Introduction Recent years have seen a dramatic shift to more conservative management of the axilla and the presence of a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy does not now automatically mandate an axillary clearance. This is based largely on data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Z11 study, which failed to demonstrate a difference in local recurrence or overall survival when an axillary clearance was omitted in a highly selective group of patients with a positive sentinel lymph node. However, the presence of a positive pre-operative ultrasound guided axillary FNAC(Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology) may be representative of a higher burden of axillary disease. Aim Therefore, the aims of this study were firstly to quantify the actual nodal burden in breast cancer patients with a positive pre-operative ultrasound guided axillary FNAC and secondly to identify the number of patients who may have been spared an axillary clearance based on Z11 eligibility criteria. Methods A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database within a tertiary breast cancer referral centre was performed. All patients with a positive pre-operative axillary FNAC were identified within a five year period (2007 – 2011). Demographic, tumour and biological characteristics and final nodal status were analysed. Eligibility for randomisation according to the Z11 criteria was assessed based on the final pathology and the number of patients who could have been spared an axillary clearance was identified. Results A total of 360 patients were identified with a positive axillary ultrasound guided FNAC. Sixty-three patients had no axillary surgery and three patients had recurrent disease, leaving a total of 294 for analysis. The mean age was 56 years (range 22 – 87). The mean size of the tumour was 31.3mm (range 4mm – 132mm) and the majority were an invasive grade 3 (57%) ductal carcinoma (84%). Luminal A (63%) was the commonest sub-type. The mean number of nodes removed at axillary clearance was 24 (range 7 – 58) while the mean number of positive nodes excised was 6 (range 0 – 47). Of these, the mean number of level I positive nodes was 4, level II was 1 and level III nodes was Overall a total of 78 patients had less than three positive nodes identified in the axilla and potentially may have been eligible for the Z11 study. However, when patients who had a mastectomy, neo-adjuvant chemotherapy were excluded and the presence of extra-capsular nodal involvement was accounted for only 19 (6.4%) patients may have been spared an axillary clearance. Conclusions The presence of nodal positivity on a pre-operative FNAC is associated with a higher burden of axillary disease. Only a minority of these patients would be able to avoid an axillary clearance in the setting of the recent Z11 study. Performing an axillary ultrasound and FNAC of suspicious nodes allows patients to avoid an unnecessary sentinel lymph node biopsy and proceed directly to an axillary clearance. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P2-18-05.


Zinc oxide and tin oxide (ZnSnOx) films on PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) substrate were prepared by the electron cyclotron resonance-metal organic chemical vapor deposition (ECR-MOCVD) under an hydrogen, oxygen and argon atmosphere. The used tin and zinc precursor are TMT (tetramethyltin) and DEZn(diethylzinc), respectively. The metal (Zinc and Tin) oxidation content plays an important role to control the optical and electrical characteristics of the films. Therefore the optimum DEZn/TMT content can be determined by the counter stability effect between oxidation and zinc-tin deposition. The obtained ZnSnOx (or SnOx-ZnO) of high mobility films exhibited c.a. 7.0×10-3 ohm ·cm of electrical resistivity.


Uncommon case of superior vena caval obstruction secondary due to idiopathic fibrous mediastinitis was reported. A 38-year-old female was admitted in our hospital with the complaint of dyspnea and facial edema. Venography revealed occlusion of vena cava. Venous pressure showed 30 cmH2O in the external carotid vein. Mediastinal computed tomogram revealed no tumor but calcification in the anterior mediastinal fatty tissue. Therefore, with a 12 cm EPTFE, left brachiocephalic vein-right atrium bypass operation was performed. Facial edema was disappeared dramatically in early postoperative stage. She is uneventful 20 months after the operation.


Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease diagnosed in a productive stage of life. Patients with RA experience changes in their musculoskeletal system, overall health and quality of life. It has been identified that patients with RA do not have appropriate knowledge about their condition. Educational programs can provide new knowledge, accompaniment, and closer follow-up to improve empowerment and quality of life in patients with RA. Purpose To describe rheumatoid arthritis patients' experiences, perceptions, and expectations when enrolling on a multicomponent educational program in a specialized RA setting. Patients and Methods A qualitative study was done. Patients with RA who attended a specialized center and enrolled in an educational program participated in two focus groups. The focus group discussions and the interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, analyzed, and emerging themes were constructed. Results Thirty-one participants were included in the focus groups. The median age was 60 years IQR (54–67), 92% were female. Two relevant categories emerged: first, the experience of being diagnosed with RA. Second, the program's ability to empower participants with knowledge and the possibility of transferring knowledge to other patients with the same condition. In addition, patients gave a high score to the expectations regarding the educational program. Conclusion Understanding patients' expectations when enrolling in an educational program allows educators and clinicians to understand their motivations to create tailored programs that can contribute to acquiring empowerment in the educational process and managing their disease. Stakeholders should consider patients' expectations when implementing these interventions for patients with RA to adapt the intervention according to the patient's context and needs, which will directly affect the patient's adherence and lead to better use and allocation of resources for educational activities.


This article reviews three books that examine black discourses and perspectives on whiteness and delineate the negative impacts of structural, institutional and interpersonal racism on the life chances and inclusion of people of colour within the national imaginary through both epistemic and material violences. The books explore practices of silencing which surround racism, facilitated by post-racial and colour blind frames which deny people of colour's lived experiences of racism: Eddo-Lodge's Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race; Hirsch's Brit(ish): On Race, Identity and Belonging and Andrews' Back to Black: Retelling Black Radicalism for the 21st Century. The review focuses on the British context. It explores the politics of place and the journeys undertaken by those marked as racially Other to belong and the recuperative potential of a form of intersectional politics as a means of understanding and navigating how we might overcome divisions between differentially marginalised groups to challenge the system of racism premised on white privilege and dominance more effectively. It concludes with arguing that a politics of discomfort is required to dislodge white privilege from its seat of comfort.


This research aims to find out the effectiveness of virtual classroom learning in an early childhood education environment. The research method used was case study method at PrayataSubang Playing Group. Data is primarily collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies with parents, teachers, and children. We analyze the data collected related to the use of virtual classrooms and see their efficiency. The findings lead to virtual classroom learning implemented using several applicators such as Zoom, Whatsapp Video Call, Instagram Live, Youtube, and Quizzi. The implementation of learning has been quite effective judged by several indicators such as the participation of students in following learning is good, parents play an active role in accompanying and assisting children learning, and teachers who are creative and innovative in providing learning.
Keywords: Virtual classroom; effectiveness; early childhood


Dual wavelength digital imaging microscopy to detect fura-2 has been employed to characterize in normal bovine PRL-secreting cells the effects of TRH and dopamine on the intracellular ionized calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i). Concentrations of TRH greater than 10 nM caused a rapid but transient increase in [Ca2+]i, arising mainly from intracellular calcium stores, since it was unaffected by lowering extracellular calcium with EGTA or blocking calcium channels with Co2+. The threshold for TRH action was close to 0.1 nM. TRH action was dose dependent, with lower concentrations (less than 1-10 nM) slowing the time to peak [Ca2+]i response. The TRH-induced [Ca2+]i rise had a Q10 of about 2. TRH caused multiple transient increases in [Ca2+]i, but a recovery time of 10-15 min was required for full restoration of the TRH-induced response. In some cells the [Ca2+]i response to TRH was polarized to one region of the cell, suggesting the following possibilities, none of them exclusive: 1) Ca2+ release sites may be localized within the cell; or 2) an efficient local mechanism exists for lowering Ca2+ once it is liberated inside the cells; or 3) barriers may exist to diffusion of Ca2+ released within the cell. Extracellular application of Co2+, Mn2+, and EGTA under basal conditions resulted in lowering of [Ca2+]i within seconds, consistent with tonic Ca2+ influx under resting conditions which could contribute to the basal release of hormone. Dopamine, a PRL release-inhibiting factor, also lowered [Ca2+]i under basal conditions. However, the [Ca2+]i response of lactotrophs to TRH was unaffected by dopamine. This suggests that dopamine and TRH act via separate intracellular pathways to modulate hormone secretion. Applications of forskolin preceding the TRH-induced transient rise in [Ca2+]i resulted in a prolonged plateau rise in [Ca2+]i. This was mainly due to increased influx of Ca2+ since addition of Co2+ or EGTA-containing or Ca(2+)-free medium during this phase of response lowered the plateau concentration of [Ca2+]i.


Today's technology-enabled customer with instant access to a global marketplace has led to firms facing intense competition from around the world. As a result, customer engagement has emerged as an important marketing strategy and for more than a decade has fueled intense attention from academe and professionals. However, despite this focus, there is a paucity of research considering customer engagement in a cross-cultural context. This exploratory study provides empirical clarification as to whether culture at a national level impacts the manifestation of specific customer engagement behaviors exhibited by customers engaged with a brand. A conceptualization of customer engagement behaviors according to Hofstede's six dimensions of culture is presented, and a netnographic study focusing on an online brand community reveals that while national culture exerts no impact on the behaviors of engaged customers, the culture associated with a brand does. These findings serve as a foundation for future academic inquiry and present the opportunity for managers to foster and nurture a brand culture that encourages customer engagement.


The present study explored quality of life among patients of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) at various stage of the disease. CKD is a progressively degenerative disease in which kidney function deteriorates leading to End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) or renal failure. CKD, being among the leading health problem internationally, affects 1 in 7 American adults. Internationally CKD is estimated to have 13.4% prevalence. Sample of the current study comprises of 620 patients (males = 310, females = 310) of all five stages of CKD from CDK I to ESRD. A self constructed demographic form was used to take basic information from the patients. WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) was administered to assess the quality of life of the patients and Salma Siddiqui Depression Scale (SSDS) was used to assess depression level across various stages of CKD. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was applied to analyze the data. Results indicated that stages of CKD had significant impact on QOL F(4, 305) = 13.25, p < .001, physical health domain F(4, 305) = 6.18, p < .001, psychological health domain F(4, 305) = 13.21, p < .001, social health domain F(4, 305) = 16.73, p < .001, environment domain F(4, 305) = 15.63, p < .001 of the patients. Moreover, it was found that QOL was better among patients with CKD I. Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, End Stage Renal Dysfunction, Quality of Life, Depression, Health-Related QOL, Glomerulus Filtration Rate.


The intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) is the single most effective and widely used device for temporary mechanical assistance of the failing heart. Although the principles underlying IABP function are simple, various biologic factors often determine its performance in a particularly complicated way. We briefly describe the basic disciplines of counterpulsation by IABP and the induced hemodynamic changes while clarifying the biologic mechanisms that play a crucial role in the modification of IABP acute hemodynamic performance.


Binary nano-composites of Pt and nano-carbon (NC) and Pt and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) have
been prepared with varied compositions ranging between 20 and 80wt% Pt and investigated them as electrocatalysts for
methanol oxidation. The study shows that with the increase in wt% of NC, the apparent electro-catalytic activity of the
composite catalyst increases initially, reaches maximum at about 40wt% NC and decreases thereafter. However, the
anodic peak current value, estimated as per mg of Pt present in the composite, increases gradually with increasing wt% of
NC in the composite. The electrochemical active surface area (EASA) value for Pt in the composite electrode also
increases with increasing the carbon composition in the composite. Almost similar effect of the MWCNT addition on the electro-catalytic activity is also observed in the case of Pt-MWCNT composite. Results have shown that an incorporation of carbon (NC/MWCNT) improves both the geometrical as well as the electronic properties of Pt.


Value Added Tax (VAT) is probably the best tax ever invented. Now more than
150 countries worldwide have adopted VAT. The VAT proponents claims that VAT
is an effective tax to raise tax revenue of government. Like other taxes, VAT is
highly vulnerable to evasion. The potential and the great contribution of VAT to
tax revenue of the government leads to greater motivation for criminals to commit
tax evasion action against VAT. VAT can be evaded exploited in miscellaneous
ways. This paper describes many kinds of VAT evasion and enforcement strategies
to fight VAT Evasion in many countries and in Indonesia.


Through close analysis of Eureka and The Purloined Letter, Swirski evaluates Poe's epistemological theses in the light of contemporary philosophy of science and presents literary interpretation as a cooperative game played by the author and reader, thereby illuminating how we read fiction. The analysis of Poe's little-studied Eureka provides the basis for his discussion of Lem's critique of scientific reductionism and futurological forecasts. Drawing on his own interviews with Lem as well as analysis of his works, Swirski considers the author's scenarios involving computers capable of creative acts and discusses their socio-cultural implications. His analysis leads to bold arguments about the nature of literature and its relation to a broad range of other disciplines.


The Saiga No. 2 case was the first judgment on the merits by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the final phase of a dispute with a complicated procedural history, using several of the provisions of Part XV of the LOS Convention. The case raised a number of procedural and evidentiary issues, relating to the presentation of witnesses, the burden of proof and the standard of proof. It clarified the meaning of "genuine link", confirmed the law on hot pursuit, settled the law on use of force in the arrest of foreign vessels, and made clear that coastal states did not enjoy customs jurisdiction in the EEZ, while leaving aside the question of jurisdiction over offshore bunkering. The Tribunal is to be commended for not permitting technical issues to prevent it from doing justice in the case.


Contemporary studies of cost efficiency in the insurance industry have predominantly focused on large economies. This paper investigates scale economies and cost efficiency in the Irish life insurance industry by using the translog cost function and distribution-free method. Increasing returns to scale are found in the industry but the magnitude of cost economies varies with firm size. This study indicates that firms with larger market shares are more likely to exhibit cost efficiency. Furthermore, this study shows that bancassurance firms are more cost efficient than other types of insurers in the Irish life insurance industry, which provides new insights into the cost efficiency of bancassurance.


Adjoint algorithms, and in particular those obtained through the adjoint mode of Automatic Differentiation (AD), are probably the most efficient way to obtain the gradient of a numerical simulation. This however needs to use the ow of data of the original simulation in reverse order, at a cost that increases with the length of the simulation. AD research looks for strategies to reduce this cost, taking advantage of the structure of the given program. One such frequent structure is fixed-point iterations, which occur e.g. in steady-state simulations, but not only. It is common wisdom that the first iterations of a fixed-point search operate on a meaningless state vector, and that reversing the corresponding data-flow may be suboptimal. An adapted adjoint strategy for this iterative process should consider only the last or the few last iterations. At least two authors, B. Christianson and A. Griewank, have studied mathematically fixedpoint iterations with the goal of defining an efficient adjoint. In this paper, we describe and contrast these two strategies with the objective of implementing the best suited one into the AD tool that we are developing. We select a representative application to test the chosen strategy, to propose a set of user directives to trigger it, and to discuss the implementation implications in our tool.


During three years serological tests (latex test) were run from Novemeber till April to detect Prunus ring spot viruses in forced buds of Prunus avium L., P. avium L. var. avium, and P. cerasus L. It was found that Prunus necrotic ring spot virus (NRV) could be detected reliably during the winter in all infected trees. In contrary the detection of Prune dwarf virus (PDV) was affected by temperatures below zero. In 1971 a low percentage of positive reacting trees was pointed out after the frost periods in January and March. This result was started after the low temperatures in January 1972. The mild winter 1972/73 hardly influenced the reliability of the PDV-test.


There has been little research attention paid to fathers' experiences of mental illness stigma. This scoping review sought to (a) "map" the current state of academic knowledge about fathers' experiences of mental illness stigma, and (b) make initial recommendations about how such knowledge may inform anti-stigma interventions and policies. A scoping study methodology was used and literature searched between December 2014 and January 2015 in Scopus, PsychINFO and MEDLINE for peer-reviewed, qualitative papers. Directed content analysis was conducted on 12 identified studies, using a 4-part typology of stigma (public, self, associative and structural) as an analytical framework. Stigma was identified as a theme in seven studies, with public stigma the most commonly experienced. A priority for stigma prevention needs to be changing the current ways in which fathers with a mental illness are portrayed and perceived by the public, mental health professionals and by fathers themselves.


OBJECTIVE
Investigate the association of peripheral autonomic neuropathy (PAN) symptoms and sympathetic skin response (SSR) in the patients with diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) as a pilot study in Thai patients.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
Sixty-eight DPN patients' limbs, conducted retrospectively between June 2012 and January 2014, were included and divided into two groups, 48 abnormal SSR limbs and 20 control limbs, respectively. All clinical data, demographic characteristics, PAN symptoms, and other associated factors were compared and analyzed.

RESULTS
A comparison between abnormal and normal SSR groups in DPN limbs showed no significant differences of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity of hypertension and dyslipidemia, duration of PAN symptoms, associated neurological signs of impaired light touch sensation, and muscle weakness or atrophy (p-value > 0.05). The PAN symptoms, either anhidrosis or hypohidrosis, and hyporemia showed significantly correlated to abnormal SSRs (p-value = 0.003 and 0.028, respectively). Among symptoms of somatic small fiber neuropathy (SFN), burning paresthesia, and reduced thermal sensation revealed significantly correlated to abnormal SSRs (p-value = 0.032 and 0.021, respectively). Moreover, the study showed that history of fall in six months, history of foot ulcer in three months, impaired pinprick sensation, impaired proprioceptive sensation, decreased deep tendon reflex, burning paresthesia, reduced thermal sensation, either anhidrosis or hypohidrosis, and hyporemia had significantly associated with the occurrence of abnormal SSRs (p-value < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
There was the association between PAN symptoms and abnormal SSRs in DPN patients' limbs. These data support the recent findings of several studies that abnormal SSR has the association with history of foot ulceration in diabetic patients. It warrants further investigation into the clinical utility of the SSR in diabetic patients.


This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 187040, "Dynamic Data Analysis With New Automated Work Flows for Enhanced Formation Evaluation," by M.A. Proett, SPE, S.M. Ma, SPE, N.M.  Al-Musharfi, SPE, and M. Berkane, SPE, Saudi Aramco, prepared for the 2017 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 9–11 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
 Petrophysical work flows are designed primarily to process static data for traditional openhole logs, which can provide estimates of porosity, saturation, lithology, and mineralogy. However, these estimates normally have a high degree of uncertainty and formation testing and sampling (FTS) data often are required for reservoir-condition calibration. This paper bridges the gap between operational petrophysicists and FTS specialists, introducing an automated work flow by which petrophysicists can conduct FTS jobs.
 Introduction
 Wireline formation testers (WFTs) were commercialized in the late 1950s; drilling formation testers (DFTs) were introduced more recently. The primary benefits for FTS by means of wireline (e.g., WFT) or drillpipe (e.g., DFT) tools always has been a link between openhole log static volumetric formation evaluation and dynamic reservoir properties such as reservoir pressure, mobility, and fluid-sample composition, with many more applications under development using advanced testing tools and methods. However, FTS always has faced challenges with the integration of formation-tester data into the petrophysical work flow, limiting the ability to take full advantage of this valuable source of dynamic data.
 Current work flows normally involve having an FTS specialist evaluate openhole log analyses, plan testing and sampling jobs, monitor data acquisition and quality-control (QC) results, and report on the final data interpretation. Thus, an FTS specialist should hold a wide spectrum of expertise, including FTS-tool use and data analysis and openhole logging and log analysis, as well as reservoir engineering and reservoir dynamics. Consequently, few petrophysicists are truly qualified to be FTS specialists. Therefore, automating FTS work flows is desirable.
 Automated FTS Work Flow
 In recent years, new automated methods have been introduced to speed up FTS data delivery. In automated QC data processing, real-time pressure tests are given a rating on the basis of criteria such as pressure stability, temperature stability, drawdown mobility, radius of investigation, and supercharging. More recently, methods have been published that can identify test sequences automatically. Similar methods have been implemented in at least one commercial software offering that demonstrates the benefit of automating the tedious process of selecting testing events manually. By combining the automated QC with the test-event selections, the analysis of data can be automated for real-time monitoring and post-job data processing objectively. With the testing data being processed automatically and the valid or best results being selected from each test sequence, automatically identifying reservoir fluid-flow behaviors is possible.


Technology is changed with the requirement of the user. There is a tremendous change in size, speed and structure of computer hardware and software. With these changes, complexity of computer system also increases with the time. As a result, different types of faults, bugs and failures has also increased in due coverage of time. Therefore, plenty of work has been done to test the failure using operational profile and numerous analysis software reliability models for estimating software reliability growth has been proposed. In order to assess their usability and importance, this paper does a critical review on the need and significance of a specifying operational and usage based modeling.


This care study concerns a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who endures the recurrence of a tension pneumothorax. A holistic and evidence-based approach is employed to critically discuss his assessment, pathophysiology, and nursing care. These discussions facilitate extrapolation of implications pertinent to nursing practice.


Biodiesel is derived from animal fats or vegetable oils and receiving much attention to partially or fully substitute the use of conventional petroleum diesel. With most of the properties being close to that of petroleum diesel, biodiesel provides some major advantages like higher cetane number, reduced exhaust emission, better lubricity, higher flash point, etc. [1-4]. The application of esters based on vegetable oils in premium quality diesel fuel ensures environmental advantages. Renewable fuels are expected to have a more and more considerable role in the future. Numerous researches has been carried out on different kinds of renewable fuels such as raw vegetable oil, waste cooking oil, biodiesels derived from various vegetable oils, etc. [5-8]. As the alternative fuel industry expands and matures, there is a need for research to prevent undesirable consequences in the field and to make the most of the potential benefits of alternate fuels. Degradation of polymers, used in fuel handling systems, is one of the topics relevant to the biodiesel compatibility issue. Concerns arise from the fact that biodiesel degrades through moisture absorption, oxidation, attack by microorganisms etc. during storage or use and thereby becoming more degradation. Oxidation of biodiesel reconverts esters into Deterioration of Automotive Polymeric Materials in Exposed to Pongamia pinnata Biodiesel


Inhibition of gastric acid secretion is necessary to treat many gastrointestinal diseases. Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) are very effective drugs, used for gastric acid inhibition and therapy of important erosive and non-erosive gastrointestinal disorders in animals as well as humans. In this review, general properties of PPIs, their mode of action, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions and clinical and alternative uses in veterinary medicine were evaluated.


ABSTRACT It is generally accepted that all primary isolates of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) contain a subgroup A virus (FeLV-A) that is essential for transmission. In contrast, FeLV-B is thought to arise de novo in the infected animal through RNA recombination events with endogenous FeLV transcripts, presumably through copackaging of RNA from endogenous FeLV and exogenous FeLV-A. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of two novel strains of FeLV-B (FeLV-2518 and FeLV-4314) that were isolated in the absence of FeLV-A. The env genes of these isolates have been characterized previously, and the 3′ recombination sites have been identified. We describe herein the 5′ recombination breakpoints of each virus. These breakpoints were found to be within the signal peptide of the env gene and the reverse transcriptase-coding region, respectively. This is the first report of a recombination site within the pol gene of an FeLV-B genome and the first genetic characterization of multiple independently arising FeLV-B isolates that have been identified without a functional FeLV-A ancestral virus.


This paper explores strategies Polish migrant mothers undertake in order to achieve a state of 'normalcy' as they perceive it themselves, in particular with reference to their children's education and to their future prospects in the UK. 'Normalcy' in this paper denotes a state which is desired, projected and placed in the future rather than seen as everyday reality which surrounds the mothers. This article focuses on various ways the mothers negotiate in order to achieve the desired status and state of well-being and discusses these in the light of Pierre Bourdieu's habitus and capital and with reference to Erving Goffman's notions of normality, stigma and rules of conduct. I look at three aspects through which mothers strive to reach their imagined 'normalcy': (1) a belief in meritocratic values; (2) the feeling of 'classlessness' and (3) management of the 'migrant stigma'. The study is based on qualitative in-depth interviews with 36 Polish migrant mothers mainly from London with children in primary or secondary state schools. Even though it could be said that mothers as a social group represent social heterogeneity, the majority of the mothers in the study are educated to a post-compulsory level, having some sort of post A-level qualifications. Half of the 36 mothers arrived in the UK after Poland's EU accession.


We present a pressure-augmented tactile 3D data exploration technique specifically designed for small devices. Our work is motivated by the need to support interactive visualization beyond traditional desktop workstations, especially on small portable devices. We evaluate our approach by comparing it with traditional 3D-RST (rotation, scaling, translation) using a docking task. We show that our technique increases the precision of interaction, with only little impact on interaction speed.


The thermal cycling of power switching devices may lead to failures that compromise the reliability of power converters. Wind Turbine Systems (WTS) are especially subject to severe thermal cycling which may be caused by the wind speed variations or power grid faults. This paper proposes a control method to relieve the thermal cycling of power switching devices under severe wind speed variations, by circulating reactive power among the parallel power converters in a WTS or among the WTS's in a wind park. The amount of reactive power is adjusted to limit the junction temperature fluctuation in the most stressed devices. The possible model-based control system for the proposed method is demonstrated, designed and simulated based on the Three-level Neutral-Point- Clamped (3L-NPC) grid-connected converters. It is concluded that with the proposed reactive power control method, the junction temperature fluctuation in the most stressed devices of 3L-NPC wind power inverter under severe wind speed variations can be significantly stabilized, and the reliability of the power converter can thereby be improved while the increased stress of the other devices in the same power converter and in the paralleled ones is still acceptable.


The including of 15 and 20% bread wastes in the combined fodders for layers of net utilization of energy and protein has been studied. Two new indexes of net utilization have been introduced: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – the relation between consumed metabolizable energy and accumulated gross energy in the egg mélange and Clarc of protein transformation - the relation between consumed crude protein and accumulated crude protein in the egg mélange. The following results have been established: CED (fodder – egg mélange): Control group – 0.1820; 15% bread wastes – 0.1851; 20% bread wastes – 0.1887; CPT(fodder – egg mélange) - 0.2358; 0.2405 and 0.2460 respectively. The authors establish a tendency for hens that have consumed more bread wastes to show a higher effectiveness for the net protein transformation.


The characteristics of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype E are not well known because only a few studies have been carried out by complete genome analysis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the distribution of HBV genotypes in Cote d'Ivoire, and to clarify the genotype‐related characteristics of genotype E. The distribution of HBV genotypes among 48 HBV carriers in Cote d'Ivoire was determined using serological and genetic methods. The characteristics of genotype E were evaluated by complete genome sequences, and further investigations of small S gene, basic core promoter (BCP) mutation, and precore mutation were undertaken. HBV genotype distribution among the 48 carriers was 6.3% for genotype A, 6.3% for genotype D, and 87.4% for genotype E. Complete genomes of two genotype E strains were sequenced, and found to have 98.2% to 99.2% homology at the nucleotide level when compared with genotype E strains reported previously. In 24 genotype E carriers, the precore mutation was detected in 75% of the patients without HBeAg, in contrast to only 25% of the patients with HBeAg (P < 0.05). All 24 strains have T at nucleotide 1858 in the precore region. In contrast, BCP double mutation was detected in 17% of the patients with HBeAg, and 33% of the patients without HBeAg. These results indicated as the following: (1) genotypes A, D, and E of HBV exist in Cote d'Ivoire and genotype E is the most prevalent; (2) genotype E spread with low genetic diversity over the complete genome in West Africa; (3) HBV precore and/or BCP double variants were common among the patients with genotype E infections. J. Med. Virol. 69:459–465, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


There is scarce empirical evidence on the impacts of drug consumption decriminalization, especially, on problematic drug use and violence. In 2001, Portugal decriminalized the consumption of all illicit drugs. In this paper, we focus on determining the short, medium, and long-term impact of Portuguese decriminalization on mortality due to drug use and homicides, from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. We model drug consumption using an intertemporal consumption model and the decisions of trafficking firms to gain market share employing an optimization model. Our results suggest a non-linear effect of decriminalization on drug consumption risk and increasing incentives for firms to expand their market share employing violence after decriminalization. Empirically, we estimate a negative short-run effect on drug-related deaths and null long-run impacts of this legal reform. In terms of homicides, we find a positive effects in a range of 28.7%-34.2% in the medium- and long-term.


Injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into one paw of Holtzman rats induced an inflammatory response in the injected site (primary lesion) and from the 10th day on, severe polyarthritis developed (secondary lesions). In this susceptible strain, cyclophosphamide dose dependently reduced the intensity of the primary and secondary lesions. In contrast, in Buffalo rats, which are considered as resistant, cyclophosphamide in the dose of 25 mg/kg significantly potentiated the secondary lesions. Higher doses (200 and 300 mg/kg) also reduced the intensity of the lesions in this strain. Our data suggest that the development of adjuvant induced arthritis is controlled by a cyclophosphamide sensitive suppressor cell population.


Ahmet Mithat Efendi is a name that stands out with his ideas and works in the literature of Tanzimat period. Ahmet Mithat places education in the focus of civilization. His perception of civilization is made up of the idea that a society which contains material and spiritual assets in itself should continuously work to maximize the living conditions. His perception of civilization is made up of the idea that a society which contains material and spiritual assets in itself should continuously work to maximize the living conditions. He also regards that with hard work and effort education is the source of power of the generation which will maintain its own civilisation. He also mentions his view in many of his articles and writings as well as his novels "Roman Yahut Amerika Doktorları"and "Rikalda Yahut Amerika'da Vahşet Âlemi". The writer often expresses these ideas is due to the belief that the public should be educated in all areas. Ahmet Mithat, who expresses that the artists and intellectuals have great responsibilities in informing the readers, is in favor of the idea that science should be presented clearly. Therefore, he trains his readers in various subjects with an informative attitude in his novels. The concept of education in novels called "Fennî Bir Roman Yahut Amerika Doktorları" ve "Rikalda Yahut Amerika'da Vahşet Âlemi"is primarly expressed and dealt with in various aspects for the civilization of a society and to maintain its presence within other states without falling behind the period. While the writer conveys the concepts such as science and industry with a clear language, he also makes the importance of education clear in the mind of the reader with a new/civilised life theory. Moreover, he instills that the real trouble is laziness; civilisation is hard-working. Not only the effect of education which starts basically and goes on gradually is expressed in novels, but the importance of practical education is also revealed. In this study, the concept of "Education", which Ahmet Mithat Efendi considers as the fundamental requirement of civilization and modernization, will be evaluated within the framework of novels "Fennî Bir Roman Yahut Amerika Doktorları" and "Rikalda Yahut Amerika'da Vahşet Âlemi".


Objective: This study aimed to investigate epidemiological characteristics of infections and risk factors for mortality in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Methods: A total of 164 patients hospitalized at Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital in the medical and surgical ICU over 48 hours were included in the study over a period of nine months. The patients were followed prospectively until they died or were discharged from the ICU. Demographic characteristics of patients, underlying diseases, history of surgical operations, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score at admission, usage of invasive devices, nosocomial infections, isolated microorganisms, and outcome of cases were recorded on the standardized patient forms. Results: Of the patients, 96.3% (158) had at least one underlying disease, with neurological disorders being the most frequent. The mean length of stay in the ICU was 20.3 ± 18.7 days, while the APACHE II score at admission was 16.8 ± 7.3. During follow-up, 105 infection episodes occurred in 65 patients. Pneumonia (41.0%) was the most frequent infection. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most frequently isolated organism, and the most effective antimicrobials against these strains were colistin (97.3%) and tigecycline (83.0%). Rude mortality rate was estimated at 30.5% (50 patients). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the APACHE II score was ≥15 at admission, surgical site infection acquired in the ICU and infection caused by A. baumannii were found to be independent risk factors for mortality (p 0.039, 0.040 and 0.025, respectively). Conclusion: Infections acquired in the ICU, especially those caused by A. baumannii, increase the mortality rate. Because A. baumannii is resistant to most antibiotics, treatment becomes very difficult. Early empirical treatment against A. baumannii may decrease the mortality rate in ICUs. J Microbiol Infect Dis 2016;6(2): 53-59


Background Previous data suggested an effect of sildenafil on digital ulcer (DU) healing in Scleroderma (SSc) patients, which needed to be validated in a large randomized controlled study. Objectives To assess the effect of sildenafil, a PDE-5 inhibitor, on DU healing in SSc. Methods Randomised, placebo-controlled study in SSc patients to assess the effect of sildenafil 20 mg or placebo, 3 times daily for 12 weeks on ischaemic DU healing. The primary endpoint was the time to healing for each DU. Time to healing was compared between groups using Cox models for clustered data (two-sided tests, p=0.05). Results Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis involved 83 patients with a total of 192 DUs (89 in the sildenafil group and 103 in the placebo group). The hazard ratio (HR) for DU healing was 1.33 [0.88 to 2.00] (p=0.18) and 1.27 [0.85 to 1.89] (p=0.25) when adjusted for the number of DUs at entry, in favour of sildenafil. In the per protocol (PP) population, the HRs were 1.49 [0.98 to 2.28] (p=0.06) and 1.43 [0.93 to 2.19] p=0.10. The mean number of DUs per patient was lower in the sildenafil group compared to the placebo group at week (W) 8 (1.23±1.61 versus 1.79±2.40 p=0.04) and W12 (0.86±1.62 versus 1.51±2.68, p=0.01) resulting from a greater healing rate (p=0.01 at W8 and p=0.03 at W12). Conclusions The primary endpoint was not reached in ITT, partly because of an unexpectedly high healing rate in the placebo group. We found a significant decrease in the number of DUs in favour of sildenafil compared to placebo at W8 and W12, confirming a sildenafil benefit. Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the Groupe Francophone de Recherche sur la Sclérodermie (GFRS), and the French Scleroderma Patients' Association (Association des Sclérodermiques de France [(ASF]) which helped to distribute the study protocol to its members. This study was supported by an unrestricted research grant from PFIZER. The sponsor had no role in the design of the study, the collection and analysis of the data, or in the preparation of the manuscript. Disclosure of Interest E. Hachulla Grant/research support from: PFIZER, P.-Y. HATRON: None declared, P. CARPENTIER: None declared, C. AGARD: None declared, E. CHATELUS: None declared, P. JEGO: None declared, L. MOUTHON: None declared, V. QUEYREL: None declared, A.-L. FAUCHAIS: None declared, U. MICHON-PASTUREL: None declared, R. JAUSSAUD: None declared, A. MATHIAN: None declared, B. GRANEL: None declared, E. DIOT: None declared, D. FARGE-BANCEL: None declared, A. MEKINIAN: None declared, J. AVOUAC: None declared, H. DESMUR-CLAVEL: None declared, P. CLERSON: None declared


The peculiar characteristics demonstrated by quantum critical points at absolute zero remain one of the great unsolved mysteries of science. [13] Any understanding of the irreversibility of the arrow of time should account the quantum nature of the world that surrounds us. [12] Entropy, the measure of disorder in a physical system, is something that physicists understand well when systems are at equilibrium, meaning there's no external force throwing things out of kilter. But new research by Brown University physicists takes the idea of entropy out of its equilibrium comfort zone. [11] Could scientists use the Second Law of Thermodynamics on your chewing muscles to work out when you are going to die? According to research published in the International Journal of Exergy, the level of entropy, or thermodynamic disorder, in the chewing muscles in your jaw increases with each mouthful. This entropy begins to accumulate from the moment you're "on solids" until your last meal, but measuring it at any given point in your life could be used to estimate life expectancy. [10] There is also connection between statistical physics and evolutionary biology, since the arrow of time is working in the biological evolution also. From the standpoint of physics, there is one essential difference between living things and inanimate clumps of carbon atoms: The former tend to be much better at capturing energy from their environment and dissipating that energy as heat. [8] This paper contains the review of quantum entanglement investigations in living systems, and in the quantum mechanically modeled photoactive prebiotic kernel systems. [7] The human body is a constant flux of thousands of chemical/biological interactions and processes connecting molecules, cells, organs, and fluids, throughout the brain, body, and nervous system. Up until recently it was thought that all these interactions operated in a linear sequence, passing on information much like a runner passing the baton to the next runner. However, the latest findings in quantum biology and biophysics have discovered that there is in fact a tremendous degree of coherence within all living systems. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the Relativistic Quantum Theory and making possible to understand the Quantum Biology.


Impaired implantation is one of the causes of infertility. It occurs under vital inflammatory status due to immune hyperactivation. In the innate immune system, the inflammatory response to pathogenic stimuli is initiated by complement activation. Minimal vasculitis associated with complement consumption in infertile patients may be an underlying mechanism for impaired implantation. Antiphospholipid antibodies regulate the inflammatory response. Recently, a novel autoantibody (neoself antibody) against a complex of β2-GPI and HLA class II molecules (β2-GPI/HLA-DR) has been reported to be an independent autoantibody associated with aPLs. This study investigated the relationship between neoself antibodies and complement consumption in infertile patients with impaired implantation. It was found that decreased C4 levels were strongly related to the increased neoself antibody titers in the serum among those patients whose antibody titers were not as high. On the contrary, serum levels of CH50 and CRP are not correlated with them. These results suggest that neoself antibodies might indicate low-grade inflammation, which causes endometrial vasculitis in impaired implantation of infertile patients.


Improving usability of consumer applications has been the focus of much research. Estimating the advantage of these efforts, however, still is very cumbersome since evaluating product improvements in terms of their usability requires good measuring methods and tools. In this paper activities in the search of practical evaluation tools are reported. Based on a literature study, a state-of-the-art database on usability evaluation tools was constructed. Interviews with human-factors specialists and ergonomists helped to identify the important characteristics of usability evaluations in practice. With these characteristics all tools described in our database were weighted and further specified. Through an advice tool, the knowledge gathered in this database was made accessible. With the use of hit ratios the best possible solution in the form of a usability evaluation tool was sought for the given evaluation constraints. Based on the relative comparison of the available tools in our database, we were able to identify several evaluation contexts that require more adequate tools. This resulted in the definition of several action points in the construction of new usability evaluation tools.


In this paper, the authors made an attempt to detect the fibre content and fibre spacing in a steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) industrial floor. Two non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, an electromagnetic induction technique and a radar-based technique, were applied. The first method allowed us to detect the spacing in subsequent layers located in the thickness of the slab. The result of the second method was a 3D visualization of the detected fibre in the volume of concrete slab. The conducted tests showed aptitude and limitations of the applied methods in estimating fibre volume and spacing. The two techniques also allowed us to locate the areas with relatively low fibre concentration, which are very likely to be characterized by low mechanical properties.


Studies by others indicate that the membrane pseudokinase 7 (PTK7) regulates canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways and controls orientation of cells in a tissue plane (planar cell polarity, PCP). There is still no clear understanding of the PTK7 role in cancer: Is it pro-tumorigenic or anti-tumorigenic? Our live cell imaging and cell invasion studies suggest that full-length PTK7 expressed in HT1080 fibrosarcoma cells inhibits directed cell motility, lamellipodia polarization and cell invasion. Using the fluorescence imaging we demonstrated that the expression of full-length PTK7 in HT1080-RFP cells in nude mice significantly reduces lung colonization (metastasis). The pro-invasive membrane type-1 matrix metalloprotease (MT1-MMP/MMP-14) coupled with an ADAM/ADAMTS family member(s) directly cleave PTK7 at the cell surface and reverse the inhibitory anti-invasive signal of full-length PTK7. Ectodomain proteolysis was a prerequisite for the intramembrane cleavage of the residual fragments of PTK7 by γ-secretase. The resulting C-terminal PTK7 fragment translocated to the cell nucleus. To identify the molecular mechanisms downstream of PTK7 proteolysis, we used genome-wide transcriptional profiling and kinome analysis. Full-length PTK7 and the PTK7 mutants representing the cleaved PTK7 forms differentially regulated the expression of multiple genes and induced signaling pathways associated with cell movement, Wnt signaling and cancer. We believe that the regulation of PTK7 proteolysis opens new possibilities to control Wnt signaling, cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Citation Format: Vladislav Golubkov, Yong Zhang, Natalie Prigozhina, Robert M. Hoffman, Alex Strongin. Membrane pseudokinase PTK7 regulates metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3009. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3009


The concept of responsibility accounting accompanies the concept of responsibility center which means that any authority given to a manager over a business unit must be accounted for by that authority, especially the authority in achieving financial targets, both revenue and expenses. The concept of responsibility center and responsibility accounting are management tools to ensure that the entrusted manager truly upholds the trust by exercising the given authority and must dare to take responsibility for that authority in the future. This concept also emphasizes that a manager cannot be held responsible by his superiors for more than the authority given to him. More than that, this concept aims not to let in the management of the organization, managers throw responsibilities at each other or "scapegoat" others to escape the responsibilities of the work unit they lead. One of the functions of accounting is a tool for financial accountability, indeed the study of responsibility accounting is part of the realm of management accounting, but in a broader sense, the financial accountability of public companies can also be called "public accountability accounting". In this section, the irony occurs, accounting as a financial accountability tool sometimes "slips" into a manipulation tool. However, research at the level of society-based economy  practice seems to show that the light of responsibility accounting remains illuminating and can even be referred to as "beyond responsibility accounting", because accountability accounting is not only interpreted as a material aspect, not limited to accountability to interested parties but accountability is related to religious values, namely, all things in this world will be accounted for in the future to God.
Keywords: responsibility accounting, responsibility center, authority, responsibility, trust, religiosity
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It has been reported that distinct cancer stem cell-like (CSC) populations can be isolated from different regions of the same human glioblastoma (GBM), namely from the tumor core or from peritumor tissue. Although originating from common ancestor cells, these populations can exhibit different characteristics in terms of growth properties, genetic anomalies, and their tumor initiating ability. In particular, CSCs deriving from the GBM core (GCSCs) induced tumors in immunodeficient mice with an efficiency of 95% while CSCs isolated from peritumor tissue (PCSCs) have much less, if any, tumorigenic potential. In this study, we aimed at gaining a deeper insight into the features of both GCSC and PCSC populations. By means of immunocytochemical and Western blot analysis, we investigated the expression of stem cell markers such as nestin, Sox2, Musashi-1, CD133, and also NG2 and GD3 (associated with invasion and angiogenesis), as well as markers linked to proliferation (i.e., pJNK). Immunocytochemistry showed that all these molecules are expressed in both GCSCs and PCSCs. Furthermore, Western blot analysis on nestin, Musashi-1, and pJNK proteins, revealed a higher expression in GCSCs than in PCSCs. The Sox2 protein was equally expressed in GCSCs and PCSCs, probably because Sox2 is critical for the maintenance of broader stem cell potential. Yet, GCSCs that grew as neurospheres showed a higher growth rate than PCSCs, which were generally found to grow as adherent cells or floating neurospheres. TEM showed differences between GCSCs and PCSCs in terms of cytoskeletal component expression and presence of cell-cell junctions. Taken together, our data confirm that, at least in some instances, GCSCs can be more aggressive than PCSCs which are likely to begin their malignant transformation in a microenvironment that may be influenced by various factors deriving from the main tumor mass. Supported by FIRB "Accordi di Programma" 2010


The ligand-binding kinetics of the isolated component from trout (Salmo irideus) blood has been extensively investigated; it appears to be fully consistent with their equilibrium behaviour, described previously. At alkaline pH (∼ 7.5), in a region where the Root effect is not operative, comparison of the kinetics of the various components (Hb trout I, II and IV) shows considerable similarities between them. For Hb trout I (and II) the time course of the reaction with both O2 and CO is practically pH independent. On the other hand Hb trout IV, characterized by a Root effect, displays a strong dependence on pH of the kinetics of ligand binding. Thus in the pH region where the Root effect becomes operative there is a large change of the character, as well as of the speed, of the kinetics with both O2 and CO.

The Root effect characteristic of Hb trout IV appears to originate, from a kinetic point of view, in a pH-dependent change of both the "on" and "off" constants, although at least for O2 the effect of pH on the "off" kinetic constants is much more marked.


The method of choice for managing the expected difficult airway is tracheal intubation with an awake patient breathing spontaneously. The CTrach Laryngeal Mask Airway (LMA) is a modified version of the Fastrach LMA that incorporates a fiberoptic system that provides a view of the glottis during ventilation and intubation. We describe 2 cases of intubation in which the CTrach device was used in patients breathing spontaneously. In both cases difficult intubation was foreseen. The CTrach LMA facilitates management of the airway in these circumstances. It is well tolerated and enables a clear view of the airway and permits assisted ventilation when necessary.


Objective: This study aims to compare the efficacies of unilateral pulmonary circulation temporary occlusion and simple pulmonary artery occlusion in treating lung cancer.
Methods: We selected 120 patients with lung cancer who were admitted in our hospital from February 2015 to February 2016. The patients were equally divided into the observation and control groups. The patients in the control group underwent simple pulmonary artery occlusion, whereas the patients in the observation group underwent unilateral pulmonary circulation temporary occlusion. The groups were compared with respect to postoperative complications, bleeding, hospitalization time, and medical expenses of the patients.
Results: The incidence of postoperative complications in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group (3.4% and 20%, respectively; P<0.05). The number of bleeding cases, hospitalization time, and medical expenses of patients in the observation group were significantly higher than those of the control group (all P<0.05).
Conclusion: Unilateral pulmonary circulation temporary occlusion was applied in lung cancer thoracotomy. This process can reduce complications, rate of postoperative bleeding, and treatment time. Postoperative recovery was rapid, and good therapeutic effect was also achieved. Therefore, this method has great potential in clinical applications.


The need for a light stable 4R tau PET tracer for use in diverse tauopathies is widely appreciated. We aimed to assess the initial human imaging profile of [18F]APN‐1701 as such a tracer and to compare its imaging profile to the well‐established but light‐sensitive tracer [18F]‐APN‐1607 that can detect 4R aggregates as well as 3R and mixed 3R/4R aggregates. [18F]APN‐1607 has progressed to a multicenter Phase 2 clinical trial for Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, prior imaging data with it was considered valuable for comparison.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
This study explored the prevalence rates of domestic violence reported during the first trimester of pregnancy and in the postnatal period.

BACKGROUND
Domestic violence is known to have a deleterious effect on the physical and psychological well-being of a woman, with an adverse effect on the unborn child.

DESIGN
A validated anonymous and self-administered questionnaire (Abuse Assessment Screen) using five closed questions was used for data collection in all samples. All women were approached alone, and the questionnaire was completed in private.

METHOD
Drawn from the same geographical area, this survey collected data from women accessing hospital clinics, in a large university teaching hospital in the UK.

RESULTS
Comparing self-reporting rates of domestic violence in the first trimester of pregnancy to the postnatal period yielded statistically significant results (p < 0·01). Only 7·3% booking-in clinic and 8% postnatal women reported violence at some stage in their life, whilst higher rates in pregnancy counselling clinic (35·1%) and early pregnancy unit (26%) were reported. However, the reported rates of domestic violence in the year before the women were pregnant revealed a different trajectory. Lower rates of domestic violence were evident in three samples.

CONCLUSIONS
The disparity in disclosure rates of domestic violence suggests that an emotional inhibitory response to disclosure may occur at specific periods of pregnancy and that the timing of asking about domestic violence may be critical to this disclosure. The pandemic nature of domestic violence reflects the need for practice in maternity care to reflect the changing needs of a woman during her gestational experience.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
The primary objective of health care providers should be to engage a pregnant woman in a meaningful relationship, gaining her trust to facilitate the disclosure of domestic violence. Hence, whatever the policies for the provision of maternity care, the changing needs of a pregnant woman must be met.


Abstract Development of new osteopathic graduate medical education (OGME) programs has emerged as a priority for the osteopathic medical profession. As colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs) expand class sizes and branch campuses, and as new COMs are launched, availability of sufficient internship, residency, and fellowship positions for future COM graduates will become a challenge. Because of constraints in graduate medical education reimbursement, growth of existing training programs is limited. For hospitals that did not sponsor internship and residency programs before January 1, 1995, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services offers an exception to funding restraints on expansion of training programs. However, successful development and implementation of new OGME programs remains a formidable undertaking. Moreover, because of idiosyncrasies of medical education reimbursement, successful recruitment of COM graduates into new training positions is paramount to ensure program viability. The authors describe lessons learned from the successful implementation of new OGME programs in a community hospital, and they offer recommendations for other hospitals considering such an endeavor.


Adaptive algorithms for designing two-category linear pattern classifiers have been widely used on nonseparable pattern sets even though they do not directly minimize the number of classification errors and their optimality for pattern classification is not completely known. Many of these algorithms have been shown to be asymptotically optimal for patterns from Gaussian distributions with equal-covariance matrices. However, their relative efficiencies for design with a finite number of patterns have not been known. This paper uses truncated Taylor series expansions to evaluate the misadjustment, or extra probability of error, that results when these algorithms are used to design a linear classifier with a finite number of patterns. The expressions have been evaluated for three algorithms-- the fixed-increment error-correction algorithm, the relaxation error-correction algorithm, and the least-mean-square (LMS) algorithm--used with patterns from Gaussian distributions with equal-covariance matrices.


Data mining is the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases, which is a powerful new technology with great potential to help companies as well as research focus on the most important information in their data warehouses. Data mining tools predict future trends and behaviors, allowing businesses to make proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Frequent Itemset Mining is one of the classical data mining problems in most of the data mining applications. It requires very large computations and I/O traffic capacity. Also resources like single processor's memory and CPU are very limited, which degrades the performance of algorithm. In this paper we have proposed one such distributed algorithm which will run on Hadoop – one of the recent most popular distributed frameworks which mainly focus on Mapreduce paradigm. The proposed approach takes into account inherent characteristics of the Apriori algorithm related to the frequent itemset generation and through a block-based partitioning uses a dynamic workload management. The algorithm greatly enhances the performance and achieves high scalability compared to the existing distributed Apriori based approaches. Proposed algorithm is implemented and tested on large scale datasets distributed over a cluster.


The purple passion fruit with suitable yield and quality can become an important income source for growers due to high price achieved in the European fresh fruit market. With the aim to evaluate purple passion fruit varieties from Australia under Brazilian savanna conditions an experiment was carried out in a randomized blocks with 9 genotypes of passion fruit, 7 plants per plot and 4 replications. The purple passion fruit genotypes used were: 'Lacey', '14', '25', 'Supersweet 9', '37(1)', '37(2)' and '96A'. The yellow passion fruit genotypes 'Marilia Selecao Cerrado' and Hybrid 'BRS Ouro Vermelho' were used as control. It can be concluded that 'BRS Ouro Vermelho' hybrid and 'Marilia Selecao Cerrado' had the highest yields and among the purple passion fruit the '14' genotype showed the highest yield, while, 'Lacey' genotype had the highest total fruit weight and number of harvested fruits, fruits per plant, fruits per hectare and class "A" fruits. Genotypes 'S9' had the highest average fruit weight and percentages of purple fruits and class "A" fruits.


In contemporary Western societies the great majority of office workers are women. But less than a century ago, clerical work was an exclusively male domain. How has this dramatic shift from male to female employment taken place? How are we to understand the origins and development of low-grade, low-paid, dead-end jobs for women in the office? This book provides an account of the feminization of clerical work. Lowe situates this process within the context of the growth of large-scale organizations in industry and in the public sphere. He shows that the mechanization of rationalization of offices went hand-in-hand with a shift from male to female clerical workers. But the rate at which female employees entered the office, and the specific character of the work they performed, varied from one industry to another and were the outcome of particular strategies, practices and conditions. On the basis of this historical coverage, Lowe addresses a range of more general problems concerning labour markets, the labour process and the complex relations between gender and class.


Nurses and other healthcare workers are often anxious about communicating with people who are living with dementia. This article discusses the issues involved and describes communication techniques taken from the Talking Toolkit, which was developed by Bupa to provide strategies for communicating in a meaningful way with people who have dementia. Since we live in an ageing society where increasing numbers of people are being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, such strategies for communication are increasingly relevant for all nurses and health workers.


Abstract Introduction. Results presented in this article are part of an international project called Project of physical activity stimulation in a family (PPASF) held jointly with the Klaipėda University and LASE in Riga. We decided to check whether participation of children in preschool age in active classes in nursery school may be an impetus to change behavior in terms of physical activity of a family. For this purpose, a model was developed that included physical activity program conducted in the nursery school, with homework for the children to do together with their parents at home. The aim of the study was to examine the extent to which a child can persuade the parents to a common physical activity and whether sport and recreation for children with homework are a successful proposal to increase motor activity of the family. Material and methods. A diagnostic survey method was applied in the research, using a questionnaire technique. The survey questionnaire covered 38 families including 30 mothers and 8 fathers. Results and conclusions. Research has shown that children can become facilitators of physical activity in the family. The proposed model classes for children proved to be an accurate proposal, which is worth to implement the practice of teaching.


paper proposes application of a DC/DC Z-Source Converter (ZSC) based on the one-port impedance network, operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) for solar power generation in DC microgrid. A photovolaic array is connected to the input of ZSC, which provides voltage gain from 167V. The nominal input power of arrangement was 1440 Watts. Attending the low efficiency of photovoltaic modules (PV) and influence suffering by atmospheric conditions two maximum power point tracking techniques (MPPT) were tested to track the maximum power point at any time: Perturb and Observe (P&O) and Incremental Conductance (IC). By PSIM software, the operation of ZSC and MPPT behavior were simulated and prototype experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the converter and each MPPT implemented.


This paper proposes and demonstrates experimentally, for the first time to our knowledge, a software-defined beamforming implementation based on the precise timing control of the samples generated by different digital-to-analog converters (DACs) modulating a single laser light and transmitted over a multicore fiber (MCF) optical fronthaul. Optical fronthaul systems based on standard single-mode fiber exhibit the problem of coherent signal distribution, as the signals for each antenna element are transmitted in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), experiencing different delays from different chromatic dispersion (CD) values. Moreover, CD dynamics are different for each WDM signal due to temperature and vibration, making difficult to control the delay of the signals for the different antenna elements. This limitation can be solved using an optical fronthaul based on MCF, where the signals for the different antenna elements are transmitted through the different cores with spatial division multiplexing at the same wavelength from a single laser source. In this work, the software-defined beamforming functionality over a MCF optical fronthaul is proposed and demonstrated experimentally with the transmission of an LTE-like signal in the 700 MHz frequency band over 1 km of 7-core fiber. The LTE signal is steered ±45° by defining a delay of ±1 digital sample at 2 GS/s (±500 ps), ensuring error vector magnitude (EVM) compliant transmission after 1 km of MCF. This paper also demonstrates that, increasing the DAC sampling frequency to 5 GS/s, a higher density area can be covered.


We revive the historically first dark matter model based on neutrinos, but with an additional assumption that neutrinos might exist in tachyonic almost sterile states. To this end, we propose a group-theoretical algorithm for the description of tachyons. The key point is that we employ a distinct tachyon Lorentz group with new (superluminal) parametrization which does not lead to violation of causality and unitarity. Our dark matter model represents effectively scalar tachyonic neutrino-antineutrino conglomerate. Distributed all over the universe, such fluid behaves as stable isothermal/stiff medium which produces somewhat denser regions (`halos') around galaxies and clusters. To avoid the central singularity inherent to the isothermal profile, we apply a special smoothing algorithm which yields density distributions and rotation curves consistent with observational data.


Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples in reproductive age. Male infertility is estimated to represent about 20% of the etiologies. Among them, a rare type of teratozoospermia known as globozoospermia leads to disappointing pregnancy outcomes. Morphological, physiological and genetic aspects of this severe disorder have been described. We undertook a complete review of the available data on the reproductive outcomes in globozoospermic patients. To this end, a literature review in both English and French, over a 20‐year time period using PubMed/Medline, ScienceDirect, and Scopus was performed. A total of 45 publications describing 172 attempts of treatment with assisted reproduction techniques (ICSI or IMSI with or without oocyte activation) were identified. We reviewed 28 deliveries and 34 children. However, for these patients, the fertilization rate after ICSI remained low. The present review suggests that oocyte activation (in particular with calcium ionophore) could improve the pregnancy rate significantly when dealing with globozoospermia. Once the exact pathogenesis of human globozoospermia is clearly identified, it is likely that other treatments such as recombinant phospholipase C zeta (PLC zeta, PLCζ), which seems to be a promising biological tool, would be developed.


Patients with chronic renal failure who undergoing hemodialysis decreased vitality, physical and psychological function that caused of decreased quality of life. The effect of caring to patient are improved relations of mutual trust, increase physical healing andsafety, have more energy, lower maintenance costs and create more comfortable feeling. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between caring behaviors with quality of life. This study was analytic cross sectional. The sample was 60 patients in Hemodialysis Unit RSU Dr.Soetomo Surabaya, that was taken by purposive sampling. Independent variable wascaring behaviors, and dependent variable wasquality of life. Data were collected using 25-Caring Dimension Inventory (CDI 25) questionnaire and modifications Kidney Dissease Quality of Life Short Form. Data were analysis using Spearman's Rho test with α 0.05. The results showed that a good caring behavior (48.3%) and excellent (51.7%). The quality of life was moderate (83.3%). Spearman's rho test showed that the caring behavior did not significantly influence the quality of life with p value 0.229. The achievement of good judgment by patients need to be maintained and enhanced so that it will create a positive image of nurses from the public.Quality of life who have reached the moderate level needs to be improved, with a joint effort between the patient, family, and health workers. Improved quality of life, especially physical and psychological dimensions so that the patient will achieve adaptive coping strategies, while supported by families and health workers, especially nurses as part of the environmental and social dimensions of the patient. Keywords: hemodialysis, caring, quality of life.


Destination branding is one of the most popular topic among tourism destinations researchers and practitioners however recent research revealed that it is a concept not clear. The purpose of presented paper is to enhance destination branding theory by introducing some new elements taken from other popular concepts used in destination management into destination branding theory. The concept of destination brand licensing was undertaken as a response to several critical argument raised against the existing idea of destination branding. However the concept is yet not finished and practical examples presented so far need scientific generalization to prepare some guidelines on successful procedure of implementing destination brand licensing. The example of Polish brand Porta Lubavia is going to be presented as a illustration of some of potential benefits and problems connected with implementing this concept into a practice.


This paper uses Morse-theoretic techniques to compute the equivariant Betti numbers of the space of semistable rank two degree zero Higgs bundles over a compact Riemann surface, a method in the spirit of Atiyah and Bott's original approach for semistable holomorphic bundles. This leads to a natural proof that the hyperkahler Kirwan map is surjective for the non-fixed determinant case.


In a patient, suffering from a chondrosarcoma in the lower sternum, and having undergone radical tumor resection, we had to reconstruct the thoracic wall, the abdominal wall, and the diaphragm. This was done with autologous corium. We report on the advantages of this material and at the same time refer to that of a complete physiologic reconstruction of the diaphragmatic dome seems impossible if accompanied by defects of the thorax and the abdominal wall. Fitting a corset appears necessary as an external support.


This research describes a two-year project involving the implementation of computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW) software in a community bank. The purpose was to develop a greater understanding of the nature and characteristics of cooperative work and to provide insight into interactions among technology, work, and organization.
Specific examples of cooperative work involving the new software were studied in search of the evolution of artifacts. Methods of determining artifact meaning, sharing, and credibility were also observed. Activity theory provided a guide and a useful model for discussing the elements involved, including mediating artifacts such as tools, rules, and division of labor. Such artifacts carried a residue of the history of the relationship between the elements they mediated. The hierarchy included in activity theory also yielded perspectives into the dynamics of evolving artifacts and activity systems.
The activity theory concept of praxis and the characteristics of communities of practice were particularly insightful in understanding interpersonal interactions in accomplishing work. Users in the study needed to experience results within the activity and social structure of the community to establish meaning and credibility.
Based on the dimensions that evolved from the study, recommendations were developed for both developers of CSCW software and managers of work groups. Activity theory forced a well-defined context to be considered. The natural evolution of activity systems and characteristics of communities of practice also provided additional insight worthy of attention.


Iceland is well known for its volcanic activity due to being situated on the spreading Mid Atlantic Ridge and a hot spot. This landmass is located in the North Atlantic Ocean between Greenland and Norway. In the past 1000 years there were about 200 eruptions occurring in Iceland, meaning volcanic eruptions occur on average every four to five years. Iceland currently has 30 active volcano systems, distributed evenly throughout the socalled Neovolcanic Zone. One of these volcanic systems is the Krafla central volcano. Krafla is located in northern Iceland at latitude 65°42'53'' N, and longitude 16°43'40'' W. Krafla has produced two volcanic events in historic times: 1724-1729 (Myvatn Fires) and 1975-1984 (Krafla Fires). The Krafla Fires began in December 1975 and lasted until September 1984. This resulted in about 36 km 2 covered by lava; a volume of 0.25-0.3 km3. Previous studies of lava surface morphology at Krafla focused on an open channel area mapped as 55% aa lava, 32% as pahoehoe, and the remaining 13% as the main lava channel. The earlier study was mostly field mapping, video recording and measuring preflow topography from aerial photographs. Therefore, studies by remote sensing are essential as a complementary tool to previous investigations and to extend the area of mapping. Using maximum likelihood and Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification approach by selecting spectral reflectance endmembers, this study has successfully produced three detailed maps of lava surface morphology in Krafla lava field from three satellite images: SPOT 5 (Multispectral & Panchromatic), Landsat 8 OLI (Multispectral) and EO-1 Hyperion (Hyperspectral) satellite images. The overall accuracy of these lava morphology maps are 67.33% (SPOT 5), 52.67% (Landsat 8 OLI) and 61.33% (EO-1 Hyperion). These results show that remote sensing is an acceptable alternative to field mapping and assessing the lava surface morphology in the Krafla lava field. In order to get validation of the satellite image's spectral reflectance, in-situ measurements of the lava field's spectral reflectance using ASD FieldSpec3 is essential.


This paper presents a yield analysis technique based on test fail counts, as these are the most comprehensive and fundamental yield data available. Obviously, this requires the analysis of large volumes of data. Using powerful statistical techniques, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), efficient data reduction is achieved. A basic concept for the modeling of both defect related and parametric fails is presented. Based on a real life examples, means, variances, and covariances of test fail counts are analyzed. As covariance turns out to play a significant role, it is further analyzed using PCA to work out major independent sources of variation. MLR is then applied to partition total yield loss, resulting in the complete representation of actual yield data by just a few relevant patterns. Identification of physical root causes is consequently greatly simplified and accelerated, leading to fast problem solving and yield improvement.


The purpose of this study was to examine risk processes linking il1dividual differences in personal resources to symptoms of anxiety and depression. The construct of personal resources was defined as a higher order factor subsuming the traits of self-esteem, self-efficacy, optimism, locus of control, and anxiety. Hypotheses related to three models of psychiatric risk were assessed: (1) the direct-link model, which posits that deficiencies in personal resources are directly associated with elevated risk for clinical anxiety and depression; (2) the stress-moderation model, which places emphasis on the interaction of personal resources with responses to stressors in ways that either increase or decrease the risk for anxiety disorders and depression; and (3) the stress-generation model, which links the risk for anxiety disorders and depression with a propensity to generate stress related to deficiencies in personal resources. One-hundred-thirty-one university students took part in two testing sessions. The first session included a mock job interview whereby participants were challenged by the stress-inducing task of preparing and delivering a speech before a panel of two' staff members' acting as personnel managers. Three indices of stress reactivity were used: affective state, heart rate variability (HRV), and selective attention to threat words. Participants also completed a stress questionnaire designed to assess the degree of stress they experienced in situations of normative challenge (e.g., having a paper to write), self-generated or dependent stress (e.g., time management issues), and in response to independent events (e.g., death of a family member). Approximately six months after the first testing session participants completed measures of clinical anxiety and depression. Results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Hierarchical Regression analyses pointed to risk processes common to depression and anxiety, and others specific to each. Low personal resources and stress generation were associated with a vulnerability to both types of disorder. However, these mechanisms of risk were more closely linked to depression than anxiety. Low-resource individuals appear to magnify relatively minor life stresses, thereby increasing their vulnerability to depression. Independent stress, however, was a stronger predictor of vulnerability to anxiety than was level of personal resources, dependent stress, or normative challenge. In addition, independent stress was the primary feature of an interaction with dependent stress that placed low-resource individuals at risk for anxiety-spectrum disorders. Thus, it appears that the risk for depression is more closely associated with the negative perceptions that are characteristic of those low in personal resources, whereas the risk of an anxiety-spectrum disorder is more closely associated with exposure to negative independent life events.


Supraglottic airways are an established part of routine and emergency pediatric airway management, including use in difficult airways and neonatal resuscitation. With the introduction of newer supraglottic airways in children, efficacy can only be determined by comparing these devices with those that are already well established (laryngeal mask airway Classic and laryngeal mask airway ProSeal). This narrative review aims to present the current literature on these newer supraglottic airways and give recommendations for their use in various clinical scenarios based on the existing evidence.


The stalling and rapid destruction of a potential vorticity (PV) anomaly in the upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS) by convectively detrained inertially unstable air is described. On 20 August 2018, 10–15 in. (~0.3–0.4 m) of rain fell on western Dane County, Wisconsin, primarily during 0100–0300 UTC 21 August (1900–2100 CDT 20 August), leading to extreme local flooding. Dynamical aspects are investigated using the University of Wisconsin Nonhydrostratic Modeling System (UWNMS). Results are compared with available radiosonde, radar, total rainfall estimates, satellite infrared, and high-resolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) operational analyses. Using ECMWF analyses, the formation of the UTLS PV anomaly is traced to its origin a week earlier in a PV streamer over the west coast of North America. The rainfall maximum over southern Wisconsin was associated with this PV anomaly, whereby convection forming in the warm-upglide sector rotated cyclonically into the region. The quasi-stationarity of this rainfall feature was aided by a broad northeastward surge of inertially unstable convective outflow air into southeastern Wisconsin, which coincided with stalling of the eastward progression of the PV anomaly and its diversion into southern Wisconsin, extending heavy rainfall for several hours. Cessation of rainfall coincided with dilution of the PV maximum in less than an hour (2100–2200 CDT), associated with the arrival of negative PV in the upper troposphere. The region of negative PV was created when convection over Illinois transported air with low wind speed into northeastward shear. This feature is diagnosed using the convective momentum transport hypothesis.


With the developing technology, the number of comments made on the internet is increasing day by day. It is difficult to make a manual sentiment analysis on these comments. Therefore, new algorithms should be developed to automatically perform sentiment analysis on these texts for companies. In this study, a sentiment analysis model using machine learning and NLP (Natural Language Processing) algorithms are compared. While developing this model, CNN (Convolutional Neural Network) methods and machine learning algorithms were used together. As a naïve method of sentiment analysis, the root of each word in a sentence takes a score from a dictionary and the final polarity score of the relevant sentence is calculated by using additive score-based models. Machine learning models and Natural Language Processing models were trained to perform accurate sentiment annotations by using features based on polarity scores of texts. This analysis was conducted on 10,000 tweets using publicly available data from Kaggle. The results showed that NLP outperforms machine learning algorithms and gives better accuracy.


Abstract. This article discusses the military and political discourse, as an effective tool used to achieve political and economic dominance in society. Emphasis is placed on cur-rent issues of military and political relationship of discourse and information security, the methodological approaches used in contemporary realities information warfare, and the special role of the media as the main channel, which deter-mines the vector of information impact on the minds of indi-viduals. The author represents a number of examples of suc-cessful usage by high-ranking politicians and military-political organization of, active discursive techniques to implement cognitive control in society in order to justify a series of violent actions (particularly against the civilian population) committed under control of their own military units on the territory of warfare. The paper presents a com-parative analysis of Russian-speaking, English-speaking and German-speaking press on the material of the print and elec-tronic media resources aimed at identifying of the existing differences in detail and filling texts on similar topics.


This paper introduces the concept of choreography with respect to interorganizational innovation networks, as they constitute an attractive environment to create innovation in different sectors. We argue that choreography governs behaviours by shaping the level of connectivity and cohesion among network members. It represents a valid organizational system able to sustain some activities and to reach effects generating innovation outcomes. This issue is tackled introducing a new framework in which we propose a network model as prerequisite for our hypothesis. The analysis is focused on inter-organizational innovation networks characterized by the presence of hubs, semi-peripheral and peripheral members lacking hierarchical authority. We sustain that the features of a network, bringing to synchronization phenomena, are extremely similar to those existing in innovation network characterized by the emergence of choreography. The effectiveness of our model is verified by providing a real case study that gives preliminary empirical hints on the network aptitude to perform choreography. Indeed, the innovation network analysed in the case study reveals characteristics causing synchronization and consequently the establishment of choreography.


We propose an object-oriented data model that generalizes the relational, hierarchical, and network models. A database scheme in this model is a directed graph, whose leaves represent data and whose internal nodes represent connections among the data. Instances are constructed from objects, which have separate names and values. We define a logic for the model, and describe a nonprocedural query language that is based on the logic. We also describe an algebraic query language and show that it is equivalent to the logical language.


OBJECTIVE
Dysphagia remains a side effect influencing the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) after radiotherapy. We evaluated the relationship between planned dose involvement and acute and late dysphagia in patients with HNC treated with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), after a recontouring of constrictor muscles (PCs) and the cricopharyngeal muscle (CM).

METHODS
Between December 2011 and December 2013, 56 patients with histologically proven HNC were treated with IMRT or volumetric-modulated arc therapy. The PCs and CM were recontoured. Correlations between acute and late toxicity and dosimetric parameters were evaluated. End points were analysed using univariate logistic regression.

RESULTS
An increasing risk to develop acute dysphagia was observed when constraints to the middle PCs were not respected [mean dose (Dmean) ≥50 Gy, maximum dose (Dmax) >60 Gy, V50 >70% with a p = 0.05]. The superior PC was not correlated with acute toxicity but only with late dysphagia. The inferior PC was not correlated with dysphagia; for the CM only, Dmax >60 Gy was correlated with acute dysphagia ≥ grade 2.

CONCLUSION
According to our analysis, the superior PC has a major role, being correlated with dysphagia at 3 and 6 months after treatments; the middle PC maintains this correlation only at 3 months from the beginning of radiotherapy, but it does not have influence on late dysphagia. The inferior PC and CM have a minimum impact on swallowing symptoms.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
We used recent guidelines to define dose constraints of the PCs and CM. Two results emerge in the present analysis: the superior PC influences late dysphagia, while the middle PC influences acute dysphagia.


The author studied influences of hydroxyproline on erythropoiesis by means of rabbit bone-marrow tissue culture and also used this substance in the treatment of hypoplastic anemia; and obtained the following results. 1. In loading hydroxyproline directly to rabbit bone marrow tissue culture(fluid medium), no significant change can be recognized in the number of erythrocytes and reticulocytes. As for the change in hemoglobin (Hb) content with addition of this substance, Hb decreases in the control whereas it increases slightly when added in a high concentration. 2. In the tissue culture of the bone marrow (cover slip method) obtained from sternum of 5 cases of hypoplastic anemia loaded with hydroxyproline, the tissue growth has been accelerated in three cases. The two unaffected cases turned out to be of panmyelophthisis type. 3. Of 5 cases with hypoplastic anemia to three cases daily intravenous injection of 150-300 mg hydroxyproline was given. As the result all of them showed an increase the leucocyte count, but the erythrocyte count and Hb increased only in one case and it proved to be ineffective in other two cases.


Passive cooling systems were tested to discover the most efficient way to cool a building using minimal energy. In order to perform this experiment, the temperature and relative humidity of each system was recorded. The systems were modeled by Styrofoam coolers and tested over a period of about twenty-four hours. The results showed that the Light Shelf, Awnings and Earth Shading systems worked the best in keeping the conditions of the model rooms closest to the ideal comfort zone. Surprisingly, the box that was painted black on the inside had the best results, which implies that materials with a high ability to retain heat are most effective in lowering temperature and humidity.


This paper presents a frequency-splitting-based wireless power and data transfer IC that simultaneously delivers power and forward data over a single inductive link. For data transmission, frequency-shift keying (FSK) is utilized because the FSK modulation scheme supports continuous wireless power transmission without disruption of the carrier amplitude. Moreover, the link that manifests the frequency-splitting characteristic due to a close distance between coupled coils provides wide bandwidth for data delivery without degrading the quality factors of the coils. It results in large power delivery, high data rate, and high power transfer efficiency. The presented IC fabricated in a 180-nm BCD process simultaneously achieves up-to-115-mW wireless power delivery to the load and 2.5-Mb/s downlink data rate over the single inductive link. The measured overall power efficiency from the DC power supply at the transmitter module to the load at the receiver module reaches 56.7<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> at its maximum, and the bit error rate is lower than 10<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{-6}$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 2.5 Mb/s. As a result, the figure of merit (FoM) for data transmission is enhanced by 2 times, and the FoM for power delivery is improved by 38.7 times compared to prior state-of-the-arts using a single inductive link.