Plants require rapid responses to adapt to environmental stresses. This includes dramatic changes in the size and number of plastoglobule lipid droplets within chloroplasts. Although the morphological changes of plastoglobules are well-documented, little is known about the corresponding molecular changes. To address this gap, we have compared the quantitative proteome, oligomeric state, prenyl-lipid content, and kinase activities of A. thaliana plastoglobules under unstressed and 5-day light-stressed conditions. Our results show a specific recruitment of proteins related to leaf senescence and jasmonic acid biosynthesis under light stress and identify nearly half of the plastoglobule proteins in high native molecular weight masses. Additionally, a specific increase in plastoglobule carotenoid abundance under the light stress was consistent with enhanced thylakoid disassembly and leaf senescence, supporting a specific role for plastoglobules in senescence and thylakoid remodeling as an intermediate storage site for photosynthetic pigments. In-vitro kinase assays of isolated plastoglobules demonstrated kinase activity towards multiple target proteins, which was more pronounced in the plastoglobules of unstressed than light stressed leaf tissue and which was diminished in plastoglobules of the abc1k1/abc1k3 double mutant. These results strongly suggest that plastoglobule-localized ABC1 kinases hold endogenous kinase activity, as these were the only known or putative kinases identified in the isolated plastoglobules by deep bottom-up proteomics. Collectively, our study reveals targeted changes to the protein and prenyl-lipid composition of plastoglobules under light stress that present strategies by which plastoglobules appear to facilitate stress adaptation within chloroplasts.


Memory hierarchy latency is one of the main problems that prevents processors from achieving high performance. To eliminate the need of loading/storing large sets of data, Resistive Associative Processors (ReAP) have been proposed as a solution to the von Neumann bottleneck. In ReAPs, logic and memory structures are combined together to allow inmemory computations. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to compute the matrix multiplication inside the memory that exploits the benefits of ReAP. The proposed approach is based on the Cannon algorithm and uses a series of rotations without duplicating the data. It runs in O(n), where n is the dimension of the matrix. The method also applies to a large set of row by column matrix-based applications. Experimental results show several orders of magnitude increase in performance and reduction in energy and area when compared to the latest FPGA and CPU implementations.


This paper presents a detailed review of the main microeconomic and macroeconomic principles used to measure returns to education. We are also interested in major problems we encountered in empirically applying these models. The change in returns to higher learning in Sub-Saharan education is compared with returns to other levels of education. A meta-analysis method is applied to the results of a series of works on returns to higher education in Sub-Saharan countries. Copyright 2011 , Oxford University Press.


The usefulness of a C60-fullerene modified gold (Au) electrode in mediating the oxidation of methionine in the
presence of potassium ions electrolyte has been demonstrated. During cyclic voltammetry, an oxidation peak of methionine appearing at þ1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl was observed. The oxidation current of methionine is enhanced by
about 2 times using a C60 modified gold electrode. The current enhancement is significantly dependent on pH,
temperature and C60 dosage. Calibration plot reveals linearity of up to 0.1 mM with a current sensitivity of close to 50 mA L mol1 and detection limit of 8.2106 M. The variation of scan rate study shows that the system undergoes diffusion-controlled process. Diffusion coefficient and rate constant of methionine were determined using hydrodynamicmethod(rotating disk electrode) with values of 1.11105 cm2 s1 and 0.0026 cm s1 respectively for unmodified electrode while the values of diffusion coefficient and rate constant of methionine using C60 modified Au electrode are 5.7106 cm2 s1 and 0.0021 cm s1 respectively


Novel multimodal molecular imaging techniques reveal the potential of three interrelated imaging biomarkers to profile the tumor microenvironment and interrelationships of hypoxia, glucose uptake, and glycolysis. Molecular imaging approaches for metabolic and physiologic imaging of tumors have become important for treatment planning and response monitoring. However, the relationship between the physiologic and metabolic aspects of tumors is not fully understood. Here, we developed new hyperpolarized MRI and electron paramagnetic resonance imaging procedures that allow more direct assessment of tumor glycolysis and oxygenation status quantitatively. We investigated the spatial relationship between hypoxia, glucose uptake, and glycolysis in three human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor xenografts with differing physiologic and metabolic characteristics. At the bulk tumor level, there was a strong positive correlation between 18F-FDG-PET and lactate production, while pO2 was inversely related to lactate production and 18F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake. However, metabolism was not uniform throughout the tumors, and the whole tumor results masked different localizations that became apparent while imaging. 18F-FDG uptake negatively correlated with pO2 in the center of the tumor and positively correlated with pO2 on the periphery. In contrast to pO2 and 18F-FDG uptake, lactate dehydrogenase activity was distributed relatively evenly throughout the tumor. The heterogeneity revealed by each measure suggests a multimodal molecular imaging approach can improve tumor characterization, potentially leading to better prognostics in cancer treatment. Significance: Novel multimodal molecular imaging techniques reveal the potential of three interrelated imaging biomarkers to profile the tumor microenvironment and interrelationships of hypoxia, glucose uptake, and glycolysis.


This paper presents speech processing and recognition system for Myanmar continuous language. The speech segmentation methods are based on two simple speech features, namely time domain features and frequency features. To detect the word boundaries, dynamic thresholding method is applied. Then, important features of speech features are extracted by LPC (linear predictive coding) and GTCC (gamma tone cepstral coefficient) approach. K-means is used in feature clustering and HMM is used in recognition process. All the algorithms used in this work are implemented in Matlab. The system obtained the average word error rate of 0.5 with GTCC feature extraction techniques respectively. Keywords-component; automatic speech recognition; GTCC; LPC; HMM


A cross-layer design is developed which combines the Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) at the physical layer and truncated Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) at the data link layer to maximize the spectral efficiency under prescribed error performance constraints. Depending on the error correcting capability of the truncated ARQ, which depends on the maximum allowable number of retransmissions, we design AMC transmission modes, with each mode consisting of a specific modulation and FEC code pair as in IEEE 802.16 standard, that guarantee the required performance. Numerical results reveal that retransmissions at the data link layer relieve stringent error control requirements at the physical layer and thereby enable considerable spectral efficiency gain. This gain is provided by the maximum number of retransmissions per packet which equals the diversity order. The improvement on spectral efficiency decreases when the number of retransmissions increases, suggest that a small number of retransmissions offers a desirable delay-throughput tradeoff,in practice.


Popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm is uncommon. They usually result from penetrating or blunt trauma, arterial reconstructive surgery, invasive diagnostic or surgical orthopedic procedures. They can cause arterial thrombosis and limb ischeamia. We report a 53 year old Chinese gentleman with popliteal artery pseudoaneurysm who presented with right lower limb numbness and paralysis in toes extension. He gave a history of acupuncture treatment around the popliteal fossa of the affected limb. Clinical examination revealed a pulsatile mass in the popliteal fossa. Computed tomography angiography showed a large, 5 cm, pseudoaneurysm arising from the popliteal artery. A diagnostic angiogram was performed and revealed that there is no run off from the popliteal artery and the tibial vessels were reconstructed from collaterals. Endovascular intervention was carried out with an Amplatzer Vascular Plug to embolise the pseudoaneurysm. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully excluded and post-op follow up revealed no more pulsatile mass and improving lower limb function. To the best of our knowledge this is first reported case of pseudoaneurysm of the popliteal artery secondary to acupuncture in Malaysia.


This work addresses the continuing disagreement between two schools of thought concerning the mechanism of covalent bonding. According to Hellmann, Ruedenberg, and Kutzelnigg, covalent bonding is a quantum mechanical phenomenon whereby lowering of the kinetic energy associated with electron sharing, i.e., delocalization, is the key stabilization mechanism. The opposing view of Slater, Feynman, and Bader has maintained that the source of stabilization is electrostatic potential energy lowering due to electron density redistribution to binding regions between nuclei. Following our study of H2+ we present an analogous detailed study of H2 where bonding involves an electron pair with repulsion and correlation playing a significant role in its properties. We use a range of different computational approaches to study and reveal the relevant contributions to bonding as seen in the electron density and corresponding kinetic and potential energy distributions. The energetics associated with the more complex electronic structure of H2, when examined in detail, clearly agrees with the analysis of Ruedenberg; i.e., covalent bonding is due to a decrease in the interatomic kinetic energy resulting from electronic delocalization. Our results support the view that covalent bonding is a quantum dynamical phenomenon requiring a properly quantized kinetic energy to be used in its description.


Due to the global rise of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in combination with insulin resistance, novel compounds to efficiently treat this pandemic disease are needed. Screening for compounds that induce the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from the intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in insulin-sensitive tissues is an innovative strategy. Here, we compared the applicability of three fluorescence microscopy-based assays optimized for the quantitation of GLUT4 translocation in simple cell systems. An objective-type scanning total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy approach was shown to have high sensitivity but only moderate throughput. Therefore, we implemented a prism-type TIR reader for the simultaneous analysis of large cell populations grown in adapted microtiter plates. This approach was found to be high throughput and have sufficient sensitivity for the characterization of insulin mimetic compounds in live cells. Finally, we applied confocal microscopy to giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) formed from GLUT4-expressing cells. While this assay has only limited throughput, it offers the advantage of being less sensitive to insulin mimetic compounds with high autofluorescence. In summary, the combined implementation of different fluorescence microscopy-based approaches enables the quantitation of GLUT4 translocation with high throughput and high content.


The title compound, C13H8Cl4N5O6P3, consists of a non-planar trimeric phosphazene ring and a bulky 2,2′-methylenebis(4-nitrophenoxy) side group which predominantly determines the molecular shape. With respect to the corresponding values in the reference compound N3P3Cl6, the endocyclic angle around one P atom is the same, but the exocyclic angle is increased, while the endocyclic and exocyclic angles about another P atom are both decreased. This situation is different from that in other reported phosphazene derivatives.


Solar cells based on monovalent alkali or organic A-cation, divalent metal B-cation and monovalent halide anion (ABX3) perovskite semiconductors are emerging as a fast-growing research area with substantial technological potential. Discovered as an absorber in dye-sensitised solar cells, a range of processing strategies developed for printed organic photovoltaics have been used to deposit ABX3 solar cells from solutions. ABX3 semiconductors have comparable optoelectronic properties to GaAs and so far are the best solution-processed solar cell technology for small-area test devices. As device performances are comparable with other thin-film solar cell technologies, ABX3-based solar cells are reaching the phase of being evaluated for their potential in large-scale use for solar energy conversion. This chapter highlights the technological potential arising from the solution-processability of ABX3 materials. Recent insights into how ABX3 solution chemistry and lead–halide–solvent structural intermediates during film formation define the thin-film morphology of solution-processed ABX3 devices are discussed. Gaining control over film formation is a prerequisite to achieve further progress in scaling ABX3 devices to larger areas with solution-based processing methods. Apart from developing scalable process technology, rationalising material degradation pathways is of paramount importance, to make reliable predictions of device stability. Concerns regarding the potential ecotoxicity of lead-based materials has inspired the search for the next generation of ABX3-derived materials with similar favourable optoelectronic properties such as their solution-processability and defect tolerance.


Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) content of commonly consumed foods in Korea were determined by solvent extraction followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography using post-column derivatization and fluorescence detection. Samples were obtained in the years of 2013 and 2015. In this study, 46 vegetables, 14 fruits, and 6 legumes were analyzed. Relatively higher amounts of vitamin K1 were found in sweet potato leaves, green kiwi, and mung beans among vegetables, fruits, and legumes, respectively. The content of vitamin K1 in vegetables including spinach, broccoli, and potato ranged from non-detectable (ND) to 1,467.3 μg/100 g. The content of vitamin K1 in fruits ranged from ND to 42.7 μg/100 g. The content of vitamin K1 in legumes, including soybeans, mung beans and peas ranged from 1.7 to 63.4 μg/100 g. In addition, the analytical method validation parameters including recovery, reproducibility, repeatability, peak purity, and linearity were calculated to ensure the method's validity. The results showed high linearity with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999. Overall recovery was close to 100% (n=5). This study revealed reliable vitamin K content in commonly consumed foods in Korea for a nutritional information and food composition database.


The current article sketches some peculiarities of the Christian worldview manifested as Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox traditions shaped by unique social activities of nations and their luminous representatives. These three traditions are described as Roman Catholic (society which pleases God), Protestant (Professional calling from God) and Russian Orthodox (merge of religious and national identity). Traditions are characterized by illustrations from the key documents representing local peculiarities of the Christian mindset. Being mutually interactive, these vectors open up unlimited ways to carry out practical Christian ministry both within the Church and outside its walls at the same time acting as preconditions for Christian social teaching and development of Caritative social work.


Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) comprise a population of patients that have a high likelihood of both surgical treatment at a young age and repetitive operative interventions. Therefore surgical procedures need to aim at minimizing operative trauma with best postoperative recovery. Minimally invasive techniques have been one of the major advancements in surgery in the last decades and are nowadays almost routinely performed in colorectal resections irrespective of underlying disease. However due to special disease related characteristics such as bowel stenosis, interenteric fistula, abscesses, malnutrition, repetitive surgeries, or immunosuppressive medications, patients with IBD represent a special cohort with specific needs for surgery. This review summarizes current evidence of minimally invasive surgery for patients with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis and gives an outlook on the future perspective of technical advances in this highly moving field with its latest developments in single port surgery, robotics and trans-anal techniques.


Given the designation of theatre as "the seeing place" (Aronson 2005: 2) and the strongly visual nature of scenography, we might wonder at how little consideration has been given so far to the act of looking, whether in scenographic studies or in theatre scholarship more generally. Yet concerns within wider cultural discourse about a dominance of the visual that "has its end in rapt, mindless fascination" (Jameson 1990: 1) have certainly influenced the way we conceptualize the visual dimension of theatre experience as "a medium of optical illusion" (Ranciere 2007: 272) and have marginalized scenography as mere decoration or as a distraction. But there are, to borrow from John Berger (1972), different ways of seeing scenography that reveal themselves in the act of looking. In this chapter I challenge dominant interpretations of the act of seeing in theatre by arguing for the explanatory power of a dynamic, embodied conceptualization of scenographic spectatorship centered on co-construction.


Cannon's view of the sympatico-adrenal system's functional role, the homeostatic concept and model, has been reexamined. The living being is an "open system" in which homeostasis, constancy of the internal psycho-chemical conditions, is essential for survival. This constancy is threatened by endangering stimuli. To safeguard it, physiological regulatory processes, work for stability, utility, and coordination: the body is wise. Along this teleological view, the sympathetic nervous system is the most important homeostatic agent. Sympathectomized animals, however, showed no evidence of instability of the fluid matrix. Cannon concluded that the sympathetic system is not essential for life and in emergency function is its main value for the individual. Homeostatic and emergency theory, when analyzed, reveal profoundly contradictory aspects. Emergency function cannot be interpreted homeostatically, because, in emergencies, is the sympathetic system which promotes changes, rather than resists them. Sympathectomized animals do not lack constancy of the fluid matrix; they lack rather the possibility to compensate, along patterns of responses, the internal organization of the visceral apparatus. In strong emotional reactions, moreover, it is the sympathetic system itself which may induce marked derangements in visceral function that damage the organism's stability. The a priori accepted view that all physiological regulatory processes, by necessity, work for the welfare of the body - the teleological explanation - masked the experimental evidence. The conclusion is drawn that homeostatic and emergency theories described only in part the functional role of the sympathetic nervous system in all its possible functional expressions.


Protium santamariae is described and illustrated. The new species is restricted to the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica but shares morphological similarities with two South American species, P. kleinii and P. krukoffii . We provide a description, a distribution map, notes on its taxonomy, and a key to distinguish it from morphologically similar species.


Transformational leadership is highly recognised for bringing change to organisations and for its significant positive effects on employee satisfaction and development, developing self-management teams and organisational effectiveness, and contributing to innovation and creativity. Yet there has been relatively little research on how transformational leadership actually works. It has been well established that a continuously evolving organisation is one that can truly learn. However, little is known about the role of knowledge and learning in promoting change. Consequently, one of the major management challenges is to understand management's role in organisational change and business success. It has been found that the reaction of learning organisations In response to external environment not only positively impacts the performance of the organisation but also enhances job satisfaction and performance among employees. Despite the critical importance of transfonnational leaders in leading and developing organisations and the significance of transforming organisations into learning organisations, the area of research that covers the role of leaders in developing an organisation that can truly learn (learning organisation) has not been covered to a significant degree. This research study investigates the effect of the transformational leadership components developed by Bass (1990, 1985) on the disciplines of Learning Organisations developed by Senge (1990). It investigates proposals for transformational leadership to better lead Learning Organisations. To this end, 37 semi-structured and unstructured interviews were conducted in five learning organisations in Jordan. 1'his research is qualitative in nature and utilises an interpretative approach in studying and analysing the five cases studied. In general, research findings confirmed the few previous findings indicating that transformational leadership has a significant positive effect on Learning Organisations. However, this research investigates the specific effect of each of the components of transformational leadership on the five disciplines of Learning Organisations. Research findings suggest that Idealised Influence has a positive impact on the development of Shared Vision, Intellectual Stimulation has a positive impact on the development of the Mental Model, and Individualised Consideration has a positive effect on developing Personal Mastery. Additionally, findings suggest two points that ought to be considered by transformational leadership to effectively lead Learning Organisations: 1) transformational leadership should be a culture; and 2) transformational leadership should be governed by integrity and ethics. The research also identifies the effect of some variables such as size, age, field of work and gender composition on the findings of this research. T'he research also explores the implications of its findings on leaders 1n organizational life and makes recommendations for future studies. Findings are to be limited to Jordan. However, the finding suggesting that transformational leadership should be governed by integrity and ethics can be applied to a much wider setting.


Background: Lead is one of the main environmental contaminants that can threaten living organisms in many ways. Lead toxicity may affect multiple organs of human body and is associated with a number of physiological, biochemical, and morphological alterations.

Aims and Objective: To investigate the risk that may result from exposure to different doses of lead acetate on the body weight and the weight of different organs, hematological indices, and the functions of liver and kidney.

Materials and Methods: The experiment was performed on 80 mice. They were divided into four groups. The first group represented the healthy control animals, while groups II, III, and IV were given sublethal doses of lead acetate (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mg/kg body weight, respectively) in drinking water for 12 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, blood was collected and used for hematological and biochemical analysis.

Result: The results indicated that mice treated with lead acetate showed significant reduction in total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared with the healthy control ones while there were significant elevations in total leukocyte count and the amount of platelets. The results also showed significant increase in the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase, indicating liver dysfunction. In addition, the serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine were also increased indicating renal deficiency.

Conclusion: Treatment with lead acetate at low doses has harmful effects on experimental animals and induced hematological and biochemical alterations. Therefore, this study advises people to avoid any exposure to this toxic metal to prevent its hazardous effects on health.


A new class of routing structures with fixed orthogonal wire segments and field programmable switches at the intersections of the wire segments is proposed. In comparison with the conventional two-dimensional field-programmable gate array (FPGA) routing structure, this class of routing structures has the advantage of using a smaller number of active programmable switches. An existing field-programmable interconnect chip (EPIC) routing structure can be included as a special case in our class of routing structures. Using a probabilistic model, we prove that complete routing can be achieved with a high degree of probability in a routing structure of this class in which the number of tracks in each channel approaches the lower bound asymptotically. We present a sequential routing algorithm based on the solution of the single net routing problem. We take into account the delay introduced by the active programmable switches on a routing path and formulate the single net routing problem as a node-weighted Steiner minimum tree (NWSMT) problem in a bipartite graph G. Since our single net routing problem is NP-complete, a polynomial time approximate algorithm is proposed. We prove that our single net routing algorithm produces an optimal solution for some special classes of bipartite graphs. In general, the solution obtained by our algorithm has a performance bound of min{Δ(V\Z,|Z|-1}. In addition, we also prove that it is NP-complete to determine a solution that approximates the optimal solution within any constant bound. Experimental results for several industrial circuits show a reduction of up to 41% in the number of active programmable switches when compared with corresponding results for the conventional FPGA routing structure.


[Abstract] An electrodeless electric thruster, in which power is supplied via Electron-Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) absorption of RF waves by the propellant gas, has been tested at the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The plasma is confined radially by an axial dc magnetic field applied through a series of water-cooled coils around the resonance chamber. The B-field is maintained at the strength required for ECR in the central part of the chamber (the ECR zone), with stronger magnetic mirrors at the ends. The plasma is ejected into the vacuum chamber through the downstream magnetic mirror, which acts as a magnetic nozzle. The Radio Frequency (RF) waves that power the thruster are launched axially into the resonance chamber and couple very strongly with the Argon plasma. Electron


Due to its ethical, motivational and volitional aspects, the notion of transpersonal gratitude presents an interesting perspective on the value-action gap, which remains a continuing challenge for a performative environmental ethics. Ontological gratitude moreover is found to form a part of very different outlooks on the world, whether religious-spiritual, agnostic or atheist. In this article, results from recent empirical psychological studies are brought into dialogue with philosophical-ethical reflection on gratitude, in particular with William Desmond's "ethics of generosity." Suggesting a transformative dynamics that involves humility, gratitude, and generosity, it could assist in understanding what drives certain people towards more sustained pro-environmental behavior.


This paper reports on a quasi-experimental study on the effect of vocabulary practice using the Moodle Quiz module on students' vocabulary learning. Two intact classes including 73 tenth graders were randomly assigned as the experimental group and the control group. Both groups received formal face-to-face English instruction based on an English textbook for tenth Graders. The difference is that the control group did the usual paper-based vocabulary quizzes, whereas the experimental group worked on the same quizzes which were manipulated by Moodle Quiz. Vocabulary achievement tests were administered to measure the vocabulary retention of the participants before the intervention, at the end, and after a delayed period. The results showed that the experimental group had better vocabulary retention than the control group. Cohen's effect size test further indicated that the effect on vocabulary retention was of a large degree. Further exploration showed that the participants were engaged and motivated to practice vocabulary on Moodle. Findings of the study and confirm the effectiveness of blended learning in EFL instruction, and lend support to the use of technology to compensate limited classroom instruction, and create enhanced practice opportunities


We settle some open problems regarding RPI-norms, i.e. norms (on a convenient subspace of differentiable real functions) that are invariant under differentiable reparametrizations. More precisely, we clarify some key points on how RPI-norms can be approximated using standard RPI-norms. We first prove that the sum of two standard RPI-norms is the supremum of a set of standard RPI-norms. This allows us to study a class of RPI-norms that can be expressed as the sup of standard ones. Finally, we give a positive answer to an open question on the existence of RPI-norms that are not the sup of standard RPI-norms.


Medical students' attitudes towards psychiatry before and after their final (sixth) year psychiatric clerkship at a large psychiatric hospital were measured. We anticipated that exposure to severe, chronic psychiatric illness would affect student attitudes, and we undertook this study to investigate the direction and parameters of attitude change. However, no significant change in attitude was found. Variables considered included the students' interest in a career in psychiatry, their perception of the adequacy of their psychiatric training, their final examination results, and the gender of students and preceptors, none of which were found to correlate with attitudes.


IMORPHĒ is a significantly extended version of MORPHĒ, a morphology description compiler. MORPHĒ's morphology description language is based on two constructs: 1) a morphological form hierarchy, whose nodes relate and differentiate surface forms in terms of the common and distinguishing inflectional features of lexical items; and 2) transformational rules, attached to leaf nodes of the hierarchy, which generate the surface form of an item from the base form stored in the lexicon. While MORPHĒ's approach to morphology description is intuitively appealing and was successfully used for generating the morphology of several European languages, its application to Modern Standard Arabic yielded morphological descriptions that were highly complex and redundant. Previous modifications and enhancements attempted to capture more elegantly and concisely different aspects of the complex morphology of Arabic, finding theoretical grounding in Lexeme-Based Morphology. Those extensions are being incorporated in a more flexible and less ad hoc fashion in IMORPHĒ, which retains the unique features of our previous work but embeds them in an inheritance-based framework in order to achieve even more concise and modular morphology descriptions and greater runtime efficiency, and lays the groundwork for IMORPHĒ to become an analyzer as well as a generator. 1 Work on EMORPHĒ and IMORPHĒ has been partially supported by grant OISE-0107369 from the National Science Foundation.


Grid computing aims to realize a high-performance computing environment, while increasing the usage efficiency of installed resources. This puts considerable constraints on the network technology, and ultimately has led to the development of Grids over optical networks. In this paper, we investigate the fundamental question of how to optimize the performance of such Grid networks. We start with an analysis of different architectural approaches (and their respective technological choices) to integrate Grid computing with optical networks. This results in models and algorithms to design optical Grid networks, and we show the importance to combine both dimensioning (offline) and scheduling (online) in the design phase of such systems. Finally, the concept of anycast routing is introduced and motivated. Both exact and heuristic algorithms are proposed, and their performance in terms of blocking probability and latency is presented.


Aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) has a key role in the neoplastic process associated with the epigenetic patterns of tumor-related genes. The present study was performed to investigate the effects and determine the mechanism of action of the HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid (VPA), on the CAL27 cell line derived from oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The effects of VPA on the viability of CAL27 cells were investigated using MTT assays. Alterations in the cell cycle and apoptosis were also examined using propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-PI assays, and were subequently analyzed by flow cytometry. Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-related genes were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. In addition, the effects of VPA were assessed using a xenograft model in vivo. The present results demonstrated significant dose-dependent inhibition of cell viability following VPA treatment. Treatment with VPA increased the distribution of CAL27 cells in the G1 phase and reduced cells in the S phase, and significantly increased the expression levels of SUMO1 and SUMO2 (P<0.01). Using a xenograft model, the mean tumor volume in VPA-treated animals was demonstrated to be significantly reduced, and the rate of apoptosis was significantly increased, as compared with the control animals. These results suggested that VPA may regulate SUMOylation, producing an anticancer effect in vivo. Further investigation into the role of VPA in tumorigenesis may identify novel therapeutic targets for OSCC.


The glaciers of Glacier National Park (GNP) are disappearing rapidly and likely will be gone by 2030. These alpine glaciers have been continuously present for approximately 7,000 years so their loss from GNP in another 25 years underscores the significance of current climate change. There are presently only 27 glaciers remaining of the 150 estimated to have existed when GNP was created in 1910. Mean annual temperature in GNP has increased 1.6 0 C during the past century, three times the global mean increase. The temperature increase has affected other parts of the mountain ecosystem, too. Snowpacks hold less water equivalent and melt 2+ weeks earlier in the spring. Forest growth rates have increased, alpine treelines have expanded upward and become denser, and subalpine meadows have been invaded by high elevation tree species. These latter responses can be mostly attributed to longer growing seasons and warmer temperatures. Ecosystem modeling of possible future changes in the GNP mountain environments suggest that increased tree growth rates and evapotranspiration will reduce soil moisture and streamflow. The drier forests, with more wood, will burn more frequently and with greater severity, leading to degradation in air quality and increased risk to people and infrastructure. Management of forest fires is an important issue in the arid western United States. In 2003, 13% of GNP's 4,082 km 2 was burned in three large fires and numerous smaller fires. Managers can accomplish some of their goals, such as preserving threatened wildlife populations, by altering their management of fires. In 2003, intense efforts were successfully made to divert the fires away from valuable grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis) habitat that contained huckleberry plants (Vaccinium spp.) necessary to ensure bear survival through the winter.


The oligomeric state of the proteolipid subunit of V-ATPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied using hemagglutinine (HA) epitope-tag. Like with several other highly hydrophobic proteins, the proteolipid tends to aggregate in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). We observed that the oligomeric state of the proteolipid predetermined its tendency for aggregation. Recently we discovered a novel V-ATPase subunit, denoted as M16 for the mammalian enzyme and Vma10p for the yeast enzyme, that is homologous to the b subunit of the membrane sector of F-ATPases. It is assumed that the structure of Vma10p resembles that of subunit b which is basically two anti parallel helices. We mutated the VMA10 gene to change charges on the protein in helices and to introduce helix braking instead of helix forming amino acids. The functionality of the mutated VMA10 was analyzed by growing the transformed yeast cells on a YPD medium buffered at pH 7.5. Two inactive site-directed mutants we used for obtaining second-site suppressors. Mutagenesis with EMS was utilized to get an equal chance of obtaining intra and extragene second-site suppressors. To our surprise the number of colonies that grew at pH 7.5 was too large to account for mutations in V-ATPase subunits. Apparently, mutations that are situated in genes that do not encode V-ATPase subunits could reverse the phenotype of V-ATPase null mutations resulting in growth at pH 7.5. The large number of colonies that grew at pH 7.5 after EMS treatment suggest a big complex with multiple subunits as a target for mutagenesis. The observed phenomenon is very intriguing. If the responsible protein complex is identified, it may shed light on an important and novel cell biology subject.


Fistula in ano is an abnormal hollow inflammatory tract or cavity that is lined with unhealthy granulation tissue. Sushruta described satponaka bhagandara as paka pidikann (ripened blister), daruna ruja (severe pain), bhinna aruna phena vahini(when the blister open it presents reddish yellow with frothy discharges), aneka vrana(many openings) etc. This study aims at diagnosing a case of satponaka bhagandara and treating it with integrated approach and assessing the result using TRUS (Transrectal ultrasonography). A 47 year old male patient visited in out patient department of Shalya tantra having complaints of 6 to 7 boils at his perianal region, since two year and pus discharge for last 6 months. On examination, the case was diagnosed as satponaka bhagandara (anterior horseshoe fistula with multiple openings). All external fistulous tracks were partially excised and ksharsootra was inserted in rest of the track. Post operative dressing was done using apamarga kshar pichu and humari oil. Post operative wound was assessed weekly. On second week assessment, slough had decreased, serous discharge was present, there was no induration and wound size was approximatly 38.7cm2. Wound healed by 9 week completely, follow-up was taken after one month and then after one year healthy scar was seen, sphincter tone was within normal limit and there was no evidence of fistula. This case study revealed that anterior horse shoe
fistula-in-ano with multiple openings can be managed by partial fistulectomy and Apamarga based ksharsootra along with the adjuvent drugs like humari oil and apmarga kshar.


By using recently determined experimental phase equilibria we show that the viscosity of granitic magmas emplaced at upper crustal levels is approximately constant at -• 104.5 Pa s, irrespective of their temperature and level of emplacement. Magmas crystallizing as granitic plutons are not water-poor and thus not more viscous than their extrusive equivalents. Instead, comparison between pre-eruption magma viscosities of extrusive silicic-intermediate and intrusive granitic magmas shows that the former are on average slightly more viscous. Given the typical strain rates in silicic magma chambers, magma rheological behavior is expected to be dominantly Newtonian, bubbles having a minor rheological influence at depth although exceptions can exist. Thus whether a silicic-intermediate magma is erupted or frozen at depth depends primarily on the rheological properties of surrounding terranes or on external tectonic factors, but not on the rheology of the magma itself. However, preeruptive viscosities of extrusive magmas rarely exceed 106 Pa.s, which suggests that crystal-melt mushes with higher viscosities cannot leave the magma storage regions beneath volcanoes. The narrow range of viscosities displayed by silicic- intermediate magmas results from both the strong control that pressure exerts on volatile solubilities in silicate melts and thermal limitations required to produce acid magmas. Considerations of the relationships between magma crystallinities, bulk SiO2, and preeruptive melt H20 contents show that the higher the melt H20 content is the higher the maximum crystallinity that a given magma will be while still being potentially erupted. An empirical correlation is proposed that enables us to estimate preeruptive melt H:O contents of erupted magmas by knowing their crystallinity and bulk SiO:.


Phase Measuring Deflectometry is a highly precise and full-field measurement technique suitable for specular surfaces. Typically, computer displays are used to provide reference patterns whose distortions, when observed as reflections at the surface under test, provide the information to determine its shape. During the evaluation, an ideal display is usually assumed, ignoring properties like shape deviation with respect to a plane. Such deviations, however, limit the accuracy of this technique. To provide a starting point for the development of a more sophisticated evaluation technique, this paper presents our models and results for the simulation of non-ideal display properties in deflectometry. Our simulations contain the geometrical calibration of components of our setup as well as the shape measurement. Evaluations are based on global deviations of the measured surface. The display properties under consideration are investigated individually as well as in combination. As a result of our model-based investigation, we find that shape deviations of the display are the most dominant influence when measuring the global shape of the surface under test while the influence of angle-dependent emission characteristics of the display is neglectable.


We have observed the relativistic binary pulsar PSR J1141−6545 over a period of ∼6 yr using the Parkes 64 m radio telescope, with a focus on modelling the diffractive intensity scintillations to improve the accuracy of the astrometric timing model. The long-term scintillation, which shows orbital and annual variations, allows us to measure parameters that are difficult to measure with pulsar timing alone. These include: the orbital inclination i, the longitude of the ascending node Ω, and the pulsar system transverse velocity. We use the annual variations to resolve the previous ambiguity in the sense of the inclination angle. Using the correct sense, and a prior probability distribution given by a constraint from pulsar timing (i = 73 ± 3°), we find Ω = 24.8 ± 1.8° and we estimate the pulsar distance to be $D=10^{+4}_{-3}$ kpc. This then gives us an estimate of this pulsar's proper motion of μαcos δ = 2.9 ± 1.0 mas yr−1 in right ascension and μδ = 1.8 ± 0.6 mas yr−1 in declination. Finally, we obtain measurements of the spatial structure of the interstellar electron-density fluctuations, including: the spatial scale and anisotropy of the diffraction pattern, the distribution of scattering material along the line of sight, and spatial variation in the strength of turbulence from epoch to epoch. We find that the scattering is dominated by a thin screen at a distance of (0.724 ± 0.008)D, with an anisotropy axial ratio Ar = 2.14 ± 0.11.


We present electrochemical impedance spectra made on gold alloy containing 30% silver electrodes of various roughnesses in aqueous perchlorate acid solution as supporting electrolyte in the absence and in the presence of mM of specifically adsorbed halide ions X (X = Br - , Cl - , I - ), at potentials where the dominant electrode process is the adsorption of the above anions. Efforts were mainly concentrated on the importance of surface preparation technique of the electrode and its influence on impedance spectra. Atomic scale inhomogeneities are introduced by mechanical treatment and can be decreased by annealing. Due to the annealing the double layer behaves as (almost) an ideal capacitance in the absence of specific adsorption though the surface roughness remains the same. A study of the related impedance behaviour in the presence of adsorbates even at very low concentrations (10 -4 M), revealed capacitance dispersion increasing with the extent of specific anion adsorption at the gold/silver surface.


This research aims to: (1) develop multimedia for reading instruction for the ninth grade students at SMPN 1 Kalasan and (2) find out the quality of multimedia for reading instruction for the ninth grade students at SMPN 1 Kalasan.
This research was categorized as research and development (R & D). The procedure and model of R & D cycle used in this research was adapted from Lee & Owens (2004). The development of multimedia was conducted in four stages, they were: analysis, design, development, and evaluation and revision. The first stage was conducting needs analysis. The design stage consisted of three steps. They were course grid design, flowchart design, and story board design. The development stage included material development and instructional multimedia development. The evaluation and revision stage consisted of four steps. They were validation from content and media experts, product revision, try-out, and final product revision. The try out involved three stages: one-to-one evaluation, small-group evaluation, and field trial. Data were obtained through questionnaire. The collected data were in the form of scores, comments, and suggestion that were analyzed by means of descriptive statistics.
The findings of this research are: (1) multimedia for reading instruction that had been developed based on the students needs including target needs and learning needs, and consisted of some components including Opening Slide, Start, Title Slide, Main Menu (User Guide, Introduction, Materials, Evaluation and Profile), and Exit button. (2) the quality of the developed multimedia for reading instruction for the ninth grade students at SMPN 1 Kalasan was categorized as "good" in term of instructional and material aspect (with average scores 4.17 and 4.10) respectively, and "excellent" in term of media aspect (average score 4.23). In term of those three aspects, the developed computer-based multimedia was categorized "good" with the average score 4.16.


The original registration procedure for formal Uniform Resource Name
(URN) namespaces required IETF Consensus. That requirement discouraged
some registrations and increased the risk for problems that could
occur as a result. The requirements have now been changed by RFC 8141,
which adopts a different model, focusing on encouraging registration
and publication of information for all appropriate namespaces. This
document clarifies the status of relevant older RFCs and confirms and
documents advice to IANA about selected existing registrations. This
document also obsoletes RFCs 3044 and 3187 and moves them to Historic
status. These RFCs describe the ISSN and ISBN namespaces, which are
now outdated because the descriptions reside in registration
templates.


We propose that there is a dominant analytical mindset (DAM) influencing employee turnover scholarship. We broaden the conceptualization of analytical mindsets to incorporate elements of research design, data collection, and measurement in addition to analytical strategies, and we argue that analytical mindsets are manifested in the methodological choices scholars make as shown in the research published in influential management journals. We content analyze the methods and theory of 447 empirical turnover studies over the past 52 years to uncover these mindsets and find evidence supporting the existence of a DAM. We further argue that, analogous to a physical dam, this DAM may be slowing theoretical progress in at least two ways: by constraining the conceptualization of research questions, variables, and relationships and by encouraging research practices that constrain explanatory power. We provide specific recommendations for shifting analytical mindsets to facilitate the flow of new perspectives in employee turnover research. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This article aims to present and analyse some examples of translation and criticism of Danish literature in Brazil. It will demonstrate that the dialogue between Denmark and Brazil in the literary field has more eventful a history than one can imagine at first. Translation and criticism are regarded as two complementary ways to disseminate a literature in foreign places. To the reader who knows little or nothing about the reception of Danish literature in Brazil, this article can provide the initial elements for a further research. There is not any attempt towards comprehensiveness, and this article remains a discrete look of its author's over the reception of Danish literature in Brazil.


Due to the multiple loci control nature of complex phenotypes, there is great interest to test markers simultaneously instead of one by one. In this paper, we compare three model selection methods for genome wide association studies using simulations: the Stochastic Search Variable Selection (SSVS), the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and the Elastic Net. We also apply the three methods to identify genetic variants that are associated with daunorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. The simulation studies were performed by using the genotype data of 60 unrelated individuals from the CEU population in the Hapmap project. For the cytotoxicity data, we used 3,967,790 markers across the whole genome for 56 unrelated individuals from the CEU population. Using Sure Independence Screening as the pre-screening procedure, the SSVS gives a small model while the LASSO gives an intermediate sized model and the Elastic Net provides a large model. The three models share many common markers although the model sizes are different. The model sizes are subject to various cutoffs and parameters. The SSVS outperforms the LASSO and the Elastic Net in simulation studies. We also demonstrate the ability of the SSVS, the LASSO, and the Elastic Net to handle the situation when the number of markers is larger than the number of samples.


The discourse of the 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalized World represents a radical departure from that of the Ottawa Charter that, in 1986, staked a place for the health promotion field in mainstream public health. Via a critical analysis of the discourse in these two Charters, this paper illustrates a shift from a 'new social movements' discourse of ecosocial justice in Ottawa to a 'new capitalist' discourse of law and economics in Bangkok. The Bangkok Charter's content may identify 'actions, commitments and pledges required to address the determinants of health in a globalized world through health promotion', but this paper shows how its discourse works to naturalize and perpetuate many of detrimental determinants associated with 'globalization'.


The field of biological imaging has evolved considerably during the past decade as a result of recent (r)evolutions in fluorescence labeling and optical microscopy. Bioimage informatics has been identified as a top priority to cope with the ever-increasing amount of microscopy data. The challenges and opportunities for researchers in image and signal processing are manyfold. They span the areas of mathematical imaging, with problems such as denoising, 3D deconvolution and super-resolution localization, as well as image analysis for the segmentation, detection and recognition of biological structures in 3-D. The dynamic aspect of the data requires the development of novel algorithms for tracking fluorescent particles and analyzing high-throughput microscopy data (labeling of cells, phenotyping, extraction of gene expression profiles). A crucial aspect of bioimage informatics is making image analysis tools available to biologists so that they can be applied to real data and used on a routine basis. Developers may benefit from open-source frameworks and international initiative such as OBIA for easying-up this process and creating collaboration networks with biologists.


Hydrogen is being considered as a primary automotive fuel and as a replacement for conventional fuels. Some of the desirable properties, like high flame velocity, high calorific value motivate to use hydrogen fuel in a dual fuel mode in diesel engine. In this experiment the hydrogen was inducted in the inlet manifold with intake air. The experiments were conducted on a four stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection (DI), diesel engine at a speed of 1500 rpm. Hydrogen was stored in a high pressure cylinder and supplied to inlet manifold through water and air based flame arrestor. The pressure regulator was used to reduce the cylinder pressure from 140 bar to 2 bar. The hydrogen was inducted with various volume flow rates namely 4lpm, 6lpm and 8lpm respectively by digital volume flow meter. The engine performance, emission and combustion parameters were analyzed at various flow rates of hydrogen and compared with diesel fuel operation. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) increased and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) decreased for hydrogen flow rate of 8lpm as compared to diesel and lower volume flow rate of hydrogen. The hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) decreased and the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) increased for higher volume flow rate of hydrogen compared to diesel and lower volume flow rate of hydrogen. The heat release rate and cylinder pressure increased for higher volume flow rate of hydrogen compared to diesel and lower volume flow rate of hydrogen.


Abstract : In the new security environment, the U.S. military's deployments and operations will reflect a greater strategic concern with the balance of power along the long arc of the Mediterranean-Indo-Pacific littoral than on the balance between the major continental powers on the Eurasian land mass. The balance of power on the Eurasian land mass will remain important, but it will also remain stable without significant U.S. military support or intervention because Russia, China, India, and Germany are all likely to remain secure from major attack by their landward neighbors. Russia, China, and India are all nuclear powers and likely to remain so, and therefore enjoy the ultimate security from invasion and occupation that nuclear forces provide. On the other hand, though a unified Germany no longer requires U.S. military support to defend its borders from conventional attack, it remains a non-nuclear power. Here, its membership in NATO compensates by substituting collective for national security, both protecting Germany from nuclear attack and reducing the instabilities that might result from a more independent exercise of its conventional military power. A greater strategic and military focus on the balance of power along the littoral between Gibraltar and the Sea of Japan will confront the United States with near term challenges that can already be identified with some precision, and though there is much about the distant term that is more uncertain, at least one of these near term challenges will likely remain a major strategic and military constraint. The constant theme in both the near and distant security environment is the challenge of rapidly deploying and sustaining decisive military power over intercontinental distances without assured access to bases ashore in the region of concern.


A Model of Grammatical Category Acquisition in the Spanish Language Using Adaptation and Selection Camille L. Judd Department of Communication Disorders, BYU Master of Science Most typically developing children have achieved a knowledge of the grammatical categories of the words in their native language by school age. To model this achievement, researchers have developed a variety of explicit, testable models or algorithms which have had partial but promising success in extracting the grammatical word categories from the transcriptions of caregiver input to children. Additional insight into children's learning of the grammatical categories of words might be obtained from an application of evolutionary computing algorithms, which simulate principles of evolutionary biology such as variation, adaptive change, self-regulation, and inheritance. Thus far, however, this approach has only been applied to English language corpora. The current thesis applied such a model to corpora of language addressed to five Spanish-speaking children, whose ages ranged from 0;11 to 4;8 (years; months). The model evolved dictionaries which linked words to their grammatical tags and was run for 5000 cycles; four different rates of mutation of offspring dictionaries were assessed. The accuracy for coding the words in the corpora of language addressed to the children peaked at about 85%. Directions for further development and evaluation of the model and its application to Spanish language corpora are suggested.


Electronic Business or eBusiness over the Internet
enables businesses (whether large or small) to do
more than buying or selling their products and
services. eBusiness is now including all network
based transactions, collaborations, and interactions with customers, suppliers, and business partners.Given the economic dominance of Western economies in fields such as eBusiness, a number of questions arise associated with the suitability of lessons learned in the West to eBusiness developments in Thailand.In particular, the authors have noted that most existing eBusiness adoptions are designed to cater for businesses in Western countries; and this raises the question of whether these adoptions are suited to businesses in Thailand.In this regard, the authors are of the opinion that a study explicitly on eBusiness is required to assist businesses
in Thailand to adopt and engage in eBusiness
successfully. The research findings provide the
foundation for future research aimed at developing a framework to guide businesses in Thailand, to
successfully implement the new generation of
eBusiness activities, which include sCommerce
(Social Commerce) and sBusiness (Social Business).


The key points of the transformations that social media have generated in the field of political information are identified. Social media consolidation is bringing with it a new, more hybrid communicative environment and a logic based on new principles and operating criteria that affect the entire informative process. Therefore, the impact of digital platforms on the production, distribution, and consumption of political information is examined from a critical literature review. To conclude, an approach to pending future challenges for research in this highly dynamic field is offered.


A non-Riemannian geometrical approach to the investigation of an acoustic black hole in irrotational mean flows, based on the Lighthill vortex sound theory is given. This additional example of analog gravity based on classical fluids is used to investigate the acoustic Lorentz violation. An example is given where the contortion vector is distributed along a ring inside the fluid which can be gravitational analog of the torsion thick string spacetime defect. It is found that the linear background flow velocity approximation, acoustic Lorentz symmetry is breaking by the acoustic Cartan contortion in analogy to the spontaneous gravitational Lorentz breaking in Riemann-Cartan spacetime discovered recently by Kostelecky. Although the acoustic torsion appears in the fiducial observer acceleration it is not present in surface gravity of the acoustic black hole and we conclude that, as far as the present model is concerned, the acoustic contortion does not contributes to Hawking radiation. Departamento de F́ısica Teórica Instituto de F́ısica UERJ Rua São Fco. Xavier 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Maracanã, CEP:20550-003 , Brasil. E-Mail.: email@example.com


SUMMARY Aim of the study: The primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix is a rare tumor. We describe three cases and register the tumoris annual incidence in our state. Methodology: We studied 3596 appendicectomy specimens (1/1/1990 n 31/12/2002) from the two hospitals of the prefecture of Aitoloakarnania (Western Greece). Results: We diagnosed 3 cases of the tumor (percentage 0.08%). The annual icidence in our state is 0.115 cases/ 100.000 persons/year (the estimated annual incidence for the total population of Greece is 11,5 cases/year). The mean age of our patients was 66.3 years. The preoperative diagnosis was acute appendicitis in two and caecum tumor in the other. In all, the definitive operation was a right hemicolectomy. Two patients had Dukes B tumors and the other, who died 15 days postoperatively, Dukes C. The two living patients are healthy without tumor reccurence, 15 and 60 months postoperatively. Conclusion: The primary adenocarcinoma of the appendix: a. is very rare , b. affects both sexes in the fifth to sixth decade of their life, c. is diagnosed preoperatively with extreme difficulty, d. frequently gives ovarian metastases and coexists with other primary malignancy, and e. has


The radiation of Hertzian dipoles (vertical electric and magnetic and horizontal electric and magnetic) with impulsive currents in the presence of a nondispersive dielectric half-space is considered. By taking the inverse Fourier transform of the Sommerfeld integrals, exact closed-form solutions are obtained for particular locations of source and observation points. These solutions contain doublet and delta singularities whose magnitudes and arrival times are determined by geometrical optics followed by smoothly decaying waveforms whose final values are determined by static theory.


The extent to which opposition movements engaged in contention are able to broaden the scope of their struggle has garnered the attention of scholars of ethnic conflict, social movements, and contentious politics alike. The ability to broaden the scope of contention is known as scale shift. It is of paramount importance in cases of ethnonationalist movements, given the nature of their claims and the oppressive and repressive sociopolitical setting in which they are often situated. Our study advances social movement theory by developing a more nuanced understanding of the process by analyzing rich historical evidence from a failed attempt of scale shift: the case of Israeli-Arab 1976 Land Day. Utilizing Tarrow and McAdam's (2003) model, we analyze scale shift and its constituent mechanisms of brokerage and diffusion as they operate across different political opportunity structures and encounter different levels and types of repression. Based on our findings, we modify the model by highlighting a set of intermediary mechanisms, namely individualization, segmentation, resource restriction, exclusion, co-optation, defection, and internalization/externalization. We argue that these intermediary mechanisms largely account for the failure of scale shift in the specific repressive settings of the Arab minority in Israel.


. We consider two C 0 -semigroups ( e tA ) t ≥ 0 and ( e tB ) t ≥ 0 on func- tion spaces (or, more generally, on Banach lattices) and analyse eventual domination between them in the sense that (cid:12)(cid:12) e tA f (cid:12)(cid:12) ≤ e tB | f | for all sufficiently large times t . We characterise this behaviour and prove a number of theoret- ical results which complement earlier results given by Mugnolo and the second author in the special case where both semigroups are positive for large times. Moreover, we study the analogous question of whether the resolvent of B eventually dominates the resolvent of A close to the spectral bound of B . This is closely related to the so-called maximum and anti-maximum principles. In order to demonstrate how our results can be used, we include several applications to concrete differential operators. At the end of the paper, we demonstrate that eventual positivity of the resolvent of a semigroup generator is closely related to eventual positivity of the Ces`aro means of the associated semigroup.


The incidence of infective endocarditis (20 to 160 cases per million inhabitants yearly) increases with age; it does not seem to be decreasing over time. There is no previously known heart disease in 30% of the patients, a native valve disease in 30 to 60%, a prosthetic valve in 15-20%. Streptococci remain the leading microorganisms. Digestive streptococci and staphylococci are increasing. Iatrogenic portals of entry are in progression. During the hospital stay, case fatality ratio varies from 13 to 20%. After endocarditis, the patient remains at risk of late cardiac surgery and of recurrence. Survival after 5 years is approximately 85%.


Summary: This report describes the assignment of the nature and number of solvent molecules in the refinement of several solvated crystal structures without a prior knowledge of the solvent system used for crystallization for the cases when the solvent molecule cannot be properly modeled. The solvent molecules can be assigned even for twinned crystal structures.


A few of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) compounds have been discovered for their aggregation induced emission enhancement (AIEE). To understand the AIEE mechanism, an ESIPT compound BTHPB (N-(4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-hydroxyphenyl)benzamide) with simple structure was designed and synthesized. BTHPB showed apparent AIEE property and the emission efficiency was observed as high as 0.27 in the aggregates. On the basis of viscochromism experiments and calculations employing the linear coupling model, the restriction of the rotation between the two subunits taken place in ESIPT was considered as the main factor for the AIEE. The micro- and femtosecond transient absorption experiments offered evidence for the considerations. Additionally, we also observed a negative effect of aggregation on the fluorescence emission in the system. So the AIEE of ESIPT compound BTHPB originated from the combination effects of positive and negative factors induced by the aggregation.


1. Splenectomy in the rat results in a marked elevation in the number of circulating leukocytes and platelets.

2. Transient suppression of the leukocytosis may result from the presence of a 10 per cent splenic implant, either free in the peritoneal cavity or enclosed in a Millipore diffusion chamber.

3. Marked and persistent suppression of postsplenectomy thrombocytosis results from the presence of a 10 per cent splenic implant, whether free or enclosed in a 0.45 µ Millipore diffusion chamber.

4. The results provide indirect evidence of a humoral substance produced by rat spleen which influences platelet levels; presumably this substance acts by suppressing thrombopoiesis.


An abnormal increase in osteoclast differentiation and activation results in various bone-resorptive diseases, including periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoporosis. Chemical compounds containing pyrimidine ring have been shown to regulate a variety of biological processes. Therefore, in order to identify an antiresorptive agent, we synthesized a series of pyrimidine ring-containing chemical compounds, and found that OCLI-023 suppressed the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts in vitro. OCLI-023 directly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced differentiation of bone marrow macrophages into osteoclasts, without a cytotoxic response. OCLI-023 also downregulated the RANKL-induced mRNA expression of osteoclast markers as well as inhibited the formation of actin rings and resorption pits. OCLI-023 attenuated the RANKL-induced activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling pathways. In a mouse model of periodontitis, ligature induced an increase of distance between cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC) in the second molar, and OCLI-023 significantly reduced it. Histological analysis showed ligature-induced increase of osteoclast numbers was also significantly reduced by OCLI-023. These data demonstrated the inhibitory effect of OCLI-023 on osteoclast differentiation and activity of osteoclasts in vitro, as well as on ligature-induced bone loss in vivo, and OCLI-023 can be proposed as a novel anti-resorptive compound.


The OPAL project is a partnership initiative designed to encourage the public to become more involved with the natural world. The partnership is funded by the Big Lottery Fund, led by Imperial College London, and is conducted throughout England. The project aims to involve the public in scientific research, resulting in a large volume of data to develop a greater understanding of the England's natural environment. In addition it aims to: encourage participation in outdoor activities; develop educational programmes for people of all ages and abilities; enthuse a new generation of environmentalists; and develop partnerships between the community, voluntary and statutory sectors. OPAL is delivered through nine regional programmes, five thematic Centres, and a Support system. University College London (UCL) leads the OPAL Water Centre, one of the thematic centres, which aims to investigate the condition of lakes and ponds in England with respect to pollution impacts. The research aims to identify the scale of contamination from trace metals and persistent organic pollutants, and the extent to which this pollution affects the freshwater ecosystem (Davies et al., 2011).


Purpose: To evaluate fluid absorbancy of retraction cords of different thickness after various medicament immersions. Materials and Methods: Ultrapak retraction cords of three different thicknesses (No. 000, 00, 0) with identical lengths (25 mm) were used. They were immersed in two different medicaments (25% aluminum chloride and saturated alum) for 20 min. Two different immersion fluids (artificial saliva and human plasma) were compared for fluid absorbancy. The capability of the cords to absorb fluids was measured by a gravimetric method. The data were analyzed by F test analysis and P Results: Regardless of the medicament used and immersion fluid, a relationship existed between cord thickness and the amount of fluid absorbed. There was a significant difference in the fluid absorbancy of all the three groups ( P P Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that fluid absorbancy increased in linear proportion to the increase in thickness of the retraction cord. Ultrapak (#0) when treated with alum showed most favorable results. All the cords absorbed artificial saliva more than plasma irrespective of cord thickness and medicament used.


Introduction: Textile wastewaters are heavily polluted with dyes and chemicals and have a broad range of pH, high COD concentration and suspended particles. In this study, the efficiency of color and turbidity removal from synthetic textile wastewaters were investigated by a combined process of coagulation/ flocculation and electron beam irradiation. Materials and Methods: The experiments have been done on model dye solution samples, which were prepared from ten dyes supplied from Yazd Baff factory. Aluminum sulphate was employed as coagulant. Then samples were irradiated by electron beam accelerator at different doses. Absorption spectra of the samples were measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The pH and turbidity values of the solutions were measured by a pH meter and turbidimeter. Results: According to results, the degree of decoloration and turbidity removal of synthetic dye solutions increased when the alum concentration increased and reached 64% and 90% respectively at 112 ppm of alum. After irradiation, it is observed that absorbance decreased rapidly at 540 nm by increasing the radiation dose because of macromolecules degradation and then it decreased slowly to a degree of decoloration of 95% at 3 kGy. The level of pH decreased by irradiation and then changed very slowly or remained constant with increasing irradiation dose. Conclusion: The results indicate that a combination of coagulation/ flocculation and irradiation is so effective for turbidity removal and decoloration. Coagulation process eliminates suspended particles from disperse dyes effectively, while destruction of soluble dye molecules happens by irradiation, which considerably increases decoloration efficiency.


Waterleaf (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd has long been eaten in Indonesia as vegetable and the main parts consumed are leaves and young shoots. Waterleaf is sticky presumably due to its pectin content which is associated to dietary fiber. The dietary fiber which was analyzed in the present study was influenced by cultivation practices. The aim of this research was to study the effect of organic and conventional fertilization as well as the seasonal changes to the level of TDF (total dietary fiber), IDF (insoluble dietary fiber), SDF (soluble dietary fiber), and pectic substances in waterleaf. This research was conducted in four phases: sample cultivation, sample preparation, chemical analysis, and data analysis. This research used five samples cultivated with 5 different compositions of organic fertilizers and vice versa for conventional fertilizers. The cultivation was done in the experimental field of University Farm, Bogor, Indonesia during rainy season and dry season. Samples were harvested 8 weeks after planted, dried using drying oven for 17 hours at 60°C, ground and filtered to 40 mesh; and kept at -10°C until analysis. The overall result showed that the conventional samples contain higher dietary fiber than the organically fertilized samples, except the pectic substances of plant in dry season. Although its IDF content is higher than the SDF, the SDF content of waterleaf is relatively high compared to other vegetables, especially in dry season.


Abstract Background Anaemia and diarrhoea are known independent causes of under-five morbidity and mortality. This study sought to investigate predictors of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea using the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS). Methods The study employed analysis of secondary data from the 2014 GDHS. We performed a multivariate complex sample logistic regression and spatial analysis. Results The weighted prevalence of comorbid anaemia and diarrhoea was 9.28% with the highest burden (16.45%) found in the Upper West region. Independent predictors (risk factors) of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea were children aged 6–23 mo (OR=2.17, 95% CI 1.42 to 3.33), male gender (OR=1.50, 95% C1 1.04 to 2.16), history of fever (OR=4.37, 95% CI 2.94 to 6.50) and living in a household with two children aged <5 y (OR=1.80, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.84). Protective factors were having a father with secondary or higher education (OR=0.57, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.97), living in a household with ≥6 members (OR=0.46, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.75) and living in a richer household (OR=0.38, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.89). Surface maps revealed inter-regional and subregional variations. Conclusion The study shows that the independent predictors of comorbid patterns of anaemia and diarrhoea among children aged <5 y in Ghana are age, gender, history of fever, the number of children aged <5 y in the household, parental education, household size and household wealth. The study identified zones to be targeted for cost-effective policy interventions.


Fast food is the food is packaged , easy to prepare , practical , or treated in a simple way . The food is generally produced by the food processing industry with high technology and provide a variety of additives to preserve and provide flavor to the product . Fast food is usually in the form of side dishes in packs , instant noodles, nuggets, or even corn flakes as food for breakfast. World Health Organization ( WHO ) and the Food and Agricultural Organization ( FAO ) states that the potential threat of food residues on human health are divided into 3 categories , namely : 1) toxicological aspects, 2) microbiological aspects, 3) imunopatologis aspects. Some of the negative effects of fast food are as follows : Increase the Risk of Heart Attack, Making Addicted, Enhance Weight Loss, Increases Cancer Risk, Trigger Diabetes, High Blood Pressure Triggering. Based on survey results, consumers generally a little more knowing that instant food or fast food often called the impact on health is not good , but for various reasons and considerations so forced and also must consume the fast food. It required the cooperation of all parties to avoid or at least minimize the impact of fast food or instant food on the health of consumers. Cooperation is required on the part of the consumer, the consumer must be selective and carefully selecting and sorting , where healthy food is consumed and where to eat less healthy or even harmful to health . Parties participating manufacturers must keep maintaining the health of the consumer , be careful in producing processed foods , should choose materials that are not harmful to health , must comply with the rules in force , not only concerned with their interests so that consumer interests are ignored . Goods sold are not worthy to be discarded or removed and not sold. Salatiga government should also play an active role in this regard . Tak ing into account the interests of consumers and also the interests of producers . Always keep an eye on the circulation of goods in the market , especially Pasar Raya I, always keep an eye on the manufacturer , control products are sold .


The relationship between impingement of the roof of the intercondylar notch on a reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament, and the subsequent stability and range of extension of the joint, was analyzed in forty-seven knees. The extent of the impingement was determined by analysis of the relationship of the tibial tunnel to the intersection of the line of slope of the intercondylar roof with the plane of the subchondral bone of the articular surface of the tibial plateau. These lines were drawn on a lateral roentgenogram that was made with the knee in maximum extension, two years after the operation. In all four knees in which the entire articular opening of the tibial tunnel was anterior to the slope of the intercondylar roof, there was severe impingement on the graft, and all four grafts failed. In the fourteen knees in which a portion of the articular opening of the tibial tunnel was anterior to the slope of the intercondylar roof, there was moderate impingement on the graft, and four grafts failed (an unacceptable rate of failure). There was no impingement in the knees in which the entire articular opening of the tibial tunnel was posterior to the slope of the intercondylar roof, and these knees were associated with the lowest rate of failure of the grafts (three of twenty-nine). Knees that had an impinged graft and regained a complete range of extension became unstable.


The Barry gold deposit is an example of an Archean greenstone-hosted lode gold deposit located in the Urban-Barry greenstone belt in the Abitibi subprovince of Quebec, Canada. The host mafic volcanic rocks are part of the 2717 Ma Macho Formation of the Northern Volcanic zone. They are cut by a series of weakly foliated preore diorite, pre- and postore quartz-feldspar porphyry (QFP), and quartz monzonite dikes and plugs, providing a unique opportunity to evaluate the age of the gold mineralization.

Auriferous zones are spatially associated with northeast-trending ductile shear zones with moderate south-easterly dip. Gold mineralization occurs within straight N64° E/64° SE and folded N20° E/60° SE, on average, albite-carbonate-quartz veins and within the surrounding carbonate-quartz-pyrite, and locally within biotite-carbonate alteration zones of the host mafic volcanic rocks. The auriferous veins comprise 5 to 15 vol percent of the mafic volcanic rocks, are 1 to 5 cm wide, and are locally boudinaged. Although the volcanic units strike N55–60° E and dip 40° SE, the ore envelope (>2 g/t Au) is constrained from surface to a depth of 30 m in an antiformal shape. Gold generally occurs as microinclusions in pyrite but is also present as free gold in albite-carbonate-quartz veins, synmineralization altered host rocks, and locally within quartz veins cutting early QFP dikes. The deposit has an indicated resource of 309,500 oz Au (7,701,000 t at 1.25 g/t Au) and an inferred gold resource of 471,950 oz Au (10,411,000 t at 1.41 g/t Au).

U-Pb dating of single zircon grains from the premineralization diorite and postmineralization QFP yielded indistinguishable ages, averaging 2697 ± 0.6 Ma, which is interpreted as the age of gold mineralization at the Barry deposit. This age and the field relationships reveal that lode gold mineralization was coeval with regional deformation and magmatism, similar to that documented at the Kiena, Norlartic, and Siscoe (Main zone) deposits of the Val d'Or district. These deposits represent the earlier orogenic gold event in the Abitibi greenstone belt, which preceded the postmagmatic, quartz-tourmaline auriferous veins such as those present at Sigma. Barry, Kiena, Norlartic, and Siscoe share many similarities with other orogenic gold deposits worldwide that are spatially associated with felsic and intermediate intrusions. The genesis for these deposits is not well constrained, as it is not obvious to distinguish whether the auriferous fluids were derived from the coeval magmas or whether both magmas and fluids were derived from a thermal event from the deep crust, or possibly the mantle.


abstract:Utopianism faded in the postmodern era as a source of inspiration for architecture, just as it declined as a source of literary and political ideas. Theorists have attempted to create space for its return by reenvisioning its requirements. The discourse of sustainability provides the most promising window, and a combination of environmental, social, and economic concerns has given rise to a generation of Danish architects who claim to be the inheritors of the utopian tradition. This article examines the work of two leading firms, the Bjarke Ingels Group and 3XN, and assesses their work and ambition against recent theoretical horizons. In this light, we critique Bjarke Ingels Group's invocation of utopianism but find in 3XN the hallmarks of architectural utopianism. This inquiry points out just how demanding and elusive sustainability is but, in so doing, reinforces why sustainability is fertile ground for the return of the utopian imagination to the architectural field.


Background About 10% of patients develop new dementia after first stroke and about 30% after recurrent stroke, and milder cognitive impairment is probably even more prevalent. There is some evidence that optimal acute stroke care may reduce these risks. We aimed to determine whether measures of dependency and disability commonly used in assessing stroke outcome adequately reflect cognitive burden. Methods In a population-based study of consecutive strokes, functional outcome was assessed with the Rankin and Barthel scores and cognitive outcome with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) at least 6 months after index event. Standard cut-offs of MMSE≥27 (normal cognitive function), and MoCA≥26 (normal cognitive function) were used. Results Among 808 patients (mean age 72.3, 50% male), 591 were nondependent according to the Rankin score (0–2), of whom 181 (31%) had MMSE<27 and 58 (10%) had MMSE<24. Of 512 patients with normal Barthel (20), 144 (28%) had MMSE<27 and 45 (9%) had MMSE<24. In 349 patients who received the MoCA, 256 were nondependent on Rankin score, of whom 174 (68%) had MoCA<26, and 234 had a normal Barthel score, of whom 151 (64%) had MoCA<26. Conclusion Up to 60% of stroke patients defined as nondependent on standard functional outcome scales have some degree of cognitive impairment indicating that such functional outcome scales alone may be inadequate to assess the full effects of interventions in acute stroke.


This article aims at analyzing a vocal contest of a traditional musical art genre namely Tembang Sunda Cianjuran (Cianjur Sundanese Traditional Song) in West Java, Indonesia. The contest, also known by the term PTSC DAMAS, had been held continuously since 1962 by youth social organization called DAMAS (Daya Mahasiswa Sunda). The study was conducted using qualitative approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted by using an interactive model. The results show that PTSC DAMAS has greatly affected the preservation and development of the Tembang Sunda Cianjuran, not only in the music accompaniment but also vocal aspects. Various parties has been very supportive of PTSC DAMAS, thus the contest can be carried out consistently.


Temperature is a crucial parameter which has to be considered in all our day-to-day life. The temperature measurement plays a vital role in all kinds of industries. The importance of temperature measurement has entered into domestic purpose like measurement in kitchen- micro wave ovens, Induction heaters, refrigerators, coolers and air-conditioners where the current room temperature is said to be displayed. In ordinary cases, where the accurate temperature measurement is not required, may be met by conventional thermometers and temperature indicators. An embedded microcontroller with a good temperature sensor is said to be used in industrial and laboratory purpose. This system may be useful to measure the temperature, if it is said to be connected to a RTDs, Thermistors, Thermocouples or IC Sensors. The embedded microcontroller ADμC- 7061 and a temperature sensor PT-100 is used in the present study. The code required to the microcontroller which has to perform the operation has been developed in ARM Keil- C. The measurement GUI is written in MATLAB, which runs on PC. The linearization of the RTD has been done using curve fitting tool in MATLAB. The present work gives the knowledge to implement temperature measurement for research applications. The intention of the article is to develop the future research work in the field of temperature measurement with good accuracy to meet the standards of Industrial systems.


Experimental economics techniques are used in this paper to examine the benefits and potential adoption of Internet-based electronic auctions for the initial public offerings (IPO) market. The IPO market is dominated by investment banks, which organize the promotion, pricing, and allocation of new securities. The high transaction costs and inefficiency evident in the IPO market make it an apparent anomaly among modern financial markets. Issuers pay high commissions, issues tend to be underpriced, and individual investors have virtually no direct access to the market. Emerging Internet-based markets organized as electronic auctions offer an alternative to traditional practices, and can potentially reduce costs and improve market quality. The auction and traditional intermediated market structures were replicated in a laboratory environment. Subjects playing the role of investors and investment bankers participated in simulated IPO markets involving various levels of risk and buying pressures similar to those expected in actual IPOs. The offer price and the revenue to the market participants observed in the auction were compared to those collected in the intermediated market. Results show that auction prices were greater than traditional intermediated market prices when the value of the securities offered was more uncertain. As uncertainty decreased, auction prices became comparable to intermediated market prices. Issuers received larger proceeds when going public through the auction. Investors' overall profits were positive in both market structures, although they were significantly higher in the intermediated market.


An assemblage of clay minerals, Na-zeolites, Fe- and Sb-sulfides, and borates occurs in cavities in the basalt flow that underlies the main borax ore body exposed by the U.S. Borax open pit at Boron, Kern County, California. Analcime and saponite are widespread in cavities and fractures near the top of the basalt. Part of the basalt recently exposed, although restricted in distribution, contains a much more diverse assemblage of diagenetic minerals. Although only a few different minerals occur in each cavity, the composite order of deposition is: ferroan saponite, pyrrhotite, saponite, phillipsite, gmelinite, clinop-tilolite, herschelite, analcime, greigite, rhodochrosite, searlesite, borax, calcite, and colemanite. In some cavities early-formed zeolites appear to have dissolved as later ones crystallized.Microprobe analyses of the zeolites yielded the following compositions: phillipsite, Na4.28K0.08(Al4.36-Si11.64O32)·xH2O (Si/Al = 2.67); gmelinite, Na6.64K0.10(Al6.80Si17.22O48· xH2O (Si/Al = 2.53); herschelite, Na2.96K0.24(Al3.21Si8.79O24)· xH2O (Si/Al = 2.75); clinoptilolite, Na6.48K0.56(Al7.15Si28.77O72) · xH2O (Si/Al = 4.02); analcime, Na14.02K0.09(Al13.33Si34.44O96)· xH2O (Si/Al = 2.58).These zeolites formed by reactions between the basalt and evolving fluids, which were controlled by the development of an overlying, Na-borate lake. The wide distribution of saponite, analcime, and searlesite suggests that these minerals formed by the diagenetic reaction between basaltic glass and Na- borate water. The localized occurrence of the complex mineral assemblage, including some of the saponitic clay and the zeolites, phillipsite, gmelinite, and clinoptilolite, formed through a different process, perhaps deuteric or hydrothermal alteration of the basalt, before the lake developed. Because these zeolites are extraordinarily rich in Na, cation exchange may have taken place as the pore fluids became increasingly Na rich. In the latest stages of mineral growth, each of these zeolites was apparently partially dissolved and epitaxially overgrown by a second generation crystal, phillipsite on phillipsite, herschelite on gmelinite, and sodian heulandite on clinoptilolite.


Background: Ex vivo fracture models are frequently used in human dentistry to provide insights in the fracture mechanisms of teeth. Equine cheek teeth fractures are an important dental pathology, but there has been no research performed to examine the fracture resistance ex vivo. Objective: To evaluate the fracture resistance of equine cheek teeth and identify anatomical predictors that might influence fracture resistance in healthy teeth. It was further evaluated if the presence of a fissure caused a decrease in fracture resistance. Study design: Ex vivo experimental design. Methods: Individual cheek teeth were subjected to a compression load in a universal testing machine until fracture occurred. Testing was performed in two study groups. A first group of healthy cheek teeth was tested to examine anatomical predictors on fracture resistance. A second group comprised cheek teeth with occlusal fissures and an equal number of age- and size-matched fissure-free teeth as controls. The effect of possible predictors on fracture resistance was investigated by regression analysis. Results: In the first group, fracture resistance was significantly influenced by the location on the tooth where testing was performed in both maxillary (p < 0.001) and mandibular teeth (p < 0.001). Additional significantly associated factors were Triadan number in mandibular (p = 0.009) and the mesiodistal length of the occlusal surface of maxillary teeth (p = 0.01). Experimentally induced crown fractures that extended below the simulated bone level were more frequently associated with pulp horn exposure (p < 0.001). In the second group, significant lower fracture loads were recorded in teeth with fissures (mandibular p = 0.006; maxillary p < 0.001), compared to fissure-free teeth. Main limitations: This ex vivo model does not imitate the in vivo masticatory forces and lacks the shock-absorbing properties of the periodontal ligament. Conclusions: The methodology used in this study provides an ex vivo experimental set-up to test fracture resistance of equine cheek teeth enabling evidence-based research to examine the potentially weakening effects of tooth pathology and its treatments. Crown resistance to fracture differed along the occlusal surface of healthy equine cheek teeth, and the presence of fissures further decreased fracture resistance.


We report the exfoliation of graphite in aqueous solutions under high shear rate [∼ 108 s–1] turbulent flow conditions, with a 100% exfoliation yield. The material is stabilized without centrifugation at concentrations up to 100 g/L using carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt to formulate conductive printable inks. The sheet resistance of blade coated films is below ∼2Ω/□. This is a simple and scalable production route for conductive inks for large-area printing in flexible electronics.


A 2-D numerical simulation of the edge plasma in ASDEX Upgrade is used to show that above a critical density a bifurcation occurs, leading to strong poloidal in-out asymmetry of the electron temperature in the divertor. At densities well below and above the critical one, the asymmetry is less pronounced. Although drift terms are not included in the model, these findings can explain experimental observations from Alcator C-Mod and ASDEX Upgrade: (a) the clamping of the temperature in the inner divertor after the bifurcation and (b) the large temperature asymmetry immediately above the critical density. The position of the colder divertor leg is determined by a small asymmetry which is amplified by the bifurcation. In the simulation the basic asymmetry is due to different lengths of the flux tubes in the plasma edge. In the experiment the asymmetry effect of different field line lengths is combined with the action of E × B drifts. Comparison of X point top and bottom measurements then produces evidence that the E × B drift effects are dominant. The effect of the difference in field line length is still present in the experiment but E × B produces a stronger effect.


This chapter represents the mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characteristics of recent lacustrine sediments, shells of the Anodonta cygnea and fish species (Rutilus rutilus dojranensis) from the Lake Dojran (FY Republic of Macedonia, southern part of the Serbo-Macedonian Massif (SMM)) which provide indirect evidence regarding biomineralization and calcification processes as well as various geological problems. Environmental pollution can seriously contribute to different biological processes concerning the condition of physiological secretion of carbonate material into the shells. For comparison, sediments and fish species V. melanops from the Lake Kalimanci, located in northern part of the SMM, were also implicated into the study. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and C and O stable isotope analyses were performed, and thereupon enrichment factor (EF) values were calculated. The XRD results revealed close association of sediment mineralogy with the prevailing metamorphic, volcanic and igneous rocks of the region surrounding both lakes (Dojran and Kalimanci). According to the EF value results, surficial Lake Dojran sediments are little enriched with Co, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn, moderately enriched with Au, Ni and Sb, moderately severely enriched with Au, severely enriched with Sb and very severely enriched with As. This elemental enrichment originates from various geogenic (geological background and polymetallic mineralization) and anthropogenic (tourism, traffic, coatings, untreated wastewater discharge and agrochemicals) sources. Calculated EF revealed that surficial sediments from Lake Kalimanci are extremely severe enriched with Pb, Zn, and Cd, meanwhile As and Cu shows very severe enrichment. Comparing to Lake Dojran, calculated EF is much higher in Lake Kalimanci than in Dojran. Stable isotope signature results showed that Lake Dojran sediments were strongly influenced by evaporation effect. Their δ18O values range from -5.60 to +1.49 ‰ and the δ13CVPDB composition range from -6.45 to -1.65 ‰. Shells Anodonta cygnea are mainly composed from mineral aragonite and their δ18O values varies between 0.43 ‰ and +1.94 ‰, and δ13CVPDB between -2.48 to -1.72 ‰. δ18O signature in shells might be explained by precipitation of the carbonate from isotopically heavier oxygen lake water. The unussualy heavy skeletal oxygen suggested calcification at the elevated temperature and evaporation. Analyses also identified particularly high levels for Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb in fish (V. Melanops) and frog (R. Temporaria) samples from Lake Kalimanci with mean values [µgkg-1]: 1090 – 6.5, 339 – 117, 567 – 5100 and 1127 – 435, respectively. Meanwhile, the contents of Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb in fish samples (R. rutilus dojranensis) from Lake Dojran are a bit lower [µgkg-1]: 2320, 1690, 700 and 50.