Eddies are integral part of ocean circulation. They play an important role in energy transfer. The surface kinetic energy in eddies can be ten times higher than the energy of the current through which these are generated. Eddies influence the thermodynamic characteristics of the upper-ocean. Oceanic eddies trap and transport hot (cold) water in the core of an anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddy. Therefore, these eddies can modify the thermal structure by the advection of temperature anomalies and its subsequent mixing. Generation of eddies takes place mainly due to the baroclinic instability of the ocean. However, some of the eddies may form due to coastal and bathymetrical geometry. The Bay of Bengal (BoB) is an enclosed basin in the northern Indian Ocean (IO). The BoB exhibits unique physical and dynamical properties due to surplus low-saline waters and shallow mixed layer. It observes seasonal variation of wind and changes in the surface current pattern. Major rivers originating from the Himalayan glaciers drain into the BoB throughout the year with a peak in July-October. The riverine freshwater together with strong post-monsoon (October-November) coastal current generate complex and turbulent surface current pattern with a large number of eddies in the BoB. The wind forcing, coastal currents, and bathymetry make favorable conditions for the generation of eddies in the BoB. In the present study, a numerical ocean model Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) used to simulate the mesoscale eddies in the BoB. The ROMS model uses sigma vertical coordinates which helps in taking account of the effects of coastal and bathymetrical structures on surface circulation and eddy generation. The model results are verified with the available observations. For the detection and tracking of eddies at the surface, both the geometrical and dynamical methods are used. The geometrical method is based on the identification of local minima and maxima of dynamic sea surface height. Whereas, the dynamical method utilizes current turbulences arising from strain or vorticity to identify eddies. Using model simulations, the cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are identified in the BoB. The life span (time period) and the kinetic energy of individual eddies are calculated. The spatial and temporal distribution of eddies and their energetics in the BoB are discussed. Further, the propagation tracks of individual eddies are estimated.


The very short forecasting or nowcasting of convective storms is a highly challenging problem due to the wide variety of spatial scales and processes involved. The state of the art numerical weather prediction models generally fail in predicting convective storms initiation and development with reasonable accuracy. Weather radars are intensively used by forecasters during convective situation. A radar provides instantaneous reflectivity measurements of precipitation at a spatial scale of about 1km. Convective storms, which occur at a spatial scale of a few kilometers, can then be detected by the radar. Moreover, if the time resolution is short enough, the convective storm evolution can be monitored across successive radar images. Based on those snapshots, the motion of a convective cell can be estimated and used to forecast its future position. However, this simple method does not take into account storm growth, decay and direction changes. For this purpose, a better knowledge of storm evolution characteristic is required. The Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium has several years of archived volume data from a C-band radar. To process those data, the cell tracker TITAN (NCAR) has recently been installed at RMI. The behavior of this tracking system has been investigated through a sensitivity study to some parameters. The storm tracks provided by TITAN have been analysed by a suitable statistic tool. The interest of this analysis to obtain a robust climatology of convective storms is clear (Han, 2009 ; Tucker and Li, 2009). Furthermore it is worth investigating whether the analysis of convective storm characteristics can be used to improve its nowcasting. In this study, storm tracks from six years of volume data are analysed with different statistical methods. The frequency distribution of the storm tracks properties and their space-time variations are showed. Pairs of storm track properties are tested for a possible linear relation. The characteristics of the kinematic of the storms such as the storm initiation location are also analysed using spatial point pattern statistics.


Supersonic cold spraying of droplets containing functional nanomaterials is of particular interest in advanced thin-film coating, that enabling high-adhesion strength particle deposition. In this method, coating occurs when the particles are accelerated to supersonic velocities in a converging-diverging nozzle, and then impact onto a target surface. Here, the optimum design of the nozzle is essential to deal with low-inertia particles like droplets. In particular, nozzle geometrical parameters (i.e., throat diameter, exit diameter, divergent length) determine droplets' acceleration and deposition characteristics under supersonic flow conditions. To this end, we thoroughly investigate the influence of nozzle geometrical parameters on droplets acceleration by numerical modeling followed by experimental validation, and a case study on surface coating application. Two-phase flow modeling was used to predict droplets' behavior in continuous gas flow for different nozzle configurations. The results show that the nozzle expansion ratio — a function of throat and exit diameters — has a significant influence on droplet velocity, followed by divergent length. In particular, to correctly accelerate low-inertia liquid droplets, optimum nozzle expansion ratio for an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle is found to be in a range of 1.5–2.5 for various sets of parameters, which is different than the recommended expansion ratio (i.e., 5–9) for cold spraying of micro-scale metal particles. The findings can help determine the ideal design of a supersonic nozzle to minimize turbulent velocity fluctuation and shock wave formation that in turn assist to effectively spray low-inertia particles like micro-scale droplets. Based on the simulation results, an optimal design of supersonic nozzle is selected and prototyped for the experimental studies. Numerical modeling results are validated by particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements. Moreover, coating experiments confirm the adaptability of the optimized nozzle for supersonic cold spraying of droplets containing nanoparticles, which thereby has the potential for rapid production of advanced thin films.


Method and apparatus for creating and maintaining dynamic group addresses for facilitating Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC) group communication sessions among mobile stations (302) in a communications network are disclosed. In one embodiment the method comprises receiving at least one rule defining a member of the dynamic group in association with a group address; and populating the dynamic group with members from said mobile stations (302) determined in accordance with the at least one rule. Rules may be defined with reference to presence and/or location information available for the mobile stations (302). Such information may be published on behalf of the stations to one or more servers (310) adapted to identify mobile stations matching the rules. The method may comprise subscribing to the servers (304,308,310) to obtain the matching mobile stations (302) with which to populate dynamic group addresses.


Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been associated with a high thromboembolic risk among patients in intensive care units. Asian populations may share a similar thromboembolic risk, but with a higher prevalence of arterial thromboembolism than venous thromboembolism. To clarify this risk in Taiwan, this single-center retrospective study collected 27 consecutive intensive care unit patients with COVID-19 confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, with a median age of 67.6 years (male 81.5%). Twenty-three patients received prophylactic anticoagulation (85.2%), and there were four bleeding events (14.8%). Nine patients had thromboembolism (33.3%), including three with deep vein thrombosis, two with peripheral artery thromboembolism, and four with ischemic stroke. There were no significant clinical differences between the patients with or without thromboembolism. Initial serum ferritin [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 13.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-172.07] and peak serum procalcitonin (adjusted OR: 18.93, 95% CI: 1.08-330.91) were associated with a higher risk of thromboembolism. Furthermore, prophylactic anticoagulation (adjusted OR: 0.01, 95% CI: < 0.001-0.55) was associated with a lower risk of thromboembolism. All cases of deep vein thrombosis and one peripheral artery thromboembolism occurred at intravascular catheter locations. No association between thromboembolism and survival was found (age-adjusted hazard ratio: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.10-2.95). In conclusion, the prevalence of COVID-19 thromboembolism among Taiwanese patients in intensive care units was high, even with prophylactic anticoagulation. Serum ferritin and procalcitonin may identify high-risk populations. Prophylactic anticoagulation may reduce the risk of thromboembolism with a manageable bleeding risk. Larger prospective studies are needed to clarify the risk of COVID-19 thromboembolism and its risk factors in the post-Omicron era.


In splenic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (SMZL) no specific genetic alterations are known. Abnormalities of chromosome 7p and of p53 are reported as adverse prognostic factors. In a recent multicentre study (Arcaini et al Blood 2006), a prognostic model based on hemoglobin, albumin and LDH identified 3 risk categories. HCV infection was present in nearly 20% of patients (pts). At now, no data are available on genetic alterations in the HCV-positive subset of SMZL and in the different prognostic categories. The aims of the study were: a) to analyze copy number alterations (CNAs) by means of array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) with a resolution of ∼100 kb; b) to compare CNAs in HCV-positive and HCV-negative pts; c) to identify potential genetic alterations related to the clinical features and to the prognostic categories. We analyzed marrow and blood samples from 34 pts with SMZL: 22 were HCV-negative (serology and HCV-RNA) and 12 were HCV-positive (genotype 2a/2c in 10 pts, genotype 1 in 2). DNA was extracted from bone marrow (16) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (18) and was hybridized with pooled blood lymphocyte reference DNA on Agilent's 44K oligonucleotide microarray (kit 44B). Images and data were analyzed using Agilent's Feature Extraction (v9.1) and CGH analytics (v3.4.27) softwares. Ten cases (4 HCV+ and 6 HCV-) did not show CNAs. A single alteration was present in 7 pts, 2 to 5 alterations in 11 and >5 in 6. All CNAs were detected in mosaicism (from 20% to 90%). A median of 5.6 (range 1 to 20) and 3.8 (range 1 to 13) CNAs were detected in HCV+ and in HCV- cases, respectively. The most frequent CNAs were hetereogeneous in size with the following common regions: losses of 1p36.21-p35.3 (3 pts), 7q31.1-q32.3 (7 pts), 8p21.3-p12 (6 pts), 13q14.2-q14.3 (6 pts), 14q32.12-q32.13 (4 pts) and 17pter-p12 (8 pts); gains of 3q21.1-q29 (5 pts), 12q13.1-q21.31 (5 pts), 17q24.1-qter (4 pts), Xpter-p11.23 (4pts). A homozygous 13q14.2 deletion, overlapping that found in CLL and including Rb1 gene, was found in one HCV- pt. The del(7)(q31.1-q32.3) was the more frequent and it ranges from 14,1Mb to 34Mb. No difference in number of CNAs and in specific common regions alterations was found between HCV+ and HCV- cases except for dup(X)(pter-p11.23) (p=0.01, 4 HCV+ pts and none HCV- pt). High-risk prognostic category was significantly associated with del(7)(q31.1-q32.3) (p=0.01) and del(17)(pter-p12) (p=0.02). Mutational status of immunoglobulin variable heavy-chain gene was related to del(7)(q31.1-q32.3) (p=0.04) and dup(12)(q13.1-q21.31) (p=0.03). The presence of villous lymphocytes was associated with del(1)(p36.21-p35.3) (p=0.02); del(8)(p21.3–p12) was related to an autoimmune background in the HCV+ subset (p=0.04). The number of CNAs was associated to leukemic disease (p=0.02) and to the presence of villous lymphocytes (p=0.04). In conclusion, array-CGH in SMZL does not show specific genetic abnormalities for pts with HCV-positive or HCV-negative SMZL. 7q and 17p deletions are significantly associated with the high-risk prognostic category, clinically and biologically identifying a group of pts with aggressive disease.


Purpose

Apart from presenting an overview and background on anti-money laundering (AML) rules and procedures for casinos in both Macao and the USA, this paper aims to examine the differences in their regulatory approaches with regard to their existing AML reporting processes and discusses possible weaknesses in their respective regulatory regime.

Design/methodology/approach

Given that the regulations and statistics on the AML issues may not all be publicly available, the authors managed to secure some data from the bureaus concerned through published reports and interviews with government officials. Regarding the AML procedures in casinos, the authors attempted to go over the annual reports published by the casinos for submission to the Hong Kong Stock Exchanges and Clearing Limited because all these casinos are listed companies in Hong Kong.

Findings

This paper analyzes the trends in reporting numbers and the categorization of the types of suspicious activity reports filed both in Macao and the USA. While the US suspicious activity reporting focuses on efforts to avoid currency reporting, Macao emphasizes improper or inadequate documentation and identification.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few articles comparing the AML rules and procedures between casinos in the USA and Macao. It seeks to highlight the differences in their regulatory approaches and discusses the expected future direction of AML legislation.


The bending stiffness of individual, as-grown, vertically aligned carbon nanofibers was measured using a custom-built atomic force microscope placed inside a scanning electron microscope. The internal structure of the nanofiber was best modeled as dual-phase, composed of an inner graphitic core covered with a tapered amorphous carbon shell. It was found that the fibers have a relatively low bending stiffness, with Young's modulus values of about 10 GPa for the inner core and 65 GPa for the outer shell. The low Young's modulus of the inner core is attributed to a non-zero angle between the graphitic sheets and the nanofiber axis. The weak shear modulus between graphitic sheets thereby dominates the mechanical behaviour of the fibers.


This paper presents a new finite element formulation for solving arbitrarily shaped waveguides including lossy inhomogeneous anisotropic media. The materials are characterized by simultaneous [/spl epsi/] and [/spl mu/] full tensors. Complex-mode computation, spurious-mode suppression and the possibility of specifying the frequency as an input parameter are also achieved. The formulation leads to a quadratic eigenvalue problem of dimension N which is transformed into an efficient 2N-dimensional generalized eigensystem with sparse complex matrices. This eigensystem is solved by the subspace method, taking full advantage of the sparsity of the matrices. Permittivity and permeability tensors with some null terms allow an additional reduction from the N-dimensional quadratic eigenvalue problem to a N-dimensional sparse complex generalized eigensystem. The proposed method has been validated by analyzing different lossy, inhomogeneous and anisotropic waveguides. Results show good agreement with previously published data. >


Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is known to run a self‐limited course. Recently, chronic hepatitis E has been described in several immunosuppressed patients after solid organ transplantation. The prevalence of HEV infection after transplantation, however, is unknown. We studied HEV parameters [HEV RNA, HEV immunoglobulin M (IgM), and HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and confirmatory immunoblotting] in a cohort of 285 adult liver transplant recipients. The most recent freeze‐stored sera were investigated, and if they were positive, a retrospective analysis was performed. Samples from 274 patients (96.1%) tested negative for all HEV parameters. This included a patient described earlier as having experienced an episode of chronic HEV hepatitis in the past. One patient was found positive for HEV RNA without HEV antibodies. She presently suffers from chronic HEV hepatitis and has also been described before. Sera from 9 patients tested positive for HEV IgG without HEV IgM or HEV RNA. Six of these 9 patients (2.1% of the total) were found to have HEV IgG antibodies in retrospect related to an HEV infection at some time pre‐transplant as they also tested positive in a pretransplant serum sample. One of these 9 patients suffered in retrospect from a chronic HEV infection with mild hepatitis between 2 and 5 years after liver transplantation on the basis of the course of HEV RNA, IgM, and IgG, aminotransferases, and liver histology. Overall, the prevalence of acquired HEV hepatitis after liver transplantation was 1% in this cohort. We conclude that liver transplant recipients have a risk for chronic HEV infection, but the prevalence is low. Liver Transpl 15:1225–1228, 2009. © 2009 AASLD.


This paper discusses Participatory Design workshops that sought to enable ageing people to articulate their core values in relation to their experiences of ageing. Our motivations were to better understand how ageing people decide whether or not to adopt and use particular technologies, and to gain insights into the kinds of technologies that might support their aspirations as they age. We contribute to current understandings of ageing people's values, including a range of values that were most important to our participants, insights into how these values are expressed and experienced in everyday lives, the inter-relatedness of values in action, and how the three social dimensions of self, friends and family, as well as community influence the expression of values. The workshops demonstrated how engaged ageing people are with others and the broader communities they inhabit. We reflect on the processes, methods and tools that were useful when supporting people to voice their values and how this approach can support the participation of ageing people in design.


Beam capture efficiency (BCE) is one key factor of the overall efficiency for a microwave power transmission (MPT) system, while sparsification of a large-scale transmitting array has a practical significance. If all elements of the transmitting array are excited uniformly, the fabrication, maintenance, and feed network design would be greatly simplified. This paper describes the synthesis method of the sparse uniform-amplitude transmitting array with concentric ring layout using particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm while keeping a higher BCE. Based on this method, uniform exciting strategy, reduced number of elements, and a higher BCE are achieved simultaneously for optimal MPT. The numerical results of the sparse uniform-amplitude concentric ring arrays (SUACRAs) optimized by the proposed method are compared with those of the random-located uniform-amplitude array (RLUAA) and the stepped-amplitude array (SAA), both being reported in the literatures for the maximum BCE. Compared to the RLUAA, the SUACRA saves 32% elements with a 1.1% higher BCE. While compared to the SAA, the SUACRA saves 29.1% elements with a bit higher BCE. The proposed SUACRAs have higher BCEs, simple array arrangement and feed network, and could be used as the transmitting array for a large-scale MPT system.


This paper examines the impact of the Competition Commission's report on the competitiveness of the UK food retail sector. Although the report found little evidence of monopolistic behaviour, the findings indicated both significance of buyer concentration and need for voluntary regulation. Recent developments are examined along with current research perspectives. This evidence suggests that not only will buyer power continue to concentrate in the hands of the major retail players but also further concentration and consolidation in the food retail sector will continue to take place. The implications of these developments on the food supply chain are considered in regard to areas for immediate future concern.


INTRODUCTION: Prenatal care providers (PNCP) routinely provide recommendations about work activities in pregnancy; yet there is little data on the knowledge surrounding a woman's legal rights or consensus about practice. Our study assessed PNCP knowledge and practice toward work accommodations in pregnancy. METHODS: A survey of PNCP in a tertiary care center in New York (NY) was performed. The survey included questions about PNCP demographics and their knowledge of pregnant women's legal rights. The survey also gave four case scenarios, based on real-world litigation, to assess PNCP practice patterns. RESULTS: There were 204 PNCP surveyed with a 27% (56/204) response rate. Most were general obstetricians (53%) with public insurance patients (68%), who reported that they filled out workplace forms 1–2 times a week (60%). Only 35% of PNCP knew that NY State law does not require employers to give healthy pregnant women accommodations at work; but 69% had knowledge of legislation protecting pregnant workers' rights and 88% correctly identified "reasonable accommodations." PNCP favored having pregnant women continue to work with accommodations in all case scenarios; 10% would have women with a prior second trimester loss stop work entirely. CONCLUSION: PNCP knowledge about and practice towards pregnant women in the workforce vary widely. The majority of PNCP lack knowledge of NY State Laws but understand "reasonable accommodations" for pregnant working women; PNCP would likely benefit from further education surrounding legal rights for pregnant women in the workplace and standardization of practice surrounding this issue.


Once upon a time the idea of Communist China going to war against Communist Vietnam would have seemed nearly absurd even to most knowledgeable observers. Beijing and Hanoi were seen as the closest comrades-in-arms, locked in a life-or-death common struggle against U.S. encroachments in Asia. Did not their revolutions—the Chinese and the Vietnamese—share a common past and a common fate? In 1979 these preconceptions were shattered by a development that had seemed implausible a few years earlier: Chinese and Vietnamese troops were shooting at and killing each other with a passion and hatred usually seen only among the most implacable enemies. Even today, many years later, the brief but intense Sino-Vietnamese border war of 1979 retains an aura of the grotesque, which is why the renowned Chinese historian Chen Jian has called it "one of the most meaningless wars in world history." Zhang Xiaoming's book is a valuable effort to add meaning to this story. The book is important for several reasons. First, it is an attempt to spell out the rationale behind the war. Many wars appear pointless and unnecessary in retrospect, but the case of China and Vietnam is more intractable than most, simply because Beijing and Hanoi, unwilling to indulge in unhappy reminiscences, have kept the relevant archives safely out of public reach. Zhang makes the best of this paucity of evidence, offering the most detailed account thus far of what exactly Deng Xiaoping had in mind when he resolved to "teach Vietnam a lesson." He favors a multicausal explanation: Deng wanted to check Soviet expansion (Vietnam had been Moscow's ally), obtain Western support for China's "four modernizations," and mobilize the Chinese people for reform and integration into the world economy. Deng also sought to establish his control over the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and give the Chinese military a chance to prove itself in a real war. Evidently, then, what Deng had in mind was much more than to punish Vietnam for its invasion of Cambodia or force it to withdraw. Did Cambodia have anything to do with this war? Zhang offers a contradictory interpretation, arguing in one place that "China . . . engineered the border conflict to coerce Hanoi to withdraw from Cambodia" (p. 141) and claiming elsewhere that the PLA planned to strike even before Vietnam's invasion (p. 43). Second, the book is an account of the actual fighting, primarily as seen from China. This, too, is a useful contribution in that it adds much-needed detail and nuance to our knowledge of the war. One thing I found particularly interesting is Zhang's surprising conclusion that China achieved "overwhelming victory" over Vietnam (p. 114). Most Western commentary on the war suggests it was at most a pyrrhic victory for the Chinese and that, if a lesson was taught, it was a lesson Vietnam taught China, not the other way around. Zhang argues, however, that these generalizations are inconsistent


In this paper a novel method based on discrete wavelet transform and correlation coefficient is presented for distinguishing between arcing and permanent faults. The algorithm includes offline and online processing. In the offline, discrete wavelet transform is used to decompose typical faulted phase voltage waveforms during arcing faults. An index is then defined and computed. The index is based on the normalised energy of detail coefficients at resolution levels 1 to 14. The online processing consists of capturing the faulted phase voltage waveform using a 20 kHz sampling rate, and decomposing it by db4. Finally, arcing faults are distinguished from permanent faults based on correlation coefficient of the computed index of the pre-stored typical arcing faults and a recorded indistinct signal. The effectiveness of the approach has been tested for numerous arcing and permanent fault conditions on a transmission line using the Electromagnetic transient Program (EMTP) software tool. The simulation results show the capability of the proposed method in distinguishing between arcing faults from permanent faults.


This article examines the new doctrine of constitutional sovereign immunity, as well as Eleventh Amendment immunity, with a particular emphasis on bankruptcy law. After giving some examples of State defiance of bankruptcy law, the article reviews traditional limitations to sovereign immunity and discusses their viability or lack of viability in the wake of Seminole Tribe and Alden. Among other things, the article analyzes the scope of State protection, waiver of immunity in the wake of the Supreme Court's decision in College Savings, issuance of Ex parte Young injunctions, the possible In rem exception to sovereign immunity, and the Takings Clause. The article concludes by proposing federal legislative solutions to overcome Seminole Tribe and Alden in the bankruptcy context. Specifically, the article considers but generally rejects reenactment of the Bankruptcy Code under the Fourteenth Amendment. The article recommends amendments to the Bankruptcy Code authorizing the United States trustee to sue in the name of the United States, providing for an automatic Ex parte Young injunction, and disallowing a State's claim absent waiver of immunity. The Spending Clause is also examined. The article concludes by applying principles of federalism to evaluate the proposed legislative solutions.


This Article examines the -symbiotic relationship between copyright and contract law. The intellectual property bargain, or the delicate balance that allegedly exists in current intellectual property law, cannot be seen merely as a matter of a balance stated in property law rules. An interaction between intellectual property and contract rules has always been a primary characteristic of intellectual property distributed in the open market and that interaction is central to whatever balance has been achieved. When one speaks about an existing balance in the property rights sector, it is futile to focus solely on the statutory provisions of the copyright, patent or trademark laws. One must, of necessity, understand and incorporate the fact that the policy choice has always assumed that property rights are routinely transferred, waived, released, and licensed. Only the most naive observer, or one with a clear political agenda, can look at the intellectual property laws and their history and suggest that policy in the property sphere trumps or precludes the influence of contract. In contractual relationships, underlying property rights are often relatively unimportant. They provide "default rules" that state a legal position that exists between the contracting parties unless the parties otherwise agree. Contract law provides other default rules. In the digital world, the contract rather than the underlying property law defines the product. This being said, however, there are some settings in which contract law, intellectual property, or competition law place limits on the ability to enforce some contract terms. This Article explores some of these areas and describes their limited role in modem commerce.


Abstract A long-standing problem in avalanche science is to understand how forests stop avalanches. In this paper we quantify the effect of forests on small and medium avalanches, crucial for road and skirun safety. We performed field studies on seven avalanches where trees affected the runout. We gathered information concerning the release zone location and dimension, deposition patterns and heights, runout distance and forest structure. In these studies the trees were not destroyed, but acted as rigid obstacles. Wedge-like depositions formed behind (1) individual tree stems, (2) dense tree groups and (3) young trees with low-lying branches. Using the observations as a guide, we developed a one-parameter function to extract momentum corresponding to the stopped mass from the avalanche. The function was implemented in a depth-averaged avalanche dynamics model and used to predict the observed runout distances and mean deposition heights for the seven case studies. The approach differs from existing forest interaction models, which modify avalanche friction to account for tree breakage and debris entrainment. Our results underscore the importance of forests in mitigating the danger from small-to-medium avalanches.


Coupled Static Fields in Magneto-electro-thermoelastic Spheres Smart/ intelligent materials form an integral part of adaptive and structural systems that have the capability to modify their material properties under the application of external stimuli. This study focuses on a laminated layered hollow sphere with a multi-field coupled material composed of piezo-electric and piezo-magnetic phases. When combined, these configurations create new features and properties that are absent in their constituents. The analysis of these materials requires careful consideration of the effects of interaction of the multi-field effects. In particular, the behavior of the field variables through laminate thickness is of primary interest. In this research, a discrete-layer model is presented and applied to layered anisotropic spheres under the coupled effects of elastic, electric, magnetic, and steady-state temperature fields to study its static behavior. The model is developed in spherical coordinate system based on discrete-layer lamination theory that solves the weak form of the governing equations for the individual fields and specific boundary conditions. The through-thickness behavior of the hollow sphere was investigated by introducing Ritz-based approximations to each of the fields, which are represented layer-wise in the radial direction of the hollow sphere. The accuracy of the model is determined by comparing the results to those of exact solutions. The model is further investigated for effect of three-layer laminate scheme under various surface conditions and new results are presented for the effect of imposed thermal fields.


Space-specific neurons in the owl's midbrain form a neural map of auditory space, which supports sound-orienting behavior. Previous work proposed that a population vector (PV) readout of this map, implementing statistical inference, predicts the owl's sound localization behavior. This model also predicts the frontal localization bias normally observed and how sound-localizing behavior changes when the signal-to-noise ratio varies, based on the spread of activity across the map. However, the actual distribution of population activity and whether this pattern is consistent with premises of the PV readout model on a trial-by-trial basis remains unknown. To answer these questions, we investigated whether the population response profile across the midbrain map in the optic tectum of the barn owl matches these predictions using in vivo multielectrode array recordings. We found that response profiles of recorded subpopulations are sufficient for estimating the stimulus interaural time difference using responses from single trials. Furthermore, this decoder matches the expected differences in trial-by-trial variability and frontal bias between stimulus conditions of low and high signal-to-noise ratio. These results support the hypothesis that a PV readout of the midbrain map can mediate statistical inference in sound-localizing behavior of barn owls. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT While the tuning of single neurons in the owl's midbrain map of auditory space has been considered predictive of the highly specialized sound-localizing behavior of this species, response properties across the population remain largely unknown. For the first time, this study analyzed the spread of population responses across the map using multielectrode recordings and how it changes with signal-to-noise ratio. The observed responses support the hypothesis concerning the ability of a population vector readout to predict biases in orienting behaviors and mediate uncertainty-dependent behavioral commands. The results are of significance for understanding potential mechanisms for the implementation of optimal behavioral commands across species.


Purpose: Femoral fractures in geriatric patients have a high 1-year mortality rate. Early mobilization without restrictions and full weight-bearing in elderly periprosthetic femoral fractures may improve mortality, morbidity, and accelerate functional recovery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate periprosthetic femoral fractures treated with biplanar plating and early ambulation. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of periprosthetic femoral fractures treated with biplanar plating and immediate weight-bearing over a 4-year period. All patients were treated with anatomic reduction and primary bone healing, with biplanar fixation through a single, lateral-based incision. The primary outcome was radiographic union. Secondary outcomes were preinjury level and postinjury level of functional independence and need for revision surgery. Results: Seven patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 79.7 (range, 63 to 88) years. The average follow-up period was 18 months. Bony union occurred in all patients after the index procedure, with no revision surgeries documented. Five patients (71%) returned to preoperative ambulatory status, and all patients returned to their preoperative living environment. Conclusion: Our study supports the possibility of immediate weight-bearing in geriatric periprosthetic femur fractures treated with anatomic reduction and biplanar plating through a single lateral-based incision, although additional studies are needed.


PURPOSE
We had developed and evaluated a new dosimetric system for proton therapy using array of fiber-optic Cerenkov radiation sensor (FOCRS) which can measure a percent depth dose (PDD) instantly. In this study, the Bragg peaks and spread out Bragg peak (SOBP) of the proton beams measured by FOCRS array were compared with those measured by an ion chamber.

METHODS & METHOD
We fabricated an optical fiber array of FOCRS in a handmade phantom which is composed of poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA). There are 75 holes of 1mm diameter inside the phantom which is designed to be exposed in direction of beam when it is emerged in water phantom. The proton beam irradiation was carried out using IBA cyclotron PROTEUS 235 at national cancer center in Korea and a commercial data acquisition system was used to digitize the analog signal.

RESULTS
The measured Bragg peak and SOBP for the proton ranges of 7∼ 20 cm were well matched with the result from ion chamber. The comparison results show that the depth of proton beam ranges and the width of SOBP measured by array of FOCRS are comparable with the measurement from multi-layer ion chamber (MLIC) although there are some uncertainty in the measurement of FOCRS array for some specific beam ranges.

CONCLUSION
The newly developed FOCRS array based dosimetric system for proton therapy can efficiently reduce the time and effort needed for proton beam range measurement compared to the conventional method and has the potential to be used for the proton pencil beam application.


Abstract: Grevillea scapigera is one of the world's rarest plant species, currently known from only five plants in the wild. In 1995, 10 plants were selected from the 47 plants known at the time to act as genetically representative founders for translocation into secure sites. Ramets were micropropagated and introduced into one of these secure sites (Corrigin) in 1996, 1997, and 1998. By late 1998, 266 plants had been successfully translocated and were producing large numbers of seeds. With the development of an artificial seed‐germination technique and because of an absence of seed germination in situ, seed was collected from these plants and germinated ex situ, and 161 seedlings were returned to the field site in winter 1999. We used the DNA fingerprinting technique of amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (AFLP) to (1) assess the genetic fidelity of the clones through the propagation process, (2) contrast genetic variation and average genetic similarities of the F1s to their parents to assess genetic decline, and (3) assign paternity to the reintroduced seeds to assess the reproductive success of each clone. We found that 8 clones, not 10, were present in the translocated population, 54% of all plants were a single clone, and the F1s were on average 22% more inbred and 20% less heterozygous than their parents, largely because 85% of all seeds were the product of only 4 clones. Ultimately, effective population size (  Ne ) of the founding population was approximately two. Our results highlight the difficulty of maintaining genetic fidelity through a large translocation program. More generally, rapid genetic decline may be a feature of many translocated populations when Ne is small, which may ultimately threaten their long‐term survival. Strategies to reverse this genetic decline include equalizing founder numbers, adding new genotypes when discovered, optimizing genetic structure and plant density to promote multiple siring and reduce kinship, promoting natural seed germination in situ rather than artificially germinating seeds ex situ, and creating a metapopulation of numerous translocated populations to restore historical distribution patterns and processes.


Abstract Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) is a delicacy in many African countries. It is commonly mass-harvested from the wild using light traps consisting of energy-intensive mercury bulbs which pollute the environment when poorly disposed. The catch is collected using open-ended drums which are inefficient in retaining the insects. The drums also collect nontarget insects including those that produce toxic chemicals (such as pederin) that cause severe burns to human skin. To prevent escape of trapped R. differens, trappers apply potentially hazardous substances like waste cooking oil on the walls of drums. Here, we modified the collection drum by fitting a funnel to retain R. differens; and partitioned it into three compartments with wire meshes of variable sizes to filter nontarget insects. Additionally, we replaced mercury bulbs with light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs which are energy-efficient. We evaluated the performance of the modified R. differens trap (modified drums and LED bulbs) compared to the current collection drums and mercury bulbs. The catch of R. differens in the modified drums was comparable to that of current drums. Nontarget insects were significantly filtered from the catch collected in modified drums compared to the current drums. Further, LED bulbs of 400 W trapped a comparable quantity of R. differens as 400 W mercury bulbs, but with less than half the consumption of electricity compared to the mercury bulbs. We concluded that modified R. differens light traps have better energy-use efficiency and ensure safety to collectors, processors, and consumers.


The purpose of this research is plants as raw materials for making noken in Beko Village, Obano District, Paniai Regency.. The method used in this research was descriptive method with Focus Group Discussion (FGD) approach. The results of the study that Noken is the result of cultural arts are owned by the Mee Tribe, especially women, which at the same time symbolize the values and socio-cultural functions. The Mee localism in making Noken by utilizing planst bark includes the Melinjo tree (Damiyo), Ilam tree bark (Tokeipo), anyamin tree (Kepiyai), tree bark (Woge), Watu tree bark and Epiyo which is still easy with the level of vegetation category poles with diameters between 10-20 cm. The traditional raw material treatment of large Noken by the Mee tribe in Beko village is by way of Melinjo bark (Damiyo), Ilam bark (Tokeipo), anyamin tree (Kepiyai), bark (Woge), Watu and Epiyo tree bark drying, smoothing bark and coloring. The process of making Noken follows the embroidery and woven pattern, types of local plants namely Takai and Tokeipo. Noken knitting process is done when relaxing or resting, where large Noken knitting can be at home, market or meeting place in the village.
Keywords: Social culture, Localism, Noken, Mee tribe


By utilizing SPORT5 and aerial images, Great Wall of Ming Dynasty in Beijing has been investigated in detail and current distribution of Great Wall has been reported. In this paper, DEM is assisted to extract Great Wall information and the length of Great Wall has also been calculated. It studies the relationship between Great Wall and the surrounding land use, villages, roads, terrain by using GIS spatial analysis method. Finally, the influence weight of every relevant factor is calculated by AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) method and this thesis sets up buffer model and confirms the protection zone, all these has proposed scientific basis for the protection, management, and investigation of Great Wall in Beijing.


No full-length study has ever been written on Il trovatore, in his day Verdi's most successful stage work. This book by one of the world's great Verdi authorities fills that gap, providing a comprehensive look at the opera, from its genesis and structure to its early performance history and critical reception. Starting with the background of the opera, the volume traces the origins of the original play by Antonio Garcia Gutierrez, El trovador, and offers a new, more credible source for the drama. In addition, it examines the evolution of the libretto, the music, and the arrangement of the narrative, revealing innovative musical and dramatic features not seen by other critics. The book also includes a discussion of contemporary reviews and a section on some of the important performers in the twentieth century (for example, Toscanini and Caruso), as well as a consideration of several of the more unusual stagings of the work mounted during the final decades of the century. With these and other explorations, Martin Chusid offers a thorough survey of Verdi's Il trovatore and in the process deepens and enhances our encounter with one of the mainstays of the operatic reparatory. Martin Chusid is professor emeritus of music, New York University, and founding director of the American Institute for Verdi Studies.


Fe-base amorphous alloy and two crystalline phases composite were fabricated. The effect of temperature and strain rate on mechanical properties was evaluated utilizing compression test. Mixture of non-crystalline and crystalline phases were found using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) tests. Based on glass transition temperature and crystallization temperature. compression tests were performed in the temperature ranging from to with interval. Relationship between microstructure, including fracture surface morphology, and mechanical behavior was studied. The peak stress of Fe-base amorphous alloy was over 2GPa and expected to have a good wear resistance, but it is expected hard to deform because of low ductility. The peak stress and elongation of two crystalline phases composite was over 1GPa and about 20%, therefore it is possible to deform high strength wear resistant materials such as engine valve.


An energy-aware on-demand Bluetooth scatternet formation and routing protocol taking into account network architecture and traffic pattern is proposed. The scatternet formation protocol is able to cope with multiple sources initiating traffic simultaneously as well as prolong network lifetime. A modified Inquiry scheme using extended ID packet is introduced for fast device discovery and power efficient propagation of route request messages with low delay. A mechanism employing POLL packets in Page processes is proposed to transfer scatternet formation and route reply information without extra overhead. In addition, the energy aware forwarding nodes selection scheme is based on local information and results in more uniform network resource utilization and improved network lifetime. Simulation results show that this protocol can provide scatternet formation with reasonable delay and with good load balance which results in prolonged network lifetime for Bluetooth-based wireless sensor networks.
In this research, a metric-based scatternet formation algorithm for the Bluetooth-based sensor motes is presented. It optimizes the Bluetooth network formation from the hop distance and link quality perspectives. In addition, a smart repair mechanism is proposed to deal with link/node failure and recover the network connectivity promptly with low overhead. The experiments with the Intel Mote platform demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimizations.
This research also investigates the scalability of ad hoc routing protocols in very large-scale wireless ad hoc networks. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted of the performance of an on-demand routing protocol on a very large-scale, with as many as 50,000 nodes in the network. The scalability analysis is addressed based on various network sizes, node density, traffic load, and mobility. The reasons for packet loss are analyzed and categorized at each network layer. Based on the observations, we observe the effect of the parameter selection and try to exhaust the scalability boundary of the on-demand routing protocol for wireless ad hoc networks.


This study examines the role of c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in mitochondrial signaling and bioenergetics in primary cortical neurons and isolated rat brain mitochondria. Exposure of neurons to either anisomycin (an activator of JNK/p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinases) or H2O2 resulted in activation (phosphorylation) of JNK (mostly p46JNK1) and its translocation to mitochondria. Experiments with mitochondria isolated from either rat brain or primary cortical neurons and incubated with proteinase K revealed that phosphorylated JNK was associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane; this association resulted in the phosphorylation of the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and that links two major metabolic pathways: glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. JNK‐mediated phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was not observed in experiments carried out with mitoplasts, thus suggesting the requirement of intact, functional mitochondria for this effect. JNK‐mediated phosphorylation of pyruvate dehydrogenase was associated with a decline in its activity and, consequently, a shift to anaerobic pyruvate metabolism: the latter was confirmed by increased accumulation of lactic acid and decreased overall energy production (ATP levels). Pyruvate dehydrogenase appears to be a specific phosphorylation target for JNK, for other kinases, such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C did not elicit pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation and did not decrease the activity of the complex. These results suggest that JNK mediates a signaling pathway that regulates metabolic functions in mitochondria as part of a network that coordinates cytosolic and mitochondrial processes relevant for cell function.


Purpose As the Japanese population ages and advanced medical care progresses, there is an increasing need to consider ACP for people living with chronic illnesses. Nurses assume an important role in the advancement of ACP. The purpose of this study is to clarify the opportunity to put it into practice as perceived by nurses who are providing nursing care for patients with chronic illnesses. Methods A quantitative study design was employed using a self-administered questionnaire survey. The questionnaire consisted of one to five Likert scales, and was sent via post to 1,855 addressees including all the Certified Nurse Specialists in Japan engaged in nursing care of people with chronic illnesses. 693 nurses responded. Results The scores were high for "Setting up a meeting as required (during hospitalization)" (4.50 ± 0.62), "Setting up a meeting as required (as an outpatient) (4.43 ± 0.69), "At the time of discharge (including the meeting to discuss treatment details with the patient and personnel involved in their treatment) (4.17 ± 0.83), and "When providing regular treatment or nursing care (during hospitalization) (4.11 ± 0.82). Discussion The items raised as an opportunity to practice ACP, namely, "As required" and "When providing regular treatment or nursing care" are due to the characteristics of chronic illnesses, which require a long period of recuperation and carry uncertainty in the illness trajectory.


Ocular findings in a case of Conradi disease (chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita) consisted of hypertelorism, epicanthus, mongoloid (upward) obliquity of lids, mild microphthalmia, iris synechiae, spherophakia, dense cataracts, and mild optic atrophy. The appearance of stippled epiphyses on x-ray film is diagnostic for Conradi disease.


Thesphere creates the minimal surface of enclosing structures and has unique resource saving qualities which makes it indispensable in the construction of "smart buildings». One of the methods of formation of triangular networks in the sphere was investigated. Conditions of the problem of locating a triangular network in the area were established. The evaluation criterion of solution effectiveness of the problem is the minimum number of type-sizes of dome panels, the possibility of pre-assembly and pre-stressing. The solution of the problem of the triangular network emplacement in a compatible spherical triangle on the sphere variant was provided. The problem of the emplacement of regular and irregular hexagons on the sphere, inscribed in a circles, i.e., flat figures or composed ones of spherical triangles with minimum dimensions of the ribs, has an effective solution in the form of a network, formed on the basis of minimum radii circles, i.e., circles on a sphere obtained by the touch of three adjacent circles whose centers are at the shortest distance from each other. The optimization of triangular geometric network on a sphere on the criterion of minimum sizes of elements can be solved by emplacementin the system the irregular hexagons inscribed in circles of minimal sizes, the maximum of regular hexagons.


Together with arginine, the nonproteinogenic amino acid homoarginine is a substrate for the production of vasodilator nitric oxide in the human body. In marine sponges, homoarginine has been postulated to serve as a precursor for the biosynthesis of pyrrole–imidazole alkaloid and bromotyrosine alkaloid classes of natural products. The absolute abundance of homoarginine, its abundance relative to arginine, and its stereochemical assignment in marine sponges are not known. Here, using stable isotope dilution mass spectrometry, we quantify the absolute abundances of homoarginine and arginine in marine sponges. We find that the abundance of homoarginine is highly variable and can far exceed the concentration of arginine, even in sponges where incorporation of homoarginine in natural products cannot be rationalized. The [homoarginine]/[arginine] ratio in marine sponges is greater than that in human analytes. By derivatization of sponge extracts with Marfey's reagent and comparison with authentic standards, we determine the l-isomer of homoarginine to be exclusively present in sponges. Our results shed light on the presence of the high abundance of homoarginine in marine sponge metabolomes and provide the foundation to investigate the biosynthetic routes and physiological roles of this nonproteinogenic amino acid in sponge physiology.


Background: Resident tissue macrophages exert important functions during severe systemic infection and contribute to changes in local as well as systemic immune responses. Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a crucial role in airway diseases and in the defense against microorganisms invading the body via the bronchopulmonary tract. It has been postulated that AM are involved in the development of acute local disorders as a consequence of extrapulmonary stimuli like pancreatitis, peritonitis, or trauma. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the local and systemic role of AM during sepsis using selective AM depletion in the murine colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) model of polymicrobial sepsis. Methods: 48 h prior to CASP surgery, AM of female C57BL/6 mice were selectively depleted by intratracheal application of clodronate liposomes (Lipo-clod). For control purposes, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) liposomes (Lipo-PBS) were used. Results: CASP led to significantly elevated levels of local and systemic cytokines independent of the presence of AM. In contrast, levels of gut-derived bacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung of septic mice were significantly higher in Lipo-clod-treated animals compared to Lipo-PBS-treated animals. After CASP-induced sepsis, local barrier dysfunction in the lung was detected; AM depletion resulted in severely enhanced development of acute lung injury. Consequently, Lipo-clod-treated animals showed strongly reduced survival rates after CASP. Conclusions: Contrarily to other macrophage populations, AM do not significantly contribute to local and systemic cytokine release during polymicrobial abdominal sepsis. AM have important protective functions for local clearance of gut-derived bacteria and attenuation of lung injury.


BALB/3T3 cells transformed by the Kirsten sarcoma virus (nonvirus producer BALB/3T3 cells) and mutant cell lines derived therefrom by treatment with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) were analyzed for expression of virus-specific RNA using single-stranded DNA transcripts of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV), a virus activated in one of the cell lines (58-2T), and Ki-SV-specific DNA transcript; the latter transcript after removal of all sequences cross-reactive with RLV RNA. The Rauscher virus DNA detected multiple copies of viral RNA in virus-producing cells (∼2.5 x 103/cell) whether infected with RLV or activated to produce virus with BrdU. Nonproducer (NP) cells and normal BALB cells showed small numbers of RNA genomes (70–250/cell) and only partial saturation of the transcript. The intracellular RNA sedimented at 35S (main peak) with a variable minor peak at 20S with the exception of one mutant cell, M-43-2 (main peak at 26–27S). The 58-2T transcript reacted preferentially in NP cells and their derivatives with biphasic kinetics suggesting the possibility of sequences specific for the original transforming virus. The size of Ki-SV specific sequences were 30S in mutant cells whether or not complete virus was being produced and independent of in vivo transplantability.


This chapter investigates the implementation status of the Aarhus Convention in Romania by a) examining if the provisions of the national legislation are in line with the requirements of the Convention; and b) empirically analyzing how implementation is either hindered or helped by the existing legal and administrative culture and practices surrounding access to information, participation, and access to justice in environmental matters. The main conclusion of the authors is that by examining the legal provisions in place, the reader will likely get only half the story – despite the fact that Romania seems very progressive in terms of its legislation in this field, numerous challenges occur during implementation. Public authorities view participation as a hassle, something they need to comply with by doing the minimum required by law and not being proactive. Citizens' demand for transparency and openness in government is weak, as they lack trust in state institutions, including courts, and harbor the belief that they cannot change the course of governmental affairs. Courts, in their turn, aggravate this situation by means of lengthy court proceedings and lack of a proper remedy system. In order to enhance implementation the authors argue that the role of environmental NGOs is critical – they need to continue to be involved in identifying deficiencies in the application of the Convention, coupled with more severe sanctions for the institutions that do not comply.


ABSTRACT Classic partisan theory posits that political parties translate their electorates' preferences into policies. Accordingly, the recent changes in left parties' voter base, from predominantly working-class to middle-class voters, should have resulted in changing policy positions and policy effects of left parties. We test this expectation for economic policies (i.e., subsidies, product market regulation, and privatization) in 16 European countries between 1980 and 2012. We find the expected relationships for subsidies but not for regulation and privatization. This can be explained by the fact that only with regard to subsidies, preferences substantially differ between the working- and the middle-class. Thus, economic policy preferences of voters of left parties diverge less than could be expected. Methodologically, the study suggests that empirically testing the complete causal mechanism of classic partisan theory, assessing voters' preferences and investigating more than one issue area, are promising ways to study partisan effects on public policies.


At the end of the historic march from Selma to Montgomery in 1965, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. famously paraphrased abolitionist and Unitarian minister Theodore Parker stating, "the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice." The implication of the phrase is that the social justice goals of the Civil Rights Movement would eventually be achieved. His prayer was that servants of justice would be rewarded in due time. In other words, that the goals of the Civil Rights Movement would be achievable at some point in the future. President Obama resurrected the phrase throughout his presidential campaign and throughout his presidency. The President was so taken with the phrase that he even had the quote woven into the presidential rug in the Oval Office during his tenure in the White House.


Abstract A digital twin is the mapping of a physical twin between hybrid spaces. The lifecycle of digital and physical twins occurs through the concepts of foetal, child, and adult twins. This technology can be used to assist clients and designers with real-time data. The use of digital twin technology in architectural design can be realised at various stages, from design to operation. Designers will be able to gain knowledge of the past, present, and future using this technology. This will reveal possible design scenarios. In this study, a hypothetical scenario is designed, in which designers build a building while already having a digital twin template. To do this, Building Information Modelling (BIM) is used as a reference model for digital twins, along with the fidelity levels of digital twins and the level of detail-development of BIM. When designers want to design a new project related to their predecessors, they already use the same type of digital twin-building portfolio they can use for their new design. A digital twin will help optimise the new process. Therefore, the digital twin of a building with a similar building type can be used to extract relevant data for the design process.


We present a design for a switchable nanomagnetic atom mirror formed by an array of 180° domain walls confined within Ni80Fe20 planar nanowires. A simple analytical model is developed which allows the magnetic field produced by the domain wall array to be calculated. This model is then used to optimize the geometry of the nanowires so as to maximize the reflectivity of the atom mirror. We then describe the fabrication of a nanowire array and characterize its magnetic behavior using magneto-optic Kerr effect magnetometry, scanning Hall probe microscopy, and micromagnetic simulations, demonstrating how the mobility of the domain walls allow the atom mirror to be switched "on" and "off" in a manner which would be impossible for conventional designs. Finally, we model the reflection of R87b atoms from the atom mirror's surface, showing that our design is well suited for investigating interactions between domain walls and cold atoms.


Me2SiH2, MeSiH3, and SiH4 are gaseous and flammable silanes that are inconvenient to use in chemical reactions. Catalytic amounts of a nickel pincer complex and NaO(t)Bu are reported to allow the synthesis of alkyl hydrosilanes from alkenes and alkoxy hydrosilanes, leading to the replacement of Me2SiH2, MeSiH3, and SiH4 by Me2(MeO)SiH, Me(EtO)2SiH, and (MeO)3SiH in hydrosilylation reactions of alkenes. The scope and mechanism of the reactions are also described.


Land use is an important environmental factor in the dynamics of human health. In the case of leptospirosis, environmental transmission cycles are caused by rat transition, environmental changes and populations at risk. Utilization of GIS-based spatial analysis may help detecting distribution patterns of leptospirosis cases, allocating resources and planning effective control and surveillance programs in endemic areas. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of leptospirosis based on land use and stream flow in Bantul District, 2010-2018. This ecological study was conducted in Bantul District, Yogyakarta for 9 years. Spatial analysis overlays processed data on leptospirosis cases per village and land use maps of 2016 using QGIS 3.0. Spatial distribution of 12 of high leptospirosis villages (18-35 cases) are in residential areas, tributaries, croplands, irrigated fields, rain-fed rice fields, and plantations. Those villages was crossed by major river basin which is potentially as transmission media of leptospirosis cases after heavy rainfall. It is suggested to increase the Early Awareness and Alert (EAA) system by active surveillance of early case finding from the government and endemic villagers.


Landfill waste decomposition generates a dark effluent named, leachate which is characterized by high organic matter content. To minimize these polluting effects, it becomes necessary to develop an effective landfill leachate treatment process. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of an innovative approach based on air stripping, anaerobic digestion (AD) and aerobic activated sludge treatment. A reduction of 80% of ammonia and an increase of carbon to nitrogen ratio to 25 were obtained, which is a suitable ratio for AD. This latter AD was performed in fixed bed reactor with progressive loading rate that reached 2 and 3.2 g COD/L/d for the raw and diluted leachate (1:2), respectively. The anaerobic treatment led to significant removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biogas production, especially for the diluted leachate. The COD removal was of 78% for the raw leachate and a biogas production of 4 L/d with 70% methane content. The use of the diluted leachate led to 81% of COD removal and 7 L/d biogas with 75% methane content. It allowed a removal of 77% COD and more than 97% of the organic compounds present in the initial leachate sample.


Abstraet-Micromanipulation by microrobots has become an issue of primary importance in industry and biomedicine, since human manual capabilities are restricted to certain tolerances. The manipulation of biological cells or the assembly of a microsystem composed of several microcomponents are good examples. An automated microrobot-based micromanipulation desktop station has been developed at the University of Karlsruhe. The process of assembly takes place in the field of view of a light optical microscope. This paper focuses on motion control problems of the piezo-driven microrobots employed by the station. The ability to adapt itself to the process requirements is of great importance for micromanipulation robots. They must be able to operate in a partially defined environment and to ensure reasonable behavior in unpredicted situations. A neural control concept based on a reference model is proposed as a solution. It is shown that the neural controller is able to learn the desired behavior. It considerably...


To improve the safety culture of a skilled nursing facility, we conducted multidisciplinary "Team Improvement for Patient and Safety" (TIPS) case conferences biweekly to identify causes of transfers to acute care hospitals and improvement opportunities. Staff perceptions of organizational patient safety culture were assessed with the Nursing Home Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Over the course of the year, we held 22 TIPS conferences. Mean item scores increased during the study, indicating improved staff perceptions of patient safety culture (P < .005).


: Saturable Bragg reflector (SBR) mode-locked Er-doped fiber lasers around 1550nm with a repetition rate of 1GHz are demonstrated. Key steps to obtain stable, femtosecond pulses by avoiding thermal damage of the SBR are discussed.


For the past 40 years, the scaling of CMOS device technology has enabled system performance to double every two years. However, emerging classes of applications for which network-speed processing and data-intensive modeling are integral components will demand a much faster rate of improvement, such as 2x/year in order to reach exaflop capabilities (100x-1000x over present systems) by the end of the next decade. These applications represent a significant growth opportunity and require continued innovation in silicon device scaling to increase intrinsic transistor performance/power and density. In addition, new system architectures will take advantage of 3D chip technology to enable a higher level of hybrid integration, new memory technology such as Phase Change Memory (PCM) will allow implementation of a new level of memory architecture, and silicon photonics on the processor will meet ultra-low power, low cost and high density communications needs. These and other innovations will lead to significant improvement in systems integration, performance, and power efficiency.


This paper presents a new high-level synthesis (HLS) approach which addresses the problem of synthesis of conditional behaviors. In proposed methodology, the conditional behaviors are represented by Hierarchical Conditional Dependence Graphs (HCDG) and synthesized using derived Constraints Logic Programming (CLP) models. Our synthesis methods exploit multicycle operations and chaining as well as conditional resource sharing and speculative execution at the same time. These techniques are essential in HLS and the experiments carried out using the developed prototype system showed good performance of the synthesized designs and proved the feasibility of the presented approach.


A single-laboratory validation (SLV) study was conducted on an LC/MS/MS method for the determination and confirmation of nicarbazin, expressed as 4,4-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), in chicken tissues, including liver, kidney, muscle, skin with adhering fat, and eggs. Linearity was demonstrated with DNC standard curve solutions using a weighted (1/x) regression and confirmed with matrix-matched standards. Intertrial repeatability precision (relative standard deviation of repeatability; RSD(r) was from 2.5 to 11.3%, as determined in fortified tissues. The precision was verified with incurred tissue, and varied from 0.53 to 2.5%. Average recoveries ranged from 82% in egg to 98% in kidney. Although the average recoveries across all concentrations were within the acceptable range, the method was improved with the inclusion of an internal standard and the use of matrix-matched standards. Accuracy for the improved method in chicken liver varied from 93 to 99% across all concentrations (100-8000 ng/g) compared to recoveries below 80% at concentrations, between 100-400 ng/g in chicken liver for the original method. The limit of detection was estimated to be less than 3.0 ng/g in all tissue types, and the limit of quantitation was validated at 20 ng/g. Based on confirmatory ion ratios and peak retention times, the false-negative rate was estimated as 0.00% (95% confidence limits 0.00, 0.74%) from 484 fortified samples and 12 incurred residue samples analyzed using the U.S. and EU confirmation criteria. Small variations to the method parameters, with the exception of injection volume, did not have a significant effect on recoveries. Stability was determined for fortified tissues, extracts, and standard curve solutions. The data collected in this study satisfy the requirements of SLV studies established by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel for Veterinary Drug Residue and the method was awarded First Action Official Method status by the Expert Review Panel for Veterinary Drug Residues on May 7, 2013.


The catalytic conversion of esters to amides represents new opportunities in the synthetic diversification and upcycling of polymers, as esters are commonly featured in various polymer structures. Yet, direct amidation is typically hampered by poor reaction kinetics and the effects of polymer structure on the reactivity remain poorly understood. Within this contribution, we report the accelerated amidation for amines with additional hydrogen bond donating or accepting groups. These amines facilitate the expeditious (co)amidation of polymers with pendant ester groups, displaying at least a 400-fold higher reactivity relative to polyesters with esters in the main. Furthermore, a positive correlation between the reactivity and degree of polymerization for poly(methyl acrylate) suggests a hydrogen-bond mediated intramolecular activation of the esters, which was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and basic molecular mechanics modeling. The reported method paves the way to synthesize diverse (co)polymers with amide side chains from readily available polymeric precursors.


Clouston syndrome (hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia) is an autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia characterized by alopecia, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, and nail dystrophy. Recently, mutations in the GJB6 gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin 30 have been shown to cause this disorder. To date, all mutations have involved two codons: G11R and A88V. Here, we report a novel mutation V37E within the first transmembrane domain of connexin 30 in a spontaneous case of Clouston syndrome. The mutation was detected in genomic DNA, confirmed in reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction products, and was excluded from 100 ethnically matched control individuals by restriction enzyme analysis.


We propose a floating-point serial divider for a single-flux quantum (SFQ) logic implementation based on a hardware algorithm of division using subtract and shift operations. Fast serial calculations are performed by utilizing the signed-digit representation. The divider is implemented with a regularly aligned pipeline structure called a systolic array. The processing element of the systolic array is designed using several logic gates unique to the SFQ circuits, to reduce the number of pipeline stages. As a result, high throughput and low latency is achieved with a small circuit size. The throughput approaches the maximum throughput of serial processing. A 4-bit divider was fabricated using the 2.5-kA/cm2 niobium process technology, and successful operation up to 19 GHz was demonstrated.


Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection alters the expression of many cellular genes, including IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) [Zhu, H., Cong, J.-P., Mamtora, G., Gingeras, T. & Shenk, T. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14470–14475]. By using high-density cDNA microarrays, we show that the HCMV-regulated gene expression profile in fibroblasts does not differ substantially from the response generated by IFN. Furthermore, we identified the specific viral component triggering this response as the envelope glycoprotein B (gB). Cells treated with gB, but not other herpesviral glycoproteins, exhibited the same transcriptional profile as HCMV-infected cells. Thus, the interaction of gB with its as yet unidentified cellular receptor is the principal mechanism by which HCMV alters cellular gene expression early during infection. These findings highlight a pioneering paradigm for the consequences of virus–receptor interactions.


For high input voltage (>;264 Vac) ac/dc applications, a buck power factor correction (PFC) converter is a good choice because of its low output voltage, high efficiency, lifetime improvement, and cost reduction by using a low voltage rating (<;200 V) electrolytic capacitor. However, due to the inherent dead angle of the input current, the harmonics of the buck PFC converter are high, which limits its application in lighting systems. In order to make the buck PFC converter meet the harmonics requirements (IEC61000-3-2, Class C) in lighting applications, this paper proposes a variable on-time controller for a critical conduction mode (CRM) buck PFC front-end converter for isolated high-brightness LED applications. By feedforwarding the input voltage and regulating the on-time of the switch, the high-order harmonics can be reduced to meet the lighting system limitations. Experimental results obtained on a 150-W CRM buck front-end PFC prototype show that the efficiency of buck PFC exceeds 96% during the entire line input range (250-530 Vac) at full load, and the current harmonics content can meet the harmonic requirements.


MAP inference for general energy functions remains a challenging problem. While most efforts are channeled towards improving the linear programming (LP) based relaxation, this work is motivated by the quadratic programming (QP) relaxation. We propose a novel MAP relaxation that penalizes the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the LP pairwise auxiliary variables, and QP equivalent terms given by the product of the unaries. We develop two efficient algorithms based on variants of this relaxation. The algorithms minimize the non-convex objective using belief propagation and dual decomposition as building blocks. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show that the solutions returned by our algorithms substantially improve over the LP relaxation.


A near perfect stable random access protocol for a broadcast channel, the distributed queuing random access protocol (DQRAP), is presented and evaluated. The DQRAP protocol utilizes minislots to provide ternary channel feedback and two distributed queues to resolve contention and to schedule the transmission of messages. Modeling and simulation indicate that the DQRAP protocol, using as few as three minislots, achieves a performance level which approaches that of a hypothetical perfect scheduling protocol, i.e., the M/D/1 system, with respect to throughput and delay. The DQRAP protocol is stable and not sensitive to propagation delay and thus offers the potential of improved performance over current protocols in satellite, metropolitan and packet radio networks.<<ETX>>


Aims To establish resilience support for paediatric trainees. Introduction Resilience, the capacity to recover, has never been more important in medicine. These have been exceptionally threatening times for trainees with contract changes resulting in unprecedented strikes. Doctors generally report problems of professional isolation, fragmentation of care for patients, and poor communication1. The opportunity to offer training was explored. Methods Two surveys were completed with outgoing paediatric trainees (and consultants) and the new intake. They asked what resilience meant to the doctors, what their personal strategies at work and home were and what they would like from resilience training. Results Twenty (28%) then 15 (75%) responded. Resilience was seen as a range of skills from the ability to battle stress, determination, to suffering in silence. Coping strategies included exercise, talking to family and praying. Only one person referenced drinking alcohol. Strategies fell into 5 groups Reflection/perspective Time out/balance Spiritual Exercise/activities Talking to family/friends All responders thought resilience training would be useful and a six week programme was set up following a successful pilot. The topics were given states of mind as titles including frustration, sadness, fatigue, happiness and optimism. Exercises have included using the arts, food, yoga and simply the opportunity to talk. From this and in support of all junior doctors, a multidisciplinary blog ('recalibrat8' on Tumblr and 'Recalibrate' on Facebook) was commissioned by the Trust Guardian of Safety which draws from national sources. Feedback has been extremely positive. Conclusion The GMC recognizes that all NHS organisations including itself, could 'do more to recognise the intense pressures on the profession and make it more acceptable for people to ask for help when they are struggling.'2 Resilience is built on personal qualities and early influences but can be taught. Equally important is recognition that doctors of all levels of training might struggle and they need a space to talk about fears, learn new skills and share their personal experience whilst developing an understanding of their mental health and physical limitations. In this way compassion for themselves and others can be allowed to grow and in so doing make for better doctors. References Rimmer, A Overstretched doctors must be encouraged to seek help, GMC says. BMJ Careers. Dec 2016. GMC Medical Professional http://www.gmc-uk.org/MPM_report.pdf_68646225.pdf


We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain. Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus theory. We introduce our system, prove some desirable features, and show defenses against long range revisions and catastrophic crashes. The Casper overlay provides almost any proof of work chain with additional protections against block reversions.


Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g), a major causative agent of periodontitis, has been linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory vascular disease. Recent studies have suggested a link between periodontitis and arterial stiffness, a risk factor for atherosclerosis. However, the mechanisms by which P.g infection contributes to atherogenesis remain elusive. The formation of lipid‐laden macrophage "foam cells" is critically important to development and progression of atherosclerosis. We have obtained evidence that TRPV4 (transient receptor potential channel of the vanilloid subfamily 4), a mechanosensitive channel, is a regulator of macrophage foam cell formation both in response to P.g‐derived lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) or to an increase in matrix stiffness. Importantly, we found that TRPV4 activity (Ca2+ influx) was increased in response to PgLPS. Genetic deletion or chemical antagonism of TRPV4 channels blocked PgLPS‐triggered exacerbation of oxidized LDL (oxLDL)‐mediated foam cell formation. Mechanistically, we found that (1) TRPV4 regulated oxLDL uptake but not its cell surface binding in macrophages; (2) reduced foam cell formation in TRPV4 null cells was independent of expression of CD36, a predominant receptor for oxLDL, and (3) co‐localization of TRPV4 and CD36 on the macrophage plasma membrane was sensitive to the increased level of matrix stiffness occurring in the presence of PgLPS. Altogether, our results suggest that TRPV4 channels play an essential role in P.g‐induced exacerbation of macrophage foam cell generation through a mechanism that modulates uptake of oxLDL.


Introduction Obese men with prostate cancer have an increased risk of biochemical recurrence, metastatic disease and mortality. For those undergoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), substantial increases in fat mass are observed in the first year of treatment. Recently, we showed that a targeted supervised clinic-based exercise and nutrition intervention can result in a substantial reduction in fat mass with muscle mass preserved in ADT-treated patients. However, the intervention needs to be accessible to all patients and not just those who can access a supervised clinic-based programme. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of telehealth delivered compared with supervised clinic-based delivered exercise and nutrition intervention in overweight/obese patients with prostate cancer. Methods and analysis A single-blinded, two-arm parallel group, non-inferiority randomised trial will be undertaken with 104 overweight/obese men with prostate cancer (body fat percentage ≥25%) randomly allocated in a ratio of 1:1 to a telehealth-delivered, virtually supervised exercise and nutrition programme or a clinic-based, face-to-face supervised exercise and nutrition programme. Exercise will consist of supervised resistance and aerobic exercise performed three times a week plus additional self-directed aerobic exercise performed 4 days/week for the first 6 months. Thereafter, for months 7–12, the programmes will be self-managed. The primary endpoint will be fat mass. Secondary endpoints include lean mass and abdominal aortic calcification, anthropometric measures and blood pressure assessment, objective measures of physical function and physical activity levels, patient-reported outcomes and blood markers. Measurements will be undertaken at baseline, 6 months (post intervention), and at 12 months of follow-up. Data will be analysed using intention-to-treat and per protocol approaches. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been obtained from the Edith Cowan University Human Research Ethics Committee (ID: 2021–02157-GALVAO). Outcomes from the study will be published in academic journals and presented in scientific and consumer meetings. Trial registration number ACTRN12621001312831.


There are two service selection strategies in dynamic service composition, i.e., global strategy and local strategy. The existed global service selection algorithms, due to insufficiently show users' partiality and feature of the service, is unfavorable to encourage the service provider to optimize the service quality to some extent. In this paper, an ordinary utility function is used as a numerical scale of ordering local services, and then a multi-dimension Qos based local service selection model is proposed to provide important grounds to choose superior service and sift inferior service. Secondly, subjective weight mode, objective weight mode, and subject-objective weight mode are constructed to not only determine the weight coefficient of each Qos criterion, but also show users' partiality and the objectivity of service quality. At last, this model is proved to be flexibility and effective based on our SEWSCP (Semantic Enable Web Service Composition Platform).


New linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are presented for robust stability of uncertain continuous-time systems. The LMIs do not involve any product of the Lyapunov matrix and the system dynamic matrix thus enables the checking of stability using parameter-dependent Lyapunov matrices. The condition is less conservative than previously presented conditions. The reduction in conservativeness is achieved by the introduction of an instrumental variable. A simple numerical example is given to illustrate the results.


Abstract Despite growing interest in Relational Contracting (RC), few studies have comprehensively investigated the qualities required for a successful RC project. Macneil's ten norms are principles of behaviour in contracts based on the application of relational contract theory and play an essential role in the formation and agreement of parties and their commitment to means and objectives. In contributing a missing dimension to the RC approach in construction, the purpose of this research is to conduct a systematic review of studies of relational contracting to answer the question: In what ways can the influence of RC theory be observed in the management strategies and outcomes of relational projects? Macneil's norms are used to provide a link between strategies and outcomes as a way of understanding RC and its influence on collaboration between the project actors in determining project outcomes. The results provide new insights with a view of consolidating extant literature and contributing through mapping practice back to theory. Findings show that the norms are evident in projects but with varied application and realisation in practice. This paper offers managerial implications and future research directions to investigate and capture the part played by the norms as mechanisms in construction projects.


The aim of this research or study are based on the objective of this which is the first one
is to define the relationship between Integrated Marketing Communication and Brand
Equity. The Second aim of this research is to examine the best promotional tool that
effective to the customer. Methodology of this research design is by quantitative
approach. Technique to collect data is by distributes questionnaire to 100 respondent
among customer at Kumpulan Media Karangkraf, Shah Alarn, Selangor. The data
collection has been analyzed use by SPSS. The fmding of the research there are relation
between Advertising with Brand Equity and Direct Marketing with Brand Equity.
Recommendation for the future research is research more deeply about brand equity and
their element based on promotion way also observation through company and customer
to see the equal of promotion between company and customer.
Keywords: Integrated Marketing Communication, Advertising, Direct Marketing,
Brand Equity,


Currently, the rarity and high cost of platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts seriously limit their commercial application in fuel cells cathode. Decorating Pt with atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen sites possibly offers an effective pathway to synergy tailor their catalytic activity and stability. Here active and stable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts (Pt3 Ni@Ni-N4 -C) by in situ loading Pt3 Ni nanocages with Pt skin on single-atom nickel-nitrogen (Ni-N4 ) embedded carbon supports are designed and constructed. The Pt3 Ni@Ni-N4 -C exhibits excellent mass activity (MA) of 1.92 A mgPt -1 and specific activity of 2.65 mA cmPt -2 , together with superior durability of 10 mV decay in half-wave potential and only 2.1% loss in MA after 30 000 cycles. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that Ni-N4 sites significant redistribute of electrons and make them transfer from both the adjacent carbon and Pt atoms to the Ni-N4 . The resultant electron accumulation region successfully anchored Pt3 Ni, that not only improves structural stability of the Pt3 Ni, but importantly makes the surface Pt more positive to weaken the adsorption of *OH to enhance ORR activity. This strategy lays the groundwork for the development of super effective and durable Pt-based ORR catalysts.


The efficient synthesis, physicochemical and photolytical properties of a photoactivable BAPTA-based Ca(2+) cage containing two photosensitive o-nitrobenzhydryl groups attached to the aromatic core are described. Ca(2+) release in living cells was evaluated. The double substitution with the chromophores caused a significant improvement of the Ca(2+) release properties of nitr-T versus singly substituted reported nitr-x derivatives without compromising Ca(2+)/Mg(2+) selectivity or pH insensitivity. Our results demonstrate a general strategy to improve light-triggered Ca(2+) release which may result in more efficient, selective, and pH-insensitive photolabile Ca(2+) chelators.


Purpose: Patients undergoing laparoscopic-assisted colectomy with obesity, high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade, and left-sided colon tumors are at high risk for operative conversion and complications. We hypothesized that a completely intracorporeal laparoscopic colectomy would be beneficial for high-risk patients compared with healthy, low-risk patients. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 136 consecutive patients undergoing a standardized totally intracorporeal laparoscopic colectomy for neoplasms from February 2004 to September 2011. Patients were stratified into a high-risk group with 1 or more factors: body mass index >30, ASA grade≥3, and left-sided tumors or a low-risk group with no factors. Variables compared were case frequency during the learning curve, body mass index, estimated blood loss, operative time, conversion, 30-day complications, and length of stay. Comparisons between groups were made by &khgr;2 analysis or t test where appropriate. Data are expressed as median±SD, odds ratio, and significance defined as P<0.05. Results: Laparoscopic colectomy was performed in 136 patients with a conversion rate of 4%. There were 86 high-risk patients and 50 low-risk patients. High-risk patients had a significantly (P<0.005) longer operative time (225±66 vs. 186±55 min) but no significant difference in estimated blood loss, conversion rates, learning curve, complications, or length of stay compared with low-risk patients. Conclusions: When laparoscopic colectomy is performed totally intracorporeally, surgical outcomes in high-risk patients with obesity, high ASA grade, and left-sided tumors are equally successful to results achieved for low-risk patients that are thin, healthy, with right-sided lesions.


Abstract Nowadays predicting transportation costs is more and more important. Most significant part of inland navigation's costs are the costs of fuel. Fuel consumption is related to operating conditions of ship's propulsion system and its resistance. On inland waterways the ship resistance is strictly related to the depth of the waterway. There is a tendency to build a formula that allows its user to calculate the resistance of any inland waterway vessel, but researches claim that most of them are accurate only for particular types of ships and/or operating conditions. The paper presents selected methods of calculating ship resistance on inland waterways. These methods are examined for different types of ships and different conditions using results of model tests. The performed comparison enabled selecting the best option for pushboats and pushed barge trains, but also showed that any of the tested methods is good enough to be used for calculating the resistance of motor cargo vessels. For this reason, based on known equations and using the regression method, the authors have formulated a new method to calculate the resistance of motor cargo vessels on limited waterway. The method makes use of ship's geometry and depth of waterway in relation to ship's speed. Correlating the ship's speed with its resistance and going further with fuel consumption, enables to calculate the costs of voyage depending on the delivery time. The comparison of the methods shows that the new equation provides good accuracy in all examined speed ranges and all examined waterway depths.


Korean government plans to launch a lunar orbiter and a lander to the Moon by 2020. Before launch these two proves, an experimental lunar orbiter will be launched by 2018 to obtain key space technologies for the lunar exploration. Several payloads equipped in experimental lunar orbiter will monitor the surface of the Moon and will gather science data. Lunar orbiter sends telemetry and receives tele-command from ground using S-band while science data is sent to ground stations using X-band when the visibility is available. Korean deep space network will be mainly used for S and X-band communication with lunar orbiter. Deep Space Network or Universal Space Network can also be used for the S-band during trans-lunar phase when korean deep space network is not available and will be used for the S-band in normal mission orbit as a backup. This paper analyzes a visibility condition based on the combination of various ground antennas and its mask angles according to mission scenario to predict the number of contacts per day and to build an operational scenario for the lunar orbiter.


If change is constant, then change management is constant, but maintaining successful change management programs and strategies can be challenging, especially if the impact of the change is big or the time between the changes is small, or the frequency of changes is high. Organizational changes can be seen as mandatory route for the adaptation of new markets trends, client expectations or response to social and geopolitical situations and events that demand structural and radical changes for the organization to move on. However organizations are composed of humans and change management tends to be more related with human resource management than operations management. It is the degree of effective human involvement that defines and drives a successful change, even if this change has limited human input such as technological changes, supplier changes, etc.Over the years several change management theories have been evolved and adapted in the market. Some use more aggressive and X type or management practices, such as the Kotter's model for change, while others use more democratic and Y type of management practices such as the ADKAR model for change. In either case, or in the ones that are more in the middle such as the Lewin's forces for change, the participation of the employees needs to be secured with their willingness to engage constructively and not disruptively. Change is more likely to be adopted, and last longer, if intentionally or unintentionally is conceived as the right thing to do, with individual benefits. Therefore, the management objectives in a change management strategy can be directed under a new leadership type that integrates the democratic, participative, situational and transformational leadership theories.This paper presents a critical and comparative analysis between the Kotter's Model for change, the ADKAR Model and the Lewin's Forces for change. The result of this analysis highlights the leadership type that is primarily used and its distance from other the leadership types. It also indicates the switch of the management and leadership practices during the change management process, and the challenges related to that. The result of these analysis attempt to identify the degree of democracy used in the change management process which is essential for the effective and long lasting implementation of a change strategy. Democratic change programs can be implemented with less resistance regardless the impact of the change or the frequency they are executed. Therefore the paper identifies the change management model that is closer related to the Company Democracy Model used primarily for innovation based organizations strategies, and extends the application of this change management model to such type of organizations which are also characterized from their non-hierarchical structures and organizational cultures. These type of neo-liberal organizations are the most difficult to change as their degree or democracy and freedom to operate does not favour change management strategies driven mostly by logic, order and authority. For this a new leadership type is introduced that promotes co-opetitition instead of competition, an non-competitive collective effort to go through a change.The research conducted for this paper is based on an extensive literature review on change management theories, primary research with surveys and interviews but also analysis of case related studies to indicate the need for the critically analyse the two models studied and set the base for a new change management and leadership theory. Furthermore, the paper presents the pre and post-condition for adopting the new theory, highlights research limitations, and identifies areas of further research to be conducted for the optimization of the new theory and its contribution to the science of management and leadership.


ABSTRACT This article presents observations pertaining to expressive visual design for computer music, focusing in particular on real-time integration of graphics and audio. The author describes specific projects as examples supporting a set of design principles that range from "user-oriented" to "aesthetic" and other observations. Examples include audio visualization, game-like interfaces, and mobile musical instruments.