Background : Congenital anomalies involve changes that may occur in the central nervous system during the period from gestation until birth. The present study reports a case of cranioschisis and anencephaly in a dog and aims to discuss the possible etiologies of these malformations in dogs. Case: A pinscher bitch was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Muriae - MG, for routine consultation and gestational diagnosis, which was carried out by ultrasound on the 39th day. Routine care was extended until delivery, and clinical and complementary examinations were performed to assess the health of the female dog and that of the fetuses. Vital parameters and morphological characteristics showed that all fetuses had present cardiac activity, correctly formed bone skeleton, definition of the head, trunk and limbs, presence of fetal movements, definition of the hepatic region and hepatic parenchyma typically hypoechoic, hyperechoic pulmonary parenchyma, and visualization of the stomach and bladder. The delivery lasted two hours, and three female puppies were born. A macroscopically significant cranial alteration was observed in the second pup; it was located in the middle line of the skull unprotected by skin. The placenta was dark in color. The puppy's respiratory activity was present, but with dyspnea, body movements were limited and presented hypothermia. In the first 24 h, the female puppy was fed homemade milk compound through a syringe because of difficulty in performing the suction movement. Delay in urination and defecation were also observed in relation to the other neonates. Before completing the first 48 hours of birth, this newborn died, and his cadaver was submitted for necropsy. The necropsy procedure identified the presence of acrania (partial absence of the bones of the skull), aplasia of the skin of the eyes, meningoencephalocele demonstrating that the meningeal formed an external pocket, and partial anencephaly and exencephaly (brain outside the cranial cavity). Subsequently, organ samples were sent for evaluation by means of qualitative PCR for canine herpesvirus and the result was negative. Discussion : Anencephaly is a result of erroneous closure of the neural sulcus, causing partial formation or no formation of the brain. The etiology ranges from environmental factors or teratogenic effects such as radiation, viruses, toxic substances, maternal diseases, maternal genotype, enzymatic activity, and fetal susceptibility. CaHV-1 type 1 canine herpesvirus has been reported to cause abortion, fetal mummification, stillbirth, the birth of weak pups, or neonatal death. The anomalies involving cranial and encephalic malformation have a multifactorial etiology, which made it difficult to identify the actual cause that led the pup to present the reported characteristics. Despite the negative result of the PCR test, Canine herpesvirus (CaHV-1 type 1), as well as the use of some drugs during pregnancy, are major causes of this disease.


Given that approximately half of Internet users use Facebook to access news, it is no surprise that social media are increasingly seen as a viable source of political information. Despite the fact that the average social media user only clicks on a small fraction of political content available in their News Feed, social media use correlates with political knowledge. From where, then, does this knowledge come? We argue that Facebook's News Feed itself, with its short article previews, provides enough political information for learning to occur. However, this learning comes with an additional consequence: audiences who only read article previews think they know more than they actually do, especially individuals who are motivated to seek emotions. While we are agnostic to the normative implications of such overconfidence, it is worth noting that similar behaviors are associated with political efficacy, knowledge, and participation.


Long-term results of treatment of colorectal cancer versus levels of 17-ketosteroids, 17-ketogenic steroids, adrenaline and norepinephrine in diurnal urine were evaluated in 116 patients. Normal or slightly elevated urine-corticosteroid and catecholamine levels were shown to correlate with good prognosis, particularly, in cases with normal excretion of all (or almost all) hormones studied and their normal ratios.


1.1 General features of the C4 cycle All plants use the Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction (PCR or Calvin-Benson) cycle for CO2 fixation in which Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) catalyzes the first step producing a three-carbon compound, phosphoglycerate (3-PGA). For this reason this process is referred to as the C3 cycle. Plants utilizing this pathway are often named as C3 species. A major problem with the C3 cycle is that the enzyme Rubisco catalyzes two competing reactions: carboxylation and oxygenation (Portis & Parry, 2007). The oxygenation reaction directs the flow of carbon through the photorespiratory pathway, and this can result in losses of between 25% and 30% of the carbon fixed. Environmental variables such as high temperature and drought can result in an increase in the oxygenase reaction. Therefore, reducing the Rubisco oxygenase reaction has the potential to increase carbon assimilation significantly and would represent a step change in photosynthesis (up to 100% depending on temperature; Long et al., 2006). The C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation of the C3 pathway that overcomes the limitation of the photorespiration, improving photosynthetic efficiency and minimizing the water loss in hot, dry environments (Edwards & Walker, 1983). Generally, C4 species originate from warmer climates than C3 species (Sage & Monson, 1999). Most C4 plants are native to the tropics and warm temperate zones with high light intensity and high temperature. Under these conditions, C4 plants exhibit higher photosynthetic and growth rates due to gains in the water, carbon and nitrogen efficiency uses. Indeed, the highest known productivity in natural vegetation is for a C4 perennial grass in the central Amazon, which achieves a net production of 100 t (dry matter) ha-1 year-1 (Piedade et al., 1991; Long, 1999). Some of the world ́s most productive crops and pasture, such as maize (Zea mays), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), amaranth, paspalums (Paspalum notatum and P. urvillei), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) are C4 plants. In addition, the most troublesome weeds like nutgrass, crabgrass and barnyard, are also C4 species. Although C4 plants represent only a small portion of the world ́s plant species, accounting for only 3 % of the vascular plants, they contribute about 20% to the global primary productivity because of highly productive C4grass-lands (Ehleringer et al., 1997). Approximately half of the ̃10,000 grass and sedge species have C4 photosynthesis, but fewer than 2,000 of the dicotyledonous species exhibit


This clinical report describes a digital workflow using an intraoral digital impression and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) volumetric data to create a three-dimensional (3D) virtual model of the dentition, defect area, and soft and hard tissue of a patient who had undergone a hemimaxillectomy. Stereolithography (SLA) 3D printing technology was used to produce a resin mold, from which an obturator prosthesis was fabricated through a conventional technique.


ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this systematic review was to explore the effectiveness of various systemic corticosteroid (SCS) regimens to mitigate relapse in children with asthma discharged from an acute care setting. Data Sources: Medline, EMBASE, Global Health, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, EMB ALL, CINAHL, SCOPUS, Proquest Dissertations and Theses Global, and LILACS were searched using controlled vocabulary and key words. Additional citations were searched via clinical trial registries, Google Scholar, bibliographies, a SCOPUS forward search of a sentinel paper, and hand searching conference abstracts. Study Selection: No limitations based on language, publication status, or year of publication were applied. Two independent reviewers searched to identify randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of SCS regimens to prevent relapse in children following treatment for acute asthma. Results: Fifteen studies were included. In 3 studies comparing SCS to placebo, asthma relapse was significantly reduced (RR = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.77; I2 = 0%). A network analysis identified a significant reduction in relapse in children treated with intramuscular corticosteroids (OR = 0.038; 95% CrI: 0.001, 0.397), short-course oral prednisone (OR = 0.054; 95% CrI: 0.002, 0.451), and oral dexamethasone (OR = 0.071; 95% CrI: 0.002, 0.733) compared to placebo. Conclusion: This review found evidence that SCS reduces relapse in children following treatment for acute asthma, albeit based on a limited number of studies. Additional studies are required to assess the differential effect of SCS doses and treatment duration to prevent relapse in children following discharge for acute asthma.


Existing indices of power quality (PQ) have been used to assess the power quality, however these indices are usually isolated and lack of direct relation to the economic losses of customers. This paper presents a new method for economic assessment of PQ based on energy space. The method not only has relation to existing national PQ standards, but from the energy-consuming angle, the deviation of energy consumption is reflected directly between under actual voltage and under norm voltage. Synthetic PQ assessment is performed from a more macroscopic standpoint and the indices is helpful to quantitatively analyze the effects on customers caused by PQ deviation.


This study aims to explore various psychosocial correlates associated with how Chinese react to death and dying. A total of 282 Chinese college students participated in this study. They completed the Death Anxiety Scale, the Revised Death Anxiety Scale, and the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale, as well as measures on self-efficacy and health locus of control. Results showed that younger as compared with older participants and women as compared with men tended to be more death anxious.Those with low levels of self-efficacy and external health control orientations were more likely to report a high level of death anxiety. Only a weak association was found between internal health locus of control and fear of conscious death. Limitations of the study were also discussed.


This article reports a headspace gas chromatography (GC) method for the determination of the residual monomer in a methyl methacrylate polymer latex or emulsion. Because of the multiphase nature of a polymer latex, the level of the residual monomer cannot be quantified by headspace GC on the basis of its vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) without significant thermodynamic assumptions. With a significant dilution of a polymer latex sample followed by vapor–liquid equilibration at an elevated temperature, the monomer droplets are completely dissolved in the aqueous phase, and monomer absorption in the polymer particles can be minimized. Thus, VLE is established in the diluted latex, and a linear relationship between the monomer concentration in the vapor and aqueous phases can be obtained. This technique eliminates sample pretreatment procedures such as solvent extraction in the conventional GC method, and it avoids the risk of polymer deposition on the GC column caused by a direct injection of a monomer-containing solvent. It also eliminates the possibility of solvent interference in the conventional GC monomer analysis. This method is simple, accurate, and automated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 392–397, 2006


Benefit receipt in major household surveys is often underreported. This understatement has major implications for our understanding of the economic circumstances of disadvantaged populations and the distributional effects of government programs. This paper examines underreporting of food stamps by combining administrative microdata for the Food Stamp Program (FSP) and nationally representative survey data. We provide a new econometric method for estimating the determinants of reporting that uses two data sources with overlapping demographic characteristics rather than requiring matched individual data. This method compares the characteristics of those who report receipt in the survey to the characteristics of recipients in the administrative data to determine the influence of those characteristics on reporting. Our estimates using this two sample estimation procedure indicate that observable characteristics are related to underreporting. We then show how these results can be used to correct for underreporting bias in studies of FSP participation or the distributional effects of the FSP. Our results also have implications for studies that use FSP receipt as an explanatory variable.


Hyperthyroidism can occur secondary to gestational trophoblastic disease. The clinical and biochemical data of four women who had hyperthyroidism secondary to gestational trophoblastic disease was analyzed. The parity ranged from primi to gravida four and the period of amenorrhoea from six weeks to sixteen weeks. Three women had vomiting, two had bleeding per vaginum and two had tachycardia and minimal thyromegaly. The betahCG was more than 5,00,000 mlu/ml in all the cases. Three women required treatment for the hypermetabolic status and one woman had biochemical hyperthyroidism. Two of them had molar pregnancy, one had partial mole and one had persistent trophoblastic disease.


This thesis examines the idea of immanent ethics as it appears in the work of Gilles Deleuze by mapping its emergence in his most relevant works (including those coauthored with Felix Guattari). My analysis adopts an innovative perspective: it suggests that Deleuze's ethical imperative can be best understood in terms of overcoming the illusions of conscious agency. My argument is organised around two particular illusions that are normally held to relate to the supposed primacy of consciousness – that of free will and that of value. I demonstrate that, for Deleuze, overcoming these illusions can be achieved by becoming attuned to the immanent organising principle of reality, which can, in a human sense, be called the unconscious. It is the unconscious forces that constitute effective agency, while the conscious self is capable of activity only insofar as it is able to express and restructure the unconscious forces which constitute the possibility of its activity. From this perspective, I trace the trajectory of Deleuze's thought from his work on Spinoza and Nietzsche, where he conceptualises immanent ethics through idiosyncratic readings of these philosophers, to his co-authored work with Guattari, Anti-Oedipus, where a new account of the ethics of immanence is presented. This ethical approach takes the form of a materialist psychiatric practice called schizoanalysis. By examining the development of Deleuze's immanent ethics, I seek to isolate and clarify its main conceptual elements. I show how schizoanalysis both embraces and diverges from Deleuze's readings of Spinoza and Nietzsche, and suggest that its aim is that of dismantling normalised subjectivity to produce new thoughts, feelings and desires. Such a dismantling is the precondition for any future articulation of a genuinely immanent ethics.


The purpose of this study is to find the differences of the effect of motivation factors and hygiene factors on research performance of Foundation University members in Turkey on the number of articles published in Science Citation Index and Social Science Citation Index. The study was conducted on 150 academics in a Turkish Foundation University. The following results are obtained from the study: i) The perception of academics on the effect of hygiene factors which include salary, job security, company policy-administration, supervision, interpersonal relations, status and working conditions on research performance is positive except status, ii) The perception of academics on the effect of motivators which include the possibility of growth, work itself, responsibility, achievement, advancement and recognition on research performance is positive.


NONLINEAR ELASTIC AND VISCOELASTIC 1–D STRESS – DISPLACEMENT WAVE PROPAGATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS Two separate sets of nonlinear 3–D constitutive relations are modeled in terms of (1) elastic strain invariants and (2) viscoelastic strain and strain rate invariants each assembled in their own multi-dimensional Maclaurin series. Characterization of material properties is formulated and evaluated. Fundamental difficulties associated with the nature of the nonlinear functions defining the stress-strain relations are examined. Several protocols for joint analytical and experimental viscoelastic material characterization and wave motion analyses are presented. As an illustrative problem, the 1–D wave propagation phenomenon is studied in detail. It is shown that the wave front velocities in linear elasticity and viscoelasticity are invariant with respect to the magnitude and character of the forcing function. In nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic media, the specific characteristics of the constitutive relation nonlinearities also do not influence the wave front velocity, but impact stresses and strains. Both must be evaluated on a case by case basis for each specific material properties and impact load-time functions. The nonlinear analyses are carried out using Poincare's successive approximation method (SAM). The use of SAM successively leads to linear elastic PDEs and to linear viscoelastic IPDEs respectively for each and every unknown approximation term of the stress and displace- ment wave series as well as the series representing the propagation velocity. The influences of the impact force loading pattern and of the nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic contributions on responding wave motions and wave front velocities and amplitudes are analyzed and evaluated. In particular, both the classical and distributed Dirac delta function impact loads are analyzed in detail and found to be incompatible models compared to the real world in certain areas in both linear and nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic media. An actual impact force pattern is then modeled and analyzed in the same medium and it was found to also work well with the SAM.


The aim of this study was to determine the oxidative/nitrosative stress, leptin and progesterone concentrations in pregnant and non-pregnant Abaza goats after synchronization with controlled internal drug release (CIDR) during the breeding season. For this purpose, 40 clinically healthy Abaza goats, aged 2-4 years, were intravaginally exposed to CIDR on day 0, and injected with equine chorionic gonadotropin and prostaglandin F2α on day 9 of the experiment. CIDR was removed on day 11. At the end of the experiment, they were monitored for estrus and exposed to fertile males for mating. Blood samples were collected 8 days before synchronization, then on days 0, 11 of CIDR insertion and on mating day. A pregnancy diagnosis was conducted using transrectal ultrasonography 30 day after mating. The blood serum from 40 goats (30 pregnant + 10 non-pregnant) was used for biochemical analyses. Malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total oxidant capacity (TOC), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activities were significantly higher on mating day in pregnant goats compared to non-pregnant goats (P<0.05). The eNOS activity and TOC concentrations were significantly higher on day 11 in pregnant goats compared to non-pregnant goats (P<0.001). Serum P4 concentration increased in pregnant group on day 11 and decreased all groups on mating day than day -8, day 0 and day 11 (P<0.001). In conclusion, the administration of CIDR to Abaza goats exacerbated oxidative and nitrosative stress.


A new quasi-Newton multi-user constant modulus algorithm (QN-MUCMA) for mitigation of intersymbol interference (ISI) and cochannel interference (CCI) in multi-user communications is introduced. Compared with the conventional constant modulus algorithm with decorrelation cost, the proposed algorithm achieves fast convergence by the exploitation of Hessian information within the weight update equation. Simulations support the improved convergence properties of the algorithm.


[Objective] The study aimed to analyze the distributions characters of Pb,Zn and Cd in pollution soil profiles around waste residue and zinc smelting areas.[Method] Each point was selected to make the stratified sampling at the waste land and the cultivated land near the waste land,3 samples were selected at different position of the same deep of every profile,the external soil method was used to make reclamation.10 treatments was designed in the waste land to make the simulation experiment on transference of heavy metals in waste residue and research the migration law of Pb,Zn,Cd in the waste residue.[Result] Pb, Zn,Cd in waste residue surface were 3 453,5 678,23 mg/kg,respectively,and the heavy metals content was basically identical on the waste residue profile.The Pb,Zn,Cd in surface soil near the smelting area were 325,523,9.6 mg/kg and the polluted heavy metals transferred downwards gradually,the waste residue heavy metals didn't transfer obviously to upper soil.Pb had not obvious transference scarcely to subsoil,but Zn and Cd transferred obviously to subsoil and the transference of Cd was biggest.[Conclusion] The alkali lime isolation layer could effectively control the transference of heavy metals in waste residue to subsoil.


The paper provides a comprehensive procedure for the mechanical and magnetic design of Langevin transducer based on giant magnetostrictive material. The the transducer is designed to work at its second mode of vibration, having high mechanical quality factor and low damping coefficient. The design procedure is based on an analytical model and it is verified by finite-element analysis. Experimental tests based on impedance response analysis in first and second modes are carried out on the prototype. Results confirm the appropriate design of this transducer, demonstrating the highest mechanical quality factor between the resonant transducers in the literature.


ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to investigate how linguistic information influences attention allocation in visual search and memory for words. In Experiment 1, participants searched for the synonym of a cue word among five words. The distractors included one antonym and three unrelated words. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to judge whether the five words presented on the screen comprise a valid sentence. The relationships among words were sentential, semantically related or unrelated. A memory recognition task followed. Results in both experiments showed that linguistically related words produced better memory performance. We also found that there were significant interactions between linguistic relation conditions and memorization on eye-movement measures, indicating that good memory for words relied on frequent and long fixations during search in the unrelated condition but to a much lesser extent in linguistically related conditions. We conclude that semantic and syntactic associations attenuate the link between overt attention allocation and subsequent memory performance, suggesting that linguistic relatedness can somewhat compensate for a relative lack of attention during word search.


Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease caused by heredity or environment. According to Riskesdas, 2018 states that based on a doctor's diagnosis, the number of diabetes mellitus cases in Indonesia has increased to 2% compared to the results of Rikesdas in 2013 which was only 1.5%. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between blood glucose, cholesterol and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic ulcers. The research design used was cross sectional. The research sample was 30 patients with diabetes mellitus with diabetic ulcers at Wonoayu Luka House. This research was conducted from February to March 2021. The results showed that there was no relationship between blood glucose and cholesterol with blood pressure (r=0.043, r=-0.199) after the Pearson correlation test was performed.


OBJECTIVES Anticipatory postural adjustments (APA) are used by humans to counteract the perturbation caused by the initiation of walking. Many previous studies have shown that APA can be improved through sensorimotor interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of sensorimotor intervention strategies for improving APA in the elderly.METHODS 20 healthy elderly participants were recruited and divided into two groups according to the diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia. Sensorimotor synchronization training (SMSt) utilizing auditory signals was used as intervention to improve the APA. APA was measured during the performance of lifting the foot and narrow walking tasks to compare the continuity of movement, and walking speed was measured to assess task performance. In order to compare the change of APA, we compared the displacement of center of pressure (COP) and torque before the movement occurred.RESULTS The results showed that the inter limb transfer effect was observed in all tasks. Although no difference between the group was observed in the foot raising task, there were significant increase in the foot speed, the magnitude and torque of the APA. Such changes are considered as a strategy for offsetting an increased perturbation of the faster foot after SMSt. Unlike the raising foot task, different aspects were observed in the narrow stride walking task. In the narrow stride walking task, although the foot speed increased, there was no increase in the magnitude and torque of APA. Furthermore, the group with low muscle function showed a decrease in static.CONCLUSIONS The differences in the continuity of motor tasks observed in this study support the hypothesis that SMSt can enhance motor control and improve postural function.


Cerebral phaeohyphomycosis caused by Ramichloridium mackenziei is universally fatal. All reported cases with long-term follow-up have indicated 100% mortality despite antifungal therapy and surgical intervention. We describe the case of a 62-year-old patient who underwent renal transplantation and had a cerebral abscess caused by R. mackenziei. The infection progressed despite surgical evacuation and therapy with liposomal amphotericin B, itraconazole, and 5-flucytosine. The patient was subsequently treated with the investigational triazole posaconazole oral suspension, 800 mg/day, in divided doses. Treatment with posaconazole resulted in progressive clinical and radiologic improvement. The patient is alive four years after diagnosis and maintained on posaconazole therapy. This case supports the potential role of this extended-spectrum azole in the treatment of this serious fungal infection of the central nervous system.


A regression kink design (RKD or RK design) can be used to identify casual effects in settings where the regressor of interest is a kinked function of an assignment variable. In this paper, we apply an RKD approach to study the effect of unemployment benefits on the duration of joblessness in Austria, and discuss implementation issues that may arise in similar settings, including the use of bandwidth selection algorithms and bias-correction procedures. Although recent developments in nonparametric estimation (e.g. Imbens and Kalyanaraman (2012) and Calonico et al. (2014)) are sometimes interpreted by practitioners as pointing to a default estimation procedure, we show that in any given application different procedures may perform better or worse. In particular, Monte Carlo simulations based on data generating processes that closely resemble the data from our application show that some asymptotically dominant procedures may actually perform worse than "sub-optimal" alternatives in a given empirical application. 1We thank Sebastian Calonico, Matias Cattaneo, Pauline Leung, Tim Moore, two anonymous referees, and seminar participants at CUFE, Econometric Society China Meeting, Hanyang, Tsinghua and Sichuan University for helpful comments. Suejin Lee provided outstanding research assistance.


In her vital 2003 work, Imagine Otherwise , Kandace Chuh argues for an intervention in Asian American studies using a transnational analytic. As globalization increases in the twenty-first century, the continued movement of peoples, capital, and cultures across the Pacific Rim in myriad forms ranging from traditional immigration to new global digital networks demonstrates the importance of continuing the use of a transnational paradigm in Asian American studies. Moreover, within this specifically transpacific framework, this study specifically focuses on the role of visual culture, in the form of the global circulation of film and film images. As Stuart Hall and Paul Gilroy have argued for African American cultural identity, it is within this global circuit of film that minority communities and individuals have constructed their myriad cultural identities. Thus, this study considers the ways in which Asian American minority subjects interact within this transpacific network of global circulation of film. In other words, this project sits squarely at this intersection of these three theoretical strands: the transpacific, the role of visual culture, and the creation of an Asian American identity. Specifically, this study explores the various ways in which different works film and literature articulate both the realities and possibilities of new transpacific identities constructed within this web of global economic, political, and cultural exchanges. Moreover, in thinking about the role of movies and film is to also think about the distance between the spectacular nature of filmic imagery and the everyday lived reality of minority subjects. Furthermore, filmic imagery, especially the Hollywood film product that is the subject of this study, is often highly ideological, offering imagery and representations that both reflect and establish white hegemonic power and control. To this end, the novels of Jessica Hagedorn, Dogeaters , The Gangster of Love , and Dream Jungle serve to establish a paradigm for the relationship between film and its spectacular nature and the individual living in her quotidian reality. Thus, the different works in this study offer different ways in which individual identities are created both because of, and often in spite of, the spectacular constructions of Asians and Asian Americans.


Milk has been studied extensively and has gained wide acceptance as a suitable storage medium capable of maintenance of avulsed teeth that cannot be replanted immediately. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the renewal of milk as a storage medium every 24 h for up to 120 h is able to increase its ability to maintain human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) viability in vitro. Plates with confluent PDLF were soaked in minimum essential medium (MEM) at 37°C (positive control) and in skimmed milk (22 wells) and water (negative control) for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h at 5 and 20°C. The skimmed milk was renewed every 24 h in 11 of the wells of each plate. After these periods, cell viability was determined by the tetrazolium salt-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Scheffé tests (α = 5%). At 24 h, milk and MEM performed similarly. However, from 48 h onwards, MEM was significantly better than renewed and not renewed milk at both temperatures. Regardless of temperature (5 or 20°C), renewal of milk with fresh milk did not affect its ability to maintain PDLF viability.


Modern art developed comparatively late in the eastern Baltic, with a variety of meanings, political purposes, and national references different from those to be found elsewhere in Europe and the Americas. Shaped by specific historical events and determined by distinctive local interests, Baltic modern architecture and art of the early twentieth century was charged with a national mission to reflect the political aspirations of the emergent new states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. The present article investigates this charged nationalism within the modern art in the Baltic by focusing on the function of architecture in the newly established republics of Lithuania and Estonia during the years following World War I. The comprehension of the creative ways in which Baltic modern architecture was simultaneously employed domestically to articulate a national self-image and implemented internationally to signal democratic and republican progress might serve as a model with which to probe more penetratingly the roles of modern art generally, as well as to provide a new perspective from which to assess national narratives.


Context. The penumbra of sunspots has a complex magnetic field topology whose three-dimensional organization remains unclear after more than a century of investigation. Aims. I derive a geometrical model of the penumbral magnetic field topology from an uncombed inversion setup designed to reproduce the net circular polarization (NCP) of simultaneous spectra in near-infrared (IR; 1.56 μm) and visible (VIS; 630 nm) spectral lines. Methods. I inverted the co-spatial spectra of five photospheric lines with a model that mimicked vertically interlaced magnetic fields with two distinct components, labeled background field and flow channels because of their characteristic properties (flow velocity, field inclination). The flow channels were modeled as a perturbation of the constant background field with a Gaussian shape using the SIRGAUS code. The location and extension of the Gaussian perturbation in the optical depth scale retrieved by the inversion code were then converted to a geometrical height scale. By estimating the geometrical size of the flow channels, I investigated the relative amount of magnetic flux in the flow channels and the background field atmosphere. Results. The uncombed model is able to reproduce the NCP well on the limb side of the spot and less successfully on the center side; the VIS lines are better reproduced than the near-IR lines. I find that the Evershed flow happens along nearly horizontal field lines close to the solar surface given by optical depth unity. The magnetic flux that is related to the flow channels constitutes about 20-50% of the total magnetic flux in the penumbra. Conclusions. The gradients that can be produced by a Gaussian perturbation are too small for a perfect reproduction of the NCP in the IR lines with their small formation height range, where a step function seems to be required. Two peculiarities of the observed NCP, a sign change in the NCP of the VIS lines on the center side and a ring structure around the umbra with opposite signs of the NCP in the Ti I line at 630.37 nm and the Fe I line at 1565.2 nm, deserve closer attention in future modeling attempts. The large fraction of magnetic flux related to the flow channel component could suffice to replenish the penumbral radiative losses in the flux tube picture.


Evidence indicates that whole-grain food consumption reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, type-2 diabetes, and some cancers. Increasing whole-grain consumption in developing countries is likely to significantly benefit the health of the population. However, there is very limited information on consumer whole-grain knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors in developing countries. An online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1000 South African consumers with sufficient income to make food purchase choices and who were generally representative in terms of gender, age, and ethnicity. Most respondents (64%) were confident of their whole-grain knowledge. However, 60% of all participants selected incorrect definitions of whole grains. Whilst most correctly identified common cereals as whole grains, at most 50% of participants correctly identified common whole-grain foods. Also, whilst most (67%) thought that they were consuming enough whole grains, the majority (62%) underestimated the recommended level of consumption. Furthermore, respondent knowledge regarding whole-grain food attributes and the health benefits of whole-grain consumption was generally poor. Clearly, consumer-focused strategies are needed in developing countries to increase whole-grain food consumption to help the broader population achieve a healthy and sustainable diet. Actions proposed include: simple-to-understand information on whole-grain content relative to recommendations on food product labels, the provision of whole-grain foods in school nutrition schemes, and coordinated social and behavior change communication initiatives.


This article reviews the literature pertinent to the "drug lag" issue, in order to evaluate the evidence underlying the thesis that the U.S. has suffered from a slowdown in the rate and timing of new drug introductions, to the detriment of patients, because of the stricter requirements since 1962 regarding proof of safety and efficacy for new drugs. Comparing the post-1962 record in the U.S. with (a) the U.S. record before 1962 and (b) the post-1962 record in other, mainly Western European, countries, the weight of evidence and argument falls on the side of those who see a lag existing in the U.S. Other evidence, more subjective, supports the view that this lag imposes net positive costs on U.S. patients. However, it is not clear that the 1962 Drug Act is the sole, or even the main, cause of the lag. Instead, the drug information system and its inefficiencies emerge as the fundamental reason for the existence of a lag; hence, changes in the administration of the law by the Food and Drug Administration and greater efficiency by companies in supporting New Drug Applications can help close the gap, but probably only in minor degree. The solution to the lag problem lies in formulating and implementing a drug information system that quickly and accurately gathers, interprets, and disseminates information on the positive and negative effects of newly introduced drugs; with such a system, protection of drug users from undue risk is compatible with a greater rate and more rapid appearance of new drug discoveries.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
To evaluate short- and long-term outcomes in the surgical treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer

METHODOLOGY
Between 1984 and 1999 we observed 26 patients with secondary liver localization (25 metachronous) from breast cancer. The median disease-free interval was 70 months (4-136). Median age at the time of liver surgery was 56 years (36-76). The 18 patients included: 1 patient at stage 1, 10 at IIA, 6 stage II B and 1 patient at stage IV. Seven patients were found to have axillary lymph nodes metastases. Fifteen patients had infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 2 a lobular carcinoma and 1 patient a mixed-component carcinoma. The grading was G3 in 10 and G2 in 8 patients. Regarding the recettorial status, 5 patients were ER+ PR-, 8 patients were ER+PR-, 4 patients were ER-PR-. In 9 cases the patients underwent adjuvant chemotherapy (5 of them following postoperative radiotherapy) and in 14 cases Tamoxifen was used. Surgery was conservative in 13 cases and demolitive in 5 cases.

RESULTS
The follow-up (3-70 months) was completed in 15 patients out of 18 observed cases. Nine patients died; six patients are still living, 4 of them "disease-free", 2 having advanced metastatic disease, in treatment. There was neither long-term or perioperative major morbidity nor mortality in our group. The overall 5-year-survival was 25% in patients whose liver metastases developed within 3 years after breast surgery compared with 40% in those ones with metastatic disease diagnosed more than 3 years after.

CONCLUSIONS
Surgery of liver metastases from breast cancer can be performed with low morbidity and mortality in selected patients.


Zircon and rutile in two garnet-bearing mafic granulite xenoliths from a kimberlite in the Archean Slave province record Proterozoic ages similar to the 1.27 Ga Mackenzie dike swarm or similar to the ca. 2.23–2.21 Ga Malley-McKay diabase dike swarms. The xenolith sample site currently overlies thick lithosphere, more than 700 km to the southeast of the proposed Mackenzie plume center. Because lower crust was effectively shielded from the thermal effects of an upwelling plume by thick lithospheric mantle, heat was most likely advected into the lower crust by lateral intrusion of mafic sills over distances of hundreds of kilometres from magma generation zones nearer the plume center.


The effects of cimetidine and phenobarbitone on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity were studied in Long Evans Norwegian strain rats of either sexes. Orally administration of paracetamol 150 mg/ kg body weight for 21 days. On 22nd days after treatment there was significant increase of serum Alanine transaminase (AST), Aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (Alk. phos) level. Orally administration of phenobarbitone 20 mg/kg b.w. along with paracetamol produced highly significant rise of serum ALT, AST and Alk. phos, levels as compared to the paracetamol treated group. But simultaneous administration of paracetamol and cimetidine produced significant decrease of serum ALT, AST and Alk. phos.level. When phenobarbitone is used concurrently with paracetamol, induced hepatic microsomal enzyme system which in turn aggravates the paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity but when cimetidine was administered simultaneously with paracetamol inhibited hepatic microsomal enzyme system and exhibits a protective role on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. The experiment was designed to demonstrate the effect of paracetamol on hepatotoxicity and its prevention by simultaneous administration of cimetidine. Further experiment was also designed to demonstrate the induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme system (HMES) by phenobarbitone on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. DOI: 10.3329/bjpp.v23i1.5725 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2007; 23(1&2) : 13-15


Comparative judgement, which is seminal to any kind of science performing measurements, has been applied to clinical reasoning for many centuries. The need for systematizing the observational methods used in medicine in order to draw more reliable inferences about the effects of therapies has been active all along the 19th century. This has resulted in controlled studies which yielded important advances in clinical and therapeutic knowledge, although their designs were not fully satisfactory. Clinical trials have gained their status of "hard science", methodology allowing causal inference, by the end of the 1940s after having adopted the statistical theories developed in the 1930s by Fisher for experimental design in agronomy. A long way has been run since the first controlled randomized trial. However, half a century later, modern clinical trial remains essentially a controlled randomized prospective study using methods to limit potential biases and to establish statistical significance.


This paper presents a double layered secure data transfer technique using Cryptography and Audio Steganography for mobile network. Firstly, the characters of secret text message are converted to bit values and are encrypted by XOR operation using a Symmetric key. Then using a secret key-box, it is again scrambled and then divided into 2bit blocks. These blocks from MSB are replaced by the Left Significant two bits of each byte of cover audio bit stream. The main trick for this steganography method hides behind logic of selecting the next byte of the cover audio. And additive method with a key constraint is used as the proposed algorithm. After replacing by the secret bit blocks, the byte of the cover audio is divided into two nibbles and added overlooking the carry and is converted to decimal values. The second and third bits are taken together and the decimal value is considered as key constraint. Both the values are added and next byte is chose after counting that numbers of byte positions. The technique presented in this paper has overcome many of the limitations like selection of secret text size and cover audio format, noise removal etc. that helps the user to transfer data through mobile network in a more secured and efficient way.


This paper concerns the performance of the LASSO (also knows as basis pursuit denoising) for recovering sparse signals from undersampled, randomized, noisy measurements. We consider the recovery of the signal $x_o \in \mathbb{R}^N$ from $n$ random and noisy linear observations $y= Ax_o + w$, where $A$ is the measurement matrix and $w$ is the noise. The LASSO estimate is given by the solution to the optimization problem $x_o$ with $\hat{x}_{\lambda} = \arg \min_x \frac{1}{2} \|y-Ax\|_2^2 + \lambda \|x\|_1$. Despite major progress in the theoretical analysis of the LASSO solution, little is known about its behavior as a function of the regularization parameter $\lambda$. In this paper we study two questions in the asymptotic setting (i.e., where $N \rightarrow \infty$, $n \rightarrow \infty$ while the ratio $n/N$ converges to a fixed number in $(0,1)$): (i) How does the size of the active set $\|\hat{x}_\lambda\|_0/N$ behave as a function of $\lambda$, and (ii) How does the mean square error $\|\hat{x}_{\lambda} - x_o\|_2^2/N$ behave as a function of $\lambda$? We then employ these results in a new, reliable algorithm for solving LASSO based on approximate message passing (AMP).


Young Black and Latino sexual minority men (YBLSM) exhibit disproportionately high rates of negative sexual health outcomes, including HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, compared to other groups, partly due to relatively higher rates of exposure to a host of socio-structural risk factors (e.g., unstable housing and under-employment). However, an under-studied interpersonal resource exists for many YBLSM, non-parental adults (NPAs, i.e., adults who act as role models and provide social support), who may be able to influence contextual (e.g., unemployment) and individual (e.g., reduced health expectations) factors underlying sexual health disparities. Aims: This study sought to examine the role of NPAs in factors that affect sexual health behaviors and in supporting those health behaviors directly, among YBLSM living in a mid-sized city in the southern United States. A total of n=20 participants, n=10 YBLSM (ages 16 to 22), and n=10 NPAs (ages 26 to 52) were interviewed using semi-structured guides to examine NPA involvement in the lives of YBLSM from both sides of the relationship. The research team used a framework analysis approach to iteratively identify and define meaningful codes and sub-codes. Both YBLSM and NPAs described NPAs helping YBLSM through role modeling and social support in a variety of areas found to affect sexual health behaviors, such as housing instability and psychological distress, as well as in specific behaviors, such as condom use and HIV medication adherence. Given the multiple socio-structural obstacles facing YBLSM and their multifaceted relationships with NPAs, NPAs may be a promising resource to help address these impediments to health. Partnering more intentionally with NPAs is a potentially promising strategy to help reduce HIV-related disparities affecting YBLSM that is worthy of additional empirical attention.


Objective: Viral hepatitis, particularly hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, is the leading cause of global liver-related morbidity and mortality. Concomitant infections of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis are risks of hepatotoxicity and death due to antituberculosis therapy. Hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection poses challenges in treating hepatotoxic patients and leads to mortality during antituberculosis treatment. Thus, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections, and associated factors among human immunodeficiency virus-positive and human immunodeficiency virus-negative tuberculosis patients attending public health facilities, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among 229 tuberculosis patients from January 1 to April 30, 2021 in public health facilities' tuberculosis treatment centers. Study participants were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. Data on sociodemographic and other risk factors were collected using an interviewer-based pretested questionnaire by trained data collectors. Anti-hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B surface antigen were determined in serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 22. Logistic regression analysis was computed, and then variables with a p value <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Result: The overall hepatitis virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus-positive and human immunodeficiency virus-negative tuberculosis patients was 14.03% and 8.14%, respectively. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus positives and human immunodeficiency virus negatives was 10.5% and 6.4% and hepatitis C virus infection in human immunodeficiency virus positives and human immunodeficiency virus negatives was 3.5% and 1.75%, respectively. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus coinfections were not observed. Older age, history of problematic alcohol use, history of blood transfusion, ear–noise piercing, and history of multiple heterosexual partners were predictors for the hepatitis virus infection. Conclusion: Hepatitis virus infection increases morbidity and mortality of tuberculosis patients. Therefore, screening tuberculosis patients for hepatitis virus infection is necessary to reduce the risk of antituberculosis complications.


Objective
This study aimed to determine the independent and joint associations of sedentary time (ST) and physical activity (PA) with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among Chinese adults.

Methods
The study analyzed data from 4,865 adults aged ≥ 18 years who participated in the 2009 and 2015 China Health and Nutrition Surveys (CHNS). Four types of leisure ST and three types of PA self-reported at baseline were collected. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to determine the independent and joint associations of ST and PA with the odds of MetS or its components.

Results
For independent effects, higher levels of television time and total leisure ST was associated with higher MetS risk [odds ratio ( OR) 1.3, 95% confidence interval ( CI) 1.1-1.6, P < 0.001; OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.8, P < 0.001, respectively]. The MetS risk in the computer time > 7 hours/week (h/w) group was higher than that in the < 7 h/w group in ( OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2-1.9). Higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA) and total PA were associated with a lower MetS risk ( OR 0.7, 95% CI 0.6-0.9, P < 0.001; OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9, P < 0.001, respectively). For the joint effects, compared with those reporting the lowest level of total leisure ST (< 14 h/w) and the most active tertile of MVPA (≥ 61.0 MET-h/w), participants reporting the most total leisure ST (≥ 35 h/w) and the lowest level of MVPA (0 MET-h/w) had the highest odds of MetS ( OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4-2.7). Except for people reporting ST (14-21 h/w) within the most active tertile of MVPA, the associations in all other groups were significant. With the increase of TV time and decreased MVPA, the odds of MetS almost showed a curve acceleration.

Conclusions
MVPA and total PA have independent preventive effects, and sedentary behavior (mainly watching TV) has an unsafe effect on MetS and its components. Strengthening the participation of MVPA and combining the LPA to replace the TV-based ST to increase the total PA may be necessary to reduce the prevalence of MetS in Chinese adults.


Data encryption is the conversion of data into a form, called a ciphertext, that cannot be easily understood by unauthorized people. Decryption is the process of converting encrypted data back into its original form, so it is easily understood. In literature, different techniques are used for encryption and decryption of text, image, audio and video. RSA (Rivest, Shamir, Aldeman) encryption technique has been used for encryption of text using data encryption technique with square grid transposition with key wrapping(2,3). In this paper work, a modified approach for the encryption of the text is used called the DSA (Digital Signature Algorithm) encryption algorithm. The binary data of file is divided into equal sized blocks called as grids.


The methionine analog norleucine was produced during the synthesis of bovine somatotropin by Escherichia coli strain W3110G containing the recombinant plasmid pBGH1. Norleucine was generated by the leucine biosynthetic pathway from pyruvate or alpha-ketobutyrate in place of alpha-ketoisovalerate as the initial substrate. The intracellular level of norleucine was high enough to permit the analog to compete successfully with methionine for incorporation into protein. Two ways were found to prevent either the formation of norleucine or its incorporation into protein. The endogenous synthesis of norleucine was eliminated by deleting the leucine operon. The addition of sufficient methionine or 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid, a precursor of methionine, to the culture medium prevented any norleucine from being incorporated into protein.


A holistic multi-objective optimization design technique for controller tuning is presented. This approach gives control engineers greater flexibility to select a controller that matches their specifications. Furthermore, for a given controller it is simple to analyze the tradeoff achieved between conflicting objectives. By using the multi-objective design technique it is also possible to perform a global comparison between different control strategies in a simple and robust way. This approach thereby enables an analysis to be made of whether a preference for a certain control technique is justified. This proposal is evaluated and validated in a nonlinear multiple-input multiple-output system using two control strategies: a classical proportional-integral-derivative control scheme and a feedback state controller.


For over a decade, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) have been recording measurements from the Martian surface as a part of the Mars Exploration Rovers mission. One quantity of interest has been the opacity of Mars's atmosphere for its importance in day-to-day estimations of the amount of power available to the rover from its solar arrays. This paper proposes the use of neural networks as a method for forecasting Martian atmospheric opacity that is more effective than the current empirical model. The more accurate prediction provided by these networks would allow operators at JPL to make more accurate predictions of the amount of energy available to the rover when they plan activities for coming sols.


Introduction: Ollier disease is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of multiple enchondromas. The clinical manifestations of the disease vary widely, but patients often present with bone deformities and an increased risk of developing chondrosarcoma. Here, the authors present a case report of a 25-year-old male patient with a devastating and historic evolution of Ollier disease. Case presentation: At the age of 10, the patient developed a sub-centimeter mass in the first phalanx of the left middle finger, which subsequently grew in size. A biopsy was performed at the age of 14, which confirmed the diagnosis of chondroma. At the age of 14, the patient developed multiple large masses on the left hand, resulting in the amputation of his left hand. At 25 years old, the patient developed new masses in his contralateral hand and left foot. Discussion: Ollier disease is caused by somatic mutations in the PTH/PTHrP receptor gene, leading to the formation of multiple enchondromas. Patients with Ollier disease are at an increased risk of developing chondrosarcoma, which can be life-threatening. The diagnosis of Ollier disease is usually made based on clinical and radiographic findings, and genetic testing can confirm the diagnosis. Treatment is typically focused on managing the symptoms and preventing the development of chondrosarcoma. Conclusion: The authors presented a case report of a patient with a devastating and historic evolution of Ollier disease. This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and management of this disease to prevent the development of chondrosarcoma and minimize the risk of complications. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and develop effective treatments.


In last years, the carbon nanotubes have been studied as an advanced metal catalyst support for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This study focuses on the sonochemical treatment of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as a platinum supporting material for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid and mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Infrared (IR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface of sonochemically treated MWCNT and nanostructured electrocatalyst Pt/MWCNT. According to the experimental results of this work, the surface of MWCNT can be more successfully functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups after sonochemical treatment by mixture of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. The particle size of prepared Pt -electrocatalyst on MWCNT was determined 3.4 nm by XRD. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v12i0.165 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.12 2011: 20-23


ABSTRACT Ozone is a highly effective oxidant. In its gaseous form, ozone is not a stable compound; however, stability and effectiveness are sustained for a long period, when stored in vegetable oils. In this study, solutions are prepared containing a combination of ozone nanobubbles, vegetable oils and emulsifiers. Throughout the study, the antibacterial effectiveness and stability of ozone nanobubble carried in liposomes and their solutions with thymol are tested on strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). Findings of the study suggest that the stability range of the ozone nanobubbles carried in liposomes extend to a 1-year period. In addition, the antibacterial effectiveness of this structure, both with and without thymol, is tested to be substantially high on the sample bacteria. These ozone structures/solutions can be stored at +4 degrees for an extended period of time compared to ozone's possible stability range as a sole trioxygen molecule. Results of the study highlight the possibility of extending the storage/stability range even further.


Transferred malice is a well-known concept that allows the extension of an offender's intent to a victim or object hit accidentally because the offender missed his intended target. Coupled to this doctrine is the annex doctrine of transferred defences which purports to transfer any defence the offender may have had vis-à-vis his intended victim to the actual victim. These doctrines cause systemic problems in single-actor scenarios, but those are increased exponentially if one applies them to multiple-actor situations, where the principles from Saunders and Archer apply which transpose the transferred malice doctrine to the secondary participant as long as the principal missed his target accidentally. The transferred defences doctrine has not been explored in these cases at all, as far as can be seen. This article examines the traditional doctrine and argues that based on a number of problematic constellations and a comparison to German law, it is in need of systematisation and clarification, and that the approach under Saunders and Archer is no longer fit for purpose.


During 1985 and 1986, censuses of the most abundant corallivore organisms were made at Cano Island reef, Costa Rica. These are the fishes Arothron meleagris, A. hispidus, Pseuaobalistes naufragzum, Sufflamen verres, Stegastes acapulcoensis and Microspathodon dorsalis; the gastropods Jenneria pustulata and  Quoyula monodonta; the hermit crabs Trizopagurus magnificus and Aniculus elegans; and the equinoderms  Acanthaster planci, Eucidaris thouarsii and Diadema mexicanum.  The population densities of all species increased toward the year 1986, and their distribution across the different reef zones, i.e. reef flat, slope and base, was very similar between both years. The high densities of balistid fishes and damselfishes and their behavior may affect the abundance and distribution of other corallivore species. Since the high mortality of pocilloporid corals caused by the 1982/83 "El Nino" and the red tide (1985) events, corallivores such as hermit crabs, puffer fishes and the gastropod Quoyula, which feed mainly upon the coral Pocillopora, may have had a limiting effect on the recovery, growth and distribution of this species on the reef. On the other hand, the abundance of balistids on the reefs seems to favor the dispersion of the dominant coral species Porites lobata via fragmentation.


Observations of the young solar wind by the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) mission reveal the existence of intense plasma wave bursts with frequencies between 0.05 and 0.20f ce (tens of hertz up to ∼300 Hz) in the spacecraft frame. The wave bursts are often collocated with inhomogeneities in the solar wind magnetic field, such as local dips in magnitude or sudden directional changes. The observed waves are identified as electromagnetic whistler waves that propagate either sunward, anti-sunward, or in counter-propagating configurations during different burst events. Being generated in the solar wind flow, the waves experience significant Doppler downshift and upshift of wave frequency in the spacecraft frame for sunward and anti-sunward waves, respectively. Their peak amplitudes can be larger than 2 nT, where such values represent up to 10% of the background magnetic field during the interval of study. The amplitude is maximum for propagation parallel to the background magnetic field. We (i) evaluate the properties of these waves by reconstructing their parameters in the plasma frame, (ii) estimate the effective length of the PSP electric field antennas at whistler frequencies, and (iii) discuss the generation mechanism of these waves.


Ivanyukite-Na-T, Na3[Ti4(OH)O3(SiO4)3]·7H2O, ivanyukite-Na-C, Na2[Ti4O2(OH)2(SiO4)3]·6H2O, ivanyukite-K, K2[Ti4(OH)2O2(SiO4)3]·9H2O, and ivanyukite-Cu, Cu[Ti4(OH)2O2 (SiO4)3]·7H2O, are new microporous titanosilicates found in a natrolitized microcline-aegirine-sodalite lens in the orthoclase-bearing urtite at the Koashva Mountain (Khibiny Massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia). The minerals occur as well-shaped colorless (ivanyukite-Na-T), paleorange (ivanyukite-Na-C), pale-blue (ivanyukite-K), and green (ivanyukite-Cu) cubic crystals (up to 1.5 mm in diameter) grown on microcline, vinogradovite, sazykinaite-(Y), natrolite, and djerfisherite. The minerals have vitreous luster and white streak. They are transparent and non-fluorescent. The Mohs hardness is estimated as ~4. The minerals are brittle. Cleavage is perfect on {100} (ivanyukite-Na-C, ivanyukite-K, and ivanyukite-Cu) or on {1011} (ivanyukite-Na-T), fracture is stepped. Density, measured by the sink/float method in heavy liquids, ranges from 2.60 (ivanyukite-Na-C) to 2.70 g/cm3 (ivanyukite-Na-T, ivanyukite-K, and ivanyukite-Cu), whereas calculated densities are: 2.58 (ivanyukite-Na-T), 2.39 (ivanyukite-Na-C), 2.69 (ivanyukite-K), and 2.46 g/cm3 (ivanyukiteCu). Ivanyukite-Na-T is uniaxial (+), nω = 1.76(1), nε = 1.85(9) (589 nm), and the other minerals are isotropic, n = 1.73(1). Chemical analysis by electron microprobe gave (wt% for ivanyukite-Na-T, ivanyukite-Na-C, ivanyukite-K, and ivanyukite-Cu, respectively): Na2O 7.46, 5.19, 0.27, and 0.17; Al2O3 0.07, 0.21, 0.18, and 0.07; SiO2 23.75, 25.47, 23.16, and 24.80; SO3 0.00, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.20; K2O 5.89, 6.34, 7.09, and 6.81; CaO 0.21, 0.14, 0.95, and 0.23; TiO2 38.89, 37.81, 36.14, and 38.36; MnO 0.05, 0.33, 0.68, and 0.28; FeO 0.54, 2.17, 0.37, and 0.73; CuO 0.00, 0.00, 2.21, and 6.81; SrO 0.00, 0.00, 0.19, and 0.00; Nb2O5 2.99, 2.90, 3.62, and 3.02; BaO 0.14, 0.00, 0.00, and 0.00; H2O (by the Penfield method) 19.00, 19.15, 25.00, and 21.50; total 98.99, 99.71, 99.86, and 98.97. The empirical formulae (based on Si+Al = 3 apfu) are (Na1.82 K0.95 Ca0.03 Ba0.01)Σ2.81[(Ti3.68 Nb0.17 Fe0.06 Mn0.01)Σ3.92(Si2.99 Al0.01)Σ3.00O14.59(OH)1.37]·7.29H2O (ivanyukite-Na-T), (Na1.17K0.94Ca0.03)Σ2.14[(Ti3.32Fe0.21Nb0.15Mn0.03)Σ3.71(Si2.97Al0.03)Σ3.00 O12.89(OH)2.87]·6.01H2O (ivanyukite-Na-C), (K1.16Cu0.21Ca0.13Na0.07Sr0.01)Σ1.58[(Ti3.49Nb0.21Mn0.07Fe0.04)Σ3.81(Si2.97Al0.03)Σ3.00 O13.19(OH)2.75]·9.32H2O (ivanyukite-K), and (Cu0.62K0.43Na0.04Ca0.03)Σ1.12[(Ti3.48Nb0.16Fe0.07Mn0.03)Σ3.74(Si2.99Al0.01)Σ3.00 O12.88(OH)2.88(SO4)0.02]·7.21H2O (ivanyukite-Cu). Ivanyukite-Na-T is trigonal, R3m, a = 10.94(2), c = 13.97(4) Å, Z = 3. Other minerals are cubic, P43m a = 7.856(6) (ivanyukite-Na-C), 7.808(2) (ivanyukite-K), and 7.850(7) Å (ivanyukite-Cu); Z = 1. The strongest lines in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern [dbs(Å) (Iobs) hkl] are: 7.88(100) (011), 3.277(60)(014), 3.175(80)(212), 2.730(50)(220), 2.607(70)(303), 2.471(50)(124), 1.960(60)(044), 1.916(50) (135) (ivanyukite-Na-T); 7.88(100)(100), 4.53(30)(111), 3.205(80)(211), 2.774(30)(220), 2.622(40)(221, 300), 2.478(40)(310), 1.960(30)(400), 1.843(30)(330, 411) (ivanyukite-Na-C); 7.85(100)(100), 3.91(20)(200), 3.201(80) (211), 2.765(20)(220), 2.602(30)(221, 300), 2.471(40)(310), 1.951(30)(400), 1.839(30)(330, 411) (ivanyukite-K); 7.87(100)(100), 3.94(20)(200), 3.205(80)(211), 2.774(20)(220), 2.616(30)(221, 300), 2.481(30)(310), 1.960(30) (400), 1.843(30)(330, 411) (ivanyukite-Cu). The crystal structure of ivanyukite-Na-T [trigonal, R3m, a = 10.921(3), c = 13.885(4) Å, V = 1434.2(7) Å3] has been solved from highly mosaic crystal and refined to R1 = 0.147 on the basis of 723 unique observed reflections. The crystal structures of ivanyukite-group minerals are based upon a 3-dimensional framework of the pharmacosiderite type, consisting of four edge-sharing TiO6-octahedra interlinked by SiO4 tetrahedra. The framework has a 3-dimensional system of channels defined by 8-membered rings with an effective channel width of 3.5 Å (calculated as the distance between O atoms across the channels minus 2.7 Å). The channels are occupied by Na+ and K+ cations and H2O molecules. The infrared spectra of the ivanyukite group minerals show 14 absorption bands caused by vibrations of Si-O and Ti-O bonds, molecular water, and (OH)– groups. Ivanyukite* E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com YAKOvENCHUK ET AL.: IvANYUKITE GROUP—NEw MICROPOROUS TITANOSILICATE MINERALS 1451


ABSTRACT Housing policies for refugees are a hot topic in many countries receiving refugees. However, most discussions tend to treat refugees monolithically despite the fact that they have diverse experiences. Individuals seeking asylum on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity face numerous obstacles during the asylum process. This article aims to explore how asylum accommodations are governed and how this process affects queer asylum seekers. Based on a range of sources, including interviews, documents and media articles, the results show that many queer asylum seekers have been victims of homo- and transphobic violence. The findings also indicate that the Swedish migration agency has implemented temporary solutions to mitigate such violence but refused to change the overall policy. In the analysis, I maintain that there are three underlying assumptions in the system, namely, the primacy of heteronormativity, the metropolitan nature of queers, and the need to adjust but not challenge heteronormativity. I argue that this process renders queer asylum seekers unfit and leaves them in unsafe housing situations to domesticise them in the context of a heteronormative society, i.e. a society in which they do not stand out or claim further rights.


While rationing by clinical judgment is controversial, its acceptability partly depends on how it is practiced. Here, the authors consider rationing by clinical judgment in three different circumstances that represent increasingly wider circles of resource pools in which the rationing decision takes place: triage during acute shortage, comparison to other potential patients in a context of limited but not immediately strained resources, and determination of whether expected benefit of an intervention is deemed sufficient to warrant its cost by reference to published population-based thresholds. Building on notions of procedural justice, an analytical framework that includes six minimal requisites is applied in order to facilitate fair bedside rationing: (1) a closed system that offers reciprocity, (2) attention to general concerns of justice, (3) respect for individual variations, (4) application of a consistent process, (5) explicitness, and (6) review of decisions. The process could be monitored for its applicability and appropriateness.


This paper presents a study of electrokinetic transport in single nanopores integrated into vertically stacked three-dimensional hybrid microfluidicnanofluidic structures. In these devices, single nanopores, created by focused ion beam (FIB) milling in thin polymer films, provide fluidic connection between two vertically separated, perpendicular microfluidic channels. Experiments address both systems in which the nanoporous membrane is composed of the same (homojunction) or different (heterojunction) polymer as the microfluidic channels. These devices are then used to study the electrokinetic transport properties of synthetic (i.e., polystyrene sulfonate and polyallylamine) and biological (i.e., DNA) polyelectrolytes across these nanopores using both electrical current measurements and confocal microscopy. Both optical and electrical measurements indicate that electro-osmotic transport is predominant over electrophoresis in single nanopores with d>180 nm, consistent with results obtained under similar conditions for nanocapillary array membranes.


A procedure was developed for use in a public school classroom where only one of the children needed treatment, sophisticated apparatus was not feasible, personnel were untrained in conditioning techniques, and where disruption had to be minimized. Candy reinforcers were contingent upon working behavior. The total candy earned in the session was divided equally among the class. Portable radio control apparatus was adopted to give feedback to the child when he was displaying the desired working behavior. An increase in working behavior and a decrease in talking aloud and out-of-seat behavior was observed for each of the four subjects. When the feedback apparatus was removed, the desired behavior was maintained through candy reinforcement alone in all four subjects.


In this paper, we describe results from a preliminary effort to better understand issues of attribution that arise from the application of knowledge-based systems to the blending of structured querying and document retrieval over disparate (heterogeneous, distributed) information sources. The term multimodal integration is introduced to refer to such a blending of structured querying and document retrieval.


The medicinal plant Hemsleya amalils Diels has been used as a homeopathic treatment for various diseases in China for centuries and has recently been indicated as being effective in inhibiting cancer cell growth. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer activity of Hemsleya family, we purified the active component curcurbitacin IIa. Curcurbitacin IIa inhibited cell growth, induced apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Immunofluorescent light microscopy as well as time-lapse imaging demonstrated the remarkable clustering of filamentous actin and the increases in G2/M populations in cell cycle, indicating the disruption of mitosis as the potential mechanism of inducing apoptosis by curcurbitacin IIa. Flowcytometry confirmed increased cell death while western blots showed reduced phospho-histone H3 immunoreactivity, consistent with reduced mitosis. Cleavage of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase or PARP, immediate upstream of DNA breakdown as a result of caspase activation, was increased dramatically while AKT phosphorylation and the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein survivin expression were reduced. Prostate cancer cells stably transfected with oncoprotein δ-catenin in which survivin expression was increased showed reduced efficacy of curcurbitacin IIa to induce cell death. Combined with lack of its effects on STAT3/JAK2 phosphorylation, theses studies highlight curcurbitacin IIa as a new class of anti-cancer drugs in suppression of cancer cell expansion by disrupting the actin cytoskeleton and directing the cell to undergo apoptosis through inhibition of surviving, AKT, and PARP. Supported by Department of Defense (PC040569) and National Cancer Institute (CA111891). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4531.


Abstract The direct influence of glucagon on rates of valine incorporation into and release from protein was assessed in the perfused rat liver. Glucagon alone significantly increased net valine release, an effect which was ascribed largely to the stimulation of proteolysis. The magnitude of this increase in absolute terms remained virtually unchanged in the presence of an amino acid mixture that suppressed proteolysis. The increase was also obtained in the presence of sufficient cycloheximide to inhibit valine incorporation by 93 %. In addition, free intracellular valine was elevated relative to external values over an 8-fold range of perfusate valine concentration. Rates of valine incorporation into liver protein were reduced by glucagon alone to a small but significant degree. Of interest, however, was the finding that the inhibition was potentiated by additions of amino acids. In the presence of a complete amino acid mixture, simulating the composition of plasma amino acids at 10 times their normal concentrations, glucagon strongly depressed valine incorporation, and the rate was comparable to the value obtained previously when the amino acid supply was severely limited. These findings suggest that the turnover of liver proteins is regulated by glucagon at sites of both protein degradation and synthesis.


The high potential at microwave frequencies of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) on high resistive silicon [111] substrate for power applications has been demonstrated in this letter. For the first time, an output power density close to 1.8 W/mm and an associated power added efficiency of 32% have been measured on a 2 /spl times/ 50 /spl times/ 0.5 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ HEMT with a linear power gain of 16 dB. These results constitute the state of the art.


Background Disability in RA is more pronounced in women than in men and pain is strongly related to activity limitation and participation. The Valued life activity scale (VLA) is a questionnaire in which patient's first report if the separate activities are valued or not to perform and secondly difficulties to perform these activities. To measure disability with VLA includes the patient's perspective in a unique way compared to traditional disability measurements of daily activities (e.g., HAQ). Objectives Objective was to examine difficulties to perform valued life activities and how this is related to pain in women and men with RA. Methods Patients aged 18 - 80 year with RA were recruited from the Swedish Rheumatology's Quality Registry (SRQ) at three clinics. The inclusion criteria were : fulfilling 4 of 7 ACR criteria, ages 18 - 80 year, ≥4 years duration and data registered in SRQ at a visit at the clinic during 2011. Totally 1,277 patients were approached and 737 (58%) responded to the study specific questionnaire which measured performance of 33 differentvalued life activities by a Swedish version of VLA and pain by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Patients were sub groupedbased on low-pain intensity (VAS>40) and pain high-pain intensity (VAS <40). The relationship between performance of valued life activities and pain were analysed based on gender. Results Across the genders, 85% reported at least one valued life activity affected by RA. Significantly more women encountered difficulties in performing cooking, heavy housework, minor repairs, gardening, community mobility, shopping, child care, having others visit, volunteer work, study, sleeping and meeting new people. No valued life activities were identified in which men reported more difficulties than women. Women (73%) reported higher pain intensity (35 mm) than men (31 mm). Regardless of gender, 58% had low pain (VAS <40) while 42% had high pain (VAS ≥40). Almost all 33 difficulty ratings for valued life activities were significantly higher in the high-pain group than in the low-pain group. There were significant correlations (rho ranging from .19 to .68) with respect to difficulty ratings for valued life activities and pain in the low-pain group. In the high-paingroup, however, difficulty ratings forthe 33 valued life activities were not correlated with the degree of pain. Conclusions VLA assisted in identifying that low levels of pain were positively correlated with difficulties to perform valued life activities. Women reported more pain and difficulties in performing valued life activities than men. These results draw attention to the importance of addressing valued activities especially among female patients with low levels of pain, since their pain may impact on their activities in daily life that they identify as important. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


This paper concerns the superposition of 2-D semianalytical models to model 3-D shielding configurations. The 2-D semianalytical models are used to describe the effect of magnetic shielding on the stray field of a single-sided coreless linear permanent-magnet motor. The modeling results are compared to 3-D finite-element analysis and to measurements. It is found that an accurate description of the tendencies and the order of magnitude is given. Furthermore, the comparison of the superposition of 2-D semianalytical models with the measurements shows that saturation and neglecting the 3-D effects cause the deviation between model and measurement.


Social networking and network socialization provide abundant text information and social relationships into our daily lives. Making full use of these data in the big data era is of great significance for us to better understand the changing world and the information-based society. Though politics have been integrally involved in the hyperlinked world issues since the 1990s, the text analysis and data visualization of geo-events faced the bottleneck of traditional manual analysis. Though automatic assembly of different geospatial web and distributed geospatial information systems utilizing service chaining have been explored and built recently, the data mining and information collection are not comprehensive enough because of the sensibility, complexity, relativity, timeliness, and unexpected characteristics of political events. Based on the framework of Heritrix and the analysis of web-based text, word frequency, sentiment tendency, and dissemination path of the Huangyan Island incident were studied by using web crawler technology and the text analysis. The results indicate that tag cloud, frequency map, attitudes pie, individual mention ratios, and dissemination flow graph, based on the crawled information and data processing not only highlight the characteristics of geo-event itself, but also implicate many interesting phenomenon and deep-seated problems behind it, such as related topics, theme vocabularies, subject contents, hot countries, event bodies, opinion leaders, high-frequency vocabularies, information sources, semantic structure, propagation paths, distribution of different attitudes, and regional difference of net citizens' response in the Huangyan Island incident. Furthermore, the text analysis of network information with the help of focused web crawler is able to express the time-space relationship of crawled information and the information characteristic of semantic network to the geo-events. Therefore, it is a useful tool to collect information for understanding the formation and diffusion of web-based public opinions in political events.


In this report we describe a lexical study of phoneme collocational constraints using a metric motivated by information theory. We used a pairwise, hierarchical clustering technique to combine phonemes into classes using a normalized measure of mutual information. The result of this clustering process can be displayed as a dendrogram, from which one may select an arbitrary number of equivalence classes. We have conducted a number of experiments investigating phoneme collocational constraints within pairs and triplets. In many cases we found that phonemes are organized into classes that share certain phonological features. In fact, phonemes that have similar acoustic properties often exhibit similar collocational constraints. We also compared the constraining power of our phoneme classes with those chosen by a phonological criterion, and found ours to be more than competitive. Based on our results, we conclude that our information theoretic metric is particularly useful as a description of lexical constraining power.


The draft of an agreement for cooperative U.S.-Soviet climate research contains a number of proposed projects that should lead to unprecedented knowledge of the worldwide atmospheric distribution of trace gases and their effect on climate change. Activities named in the document include the shared measurement of Antarctica's ozone hole, a joint experiment to investigate the relationship between aerosols and ozone in the Arctic stratosphere, and a program to measure biogenic methane produced in permafrost areas of the United States and the Soviet Union.

The protocol, signed in preliminary form November 2, 1987, by representatives of both countries, is the latest update of a bilateral agreement in place since 1972. Ultimate approval of the protocol should come in the next few months, in the form of a final signing by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Administrator Lee Thomas and the head of the equivalent ministry in the Soviet Union, Yuri Izrael.


The process of evaluating the organizational impact is a subject widely studied nationally and Internationally. The reference to the organizational impact, it is necessary to focus on the positive or negative results of a change, modification or innovation applied to the organization and that directly affects a part or the entire organization. The Conceptual Model for the Evaluation of the Organizational Impact (CMEOI) to determine the degree of knowledge of the objective, goals or projects, information and communication, effectiveness of specific programs or projects, motivation, benefits, stimuli or compensation, labor climate and identification of potential. The present investigation proposes a conceptual model that will be useful to determine the degree of organizational impact, of an entity in the face of any change, modification or innovation, whether internal or external.


BackgroundNon-traditional acupuncture (NTA) therapies widely used for smoking cessation include acupressure, transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS), laser acupuncture, intradermal needle, and acupoint catgut embedding (ACE). Our aim was to evaluate their therapeutic effects and safety for smoking cessation. MethodsRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing NTA therapies with sham NTA or conventional therapy for smoking cessation were included. Ten databases were searched from their inception to February 2021. Two review authors independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.4 software. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was applied to assess the quality of evidence. The primary outcome was abstinence rate at short-term (1-3months), mid-term (3-6months), and long-term (≥6months). ResultsTwenty-five RCTs involving 2600 smokers were identified. Acupressure was found more effective than sham acupressure or conventional therapy in improving short-term (RR 1.41, 95% CI [1.04 to1.91]; low certainty; 8 trials, n=637) and mid-term abstinence rate (RR 1.63, 95% CI [1.27 to 2.09]; low certainty; 8 trials, n=749). Intradermal needle was not superior to sham control or counseling for short-term (RR 1.62, 95% CI [0.85 to 3.08]; low certainty; 5 trials, n=346) and mid-term abstinence rate (RR 1.49, 95% CI [0.68 to 3.27]; low certainty; 3 trials, n=187).TEAS failed to show a better effect than sham TEAS or counseling for short-term abstinence rate (RR 1.27, 95% CI [0.96 to 1.67];moderate certainty;5 trials, n=485), TEAS appeared more beneficial for mid-term abstinence (RR 1.58, 95% CI [1.10 to 2.27]; moderate certainty; 3 trials, n=325). Laser acupuncture was superior to sham control for long-term abstinence rate (RR 2.25, 95% CI [1.23 to 4.11]; moderate certainty; 2 trials, n=160). ACE was comparable to Bupropion for mid-term abstinence rate (RR 0.99, 95% CI [0.70 to 1.40]; low certainty; 2 trials, n=177). No serious adverse events were reported in the included trials. ConclusionsLow to moderate certainty evidence suggests that acupressure, TEAS, laser acupuncture and ACE maybe effective in achieving short-term, middle-term or long-term smoking cessation. Further large, long-term follow-up RCTs are warranted to verify their benefits and safety.Systematic review registration: INPLASY 202120054.


In this paper, we consider collaborative beamforming for spectrum-sharing two-way relay networks in an effort to improve the performance of the cognitive system and enhance the spectrum efficiency. In such a joint relaying/spectrum-sharing setting, a pair of secondary transceivers communicates via a set of secondary decode-and-forward (DF) relays in the presence of multiple primary transceivers. Among the available relays, only those that receive the signals reliably participate in the cooperative beamforming process to nullify the interference inflicted on primary receivers. Furthermore, the received signals at relays and at secondary transceivers are unavoidably interfered by the signals from primary transmitters. To study the performance of the cognitive system under the effects of these co-channel interferences (CCIs) from the primary transmitters, we derive closed-form expressions for the outage probability and bit error rate (BER) over independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) Rayleigh fading channels. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of beamforming in compensating the cognitive system performance loss due to the CCIs in addition to mitigating the interference to the primary users.


This paper presents a graphical model approach that fuses thermal infrared (IR) and visible spectrum video for human tracking. The proposed model uses unobserved variables to describe the data in terms of the process that generates them. It is thus able to capture and exploit the statistical structure of the IR and the visible data separately, as well as their mutual dependencies. Model parameters are learned form data using the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. Automatic calibration is performed as part of this procedure. Tracking is done by Bayesian inference of the object location from the observed data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated by the experimental results on the video clips captured in real world scenarios.


Abstract The microstructure evolution as well its effect on the mechanical properties of Ti–15Mo alloys after solution treatment (ST), cold rolling (CR) and aging after cold rolling (CRA) were investigated. The Young's modulus of the alloys after ST, CR and CRA are all less than 60 GPa. The Young's modulus for the CR and CRA samples is slightly higher than that for the ST samples owing to the ω phase caused by mechanical twinning deformation of {332}_β〈113〉_β and the ω _iso phase during aging treatment. The Ti–15Mo alloy exhibits a small springback after ST and CRA treatment. Graphic Abstract


BACKGROUND
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has shown anti-inflammatory effects in gingivitis therapy. The potential benefits of local subgingival application of HA adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) were evaluated in this study.

METHODS
Twenty patients with chronic periodontitis were included in this split-mouth study. Sulcus fluid flow rate (SFFR) and sulcus bleeding index were monitored at baseline and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 12 weeks; probing depth and clinical attachment level were monitored at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Subgingival plaque samples were also taken at these same three appointments to determine the presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythensis, and Treponema denticola. All patients were treated with full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP); in addition, an HA gel was administered subgingivally in the test sites every week for 6 weeks.

RESULTS
An improvement of all clinical variables was observed (P < 0.05) in both groups. Clinically, no difference between test and control sites could be found. No difference between test and control sites was seen in the tested microorganisms.

CONCLUSIONS
No clinical or microbiological improvement was achieved by the adjunctive use of HA gel compared to SRP alone. Only SFFR was affected by the use of HA in terms of a more rapid reduction of SFFR in the test sites.


Modification of a Perkin-Elmer 603 atomic absorption spectrophotometer by adding a high-intensity tungsten-halogen lamp for background correction significantly improved the detection limit for elements that have analytical wavelengths in the near-ultraviolet and visible regions. Chromium in human serum and urine can be measured, with a simplified sample-handling technique, in concentrations of less than 0.1 microgram/liter. For comparison, the mean value for chromium in the serum of eight men was 0.14 microgram/liter.


A design of high performance 64 bit Multiplier-and-Accumulator (MAC) is implemented in this paper. MAC unit performs important operation in many of the digital signal processing (DSP) applications. The multiplier is designed using modified Wallace multiplier and the adder is done with carry save adder. The total design is coded with verilog-HDL and the synthesis is done using Cadence RTL complier using typical libraries of TSMC 0.18um technology. The total MAC unit operates at 217 MHz. The total power dissipation is 177.732 mW.


The aims of this study were to investigate the faiths and values of STD among pregnant women attended at a STD/AIDS clinic and to reduce its complications. Based on the ethnographic approach and on Ludke's and Andre's mythological guidelines, data were collected through the report of 30 women and organized as follows: personal attention to STD; women's knowledge about STD; STD prevention. The outcomes showed that there still is a strong need to promote awareness among women in order to improve their response concerning their behaviour related to STD prevention. Keywords: Health Education; STD; Pregnancy.


Electronic states of the hybrid perovskite enable their promising applications as distinctive optoelectronic materials. The understanding of their electronic structures and charge characters remains highly controversial. The electronic mechanism such as reabsorption, Urbach tail and indirect band for interpreting dual-peak emissions is one of the controversial focuses. Herein, we report that through heterojunction enhanced exciton dissociation and global tracing of multiple radiative electronic states across wide temperature regions, we have succeeded in directly observing free carrier emissions from the hybrid lead bromide perovskite and clearly discriminating the direct continuum band and exciton states. The widely-concerned dual-peak emissions are clarified to be excitonic, arising from two types of exciton states of the perovskite. These excitons possess giant binding energies and superior phase stability compared to conventional inorganic semiconductors, providing important implications for exploiting the excitonic mechanism for realizing novel optoelectronic applications.


When a convicted defendant pursues an ineffective assistance of counsel ("IAC") claim on appeal—for example, by alleging that the defense lawyer failed to call an important witness at trial—the defendant must satisfy Strickland's two-part test. This requires a showing that (1) defense counsel performed deficiently, and (2) this deficient performance prejudiced the defendant's case.

The Strickland test is intentionally difficult for a defendant to satisfy, and courts reject nearly all IAC claims. The primary justification for this is that prosecutors and judges should not have to retry defendants because of defense counsel's errors, as such errors are completely outside the government's control.

Strangely, however, courts have dramatically expanded Strickland's two-part test beyond its original purpose. In addition to using it to analyze defense counsel's performance, courts also use it to blame defense counsel for prosecutorial and judicial misconduct. When a prosecutor cheats or a judge is incompetent, courts turn Strickland's two-part test on the defense lawyer to answer for the failure to object to the prosecutor's misconduct or to educate the judge on the spot, in the middle of trial. Strickland, in effect, now requires the defense lawyer to do three jobs in one: his or her own, the prosecutor's, and the judge's.

This bizarre expansion of Strickland is not supported by law or logic, and it creates serious problems for defense lawyers. Further, by viewing acts of prosecutorial and judicial misconduct through Strickland's lens—a framework that was never intended to protect prosecutors and judges from their own misdeeds—courts are also harming defendants' chances on appeal and damaging the integrity of the criminal justice system.

This Article demonstrates how courts have improperly expanded Strick- land, explains the resulting harms, and advocates for clear, simple, and theoretically sound legal reform. That is, courts must hold prosecutors and judges accountable for their own misconduct, rather than diverting blame to the defense lawyer through Strickland's ill-suited IAC framework.


System Identification of Postural Tremor in Wrist Flexion-Extension and Radial-Ulnar Deviation Sydney Bryanna Ward Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Master of Science Generic simulations of tremor propagation through the upper limb have been achieved using a previously developed postural tremor model, but this model had not yet been compared with experimental data or utilized for subject-specific studies. This work addressed these two issues, which are important for optimizing peripheral tremor suppression techniques. For tractability, we focused on a subsystem of the upper limb: the isolated wrist, including the four prime wrist muscles (extensor carpi ulnaris, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, and flexor carpi radialis) and the two degrees of freedom of the wrist (flexion-extension and radial-ulnar deviation). Muscle excitation and joint displacement signals were collected while subjects with Essential Tremor resisted gravity. System identification was implemented for three subjects who experienced significant tremor using two approaches: 1. Generic linear timeinvariant (LTI) models, including autoregressive-exogenous (ARX) and state-space forms, were identified from the experimental data, and characteristics including model order and modal parameters were compared with the previously developed postural tremor model; 2. Subjectspecific parameters for the previously developed postural tremor model were directly estimated from experimental data using nonlinear least-squares optimization combined with regularization. The identified LTI models fit the experimental data well, with coefficients of determination of 0.74 ± 0.18 and 0.83 ± 0.13 for ARX and state-space forms, respectively. The optimal model orders identified from the experimental data (4.8 ± 1.9 and 6.4 ± 1.9) were slightly lower than the orders of the ARX and state-space forms of the previously developed model (6 and 8). For each subject, at least one pair of identified complex poles aligned with the complex poles of the previously developed model, whereas the identified real poles were assumed to represent drift in the data rather than characteristics of the system. Subject-specific parameter estimates reduced the sum of squared-error (SSE) between the measured and predicted joint displacement signals to be between 10% and 50% of the SSE using generic literature parameters. The predicted joint displacements maintained high coherence at the tremor frequency for flexion-extension (0.90 ± 0.10), which experienced the most tremor. We successfully applied multiple system identification techniques to identify tremor propagation models using only tremorogenic muscle activity as the input. These techniques identified model order, poles, and subject-specific model parameters, and indicate that tremor propagation at the wrist is well approximated by an LTI model.