.) significantly promoted salivary flow in the diabetic animals, but suppressed it in the normal controls. An-S-2 and An-S-3 but not An-S-1 (10 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly promoted salivary How in the diabetic animals. The potency order was An-S-3 >> An-S-2 >> extract. The hot aqueous extracts of BN and Anemarrhena increased the protein content of saliva in a dose-dependent manner. Combination of An-S-3 (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) with CaCl2 (2 and 4 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated salivary flow compared with the respective effect of each on its own. These results demonstrated that 1) An-S-3 was mainly responsible for saliva secretion of the hot aqueous extract, and 2) the effect of An-S-3 was potentiated by combination with calcium, suggesting combined effects of Byakko-ka-ninjin-to containing Anemarrhena asphodeloides and gypsum fiber (calcium).


OBJECTIVE
To explore the role of long noncoding ribonucleic acid (lncRNA) KCNQ1OT1 in the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of ovarian cancer cells via Wnt/β-catenin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ovarian cancer A2780 cells were divided into three groups, namely control group, KCNQ1OT1 overexpression group, and KCNQ1OT1 knockdown group. Next, the effect of KCNQ1OT1 on the proliferation of ovarian cancer A2780 cells was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Wound healing assay and transwell assay were carried out to determine the influence of KCNQ1OT1 on the migration ability of ovarian cancer A2780 cells. The role of KCNQ1OT1 in the cell cycle of ovarian cancer A2780 cells was detected via flow cytometry. The impact of KCNQ1OT1 on the expression level of β-catenin protein in ovarian cancer A2780 cells was determined through Western blotting and fluorescence immunoassay.

RESULTS
The proliferation rate of cells was overtly decreased in KCNQ1OT1 knockdown group but significantly increased in KCNQ1OT1 overexpression group. The results of both wound healing and transwell assays showed that the migration ability of cells was reduced in KCNQ1OT1 knockdown group but raised in KCNQ1OT1 overexpression group. According to flow cytometry, the cell cycle was clearly arrested in the G0/G1 phase in KCNQ1OT1 knockdown group. The results of Western blotting and fluorescence immunoassay revealed that compared with that in control group, the expression level of β-catenin protein evidently declined in KCNQ1OT1 knockdown group, but it was notably elevated in KCNQ1OT1 overexpression group.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 in ovarian cancer cells promotes the expression of β-catenin, thereby facilitating the proliferation and migration of ovarian cancer cells.


This study on layer and broiler houses is expected to give basic information on the nature of microbes, their occurrence, health hazard they could constitute and the possibilities for disease control measures. Modern husbandry practices, state or local concentration of the industry, high stocking densities, uniform age distribution of birds and continuous feeding may promote the spread of poultry diseases. Illness due to contaminated food, poultry wastes, poultry and poultry by products are one of the most widespread problems of the contemporary world. From the poultry houses investigated, bacteria and fungi were isolated from swabs of window nets dust, feed stock, roof dust, faeces, floors, feeders, drinkers, feathers, cages and egg trays using standard microbiological media and biochemicals procedures. The isolates encountered include: Aspergillus furnigatus , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus terreus , Streptococcus faecalis , Bacillus sp. , Pasteurella gallinarum , Pasteurella multocida , Klebsiella sp. , Eschericia coli , Salmonella sp. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Yeast and Rhodotorula spp. , which were not typed Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus niger , Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus terreus , Bacilus sp. , Pasteurella gallunarum , Klabsiella sp. , Eschericia coli , Yeast and Rhodotorula Sp. , were present in both layers and broilers houses structures and materials in varying proportions. However, Pasteurella Multocida , Salmonella sp. , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated from egg trays, feathers, faeces, and feeders respectively from poultry house materials only and none from the structures of layers and broilers houses. The layer house structures and materials tend to yield more microbes mix than broiler house structures and materials. There were no acid-fast organisms observed from the sediments of washed swabs materials for culture using Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Keywords: Poultry, house, health hazard, bacteria, fungi, microbes


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Ewing sarcoma is a rare but aggressive disease most common in young adults. This cancer is driven by a unique chimeric fusion oncogene but targeted strategies have been elusive. Here we report the identification of the protein kinase PKC-ß (PRKCB) as a disease-specific druggable target for treatment of Ewing sarcoma. We found that transcriptional activation of PRKCB was directly regulated by the chimeric fusion oncogene EWSR1-FLI1 that drives this cancer. PRKCB phosphorylated histone H3T6 to permit global maintenance of H3K4 trimethylation at a variety of gene promoters. PRKCB loss induced apoptosis in vitro and prevented tumor growth in vivo. Gene expression profiling revealed a strong overlap between genes modulated by EWSR1-FLI1 and PRKCB in regulating crucial signaling pathways. Taken together, our findings offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for PRKCB as a promising therapeutic target in Ewing sarcoma.


This technical note considers the problem of obtaining minimum-energy state estimates for a system defined on the rotation group, . The signals of the system are modeled as purely deterministic signals. We derive a nonlinear observer ("filter") posed directly on that respects the geometry of the group and achieves a performance that is close to optimal in the sense of minimizing an integral cost that is measuring the state energy. The performance of the proposed filter is demonstrated in simulations involving large initialization, process and measurement errors where the results are compared against a quaternion implementation of an Extended Kalman Filter. Our results indicate that the proposed filter achieves better robustness against a range of noise levels and initialization errors.


This chapter broadly canvasses the strategic logic of the Islamic State's (IS) propaganda strategy by examining how its key constituent parts are interlocking in a sophisticated approach to communications that is multidimensional, comprehensive, and cohesive. It explains how these parts connect together to produce a full-spectrum propaganda effort that maximizes the reach, relevance, and resonance of the groups' message, with different outputs deployed with both a singular specific purpose and a particular role in the overall synchronization of all constituent elements. By broadly mapping the constituent parts of IS's propaganda strategy, explaining variations throughout the group's "boom-bust" history, and analyzing their connections with IS's military activities and territorial situation, this chapter is designed to frame the "deep dive" chapters that explore individual components of IS propaganda.


Introduction. General anesthesia is frequently employed in neck surgery
 procedures. However, in patients at high risk for general anesthesia,
 regional anesthesia options, such as the superficial cervical plexus block,
 warrant careful consideration. Patients with mediastinal lymph node
 enlargement face an elevated risk of airway obstruction and hemodynamic
 mediastinal instability during anesthesia induction. In selected neck
 surgeries, including thyroglossal cyst excision, thyroglossal fistula
 repair, bronchial cyst removal, thyroidectomy, and lymph node excision, the
 superficial cervical plexus block presents a viable and secure alternative
 to general anesthesia. Case report. This report details the case of a
 patient with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and multiple brain metastases who
 underwent cervical lymph node excision. Given the patient?s severe
 comorbidities, pronounced risk of complete distal airway obstruction,
 hemodynamic instability, and the potential for compression effects from
 mediastinal mass, a superficial cervical block was administered. This block
 facilitated effective perioperative analgesia without inducing respiratory
 or cardiovascular instability. Conclusion. The superficial cervical plexus
 block emerges as a prudent alternative to general anesthesia in high-risk
 patients necessitating cervical lymph node excision procedures. Its
 utilization should be considered in such cases to enhance patient safety and
 perioperative management.


This paper presents an investigation of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite connections. Toothed plates with bolts are often used for connecting timber structural members with steel structural members. In this paper, toothed plates (C2-50/M10G, C2-50/M12G or C11-50/M12) have been used as reinforcement in aluminium-timber screwed connections for the first time. The push-out test specimens consisted of laminated veneer lumber slabs, aluminium alloy beams, and hexagon head wood screws (10 mm × 80 mm and 12 mm × 80 mm). Of the specimens, 12 additionally had toothed plates as reinforcement, while 8 had no reinforcement. The load carrying-capacity, the mode of failure and the load-slip response of the strengthened and non-strengthened screwed connections were investigated. The use of toothed plate connectors was found to be effective in increasing the strength of aluminium-timber composite connections and ineffective in improving their stiffness. The examined stiffness and strength of the connections can be used in the design and numerical modelling of aluminium-timber composite beams with reinforced screwed connections.


The article traces the history of the Poly Implant Prosthesis (PIP) scandal from an ethical perspective and explores the underpinning moral dilemmas inherent in the act of 'whistleblowing.' It goes on to consider the consequential stakeholder and broader societal reaction to whistleblowing which is discussed through deontological and teleological perspectives of ethically driven motives to act. It draws on the duty of care responsibility of healthcare professionals and the dilemma of personal consequence by the act of whistleblowing, whereby the objective of that act is the maintenance or improvement of patient standards and care. It argues that a cultural shift in organisational behaviour is urgently required to abrogate the needs for whistleblowing by means of internal systems and processes. Whistleblowing would thus become a supererogatory act of moral courage rather than carrying negative consequences in the interests of short-term saving face.


The quality of argument in the discussion section determines the quality of a journal article because in this section authors must argue convincingly so that readers may accept and use their new knowledge claim. This study aims to determine the differences in argument strategies and linguistic realizations in the discussion sections of unaccredited local, accredited national, and reputable international journals in English by Indonesian writers in the field of Language Teaching. The research method used was descriptive qualitative and quantitative research methods (mixed-method) in analyzing differences in argument styles and linguistic features of the discussion sections of the journal articles. Sixty articles were analyzed using the genre-based text analysis method following Swales (1990) and Dudley Evan (1994). The results show that the argument strategies of articles in local, national, and international journals have important differences. The main differences are the discussion sections in the international journals are much longer in word count and use much more references than the local and national journals do. Also, unlike international journal articles, the majority of local journals use an incomplete argument strategy while national journal articles use a semicomplete argument strategy. Yet another difference is that international journal authors tend to use non-integral citations more frequently while local and national journal authors prefer using integral citation types. The similarity among the three journal articles is that the majority of the authors tend to use present tense and past tense in their discussion section rather than present perfect tense and future tense. Keyword s: argument strategy, Research article, comparative rhetorical  study


We report experimental observation of the formation of phononic band structure in one-dimensional periodically and quasiperiodically based on the Fibonacci and Thue-Morse number sequences area modulated waveguide structures. The experimental results are compared to model calculations considering the interference of multiply reflected waves using a transfer matrix method formulation. It was found that both the scattering due to the changes in area causing an impedance discontinuity and also the radiation impedance acting at each area discontinuity must be considered to accurately model the experimental results. For the quasiperiodic structures, complicated transmission spectra are seen to result, characterized by wide acoustic pseudo-band-gaps interrupted by narrow defect modes around the center of the gap. © 2007 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2749483


The current acute inflammatory episodes result in increasingly marked lymphoedema. Treatment of such acute episodes begins by their prevention: reduction in weight, general hygiene, avoidance of standing for long periods, no exposure to heat, correction of static problems with the feet, treatment of inter-digital fungal infections. The treatment of acute inflammatory exacerbations involves a combination of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory agents, together with diuretics. Such treatment may be given intermittently, in order to prevent recurrences.


Recurrent parotitis of childhood is the second most common disease of salivary glands in children next to mumps. It is defined as recurrent parotid inflammation that is non-obstructive and non-suppurative. However, the aetiology and management of this disease remains controversial. We report a series of 5 children presenting with this condition who were investigated by ultrasonography and sialography. All of them were managed conservatively. The aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of this condition is reviewed. A management plan for this disease is formulated to prevent over-investigated and over-treated situations.


Modified Soluble Antigen Fluorescent Antibody (SAFA) test was employed to find its utility in laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis. A total number of 166 sera, 51 from patients of tuberculosis and remaining from control subjects were studied. Over eighty two percent of the 51 sera from patients of pulmonary tuberculosis were strong reactors; in addition 8.5% were weak reactors. Serologic reactivity was found unrelated to the extent or duration of disease. Out of 115 control subjects, only 2 were strong reactors; one of these was from a tuberculin positive child with pyrexia of unknown origin while the other was from a healthy blood donor who was lost to follow up. The high degree of specificity of the test seems to be attributable to use of Mycobacterial Saline Extract (M.S.E.) as the antigen and sensitivity to the test system used.


Depressive disorder is still a rising and important problem in the modern world, it affects about 15% of the population. Present forms of treatment are effective in about 70% and require monthly therapy which sometimes causes side effects. Last decade studies paid attention to theories different to monoaminergic and to neurodegenerative changes mainly in the limbic system of hippocampus. In this article authors show a relationship between calcium ions, glutaminergic transduction and disfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. They also take into account the activity of calcium dependent ATPase and its influence on overproduction of reactive oxygen species in the central neuron system (CNS). In the second part authors conclude that deregulation of calcium ions concentration in and out of cells and decreased activity of calcium dependent ATPase stimulate tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorilation. Mitochondria work faster and consume more oxygen. It correlates well with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (RFT). Above process results in neurons apoptosis and necrosis.


The Solar Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Monitor (SUSIM) instrument on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) has measured solar ultraviolet spectral-irradiance values since October 1991. The calibration and tracking methods are described. The intensity values have a precision of 1% at wavelengths longer than 200 nm. Short-term ultraviolet (UV) variability is correlated with other chromospheric indices at wavelengths shorter than 280 nm. At longer wavelengths, this correlation changes gradually into an anticorrelation. There exists a long-term solar-cycle component at all wavelengths, which seems to be independent of the rotational modulation. The variability in the integrated UV from 110 nm to 300 nm amounts to 33% of the variability in the total solar irradiance.


Weather events have a significant impact on airport performance and cause delayed operations if the airport capacity is constrained. We provide quantification of the individual airport performance with regards to an aggregated weather-performance metric. Specific weather phenomena are categorized by the air traffic management airport performance weather algorithm, which aims to quantify weather conditions at airports based on aviation routine meteorological reports. Our results are computed from a data set of 20.5 million European flights of 2013 and local weather data. A methodology is presented to evaluate the impact of weather events on the airport performance and to select the appropriate threshold for significant weather conditions. To provide an efficient method to capture the impact of weather, we modelled departing and arrival delays with probability distributions, which depend on airport size and meteorological impacts. These derived airport performance scores could be used in comprehensive air traffic network simulations to evaluate the network impact caused by weather induced local performance deterioration.


Ovarian ependymomas are extremely rare tumors of the ovary. We present a case of a 67-year-old lady presented to us with swelling in the right side of neck for 2 months followed by pelvic pain, lower abdominal distention, and weight loss for 1 month. Her coagulation profile, blood chemistry, lipid profile, and tumor markers were within normal limits. Neck Doppler ultrasonography revealed thrombus in the right internal jugular vein and CT scan of the abdomen showed bilateral ovarian masses. Patient was subjected to debulking surgery for suspected ovarian cancer and microscopy revealed a highly cellular tumor composed of small cells with hyperchromatic, round-to-oval nuclei with scanty cytoplasm, and perivascular pseudorosettes. Diagnosis was confirmed by immunophenotype showing strong positivity to glial fibrillary acidic protein, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptors. Patient was successfully managed with anticoagulants, adjuvant chemotherapy with BEP regimen, and letrozole. After ruling out other common conditions for thrombosis in this age group, this seems to be a paraneoplastic presentation of ovarian malignancy that preceded the diagnosis of ependymoma by 2 months. To the best of our knowledge this is the first case report in the world literature as "paraneoplastic internal jugular vein thrombosis leading to diagnosis of bilateral ovarian ependymoma."


D Abstract Cells from primary porcine hepatocytes (PPB) and the immortalized human hepatoma cell line C3A are both used in bioartificial liver support systems (BALSS). In this work the viability and metabolic capacity of PPH and C3A cells cultured in different media were compared. Also, because the cells come into direct or indirect contact with human blood components in BALSS, the effects of human complement on survival and functions of the cells was evaluated. For short-term culture, maintenance of PPH viability was essential for retention of P4501Al activity (r = 0.882, p < 0.01) and effective ammonia clearance (r = -0.791, p < 0.01). When cell viability was below 60% P4501Al activity could not be recorded and nitrogen elimination activity significantly diminished. In contrast to PPH, ammonia levels were markedly increased for C3A cells in all culture media tested (p < 0.01). Ammonia increase correlated with C3A viability (r = 0.896, p < 0.05). PPH metabolic function was superior to that of the C3A cell line when evaluated by P4501Al activity, ammonia removal, and amino acid metabolism. When PPH were incubated in human plasma (HP) or human serum (HS) there was rapid and irreversible deterioration of viability occurring within 9 h. This toxic effect could be prevented by the inactivation of complement. When sodium citrate dissolved in dextrose was added to medium, there was considerable damage to both PPH and the C3A cell line. However, there was no demonstrable toxic effect when hepatic cells of either type were exposed to heparin. We conclude that PPH cultivated in complementinactivated HP or HS are to be preferred to C3A for clinical application of BALSS, and that heparin should be preferred for anticoagulation in BALSS. © 1998 Elsevier Science Inc.


ABSTRACT This descriptive, cross-sectional study examined body dissatisfaction and coping strategies of postpartum women. Women (n = 256) registered at a family health center in Turkey responded to a Participant Information Form and the Body Cathexis Scale between September 1 and December 31, 2020. The data were evaluated using the analyses of percentage, number, mean, standard deviation, Kruskal Wallis test, Mann Whitney U, Pearson correlation analysis, and Bonferroni tests. Women's dissatisfaction related to body image perception were associated with loss of physical strength, weight gain, hair loss, insomnia, change of breast shape, waist/back pain, facial spots, shape change in genitals, decrease in sexual activity and sexual desire, cellulite in the legs, and constipation. Regarding coping strategies, 8.4% women rested during the day to cope with the decrease in physical strength/fatigue they experienced, 44.5% followed a diet to cope with weight gain, 14% used shampoos and creams to cope with hair loss, 25.2% rested during the day to cope with insomnia, 36.8% wore a compression bra for their breasts, 12.4% exercised for waist/back pain. Findings indicate that postpartum women's average Body Cathexis Scale total score was low and that they experienced several issues regarding body image perception during this period.


This edited volume emerged from a series of workshops and conferences organized by the Foundation for Psychocultural Research. The intention of the three editors was to bring together a wide-ranging group of experts in neuroscience, behavioral science, and anthropology who could commonly address the subject of traumatic experience in order to undertake a creative exchange and make "significant steps toward the integration of diverse models and levels of explanation." To achieve this goal, the book is divided into three sections. The first section focuses on neurobiological perspectives of trauma and is largely concerned with basic science and thus is likely to present the most significant challenge to readers without a biological orientation. Recognizing the tendency of basic science research to rapidly outdate itself, the editors state that "some of the material presented in this section will no longer be cutting edge by the time this book appears in print." The second section explores some clinical issues surrounding the treatment of traumatized individuals, with contributions from several notable figures in the world of traumatic stress studies. The focus of the third section is on cultural perspectives of trauma and the ways in which any comprehensive understanding of the subject must explore the cultural context and collective meaning—and memory—of any event. The contributors to this section are mainly anthropologists, who view the subject through the lens of their field experiences. Although the stated goal of the volume is one of integration, a multiauthored book makes this task a challenging one, so the editors attempt to


This cross-sectional study assessed beliefs about highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and their association with reported adherence to HAART among 109 HIV-positive patients receiving HAART while attending an ambulatory care clinic in Brighton, UK. Patients' beliefs about the necessity for and concerns about HAART and their adherence to it were assessed using validated questionnaires. There was considerable variation in beliefs and reported adherence. A quarter of participants reported low adherence to HAART and this was related to concerns about adverse effects as well as to the way in which each individual balanced concerns against perceptions of necessity. Patients were significantly more likely to report low adherence rates if their concerns were high relative to their perceptions of personal need for HAART. Patients with higher CD4 counts were significantly more likely to hold a view of HAART in which perceptions of necessity were higher relative to their concerns about adverse effects. CD4 was not related to reported adherence. A comparison of most recent viral load results between high and low adherence group identified differences in the predicted direction but these were not statistically significant. These preliminary findings suggest that patients' perceptions of HAART are important determinants of adherence with implications for future research and clinical practice.


Hierarchically ordered macro/mesoporous oxides and mixed oxides have been fabricated by adopting a dual-templating [poly(methyl methacrylate) colloidal microspheres and Pluronic P123] strategy and a wet ammonia gas infiltration–precipitation route to solidify metal precursors in situ. This is especially suitable for mixed oxides that can be prepared by a co-precipitation method using ammonia as the precipitation agent. The as-prepared Ce–Ti mixed oxides have a desirable homogeneous distribution of the components and exhibit excellent intrinsic activity for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 under an exceptionally high gas hourly space velocity of 500 000 mL g−1 h−1, which confirmed the contribution of the macropores to small-molecule reactions. Furthermore, hierarchically macro/mesoporous Mn, Cr, Ti, La, Y, Sn, Zn, Ni and Co oxides have been fabricated on a large-scale to illustrate the universal applicability of this method.


Software engineers build software systems in increasingly regulated environments, and must therefore ensure that software requirements accurately represent obligations described in laws and regulations. Prior research has shown that graduate-level software engineering students are not able to reliably determine whether software requirements meet or exceed their legal obligations and that professional software engineers are unable to accurately classify cross-references in legal texts. However, no research has determined whether software engineers are able to identify and classify important ambiguities in laws and regulations. Ambiguities in legal texts can make the difference between requirements compliance and non-compliance. Herein, we develop a ambiguity taxonomy based on software engineering, legal, and linguistic understandings of ambiguity. We examine how 17 technologists and policy analysts in a graduate-level course use this taxonomy to identify ambiguity in a legal text. We also examine the types of ambiguities they found and whether they believe those ambiguities should prevent software engineers from implementing software that complies with the legal text. Our research suggests that ambiguity is prevalent in legal texts. In 50 minutes of examination, participants in our case study identified on average 33.47 ambiguities in 104 lines of legal text using our ambiguity taxonomy as a guideline. Our analysis suggests (a) that participants used the taxonomy as intended: as a guide and (b) that the taxonomy provides adequate coverage (97.5%) of the ambiguities found in the legal text.


With the increasing popularity of fingerprint identification technology, its security and privacy have been paid much attention. Only the security and privacy of biological information are insured, the biological technology can be better accepted and used by the public. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum bit (qbit)-based scheme to solve the security and privacy problem existing in the traditional fingerprint identification system. By exploiting the properties of quantm mechanics, our proposed scheme, cancelable remote quantum fingerprint templates protection scheme, can achieve the unconditional security guaranteed in an information-theoretical sense. Moreover, this novel quantum scheme can invalidate most of the attacks aimed at the fingerprint identification system. In addition, the proposed scheme is applicable to the requirement of remote communication with no need to worry about its security and privacy during the transmission. This is an absolute advantage when comparing with other traditional methods. Security analysis shows that the proposed scheme can effectively ensure the communication security and the privacy of users' information for the fingerprint identification.


INTRODUCTION
Medication order errors are frequent in Denmark. It is necessary to know the reasons why these errors happen to be able to implement initiatives limiting medication order errors.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this study we analyzed 811 medications order errors, which were reported as unintended events.

RESULTS
The medication order errors were associated with at total of 98 medicinal product; hence nine medicinal products caused 18 errors with severe or catastrophic harm to patients. 46.0% of the errors were incorrect medicinal product, 47.7% were incorrect dosage and 6.3% of the orders were double ordering. Penicillin and warfarin were the most frequently involved medicinal products. The products that most frequently caused severe or catastrophic patient harm were insulin and warfarin. The most frequent errors were "no medicinal product prescribed" and "incorrect medicinal product". The errors with the most severe consequences for the patients were due to "medication was not discontinued" (sevoflurane and warfarin) and "poor patient compliance" (warfarin and insulin). A common feature concerning the errors' origin was incorrect handling of information.

CONCLUSION
Specific initiatives should be taken to counter the above-mentioned problems and reduce the occurrence of medication order errors. Such measures may comprise control, medication reconciliation and imposition of clinical decision support.


from the structural and political processes that produce poverty. The book's nine chapters address a diverse array of topics and spatial metaphors. One of the thought-provoking chapters discusses the difference between studying ''the street'' and using a ''street-level lens'' to better understand wider social structures in ethnography. In contrast to the former's approach that emphasizes the ''problematic'' and ''deviant'' side of street corner society, Crossley proposes an alternative approach, which sheds light on the everyday experiences of residents who live in disadvantaged areas and the public policies that influence and exert pressures on them. Another interesting chapter elaborates how images of ''sofas of despair'' and flat-screen TVs in the front room, the redundant kitchen, the gendered and undisciplined bedroom, and the dirty bathroom become stigmatizing representations and fantasies about domestic spaces of families living in poverty. Crossley concludes by suggesting that instead of focusing on the ''underclass'' and disadvantaged neighborhoods, attention should be reoriented to power groups, ''interrogating the spaces where they live and where they make decisions that affect the structure and stratification of society'' (p. 114). In Their Place is an insightful book featuring timely and substantively important issues regarding class in the United Kingdom with relevance to the United States. This book will appeal to a broad audience of scholars, policy-makers, urban planners, and social activists.


Autophagy is a conserved system for the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles. During insulin resistance, in which insulin secretion is enhanced and β-cell mass is increased owing to changes in the expression and function of various proteins in pancreatic β-cells, autophagic activity appears to also be enhanced to adapt to the dynamic changes occurring in β-cells. Indeed, defective autophagy in β-cells recapitulates several features that are observed in islets during the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition, the dyregulation of autophagic activity appears to occur in the β-cells of type 2 diabetic model mice and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. These lines of evidence suggest that autophagic failure may be implicated in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarized the recent findings regarding how autophagy in β-cells is regulated and how dysfunction of the autophagic machinery may lead to the dysfunction of β-cells.