Heterozygous mutations in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) cause maturity onset diabetes of the young 3 (MODY3), an autosomal dominant form of diabetes. Deficiency of HNF1α in mice results in diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and increased bile acid (BA) and cholesterol synthesis. Little is known about alterations in lipid metabolism in patients with MODY3. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with MODY3 have altered cholesterol and BA synthesis and intestinal cholesterol absorption. A secondary aim was to investigate the effects of HNF1α mutations on the transcriptional regulation of BA metabolism.


The impacts of, and responses to, climate change have been of recent interest to social scientists. The purpose of this paper is to present results from a case study examining farm-level adaptation, within the relevant social, political, and economic context, to risks and opportunities presented by climate change in one region of Manitoba, the Parkland region. This was pursued by soliciting opinions and impressions from farmers in the Parkland region of Manitoba regarding a variety of questions relating to previous and future farm-level adaptations to multiple risks and opportunities with a particular emphasis on climate change. The paper begins by drawing upon the research literature in developing a model of farm-level adaptation. This model is then applied to the Parkland region in Manitoba through a survey of farmers in the region.


Attentions have been focused on the moving target detection in a high-resolution sea clutter. This study commences with a proposal of median-based estimator to estimate the power spectrum of high-resolution sea clutter by the time series observed in adjacent range cells and time intervals. The estimator provides a robust estimation when just a few aberrant time series happen in observation. Based on the estimator, a block-adaptive clutter suppression filter (BACSF) is designed to suppress the clutter prior to the pulse integration. Then, the residual clutter, the output of the BACSF, is modelled as spherically invariant random vector. Upon applying an adaptive normalised matched filter (ANMF) to the residual clutter, a residual clutter's ANMF detector is derived. Moreover, in high-resolution radar background, considering that the approximately stationary intervals of sea clutter and residual clutter are much shorter than the coherent processing interval, another heuristic block-ANMF detector is proposed. It can integrate more pulses and can achieve better performance than the ANMF detector does. This study concludes with the experiments of simulated target against the real sea clutter. The experimental results demonstrate that, when target's Doppler frequency is beyond strong clutter region, the ANMF detector and block-ANMF detector perform better in the residual clutter than in the clutter.


This study was conducted to examine the perceived level of oral language proficiency of the first-year college students enrolled in the Purposive Communication course during the school year 2019-2020 in a private university of Davao City. It also aimed to determine the challenges experienced in speaking activities. This study used embedded mixed-method design. An adopted survey questionnaire was used in quantitative that contained six constructs: comprehension, fluency, vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar, and non-verbal communication. Whereas, in qualitative data, it employed focus group discussion. Sixty respondents participated in quantitative data selected through simple random sampling, and eight respondents participated in interview sessions. Results reveal that: (a) students' overall perceived level of their oral language proficiency is high; (b) the themes that flourished in the FGD are dilemmas in comprehending the subject matter/topic, drawbacks in analyzing the question, troubles in organizing thoughts and ideas, predicament brought by stage fright, shortfall of vocabularies, insufficiency of terms, hurdles with difficult words, struggles on how to pronounce words correctly, problems with sentence construction, lack of mastery of the rules of subject-verb agreement, experiencing uneasiness through physical reactions, and exhibiting anxiousness through physical activities/discomfort. It is recommended that the proposed instructional material should be utilized to aid the needed speaking competence.


Presence of a functional extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is of particular relevance for the growth-inhibitory action of Ca2+ on human colon carcinoma cells. In order to detect CaR gene alterations that may have occurred during the tumorigenic process, we applied Southern blot, DNA sequence, and RT-PCR analysis to DNA from normal human colon mucosa and from cancerous lesions of different grading, as well as from primary cultured and established colonic carcinoma cell lines (e.g., Caco-2). No evidence was obtained for mutations or other sequence alterations in the CaR gene in any of the colon carcinoma cells analyzed. Only a differential expression of two splice variants of the CaR gene, which are generated by usage of different promoters in the 5'-untranslated region, was detected in colon carcinomas of different grade. From Western blot analysis a tendency towards lower CaR protein levels in carcinoma cells in parallel with tumor progression became apparent. Activation of the CaR by extracellular Ca2+ or by specific receptor agonists resulted in substantial growth inhibition in Caco-2 cells. Activation of the CaR was transduced into inhibition of phospholipase A2-mediated arachidonic acid formation, but also into increased production of cAMP and IP3. This provides evidence for a cell type-specific function of the CaR in human colonocytes. We conclude that neoplastic colon epithelial cells can respond to antimitogenic signals generated by activation of the CaR as long as they express sufficient amounts of the CaR protein. This provides a rationale for the use of calcium in chemoprevention of colon tumor development.


Procedure WPS-310 is qualified under Section IX of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for gas tungsten arc welding of Type 309 and Type 310 austenitic stainless steels (P-8-2), in thickness range 0.029 to 0.625 inch; filler metals are ER309 (F-6, A-8) and ER310 (F-6, A-9) respectively; shielding gas is argon.


Purpose
This study aims to examine a structural relationship among agreeableness, similarity in agreeableness, positive affect and transfer of informal learning. Also, it investigates the mediating role of motivation.

Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected by a survey via snowball sampling. In total, 742 respondents at 72 companies from multiple industries in South Korea participated. The authors performed exploratory confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling to test the research model and hypotheses.

Findings
The results showed that agreeableness made a dual impact as a personal and a relational trait enhancing the employee's positive affect, and motivation to learn fully mediated the relationship between agreeableness and transfer of informal learning. This supports that prosocial personality traits enhance the employee's motivation, learning and learning application. The full mediation of motivation to learn between positive affect and informal learning transfer emphasizes the importance of intentionality on the part of employees in informal learning contexts.

Originality/value
Organizational research pays little attention to social perspectives of informal learning (Varela et al., 2011). The results highlight that workplace informal learning is a socio-psychological process; thus, examining social and psychological factors together would be beneficial.


The nonselfconsistent layer KKR method was used to calculate both electron reflectivities up to 12 eV above the vacuum level and angle resolved photoemission for hydrogen on Pd(111) modeled by an ordered adlayer. Spectral features sensitive to the hydrogen adsorption are related to the band structure in the particular direction in the reciprocal space in both the occupied and empty state regions. Special attention was dedicated to the relation between the input potentials and the structural parameters. In particular we have confirmed the existence of the surface resonance near the point in the surface Brillouin zone with the specific dispersion related to H coverage.


Poland syndrome (PS) is a rare congenital condition with predominant unilateral chest wall deformity due to hypoplasia of the pectoralis muscles. However, its clinical features are highly variable as all the features may not be present in one individual or it may present with some rare associations or complications as being reported here. A 6-year-old boy was diagnosed, for the first time, as a case of PS but, detailed examination and work up revealed two rare associations and/or incidental findings of this disorder, namely, Dandy-Walker variant and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. Hence, a detailed clinical examination and a through workup are mandatory to quantify the disease spectrum of this rare disorder.


Significant opportunities exist to reduce costs in the design, manufacture, and operation of systems by using temperatures higher than specified in testing systems' reliability. The authors share the findings and observations of an experimental study in which they subjected operating computers to high steady-state temperatures and thermal cycling well beyond their design specifications. The results suggest that significant cost savings can be realized without compromising reliability.


Approximately 50% of patients with primary lung cancer have distant metastasis at the time of their first visit, but gastric metastasis is a rare occurrence. Herein, we report a case of progressive dysphagia as the first symptom and the final diagnosis of primary lung squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. A 61‐year‐old man was diagnosed with a solitary left lower lobe tumor and a solitary carcinoma of gastric cardia suspected to be metastatic or malignant stromal tumors. After surgical resection, the final diagnoses were primary differentiated squamous cell lung cancer, metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the stomach, and secondary lymph node metastasis. Gastrointestinal metastasis should be suspected in lung cancer patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Gastric cancer metastasis from lung cancer is most likely the result of the aspiration of cancer cells containing sputum into the stomach.


Drawing on primary and secondary data, this paper explores the dynamics of the politics involved in the social dialogue process in Zimbabwe; more specifically the utility of the process as a tool to resolve socio-economic problems. The paper further seeks to demonstrate the relationship between failure to reform on the political policy front and economic problems thereby explaining why social dialogue in Zimbabwe fails to yield the intended results. It is the contention of this paper that as long as governance issues are not addressed by the ruling party, the Tripartite Negotiating Forum (TNF) will forever remain a "talk shop" and the Zimbabwean economy will not improve. In light of the "politicking" that characterises the social dialogue process in Zimbabwe, the paper came up with possible recommendations for the strengthening and improving of institutions of social dialogue based on the lessons learned from Zimbabwe.


Self-supervised contrastive learning (CL) has achieved state-of-the-art performance in representation learning by minimizing the distance between positive pairs while maximizing that of negative ones. Recently, it has been verified that the model learns better representation with diversely augmented positive pairs because they enable the model to be more view-invariant. However, only a few studies on CL have considered the difference between augmented views, and have not gone beyond the hand-crafted findings. In this paper, we first observe that the score-matching function can measure how much data has changed from the original through augmentation. With the observed property, every pair in CL can be weighted adaptively by the difference of score values, resulting in boosting the performance of the existing CL method. We show the generality of our method, referred to as ScoreCL, by consistently improving various CL methods, SimCLR, SimSiam, W-MSE, and VICReg, up to 3%p in k-NN evaluation on CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet-100. Moreover, we have conducted exhaustive experiments and ablations, including results on diverse downstream tasks, comparison with possible baselines, and improvement when used with other proposed augmentation methods. We hope our exploration will inspire more research in exploiting the score matching for CL.


OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the attitudes of medical students towards psychiatry, both as a subject in their medical curriculum and as a career choice. Three separate domains were elicited: (i) merit, competency and status; (ii) perceived attitude and attributes toward psychiatry and psychiatric services and (iii) treatment.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 26-item scale Das and Chandrasena Questionnaire was administered prior to and immediately following an 8-week clinical training program.

RESULTS
Results indicate that the perception of psychiatry was positive prior to clerkship and became even more so upon completion of the training. However, there was a significant drop in the proportion of students who indicated that they might choose a career in psychiatry.

CONCLUSION
This is consistent with other studies suggesting that perception of psychiatry is enhanced following a clerkship but this does not translate into psychiatry as a career intention. This finding is highlighted in light of the increasing magnitude of the number of people affected with mental disorders in a developing country like Oman but with no parallel development in psychiatric services.


Proteasomes play an important role in protein turnover in living cells. The inhibition of proteasomes affects cell cycle processes and induces apoptosis. Thus, 20 S proteasomal inhibitors are potential tools for the modulation of neoplastic growth. Based on MG132, a potent but nonspecific 20 S proteasome inhibitor, we designed and synthesized 22 compounds and evaluated them for the inhibition of proteasomes. The majority of the synthesized compounds reduced the hydrolysis of LLVY-7-aminomethylcoumarin peptide substrate in cell lysates, some of them drastically. Several compounds displayed inhibitory effects when tested in vitro on isolated 20 S proteasomes, with lowest IC50 values of 58 nm (chymotrypsin-like activity), 53 nm (trypsin-like activity), and 100 nm (caspase-like activity). Compounds 16, 21, 22, and 28 affected the chymotrypsin-like activity of the β5 subunit exclusively, whereas compounds 7 and 8 inhibited the β2 trypsin-like active site selectively. Compounds 13 and 15 inhibited all three proteolytic activities. Compound 15 was shown to interact with the active site by x-ray crystallography. The potential of these novel inhibitors was assessed by cellular tolerance and biological response. HeLa cells tolerated up to 1 μm concentrations of all substances. Intracellular reduction of proteasomal activity and accumulation of polyubiquitinated proteins were observed for compounds 7, 13, 15, 22, 25, 26, 27, and 28 on HeLa cells. Four of these compounds (7, 15, 26, and 28) induced apoptosis in HeLa cells and thus are considered as promising leads for anti-tumor drug development.


In the RF transmit/receive block of a wireless personal communication system, the power amplifiers consume the largest battery power. To reduce the size and power consumption of the systems, the demand for low supply voltage power transistors with high efficiency is growing for portable wireless communication applications. High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) are an excellent candidate for such applications due to their high maximum drain current, low knee voltage and high cutoff frequencies. In this talk we demonstrate a high efficiency and low supply voltage power transistor for portable wireless communication applications using a new In/sub 0.5/(Al/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/)/sub 0.5/P-In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As double-heterojunction pseudomorphic HEMT (DHPHEMT).


This letter is submitted in response to the paper of Grant et al. (1999). A number of scientists have recently published papers demonstrating that Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MP), the agent of Johne's disease of cattle, is resistant to heat (Chiodini and Hermon-Taylor 1993; Hope et al. 1996; Meylan et al. 1996; Sung and Collins 1998). Grant et al. (1999) also suggested that the traditional high temperature short time pasteurization of milk (HTST, 72 C for 15 s) could be insuf®cient to protect public health. Furthermore, their data imply that there would be a greater kill of MP if the heating time was increased by 5±10 s at 72 C as opposed to increasing the temperature by 13 C. The suggestion that MP might be involved in Crohn's disease has not yet been demonstrated. Of course, if a link between MP and Crohn's disease was established and if pasteurization was chosen as a sanitary measure for risk management, knowledge of both the concentration of viable MP cells in raw milk and their thermal resistance would have to be determined in order to achieve an acceptable level of public health protection. Yet the zoonotic character of MP is not established, information on its concentration in raw milk is scarce, and other scientists (Stabel et al. 1997; Keswani and Frank 1998) have published heat resistance results that contradict those of Grant et al. The two groups argue on the way heat resistance measurements should be performed. Heat resistance assessment is a laboratory activity that almost stopped in research laboratories 20 years ago. This letter is therefore intended to reopen the debate and to review evidence that originally suggested that such studies were often futile. Two points will be discussed: the experimental setup, and the in ̄uence of temperature on the treatment ef®ciency.


Microalgae are multifaceted photosynthetic microorganisms with emerging business potential. They are present ubiquitously in terrestrial and aquatic environments with rich species diversity and are capable of producing significant biomass. Traditionally, microalgal biomass is being used as food and feed in many countries around the globe. The production of microalgal-based bioactive compounds at an industrial scale through biotechnological interventions is gaining interest more recently. The present review provides a detailed overview of the key algal metabolites, which plays a crucial role in nutraceutical, functional foods, and animal/aquaculture feed industries. Bioactive compounds of microalgae known to exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory effects were comprehensively reviewed. The potential microalgal species and biological extracts against human pathogens were also discussed. Further, current technologies involved in upstream and downstream bioprocessing including cultivation, harvesting, and cell disruption were documented. Establishing microalgae as an alternative supplement would complement the sustainable and environmental requirements in the framework of human health and well-being.


Raltegravir, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase inhibitor, has pH-dependent solubility. Raltegravir plasma concentration increases with omeprazole coadministration in healthy subjects; this is likely secondary to an increase in bioavailability attributable to increased gastric pH. Increased gastric pH has been reported in HIV-1-infected individuals, and the effects of omeprazole in this intended population may be diminished. Further investigation is necessary.


Recently, for the first time, international data on IQ scores across countries have become available. The new data opens up the exciting possibility of using cross country analysis to study IQ and its determinants. One important potential determinant of IQ is income inequality. The purpose of this paper is to use cross country regression analysis to see whether or not differences in income inequality matter with regard to IQ scores across countries. If greater country income inequality reduces country IQ, then it is possible that well designed policies aimed at achieving greater equity in the distribution of income, a policy highly desirable in and of itself, may also, by augmenting country IQ, have the added beneficial effect of enhancing a country's creativity and economic growth.


Central venous catheterization (CVC) has been essential in the management of critically ill premature infants for total parenteral nutrition (TPN), hemodynamic monitoring, administration of fluids, drugs or blood products, the route for blood sampling, and etc. [1]. Due to technical difficulties and various complications, a reliable CVC has become an important field of long-term care for low birth weight infants. Complications during and after CVC are divided into three groups: mechanical, thrombotic and infectious complications that make long-term patency impossible in critically ill infants [2]. The puncture techniques, insertion sites, and managements of indwelling central venous catheters are also key factors of long-term patency of CVC. We report a case of three times successful CVC, using the same left subclavian vein in an extremely premature infants with necrotizing enterocolitis and giant hydrocephalus for about three months period, without any remarkable complications.

A premature female infant, weighing 1.28 kg was transferred from the local clinic, where the infant was delivered by a cesarean section at pregnant 29 weeks gestation. When transferred, she was intubated with self respiration for the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Two days after admission, the ventriculargaleal shunt was performed for accompanying giant hydrocephalus, under general anesthesia. After induction of anesthesia, the supraclavicular subclavian venous catheterization (SCSVC) was done at the request of the department of pediatrics. For the CVC of the infant, only the left subclavian vein was available, because the umbilical vein and the both femoral veins were obstructed or unavailable due to previous uses. Furthermore, the right central veins were to be secured by the surgeon for the protection of surgical field. The first left SCSVC (Fig. 1A) was done with 4 F double lumen entral venous catheter (Arrow Guard®, Arrow international Inc., USA) under Seldinger technique, using anatomical landmarks, and was removed after 4 weeks maintenance at neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for the prevention of catheter-related infections. The bacterial culture of removed catheter tip was negative. Eight weeks after the first operation, when the body weight of the infant was 2.1 kg, the second same left SCSVC (Fig. 1B) was performed under general anesthesia for the ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) to relieve hydrocephalus. The second catheter was removed after 3 weeks maintenance at NICU and the third left SCSVC (Fig. 1C) was carried out on the same day (when the body weight was 2.31 kg) under sedation. The third catheter was patent till the revision of VPS, which was done 4 weeks after the third CVC and the body weight of infant increased to 3.2 kg.

Fig. 1

Chest radiographs after (A) 1st, (B) 2nd, and (C) 3rd supraclvicular subclavian vein catheterization. Those show catheter tips located in the right atrium.

All CVCs were done by the same anesthesiologist, with the use of maximal barriers of infection (operation gown, sterile glove, cap, mask, and large sterile sheet drape). Instead of ultrasound (US)-guided central venous catheterization, we used the classic anatomical landmark technique for the puncture of the left subclavian vein [3]. The infant was positioned supine and 15 degree of Trendelenburg position with the arms beside the body and the head turned to the right side. Landmarks for skin puncture were the clavicosternomastoid angles, formed by the lateral head of the left sternocleidomastoid muscle and the upper border of the left clavicle. Then, the needles were introduced at this point and directed inferio-medial-posteriorly at 30-45 degree to the sagittal plane. During three times for left SCSVC, we succeeded subclavian punctures with one or two skin punctures. During and after CVC procedures, there were no remarkable changes in the vital signs, pulse oximeters and electrocardiograms. The central venous catheters were advanced about 6-7 cm from the skin and confirmed the intraatrial positioning by the follow up chest radiography.

To secure the long-term patency of the catheter, we applied intermittent low dose heparin (1 unit/ml) irrigations of catheters and uses of alternative line of double lumen catheter for the infusion of TPN.

Because only the left central veins were feasible for CVC and long-term patency without any vascular complications were needed for this low birth weight premature infant, successful cannulations of the left subclavian vein were very important. US-guided central venous catheterization was introduced as the gold standard for the central vein catheterization, and has been claimed to decrease complications related to the procedure [4]. However, we did not adopt US-guided central vein catheterization, because there were not adequate anatomical spaces of sono-transducer for the left internal jugular vein due to the short neck and the large hydrocephalic head, and the left subclavian vein was not clearly visible due to the left clavicle. As such, we chose the classical Yoffa technique [3] for SCSVCs. The advantages of the supraclavicular approach over the infraclavicular access are shorter distance from the skin to vein, well defined landmarks, and fewer complications, such as pneumothorax or the great artery punctures; therefore, we applied the supraclavicular approach for three times CVC. In terms of safety, it has been known that the tip of central venous catheter should not be in the right atrium, to avoid complications. However, we advanced the catheter tips into the right atrium for long-term patency to overcome a short distance from the skin to the superior vena cava, and fortunately, intraatrial positioning did not provoke any serious complications during the three months of CVC.

The late complications related to CVC are listed as infectious, thrombotic, and embolic complications, which disturb longterm patency of catheter. To upgrade the long-term patency of catheter, low dose heparin mixed with TPN solution, and continuous infusion of low dose heparin or warfarin were known to be the effective methods [5]. For this case, we used the intermittent 1-2 ml heparin (1 unit/ml) irrigation every 4 hours to prevent thrombosis and to keep long-term patency.

In conclusion, we performed the same left SCSVC three times for a premature infant and maintained the patency without any serious complications for about three months period. The certain knowledge of anatomical landmarks and technical skills of anesthesiologist are needed for simple, safe, and time-saving SCSVC in prematurity.


Some theories of particle physics are so compelling that it is worth doing a comprehensive and systematic set of experimental searches to see if they are realized in nature. Supersymmetry is one such theory. This review focuses on the motivation for a broad set of cosmology-inspired search strategies at the Tevatron and on their implementation and results at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) with the first few fb-1 of integrated luminosity of data.


It is very important to have not only great parents, but also great teachers. When you have a teacher or someone you consider to be your teacher, it defines your life in many ways.


The initiation and promotion of the acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children were analyzed with respect to the constitutional body type. The initial and acute periods of the disease were shown to be characterized by significant polymorphism of nonspecific symptoms. The initiation of the disease in patients with digestive body type was found to be more aggressive, with clinical manifestations and hematological changes.


Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency accounts for 90%–95% of cases. This autosomal recessive disorder has a broad spectrum of clinical forms, ranging from severe or classical, which includes the salt-wasting and simple virilizing forms, to the mild late onset or nonclassical form. Most of the disease-causing mutations described are likely to be the consequence of nonhomologous recombination or gene conversion events between the active CYP21A2 gene and its homologous CYP21A1P pseudogene. Nevertheless, an increasing number of naturally occurring mutations have been found. The change p.H62L is one of the most frequent rare mutations of the CYP21A2 gene. It was suggested that the p.H62L represents a mild mutation that may be responsible for a more severe enzymatic impairment when presented with another mild mutation on the same allele. In this report, a 20-year-old woman carrying an isolated p.H62L mutation in compound heterozygosity with c.283-13A/C>G mutation is described. Although a mildly nonclassical phenotype was expected, clinical signs and hormonal profile of the patient are consistent with a more severe simple virilizing form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The study of genotype-phenotype correlation in additional patients would help in defining the role of p.H62L in disease manifestation.


Nuclear fusion using magnetic confinement holds promise as a viable method for sustainable energy. However, most fusion devices have been experimental and as we move towards energy reactors, we are entering into a new paradigm of engineering. Curating a design for a fusion reactor is a high-dimensional multi-output optimisation process. Through this work we demonstrate a proof-of-concept of an AI-driven strategy to help explore the design search space and identify optimum parameters. By utilising a Multi-Output Bayesian Optimisation scheme, our strategy is capable of identifying the Pareto front associated with the optimisation of the toroidal field coil shape of a tokamak. The optimisation helps to identify design parameters that would minimise the costs incurred while maximising the plasma stability by way of minimising magnetic ripples.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The cost of medical care and availability of resources (human and facilities) which differs from nation to nation are amongst others, factors driving medical tourism (MT) despite its potential drawbacks. The aim of the study was to analyse all patients that presented with neurosurgical complications following MT.

METHODS
A single institution prospective study was carried out. Data which included patients' demographics, diagnosis, Glasgow coma scale score at admission, type of complication, and outcome were collected over a 3 year period and analysed.

RESULTS
A total of 23 neurosurgical cases were seen during the study period with a median age of 42 years (17-70 years). India is the most common country visited by Nigerian patients. Nine patients died from various complications on arrival in Nigeria. There was no significant statistical difference between the outcome and patients clinical status prior to travel (p=0.107), country where the surgery was done (p=0.776), admission GCS in Nigeria (p=0.169), and redo surgery in Nigeria (0.181).

CONCLUSION
Government in different nations should have legislations to ensure that medical tourists' receive appropriate care abroad, proper follow-up care upon their return, and also promulgate laws to regulate quasi and organised MT agencies that are operating in a regulatory vacuum.


In recent years dynamic induction control has shown great potential in reducing wake-to-turbine interaction by increasing the mixing in the wake. With these wake mixing methods the thrust force will vary in time. If applied to a floating offshore wind turbine, it will cause the platform to move. In this paper the effect of the Helix mixing approach on a DTU10MW turbine on the TripleSpar platform and its wake is evaluated. When the Helix mixing approach is applied at Strouhal equal to 0.25, the yaw movement is excited close to the eigenfrequency of the platform resulting in significant yaw angles for small blade pitch angles. To understand the impact of the motion on the wake, the yaw motion is simulated using the free wake vortex method as implemented in Qblade. Under laminar inflow, results show that the windspeed at a distance of 5 rotor diameters downstream can be increased by up to 10% compared to a fixed-bottom turbine.


Pregnant women and mothers of infants are the target audience for advertisements of infant formula. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence and content of health statements made in infant formula advertisements found in pregnancy and early parenting magazines from August 2006 to August 2007. A total of 173 infant formula advertisements were found in 77 individual issues of 16 different magazines. Forty-two unduplicated advertisements were used for the content analysis. Statistical analysis included kappa scores, frequencies, and percentages. Results showed that 9 of the 16 magazines analyzed contained ads for infant formulas. Of these, more than half of all infant formula advertisements made some type of health statement. Health statements varied greatly but generally advertised improvements in gastrointestinal, brain, or eye health; language development; or reduced incidence of allergies, food intolerances, and gastrointestinal disorders. Such health statements may influence a mother...


BALTIMORE, MARYLAND-- Researchers reported at the American Physical Society meeting, held here from 13 to 17 March, that they have coaxed a layer of silicon to roll up into nanotubes, and that similar tubes can conduct and generate light--advances that might lead to devices that can be built into ordinary electronic microchips. (Read more.)


There are several important roles that staging systems and prognostic models play in the modern medical care of patients with cancer. First, accurate staging systems can assist clinicians by identifying optimal treatment selection based on the scope of disease at the time of diagnosis. Second, both physicians and patients may infer prognostic information from staging and models that may help decision makers identify appropriate therapies for individual patients. Third, in research, there is benefit to classifying patients with disease into subgroups ensuring greater parity between experimental and control arms. Staging systems in most solid organ malignancies rely heavily on an accurate pathologic assessment of the tumor (size, site, number of tumors, locoregional spread, and distant spread). Another consideration in primary liver cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), is the fact that the underlying liver function can significantly impact patient survival. In HCC, there are at least a dozen options that have been proposed for staging the disease. Herein, we review the most widely used systems and discuss their strengths and weaknesses. Prognostic models and nomograms are also discussed for a variety of subpopulations with HCC. Interestingly, until 2010, the staging system proposed by the American Joint Committee on Cancer for ICC was identical to HCC. The modern staging system, unique to ICC, is reviewed, and future modifications are identified with the primary supporting literature discussed.


Alpha hydroxy acids, malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid and lactic acid, were analyzed simultaneously using capillary electrophoresis with direct UV detection at 200 nm. The separation was carried out with uncoated fused-silica (50 cm × 50 µm i.d.), pressure injection at 15 psi s and operated at–15 kV potential. The separation buffers were prepared with 180 mM Na_2HPO_4, 1 mM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 15% (v/v) methanol and adjusted to pH 7.2 by phosphoric acid. Validation was performed for citric acid and malic acid. The obtained parameters were adequate and the limits of detection were 2.5 and 5 µg ml^–1 for citric acid and malic acid, respectively. AHAs from natural fruit juices (orange and grape) were determined and measured with this method.


The authors suggest a conceptual approach justifying major directions in prophylaxis, correction and rehabilitation of eye in aviation operators of electronic display means. Necessity of multifarious attitude to the medical management.


The interest of the internal contracting resides certainly in its use like instrument of administrative and financial regulation of the health, social and medico-social establishments, because it constitutes an element of technical and financial viability of a health mutual, but more still as a management and modernization tool.
Internal contracting is thus the mode that allows the matching between costs and quality in the hospital field; remaining the indispensable tool for the introduction and adaptation of new public management in public bodies.


Iron oxide nanoparticles were made in the presence of three carboxylic acid functionalised organic ligands (tiopronin, oxamic acid and succinic acid) using a co-precipitation method. The iron oxide was a mixture of magnetite and maghemite with an average crystallite size less than 10 nm. The samples were all dialysed prior to analysis to ensure high purity. Without the presence of a carboxylic acid, the dialysis purification stage invoked complete precipitation and the sample was completely intractable. The carboxylic acid stabilised particles could be dissolved in water to form a stable solution. The samples prepared with tiopronin and succinic acid were close to neutral pH and were suitable for magnetic fluid hyperthermia testing on Staphyloccocus aureus. Iron oxide produced with tiopronin was able to achieve a 107-fold reduction in the viable count of the organism using a 2 × 2 minute exposure to an AC magnetic field and this bactericidal effect could still be achieved using the same batch of particles one week later. Oxidation of the samples did occur with aging or sonication and made the heating response less effective after one month. The tiopronin stabilised nanoparticles were able to achieve substantial kills of bacteria at concentrations between 6.25–50 mg/ml. This is, to our knowledge, the first time magnetic hyperthermia has been used to kill bacteria. The heating rates obtained from using an external magnetic alternating field on the iron oxide nanoparticle solutions were four times greater than the best commercially available material. This novel method of killing bacteria could form the basis of a new approach to the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases.


The purpose of this study was to examine whether intestinal β-carotene cleavage activity, measured with the dioxygenase assay, is affected by vitamin A intake and whether this in vitro activity is a determinant of β- carotene cleavage in vivo, measured in lymph-cannulated rats. Six groups of 10-20 rats were fed a diet with a low, normal or high retinyl palmitate concentration (120 RE, 1200 RE and 12,000 RE per kg, respectively) for 14 to 18 wk, either supplemented or not with 50 mg β-carotene/kg in the last 6 wk. Intestinal dioxygenase activity was 90% higher (P < 0.05) in the animals fed the unsupplemented low vitamin A diet than in the animals fed the unsupplemented high vitamin A diet, whereas in β-carotene-supplemented rats intestinal dioxygenase activity was significantly lower than in unsupplemented rats. The molar ratio between retinyl esters and β-carotene in lymph collected over 8 h after a single intestinal dose of β-carotene (250 μg) to β-carotene-unsupplemented rats fed the three levels of vitamin A was correlated with intestinal dioxygenase activity (r = 0.66, P = 0.003). Dioxygenase activity in the liver was not affected by the vitamin A concentration of the diet but was 70% higher in the β-carotene-supplemented rats. Based on the difference in liver vitamin A contents between β- carotene-supplemented and unsupplemented rats we estimated β-carotene conversion factors of 9:1 for the rats fed the high vitamin A diet and 4:1 for the rats fed the normal and low vitamin A diets. Intestinal β-carotene cleavage activity is higher in vitamin A-deficient rats than in rats with a high intake of either vitamin A or β-carotene. The intestinal dioxygenase activity as measured in vitro is an adequate indicator of in vivo β-carotene cleavage activity. Chemicals/CAS: beta Carotene, 7235-40-7; Carotenoids, 36-88-4; Oxygenases, EC 1.13.-; retinol palmitate, 79-81-2; Vitamin A, 11103-57-4


The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of carotid artery revascularization using a new system for carotid stenting and distal embolic protection in 30 patients with severe carotid stenosis and high risk for carotid endarterectomy (Carotid Revascularization With ev3 Arterial Technology Evolution, or CREATE). Previous studies suggest that patients with carotid stenosis and serious comorbid cardiopulmonary and anatomic conditions are at high risk for carotid endarterectomy. All patients underwent percutaneous revascularization using the Protégé GPS self-expanding nitinol stent (ev3, Plymouth, MN) and the Spider distal embolic protection system (ev3). In-hospital and 30-day outcomes were analyzed. High-risk features included age > 75 years (63%), left ventricular ejection fraction < 35% (20%), and restenosis after prior carotid endarterectomy (53%). Procedural success was 100%. In-hospital complications included severe vasovagal reactions in six patients (20%) and a popliteal embolus in one patient (3.3%), treated by successful embolectomy. During 30 days of follow-up, two patients (6.6%) experienced minor neurological deficits, including transient expressive aphasia that resolved without therapy in one patient and homonymous hemianopsia due to contralateral posterior circulation stroke in one patient. This study supports the feasibility of percutaneous carotid artery revascularization with the Protégé GPS self-expanding stent and Spider distal embolic protection system, which will be evaluated in a large multicenter pivotal trial (CREATE Pivotal Trial). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;63:1–6. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


This paper studies the operation of a small renewable and hydro-dominated power system when introducing environmental constraints. The risk of rationing and the local price formation is investigated using a stochastic, cost-minimising optimisation model for long-term operation of a regional renewable power system with reservoir hydropower. The model is applied to a case study based on Norwegian hydropower plants with state-dependent, environmental constraints on reservoir management. The results demonstrate the reduced operational flexibility of the hydropower system and an increased risk of rationing, when the environmental constraint is imposed. In some of the case runs, the long-term management of the constrained reservoir is found to change considerable, but is also shown to be sensitive to the value of lost load, the transmission capacity and the total wind power generation.


Thank you very much for reading ion channels and disease. As you may know, people have look numerous times for their favorite readings like this ion channels and disease, but end up in malicious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they are facing with some infectious bugs inside their laptop. ion channels and disease is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our books collection saves in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the ion channels and disease is universally compatible with any devices to read.


Starting during the colonial period, the process of discovering, assessing, and describing Arabic manuscript collections scattered across West Africa helped debunk the myth of a continent steeped in oral tradition and ritual. This, in turn, paved the way for a growing number of initiatives from the 1960s onwards, particularly in manuscript-rich areas in Mali, Mauritania, and northern Nigeria. Mainly focused on bibliographic description, content analysis, and preservation, these initiatives employed storage and reformatting technologies (microfilm and digitization), database management systems, and the Internet, to develop computerized catalogs and finding aids, create surrogate copies of selected manuscripts, and eventually make these resources available online, thus ensuring or expanding access to a wealth of previously unknown resources for the study of African history and culture. Considering the harsh environment, the problematic nature of the materials and their storage conditions, and the limited human, technological, and financial resources involved, it is remarkable how some of these projects managed to survey large swaths of the West African manuscript landscape, often making the results of their work permanently available. At the same time, a review of their accomplishments and shortcomings will help understand how many such initiatives failed to meet the expectations of their intended and potential users. Only by understanding these evolving trends and realities, and engaging information professionals with the appropriate knowledge and skills, will new initiatives to preserve and document West African manuscripts succeed in providing access to both intellectual content and material culture, rather than simply generating new digital dust.


The effectivity of sympathectomy performed via thoracoscopy as initiated by Kux, has been confirmed by examining two cases reported here.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine school-embedded instructional coaching as a social activity situated within a new initiative. The coaches were in their first year of implementing new standards and curriculum policy in a large urban school district in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach
Using activity theory as a conceptual framework, this study was a qualitative inquiry into the experiences of 20 school-embedded coaches. Data were drawn from multiple interviews over the course of a year, with a total of 49 interviews and an end-of-year questionnaire from all participants.

Findings
The study found that within the initial year, coaches had to negotiate a variety of relationships that included the overall school context, teachers, principals and their own responsibilities. While negotiating these relationships, coaches utilized a variety of strategies to accomplish their goals.

Research limitations/implications
All data are self-reported, and there is a limited sample size (n=20). While the sample size may limit generalizability, all coaches in the initiative were participants in the study. By including all coaches, this study had a more complete picture of coaching during its initial year.

Practical implications
This study offers some suggestions that help inform the professional development of coaches.

Originality/value
The present study expands upon the literature by exploring the broader relationships of coaching to other stakeholders. Rather than focusing specifically on the approaches or styles of coaching, this paper focuses on the work of coaches as a social endeavor. It resituates the role of coaches within their context and reframes our understanding of the nature of coach work.


Background: Pregnancy risk perception affects a pregnant woman's decision about health care services use such as prenatal care, place of birth, choices about medical interventions, adherence to medical procedures, and recommendations. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 424 mothers attending ANC at health centers in the Jabitenhan district from April 1 to 30, 2021. Data was collected through a face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire which was developed according to the health belief model. The logistic regression model was used using adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and p value <0.05Result: 424 pregnant women were interviewed of which nearly half of the respondents (48%) had good pregnancy risk perception. Women who had a history of obstetric complication (AOR:95%CI = 3.44:1.73,6.83), those who know at least one pregnancy danger sign (AOR:95%CI =5.22;2.46,11.07), pregnant women who had a bad obstetric history (AOR:95%CI = 2.23:1.13,4.41) and knowing women who died due to pregnancy-related complications (AOR:95%CI =2.85:1.45,5.60) were more likely to have good perception towards pregnancy risk as compared to their counterparts.Conclusion: Obstetric complications, awareness of pregnancy danger signs, bad obstetric history, and knowing women who died due to pregnancy-related complications were found to be significantly associated with pregnancy risk perception.


A survey was conducted by the staff of the College of Medicine and School of Public Health, Seoul National University in cooperation with Seoul Special City from 1 December 1967 through 28 February 1968, on such events as delivery, death, abortion and pregnancy. The survey directed to a total population of 47,811 residing in 9,157 households led us to the following findings: 1. Two year averages of crude birth rate, crude death rate and natural increase rate were 30.1, 5.6 and 24.5, respectively. 2. Of all deliveries, home and hospital deliveries constituted 61.1 per cent and 35.5 per cent, respectively. 3. Deliveries other than hospital deliveries were found to be attended more often by mother-in-laws (26.5 per cent) than by doctors or midwives(23.4 per cent). 4. About 51 per cent of all women having experiences in pregnancy during the last two years had an experience of consulting a doctor at least one time throughout whole period of pregnancy. 5. In most cases scissors were used to cut umbilical cords, of which 71.0 per cent were not sterilized and only 20.3 per cent sterilized. 6. In many cases placenta was incinerated(48.2 per cent) and on many other occasions it was thrown away into water(28.3 per cent). 7. Cement bags(37.4 per cent), gauze and absorbent cotton(29.8 per cent) were found to be most frequently used to receive new-born babies. 8. In 1966 8. 8 per cent of the women had at least one abortion induced and in 1967 the percentage was 9.2 per cent. 9. Nearly all(95.8 per cent) of the induced abortions reportedly were done at doctor's clinics. 10. Of all the abortions induced 65.3 per cent were done by specialists in obstetrics, 30.3 per cent by general practitioners and 2.7 per cent by midwives. 11. Those who experienced spontaneous abortions were 1.9 per cent of all women both in 1966 and 1967. 12. About 9.2 per cent of women investigated were found to be currently pregnant. 13. Age specific death rate turned out to be highest among those under 1 year of age. 14. Ten major causes of death in their order of frequency were: 15. Places of death can be classified into homes(75.3 per cent) and hospitals(13.2 per cent). 16. Method of disposing of corpses comprised burials(54.2 per cent) and cremations(44.6 per cent). 17. Infant, neonatal and hebdomadal mortality rates have been computed at 32.2, 18.9 and 13.7, respectively. 18. Infants were found to have died either at homes(81.5 per cent) or at hospitals(18.5 per cent). 19. Birth registrations had been done for about 18.5 per cent of the dead infants.


Understanding and fending off attack campaigns against organizations, companies and individuals, has become a global struggle. As today's threat actors become more determined and organized, isolated efforts to detect and reveal threats are no longer effective. Although challenging, this situation can be significantly changed if information about security incidents is collected, shared and analyzed across organizations. To this end, different exchange data formats such as STIX, CyBOX, or IODEF have been recently proposed and numerous CERTs are adopting these threat intelligence standards to share tactical and technical threat insights. However, managing, analyzing and correlating the vast amount of data available from different sources to identify relevant attack patterns still remains an open problem. In this paper we present Mantis, a platform for threat intelligence that enables the unified analysis of different standards and the correlation of threat data trough a novel type-agnostic similarity algorithm based on attributed graphs. Its unified representation allows the security analyst to discover similar and related threats by linking patterns shared between seemingly unrelated attack campaigns through queries of different complexity. We evaluate the performance of Mantis as an information retrieval system for threat intelligence in different experiments. In an evaluation with over 14,000 CyBOX objects, the platform enables retrieving relevant threat reports with a mean average precision of 80%, given only a single object from an incident, such as a file or an HTTP request. We further illustrate the performance of this analysis in two case studies with the attack campaigns Stuxnet and Regin.


Popular Victorian women writers considers a diverse group of women writers within the Victorian literary marketplace. It looks at authors such as Ellen Wood, Mary Braddon, Rhoda Broughton and Charlotte Yonge as well as less well-known writers including Jessie Fothergill and Eliza Meteyard. Each essay sets the individual author within her biographical and literary context and provides refreshing insights into her work. Together they bring the work of largely unknown authors and new perspectives on known authors to critical and public attention. Accessible and informative, the book is ideal for students of Victorian literature and culture as well as tutors and scholars of the period.


The outbreak of the Covid-19 virus has had an impact not only on the decline of the people's economy but also on the education system in Indonesia. As a result, the learning process is shifted to online learning. The application of online learning is inseparable from various problems, not only concerning facilities and infrastructure but also regarding the goals of education itself. The purpose of this study was to determine the problems of the application of online learning, especially in the affective and psychomotor domains. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Sources of data obtained through interviews with research subjects Islamic religious education teachers at Islamic Senior High School Miftahul Ulum Opo-Opo Krejengan, Probolinggo. The results obtained indicate that the problems in the application of online learning in the affective and psychomotor domains concern student learning interests, the value of honesty and a sense of student responsibility, and student discipline. Meanwhile, in the psychomotor realm, the problem found is related to the implementation of teacher practice or assessment of student skills


Eight science terms were studied as to their meanings for 9-, 13-, and 17-year-old students randomly selected from a single school district in the midwest. The results indicate that the school is ineffective in increasing numbers of students who master the select terms between seventh and eleventh grade. On three of the eight terms 9-year-olds perform as well as 17-year-old students. Although there is growth between ages 9 and 13 on degree of mastery for five terms, some of these differences can be attributed to increasing student abilities to read, increases in student experiences with school science and testing procedures, maturation and development of reasoning for students across grades, and the relative emphasis of science content/terminology for the various age levels.


Background The prevalence of high-risk behaviors in adolescents is one of the most important concerns of the community; this study aimed to determine the effectiveness of life skills training on decreasing high risk behaviors among high school boy students. Materials and Methods In a quasi-experimental study, the statistical population included Mullah Sadra boy high school students in the academic year of 2017-2018. In this research, the sampling was done in two stages; first, to identify the individuals with high-risk behavior questionnaire, was used and 30 students who have high-risk behavior and willing to participate were selected and randomly assigned to intervention group (n=15) and control group (n=15). The educational intervention consisted of 12 sessions (each session was 60-120 minutes). The Life Skillsquestionnaire was completed by two groups before, after and one month after intervention; and data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23.0. Results The mean of pre-test, post-test and follow-up scores in the intervention group for variances of substance abuse, violence, insecure sexual behavior and high-risk behaviors were lower than the control group. But the mean score of life skills in the intervention group was higher than the control group. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the post-test difference of the studied groups (intervention and control) in the components of high risk behaviors in the health area, substance abuse and violence was significant (P<0.05), but in insecure sexual behavior (p=0.766) was not significant. Conclusion According the results, Educational intervention had a positive impact on reducing of high-risk behaviors in boy high school students.


Migraine is characterized by recurrent episodes of severe headache and has been ranked as the second most disabling medical condition in the world. In frequent or chronic migraine, preventive treatment is recommended; pharmacological, non-pharmacological or a combination of both. Aerobic exercise is an evidence-based alternative to non-pharmacological treatment of migraines and can decrease the number of migraine attacks, intensity, and duration of headaches, as well as increase quality of life. Exercise at a moderate to high intensity level, 3 times a week, 30 minutes, excluding warm up and cool down, is recommended.


Controlled rocking of steel braced frames has been proposed for the seismic retrofit of structures. The controlled rocking approach allows a frame to uplift from its support at the base-of-column to foundation interface while displacement-based steel yielding devices are implemented at the base location to control the response. Past studies have focused on analytical investigations of the response of such a system along with design applications for controlled rocking bridge piers. This paper discusses shake table testing of a 4-legged, steel braced pier representative of a 1/5 length scale highway bridge pier. The model is subjected to a series of seismic excitations about one of its primary orthogonal axes, using horizontal and vertical base motions, and rotated 45deg. to investigate pier behavior that would be expected from bi-directional horizontal base inputs. Ground motions from the 1940 El Centro and 1994 Northridge earthquakes are used along with a synthetically generated motion. The steel yielding devices used during testing are triangular plates that yield in flexure as the pier uplifts and rocks at its base. Results of the testing focus on the overall behavior of the controlled rocking pier including global hysteretic response, uplifting displacements, and pier forces.


The book contains complementary essays on the use of tax incentives, to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). The first essay presents results of the authors' original research, and explores FDI, and issues of tax incentives, in the context of Indonesia. Their results mostly support the arguments made against incentives, particularly they find little evidence that when Indonesia eliminated tax incentives, there was any decline in the rate of FDI into the country. Similarly, the second essay surveys the research of others on the same topic, and pertaining to the same issues discussed in the first essay. They show that results of other researchers, are generally consistent with the findings of the research in Indonesia, notably that tax incentives, neither affect significantly the amount of direct investment that takes place, nor usually determine the location to which investment is drawn. Nevertheless, recent evidence has shown that when factors such as political, and economic stability, infrastructure, and transport costs are more, or less equal between potential locations, taxes may exert a significant impact. This is evidenced by the growing tax competition in regional groupings (i.e., the European Union) or, at the sub-regional level within one country (i.e., the United States). Both essays provide a basis for much more sophisticated analysis by policymakers than previously, and, both are important because they question governments' institutional arrangements that create agency problems with respect to tax incentive policies.


For the past three summers the Rapid Response Institute at Monmouth University has conducted a program in which high school students passionate about computer technology work with University professors to create prototype software systems that have real world deliverable focused applications. The program has been a success in many dimensions and has exposed the students to a unique learning experience, a systems perspective, process in building software systems, working with external stakeholders, teamwork, and exposure to many technologies, including ones that are just emerging. The program has encouraged innovation, initiative, and adaptability and has resulted in useful software prototypes in a variety of areas including agents, web sites for real-time data, and a complex emergency management application. One of these has evolved to a production system.


One of the primary methods of instruction in business education is the case. However, some of the basiclearning goals associated with case instruction are compromised by its form of presentation. We have used newforms of media, involving computing and communication, to build a novel learning environment, the Living Case,which flexibly and interactively presents cases along with dynamic, on-going feedback to students while they work.Key to providing meaningful assistance daring case analysis is the ability to model and interpret student behavior.Several investigations were conducted in order to understand the process of case analysis. Case analysisis characterized as a problem solving activity driven by comprehension and reasoning operators. Twelve hours ofprotocols are analyzed using "retelling profiles" as an interpretation mechanism for further specifying the operatorsinvolved in analyzing a case. Retelling profiles are visual time plots of the activities undertaken in a reading task.Our preliminary results suggest a deeper structure to case analysis which is common across business disciplines,cases, and analysts, and therefore implementable in a system like Living Case. Differences between the analysisstrategies of experts and novices are formalized in terms of the experts' use of "templates" of typical companybehaviors. This provides the basis for building mechanisms to instruct and re-orient case analysts using the LivingCase system.The Living Case system is described along with some of the insights gained during its construction. Futureresearch directions and instructional uses of the system are also discussed.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading neurodegenerative disorder affecting memory and learning of aged people. Hypercholesterolemia had been implicated as one of the stark hallmarks of AD. Recent AD control guidelines have suggested lifestyle modification to slow down the progression of AD. In this regard, medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum seems apt. In the present study, hot water extract of G. lucidum (200 mg/kg body weight) was fed to the hypercholesterolemic and AD model rats for 8 weeks. Nonspatial memory and learning abilities of the model animals was assessed using novel object recognition (NOR) test, rotarod test, and locomotor/open-field test. Then, the animals were sacrificed and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) view of the hippocampal neurons was assessed. In all the nonspatial memory and learning tests, the G. lucidum HWE fed rats performed better indicating improved memory and learning abilities. TEM view showed regular arrangement of the neurons in the G. lucidum HWE fed rats compared with those of the deranged arrangement of the AD rats. G. lucidum might have aided in restoring the memory and learning abilities of the AD model animals through maintaining neuronal structure and function. Thus, G. lucidum could be suggested as a medicotherapeutic agent against AD.


Self-pierce riveting (SPR) is the core joining technology used by Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) to join aluminium & mixed material body in white (BIW). Currently, the application of this process has a serious constraint to the business due to the high investment and intensive labour required by physically testing joint feasibility. This is a critical issue especially where different stacks need to be joined by one SPR gun. In this case, the selection of a common rivet/die combination which suits different material stacks requires labour intensive work that in some cases can create long delays during a vehicle development and commissioning. In this context, the development of a simulation technique, based on Finite Element Analysis (FEA), could allow virtual assessment of the manufacturing feasibility of a joint. This will enable significant business benefits including: saving time, costs and materials requirement for the experimental trials.

Three major challenges need to be addressed: short CPU time, accuracy and robustness in order for its application in a manufacturing environment. To achieve these objectives, detailed numerical methods capable of reproducing the key factors affecting the experimental process like tooling, boundary conditions and material plastic deformation are developed. For the first time, a thermo-mechanical finite element model for simulation of the SPR process has been proposed. This allowed consideration of the increase in temperature due to friction and plastic deformation generated during the rivet insertion. The effect of thermal softening and strain hardening were characterized for the development of the substrate material model and their influence on the numerical simulation was assessed. This study has been validated via production line data and a significantly high level of correlation between simulation and experimental data for over 1000 joints representative of a vehicle platform has been achieved.

The application of the developed simulation technique will enable several business benefits such as significant reduction of engineering time and costs in contrast to the experimental procedure. These advantages allow a smooth implementation of the SPR process in a JLR production line by providing engineering recommendations rapidly and consistently. All these features, combined with accuracy and robustness have enabled the application of the developed tool into JLR business.


ABSTRACT Currently, the mechanisms underlying the effects of nitrogen on nodulation and nitrogen fixation of leguminous plants remain uncertain. To further investigate the relationship between nitrogen with nodulation and nitrogen fixation of soybean plants, a young seedling grafting technique was applied to generate soybean plants with dual root systems. The two root systems were separately cultured in sand medium, with one irrigated with nutrient solution containing or as nitrogen sources (the N+ side) and another irrigated with nitrogen-free nutrient solution (the N− side). Various nitrogen concentrations, 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/L, were applied to the N+-side root system to determine the effects of nitrogen concentrations on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of soybean plants. The results showed that in the dual root systems constructed by seedling grafting, the number and weight of root nodules at the N+ side both exhibited a single-peak changing trend of first increasing and then decreasing with nitrogen concentrations. Root nodulation was accelerated by low concentrations of nitrogen (<50 mg/L) and significantly suppressed by high concentrations of nitrogen (>50 mg/L). In contrast, the number and weight of root nodules at the N− side showed a constant increasing trend with the increase in nitrogen concentrations. Taken together, these results indicated that high nitrogen concentration exerts a contact-dependent localized inhibitory effect on the formation (number of nodules) and growth of root nodules (weight of nodules). The nitrogenase activities in the root nodules at both the N+ and the N− sides displayed trends of first increasing and then decreasing with nitrogen concentrations, reaching a single peak when the nitrogen concentration was 50 mg/L. In addition, the promotive or inhibitory effects of nitrogen at different concentrations on nitrogenase activity in the root nodules were synchronous between the N+ and the N− sides, suggesting that the effect of nitrogen is systematically regulated via interactions between the aboveground and underground parts of the plants.


A great deal of attention has been focused on the introduction of presence- and location-based applications in the IPTV environment; however, the killer application is likely to remain the viewing of valued audio and video content. In order to ensure revenues, such content will require robust protection. This article reviews the concepts and approaches that have been learned and adopted by the wider TV industry over the last decade. The article covers work being done in the major international standards organizations; the elements that need to be addressed by a comprehensive content security system and the merits of the choices that can be made.


We have employed the CSD method to synthesize GdBCO and GdBCO-Gd2O3 nanocomposite 250-300 nm thin films. For this we have designed a new Low-Fluorine (LF) solution never used before in the synthesis of GdBCO thin films that allow to reduce the HF release by 80% and increasing the reproducibility of the pyrolysis process. The growth of these thin films required the design of a new thermal process what we called "Flash-Heating" in which the heating rate is extremely fast (~600 oC/min). The structure and the superconducting properties of the pristine GdBCO films are excellent showing a (00l) epitaxial orientation of the GdBCO grains and Tc values that reach 92.8 K which means and enhancement of more than 1 K with respect to the standard YBCO films. The calculated Jc inside the grains ( ) present also remarkable values: (5 K) ~ 40 MA/cm and (77 K) ~ 3.3 MA/cm. Finally, the GdBCOGd2O3 nanocomposites films, with a 20% mol of Gd2O3, exhibit superior superconducting properties and pinning performances with respect to the GdBCO pristine films.


This book is the work of 34 authors. They have approached the various diseases caused by viruses from the standpoints of history, characteristics of the virus, and the clinical findings caused by each virus. Chapters concerning physical properties of viruses, differentation between viruses, and infectivity characteristics, should be of interest to the microbiologist. They are highly technical. From the standpoint of the pediatrician, the chapters dealing with viruses as the cause of myocarditis, enteritis, dermatitis, respiratory tract infections, and central nervous system disease are of practical importance. The role of Coxsackie and ECHO viruses is stressed. Prophylaxis against influenza is discussed, and a routine for immunization of young children is recommended. Cultural and serological experiments on measles and varicella viruses are outlined. Because of its comprehensive coverage of the subject matter, this book should be excellent for reference use.


The opportunities and challenges of implementing a smart electric supply system are discussed, including how to integrate the local public goods of electric system reliability, and increasingly of environmental compliance, in an efficient way. The full potential of the smart grid cannot be attained, however, without the wide-spread availability of real-time pricing for electricity so that all parties, particularly customers, have an incentive to play "smart". The incentives for behavioral, technological and environmental innovations resulting from a smart grid are discussed, if implemented in a market context, as are institutional and political inhibitions for doing so under a regulatory regime.


In the quest for essential energy solutions towards an ecological friendly future, the efficient transformation of visible light/solar energy into mechanical motions in metal-free luminescent crystals offers a sustainable choice of smart materials for lightweight actuating, sensing, and all-organic electronic devices. Such green energy-triggered photodynamic motions with room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emission in molecular crystals have not been reported yet. Here, we demonstrate three new stoichiometrically different Lewis acid-base molecular organoboron crystals (PS1, PS2, and PS3), which exhibit rapid photosalient effects (ballistic splitting, moving, and jumping) under both UV and visible light associated with quantitative single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) [2+2] cycloaddition of preorganized olefins. Furthermore, these systems respond to sunlight and mobile (white) flashlight with a complete SCSC transformation in a relatively slow fashion. Remarkably, all PS1, PS2, and PS3 crystals display visible light-promoted dynamic green RTP as their emission peaks promptly blue-shift, due to instantaneous photomechanical effects. Time-dependent structural mapping of intermediate photoproducts during fast SCSC [2+2] photoreaction, by X-ray photodiffraction, reveals a rationale for the origin of these photodynamic motions associated with rapid topochemical transformations. The reported light-driven behavior (mechanical motions, dynamic phosphorescence, and topochemical reactivity), is considered advantageous for the strategic design of stimuli-responsive multi-functional crystalline materials.


Neurofibromatosis is a condition that can occur in a number of forms, the commonest of which are types 1 and 2. As a group, they fall under the phacomatoses family of conditions, otherwise known as neurocutaneous syndromes, owing to the fact that they concurrently have disorders of the nervous system and the integument, which organs share a common ectodermal origin. Other examples include Schwannomatosis and Von Hippel Lindau syndromes. We describe a case of a young girl who presented with features of NF2 and was discovered to have a cerebellar hemangioblastoma at the same time. We are not aware of this association being described in the literature.


Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are amenable to automation and therefore have become the marker of choice for DNA profiling. SNaPshot, a primer extension-based method, was used to multiplex 25 SNPs that have been previously validated as useful for identity control. Detection of extended products was based on four different fluorochromes and extension primers with oligonucleotide tails of differing lengths, thus controlling the concise length of the entire chromatogram to 81 bases. Allele frequencies for Holstein, Simmental, Limousin, Angus, Charolais and Tux Cattle were estimated and significant positive Pearson-correlation coefficients were obtained among the analysed breeds. The probability that two randomly unrelated individuals would share identical genotypes for all 25 loci varied from 10(-8) to 10(-10) for these breeds. For parentage control, the exclusion power was found to be 99.9% when the genotypes of both putative parents are known. A traceability test of duplicated samples indicated a high genotyping precision of >0.998. This was further corroborated by analysis of 60 cases of parent-sib pairs and trio families. The 25-plex SNaPshot assay is adapted for low- and high-throughput capacity and thus presents an alternative for DNA-based traceability in the major commercial cattle breeds.


The rapid expansion in emerging semiconductor devices has led to the need for improved compact modelling and circuit simulation tools. In order to achieve wide spread acceptance of any new modelling tool it must be simple to use, generate device models that produce accurate simulation data, simulate at practical speeds, meet international hardware description language standards and be freely available to the compact modelling community. This presentation reports on current research that links Equation-Defined Device modelling with Verilog-A modules, driven by code templates and synthesis, which in turn result in an improved interactive modelling technique that can be employed to construct compact models that have a similar performance to compiled C++ code models. Throughout the talk a series of compact device models will be introduced to demonstrate the fundamentals and application of the new approach to compact device modelling.


BACKGROUND
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is widely recognized as the most important modifiable risk factor for the development of glaucoma. In order to arouse people's attention to glaucoma, this study set out to describe IOP and its related factors in adults living in urban and rural areas of Fujian, a coastal province in southern China.

METHODS
A population-based cross-sectional study (the Fujian Eye Study) was conducted from May 2018 to October 2019. The study enrolled 10,044 residents of Fujian aged 50 years and over to participate in a questionnaire and a series of physical and ocular examinations, such as height, weight, heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), visual acuity (VA), IOP, slit lamp and fundus examinations. Participants were divided into subgroups by age, sex, region, refraction, and other characteristics. IOP was measured with the handheld iCare rebound tonometer.

RESULTS
A total of 8,211 individuals were included, of whom 8,153 underwent IOP examination. The mean IOP was 13.88±3.46 mmHg (median, 14 mmHg; range, 5-57 mmHg). Multiple regression analysis revealed that IOP was associated with age, sex, refraction, SBP, living in an inland area, smartphone use in the dark, and a history of chronic diseases. However, IOP was statistically independent of living in an urban or rural area, body mass index, DBP, tobacco use, alcohol use, and tea consumption.

CONCLUSIONS
Additional vision-related policies targeting younger women, people with high SBP, myopia, and chronic diseases, and those living in inland areas are needed in future.


This paper deals with the development of a simple mathematical model for experimental validation of the performance of a small evaporative cooling system in a tropical climate. It also presents the coefficient of convective heat transfer of wide range of temperatures based on existing model. Extensive experiments have been performed during January to February 2013 for a small evaporative cooling system designed for storage of fruits and vegetables. The model considered the thermal properties of the material of the cooling pad and assumed that the cooling pad is a plain porous wall bounded by two convective air at different temperature at the two surfaces. The predicted and experimental value of various cooling efficiency at different range of inlet temperature has been determined. In addition the values of the coefficient of convective heat transfer for a wide range of temperatures is also presented.


In this paper we discuss the estimation of the spar-sity order for a Compressed Sensing scenario where only a single snapshot is available. We demonstrate that a specific design of the sensing matrix based on Khatri-Rao products enables us to transform this problem into the estimation of a matrix rank in the presence of additive noise. Thereby, we can apply existing model order selection algorithms to determine the sparsity order. The matrix is a rearranged version of the observation vector which can be constructed by concatenating a series of non-overlapping or overlapping blocks of the original observation vector. In both cases, a Khatri-Rao structured measurement matrix is required with the main difference that in the latter case, one of the factors must be a Vandermonde matrix. We discuss the choice of the parameters and show that an increasing amount of block overlap improves the sparsity order estimation but it increases the coherence of the sensing matrix. We also explain briefly that the proposed measurement matrix design introduces certain multilinear structures into the observations which enables us to apply tensor-based signal processing, e.g., for enhanced denoising or improved sparsity order estimation.


Boley et al documented the first cases of reversible colonic injury resulting from ischaemia of the colon in 1963.1 At least 50 further cases have subsequently been reported in the literature with as yet no common aetiological factors elicited.2–10 This report documents two extensively investigated cases with no obvious precipitant except for a preceding aeroplane flight.

A 43 year old woman took a 10 hour flight to the USA. A few hours after arrival she developed vomiting, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. She collapsed and was admitted to hospital where she had a further episode of diarrhoea with some fresh rectal bleeding. A diagnosis of gastroenteritis was made and she was discharged. Twenty four hours later she was admitted to another hospital with further rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, and a vasovagal episode. There were no abnormal physical findings. She underwent urgent colonoscopy which showed oedema, friability, and cobblestoning from the distal transverse colon to the descending colon (fig 1). Biopsies were taken from this area (fig 2) and showed a surface acute inflammatory cell exudate, mucosal haemorrhage, and gland dropout consistent with the effects of ischaemic damage. The rest of the large bowel was normal and ischaemic colitis was diagnosed. Her symptoms settled and she returned to the UK where she was referred as an outpatient. There was no past history of coagulopathy or cardiac abnormalities and she did not smoke. She had not been taking any medication (including herbal remedies and oral contraceptives). Examination revealed no evidence of peripheral emboli or vasculitis. Heart sounds were normal and blood pressure was 115/70. Abdominal examination revealed mild right iliac fossa tenderness …


North-western Iran comprises diverse geographical landscapes, including pastures of piedmonts, mountains, and well-watered plains. The present chronology of this region, nevertheless, is based exclusively on data collected from sites around the Urmia Lake, other regions being almost totally ignored. During the late Bronze Age (hereafter LBA) a new way of life took shape in the mountainous region, the most outstanding characteristic of which was fortified settlements. This paper attempts to revise the chronology of North-western Iran by deciphering LBA materials from some of these sites.


Elbow disorders in the athletic population comprise a wide range of injuries from acute trauma to those caused by chronic overuse of the joint. Certain injuries are orthopedic emergencies that must be recognized immediately by the team physician to avoid potential complications. Other overuse injuries need to be accurately diagnosed and treated so further injury can be prevented and the athlete can return to competition as expediently as possible. Finally, the decision to refer an athlete for surgical treatment often rests with the team physician; only with an adequate understanding of the elbow disorders in the athlete can these decisions be made.


The aim of this work is to examine the life satisfaction and problem solving skills of high school students according to their sports status. Life satisfaction and problem-solving inventories were applied to 1100 voluntary students from 37 high schools selected from the 128 high school population in Turkey's Kocaeli province by cluster sampling method. Since the data showed normal distribution when analyzed in SPSS 21 package program, the parametric test of Independent Sample T test was used to compare binary groups and One Way Anova test was used to compare multiple groups. Significance level was accepted as 0.05. When the data were analyzed, it was seen that being insistent and unwilling to take responsibility approaches in problem-solving and life satisfaction increased in males and in those who do sports; pessimistic and insistent approaches to problems increased as age and grade level increased and constructive approach to problems and life satisfaction increased as parental education level increased.  It is seen that the interpersonal problem-solving skills and life satisfaction perceptions of students increase significantly with regular participation in sports. In this respect, it is suggested that sports opportunities in schools should be increased and participation should be encouraged.

 Key words: Interpersonal problem-solving skill, life satisfaction, sports, high school students.


OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the prostate volume and PSA density on the performance of total PSA to diagnosis of prostate carcinoma. METHODS: We analyzed 217 patients (PSA 0-10ng/ml) submitted to transrectal sextant prostate biopsy. Criteria for biopsy indication was PSA >2ng/ml and/or digital rectal exam suspicious of prostate cancer. RESULTS: Fifty five patients had prostate neoplasia (25.3%) and in 8/55 (25.3%) the serum PSA was under 4ng/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of the test were respectively 98.2% / 16.6% at a cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml and 85.4% / 38.8% at cut-off of 4ng/ml. The corresponding values for prostates >40ml or <40ml were: 96.2% / 8.1% and 100% / 27.2% at the cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml, and 92.5% / 20% and 78.5% / 62.3% at a cut-off level of 4ng/ml. For prostates <40ml a PSA cut-off point of 4ng/ml leads to a misdiagnosis in 21.4% of the malignant tumors. The median PSAD of benign prostates are different according to prostate volume (.40ml or <40ml). PSAD at cut-off of 0.08 increases the PSA specificity at both PSA cut-off points. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate volume affects the sensitivity and specificity of PSA and the median values of PSAD. PSAD of 0.08 increases the PSA specificity specially at a cut-off point of 2.5ng/ml in prostates smaller than 40ml.


From the Publisher:
Written from the point of view of software systems developers, this guide describes the process for designing and evaluating the graphical user interface (GUI) to computer application software. Defines a comprehensive user-interface design process, showing how complementary techniques can be used together. Shows how task analysis can be used in conjunction with user object modeling to create a user-centered application model. Offers a coherent and practical approach to the design of the user


It is surprising that, despite widespread interest in the cultural industries, few questions have been asked about the geographies of learning and innovation in architecture. Particularly relevant to global architects are debates about the way stretched relational spaces and 'global' communities of practice connect individuals, firms, and regions into networks of learning that 'perforate' scales. This paper seeks to apply such debates to the case of global architects and to examine the spatiality of the practices that allow learning and lead to innovation in their work. It is shown that global architects participate in 'local' communities of practice that rely on face-to-face interaction, talk, and 'buzz'. These 'local' communities are also part of 'global' constellations of practice constructed by forms of circulation: in particular, travel by architects and the circulation of texts and images in the media, which facilitate learning through human–nonhuman interactions. It is, therefore, suggested that in order to more effectively analyse the geographies of learning and innovation—in architecture but also other industries—focus needs to fall on (1) the geography of talk/buzz and communities of practice; but also (2) the geography of human–nonhuman interactions that form constellations of practice. Such a focus reveals that apparently local communities of practice are more often than not connected into global spaces of learning and innovation through constellations of practice produced by nonhumans.


In general, little is known about the experiences of parents of a transgender child or adolescent when seeking health care services. In addition, there is little research on how parents interact with their child in the health care system. International studies show high vulnerability and psychological distress among those children and adolescents who assign themselves to a gender other than the one assigned at birth. Parental support represents a protective factor related to mental health. The aim of this study is to investigate parental interaction processes in medical-psychological treatment settings. For this purpose, guided qualitative interviews were conducted throughout Germany with twelve fathers and mothers of transgender children/adolescents. Most parents faced a number of challenges and barriers to their children's health care. A lack of knowledge and insecurities on the part of the health care practitioners up to psychopathologization of identity were ascertainable. At the same time, accepting, affectionate and supportive encounters were evident from the reports. Furthermore, it was found that the parents took an essential protective and supportive stance towards their children in the treatments. For improved health care, sensitization and education regarding gender variance in childhood and adolescence is necessary for health care practitioners in the health care system. The study can contribute to expanding the scientific discourse on life biographies of young trans* people and their parents.


The Artist Resale Right (ARR) entitles a visual artist to a certain percentage of income generated from the resale of their artwork in the secondary market. Historically, resale royalty initiatives were motivated by a romantic notion that artists are so poor and in such a weak bargaining position that they deserve special legal protection. Arguments have since advanced from the notion of the 'starving artist' to now citing the copyright protection deficiency that exists between the protection of multiple copy artists and visual artists. There has been advocacy from artists and politicians albeit not in collective voices for Botswana to codify ARR. This paper evaluates whether Botswana should provide for ARR in its laws and further guides lawmakers in considering such legislation. Specifically, this paper points out that many countries that have codified ARR have not implemented it. It attributes the lack of or delayed implementation of ARR to the information deficit, otherwise referred to as the asymmetry problem, that pervades the ARR practice. This asymmetry problem denies policymakers and other stakeholders a chance to establish the efficiency of ARR. The majority of arguments surveyed in this paper are at loggerheads, with each side raising strong valid points. This paper notes that the insignificant size of the Botswana art market is likely to eclipse the potential benefits promised by ARR. However, the authors conclude that Botswana should codify ARR based on the notion of redressing the copyright protection deficiency faced by visual artists as compared to other categories of copyright owners.


The observations which were made on the structure of this valley in 1814, appeared in the third volume of the Transactions of the Geological Society. Since that period, I have had (in 1817) an opportunity of traversing the same ground, and in somewhat greater detail. In so doing I have found no occasion to change the opinions then formed respecting its structure. On the contrary, a greater intimacy with its parts and with their disposition, and an increased practice in observation, have tended to confirm the remarks originally made. A slight correction only is required, resulting from a much wider investigation than the former; it respects gneiss, and will be introduced in its proper place. Several additional circumstances have however occurred, which are not only interesting in themselves, but will probably be acceptable to the Society, as tending to render the account of this spot more complete. I need make no apology for the detached form in which they are recorded, as they do not admit of any useful arrangement. Granite Veins Since these veins have here been traced to the great mass of granite, it would be interesting to know how far they extend from it, as there are so few opportunities of pursuing the courses of granite veins to a central mass. Those formerly described are immediately lost in the hills that form the south-eastern boundary of the valley; although it is not possible to discover whether they actually terminate near the junction, or are prolonged far into


The present invention is an extruder temperature controller for an extrusion barrel. The extruder temperature controller includes means for determining actual screw speed, and having means for storing a plurality of screw speed. Each member of these stored screw speed has a temperature corresponding to a tone value of the stored weight. The extruder temperature controller has a comparison and selection means that the actual screw speed and the screw speed of each of the plurality of memory compares and selects a default screw speed. Are compared and any other stored screw speed compared to the default screw speed deviation from the actual screw speed is smaller. The controller also includes a means for generating to the control output driver signal to the heat exchange means. The control output driver signal is the default screw speed and the temperature corresponding to the value stored retune. The present invention further comprises a means for controlling the output driver signal to the heat exchange means to generate for, when running at or near maximum power the alarm means will control a predetermined time delay. The present invention further includes a method for controlling the temperature of the extruder barrel.


This paper studies the effects of higher bank capital requirements. Using new firm-lender matched credit data from South Korea, we document that Basel III coincided with a 25% decline in credit from regulated banks, and an increase of similar magnitude from nonbank (shadow) lenders. We use our data to estimate the effect of capital requirements on bank credit, and the spillover effect of the reform on non-bank lending. We then build a general equilibrium model with heterogeneous banks and firms that replicates these micro estimates. We find that Basel III can account for most of the observed decrease in regulated bank lending, and about three quarters of the increase in shadow lending. The latter is driven exclusively by general equilibrium effects of the reform.


Introduction: Epidemiological data on problematic severe asthma in children are sparse. Methods: A 3 year (2008-2011), nationwide survey on PSA in children 4-18yrs old in the Netherlands through a national surveillance system among all paediatricians. Results: In this cross sectional study 328 children, aged 4-18yrs with PSA, were identified. A prevalence of at least 0.01% of children with asthma. PSA is more frequent in boys than in girls under 12yrs old. This sex ratio reverses >12yrs old. Eighty-five% had allergic asthma and in 85% symptoms started before they were 4yrs old. Investigations included lung function, FeNO, trials of steroids, chest radiographs, sweat tests, immunodiagnostics, HRCT, bronchoscopy in various percentages of patients. Over 10% had 5-13 exacerbations requiring prednisolon in the past year. ICU admittance in 11%. Fifty% had exacerbations with no symptoms in between, 40% suffered from very acute asthma attacks and 30% were continuously symptomatic. All despite up-to-date intensive surveillance and treatment. Seventy-five% received psycho diagnostics and 50% psychotherapy. FEV1 was normal in 85% of patients. Persistent airflow limitation in the past year was present in 13%. Daily prednisolon, omalizumab or antiTNFalfa was used in resp 5%, 1% and 0,08%. Conclusions: PSA in a country with a high standard medical system and coverage of medical cost for all, is rare. Asthma symptoms in children with PSA start


BACKGROUND
Chemical modification of Oxadiazole may lead to a potent therapeutic agent. A series of novel 5-pyrazyl-2-sulfanyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-g) have been synthesised utilising pyrazinoic acid as a precursor. The new oxadiazole compounds were docked against potential targets and evaluated for antibacterial and antitubercular activity.

METHODS
The 5-pyrazyl-2-substituted sulfanyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives (5a-g) were synthesized from the crucial intermediate 2-sulfanyl-5-pyrazyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (4), which was prepared by treating the 2-pyrazyl hydrazide with CS2 and pyridine. IR, 1HNMR, 13C, MS and elemental analyses were used to confirm the chemical structures.

RESULTS
Antimicrobial activity was determined for each synthesized compound. Additionally, compounds were evaluated for antitubercular activity against the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv strain. Compounds 5c, 5g, and 5a had a favourable antibacterial profile, while 5c and 5g (MIC = 25 g/ml) demonstrated potential antitubercular activity when compared to the other produced compounds. Molecular docking experiments using V-Life Science MDS 4.6 supplemented the biological data.

CONCLUSION
Each compound has been tested for antibacterial and antitubercular action against a variety of microorganism strains and exhibits considerable activity. Additionally, molecular docking analysis confirmed the experimental results by describing improved interaction patterns.