Joint action of herpes simplex virus and 3-methylcholanthrene in production of papil lomas in mice: S. Tanaka, et al. Induction of malignant tumors in the rabbit by oral admin istration of diethylnitrosamine: H. J. Rapp, et al. Fine structure of a transplantable re ticulum cell sarcoma. I. Light and electron microscopy of viable and necrotic tumor cells: M. A. Weinberger, et al. Carcinogenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate. III. Biological activity of refined tar from several types of cigarettes: F. G. Flock, et al. Malignancy evaluation of mouse cell lines transformed jim et al. A lymphocytopenic filterable agent de rived from tissue cell cultures of murine car cinoma: N. Molomict, et al. Transparent-cham ber studies of vessels, circulation, and follicles in thyroid grafts in unanesthetized mice: R. M. Mcrmcin, et a!. Tumorigenic nucleic acid extracts from tissues of a transplantable car cinoma, Vx7: 1. ito, et a!.


An improved vaccine is urgently needed to replace the now more than 100-year-old Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) disease, which represents a significant burden on global public health. Mycolic acid, or cord factor trehalose 6,6' dimycolate (TDM), a lipid component abundant in the cell wall of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has been shown to have strong immunostimulatory activity but remains underexplored due to its high toxicity and poor solubility. Herein, we employed a novel strategy to encapsulate TDM within a cubosome lipid nanocarrier as a potential subunit nanovaccine candidate against TB. This strategy not only increased the solubility and reduced the toxicity of TDM but also elicited a protective immune response to control MTB growth in macrophages. Both pre-treatment and concurrent treatment of the TDM encapsulated in lipid monoolein (MO) cubosomes (MO-TDM) (1 mol %) induced a strong proinflammatory cytokine response in MTB-infected macrophages, due to epigenetic changes at the promoters of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in comparison to the untreated control. Furthermore, treatment with MO-TDM (1 mol %) cubosomes significantly improved antigen processing and presentation capabilities of MTB-infected macrophages to CD4 T cells. The ability of MO-TDM (1 mol %) cubosomes to induce a robust innate and adaptive response in vitro was further supported by a mathematical modeling study predicting the vaccine efficacy in vivo. Overall, these results indicate a strong immunostimulatory effect of TDM when delivered through the lipid nanocarrier, suggesting its potential as a novel TB vaccine.


A rapid in vitro method for measuring antioxidant activity is presented, which enables the evaluation of health claims and the optimization of product development with respect to health protecting compounds. Antioxidant activity is assessed in a system in which lipid peroxidation is induced in male rat liver microsomes by ascorbic acid and FeSO(4). This method has been significantly improved by enabling the use of microtiter plates and an ELISA reader. Large numbers of samples can be analyzed with good reproducibility, which is necessary when dealing with microsomes possessing biological variability. An objective mathematical procedure has been developed to translate data obtained from the lipid peroxidation assay into a value describing the antioxidant activity. As an illustration the method has been applied to measure antioxidant activity of individual flavonoids and apple juice.


Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and essential tremor (ET) can experience deficits in executive functioning (EF) secondary to abnormalities in fronto-striatal and cerebellar-frontal pathways respectively. The assessment of EF can be confounded in these patients due to motor difficulties and slowed processing speed. Thus, instruments which do not require speeded motor responses are potentially attractive in this population. The Neuropsychological Assessment Battery-Categories Test (NABCAT) is one such instrument. This study evaluated the convergent and divergent validity of this measure as well as its diagnostic accuracy in comparison to other commonly administered tests. Records for 28 patients with PD and/or ET who presented for evaluation pre-deep brain stimulation surgery were analyzed. The NABCAT had modest correlations with other measures of EF, as well as memory. However, it demonstrated relatively poor sensitivity and modest specificity to executive dysfunction. The NABCAT did not demonstrate adequate psychometric properties to replace traditional measures of EF in this population; however, it may have utility as a screening instrument for more significant dysfunction.


Recent studies demonstrate that RNA species could regulate each other by competing for shared microRNA response elements (MREs). This regulatory model is called competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). Currently, the identified ceRNAs cover coding and non-coding RNAs. The latter includes pseudogene transcripts, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and so on. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of regulatory networks consisting of various types of ceRNAs and their roles in the pathological and physiological processes. Additionally, several factors that may regulate ceRNAs were discussed.


This article discusses the Indonesian relations with Eastern Europe Communist states, Soviet Union and China Communists before 1965 and how the systemic and domestic factors influenced Indonesian decision. Indonesian foreign relation was closer to communist state after President Sukarno's official visits to Moscow and Beijing in 1956. Why President Sukarno foreign relations closer to communist states? What was the international political situation that influenced Sukarno to lean to East bloc? What was the domestic situation that influenced Sukarno to do so? Why Indonesian closer relation with the communist not began earlier than 1956? Among the main discussions in this article are: the Indonesian-Soviet Union relations, Indonesian-China relations, Communist ideology and Indonesian relations with Eastern European Communists states. Indonesian relations with Communists state changed dramatically after the Indonesian Coup of September 1965 and the collapsed of President Sukarno and the formation of "new order" regime under Suharto in Indonesia. The changes of domestic politics in Indonesia after September 1965 strongly influenced the Indonesian relations with the Communists states.


Distance relays are quite vulnerable to maloperation during dynamic stressed situations. The apparent impedance seen by the relay encroaches the zone-3 resulting in distance relay maloperation that can initiate cascading failures. This paper presents an enhanced scheme for wide area backup protection which implements improved protection algorithms to decide final relaying status. A machine learning tool namely Deep Neural Network is utilized to build those protective relaying decision logics: RDL-1 and RDL-2. Wide area information retrieved from phasor measurement units (PMU) is used to take real time decisions. RDL-1 is designed to detect if the system is operating in normal or stressed condition. During normal state, traditional zone-3 relay undertakes the relaying decision. However, under stressed situations, RDL-1 switches the decision-taking to RDL-2. RDL-1 also predicts whether the system is progressing towards an out-of-step situation so that appropriate remedial action can be undertaken. Proposed scheme was studied on IEEE-39 bus New England system using MATLAB/SIMULINK and validated on Real Time Digital Simulator platform and third zone mal-tripping are avoided. Performance of the proposed algorithm was compared with the conventional blinder and other data-mining techniques which show considerably high classification accuracy.


An 80-year-old man was extremely skinny and developed a left leg phlegmon. He was admitted and underwent an infusion of cefazolin. On the third day, he suddenly collapsed, and advanced cardiac life support resulted in a return of his circulation. He showed vasopressor-resistant hypotension and therefore received an infusion of steroids and multiple supportive therapies. A blood culture later showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While his blood pressure increased, he showed peripheral and labile cyanotic changes, even though his peripheral arteries were palpable. On the third day after the collapse, he showed blisters at purpura sites and labile, resulting in the formation of erosions. On the fourth day, massive effusion was drained from the erosive lesions. He temporarily showed a return of consciousness, but his extremities became necrotic, and he ultimately died due to a secondary infection at the erosive lesions. The present fatal case of acute infectious purpura fulminans might have been induced by a P. aeruginosa infection due to complications with multiple blisters, similar to Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis. Early aggressive surgical amputation or debridement might be required to obtain a survival outcome when encountering such cases.


We present basic theory of variable separation for (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear evolution equations with mixed partial derivatives. As an application, we classify equations uxt = A(u, ux)uxxx + B{u, ux) that admits derivative-dependent functional separable solutions (DDFSSs) and illustrate how to construct those DDFSSs with some examples.


In response to broad enquiry from sexual assault services around Australia, this paper looks at the range of formal health sector protocols that currently exist to guide service responses to victim/survivors of sexual assault, throughout Australia's different states and territories. The specific protocols reviewed here tend to be those that guide interaction between medical, counselling and police services who respond to sexual assault in terms of crisis care and, sometimes, beyond.


The outcomes for 162 patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma treated with a CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone)‐like regimen who obtained a complete remission and who subsequently relapsed after ≥5 years of remission (late relapse, N = 30), or <5 years of remission (early relapse, N = 132), were compared. The late relapsing patients had better prognostic characteristics at diagnosis, such as stage I/II disease (73% vs. 49%, P = 0·04), a normal lactic dehydrogenase (77% vs. 48%, P = 0·01), and a Karnofsky performance score of ≥80 (100% vs. 86%, P = 0·01). The 3‐year survival after relapse was better in late relapsing patients (48% vs. 25%, P = 0·03), but the survival at 5 years (32% vs. 20%) and 10 years (13% vs. 14%) after relapse was not different. A multivariate analysis of factors predicting survival after relapse found age (P < 0·0001) and presence of B‐symptoms (P = 0·03) to predict survival, but not early versus late relapse. A small percentage of the late relapsing patients can have a prolonged second remission. However, the overall survival from the time of relapse was not different between early and late relapsing patients with most succumbing to lymphoma.


A paper of Rosenthal published in 1941 shows that the heat conducted to the electrode from the molten tip is 0.20 of the total arc heat V1, and so the heat delivered to the base metal is 0.65, 0.15 being the loss due to the radiation and convection of arc column. According to Rosenthal the above calculated result coincides well with the experimental data reported in 1938.It is evident from the paper that the heat part 0.20 is not radiated from the electrode surface, and that as the temperature rise does not exist in a remote part beyond about 1cm (1″/4) from the elec-trode tip, there is no heat flow and consequently no heat loss due to conduction can be observedni such a part. The heat conducted from the tip as far as 1cm is absorbed usefully to preheat the electrode metal before the metal reaches the arc surface. In other words, the heat energy conducted from the molten tip by the thermodynamic motions of metal molecules is transported back to the electrode tip as the metal part which absorbed the energy moves to the tip with the melting speed of the electrode. So the loss is only 0.15 instead of 0.35.In the experiment of 1938, the input arc power is calculated as V1, V and 1 being the effective values of arc voltage and current of a. c. respectively. But the wave from of arc voltage being nearly rectangular, so the power is 0.90 V1 and therefore the experimental data 0.65 becomes 0.72. The figure may get somewhat greater if the reduction of true power due to the instantenuous short circuits caused by irregular motions of molten tip metal is tanken into consideration, or if the input power is measured by a wattmeter or a watthourmeter. It is also remarkable that the base metal energy might be more incresed owing to the convection from the arc column, if the breadth of the base metal were greaterr than 12 mm and the protecting plate (forthermocouples) were uncovered as may be the case of practical welding.


We determined the tissue free amino acid distribution in human gastrointestinal tumors and the adjacent normal tissue in two groups of patients. The patients were maintained on dietary control for 7–10 days prior to the surgical removal of the tumor. Patients in Group I ate the house diet ad lib. Their nutritional intake was about half their normal requirement. The second group received parenteral nutrition. Both groups were equally malnourished at the beginning of the period of nutritional control. Group I were 88.2 ± 7.8% of ideal body weight and Group II, 90.6 ± 13.8% of ideal body weight. The net calorie and nitrogen intake was about double that of Group I. Tissue‐free amino acid analyses were done by gas chromatography. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the essential amino acids in the tumor tissue relative to the normal tissue in Group II, in contrast to the orally fed Group I where no discernible differences were found.


We describe a case of a vesical mass in a young patient, histologically characterized by an intramural lesion composed of spindle and epithelioid histiocytes arranged in a palisaded pattern, with central necrosis similar to a rheumatoid nodule. There was no clinical history of autoimmunity or previous bladder procedures, infections, or trauma. However, the smooth muscle actin and desmin positivities seen in residual ghost cells within necrotic areas argued against a granulomatous process. Reactive processes, such as myofibroblastic proliferations, can overlap neoplastic disorders, including true smooth muscle tumors. We did not observe atypia in the viable cells and mitotic figures. These features did not support a diagnosis of malignancy. The fascicular pattern, spindle cell morphology, lack of marked cytologic atypia, and smooth muscle actin and desmin reactivities, with a lack of other lineage marker expression, all supported a diagnosis of an infarcted leiomyoma. The intramural location in the bladder also favored the diagnosis.