abstract:Scholars debate whether Anton Chigurh, the villain of No Country for Old Men, is a personification of neoliberal capitalism or motivated by philosophical obsessions with death and fate. This article argues for the philosophical Chigurh, who among five military veterans in the novel seems least assimilated to markets and the logic of moneymaking. The article explores connections between war trauma and fixation upon mortal fate, as well as the novel's themes of military honor and atavistic violence. The author's argument re-specifies McCarthy's critique of neoliberalism in the novel, which appears in the limited moral imaginations of other characters who refuse or otherwise fail to conceptualize a killer without economic gain motives.


Multiexciton generation in quantum dots (QDs) may provide a new approach for improving the solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency in QD-based solar cells. However, it remains unclear how to extract these excitons before the ultrafast exciton-exciton annihilation process. In this study we investigate multiexciton dissociation dynamics in CdSe QDs adsorbed with methylene blue (MB(+)) molecules by transient absorption spectroscopy. We show that excitons in QDs dissociate by ultrafast electron transfer to MB(+) with an average time constant of approximately 2 ps. The charge separated state is long-lived (>1 ns), and the charge recombination rate increases with the number of dissociated excitons. Up to three MB(+) molecules per QD can be reduced by exciton dissociation. Our result demonstrates that ultrafast interfacial charge separation can effectively compete with exciton-exciton annihilation, providing a viable approach for utilizing short-lived multiple excitons in QDs.


Endolysosome entrapment is one of the key barriers to the therapeutic use of biologic drugs that act intracellularly. The screening of prospective nanoscale endosome-disrupting delivery technologies is currently limited by methods that are indirect and cumbersome. Here, we statistically validate Galectin 8 (Gal8) intracellular tracking as a superior approach that is direct, quantitative, and predictive of therapeutic cargo intracellular bioactivity through in vitro high-throughput screening and in vivo validation. Gal8 is a cytosolically dispersed protein that, when endosomes are disrupted, redistributes by binding to glycosylation moieties selectively located on the inner face of endosomal membranes. The quantitative redistribution of a Gal8 fluorescent fusion protein from the cytosol into endosomes is demonstrated as a real-time, live-cell assessment of endosomal integrity that does not require labeling or modification of either the carrier or the biologic drug and that allows quantitative distinction between closely related, endosome-disruptive drug carriers. Through screening two families of siRNA polymeric carrier compositions at varying dosages, we show that Gal8 endosomal recruitment correlates strongly ( r = 0.95 and p < 10-4) with intracellular siRNA bioactivity. Through this screen, we gathered insights into how composition and molecular weight affect endosome disruption activity of poly[(ethylene glycol)- b-[(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)- co-(butyl methacrylate)]] [PEG-(DMAEMA- co-BMA)] siRNA delivery systems. Additional studies showed that Gal8 recruitment predicts intracellular bioactivity better than current standard methods such as Lysotracker colocalization ( r = 0.35, not significant), pH-dependent hemolysis (not significant), or cellular uptake ( r = 0.73 and p < 10-3). Importantly, the Gal8 recruitment method is also amenable to fully objective high-throughput screening using automated image acquisition and quantitative image analysis, with a robust estimated Z' of 0.6 (whereas assays with Z' > 0 have high-throughput screening utility). Finally, we also provide measurements of in vivo endosomal disruption based on Gal8 visualization ( p < 0.03) of a nanocarrier formulation confirmed to produce significant cytosolic delivery and bioactivity of siRNA within tumors ( p < 0.02). In sum, this report establishes the utility of Gal8 subcellular tracking for the rapid optimization and high-throughput screening of the endosome disruption potency of intracellular delivery technologies.


Present paper studies the variation of the blade spindle torque in a controllable pitch propeller (CPP) during the feathering maneuver, which is one of the rare but most challenging propeller maneuvers in CPP operation. The knowledge of the spindle torque under different operating conditions is one of the key features for the CPP controller unit design. The aim of this study is determining the forces needed to be governed to control the blade motion of a CPP converted from a fixed pitch propeller and the scale effect on these forces. So as to obtain a realistic numerical setup, the time-dependent superposed motion of the main rotation of the propeller and the rotation of each blade around its axis is modeled using a hybrid overset/sliding mesh technique. The spindle torque values were calculated during the dynamical variation of the blade pitch in feathering maneuver, and a novel expression is recommended to non-dimensionalize the predicted spindle torque. The result revealed that the required torque values to rotate each blade during the propeller maneuver is rising up to a critical pitch angle. Further increment of the pitch angle results in lower spindle torque values. Furthermore, this critical pitch angle is inversely proportional to the propeller loading.


Community college systems were established across North America from the early 1960s through the early 1970s. The new systems had two principal models: in one model, the college combined lower-division, university-level general education with technical education programs; in the other, most or all of the colleges were intended to concentrate on technical education. Ontario was the largest of the provinces and states in North America that opted for the second model. Many of the issues that planners confronted when designing these college systems have either persisted or re-emerged in recent years. This article re-examines the debate on the design of Ontario's colleges that took place when they were founded and considers its implications for the present.


We present a model of efficient contracting with endogenous matching and limited monitoring in which firms compete for CEOs. The model explains the association between limited monitoring and CEO pay practices such as pay-for-luck, high salaries, a low pay-performance sensitivity, and a more asymmetric pay-for-performance relation. The results are driven by the matching equilibrium: firms with different capacities for monitoring hire different types of CEOs and offer different compensation contracts. The model thus responds to some fundamental arguments of the managerial power perspective.


Five-minute measurements of both the average photon energy and photovoltaic performance are used in this project for the analysis of the impact of variations in the average photon energy on photovoltaic performance. Four days of measurements have been analyzed, these four days comprise a clear sky day, a day with alternating high and low irradiance peaks (super irradiance) and two clouded days. The impact of this variation is clearly shown in the comparison between the average photon energy versus irradiance plot and the efficiency versus irradiance plot of the clear day data. These plot show that the relatively higher average photon energy relates to a relatively lower efficiency. This effect confirmed by the overall statistic taken over all four days whereby the higher than average average photon energy and lower than average efficiency has the highest share in the measurements. The difference between the two investigated module types (amorphous and (multi)crystalline) is proven in the efficiency versus irradiance plot. The behaviour at the relatively higher average photon energy is similar in both cases. In the case of the relatively lower average photon energy the efficiency of the amorphous modules remains at the same level as at average average photon energies. The impact of clouds on the spectral irradiance distribution is investigated in this project. The comparison is made between the average photon energy of the measured data and the extraterrestrial average photon energy. In this way a description of the whole atmospheric impact is made. This shows that the clouded sky impact on the average photon energy on the earth's surface is that it increases the average photon energy. To conclude this project a comparison between modelled and measured average photon energy is made. This shows that the modelled average photon energy is underestimating the measured data on the clouded days. It also shows that the variability on the super irradiance day is lost in the modelling output. For model results on the clear day the values line up closely to the measured values.


Abstract New areas of research and education are emerging under the banner of Global Asian Studies (GAS). This paper examines the intellectual background of the rise of GAS and proposes a research agenda for the further development of GAS to facilitate the extraction of globally relevant findings with the potential to restore an intellectual foundation for connectedness in an increasingly divided world. The paper examines the ongoing repositioning of Asia studies in relation to the Asianization of Asian studies, new methodologies for a new era, the increasing importance of multi-lingual research, and theorizes the potential of area studies "inside-out" in relation to trends in and studies of globalization. Proposing four focal themes as a platform from which a new GAS may depart, this manifesto paper aims primarily to open up a discussion to eventually serve as a foundation for sustained research and education in the field of GAS.


EFL is very popular in China,but in-class learning is limited by many factors,such as time,space and teaching media,etc. This paper focuses on the out-of-class activities in EFL teaching,which aims at enhancing in-class English teaching as a supplement.


Abstract : Objectives : LMA Supreme (LMA-S) mask is one of the most used and proved supraglottic airway devices (SADs) for laparoscopy. The Baska mask is a relatively new SAD with an inbuilt drain channel and just a limited experience has been reported with this device. We compared these two SADs with regard to safety, efficacy, ease of use and incidence of adverse events for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods : Prospective, randomized, controlled study of two groups of 40 patients each, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. After induction of general anesthesia (maintained with 5% desflurane in 50% oxygen and air, remifentanil 0.2-0.5 μg kg-1 min1 and rocuronium 0.6 mg kg-1), we evaluated, success rates, speed of insertion, ease of insertion of the drain tube, leak pressure, tidal volume and airway pressures (peak pressure and plateau pressure). We also recorded intraoperative adverse events and postoperative oropharyngeal discomfort. Results : Success rate on first attempt insertion was higher for the LMA-S group than the Baska mask group (97.5% and 60% respectively; p < 0.001). There was no difference in the median time taken for the insertion between groups (p = 0.93). Ease of insertion of the drain tube differed significantly and it was slightly easy inserted in the LMA-S group (p = 0.04). Leak pressure was similar between the groups (p = 0.61) and it was consistent with a similar tidal volume achieved (p = 0.10). Both devices showed equal sore throat scoring at 2 h postoperatively (p = 0.24). Conclusions : We found that LMA-S was an easier device to insert than the Baska mask, showing a better success rate on first attempt insertion. Insertion of the drain tube was also easier for the LMA-S group. Seal pressure and tidal volume achieved were similar between groups. Complication rates and postoperative OPD scoring are comparable for both devices.


Preliminary results on the measurement of ·N02 in a premixed hydrogen-air flame are reported. A laser-excited fluorescence detector was con structed for the purpose. Measurements 0 of the 0 effective broadband fluorescence (6700 A - 7500 A) emission cross-sections excited by five Ar+ laser · lines were carried out using N02-air mixtures in the 1-1000 ppm range of concentrations, under atmospheric pressure and temperature conditions. These yielded values on the order of lo-25 cm2/sr. Fluorescence intensity was linear ~nth N02 concen tration in the range 1-500 ppm at total pressure of 1 atm and room temperature. ·Measurement of fluorescence at atmospheric pressure but elevated temperatures up to 700°K indicated almost no change in effective emission cross-section when a 1000 ppm N02-air mixture was studied. At higher tem ·peraturcs, thermal decomposition was observed. The instrument sensitivity under room temperature conditions was about l ppm, and under flame con ditions was about 7 ppm. When measurement of N02 in a 1.1 equivalence (fuel rich) ratio flame was attempted, no N02 (> 20 ppm) was found. oxi dize N~ greater than 20 ppm could not be detected in the combustion region. This sensitivity could be obtained only somewhat behi~d the flame front due to N<><: chemi-lumines cence radiation generated at the flame front. spatial discrimination should allow more extensive and sensitive which would towards · and N02


We report a case with a large calcified mass on the posterior annulus of the mitral valve. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) showed a large, round, and echo-dense mass with central echolucencies resembling liquefaction. TTE was useful in establishing the diagnosis of caseous calcification of the mitral annulus.


In this study, Nitrogen leaching following surface application of biosolid with and without polyacrylamide (PAM) coating was investigated using soil column experiments. Three treatments including bare soil (C), a commercially available biosolid (BS) and PAM coated biosolid (PAM + BS), were applied to manually packed (bulk density: 1.3 g·cm-3) growth chamber soil columns (GC columns: 5 cm diameter by 40 cm long) and greenhouse soil columns (GH columns: 15 cm diameter by 40 cm long). The application rates for BS and PAM + BS were 729 and 740 kg/ha, respectively. The GC columns were incubated for 60 days in a dark chamber at 25℃ and no crop was grown in the columns. The GH columns were incubated for 60 days in a greenhouse and Ryegrass (seed rate: 252 kg/ha) was grown in these columns under 16 h daylight and at about 25℃. The columns were irrigated weekly using 270 mL DI-water for GC columns and 850 mL for GH columns and leachate was analyzed for Ammonium (NH4-N), Nitrate (NO3-N) and total Nitrogen (TN). The GH column experiments were repeated with three times greater biosolid application rate (2187 kg/ha) while keeping the PAM and Ryegrass seed rate constant. The leachate volume and NH4-N, NO3-N and TN concentration/load were not significantly different among the treatments for the GH columns but were significantly different during the incubation period. The same was true for GC columns with the exception of NO3-N and TN concentration/load which, overall, were higher for the BS and PAM + BS treatments than for the C treatment. In the beginning of the incubation, the leachate from all treatments (GC and GH) contained the highest NH4-N concentrations (>USEPA target level: 0.1 mg/L) and decreased, in some cases rapidly, to near zero. The NO3-N concentrations were highest in the middle of the incubation and greater than the USEPA target level (10 mg/L). The NO3-N concentrations were lower for cropped GH columns compared to GC columns due to NO3-N uptake by plants. The three fold increase in biosolid application rate did not increase NH4-N concentrations in leachate but did increase NO3-N and TN concentrations/loads in leachate on average 2.5 to 2.7 times. The non-significant differences among treatment means for NH4-N, NO3-N and TN concentrations/loads for the GH columns suggest that land application of biosolid (with or without PAM) to cropped silt loam landscapes at the rates considered may be safe within the context of groundwater pollution.


It has been reported that there is a decrease in the serum concentration of thyroid hormones in non-thyroidal illness. In the present study we made serial measurements of serum concentration of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), reverse triiodothyronine (rT3)], thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) in 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI, Grade I, according to the classification of Killip & Forrester) during 14 days after onset. In the early phase of AMI, serum T3, T4, FT3 and FT4 levels decreased while rT3 increased. TSH and TBG levels, however, were unchanged. In the patients with a high peak creatine phosphokinase activity (greater than or equal to 400 mU/ml), the decrease in thyroid hormone and increase in serum rT3 levels were greater than in patients with a low peak value (less than 400 mU/ml), suggesting a correlation between severity of AMI and changes in serum thyroid hormone levels. Especially, serum FT3 levels fell below the lower limit of controls within 14 days, with the lowest levels and the rT3 peak on the third day after onset. These data suggest that in AMI peripheral conversion of T4 favours rT3 production and that low levels of serum FT3 and T3 protect the infarcted heart muscle against thyroid hormone action.


High Performance Computing (HPC) is the recently developed technology in the field of computer science, which evolved due to meet increasing demands for processing speed and analysing/processing huge size of data sets. HPC brings together several technologies such as computer architecture, algorithm, programs and system software under one canopy to solve/handle advanced complex problems quickly and effectively. It is a crucial element today to gather and process large amount of satellite (remote sensing) data which is the need of an hour. In this paper, we review recent development in HPC technology (Parallel, Distributed and Cluster Computing) for satellite data processing and analysing. We attempt to discuss the fundamentals of High Performance Computing (HPC) for satellite data processing and analysing, in a way which is easy to understand without much previous background. We sketch the various HPC approach such as Parallel, Distributed & Cluster Computing and subsequent satellite data processing & analysing methods like geo-referencing, image mosaicking, image classification, image fusion and Morphological/neural approach for hyper- spectral satellite data. Collective, these works deliver a snapshot, tables and algorithms of the recent developments in thos e sectors and offer a thoughtful perspective of the potential and promising challenges of satellite data processing and analysing using HPC paradigms.


On May 26–28, 2015, the University of Helsinki acted as the host for the fifth Nordic Conference on Subject Didactics. For historical reasons the Nordic societies have in a global view remarkably intimate contacts with each other. Short distance, affinities of cultural and political traditions, and the density of social networks between them since centuries back in time have conduced to vibrant Nordic collaboration in the number of fields ranging from politics and economy to science and education. This is visible also in the governmental and non-governmental networks in educational sciences. A recent example of this collaboration are the Nordic conferences on subject didactics, the first of which took place in Oslo, in 2007. The conferences are held every second year, and the previous hosts have been Middelfart (Denmark, 2009), Karlstad (Sweden, 2011), and Trondheim (Norway, 2013).


Exosomes are membrane extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all kinds of cells, which are rich in proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. As a medium of intercellular communication, exosomes play important roles in biological processes and are closely related to the occurrence, and development of many diseases. The isolation of exosomes and downstream analyses can provide important information to the accurate diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, exosomes are various in a size range from 30 to 200 nm and exist in complex bio-systems, which provide significant challenges for the isolation and enrichment of exosomes. Different methods have been developed to isolate exosomes, such as the "gold-standard" ultracentrifugation, size-exclusion chromatography, and polymer precipitation. In order to improve the selectivity of isolation, affinity capture strategies based on molecular recognition are becoming attractive. In this review, we introduced the main strategies for exosome isolation and enrichment, and compared their strengths and limitations. Furthermore, combined with the excellent performance of targeted peptides, we summarized the application of peptide recognition in exosome isolation and engineering modification.


Cometary analogue material has been synthesized in kilogram quantities by spraying suspensions of silicate mineral dust with a median grain size of 4–8 μm, and carbon (soot of −25 nm grain size) into liquid nitrogen under controlled conditions. The samples with densities between 0.3 and 0.7 g/cm3 were used for sublimation experiments and for uniaxial compression tests. In one case fragments of consolidated phionolitic tuff (0.6–2.5 and 2.5–10 mm size fractions) were admixed mechanically. By modifying existing techniques polished sections and thin sections were produced from these samples for optical microscopy. Changes in the intergrowth characteristics, the grain size of the ice crystals, and the porosity were observed in the irradiated and compressed samples. They are due to sublimation-condensation-recrystallization and compaction-recrystallization effects, respectively.


Purpose statement - The purpose of this paper is to examine the media's influence on public perception of the European entrepreneurial environment, with specific reference to business performances as they are presented on Romanian economic journals, in 2010. Design/Methodology/Approach - The nature of the topic suggests the use of an interdisciplinary set of analysis, interpretation and evaluation of results, as well as the option for a joint research strategy, which is engaged in methods and techniques from many scientific fields, in order to validate the assumptions. Overview - Due to the unstable economic situation in Romania over the last few years, local entrepreneurs are interested to know the features, dynamics, and, above all, opportunities and threats specific to the European business environment to assess the chances of achieving their targets. Likewise, before making any investment decisions, foreign investors and entrepreneurs need to know exactly if and how the new business environment will support the development of their own businesses. Therefore, mass media has a significant role in this system mostly as an opinion maker among target audiences and promoter of economic agents, companies, industries or countries. Limits of Research - There are two main limitations of this study- firstly the selection of economic publications in the field, considered representative of the media in Romania, and secondly the time constraints. Originality/Value - The originality of this paper is given by the issues approach that takes into account the influence factors and the initial assumptions. Its value lies in the usefulness of research outputs, both for media representatives in Romania and for foreign and local entrepreneurs.


The article is devoted to deepening of research the using of ecological types of transport in cities. Climate change, urbanization and increased mobility of the people are the basis for improvement of municipal transport management policy.
The international experience of using of different types of transport on the basis of municipal ecology and the using of "smart" technologies is explored in the article. The diversification of transport and the increasing of popularity of ecological types of transport (trams, trains, bicycles, electric cars, etc.) are investigated. As a result, the using of ecological diversification policy in the municipal transport management system is proposed. The essence of the implementation of such policy is to approve the principles of sustainable development of the transport system, municipal ecology by promoting the ecological types of transport (bicycles, scooters, electric cars, trams, trains, etc.), taking into account the trends of artificial intelligence development and possibilities of smart specialization of the transport system. In addition, the ecological diversification policy predicts inclusion of the trends of artificial intelligence development and the possibilities of smart specialization in the transport system.
The correlation assessment of the dynamic of transport using and the level of carbon dioxide emissions of transport in Ukraine were conducted. In the context of the research of features of the implementation of ecological diversification policy in the municipal transport management system, the prospects for the development of bicycle transport and bicycle tourism, the assessment of supply and demand for ecological types of transport, the development of the energy service market for ecological types of transport in the municipal transport management system were established.


Objectives: To compare the mean headache score after single dose Intra-venous (I/V) ketorolac administered as part of General Anaesthesia (GA) following Electro-convulsive Therapy (ECT) versus placebo.
Study Design: Randomized controlled trial.
Place and Duration of Study: Psychiatry Department, CMH Lahore, from Jun 2014 to Dec 2014.
Methodology: 100 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected after permission from Hospital Ethical Committee and completion of informed written consent. Registration numbers, name, age and gender were noted. Patients were divided into two groups randomly by using random number table. In group A, Intravenous Ketorolac 0.5mg/kg body weight was given to all patients as part of medications administered at the time of ECT while in group B placebo (normal saline) was given. All patients were assessed 2 hrs after ECT for subjective experience of headache on Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). All the information was collected through well defined proforma.
Results: Headache scores showed significant improvement after treatment with a p-value <0.001. Mean score in placebo group was 4.54 ± 2.83 whereas the mean headache score in ketorolac group was 2.48 ± 2.34. Single dose I/V ketorolac reduced 2.06 ± 0.52 score in headache compared to placebo group. There was a statistically significant decrease in headache score after treatment.
Conclusion: Based on our results single dose I/V ketorolac is effective with respect to placebo in reducing post-ECT headache. .


One aim during oncological radiation therapy is to induce reoxygenation in hypoxic tumours in order to enhance radiosensitivity and ultimately increase cell death. In squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (SCCHN), hypoxia is considered a pivotal physiological modulator for malignant progression, whereby the plasminogen activation system is involved in overlapping functions such as the shaping of the extracellular matrix, cell proliferation and signal transduction. Since little is known about reoxygenation and the plasminogen activation system in SCCHN, three human SCCHN cell lines (BHY, FaDu, and CAL27) and a non-transformed control cell line (VH7) were exposed to hypoxic (<0.5% O2) conditions for up to 72 h and subsequently reoxygenated for 24 h at normoxic conditions. The mRNA expression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) was assessed by means of real-time semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and the protein expression was determined by immunoenzymometric quantification (ELISA). Both hypoxia and reoxygenation induced statistically significant changes in uPA, PAI-1 and uPAR mRNA and protein levels in the various cell lines investigated, showing that oxygen tension is a strong modulator of the plasminogen activation system in vitro. However, no uniform correlation pattern was found between the mRNA and protein levels analysed over all three time-points (24, 48, and 72 h) and oxygen treatment variants (N, H, R) nor according to oxygen treatment conditions over all three time-points. Changes in oxygen tension could therefore be modulating the fragile balance between the various components of the plasminogen activation system in SSCHN ultimately leading to an increased tumour matrix disruption, alterations in cell invasiveness, and the dissemination of tumour cells to distant organs.


Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is a cellular process that commonly takes place under normal physiological conditions. Under excessive oxidative stress, the level of LPO becomes very significant, and a growing body of evidence has shown that excessive LPO may be involved in carcinogenesis. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) is a major product of LPO, and its level becomes relatively high in cells under oxidative stress. 4-HNE is able to react readily with various cellular components, including DNA and proteins. We previously found that the 4-HNE-DNA adduct is a potent mutagen in human cells and is preferentially formed at codon 249 of the p53 gene, a mutational hotspot in human cancers. To further understand the role of 4-HNE in carcinogenesis, we addressed the question of whether 4-HNE affects DNA repair in human cells. We found that the repair capacity for benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide and UV light-induced DNA damage was greatly compromised in human cells or human cell extracts treated with 4-HNE, which is mainly through interaction of 4-HNE with cellular repair proteins. We also found that 4-HNE greatly sensitizes cells to benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide- and UV-induced killing. Together these results strongly suggest that this LPO metabolite damages not only DNA but also DNA repair mechanisms in human cells. We propose that these two detrimental effects of LPO may contribute synergistically to human carcinogenesis.


Ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) is characterized by multiple retinal hemorrhages. It is a rare complication associated with rapid decrease of intraocular pressure (IOP). The course of ODR is usually asymptomatic and self-limiting, which was confirmed by the observation of our patient. In this study, we present a 5-month follow up of a 77-year-old woman with acute right eye (RE) filtration angle closure who developed symptoms of ODR. Clinical examination and multimodal imaging modalities, including color fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA) and fluorescein angiography (FA), were used to confirm the diagnosis and performed regularly in monitoring the course of the disease. Fundus lesions in the RE included diffuse intraretinal hemorrhages in the posterior pole, which gradually resolved during follow-up time. The fundus of the left eye (LE) was normal. The patient underwent conservative therapy, laser therapy and surgery, achieving stabilization of the IOP and improvement of the local condition in the RE. Of the various multimodal imaging techniques, color fundus photography and OCT seemed to be the most specific and helpful in monitoring the patient with ODR.


MEASUREMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. Introduction. Chemical Techniques and Prediction Equations. Measurements of renal function with Radionuclide Techniques in Adults. Measurement of GFR in Children by Means of radionuclide techniques. Assessment of GFR in Adults : the Point of View of the Nephrologist. Assessment of GFR in Children : the Point of View of the Paediatric Nephrologists. OBSTRUCTION IN ADULTS. Introduction and the Role of Nuclear Medicine. The Contribution of Radiology. The Urologist's View. ANTENATALLY-DETECTED HYDRONEPHROSIS. Introduction. The Radiological Approach. The Nuclear Medicine Techniques. The Point of View of the Urologist RENOVASCULAR DISEASE. Present and Future Developments of Functional and Molecular Imaging. Radiologic Modalities in Renovascular Disease. ACE Inhibition Renography in the Evaluation of Suspected Renovascular Hypertension. FUNCTIONAL AND MOLECULAR IMAGING. Functional Imaging of the Kidney with Electron Beam CT. Functional and Cellular Imaging of the Kidney by MRI. Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Kidneys. URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN CHILDREN. Introduction. The Point of View of the Radiologist. The Point of View of the Paediatric Nuclear Medicine Physician. The Point of View of the Paediatric Nephrologists


Vaccines have shown remarkable protection against COVID-19, but vaccination-enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) following breakthrough infections poses safety concerns. SARS-CoV-2 Spike (SARS-2 S) protein subunit vaccines induced VAERD in hamsters, where aluminum adjuvant primed a Th2-biased immunization, resulting in elevated type 2 pulmonary inflammation in animals with breakthrough infections. To further understand the potential risks and immunopathogenesis of VAERD, we immunized K18-hACE2 mice with SARS-2 S protein in the presence of aluminum and CpG ODN adjuvants and infected them with a lethal dose of SARS-2. The vaccine induced robust antibody and T cell responses, significantly reducing viral titers and increasing host survival. However, following breakthrough infection, vaccinated animals exhibited severe airway immunopathology, with a dramatic increase of eosinophils and CD4 +T cells, and elevated Th2/Th17 cytokines in the lungs. Intracellular flow cytometric analysis showed a systemic Th2/Th17 inflammatory response, prominently in the lungs. Our data show that the aluminum/ODN adjuvants elicit strong protection against COVID-19 but prime a robust Th2/Th17 inflammatory response that may contribute to rapid onset of T cell-mediated pulmonary immunopathology following breakthrough infection. Our results highlight the need for additional studies to elucidate COVID-19-associated VAERD and to further improve vaccine formulations for broad protection and maximal safety.
 This research was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health (P20 GM130555-6610 and R01 AI151139).


Based on the analysis of the developed mathematical model, this paper proposes optimal operating modes of the vibroimpact device to ensure the intensification of driving construction piles. It is an original design of a modern, highly efficient device for driving construction piles, equipped with a compact, powerful hydraulic impulse drive unit. To develop a mathematical model of the construction pile driving technology, the following methods were used: mechanoreological phenomenology, hydrodynamics, and generalised laws of mechanics. Mathematical models of the dynamics of technological processes of driving construction piles with a vibroimpact device are improved based on a hydraulic impulse drive unit in the form of a spatial non-stationary formulation of the problem and integral equations of dynamic characteristics of the moving elements of the drive unit. The study obtained the distribution of the pressure and velocity of the working fluid in the hydraulic unit of the vibroimpact device, as well as changes in the kinematic parameters of the elements of the technological equipment based on the mathematical model developed by the finite volume method, using numerical modelling and high-performance computer systems. Optimal modes of operation of a hydraulic impulse drive of a vibroimpact device are proposed to provide an intensification of the construction pile driving technology. It was found that when low-frequency vibration is applied, the driving of construction piles is intensified. Application of a hydraulic impulse drive that is based on two-stage vibration excitation allowed implementing the vibroimpact modes of the device. The average pile driving speed with a vibroimpact interaction is five times higher compared to conventional driving methods

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To establish weak convergence of a sequence of martingales to a continuous martingale limit, it is sufficient (under the natural uniform integrability condition) to establish convergence of finite-dimensional distributions. Thus in many settings, weak convergence to a continuous limit process can be deduced almost immediately from convergence of finite-dimensional distributions. These results may be technically useful in simplifying proofs of weak convergence, particularly in infinite-dimensional settings. The results rely on a technical tightness condition involving stopping times and predictability of imminent jumps. AMS 1980 subject classifications. Primary 60B10, secondary 60G44.


This is a brief reflection on complex work systems automation, studying the Air Traffic Control Services. We study the compatibility of air traffic control systems automation against the necessary preservation of human nature complexity and the social integration of individuals, through a contribution to a less mechanical and more creative social work.


22q11.2 deletion syndrome is one of the most common human microdeletion syndromes. The clinical phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is variable, ranging from mild to life‐threatening symptoms, depending mainly on the extent of the deleted region. Brain malformations described in association with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome include polymicrogyria, cerebellar hypoplasia, megacisterna magna, and agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), although these are rare. We report here for the first time a patient who manifested combined D‐2‐ and L‐2‐hydroxyglutaric aciduria as a result of a hemizygous mutation in SLC25A1 in combination with 22q11.2 deletion. The girl was diagnosed to have ACC shortly after birth and a deletion of 22q11.2 was identified by genetic analysis. Although the patient showed cardiac anomalies, which is one of the typical symptoms of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, her rather severe phenotype and atypical face prompted us to search for additional pathogenic mutations. Three genes present in the deleted 22q11.2 region, SLC25A1, TUBA8, and SNAP29, which have been reported to be associated with brain malformation, were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic mutations. A frameshift mutation, c.18_24dup (p.Ala9Profs*82), was identified in the first exon of the remaining SLC25A1 allele, resulting in the complete loss of normal SLC25A1 function in the patient's cells. Our results support the notion that the existence of another genetic abnormality involving the retained allele on 22q11.2 should be considered when atypical or rare phenotypes are observed.


This paper is written as a supplementary paper of "A study to discover Shin Chae-ho's articles in Chinese Newspapers." In fact, the earlier paper has certainly a critical problem, but the new research on this could not yet be continued. The main causes for this case can be summarize as difficult to access the materials, difficult to do the comparative analyse with Danjae's works and difficult to find the right solution for the critical section in the work etc. Danjae's articles are not different from Park's articles from the aspect of thought and style. In this paper, I drew a conclusion that Tson-Hua Newspaper's journalist Park was Danjae through the stylistic approach. Danjae published the countless articles in the Tson-Hua Newspaper. There was no choice other than to limited Dajae identity in Tson-Hua Newspaper, and he could not be independent from the perspective of China and Chinese newspapers. Jeong In-bo's expression, "Danjae sold his writing" was derived from this aspect. Therefore, Korean Danjae is different from a journalist Danjae of Chinese newspaper. Danjae appears constantly to make aware the Chinese people about Chinese government's stratagem and Japanese aggressive ambition. I have delved the works of "Wu zhihui" and "Zhang Jiluan" who were involved in the Tson-Hua Newspaper, but could not yet find any documents regarding Danjae. However, there are many other journalists who were also involved in the Tson-Hua Newspaper. The documents related to Danjae will be discovered through those people. Moreover, it seems that "record of trails(R/T)" and estreat on Danjae are kept in the Lushun Archives and the Liaoning Archives. I hope that there are those documents which clear the fact of Danjae's relation with Tson-Hua Newspaper.


Increasing energy efficiency of the geothermal systems (GS) is an important task for further development and implementation of the geothermal energy for industrial and domestic heating and cooling. Achieving the higher efficiency, in its turn, requires insight into thermodynamic interaction of all elements of GS. Mathematical modeling of such systems, as well as the development of similarity methods for such modeling is highly relevant because of the high cost of the GS. The presented in the paper mathematical model of a strongly non-equilibrium thermodynamic systems Ground - Borehole Heat Exchanger - Ground Source Heat Pump has been elaborated to describe the energy exchange between the ground, BHE and GSHP. Based on this model a stationary problem of such system operation has been solved. A new type of non-equilibrium spatial scales for this problem, not depending on its geometric parameters and that are determined by energy characteristics of GS are introduced. It is shown that in the special variables considered problem is characterized by a unique dimensionless parameter - the ratio of the thermal conductivity of the ground and brine. This allows us to formulate new approaches to GS modeling.The physical interpretation of the received results is provided.


Solar water heating system is used to supply hot water all-year-round for a new dormitory building. Flat solar energy collectors are mounted on the roof. The hot water tank and pumps are installed together with the air conditioning equipments in the plant room. Air cooled heat pump is used to provide cooling in summer, and high temperature water from boiler room (in old building) is used as heat source in winter. Usually auxiliary heating is necessary to improve the stability and reliability of solar water heating system. In this case, we take full use of the equipment of air conditioning system instead of electricity as auxiliary heating resources. In this paper, we introduced the design of the solar water heating system and the auxiliary heating method by air conditioning systems. The control strategies to fulfill all the functions and switch between different conditions are also introduced.


compiled by some 50 contributors from six or personality. Indeed it is only in the last 30 countries. It fulfils a special need for covor 40 years that epilepsy per se, that is, witherage in depth of the most common form of out deterioration, has finally been dropped neuropathy in Europe and the United States from most international or national of America. For the clinician there are excelclassifications of mental disorders. In this lent sections in the first two thirds carefully century interest in the psychiatry of epilepsy outlining the extent of neuropathic complihas declined as the primarily neurological cations, their presentation, investigation and nature of epilepsy has been more accepted treatment. In particular the difficulties in and in association with the increasing sepadetermining the incidence and the basis for ration of neurology and psychiatry. making the diagnosis (whether on clinical Furthermore the studies of Lennox in the symptoms. signs, electrophysiological 1930s first showed that most epileptic findings or combinations) are discussed. The patients have normal mental states. Howclassification and clinical features are well ever, in more recent years there has been covered and there is special emphasis on renewed interest in this subject in view of the autonomic involvement, with extensive secmore modern epidemiological studies which tions by appropriate experts on the tests suggest that one-third or more of epileptic available, their clinical application and subjects may have significant psychological treatment. disorders and in view of some of the overThe problems posed in treatment by metlapping phenomena of certain types of seiabolic control are discussed and there are zures and some psychological disorders. sections on experimental work with myoInterest has been renewed also in view of the inositol supplements anid aldose reductase relationship between specific seizure disinhibitors. The final section covers experiorders, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, and mental work with extensive discussion of the certain psychiatric problems such as psychopathophysiology relating both to patholoses or personality change. Such considergical observations in man and laboratory ations led in 1981 to the publication of a work with animal models. multi-author British textbook on epilepsy It is difficult to single out particular secand psychiatry'. This has now been tions for many chapters are excellent followed by an all American multi-author although Peter Dyck's contribution on work on psychiatric aspects of epilepsy. pathology is masterly. Inevitably there is As the title implies this is not a compresome repetition (even identical figures) and hensive textbook and there is surprisingly perhaps a brief overall summary of the little overlap with its British counterpart. experimental work would help the clinician, The editor provides an excellent and but these are minor criticisms. detailed historical introduction on the It purports to be an overview of diabetic Psychiatric Dimension of Epilepsj. This is neuropathy and succeeds in this aim. The followed by another fine Epidemiologic work is well set out, has up to date referOverviewt of Epilepsy by Zielinski. The ences, and will I expect be the definitive chapters on Neurological Aspects monograph on diabetic neuropathy. It (Niedermeyer) and Medical Treatment should prove most useful not only for the (Rodin) would grace any standard book on practising neurologist, but also the diabetic epilepsy. We then come to the five more physician and the neurophysiologist. I specifically psychiatric chapters. Two of recommend it highly. these deal with behavioural aspects of temT FOWLER poral lobe epilepsy (Bear et al) and temporal lobe surgery (Earl Walker and Blumer), one with psychosis (Ferguson and Rayport), one with major mood disorders related to epileptic changes (Himmelhoch) and one Psychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy. Edited by with pseudoepileptic seizures (Rodin). The Dietrich Blumer. (Pp 345; £25-00.) latter is the least controversial. Rodin refers Washington: American Psychiatric Press; the reader to other recent reviews and bases UK: Cambridge University Press, 1987. his chapter on his own considerable experience. Since an electrophysiological study by The relationship between epilepsy and the Gibbs' in 1948 first suggested an associmental disorders has been a source of great ation between anterior temporal discharges interest and controversy since the first and personality disorder arguments have literature on "the sacred disease". Until the raged inconclusively about whether there beginning of this century the dominant view are specific psychological consequences of was that epilepsy was inevitably accomtemporal lobe epilepsy. Bear and colleagues, panied by lunacy or deterioration in intellect with the aid of detailed case studies, favour 599


The authors present a natural deduction calculus for the computation tree logic, CTL, defined with the full set of classical and temporal logic operators. The system extends the natural deduction construction of the linear-time temporal logic. This opens the prospect to apply our technique as an automatic reasoning tool in a deliberative decision making framework across various applications in AI and computer science, where the branching-time setting is required


Abstract There is increasing interest for the use of intermittent energy restriction (IER) in weight management. However, there are concerns that IER could result in 'rebound' overconsumption of energy on unrestricted days. We studied self‐reported food records from participants in two trials of IER versus continuous energy restriction (Study 1; 44 women on IER for 6 months and Study 2; 72 women on two types of IER for 4 months). Energy intake was assessed on restricted and unrestricted days immediately before and after restricted days and on other unrestricted days. We assessed consistency of days of the week chosen as restricted days, and whether this was associated with greater weight loss. Reported energy intake was reduced on unrestricted days in Study 1 and 2 and was 19% lower compared with the allocated isoenergetic diet, and respectively 21% and 29% lower than their baseline reported daily intakes. Energy intake appeared to be similarly reduced the day immediately before and after restricted days and on other unrestricted days. Seventy percent of women in Study 1 and 79% in Study 2 undertook consistent days of restriction each week (>50% of restricted days on the same 2 days each week). When studies were combined percentage weight loss at 3 months was −5.8 (−6.7 to −4.7) % in the consistent group and −7.4 (−8.7 to −6.2) % in the non‐consistent group (p = .09). Food records from patients undertaking IER suggest a spontaneous reduction in energy intake below their baseline reported intakes and the prescribed isoenergetic diet during all unrestricted days including the days immediately before and after restricted days which contributes to the weight loss success with these diets. Consistency of restricted days was not associated with weight loss success. These findings need to be confirmed in larger groups of patients ideally using objective measures of energy balance.


Philosophers should express their ideas clearly. They should do this in any field of specialization, but especially when they address issues of practical consequence, as they do in bioethics. This article dissects a recent and much-debated contribution to philosophical bioethics by Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva, examines how exactly it fails to meet the requirement of clarity, and maps a way forward by outlining the ways in which philosophical argumentation could validly and soundly proceed in bioethics.


An increasing number of academic and professional articles are being published about research on and potential applications of behavioral finance. This article offers a more complete picture of the origin, content, and rationale behind this emerging area of study than previously presented. In the process, the traditional dominance in finance of the economic concepts of subjective expected utility and rationality are discussed. In addition, the article argues that the newer theories of chaos and adaptive decision making, which have a place in behavioral finance, can help explain the puzzle of stock-price volatility.


This thesis utilises data from the Cassini spacecraft in the analysis of the Saturnian system focusing on two areas of research. The first is estimating the impact of the ionosphere as a plasma source in the system, from a case study that uses data from the thermal plasma spectrometer, the UV imager, the energetic particle detectors, and radio and plasma wave detector, when the spacecraft was located at ~ 2200 hours Saturn local time at 36 RS in Saturns magnetotail, and the second consists in a survey of the bulk plasma composition using time-of-flight data from CAPS/IMS, from 2004 to 2013, that is, at the moment, the most extensive survey conducted on TOF/IMS data. We find the first evidence of polar ionospheric outflow from Saturn. During several entries into the magnetotail lobe, cold ions (mainly H+ and (m/q=2)), and electrons, dispersed in energy, were observed directly adjacent to the plasma sheet and, apparently, extending into the lobe. Moreover, ions were flowing downtail. The unique nature of this event led to two survey studies, with different resolutions and coordinate systems, to investigate typical and atypical characteristics in bulk plasma composition and its relations to Enceladus, Dione, Rhea, and Titan. We studied [(m/q=2)]/[H+], [W+]/[H+], and [O+, OH+, H2O+, H3O+]/[W+] ratios, where we indicate with W+ ions produced from water, as a function of position in the magnetosphere, radial distance and local time, and distance from the planet and longitude in respect to the moons. We found that the plasma composition in Saturn's magnetosphere presents significant local time asymmetries and variability. Some evidence of displacement of the stagnation point towards earlier local times (~ 1900 LT) compared to Cowley et al. [2004]'s plasma circulation model, suggests that the solar wind has greater influence on Saturn's magnetosphere.


Small and medium scale enterprises (SMEs) have historically played an important role in contributing to economic growth and development. Naturally, all businesses start as small businesses or even start out of small businesses initiated by individuals. It is imperative to give high priority to Nepalese labor, skill and raw material based domestic investments to promote national level industries for achieving economic growth in the course of SMEs. This study has used Johansen Cointegration, Vector Error Estimates (VAR) and Granger Causality test to investigate relative changes in the position of the Nepalese SMEs and investment to the real GDP since 1989 and 2018 based on secondary data regarding regression analysis. It has examined the dynamic relationship among the total SMEs and investment with real GDP of Nepal and found to be significant and positive relationship in between investment and real GDP of Nepal while insignificant and inverse relationship in between total SMEs and real GDP of Nepal. It implies that real GDP was seemed to be mostly influenced by investment rather than number of SMEs. However, it was and still is contributing significant role in economic growth in Nepal.


Fisheries serve as an essential food source, livelihood, and cultural identity for millions of people around the world. As global fish stocks decline and the world's population grows, the use and management of this resource has become an important issue. Within fisheries, small-scale fisheries (SSF) are of significant importance: they comprise 90 percent of the world's capture fisheries, and are environmentally and socially preferable to large-scale operations. While SSF are increasing in the majority of the world, they are decreasing in Europe. Through a case study in Blekinge, Sweden, this study looks at the decline of SSF in the Baltic Sea in an effort to better understand why SSF are in deteriorating in "developed" countries. In coordination with the Stockholm Resilience Center, data was collected using in-depth semi structured interviews with fishers and other stakeholders. The study found that the predominant use and weight of quantitative and scientific data in policy formation, in combination with a lack of input from fishers, is creating policies that fail to capture crucial environmental, social, and cultural aspects of SSF and are thus ineffective in supporting fishers to maintain their livelihoods and way of life. In assessing the current components used to classify fishers, it can be recommended that increased attention be given to qualitative analysis of fishers, improving the understanding of fishers' motivations, preferences, habits, social needs and norms. Using "fishing styles", which incorporate qualitative data in addition to quantitative data, would give policy makers a better understanding of small-scale fisheries and those working in this realm. Addressing this issue is of crucial importance if the livelihoods, generations of knowledge, culture, and traditions associated with SSF will sustain.


This paper is concerned with characteristics of human behaviors in Internet-based teleoperation system under communication delay. Especially frequency character and velocity character of human behaviors affected with random delay of the Internet are analyzed. We are researching in human adaptive network mechatronics which can not only evaluate operational behaviors of human, but also help the operator's control according to the evaluation of operations in Internet-based teleoperation system. The characteristics analysis of human behaviors which are affected by delay of the Internet will provide us helpful regulations to design control methods in human adaptive network mechatronics. We develop an experimental system which includes a joystick controller and a virtual inversed pendulum. The joystick can control the virtual pendulum with the Internet delay which has been recorded in a test before. The Laminar Phase analysis and power spectrum is utilized to analyze human behaviors affects by delay of the Internet.


A novel control strategy for a stand-alone induction generator (IG), working with variable speed and load, is proposed. The IG is simultaneously excited by a capacitor and an inverter. The capacitor provides the rated reactive current needed to excite the IG while the inverter adds the reactive current needed to regulate the IG output voltage. The control strategy is based on the instantaneous reactive power theory. A 4 kW laboratory prototype has been built to validate the proposal and experimental results are presented.


Predicated execution can be used to alleviate the costs associated with frequently mispredicted branches. This is accomplished by trading the cost of a mispredicted branch for execution of both paths following the conditional branch. In this paper we examine two enhancements for branch prediction in the presence of predicated code. Both of the techniques use recently calculated predicate definitions to provide a more intelligent branch prediction. The first branch predictor, called the squash false path filter, recognizes fetched branches known to be guarded with a false predicate and predicts them as not-taken with 100% accuracy. The second technique, called the predicate global update branch predictor, improves prediction by incorporating recent predicate information into the branch predictor. We use these techniques to aid the prediction of region-based branches. A region-based branch is a branch that is left in a predicated region of code. A region-based branch may be correlated with predicate definitions in the region in addition to those that define the branch's guarding predicate.


Aim of study: To describe the basic principles of polytrauma patients' care at the stages of traumatic disease. Materials and methods: An analysis of the treatment of fractures of 1285 patients with combined and multiple musculoskeletal injuries for the period from 2012 to 2017 was carried out. The studied population consisted of men - 874 (68%) and women - 411 (32%). The average age of patients was 42.7. The number of road accidents prevailed (53.6%) over catatrauma (32.5%). Results: In order to follow damage control low invasive osteosynthesis techniques have been preferred. Such methods provided reliable bony fragments stabilization with the possibility of avoiding additional external fixation. At the same time early range of motion exercises had been allowed. In order to prevent traumatic disease reposition and osteosynthesis had been performed as soon as it was possible. The osteosynthesis for the medial femoral neck fractures was rational only in the acute period of trauma. Conclusions: When correcting the lesions of bone structures in victims with polytrauma, operational benefits differ little from those in isolated trauma.


This thesis explores use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) on Tasmanian family owned dairy farms using a qualitative case study approach. This research presents findings that contribute to an improved understanding of the social and technological factors influencing ICT use by Tasmanian dairy family farm businesses. The findings are discussed in relation to the Information Systems model TAM3 (Venkatesh and Bala, 2008) and an adapted model developed by the researcher.
ICT uptake in agriculture is continuing to be less than expected worldwide (Gelb and Voet, 2009; Alvarez and Nuthall, 2006; McBratney et al., 2005; Lamb et al., 2008). A key driver in improving farm performance is the provision and adoption of more efficient technologies and management practices (DAFF, 2005). Better understanding of human factors in the adoption of research in the agriculture and food industries is important to ensure intended research and development outcomes are achieved (DAFF, 2007). The main impediments to ICT adoption include lack of tailored ICT applications, their increased sophistication, which imposes enhanced human capital requirements, their lack of synchronisation with production, and the need for ongoing end-user training (Gelb and Voet, 2009; Alvarez and Nuthall, 2006). The factors identified as being associated with on-farm computer adoption include business size, education and age for example younger and better educated farmers are more likely to adopt ICT applications (Alvarez and Nuthall, 2006). This thesis builds on the extensive literature base of cross disciplinary research on adoption and innovation that has been developed over the past 50 years (Rogers, 2003; Rogers, 1983; Ruttan, 1996; Pannell et al., 2006; Venkatesh and Bala, 2008) by undertaking an in depth qualitative examination of the utilisation of ICT by dairy family farm businesses in Tasmania, taking a whole farm holistic approach.
This research methodology employed a qualitative approach that was underpinned by a subjective ontology and an interpretative epistemology. The research strategy consisted of a case study using 33 individual farmers to acquire a rich data source from a broad range of farmers located in Tasmania, and six industry representatives servicing Tasmania. Thirty three interviews were conducted with owners of family farm businesses and appropriate industries using semi structured in depth interviews. The questions were designed to gather the farmers' opinions, experiences and how they used ICT for business and personal use, the impacts and problems associated with the use of ICT and background information about their business. Six industry interviews were conducted to provide an alternative lens in recognition that external factors, some of which farmers may not be aware of, are important, providing an alternative perspective for the research.
The farmer and the industry interviews were analysed separately using the same data analysis technique. This approach ensured any new industry insights in the Tasmanian dairy industry were revealed. The data collected was analysed systematically using thematic coding. The data was interpreted and discussed based on the researcher's understanding of the data and in relation to the available literature to allow for the key findings to emerge. The key findings for the research are as follows:
• KF1 All generations of farmers are receptive or using smart technology due to ease of use characteristics;
• KF2 Farmers place a high priority on lifestyle and family when making ICT decisions;
• KF3 Fragmented ICT investment is detrimental to long term ICT utilisation;
• KF4 Globalisation of ICT use changes farming communities and farming practices;
• KF5 Industry has a key role to play in farmer focused education on robotic systems.
The key findings lead to the redevelopment of TAM3, placing significance on ease of use, and incorporating a complexity component to better explain the relationship between intention to use and actual use.
This research has made contributions to Information Systems knowledge at substantive, methodological and theoretical levels. At a substantive level, it has provided a case study of ICT use by Tasmanian dairy farmers and relevant industries, contributing to the understanding of factors influencing the use of ICT on everyday activities around the farm. This contributed to the understanding of lifestyle motivators, and the positive effect smart technology has had on ICT utilisation. At a methodological level this research has made a contribution by conducting a qualitative study of farmers' ICT use to provide in depth understanding of the traditionally quantitatively researched field. At a theoretical level, the research has developed a revised TAM model that improves the explanation of the relationship between intention to use and actual use of ICT.


The application of gold nanoshells (NS) as a surface-enhanced Raman (SER) platform for intracellular sensing in NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells was studied by using a near-infrared Raman system. To show the feasibility of using these 151 +/- 5 nm sized solution-stable nanoparticles inside living cells, we investigated the uptake, cellular response, and the health of the cell population. We show that NS are taken up voluntarily and can be found in the cytosol by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which also provides detailed information about location and immediate surrounding of the NS. The internalization into cells has been found to be independent of active cellular mechanisms, such as endocytosis, and can be suggested to be of passive nature. Uptake of NS into cells can be controlled, and cells show no increase in necrosis or apoptosis as a result; we show that NS-based intracytosolic SER spectra can be measured on biological samples using short acquisition times and low laser powers. We demonstrate its application using 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA)-functionalized nanoshells as a pH sensor.


The emphasis of the paper is the theme of the works:"fair,kind,and true is all my argument",for the theme is the spirit of the Sonnets.Only when one understands the theme,can one fully realize the literary and artistic value of Shakespeare's Sonnets.The perfect unity of"fair,kind and true"is the ideal state of Shakespeare's life.The sonnets which reinforce the theme are really"the rarest pearls of Elizabethan poetry".


BACKGROUND
Listeria organisms are documented to be zoonotic; one of the sources of infection is the domestic fowl where it could occur as in apparent infection. The carriage of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria in indigenous birds has not been documented in Kenya.

OBJECTIVE
To establish whether healthy looking indigenous chickens and ducks could be carriers of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species.

DESIGN
Field survey of indigenous chickens and ducks in three districts of Kenya.

SETTING
Embakasi and Dagoreti divisions in Nairobi district; Athi river division in Machakos district; and Ngong division in Kajiado district, in Kenya.

SUBJECTS
One hundred and thirty six indigenous chickens and 39 ducks reared under free range scavenging system in Nairobi, Machakos and Kajiado districts, in Kenya, were sampled.

METHODS
In surveying the birds, the cloacal and pharyngeal swabs were taken from each bird separately using sterile cotton--tipped applicator swabs. The swabs in saline were transported in a coolbox to the laboratory for bacterial isolation and characterization.

INTERVENTIONS
None (only compared farmed and the traded birds).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Isolation of Listeria species and pathogenicity of Listeria isolates.

RESULTS
Two Listeria monocytogenes and seven other Listeria species were recovered from the oropharyngeal swab samples of farm and market chickens but none from respective cloacal swabs. No Listeria was recovered from either oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs of farmed duck and slaughter chickens. Traded chickens yielded more Listeria isolates as compared to farmed chickens.

CONCLUSION
This study shows that indigenous chickens in Kenya are carriers of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species.


AIM: Assess the effect of delay in treatment greater than 24 hours on the development of infection for open tibia fractures. MATERIALS & METHODS: A retrospective review of all patients was conducted to identify skeletally mature patients with an open tibia fracture treated with the Surgical Implant Generation Network (SIGN) intramedullary nail from February 2006 and June 2015. Descriptive data, time to treatment, fracture characteristics, and presence of infection were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Infection occurred in 19 (11%) patients (Gustilo I 1/44, 2%; Gustilo II 6/39, 15%, Gustilo IIIa 9/44, 21%; Gustillo IIIb 3/44, 7%). One hundred forty-four patients were treated within 24 hours from injury (mean, 8.2 hours) and 28 were treated after 24 hours (mean, 41.1 hours). There was no significant difference in the rates of infection for fractures before or after six hours from the time of injury (15% vs. 11%, P = 0.6207). Infection rate was similar in patients treated within 24 hours and beyond 24 hours (10% vs. 14%, P = 0.518). The average time to treatment of patients with and without infectious outcome were not significantly different (15.6 vs 13.4 hours, P = 0.700). There was an association between more severe Gustilo types and infection, yet this did not reach significance (P = 0.402) CONCLUSION: Our results show that initial treatment beyond 24 hours did not lead to a significant increase in the rate of infection. While not significant, a greater proportion of infections occurred in higher Gustilo types. Our results suggest that fracture type rather than time to treatment may be a more important predictor of infection.


The Nom Preservation Foundation recently made the libraries of two Buddhist temples near Ha Nội available in digitized form. The resulting composite temple collection allows us to pose questions about the history of the book in Vietnam. The history of the book in Vietnam must be understood from an interregional perspective. The availability of relatively inexpensive Chinese books influenced what was worthwhile to print locally. At the same time, even books with the same title are remarkably diverse in terms of content, medium, and annotation. A close look at individual books can show us what and how people read.


The patient is the disease of death is the fear that leads to the loss of the owner, it may be this patient some legal actions that would reduce the financial burden affecting him or his heirs and others, the legislator and restricting those actions to certain limits, after proving that the patient was the time to act However, the legislator did not specify what diseases take the patient's behavior and the disease of death, and left the matter in dispute jurisprudence and judicial, some diseases do not meet the general conditions laid down by the jurisprudence or settled by the judiciary, and those diseases, Conditions for him because the symptoms of the disease may not be detected easily In addition, the duration of the disease is prolonged for many years, which restricts his actions since he suffered harm to the patient, which led the jurisprudence to adopt the time of the intensification of the disease is the stage that restricts his actions, but to determine the time when the disease is difficult, To the people of medical specialization to determine it, and the actions of the patient's disease of death legal effects, but the legislator differentiated between the structural actions completed, and the actions of the news completed.


We generalize an algorithm used widely in the configuration model such that power-law degree sequences with the degree exponent λ and the number of links per node K controllable independently may be generated. It yields the degree distribution in a different form from that of the static model or under random removal of links while sharing the same λ and K. With this generalized power-law degree distribution, the critical point K_{c} for the appearance of the giant component remains zero not only for λ≤3 but also for 3<λ<λ_{l}≃3.81. This is contrasted with K_{c}=0 only for λ≤3 in the static model and under random link removal. The critical exponents and the cluster-size distribution for λ<λ_{l} are also different from known results. By analyzing the moments and the generating function of the degree distribution and comparison with those of other models, we show that the asymptotic behavior and the degree exponent may not be the only properties of the degree distribution relevant to the critical phenomena but that its whole functional form can be relevant. These results can be useful in designing and assessing the structure and robustness of networked systems.


The creation and transmission of the earliest Gregorian chant did not happen within the framework of the eight Gregorian modes. The earliest written sources (ninth century) do not assign modes to the chants. Notated antiphonaries from the end of the tenth century begin to contain marginal indications of mode. The question is not why Gregorian chant adopted the octoechos: it is about why it accepted a sense of finality in chant, a sense of a resting-place, which is withheld. It is significant both that Gregorian chant alone of the Latin repertories came under the influence of the octoechos, and that body of Gregorian chant contains much more differentiation of the final by leap than other Latin repertories. If we were to abandon a rigorous definition of modality and instead look at what a modal "system" might have done for the Carolingians, it might have provided a signpost to the final cadential degree.


Reports the photocapacitance (PHCAP) measurement results at 20 K of Te-doped GaAs crystals, which were rapidly cooled after annealing under various arsenic vapour pressures. The Ec-0.485 eV and Ec-0.492 eV deep donors which are peculiar to Te-doped GaAs are considered to arise from the presence of arsenic vacancies (VAs) and the donor impurity Te. The level density of the Ec-0.485 eV and Ec-0.492 eV donors decreases monotonically with increasing arsenic vapour pressure. The deep donors, which are classified into Ec-0.717 eV and Ec-0.737 eV levels, are considered to be associated with arsenic interstitial atoms (IAs), and their level density increases monotonically with increasing arsenic vapour pressure PAs(GaAs). The Ec-0.72 eV deep donor is commonly seen in various n-GaAs bulk crystals with different dopant impurities. Good spectral correspondences between the results of PHCAP, deep-level transient spectroscopy and deep-level photoluminescence (PL) measurements are also presented. The PHCAP and PL measurements show that the Ec-0.72 eV onset may originate from the presence of a greater number of IAs with a more strained configuration than the so-called EL2 level.


An electric power system is a network of electrical components used to supply, transmit and distribute electric power. It is an interconnected and complex system. It consist of many components like buses, substations, transformers, generators etc. The main function of the power system is to provide energy to the customers adequately and efficiently. In the normal situation, the power system is demanded to be highly efficient and safe. If any part within the system has failed, the amount of delivered power can be affected and huge economic losses can be induced. Consequently, reliability evaluation of the power system is of significant importance. Here reliability evaluation is done using fault tree method and it is done for 220 kV Kerala Power System. The numerical probability of failure is found from Open FTA software. Single line diagram of the 220 kV substation in Kerala is simulated using ETAP software. Reliability indices are determined using this software. Reliability prediction is done using neural networks. Neural lab is used for the reliability prediction


We revise the Afrotropical genus Phorotrophus. Thirty-three species are recognized, including eight new synonyms and eight newly described species: P. cyranodebergeraci sp. nov., P. fernando sp. nov., P. frodoni sp. nov., P. hephaistosi sp. nov., P. problematicus sp. nov., P. vulcani sp. nov., P. youpi sp. nov., and P. zoutpansbergensis sp. nov. The following are considered junior synonyms: P. elevatus Benoit of P. alcides (Wilkinson); P. caffrariae Benoit of P. bivittatus (Morley); P. trimaculatus (Tosquinet) of P. capensis (Holmgren); P. katangensis Benoit and P. maynei Benoit of P. congoensis Benoit; P. basilewski Benoit, P. limpidus Benoit and P. nigromaculatus Benoit of P. mameti Benoit. New distribution records are included for P. alcides, P. bivittatus, P. congoensis, P. ealensis Benoit, P. kaluleus, P. mameti, P. perplexus Benoit and P. stictor Benoit. An illustrated dichotomous key to species is provided, and interactive dichotomous and matrix Lucid keys are also available at www.waspweb.org.


Urban agglomeration is an important correlate to regional innovation. Large population centers pool knowledge workers and facilitate spillovers essential to innovative activity. And large populations provide more cost-effective locations for non-labor inputs to innovation, including local infrastructure that may facilitate innovative activity. However, university locations may also agglomerate these innovative in-puts, even absent the agglomerative effects of large populations. Regional policymakers may find it useful to differentiate between various correlates to innovation. This paper exploits the collinearity of universities and population with regional human capital to apportion the relationship between these regional correlates of innovation into human-capital related and non-human-capital related channels. We identify a correlation between universities and regional innovation that reflects a relationship between innovation and regional human capital correlated with university presence. None of this relationship can be apportioned to factors correlated with university presence and uncorrelated with local human capital. A key methodological contribution of this paper is the analytical framework, which can be extended to a larger number of aggregate factors and causal channels.


Although neural networks (NNs) with ReLU activation functions have found success in a wide range of applications, their adoption in risk-sensitive settings has been limited by the concerns on robustness and interpretability. Previous works to examine robustness and to improve interpretability partially exploited the piecewise linear function form of ReLU NNs. In this paper, we explore the unique topological structure that ReLU NNs create in the input space, identifying the adjacency among the partitioned local polytopes and developing a traversing algorithm based on this adjacency. Our polytope traversing algorithm can be adapted to verify a wide range of network properties related to robustness and interpretability, providing an unified approach to examine the network behavior. As the traversing algorithm explicitly visits all local polytopes, it returns a clear and full picture of the network behavior within the traversed region. The time and space complexity of the traversing algorithm is determined by the number of a ReLU NN's partitioning hyperplanes passing through the traversing region.


OF DISSERTATION ONE DEAD FREEDMAN: EVERYDAY RACIAL VIOLENCE, BLACK FREEDOM, AND AMERICAN CITIZENSHIP, 1863-1871 This dissertation is the first comprehensive study of "everyday" racial violence in the postbellum South. Taking as its focus the states of Louisiana and Kentucky, One Dead Freedman juxtaposes the practical enactment of black citizenship against daily racial terrorism by incorporating personal, familial, and community testimony left behind by African Americans who had a direct experience with such violence. Within this dissertation, the terminology of "everyday violence" is employed to differentiate the more mundane forms of white violence from the more spectacular forms of Reconstruction-era violence such as lynching, the Ku Klux Klan, and race riots. Thus, the definition of everyday violence includes anything from verbal threats all the way to the brutal beatings, whippings, and murders that were so commonplace as to not draw attention from the local and national media. One Dead Freedman is organized both thematically and chronologically, and it examines everyday racial violence in five distinct "spaces": military enlistment; the workplace; the household; schools; and voting stations. This dissertation pays close attention to what each of these spaces meant to black Southerners during the first years of emancipation, and, then, digs into what forms, or types, of violence were utilized by white Southerners in each. One Dead Freedman concludes that white Southerners used racial violence in an effort to circumscribe the practical enactment of black citizenship on a daily basis during Reconstruction. This violence was, ironically, both pervasive and diffuse, and served to undercut the position of African Americans in the South, and America at large, far beyond 1877 by limiting black mobility and autonomy in both private and public spaces in which African Americans defined the meaning of their own freedom. The persistence of this violence, and its legacy, was central to the enduring power of racism in America through the Civil Rights Movement and even into modern America.


PurposeOne of the most important phenomena that have been confronted in the field of household finance is the stock market participation puzzle. The puzzle describes the anomaly that the majority of households do not have ownership of stock market products, though empirically stocks give higher expected returns than risk-free assets. The stock market participation rate plays an important role as it has a direct bearing on the equity premium. In this study, the authors aim to investigate how financial literacy and various proxies of social interaction are associated with stock market participation in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses probit regression and ordinary least squares using the South African National Income Dynamics survey Wave 5 of 2017 to investigate whether financial literacy and social interaction are significantly associated with stock market participation. The financial literacy index is computed using factor analysis on the responses to the financial literacy questions used in the survey. The authors use three proxies for social interaction, namely membership in a Stokvel, membership in a men's association and membership in a women's association.FindingsThe results reveal that an increase in financial literacy increases the odds of respondents participating in the stock market. Among the control variables, age, race and level of education are significantly associated with stock market participation. When it comes to social interaction, it is belonging to a men's association that is significantly associated with stock market participation. The other proxies for social interaction are insignificantly associated with stock market participation.Originality/valueThe study contributes to the extant literature by using a set of proxies for social interaction that have the potential to influence stock market participation which have not been used in a South African context.


Abstract: Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is a serious complication of odontogenic infections. Incision and drainage of the maxillofacial infection with mediastinal drainage represent the principal management. However, chyle leakage after drainage in descending necrotizing mediastinitis is rare and has not been reported. Here the authors present a case of a 74-year-old man with chyle leakage after mediastinal drainage, which is successfully treated.


This article contributes to the debates around concepts of truth, confession, forgiveness and reconciliation. The theoretical discussion shows to what extent these concepts are interconnected, and share a complex relation with justice and reconciliation. It argues that the knowledge about past violence is hardly a canonical truth. It is at best a negotiated truth. This knowledge is inevitably a combination of facts and interpretations. This knowledge is sought and used for understanding past violence but also for paving a way towards the reconstruction of post-conflict societies. The article argues that confession offers a two fold opportunity: it produces knowledge of past violence, and acknowledgement of victims' pain through perpetrators' expression of remorse, although in a limited manner. Forgiveness is also discussed in relation to its essential meaning, the actors involved, and its purposes. Finally, reconciliation is built on two pillars, firstly, the proclamation of a seemingly achieved reconciliation; and secondly, the experiencing of reconciliation in everyday interaction between perpetrators and victims. Keywords: Justice, truth, confession, forgiveness, reconciliation, post-conflict situations


This primer provides an overview of the Urban Institute's Dynamic Simulation of Income Model (DYNASIM3). DYNASIM3 is a dynamic microsimulation model that projects the population and analyzes the long-run distributional consequences of retirement and aging issues. The model starts with a representative sample of individuals and families and ages the data year by year, simulating demographic and economic events including all of the key components of retirement incomes. The model has been used recently to examine the long-term consequences of recent patterns of savings and earnings inequality and to simulate potential changes in Social Security benefits.


The decision to terminate a pregnancy is not one that is taken lightly. The need for an abortion reflects limited sexual autonomy, ineffective or lack of access to contraceptive options, or a health indication. Abortion is protected under human rights law. That notwithstanding, access to abortions continues to be contested in many parts of the world, with vested interests from politically and religiously conservative states, patriarchal societies, and cultural mores, not just within local contexts but also within a broader geopolitical context. Criminalization of a women's choice not to carry a pregnancy is a significant driver of unsafe procedures, and even where abortions are provided legally, the policies remain constrained by the practice or by a lack of coherence. This review outlines the trends in abortion policy in low- and middle-income countries and highlights priority areas to ensure that women are safe and able to exercise their reproductive rights. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 1, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.


Objective: To evaluate risk factors for Denosumab-induced hypocalcemia in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.
Methods: In this single-arm, open-label, prospective multicenter study, 48 prostate cancer patients with bone metastases received Denosumab (120 mg on day 1) and androgen-deprivation therapy. Serum calcium, albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and phosphate levels; chronic kidney disease stage; and serum prostate specific antigen and urine N-terminal telopeptide (u-NTx) levels were examined. Patients were divided into 2 groups on the basis of whether or not they developed hypocalcemia at 1 week or 1 month after Denosumab administration. Risk factors for hypocalcemia were determined by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Results: Nineteen patients (39.6%) demonstrated hypocalcemia at 1 week after Denosumab administration, and 16 (33.3%) were hypocalcemic at 1 month. Patients with hypocalcemia at 1 week had higher baseline serum ALP levels (1283.4 ± 1489.7 [mean ± SD] vs 467.3 ± 655.8, P=0.013) than patients without hypocalcemia. Patients with hypocalcemia at 1 month had higher baseline serum ALP (1455.5 ± 1694.1, P=0.002) and u-NTx levels (190.9 ± 63.9, P=0.013) and more bone metastases (extent of disease grade ≥ 3; 10 patients, 20.8%, P=0.006) at baseline than patients without hypocalcemia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that baseline u-NTx of >100 nmol bone collagen equivalents/mmol creatinine was a significant independent risk factor for hypocalcemia (odds ratio=12.41, 95% confidence interval=1.059-145.600, P=0.049).
Conclusions: Baseline u-NTx level is an independent risk factor for Denosumab-induced hypocalcemia in prostate cancer patients with bone metastases.


Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) have an immense contribution on the economic growth and development of a given country. Nevertheless, existing researches in Kenya show that SMEs survival rate is low. To help address the constraints of SMEs performance, most practitioners and scholars have used innovation, technology and intellectual capital to increase performance among other variables with little emphasis on trust as a significant predictor of SMEs performance. Further, the moderating role of charismatic leadership in this relationship between trust and SMEs performance remains largely untested. The study employed explanatory research design and targeted a population of 2000 respondents (top managers and employees) from the 1000 SMEs in the four counties of Western Kenya. Stratified sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of SMEs from both service and manufacturing sectors and then simple random sampling was done to select the SMEs and respondents that participated in the study. A sample size of 150 SMEs corresponding to 300 respondents was drawn to participate in the study. Factor analysis was done to ensure content, construct and discriminant validity. Hierarchical multiple regression model was used to test the hypotheses. Results of our study support a direct positive effect of trust on performance of SMEs. However, charismatic leadership did not significantly moderate the relationship between trust and SMEs performance. The results of this study therefore not only enriches literature on SMEs performance as pertains to trust but also contributes to knowledge by presenting contrary findings on the interaction between charisma and trust as not essential for SME performance. The results conclusively reveal that an SME's top manager trust is very important for SME performance but his/her interaction with charisma may not necessarily improve SME performance.


Zinc, in lozenge or syrup form, is beneficial in reducing the duration and severity of the common cold in healthy people, when taken within at least 24 hours of onset of symptoms, according to a new report published in the Cochran Library .


The importance of providing a mechanism to call C functions from high-level languages has been understood for many years and, these days, almost all statically-typed high-level-language implementations provide such a mechanism. One glaring omission, however, has been support for calling variadic C functions, such as printf. Variadic functions have been ignored because it is not obvious how to give static types to them and because it is not clear how to generate calling sequence when the arguments to the function may not be known until runtime. In this paper, we address this longstanding omission with an extension to the NLFFI foreign-interface framework used by Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ) and the MLton SML compiler. We describe two different ways of typing variadic functions in NLFFI and an implementation technique based on the idea of using state machines to describe calling conventions. Our implementation is easily retargeted to new architectures and ABIs, and can also be easily added to any HOT language implementation that supports calling C functions.


The electric power system supports the operation of developments & economic growth of the country. The transition of power system towards deregulation & profit driven operation will led to a decrease of reverse & reliability of entire power network. It is necessary to design reliable & autonomous reconfigurable electric power system to secure against natural as well as man-made disasters. The adequate and secure power system concept can be achieved by intelligent or smart micro grid. The smart grid system incorporated with several interconnected sub systems those having cellular structure and capable to operate autonomously during system faults. Every sub system called cell have enough power generating capacity to meet critical load demand with ability of internal communication among generation, transmission, distribution and controlling devices. The smart grid will supply uninterrupted power supply to higher priority loads to maintain integrity of critical infrastructure. This paper presents concepts, components, architect and procedure to implement smart grid system.


The Internet is becoming a necessary and important tool in everyday life. However, Internet users might have poor security for different kinds of web threats, which may lead to financial loss or clients lacking trust in online trading and banking. Phishing is described as a skill of impersonating a trusted website aiming to obtain private and secret information such as a username and password or social security and credit card number. In this paper, phising website dataset taken from UCI was investigated. Its dimension was reduced and the performance comparison of classification algorithms is studied on reduced phishing website dataset. Phishing website dataset was taken from UCI machine learning repository. This dataset consists of 11055 records and 31 features. Feature selection algorithms were applied to reduce the dimension of phishing website dataset and to obtain higher classification performance. Then, the performance of classification algorithms is compared to other data mining classification algorithms. Finally, a comparative classification performance on the reduced dataset by using the common classification algorithms is given.


In this paper, we propose a joint admission control and bandwidth allocation scheme for packet-switched multiservices cellular networks. The main idea of the scheme is to adjust the acceptance ratios and the bandwidth allocated for different types of services in order to maintain maximum bandwidth utilization while guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) requirements for users. First, we define a total user utility function as the measure of how efficiently the bandwidth resource is used. Then, by using a Markovian queueing model, we obtain the optimal connection acceptance ratios and bandwidth allocation strategy that maximize total user utility. Simulation results demonstrate that using our scheme, bandwidth resource is most efficiently utilized and at the same time, the call-level and packet-level QoS requirements for both voice and data users are guaranteed.


Abstract: Verbs of perception have been typically classified into three semantic groups. Gisborne (2010) calls the three categories agentive (listen class), experiencer (hear class), and percept (sound class). Examples pertaining to the sense of smell in English use the same lexical item (smell), while in Polish, the three senses of smell are expressed with different verbs: wąchać (agentive), czuć zapach (experiencer), and pachnieć (percept). In metaphorical extensions of the verbs of sensory perception these verbs often stand for mental states, as meaning shifts typically involve the transfer from concrete to abstract domains. I show that the metaphorical extensions of pachnieć and percept to smell are quite different. Not only does pachnieć not suggest bad character or dislikeable characteristics, it actually conveys the opposite, as in the expression coś komuś pachnie 'something is attractive to someone' or when used without a modifier. These differences stem from the positive meaning of pachnieć and the negative meaning of to smell. Since the percept verbs of smell seem to be intrinsically positively or negatively valued, they do not lend themselves to universal Mind-as-Body extensions. I also consider some of the dramatic frequency contrasts between Polish and English smell constructions and show they can have their root in different cultural scripts underlying modes of speaking (pachnieć jak vs. smell like), framing of experiences (czuć zapach vs. experiencer to smell), polysemy, and different constructional capabilities (wąchać vs. to sniff).


Uttarakhand is one of the few states in India where an overwhelming number of women have always been a part of the active work force due to their total involvement with agriculture, forest protection, cattle care, and dairying. Present study is an attempt to know the food consumption and dietary intakes of farm women in hills of Uttarakhand. The study was carried out on 70 farm women of Bhagartola and Maniyagar (adopted and non adopted village) in Almora district of Uttarakhand. The 24-hour dietary recall survey revealed that consumption of pulses, green leafy vegetables, other vegetables and fruits was less than the recommended levels among hill farm women with more severity in non-adopted village. The average daily energy consumption per capita per day in adopted and non adopted village was 2054 and 1739 kcal respectively, which is 7.7 and 21.8 per cent less than Recommended Dietary Allowance (2225 kcal). Iron intake in the daily diet of women in adopted and non-adopted village was found to be 18 mg and 16 mg which is respectively 40 and 46.6 per cent less than recommended level (30 mg). Prevalence of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) was found to be higher among the farm women of non-adopted village than adopted one. Respondents of adopted village differed significantly from respondents of non-adopted village in the consumption of energy, protein, riboflavin, niacin and ascorbic acid. Education, energy consumption and protein consumption have significantly positive relationship with nutritional status of respondents whereas family size has significantly negative relationship with nutritional status.


For long-term operated networks, pre-planning is a challenging task due to uncertainty in future demand requests. In this paper we first address the question of how severe the impact of demand uncertainty on the network costs really is. Results indicate that only for special cases, uncertainty is interesting to be addressed in the planning process itself. Additionally, we introduce a Stochastic Programming model in order to handle the influence of such a special case. It can be observed that including an improbable demand development into the planning process leads to cost efficient network solutions for all considered scenarios.