This article responds to the debate about married women's legal position in pre-modern Scotland and how it compared with neighbouring countries, particularly whether married women could own property and of what that might consist. While many studies centre theoretical discussions and focus on the seventeenth century onwards, this article centres sixteenth-century records of practice by appraising the 14,664 testamentary documents that survive in court registers in the National Records of Scotland. The study of these records reveals that testaments made by married women outnumber those made by widows (having verified, for example, that those women indexed as 'sometime spouse' were married at the time of death). The nature of these records, which include inventories as well as last wills, allows insight into the material household and married women's role in the ownership and disposal of this property. The article demonstrates that many married women claimed more than paraphernalia (clothing and jewellery) and that some even tried to give away more than the third or half share routinely allocated to them. It also finds clear references to property being held in common.


promise any answers. The bulk of the book is an anthology ofchildhood imaginary worlds, classified by way ofdifferent themes (e.g. toys and animals, countries or places, school, and technology). As a child psy chiatrist, I would be the first to attest to the significance and richnessofachild'simaginaryworld, butthedescrip tions here do not encourage such interest. They are in fact rather dull and monotonous and, givenmy usual interest in childhood fantasy, I had to wonder why, I think the problem is the extreme paucity ofinformation about the child and his family. Without such clinical-type detail, the child's imaginary world becomes a disembodied fantasy, lacking in connectedness to its creator and his/her story. The conclusions are suitably modest given the nature of the research, with theauthorsdrawingupsomegeneral features ofparacosms. They suggest that a fantasy world indicates, for some children, a strong motivation to get away from the real world. However, this motivation does notappearrelated to an unhappy family life, aconclusion that simply cannot be made from the rather superficial data available to them. I found this a disappointing book. It falls between several stools and, for a book about imagination, it lacks imagination. I found myself wondering what Silvey him self made of the material he collected, and what his own imaginary world had been like. I can only recommend it to those with a special interest in the subject, and, at £30.00for a very slim volume, would suggest the library rather than the bookshop.


We propose an axiomatic approach to defining of the validity of probabilistic inductive rules E rArr H. The set of rules is evaluated against an available dataset, where the conditions E, H are either true or false for each instance in the dataset. Introduced here are six axioms which formalize common sense dependencies between the validity of rules and their support, confidence, lift and amount of available evidence. Having a single validity measure, contrary to multiple criteria, helps compare and rank induced rules. We demonstrate that the z-test of difference of proportions satisfies all the axioms and can be used as a measure of rules validity. Knowing that the z-test statistics is normally distributed, allows one to filter out statistically unreliable rules. We demonstrate advantages of the proposed approach on a real life medical dataset


Background: Stable and reproducible in vitro cell lines derived from clinical samples are currently considered as the best research tools to study human cancers in vitro. Currently there is very limited availability of tumor cell lines, especially paried neurosphere and nomolayer cells. Patient tumor is difficult to obtain and cannot be harvested by multiple times. Direct use of patient tumor is associated with low success rate in in vitro culture. Here we sought to establish a set of paired primary neurosphere and monolayer cells in vitro by taking advantage of patient derived orthotopic xenograft models we have already established. Materials and Methods: We have established murine xenograft models that biologically and molecularly reciprocate their human counterparts. Those human tumor xenografts are able to provide a sustained and ample supply of tumor cells in ex vivo culture. Primary tumor cells could be continuously harvested from human tumor xenografts and are maintained both in serum-free medium to enrich neurosphere cells and in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing DMEM medium where tumor cells grow in monolayer. Results: We have already developed in primary culture a panel of paired neurosphere and monolayer cells derived from pediatric glioblastoma (GBM), medulloblastoma (MB)and ependymoma (EPN) at different culture stage including three different GBM cells over 60 passages and four over 20 passages, one EPN cell over 40 passages and one MB cell at early stage of around 20 passages. In vitro cultures demonstrated typical cell morphology of adherent and sphere cells for all pediatric brain tumor cell lines we cultured so far. These cultured cells are tumorigenic even with small number of tumor cells and the relative abundances of putative cancer stem cells are different between neurospheres and monolayer culture. Furthermore, our preliminary data from one pair of GBM neurospheres and monolayer cells by high throughput-out drug screening employing hundred thousands of already-identified molecules showed a panel of promising target candidates. Neurospheres and monolayer cells do not respond equally toward the same library of chemotherapeutic agents. Conclusion: Patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) can be a good source of human tumor cells for the establishment of in vitro model systems of pediatric brain tumors. The neurosphere and monolayer cells are morphologically and biologically different, which suggest that in future drug screening for both type of cells should be included. Citation Format: Yuchen Du, Lin Qi, Huiyuan Zhang, Mari Kogiso, Holly B. Lindsay, Sibo Zhao, Frank Braun, Xiaonan Li. Establishment of paired primary neurosphere and monolayer cells of mouse xenograft derived from pediatric brain tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Patient-Derived Cancer Models: Present and Future Applications from Basic Science to the Clinic; Feb 11-14, 2016; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2016;22(16_Suppl):Abstract nr B12.


Objective: The objective of this work is to study the patterns of head and
neck malignancies (HNM) in central Sudan and to compare it with international published series.
Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at the Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Biology and Oncology (INMO)-University of Gezira; Wadmedani, Sudan. The data were collected through reviewing of patients records over 6 years. Parameters analyzed were age, sex, topography and tumor histology.
Results: The total number of patients records reviewed was 314. Age distribution ranged from 11 to 90 years with mean age of 48.79 and median age of 50 years. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. The most common affected sites in order of frequency were nasopharynx (41.1%), hypopharnx (20.4%), larynx (11.2%), oral cavity (10.5%), salivary glands (4.8%), lips (4.5%), tongue (4.1%) and paranasal sinuses (3.5%). The most common histological types were squamous cell carcinoma (90.77%) followed by salivary gland tumors and lymphomas.
Conclusion: HNM are common in Sudan, affecting all age groups with predominance in males. Nasopharynx is the commonest site. Further studies for identification of possible risk factors are recommended. Population-based cancer registry is recommended to reflect on the epidemiology of cancer in Sudan. Keywords : Nasopharynx, oropharyngeal, squamous, carcinomas, epidemiology, snuffed tobacco. Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences Vol. 3 (2) 2008: pp. 105-108


Image-based Electro-Optical system simulation including an end-to-end performance test is a powerful tool to characterize a camera system before it has been built. In particular, it can be used in the design phase to make an optimal trade-off between performance on the one hand and SWaPC (Size, Weight, Power and Cost) criteria on the other. During the design process, all components can be simulated in detail, including optics, sensor array properties, chromatic and geometrical lens corrections, signal processing, and compression. Finally, the overall effect on the outcome can be visualized, evaluated and optimized. In this study, we developed a detailed model of the CMOS camera system imaging chain (including scene, image processing and display). In parallel a laboratory sensor test, analytical model predictions and an image-based simulation were applied to two operational high-end CMOS camera lens assemblies (CLA) with different FPA sizes (2.5K and 4K) and optics. The model simulation was evaluated by comparing simulated (display) stills and videos with recorded imagery using both physical (SNR) and psychophysical measures (acuity and contrast thresholds using the TOD-methodology) at different shutter times, zoom settings, target sizes and contrasts, target positions in the visual field, and target speeds. The first results show the model simulations are largely in line with the recorded sensor images with some minor deviations. The final goal of the study is a detailed, validated and powerful sensor performance prediction model.


The goal of the high-utility itemset mining task is to discover combinations of items that yield high profits from transactional databases. HUIM is a useful tool for retail stores to analyze customer behaviors. However, in the real world, items are found with both positive and negative utility values. To address this issue, we propose an algorithm named Modified Efficient High‐utility Itemsets mining with Negative utility (MEHIN) to find all HUIs with negative utility. This algorithm is an improved version of the EHIN algorithm. MEHIN utilizes 2 new upper bounds for pruning, named revised subtree and revised local utility. To reduce dataset scans, the proposed algorithm uses transaction merging and dataset projection techniques. An array‐based utility‐counting technique is also utilized to calculate upper‐bound efficiently. The MEHIN employs a novel structure called P-set to reduce the number of transaction scans and to speed up the mining process. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithms considerably outperform the state-of-the-art HUI-mining algorithms on negative utility in retail databases in terms of runtime.


Background: prosthetic loosening after hip and knee arthroplasty is one of the most common causes of joint arthroplasty failure and revision surgery. Diagnosis of prosthetic loosening is a difficult problem and, in many cases, loosening is not clearly diagnosed until accurately confirmed during surgery. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to demonstrate the analysis and performance of machine learning in diagnosing prosthetic loosening after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Materials and Methods: three comprehensive databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library, were searched for studies that evaluated the detection accuracy of loosening around arthroplasty implants using machine learning. Data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and meta-analysis were performed. Results: five studies were included in the meta-analysis. All studies were retrospective studies. In total, data from 2013 patients with 3236 images were assessed; these data involved 2442 cases (75.5%) with THAs and 794 cases (24.5%) with TKAs. The most common and best-performing machine learning algorithm was DenseNet. In one study, a novel stacking approach using a random forest showed similar performance to DenseNet. The pooled sensitivity across studies was 0.92 (95% CI 0.84–0.97), the pooled specificity was 0.95 (95% CI 0.93–0.96), and the pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 194.09 (95% CI 61.60–611.57). The I2 statistics for sensitivity and specificity were 96% and 62%, respectively, showing that there was significant heterogeneity. The summary receiver operating characteristics curve indicated the sensitivity and specificity, as did the prediction regions, with an AUC of 0.9853. Conclusions: the performance of machine learning using plain radiography showed promising results with good accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in the detection of loosening around THAs and TKAs. Machine learning can be incorporated into prosthetic loosening screening programs.


INTRODUCTION
Evidence to date suggests that the built environment has the potential to facilitate and even discourage physical activity. A limitation of previous reviews is that they have typically not been country-specific. We conducted a systematized literature review of quantitative studies that estimated associations between the built environment-which were objectively measured-and walking among Canadian adults.

METHODS
Five scientific databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published in all years up to December 31, 2016, that estimated the association between the built environment (i.e. objectively measured using audits and Geographic Information Systems [GIS]) and physical activity among a sample of Canadian adults. The database searches, title and abstract screen, full-text review and data extraction were undertaken by two reviewers.

RESULTS
Of 4140 articles identified, 25 met the inclusion criteria. Most studies included data from a single Canadian province. All but two studies were cross-sectional. Most studies captured self-reported walking for transportation and walking for any purpose. Overall walkability and land use were consistently associated with walking for transportation, while proximity to destinations was associated with walking for any purpose.

CONCLUSION
Our review findings suggest that the built environment is potentially important for supporting adult walking. Overall walkability, land use and proximity to destinations appear to be important given their association with transportation walking and walking for any purpose.


Opiate drugs, such as codeine, morphine and heroin are powerful analgesics and drugs of abuse. The unborn child is invariably exposed to opiate drugs as a consequence of maternal use. Studies that have investigated the impact of opiate drugs demonstrated opioid system expression in proliferating regions of the developing brain, as well as on proliferative astroglia taken from the developing central nervous system. The effects of opiates on astroglial proliferation (largely mediated by the mu opioid receptor) are predominantly inhibitory, but are extremely context dependent. This context dependency exists because of the complexity resident within the opioid signalling system. However, since this previous research was conducted, there has been impressive progress made in the field of developmental neurobiology with the demonstration that cells of astrocytic lineage are responsible for the generation of the central nervous system. It was therefore the aim of the current research project to investigate the developmental impact of opiate exposure in the context of the foetal mouse cerebral cortex. This aim was divided into 3 separate aims that comprised of; determining the cellular localisation of the mu opioid receptor, the effects of opiate exposure on cortical progenitor cells, and to determine the effect of opiate exposure on the development of the cerebral cortex itself. The mu opioid receptor was expressed on proliferative radial glia of both the embryonic day 15.5 (neurogenic) and embryonic day 18.5 (gliogenic) ventricular zone of the dorsal forebrain. Interestingly and significantly, the mu opioid receptor-positive glia observed in the embryonic day 18.5 mouse forebrain were also observed at a comparable developmental stage in the foetal human forebrain. Morphine exposure slowed down G2 phase of the cell cycle at embryonic day 15.5 in the neurogenic murine cortical ventricular zone. This opiate-induced slowing in cell cycle progression was shown not to impact on proliferation in the ventricular zone, although future research should address whether this perturbation altered differentiation or developmental maturation of the radial glia. Morphine exposure throughout corticogenesis decreased levels of doublecortin expression (a migratory neuronal marker) at the end of gestation. Postnatally, mice exposed to morphine during corticogenesis also showed decreased numbers of neurons in layer V of the cerebral cortex. Collectively, this thesis presents the first evidence that shows morphine affects cortical progenitor cells in vivo. This research supports the possibility that the opioid system plays an endogenous role in corticogenesis. The clinical significance is morphine has the potential to perturb normal development of the cerebral cortex.


In order to investigate the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) content and loading stress on the high-temperature creep properties of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB)-based polymer bonded explosives (PBXs), three-point bending creep behavior was studied by dynamic mechanical analyzer at 60 °C. The experimental results showed that under low stress (4 MPa), the constant creep strain rates of the MWCNTs modified formulation reduced with MWCNT concentration. However, due to the agglomeration of MWCNTs, the existence of intertube sliding or stick-slip resulted in an increase in creep strain. Under higher stress (6 MPa and 7 MPa), with only 0.25 mass% of MWCNTs, the creep resistance of TATB-based PBX could be significantly improved with reduced constant creep strain rate. Additionally, compared with TATB-based PBX without MWCNTs, the creep lifetime of the nanocomposites with a content of 0.25 mass% MWCNTs had been considerably extended by over 33.3% and 750% under 6 MPa and 7 MPa, respectively. The nanocomposites with a content of 0.5 mass% MWCNTs displayed a lower creep resistance compared to that of the TATB-based PBX without MWCNTs. The creep resistance of the TATB-based PBXs depends significantly on loading stress. A six-element model could be used to simulate the high-temperature creep behaviors of the TATB-based PBXs with and without MWCNTs. The constitutive equations of the creep curves under different stresses at 60 °C were obtained. Among the fitting parameters, the elastic modulus of high elastic deformation E3 and the viscosity of Voigt units η3 were sensitive and promising for the evaluation of the creep strain of the TATB-based PBXs.


Two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates from 118 sample soils/weathered granite rock of That Son Mountain, An Giang province, Vietnam were isolated on Aleksandrov medium. Their colonies were round or irregular, white to yellow and their shape was rod, motile. Thirty four of two hundred and thirty-seven bacterial isolates were capable of dissolving both phosphate and potassium and seven strains had high phosphate and potassium dissolution capacity (>15 mg l-1 P2O5 and >10 mg l-1 K2O). These thirty four strains were identified by using PCR technique with specific primers fd1 and rP and DNA sequencing. The results of DNAsequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAST N software. The sequences from selected phosphate and potassium isolates (34 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 99% and 100%). Among these sequenced isolates, 8 isolates belong to Bacilli (23.53%) and 26 isolates belong to Proteobacteria (76.47%) including 21 alpha-proteobacteria (61.76%) and 5 gamma-proteobacteria (14.71%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Proteobacteria group had the highest Theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and AlphaProteobacteria group had the highest values in comparistion with two groups. These results showed that 3 strains including CA09 (Agrobacterium tumefaciens), CA29 (Rhizobium tropici) and K16B (Azotobacter tropicalis) proposed as potential microbial inoculants or biofertilizers for sustainable crop production in sandy acid soil in Vietnam because of their benefits and biosafety.


1. first of all, it introduces quality standards that will serve as points of reference for the quality assessment of bodies of water in the UE member countries. The objective is for the artificial and heavily polluted water bodies to regain a good ecological potential. In view of this, a 'maximum ecological potential' has to be established as a reference condition; 2. it therefore defines quality objectives to be met; quality classes have been ranked in a five-class-system ecological status (high, good, moderate, poor and bad); 3. it establishes criteria for the identification of significant water bodies and the assessment of their environmental quality status.


This paper studies a class of variational problems which involving both bulk and surface energies. The bulk energy is of Dirichlet type though it can be in very general forms allowing unknowns to be scalar or vectors.The surface energy is an arbitrary elliptic parametric integral which is defined on a free interface. One also allows other constraints such as volumes of partitioning sets. One establishes the existence and regularity theory, in particular, the regularity of the free interface of such problems.


Spiroplasma strain LD-1T (T = type strain), which was isolated from the gut of a Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) larva collected in Maryland, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasmas. Similar isolates were obtained from other L. decemlineata specimens collected in various parts of North America, in Poland, and in other eastern European countries and from Leptinotarsa texana specimens collected in Texas. Cells of strain LD-1T, which in early passages were spiral, exhibited exceptionally rapid translational motility. This rapid motility and the spiral shape were lost after extended passage in culture. The organism required serum for growth. Originally isolated in coculture with insect cells in DCCM medium, strain LD-1T adapted to several media in the absence of cocultured cells. Use of anaerobic conditions allowed primary isolation in a variety of media. The organism did not grow in serum-free media containing 2% serum fraction. Optimal growth in M1D medium occurred at 30 to 37°C (doubling time, 7.2 h). On solid M1D medium containing 2.0% Noble agar (pH 6.25) at 30°C, strain LD-1T produced discrete colonies with numerous satellites. Strain LD-1T hydrolyzed arginine, but did not utilize urea; there was evidence of weak fermentation of glucose. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was determined to be 25 ± 1 mol%, and the genome size was 1,085 kb. The results of extensive studies of the ecology of this spiroplasma suggest that it is host specific for Leptinotarsa beetles. Strain LD-1 (= ATCC 43213) is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma leptinotarsae.


A case of primary breast lymphosarcoma with axillary lymph node involvement and a local relapse after radical mastectomy has been described. The patient was a 43-year-old woman. Histologically, the primary tumour showed nodular (follicular) growth of prolymphocytes (centrocytes) and lymphoblasts (centroblasts) whereas the lymph node involved and relapsed tumour were characterized by diffuse proliferation of lymphoblasts (centroblasts). Immunocytochemistry revealed B-lymphocytic nature of the tumour cells. There were some difficulties in histological interpretation of this tumour due to both artificial structures and so-called lymphoepithelial lesions--remnants of ductal and lobular structures in the tumour tissue. The follicular type of growth of the primary breast lymphosarcoma is not in concordance with the current concept of histogenesis of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.


Yeast has been used for many years with bread making and while being fermented it helps produce ethanol. Cellulose is a readily available sugar but it is not easily broken down for use. By adding a mild acid (vinegar solution) we hoped to increase the breakdown of cellulose so that yeast could digest it for its own growth and production. We conducted three experiments as two experimental groups and one control group. In the control group the measurements were the recommended baseline growth media (French 2016) of deionized water, yeast, sugar, and sodium phosphate. As for the first experimental group the elements were the same as the control group except this time the vinegar was added directly to the solution of the elements then the deionized water was added afterwards. For the second experimental group the elements and steps were the same as the first except this time cellulose was added. The results for our groups were completely different, but when mixing vinegar and cellulose before adding this to the solution, this experimental group supported for our hypothesis. This experimental group (2) produced an amount of 0.025% ethanol production compared to experimental group 1 of 0.015% and the control group of 0.017%. The results were increase by a high percentage of 0.010% compared to the other two groups. This research can be continued in the future to help with yeast production and cellulose breakdown, perhaps as potential biofuel. Our findings do show that it is possible to use cellulose as a fuel for yeast when its breakdown is encouraged before adding it to a yeast solution.


The stratigraphy of the Bushveld Complex is characterized by laterally continuous horizontal layering. At the interface of some of these layers there are phenomena analogous to flame, load-cast, ball-and-pillow and liquid escape structures of sedimentary rocks. Three plastic deformation styles recognized in the Complex are (i) vertical, (ii) vertical followed by horizontal, and (iii) vertical fluid movement with brittle failure. These post-deposition structures are used to estimate viscosity and density of adjacent layers during consolidation. The distribution of the structures through the mafic sequence provides some information on magma movement and rates of crystal accumulation.


Argentine mesquite (Prosopis alba) seedlings were inoculated with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, Glomus intraradices , container-grown for five months, and transplanted into a simulated landscape in Tempe, Arizona. After transplanting, mesquite trees were either drip irrigated at regular intervals or nonirrigated for one year. Six months after transplanting, VAM fungal colonization was observed only in the roots of inoculated mesquite but by 12 months, roots of both inoculated and noninoculated mesquite were colonized by VAM fungi. Higher levels of VAM fungal colonization occurred in roots of irrigated mesquite. While irrigation promoted mesquite shoot growth, VAM inoculation inhibited shoot growth of nonirrigated trees. Trunk caliper was greater for irrigated trees than for nonirrigated trees and was not affected by VAM infection. VAM fungi promoted the growth of thinner roots for irrigated trees and thicker roots for nonirrigated trees after six months. At the conclusion of the study, root growth was enhanced by drip irrigation and was not affected by previous VAM fungal inoculation.


While Foucault referred to Benjamin just once in his entire corpus, scholars have long noticed affinities between the two thinkers, mainly between their conceptions of history: their emphasis on discontinuity, their historiographical practices, and the role of archives in their work. This essay focuses, rather, on their practice of critique and, more specifically, on their conception of the relation of this practice to exercise or askesis. I examine the role of askesis as a self-transformative exercise in Foucault's late work and how this concept reverberates throughout his idea of critique as the exercise of an ethos demanding arduous work. Against this background, the role of exercise (Übung) in Benjamin's Origin of the German Traeurspiel, his interest in ascetic kinds of exercise or schooling, and its ties to critique are discerned. This comparison reveals significant similarities in Foucault's and Benjamin's conception of philosophy, as well as different emphases in their inheritance of the Kantian critical project: critique as an exercise of an attitude attentive to possibilities for transformation in the present vs. critique as involving an attitude-transforming exercise; critique as a modern ethos that needs to be reactivated vs. critique as propaedeutic, as a preparation for a modern tradition.


Background: Differences in the trophic niche often underlie ecological specialization of individuals and can promote ecological speciation of populations, but studies showing a link between differences in the trophic niche and genetic differentiation of populations are rare. On the island of San Cristóbal (Galapágos archipelago), a strong genetic differentiation between two relatively proximate populations (subspecies; Amblyrhynchus cristatus mertensi and A. c. godzilla) of marine iguanas along the coastline has been observed. Here, we explore whether this genetic differentiation is mirrored in the iguanas' trophic niche. Results: Although, no significant difference in the number of consumed algal taxa between subspecies were detected, the Schoener index exhibited low diet overlap between A. c. mertensi and A. c. godzilla. The latter was also demonstrated by the PERMANOVA analysis with significantly different diet OTU composition from the fecal samples between subspecies. Stable isotope analysis revealed that subspecies identity was overall more important than site for the iguanas' resource use. Conclusions: By applying a metabarcoding approach on feces samples in combination with stable isotope analysis of skin sheds, we found that A. c. mertensi and A. c. godzilla differ in their ecological niches. Moreover, stable isotope analysis indicated that marine iguana populations have low spatial foraging distances, which, together with the diet partitioning patterns, might explain, at least partially, the lack of gene flow between these geographically proximate marine iguana populations. Key words: diet analysis, trophic niche, metabarcoding, stable isotopes, marine iguanas, Amblyrhynchus cristatus


BACKGROUND
Oral and dental diseases may be associated with other chronic diseases.

METHODS
Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004, the authors calculated the prevalence of untreated dental diseases, self-reported poor oral health and the number of missing teeth for adults in the United States who had certain chronic diseases. The authors used multivariate analysis to determine whether these diseases were associated with indicators of dental disease after controlling for common risk factors.

RESULTS
Participants with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes or a liver condition were twice as likely to have an urgent need for dental treatment as were participants who did not have these diseases. After controlling for common risk factors, the authors found that arthritis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, emphysema, hepatitis C virus, obesity and stroke still were associated with dental disease.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors found a high burden of unmet dental care needs among participants with chronic diseases. This association held in the multivariate analysis, suggesting that some chronic diseases may increase the risk of developing dental disease, decrease utilization of dental care or both.

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Dental and medical care providers should work together to ensure that adults with chronic diseases receive regular dental care.


Objectives We aim to quantify the cost difference between patients with incisional cerebrospinal fluid (iCSF) leakage and those without after intradural cranial surgery. Second, the potential cost savings per patient when a decrease in iCSF leakage rate would be achieved with and without added costs for preventative measures of various price and efficacy are modelled. Design Health economic assessment from a hospital perspective based on a retrospective cohort study. Setting Dutch tertiary referral centre. Participants We included 616 consecutive patients who underwent intradural cranial surgery between 1 September 2017 and 1 September 2018. Patients undergoing burr hole surgery or transsphenoidal surgery, or who died within 1 month after surgery or were lost to follow-up were excluded. Primary and secondary outcome measures Outcomes of the cost analysis include a detailed breakdown of mean costs per patient for patients with postoperative iCSF leakage and patients without, and the mean cost difference. For the scenario analyses the outcomes are the potential cost savings per 1000 patients when a decrease in iCSF leakage would be achieved. Results Mean cost difference between patients with and without iCSF leakage was €9665 (95%CI, €5125 to €14 205). The main cost driver was hospital stay with a difference of 8.5 days. A 25% incidence reduction would result in a mean cost saving of −€94 039 (95% CI, −€218 258 to −€7077) per 1000 patients. A maximum cost reduction of −€653 025 (95% CI, −€1 204 243 to −€169 120) per 1000 patients could be achieved if iCSF leakage would be reduced with 75% in all patients, with 72 cases of iCSF leakage avoided. Conclusions Postoperative iCSF leakage after intradural cranial surgery increases healthcare costs significantly and substantially. From a health economic perspective preventative measures to avoid iCSF leakage should be pursued.


Live cell studies at the molecular level strongly depend on imaging performances. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) brings a significant gain, as an increase of a factor 2 in lateral resolution allows observation of many new phenomena. However its current use for biological applications still requires major technical improvements in order to combine lateral super resolution with video rate imaging and optical sectioning of live samples. We will present a structured illuminated microscope by fringe projection together with an original and efficient reconstruction algorithm (Orieux 2011) that only requires 4 acquired images (instead of 9) to obtain a super-resolution one. Using this improvement and a sliding recombination of the raw images, it is possible to create super-resolution movies with a
quarter of the information renewed in each reconstructed image. This unique approach allows realizing dynamic SIM movies of live samples with an increased temporal resolution compared to other structured illuminated microscopes.
In order to observe phenomena several micrometers deep into a cell, we combine SIM with optical sectioning techniques. It is indeed possible to perform super-resolution with optical sectioning using 7 images (versus 15 for other SIMs) by allowing the zero order to interfere with the ±1 orders. We will present high spatio-temporal resolution observations of molecular mechanisms underlying transport intermediates biogenesis.


Survey measures of attention, in addition to the usual measures of exposure to media use, are explored in detail. Using data from a two-year longitudinal study of adolescents and their parents, the reliability and validity of self-report questions about attention to newspaper and television news are examined. Attention measures proved to be highly stable across three waves of interviews; repeated items were summed to form reliable indices of attention to each medium's news, and to general news topics without specific mention of medium. Changes in knowledge about public affairs and politics were assessed to test the effects of both exposure and attention to media news. These tests showed significant increments of knowledge gain associated with media attention, even after exposure to the medium was controlled in hierarchical regression analysis. Addition of the attention measures was especially important in evaluating television news, which contributes much more to public knowledge than has been suggested by previous studies that use only measures of TV exposure.


Data augmentation (DA) has become a de facto solution to expand training data size for deep learning. With the proliferation of deep models for time series analysis, various time series DA techniques are proposed in the literature, e.g., cropping-, warping-, flipping-, and mixup-based methods. However, these augmentation methods mainly apply to time series classification and anomaly detection tasks. In time series forecasting (TSF), we need to model the fine-grained temporal relationship within time series segments to generate accurate forecasting results given data in a look-back window. Existing DA solutions in the time domain would break such a relationship, leading to poor forecasting accuracy. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes simple yet effective frequency domain augmentation techniques that ensure the semantic consistency of augmented data-label pairs in forecasting, named FrAug. We conduct extensive experiments on eight widely-used benchmarks with several state-of-the-art TSF deep models. Our results show that FrAug can boost the forecasting accuracy of TSF models in most cases. Moreover, we show that FrAug enables models trained with 1\% of the original training data to achieve similar performance to the ones trained on full training data, which is particularly attractive for cold-start forecasting. Finally, we show that applying test-time training with FrAug greatly improves forecasting accuracy for time series with significant distribution shifts, which often occurs in real-life TSF applications. Our code is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Fraug-more-results-1785.


Where a company has a controlling or a small group of controlling shareholders, the non-controlling shareholders are at risk that the controllers will extract private benefits of control at the expense of the non-controllers. UK company law contains a wide range of techniques for addressing this issue, some more effective than others. This chapter begins by examining the various ways in which well-advised investors can contract for protection before they enter the company and how the law protects the agreements reached. The second part discusses rights to exit the company upon the occurrence of certain events. The third part discusses disclosure rights, designed to bring self-dealing transactions into the open. The fourth focuses on ways of structuring the board or shareholder body when the decision before it carries a high risk of self-dealing. The final part considers cases where the courts review the substantive fairness of the controllers' conduct, notably, but not only, the provisions on 'unfair prejudice.


Background Approximately 3–5% of patients with melioidosis manifest CNS symptoms; however, the clinical data regarding neurological melioidosis are limited. Methods and Findings We established a mouse model of melioidosis with meningitis characterized by neutrophil infiltration into the meninges histologically and B. pseudomallei in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by bacteriological culturing methods. As the disease progresses, the bacteria successively colonize the spleen, liver, bone marrow (BM) and brain and invade splenic and BM cells by days 2 and 6 post-infection, respectively. The predominant cell types intracellularly infected with B. pseudomallei were splenic and BM CD11b+ populations. The CD11b+Ly6Chigh inflamed monocytes, CD11b+Ly6Clow resident monocytes, CD11b+Ly6G+ neutrophils, CD11b+F4/80+ macrophages and CD11b+CD19+ B cells were expanded in the spleen and BM during the progression of melioidosis. After adoptive transfer of CD11b populations harboring B. pseudomallei, the infected CD11b+ cells induced bacterial colonization in the brain, whereas CD11b− cells only partially induced colonization; extracellular (free) B. pseudomallei were unable to colonize the brain. CD62L (selectin) was absent on splenic CD11b+ cells on day 4 but was expressed on day 10 post-infection. Adoptive transfer of CD11b+ cells expressing CD62L (harvested on day 10 post-infection) resulted in meningitis in the recipients, but transfer of CD11b+ CD62L-negative cells did not. Conclusions/Significance We suggest that B. pseudomallei-infected CD11b+ selectin-expressing cells act as a Trojan horse and are able to transmigrate across endothelial cells, resulting in melioidosis with meningitis.


This article analyses the difference in timing between the online availability of articles and their corresponding print publication and how it affects two bibliometric indicators: Journal Impact Factor (JIF) and Immediacy Index. This research examined 18,526 articles, the complete collection of articles and reviews published by a set of 61 journals on Urology and Nephrology in 2013 and 2014. The findings suggest that Advance Online Publication (AOP) accelerates the citation of articles and affects the JIF and Immediacy Index values. Regarding the JIF values, the comparison between journals with or without AOP showed statistically significant differences (P=0.001, Mann-Whitney U test). The Spearman's correlation between the JIF and the median online-to-print publication delay was not statistically significant. As to the Immediacy Index, a significant Spearman's correlation (rs=0.280, P=0.029) was found regarding the median online-to-print publication delays for journals published in 2014, although no statistically significant correlation was found for those published in 2013. Most journals examined (n=52 out of 61) published their articles in AOP. The analysis also showed different publisher practices: eight journals did not include the online posting dates in the full-text and nine journals published articles showing two different online posting dates--the date provided on the journal website and another provided by Elsevier's Science Direct. These practices suggest the need for transparency and standardization of the AOP dates of scientific articles for calculating bibliometric indicators for journals.


The method of integrated assessment of electric power loss caused by poor power quality in power supply systems based on the structural analysis of loss was suggested. It was demonstrated, that in power supply systems with low observability power loss, caused by power quality distortions, should be estimated considering the degree of completeness and validity of source information. The results of the study concerning the influence of power quality upon metrological and technical power loss were presented.


Diffusion-weighted imaging can be used to distinguish epidermoid tumor from arachnoid cyst in the intracranial compartment. We report the use of diffusion-weighted imaging in a postoperative spine to successfully distinguish a recurrent epidermoid tumor from arachnoid cyst in a noninvasive manner. Our case illustrates the value of this readily available sequence presently not generally used in the clinical evaluation of spinal pathology.


Neuroscience constrains psychology, but stating these constraints with precision is not simple. Here I consider whether mechanistic analysis provides a useful way to integrate models of cognitive and neural structure. Recent evidence suggests that cognitive systems map onto overlapping, distributed networks of brain regions. These highly entangled networks often depart from stereotypical mechanistic behaviors. While this casts doubt on the prospects for classical mechanistic integration of psychology and neuroscience, I argue that it does not impugn a realistic interpretation of either type of model. Cognitive and neural models may depict different, but equally real, causal structures within the mind/brain.


It is known that a substantial proportion of people with a learning disability also have associated emotional problems in the form of psychiatric illness and disturbed behaviour. In the UK various health authorities are developing in-patient facilities for assessment and treatment of this group of people by default rather than by planning. We report the prospective findings of psychiatric admissions to a hospital for learning disabled people in the Grampian region of Scotland over a three year period between 1.1.89 to 31.12.91. Nine beds were deemed necessary for a health district with a general population of 500,000. Average bed occupancy was 66.7%. The most common conditions leading up to an admission was disturbed behaviour followed by affective disorder and psychoses. The majority of the admissions were of adults with a mild to moderate degree of learning disability as opposed to severe and profound learning disability. A hard-core group of patients had many re-admissions. Some acute admissions became long-stays (over one year), although average stay of admissions were between four to six weeks.


In this paper, the decomposition of SU(2) gauge potential in terms of Pauli spinor is studied. Using this decomposition, the spinor structures of Chern–Simons form and the Chern density are obtained. Furthermore, the knot quantum number of non-Abelian gauge theory can be expressed by the Chern–Simons spinor structure, and the second Chern number is characterized by the Hopf indices and the Brouwer degrees of Φ-mapping.


The effect of antimicrobial drugs on epimural bacteria of guinea pig cecum was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Metronidazole (500 hg/ml), neomycin (50 hg/ml) or both combined were given orally in drinking water ad libitum for five consecutive days, and representative fragments of cecum were processed for analysis. In untreated animals large areas of mucosa were lined by spiral-shaped bacteria were eliminated by treatment with neomycin, only remaining fusiform bacteria at openings of crypts. metronidazole was effective for eliminating all bacterial populations; the same effect was achieved with a combination of neomycin and metronidazole, rendering the cecum free of epimural bacteria, the health of guinea pig was unaffected by these treatments. The cecal epithelium of antimicrobial-treated animals can be used for experimental studies without interference of epimural bacteria.


An increasing body of evidence in recent years supports an association of the betaretrovirus mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) with human breast cancer. This is an issue that still raises heated controversy. We have come to address this association using the signal peptide p14 of the MMTV envelope precursor protein as a key element of our strategy. In addition to its signal peptide function, p14 has some significant post endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeting characteristics: (1) it localizes to nucleoli where it binds key proteins (RPL5 and B23) involved (among other activities) in the regulation of nucleolar stress response, ribosome biogenesis and p53 stabilization; (2) p14 is a nuclear export factor; (3) it is expressed on the cell surface of infected cells, and as such, is amenable to, and successfully used, in preventive vaccination against experimental tumors that harbor MMTV; (4) the growth of such tumors is impaired in vivo using a combination of monoclonal anti-p14 antibodies or adoptive T-cell transfer treatments; (5) p14 is a phospho-protein endogenously phosphorylated by two different serine kinases. The phosphorylation status of the two sites determines whether p14 will function in an oncogenic or tumor-suppressing capacity; (6) transcriptional activation of genes (RPL5, ErbB4) correlates with the oncogenic potential of MMTV; (7) finally, polyclonal anti-p14 antibodies have been applied in immune histochemistry analyses of breast cancer cases using formalin fixed paraffin-embedded sections, supporting the associations of MMTV with the disease. Taken together, the above findings constitute a road map towards the diagnosis and possible prevention and treatment of MMTV-associated breast cancer.


Interaction of tea catechins with lipid bilayers has been investigated with liposome systems. Tea catechins are classified into cis-type and trans-type from the configuration of the two hydrogens at the 2 and 3 positions on the C-ring. The amount of trans-type catechins incorporated into liposomes was less than that of the respective cis-type catechins. Furthermore, the order of the partition coefficients of catechins in an n-octanol/PBS system is the same as that of the amount incorporated into liposomes. These results indicate that in addition to the number of hydroxyl groups on the B-ring and the presence of the galloyl moiety, the stereochemical structure of the C-ring also governs the hydrophobicity and the affinity for lipid bilayers. Trans-type catechins with the galloyl moiety were located on the surface of the lipid bilayer, as well as cis-type catechins with the galloyl moiety, and perturbed the membrane structure. These different stereochemical structures should influence the affinity for lipid bilayers, the alteraction of membrane structures, and the difference in the order of the biological activities.


ABSTRACT Changes in sleep patterns negatively influence some emotional responses, but their effects on facial expressiveness identification are unclear. To investigate these effects, 21 young, healthy, male volunteers of intermediate chronotype evaluated emotional expressiveness of faces depicting 6 basic emotions in 5 emotional gradients every 4 h over 36 h of continuous wakefulness. To measure attention and mood we used the Psychomotor Vigilance test and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule Expanded, respectively. We found effects of emotional gradient for all types of emotions (100% > 80% > 60% > 40% > 20%) during all tested periods, with no indications of circadian effects. The only emotional rating to be affected was disgust, which was progressively blunted throughout the experiment. This effect did not parallel homeostatic and circadian changes in mood, alertness or attention. We conclude that identifying disgust on facial photographs is particularly sensitive to lack of sleep irrespective of sleep-induced changes in mood and attention in males.


This article attempts to highlight the new insights into balance control that have been gained by using multidirectional perturbations and to demonstrate how this new focus enables a better understanding of how the central nervous system (CNS) malfunctions in patients with balance disorders. Multidirectional perturbations have proven to be a valuable tool to better understand dynamic postural control in normal and balance-deficient populations. The advantages gained by using multidirectional perturbations to exert joint displacement profiles at different levels and in different directions has allowed greater insight into how passive joint characteristics and active muscle synergies are triggered and shaped by peripheral and central sensory systems to elicit directionally specific postural responses to avoid a fall.


Background and Purpose: Sustainability, sustainable development and sustainable forest management are terms that are commonly, and interchangeably used in the forest industry, however their meaning take on different connotations, relative to varying subject matter. The aim of this paper is to look at these terms in a more comprehensive way, relative to the current ideology of sustainability in forestry. Materials and Methods: This paper applies a literature review of the concepts of: i) sustainable development; ii) sustainable forest management; and iii) economic and non-economic valuation. The concepts are viewed through a historical dimension of shifting paradigms, originating from productionto service-based forestry. Values are discussed through a review of general value theory and spatial, cultural and temporal differences in valuation. Along the evolution of these concepts, we discuss their applicability as frameworks to develop operational guidelines for forest management, relative to the multi-functionality of forests. results and conclusions: Potential discrepancies between the conceptual origins of sustainable development and sustainable forest management are highlighted, relative to how they have been interpreted and diffused as new perceptions on forest value for the human society. We infer the current paradigm may not reflect the various dimensions adequately as its implementation is likely to be more related to the distribution of power between stakeholders, rather than the value stakeholders' place on the various forest attributes.


ABSTRACT Upstream of the gene for flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent d-sorbitol dehydrogenase (SLDH), sldSLC, a putative transcriptional regulator was found in Gluconobacter frateurii THD32 (NBRC 101656). In this study, the whole sboR gene and the adjacent gene, sboA, were cloned and analyzed. sboR mutation did not affect FAD-SLDH activity in the membrane fractions. The SboA enzyme expressed and purified from an Escherichia coli transformant showed NADPH-dependent l-sorbose reductase (NADPH-SR) activity, and the enzyme was different from the NADPH-SR previously reported for Gluconobacter suboxydans IFO 3291 in molecular size and amino acid sequence. A mutant defective in sboA showed significantly reduced growth on l-sorbose, indicating that the SboA enzyme is required for efficient growth on l-sorbose. The sboR mutant grew on l-sorbose even better than the wild-type strain did, and higher NADPH-SR activity was detected in cytoplasm fractions. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments indicated that sboRA comprises an operon. These data suggest that sboR is involved in the repression of sboA, but not in the induction of sldSLC, on d-sorbitol and that another activator is required for the induction of these genes by d-sorbitol or l-sorbose.


High-quality nucleic acids are the basic requirement for performing genomic research. A reliable and efficient method was developed for co-extracting high-quality DNA and RNA from rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) in this study. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction buffer with high concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and β-mercaptoethanol was used in this study. The results show that 3.2% polyethylene glycol 8000 is the optimal concentration for successful separation of DNA and RNA. Spectrophotometric determination (A 260 /A 280 and A 260 /A 230 ratios), agarose electrophoresis analysis and reverse transcription (RT-PCR) of isolated nucleic acids indicate that high-quality DNA and RNA were extracted by this method. The general applicability of this method was also evaluated, and the results show that it was suitable for a variety of plants. Key words : Hevea brasiliensis , polyethylene glycol (PEG), nucleic acid, co-extraction, higher plants.


Background Living with advanced, incurable disease presents multifaceted adversities which negatively impact on various domains of well-being (McCaffrey, Bradley, Ratcliffe et al., 2016). Whilst initial evidence is promising (Wang, Collet & Lau, 2004; Zeng, Luo, Xie et al., 2014) the role that mindful movement therapies may have on ameliorating patients' experiences and quality of life (QoL) is not well understood. Aim Explore how participation in Tai Chi impacted on participants' experiences of QoL within the context of multi-disciplinary day-therapy hospice care. Methods A focused ethnography (Wall, 2014) was used to guide data collection in this study. Data was collected with patients (n=19) with advanced, incurable disease who took part in Tai Chi sessions offered at Wheatfields Hospice. Over a six month period, semi-structured interviews, participant observations, and informal conversations were used in order to gain a multi-dimensional, embodied and nuanced understanding of patients' perceptions of their QoL across four broad domains of well-being (i.e., physical, psychological, social, and spiritual). Data was analysed using a thematic framework approach (Ritchie, Lewis, Nicholls et al., 2013). Results Two overarching themes (each accompanied by two sub-themes) captured participants' experiences of their QoL through participation in the hospice-based Tai Chi programme, including: Mind–body respite (sub–themes: being present in the moment and embodied peace) Social engagement (sub–themes: meaningful social connections and mutual empathy and reciprocal support). Conclusion These findings provide evidence for the value of mindful movement therapies (such as Tai Chi) in serving as a non-pharmacological adjunct to conventional palliative care treatment in improving the QoL of patients with advanced, incurable disease regardless of disease type.


The questioned reliability of 15:0, 17:0, and trans9-16:1 acids as biomarkers of dairy fat intake also questions the relationship between the intake of these products and their health effects. Two studies were conducted in the same geographical region. In an intervention study, volunteers followed a diet rich in dairy products followed by a diet without dairy products. Plasma and erythrocyte fatty acids (FA) were analyzed, and their correlations with dairy product intakes were tested. The FA biomarkers selected were validated in the Gipuzkoa cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) observational study. The correlation coefficients between plasma concentrations of iso16:0, iso17:0, trans11-18:1, cis9, trans11-18:2, and cis6-18:1 and the dairy fat ingested are similar in both studies, indicating that their concentration increases by 0.8 µmol/L per gram of dairy fat ingested. The biomarkers are positively related to plasma triglycerides (r = 0.324 and 0.204 in the intervention and observational studies, respectively) and total cholesterol (r = 0.459 and 0.382), but no correlation was found between the biomarkers and atherogenicity indexes. In conclusion, the sum of the plasma concentration of the selected FAs can be used as biomarkers of dairy product consumption. A linear relationship exists between their plasma concentrations and ruminant product intake. These biomarkers allow for obtaining consistent relationships between dairy intake and plasma biochemical parameters.


This paper presents a new concept of airborne surveillance system using a low frequency band (metric wavelength) aimed at: detecting and tracking air targets with low radar cross section (RCS) such as stealth aircraft or missiles; and detecting and localising moving and non-moving ground targets, possibly hidden under foliage. The operational needs are first specified, underlining classic system limitations, then the choice of the frequency is discussed taking into account regulation and interference aspects on the one hand, antistealth property of these frequencies and the feasibility of antenna installation on the platform on the other hand. Then a concept of the system is presented by underlining mainly the following aspects: antenna radiating/fitting; and processing for ground clutter elimination.


IMPLICATIONS
The syndrome of transient neurological symptoms (TNS) after subarachnoid use of local anesthetics, particularly lidocaine, has been well described. This syndrome has not been reported with the subarachnoid use of opioids. This case report describes TNS that occurred after administration of subarachnoid meperidine, an opioid with local anesthetic properties.


Communicating @ work deals with the complexity of communication in today's multicultural and technological environment where job-seekers need to be communicatively competent, mobile, entrepreneurial, innovative and well connected.Communicating @ work has a conversational, accessible style. It not only covers formats for letters, e-mails, reports and proposals, but uses a holistic, skills-based approach to explain how to handle unique and often unpredictable situations in the workplace successfully. Examples, margin comments and provocative chat-room topics elaborate on concepts and offer down-to-earth guidance on everyday business communication transactions and conduct. The second edition includes a new chapter on writing know-how and an 'e-chat' discussion forum to encourage networking and debate. Topics include the following:Individual, group and impromptu presentationsActive listening, perception and interviewing skillsConflict handling and decision-making strategiesInvestigation, feasibility and audit reportsProposals, business plans and corporate CVsNon-verbal cues and body languageVisual/graphic aids, Web design and usabilityCommunicating @ work's comprehensive coverage of spoken, written and visual communication for business makes it an ideal textbook as well as a valuable reference in the workplace for professionals.Terri Grant heads up the Professional Communication Unit (PCU) in the School of Management Studies at the University of Cape Town (UCT), where she teaches students in both the commerce and science faculties. She also consults privately in business and industry, combining academic research findings with hands-on commercial experience. Rea Borcherds is an ex-director of the PCU and is currently a trainer and executive coach, equipping individuals and teams with the communication skills essential in today's workplace. "The book … achieves a balance between the demands and effects on communication of the enormous recent advances in technology and tried and tested communication principles …" Melissa Steyn, Director of iNcudisa, Intercultural and Diversity Studies of Southern Africa"The personal approach gives it a refreshing informality and immediacy …"Mauveen Gomes, lecturer, University of Cape Town"The content is rich and fascinating."Marilyn Honikman, Media and Marketing Consultant


Background and Aim GRACILE syndrome, a neonatal, autosomally recessive disorder found in Finland, featuring growth retardation, aminoaciduria, cholestasis, iron overload, lactic acidosis and early death, is caused by a homozygous mutation (S78G) in BCS1L, the assembly factor for respiratory chain complex III. We investigated a newborn Turkish girl with similar symptoms. Her two sisters with low birth weight, metabolic acidosis, cholestasis and renal Fanconi syndrome, had died at 18 and 105 days age, respectively. Methods and results The girl was born to healthy nonconsanguineous parents. She was growth retarded (1789 g at term), developed tachypnea and metabolic acidosis on day one. Lactic acidosis, jaundice with direct hyperbilirubinemia, nonspecific aminoaciduria, high phosphaturia, proteinuria and glucosuria were detected. Serum iron (190 mcg/dl), ferritin (2819 ng/ml) and transferrin saturation (99.4%) were increased. Metabolic, cardiologic and sonographic workup were otherwise normal. Because of similarities with GRACILE syndrome, the BCS1L gene was investigated. The Finnish SNP was not found, but gene sequencing revealed a homozygous mutation resulting in an amino acid exchange (P99L) in the protein. Conclusions The studied infant had a GRACILE-like disorder caused by a different mutation than that in newborns of Finnish ancestors. Most likely the two diseased siblings had the same homozygous BCS1L mutation that previously has been published in three other newborns or Turkish origin. We proposed that P99L-mutation in BCS1L is a Turkish genotype resulting in GRACILE syndrome phenotype, and should be investigated in Turkish newborns with the typical clinical features.


Abstract To enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of telmisartan (TMS), a poorly water-soluble anti-hypertensive drug, a supersaturable self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SuSMEDDS) was developed. Amorphous alkalinized TMS (AAT) was formulated into a SMEDDS, composed of Capmul® MCM (oil), Cremophor® RH40 (surfactant), and tetraglycol (co-surfactant). Although the SMEDDS was rapidly dissolved (>80% within 5 min) in a limited condition (500 mL, pH 6.8), drug precipitation was observed over time, resulting in a decrease in dissolution levels. The precipitation was due to drug recrystallization, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction analyses. Several polymers, including Soluplus® (SOL), were screened as precipitation inhibitors; ultimately, SuSMEDDS-SOL was prepared by admixing SOL and the SMEDDS at a 5:100 (w/w) ratio. SuSMEDDS-SOL was superior in terms of dissolution efficiency (>90% over 2 h) and dissolution-retaining time (no precipitation over 2 h). An in vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats revealed that the oral bioavailability of SuSMEDDS-SOL was 4.8-, 1.3-, and 1.2-fold greater than those of the TMS suspension, AAT solution, and SMEDDS, respectively. Therefore, SuSMEDDS-SOL is a promising candidate to enhance the dissolution and oral bioavailability of TMS.


The prediction of both food intake and milk production constitutes a major issue in ruminants. This article presents a model predicting voluntary dry matter intake and milk production by lactating cows fed indoors. This model, with an extension to predict herbage intake at grazing presented in a second article, is used in the Grazemore decision support system. The model is largely based on the INRA fill unit system, consisting of predicting separately the intake capacity of the cows and the fill value (ingestibility) of each feed. The intake capacity model considers potential milk production as a key component of voluntary feed intake. This potential milk production represents the energy requirement of the mammary gland, adjusted by protein supply when the protein availability is limiting. Actual milk production is predicted from the potential milk production and from the nutritional status of the cow. The law of response of milk production is a function of the difference between energy demand and actual energy intake, modulated by protein intake level. The simulation of experimental data from different feeding trials illustrates the performance of the model. This new model enables dynamic simulations of intake and milk production sensitive to feeding management during the whole lactation period.


The most appropriate operation for constricting pericardial disease must be selected to provide optimum chance for permanent recovery of myocardial function with minimal morbidity. Our 18 patients demonstrate the changing cause of pericardial constrictive disease and the application of newer surgical treatments. Good results were obtained in 16 patients.


The influence of nutrition upon the etiology and histogenesis of dimethylhydrazine induced carcinomas of the colon was studied in rats. A double-way Anus praeter was made in one-half of the animals (393/823). Histological and statistical analysis of more than 7000 organ preparations yielded the following results: (1) The intestinal contents has effects on localization, latency, and frequency of the colonic tumour. (2) When maintained on a protein-rich diet, rats with Anus praeter developed intestinal carcinomas more frequently and earlier than the corresponding controls, or with other dietary regimens under otherwise equal conditions. (3) In rats with Anus praeter the inflammatory stimulus on the ectopied mucosa exerted a stronger co-carcinogenic effect than the intestinal contents. (4) The genetic predisposition of the organ plays an important role in tumorigenesis. (5) In no case did intestinal carcinomas develop de novo, that is, from the unaltered, intact intestinal mucosa. (6) DMH induced carcinomas of the colon was solitary in 46% of the cases, and multiple in 54%. Histological differences within the same carcinoma (10% of the cases) are also indicative of a frequent, multicentric genesis of colonic carcinomas. (7) The significance of submucous, lymphocytic plaques for the immunological defense system requires further experimental clarification. (8) Polyps of the colon are a potential, but no necessary, intermediate from of cancerization.


OBJECTIVE
To develop the prediction model of acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) classification of critically ill patients.

METHODS
The binary channel gastrointestinal sounds (GIS) monitor system was used to gather and analyze the GIS of 60 consecutive critically ill patients who were admitted in Critical Care Medicine of PLA General Hospital from April 2015 to November 2015 (patients with chronic gastrointestinal disease or history of gastrointestinal surgery were excluded). Meanwhile, the AGI grades were evaluated according to the ESICM guidelines of AGI grading system. Correlations between GIS and AGI classification were examined with Spearman rank correlation. Then principal component analysis was performed on the significantly correlated parameters after standardization. The top 3 post-normalized main components were selected for back-propagation (BP) neural network training to establish primary AGI grade model of critically ill patients based on the neural network model.

RESULTS
A total of 1 132 GIS and 333 AGI were collected from 60 patients. The number (P = 0.0005), percentage of time (P = 0.0004), mean power (P = 0.0088), maximum power (P = 0.0101) and maximum time (P = 0.0025) of GIS wave from the channel located at the stomach were negatively correlated with the AGI grades, while the parameters of GIS wave from the channel located at the intestine had no significant correlation with the AGI grades(all P > 0.05). Three main components were selected after principal component analysis of these five correlated parameters. An AGI grade network model including 9 hide layers, with a fitting degree of 0.981 64 was built by BP artificial neural network based on the analysis of these three main components of GIS. The accuracy rate of the model to predict the AGI grade was 70.83%.

CONCLUSION
The preliminary model based on GIS in classifying AGI grade is established successfully, which can help predict the classification of AGI grade of critically ill patients.


The introduction of landing obligations in the European Union common fisheries policy, has increased the focus on discard survival. Since species with scientifically proven high survival rates may be exempted from the landing obligations, the economic significance for the fishing industry is large. Landing obligations include individuals below the minimum conservation reference size (MCRS), which are not allowed to be sold for human consumption. The Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) fishery is a high value fishery, but with a substantial amount of bycatch of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) below the MCRS. In the present study, observations were made on the short‐term survival of plaice at or below the MCRS, discarded from a small otter board trawler targeting Nephrops in Skagerrak (ICES 3a). The average short‐term survival of plaice was 15% at haul level, ranging from 0% to 39%, after 10 days of captive observation. Survival significantly decreased with time on deck and the retention of debris in the codend (p < 0.0001), while survival was not correlated to size. Vitality assessments, using a combined reflex impairment and injury score, were tested as predictor of survival and were significantly associated to survival (p < 0.0001) both for individual fish and when grouped by hauls. Seabird predation behaviour was assessed and it was estimated that seabirds predated or pursued 85% of discarded plaice below the MCRS.


ConG is software for conducting economic experiments in continuous and discrete time. It allows experimenters with limited programming experience to create a variety of strategic environments featuring rich visual feedback in continuous time and over continuous action spaces, as well as in discrete time or over discrete action spaces. Simple, easily edited input files give the experimenter considerable flexibility in specifying the strategic environment and visual feedback. Source code is modular and allows researchers with programming skills to create novel strategic environments and displays.


The use of interactive public displays in urban spaces is increasing very fast, and new setups to support these displays are still being explored. In this paper we introduce a gesture based input technique to allow the interaction with public displays avoiding the use of any device attached to the user body. The gestures supported provide navigation, selection and manipulation of objects, as well as panning and zooming on the screen. In order to evaluate how robust the system is in a real public scenario, criteria that could interfere on the interactive task are evaluated, as the amount of brightness in the environment, and the presence of other persons. The setup used to support the tests include a 55" LED TV, a Kinect for gestures capture, and a new algorithm to allow the identification of closing and opening hands. Three test scenarios are described in this paper: the interactive visualization of a graph representing the academic genealogical tree of our University; the selection and manipulation of simple objects; and the free interaction with the map of a building. Given the results of the performed tasks, we conclude that the system, although not behaving very accurately in all situations, has potential to be used on many applications.


BACKGROUND
Malnutrition and low muscle mass are independently associated with poor outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, tools to identify low muscle mass are limited in the clinical setting. We investigated the ability of existing malnutrition screening and assessment tools to identify low muscle mass assessed by computed tomography (CT). Secondary aims were to determine the feasibility of CT analysis and handgrip strength (HGS).

METHODS AND ANALYSIS
An exploratory study of patients who underwent curative surgery for CRC between February and September 2019. Nutrition tools used included body mass index (BMI), Malnutrition Screening Tool (MST), and Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA). Muscle mass was determined by preoperative CT image at the third lumbar vertebral level (L3), and muscle strength was determined by HGS dynamometry. Fisher's exact and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare results of nutrition tools with CT muscle assessment.

RESULTS
In total, 57 patients were included. MST classified 18 patients (32%) as at risk of malnutrition, and PG-SGA classified 10 patients (17%) as malnourished. Fifty-one (90%) CT scans were analysable and 21 (47%) had low muscle mass. Of those with low muscle mass, PG-SGA classified 22 patients (92%) as well nourished and MST classified 17 patients (71%) as not being at nutrition risk. No tool was able to identify CT-diagnosed low muscle mass. Inability to complete HGS was associated with malnutrition (P = .001).

CONCLUSION
In this cohort, nutrition screening and assessment tools did not identify CT-diagnosed low muscle mass. Feasible tools to identify low muscle mass in the clinical setting are required.


In this
work it is presented a new powerful model, well checked in the last years with
the analysis of the dynamics of nano-bio-structures. The model permits the
detailed study of the dynamical evolution of systems also at macro-level,
offering analytical relations concerning the velocity and the distance of an
economic variable, so as its diffusion in time; it permits the analysis of
economic processes in general. In this paper it will be focused in particular
about economic cycles.


This paper argues that linguistic ethnography needs to include psychology as well as language and culture in the list of objects it studies, and build a dialogue with discursive psychology, which similarly focuses on discourse in contexts of use. Discursive psychology, and its variants, are introduced and, using a fragment of interaction from the U.K. reality television programme 'Big Brother' as an illustration, ways of investigating 'personal order' through discursive research are explored. It is argued that the investigation of identity and people's investments in particular identity positions should not be impeded by, for instance, conversation analytic methodological prescriptions or the concerns of psycho-social researchers that the study of psychology through the study of language is a step too far.


Exciton‐polaritons, in which the electronic state of an excited organic molecule and a photonic state are strongly coupled, can form a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) at room temperature. However, so far, the reported thresholds of organic polariton BECs under optical excitation are as high as Pth = 11–500 μJ cm–2. One route toward lowering the condensation threshold is to increase the Rabi energy by aligning the molecular transition dipole moments. In this report, it is demonstrated that control of the orientation of a perylene‐based discotic dye, which is able to self‐organize in mesogenic columnar structures, can significantly enhance exciton–photon interaction and polariton relaxation rate in optical cavities. These results show the importance of the molecular orientation for strong light–matter interactions and provide a promising strategy toward the realization of an organic low threshold polariton BEC system and electrically driven organic polariton BEC.


Prosecution of positive allosteric modulator (PAM) targets demands a specialized assay toolset. Many GPCR or ion channel targets are adaptable to functional assays whereby PAM efficacy can be inferred from left or rightward shifts in the concentration-response curves of orthosteric agonist. The inherent emphasis on throughput and occasional paucity of radioligands for a diverse array of allosteric modulator targets yields a need for an enhanced throughput agonist potency shift assay. Here, we describe a process by which such an assay was automated with robust, reproducible in vitro pharmacology. In direct comparison with a manual CRC shift assay, the enhanced throughput automated platform described here delivered near identical rank orders (r2 = 0.75) at ~4-fold throughput/assay iteration. Correspondingly, average cycle time/plate decreased from 104 to 72 minutes. We also observed reductions in assay interference associated with compounds exhibiting ago-allosterism, which we attribute to preread compound incubation periods which are more precisely time-constrained under automation control. By leveraging automated laboratory technology, we have achieved meaningful throughput with no sacrifice of precision. Rather than to be target-class specific, the present process was specifically designed to serve as a platform template for a variety of cell-based functional allosteric modulation assays.


Shiga toxin (Stxs)-producing enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 are major causative agents of severe bloody diarrhea (known as hemorrhagic colitis) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) associated with extraintestinal complications such as acute renal failure and neurologic impairment in infected patients under 9 years of age. Extreme nephrotoxicity of Stxs in HUS patients is associated with severe outcomes, highlighting the need to develop technologies to detect low levels of the toxin in environmental or food samples. Currently, the conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or immunoassay is the most broadly used assay to detect the toxin. However, these assays are laborious, time-consuming, and costly. More recently, numerous studies have described novel, highly sensitive, and portable methods for detecting Stxs from EHEC. To contextualize newly emerging Stxs detection methods, we briefly explain the basic principles of these methods, including lateral flow assays, optical detection, and electrical detection. We subsequently describe existing and newly emerging rapid detection technologies to identify and measure Stxs.


Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Indonesia Malang E-mail : firstname.lastname@example.com ABSTRACT This research is carried out in Sharia Cooperation. The aims is to study and analyses the influence of learning organization and workers' motivation on workers' performance at Sharia Cooperation in Malang Raya. Unit analyses in this research are 33 Co-Operation unit which is spread over Malang Town, Malang Sub-Province, and Batu Town. Research Population are 170 workers who works as employees of Moslem Law Co-Operation ( BMT). Sample size is selected by using proportional technique or sample balance (118 workers). Data are analysis by using SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) and use the program of software of computer of data processing AMOS (Analysis Of Moment Structure) v.4.0. The Result of research indicates that 1). The Learning Organization has an positive and significant effect to employees' performance, it is proved by the standardized value (0,526) and p-value (0,00 2). The Work Motivation of employee have an positive and significant effect to employees' performance too, and it is proved by the standardized value (0,391) and p-value (0,00). The research conclusion is still needed the development of co-operation science in relation with adopting economics theory and co-operation management with the public vision (conventional) and also Moslem Law Islam. While practical implication from this research is the improvement of human resources as an effective strength in facing the competitiveness of Moslem Law Co-Operation (BMT) as a whole. Keywords: learning organizational , work motivate, employees performance


My title is "Arguing for Freedom of Religion," not for "Toleration," because I follow the eighteenth-century writer Christoph Martin Wieland in taking "toleration" to connote a gift or indulgence from a majority to a minority, whereas true freedom of religion would put everybody on the same plane to believe and practice religion as they see fit, or not at all. I consider three historically distinct ways of arguing for freedom of religion: from a premise held by one religion that requires freedom from others (the strategy of Locke, Madison, and Mendelssohn); from a premise about the uncertainty of all religious beliefs which calls for equal freedom (Bayle and Wieland); or from a fundamental requirement of equal freedom for all, with no premise about religion although it entails freedom in religious matters as in other things (Hutcheson, Meier, Kant). The latter approach may be most appealing from a purely philosophical point of view, but the former styles of argument have obviously had much to recommend them in historical contexts, and may still be useful.


Written by an eminent authority on the Renaissance, these classic essays deal not only with Paul Kristeller's specialty, Renaissance humanism and philosophy, but also with Renaissance theories of art. The focus of the collection is on topics such as humanist learning, humanist moral thought, the diffusion of humanism, Platonism, music and learning during the early Renaissance, and the modern system of arts in relation to the Renaissance. For this volume the author has written a new preface, a new essay, and an afterword.


https://e-kcj.org Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is caused by impaired LV relaxation with or without reduced restoring forces (and early diastolic suction), and increased LV chamber stiffness. Abnormalities of LV diastolic function have a major role in producing signs and symptoms in patients presenting with heart failure (HF).1-4) Impaired myocardial relaxation, manifested echocardiographically showing reduced early (E) to late (A) diastolic filling ratio or prolonged deceleration time of E velocity, is the most common type of LV diastolic dysfunction, and it is recognized as an early manifestation in the spectrum of diastolic abnormalities. Myocardial relaxation is gradually reduced with aging but it also reduced in all forms of myocardial disease including myocardial ischemia, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and HF with preserved ejection fraction. However, because of its ubiquity, this abnormality is often recognized as an incidental finding. In fact, most people with impaired relaxation do not have symptoms or signs of HF at rest.5) This is because increased LV filling pressure is unusual in the absence of systolic dysfunction or comorbidities such as myocardial infarction or hypertensive heart disease.6) Instead, exertional dyspnea is quite common in these patients and therefore impaired relaxation is suggested as a precursor to overt HF.5) During exercise, there is less time for diastolic filling of LV because tachycardia decreases the duration of diastole. To maintain or augment the stroke volume, myocardial relaxation should be faster and LV suction should be exaggerated.7)8) However, in patients with diastolic dysfunction, the abnormal relaxation prevents augmentation of relaxation as heart rate increases during exercise. Therefore, exercise could unmask diastolic abnormalities not evident under rest conditions. However, the majority of measures to characterize LV diastolic function are obtained at rest. Moreover, it is not yet known whether impaired relaxation leads invariably to elevated LV filling pressure during exercise since, in patients with a similar grade of diastolic dysfunction at rest, there can be a spectrum of alterations in diastolic function during exercise. Although invasive hemodynamic monitoring during exercise would be accurate and is considered as gold standard, this method has an obvious limitation. Thus, a noninvasive demonstration of this phenomenon will be more practical and can be performed repeatedly and it would be clinically useful. Korean Circ J. 2018 Aug;48(8):755-759 https://doi.org/10.4070/kcj.2018.0164 pISSN 1738-5520·eISSN 1738-5555


In this paper we examine whether the properties of a membrane transport system that varies with time can be determined via electrochemical measurements in an electrolyte that surrounds the membrane. Exact alternating-current (a.c.) solutions of the Nernst–Planck–Poisson equations show that time-varying currents through the membrane produce 'waves' of solute concentration within the external electrolyte that carry a small net charge that modifies the local electric field. The relationship between electric field and total current at any point in the electrolyte then depends upon the rate of change of the membrane currents. This raises obvious difficulties for the interpretation of time-varying measurements with the conventional vibrating probe. These variations in local activity and electric field also provide a coupling between the individual ionic currents that varies with position in the electrolyte. Consequently, the current of a species measured in the external electrolyte some distance away from the membrane can be quite different from its value in the membrane, and this raises uncertainties in the interpretation of measurements made with ion-selective probes. Calculations show that large errors in both the estimated magnitude and direction of membrane transport can occur under some conditions. For example, the coupling of currents might mean that a uniport at the membrane can progressively appear as a symport as measurements are made further away from the membrane in the external electrolyte.


DDoS attack has always been a major threat for information security. Among the DDoS methods, SYN flood is the most common. Having realized the complexity and difficulty in dest-end detection, scholars switched their focus on 'source-end detection'. And CUSUM is considered an efficient method in source-end detection. However, now there is no guidance about how to set the parameters in CUSUM, which dramatically affects the outcome of the detection. So this article discusses the selection of this parameter, to provide reference for further research.


This paper looks beyond the comparatively good performance of the large emerging economies that gave rise to the mainstream narrative of decoupling. I discuss the negative economic and social impacts of the financial and economic crisis on the Least Developed Countries that the mainstream narrative hides below the veil of well performing large countries. The negative macroeconomic consequences are directly observed in a reduction of the foreign contribution to capital formation in LDCs and a deceleration of the growth of per capita Gross Domestic Product. Official Development Aid does not offer recourse contracting in real terms in 2011 and falling short by US$ 51 billion over 2008-2011. The potential implications for human development are important. The paper indicates that Millennium Development Goals (especially in the fields of poverty, child mortality and universal primary education) will be more difficult to attain in the Least Developed Countries.


On one particular prospect in shallow water repetitive patterns appeared on short spread seismograms in such prevalence as to jeopardize identification of desired reflections. It is demonstrated that under favorable conditions, less restrictive than thought necessary heretofore, a layer of water comprises an effective wave guide for seismic energy propagation. Reinforcement fronts formed by multiple reflection of sound in water can develop into a set of waves completely overshadowing other seismic arrivals. With but minor modifications conventional wave guide theory applies. Examples from the prospect are presented to illustrate various reinforcement patterns. Observed frequency characteristics, group velocity, and phase velocity magnitudes are investigated for normal modes of propagation.


The serum ferritin (SF) concentration is a widely available and objective laboratory parameter. SF is also widely recognized as an acute‐phase reactant. The purpose of the present study was to identify the chronological changes in the recipient's SF concentration during liver transplantation (LT) and to clarify factors having an effect on the recipient's intraoperative SF level. In addition, the study retrospectively evaluated the usefulness of measuring SF during LT. Ninety‐eight pediatric recipients were retrospectively analyzed. The data were analyzed and compared according to the SF level in the recipient. Patients were classified into 2 groups based on the intraoperative peak SF levels of ≤1000 ng/mL (low‐SF group) or >1000 ng/mL (high‐SF group). The SF value increased dramatically after reperfusion and fell to normal levels within the early postoperative period. The warm ischemia time (WIT) was significantly longer in the high‐SF group (47.0 versus 58.5 minutes; P = 0.003). In addition, a significant positive correlation was observed between the peak SF value and WIT (r = 0.35; P < 0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the peak SF value and the donors' preoperative laboratory data, including transaminases, cholinesterase, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, and SF, of which SF showed the strongest positive correlation (r = 0.74; P < 0.001). The multivariate analysis revealed that WIT and donor's SF level were a significant risk factor for high SF level in the recipient (P = 0.007 and 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, the SF measurement can suggest the degree of ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). A high SF level in the donor is associated with the risk of further acute reactions, such as IRI, in the recipient. Liver Transpl 21:1419‐1427, 2015. © 2015 AASLD.


Map of Australia List of tables Preface 1. The social structure of British hegemony Part I. The Colonial Economy Enters the World Market (1788-1830): 2. The transition from penal to commercial colony 3. The world-economic origins of colonial wool growing Part II. The Squatting Phase of Pastoralism (1830s and 1840s): 4. Squatting and colonial politics 5. Merchants and growers 6. Pastoral enterprise in the colonial economy 7. The conservative character of pastoralism Part III. Confronting the Agrarian Question (1840-1900): 8. The 1840s crisis and social transition 9. Foundations of the agrarian question 10. State formation and transformation of the landed economy Conclusion Appendixes References Index.


Variations in speech melody (intonation) can be used to express different meanings (e.g. question vs. statement, friendliness). Yet, intonational information is hardly used in presentday linguistic models. When intonational information is used, it is mostly based on introspection rather than on empirical investigation; almost exclusively, a one-to-one relation between accent types and semantic function is assumed. This book focuses on an empirical investigation of thematic contrast in German. Thematic contrast has received considerable attention in semantics because sentences with contrastive themes can be used to imply propositions of various kinds without saying them explicitly. In this book, first an acoustic comparison between sentences produced in contrastive and non-contrastive contexts is described. Intonational realisation is quantified in terms of the height and position of tonal targets. The perceptual reality of different productions and the relevance of different accoustic cues are tested by means of rating experiments. Finally, the data are prosodically annotated by a group of linguists to explore the validity and explanatory power of different accent categories for contrastive and non-contrastive themes in German.


Abstract Hyaluronan, a glucosaminoglycan with unique water‐binding capacity, is accumulated in the interstitial edematous tissue in rejecting organs. We here investigated whether the increased tissue content of water and hyaluronan seen during allograft rejection can be prevented by treatment with the hyaluronan‐degrading enzyme hyaluronidase. Heterotopic heart transplantations between PVG and Wistar/Kyoto rats were performed. Recipient rats were treated with hyaluronidase prophylactically or therapeutically, either alone or in combination with cyclosporine. Daily intravenous injections of hyaluronidase induced a significant reduction of the cardiac content of both hyaluronan and water, as evaluated on day six after transplantation. Morphological examination revealed grafts with better preserved morphology and fewer infiltrating mononuclear cells, compared to untreated controls. Hyaluronidase therapy, alone or combined with cyclosporine, resulted in prolonged graft survival times. Hyaluronidase infusion for two hours also reduced already established edema five days after transplantation. This study confirms the hypothesis that hyaluronan accumulation plays a critical role in edema formation, and that hyaluronidase therapy can be used to reduce edema after organ transplantation.


Abstract The middle-Holocene decline of Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (eastern hemlock) across eastern North America has been attributed to various causes, including the widespread outbreak of an insect pest, such as Lambdina fiscellaria (hemlock looper). We tested this hypothesis by searching for insect remains in sediment cores from Hemlock Hollow, a small basin in north-central Massachusetts. Previous analyses of this site demonstrated that it has been surrounded by Tsuga forest for the past 10,000 yr. We found the remains of chironomids and beetles in the cores but not in sediments dating to the interval of low Tsuga abundance; remains of Lambdina fiscellaria were not encountered. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the decline of Tsuga at Hemlock Hollow was not caused solely by an insect outbreak. The presence of Lambdina fiscellaria remains in middle-Holocene sediments at other sites in the region may reflect local outbreaks, perhaps facilitated by drought or other changes in climate that stressed Tsuga populations.


. Under the assumption that some part of the observed highest energy cosmic rays consists of protons originating from cosmological distances, we derive bounds on the associated flux of neutrinos generated by inelastic processes with the cosmic microwave background photons. We exploit two methods. First, a power-like injection spectrum is assumed. Then, a model-independent technique, based on the inversion of the observed proton flux, is presented. The inferred lower bound is quite robust. As expected, the upper bound depends on the unknown composition of the highest energy cosmic rays. Our results represent benchmarks for all ultra high energy neutrino telescopes.


Purpose- This study aims to explore the challenges confronted by executive managers while managing multicultural teams, and the solutions they deliver to cope with these matters. Comprehending these challenges from the standpoint of managers is what it is aimed to accomplish. Methodology- Criterion sampling method, which is a kind of purposive sampling method, was employed in the study. The data for the study was collected through 14 in-depth interviews directed to executive managers of MNCs operating in Turkey. The questions that generated our data consisted of open-ended questions. The statements of managers were analyzed by content analysis and sorted into conceptually corresponding categories. These categories and solutions based upon manager's experiences were presented accordingly. Findings- Implications indicate that ineffective communication and misunderstandings, different working styles and expectations of group members, and intolerance and lack of knowledge related to diversity are the most frequent challenges confronted by managers. On the other hand, in order to cope with these challenges, managers offer to embrace diversity while encouraging group members to acknowledge it, become approachable and eager to learn more, and last but not least it was offered to communicate in the simplest form. Conclusion- To sum up briefly, successful managers are expected to possess the competency to adapt different management styles and they are also expected to be flexible enough to switch from one to another.