Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of almost half the world population and is a causative agent of gastric carcinomas and duodenal ulcers. Only a small fraction of infected people will develop these severe illnesses and a predictive test to identify people at high risk would greatly benefit disease management. Our study aimed to identify conserved bacterial antigens that may be useful for the development of such a diagnostic test. High‐resolution immunoproteomics by 2‐dimensional electrophoresis of H. pylori 26695 proteins was carried out with sera from infected patients with either duodenal ulcer (n=30) or gastric carcinoma (n=30), 2 clinically divergent conditions. According to their antigen recognition patterns clear groups of patients were identified. Although this classification did not correspond to the clinical status, it may be correlated to other bacterial or host factors that influence the outcome of infection. In general antigen recognition patterns were found to be highly variable, however by utilizing powerful image analysis and statistical tests the recognition of 14 antigenic protein species was found to differ significantly (p<0.01) between both diseases. Particular protein species of GroEL, HyuA, GroES and AtpA appear to be useful surrogate markers for gastric carcinoma detection and consequently should be considered for further prospective studies to assess their predictive value. For one protein species of AtpA, evidence was found that different post‐translational modifications may confer different immunogenicities. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


We consider the problem of scattering of time-harmonic acoustic waves by an unbounded sound-soft rough surface. Recently, a Brakhage–Werner type integral equation formulation of this problem has been proposed, based on an ansatz as a combined singleand double-layer potential, but replacing the usual fundamental solution of the Helmholtz equation with an appropriate half-space Green's function. Moreover, it has been shown in the three-dimensional case that this integral equation is uniquely solvable in the space LðGÞ when the scattering surface G does not differ too much from a plane. In this paper, we show that this integral equation is uniquely solvable with no restriction on the surface elevation or slope. Moreover, we construct explicit bounds on the inverse of the associated boundary integral operator, as a function of the wave number, the parameter coupling the singleand double-layer potentials, and the maximum surface slope. These bounds show that the norm of the inverse operator is bounded uniformly in the wave number, k, for kO0, if the coupling parameter h is chosen proportional to the wave number. In the case when G is a plane, we show that the choice hZk=2 is nearly optimal in terms of minimizing the condition number.


Testing of distributed systems is a complex task, which is hampered by the impossibility of guaranteed reproduction of errors associated with race conditions. Even minor instrumentation of the system significantly changes its characteristics, which becomes critical, especially for load testing. All of that increases the importance of quality control methods based on the system log analysis. In this paper, we present our experience of semi-automated analysis of the behavior of clearing and settlement system by utilizing its logs for the purpose of identifying and classifying errors.


SUMMARY Objective: This investigation intended to evaluate anterior and posterior tibial arteries at the ankle joint level in congenital clubfoot, by using color Doppler ultrasound (CDU). Material and Method: Twenty patients with idiopathic clubfoot were selected, from which 18 had unilateral involvement and two had bilateral involvement. Of the 18 patients with unilateral clubfoot, 16 went through surgical treatment and the other two were submitted to conservative treatment with serial casting. Of the bilateral cases, one patient was treated surgically and the other was treated with serial casting. All patients were clinically and radiographi-cally assessed. We used the functional rating as described by Lehman. Then, CDU was applied bilaterally at the ankle joint level, trying to identify both posterior and anterior tibial arteries. Results: In our present series of 20 cases with idiopathic clubfoot, in just one patient we could not identify the anterior tibial artery at the ankle joint level. In 12 patients who have had their arterial flow speeds and diameters measured by UDC, a positive correlation was found between functional level and anterior tibial artery diameter. No statistically significant differences were found between both flow speed and diameter of anterior tibial artery of the normal side, when compared to the affected side (in patients with unilateral disease). Conclusion: In our sample, we could not find any significant differences in arterial morphology and flow speed between the normal and the affected side. Furthermore, we noticed that the better the clinical result of clubfoot correction, the larger the diameter of anterior tibial artery in affected feet.


The study aimed to calibrate the model 3-PG for Eucalyptus saligna for the following the diameter variables at breast height (DBH), total height, wood volume and branch, bark and wood biomass. The study took place in the region of Guaiba, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Clonal plantations of Eucalyptus saligna in various spacings were used. Six different ages were selected along the crop cycle (2nd to 7th year). After the forest inventory was carried out, the biomass of three trees fractionated into wood, bark, branches and leaves was collected. The biomass of roots on the average tree of each plot was measured to a depth of 1 m. Physical and chemical analyses were performed in soil samples from the layers: 0 to 20 cm, 20 to 40 cm and 40 to 100 cm. Litter deposition was estimated by allocating 4 square collectors of 0.5 m². The leaf area was obtained through digital photographs and thus the specific leaf area was estimated. The physiological parameters were measured in six plots, one at each age. Climatic parameters were provided by EEA of UFRGS University, located in Eldorado do Sul, RS state. The model validation was not statistically accepted, but their estimated data can be used to estimate the studied variables, demonstrating the potential of its use although additional studies for the application of the model to this species are still needed.


Silk fibers are found in many important historic textiles and artefacts. Raw silk is a proteinaceous fiber consists of two major proteins: The main fibrous component fibroin, and amorphous protein sericin. In commercial use, sericin is normally removed by degumming. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for fiber identification and can provide both qualitative and quantitative information about protein conformations. The amino acid composition of fibroin and sericin significantly differs from each other, thus they can be easily differentiated by IR spectroscopy. In this study some archaeological silk textile specimens, obtained during the excavations in Ancien Ainos (Enez), one of the most important archaeological sites in Turkey together with 150 years old and new Bombyx mori silk textiles were investigated using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The main aim of our research was to investigate conformational changes of silk protein, caused by ageing depending on the environmental conditions. It was found that structural transformations from β-sheet domain to β-turn and disordered conformations occur due to degradation. By aging, the changes in molecular structure and the formation of oxidative moieties were investigated. The crystallinity and oxidation degrees of the silk fibroin were defined by the investigations of the ratios of integrated intensities of β-Sheet to disordered structure and the integrated intensity ratios of Amide I/Amide II, respectively.


BACKGROUND
The diagnostic yield of neuroimaging in chronic headache is low, but can reduce the use of health services.

AIM
To determine whether primary care access to brain computed tomography (CT) referral for chronic headache reduces referral to secondary care.

DESIGN OF STUDY
Prospective observational analysis of GP referrals to an open access CT brain scanning service.

SETTING
Primary care, and outpatient radiology and neurology departments.

METHOD
GPs in Tayside and North East Fife, Scotland were given access to brain CT for patients with chronic headache. All referrals were analysed prospectively over 1 year, and questionnaires were sent to referrers to establish whether imaging had resulted in or stopped a referral to secondary care. The Tayside outpatient clinic database identified scanned patients referred to the neurology clinic for headache from the start of the study period to at least 1 year after their scan.

RESULTS
There were 232 referrals (55.1/100 000/year, 95% confidence interval = 50.4 to 59.9) from GPs in 59 (82%) of 72 primary care practices. CT was performed on 215 patients. Significant abnormalities were noted in 3 (1.4%) patients; there were 22 (10.2%) non-significant findings, and 190 (88.4%) normal scans. Questionnaires of the referring GPs reported that 167 (88%) scans stopped a referral to secondary care. GPs referred 30 (14%) scanned patients to a neurologist because of headache. It is estimated that imaging reduced referrals to secondary care by 86% in the follow-up period.

CONCLUSION
An open access brain CT service for patients with chronic headache was used by most GP practices in Tayside, and reduced the number of referrals to secondary care.


A novel fabrication method for lensed fiber array has been proposed utilizing UV-curable fluorinated polymer, whose refractive index is matched to fused silica. The structure is composed of three segments; single mode fiber, coreless silica fiber and UV-curable polymer lens-tip. Flexible control of the curvature of lens-tip was realized by control of deposited volume of the liquid polymer and free-space interconnection performances are characterized.


The aim for seamless care that has long been the ultimate goal of good community psychiatry in the UK has disappeared, and there is now much needless argument over models of delivering care that ignore its main philosophy. It is argued that this ossification of care has not only made it ineffective, but has also promoted demoralisation and burn-out in the workforce, as the locus of control has shifted from clinician to managerial imperative. An initiative that can break up the opaque structures that hinder continuity of care is now available and a suggestion is made for a flexible, invigorated community care team system based on smaller catchment areas that allows a single team to combine the elements of assertive outreach, crisis resolution and early intervention with in-patient care.


A new approach for facilitating microstructural controls for syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), in which, styrene polymerization is conducted in the presence of cyclic olefins and hydrogen, is proposed. Detailed structural analyses revealed that cyclic olefins are not incorporated into the polystyrene main chain; instead, they are capable of interrupting the chain propagation processes by binding onto the active catalyst to form a cyclic-olefin-coordinated active site. Thus, in the presence of hydrogen, chain transfer by hydrogen addition occurs selectively, which leads to the generation of drastically lower molecular weight sPS with a narrower range of molecular weight distribution. Chain end structural analyses of the resulting polymers revealed that styrene polymerization under theses conditions involves a selective chain transfer pathway for providing styrene polymers with uniform chain end structures. A unique method for inducing a selective chain transfer reaction by using non-incorporated cyclic olefins to regulate the chain reaction mechanism is demonstrated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011


This paper shows a winding design consideration of a 50-kW switched-reluctance motor (SRM) for hybrid-electric-vehicle (HEV) applications. Increasing the number of turns in stator windings is effective in reducing the maximum current; thus, the inverter current rating is reduced. However, motor output power falls significantly at high speed because of the increased back electromotive force. Continuous current operation can enhance output power at high rotational speed. In this operation, phase current is increased, and hence, the motor output power is maintained at high rotational speed. However, continuous current operation results in a decrease in efficiency. Thus, there is a tradeoff in selecting the number of series turns. In this paper, two SRMs are constructed with the same dimensions, and their performance results, i.e., torque and efficiency ranges, are compared with those of the automotive industry standard interior-permanent-magnet motor for HEV applications.


Selection for high or low daily food intake (DFI) in Large White pigs resulted in higher serum leptin concentration, fat deposition and food intake in the high DFI line. The response in serum leptin concentration indicated that the higher fat deposition of the high DFI line was not due to insufficient leptin production, as in the Lepob/Lepob mouse. Serum leptin was more highly correlated with fat deposition than with food intake indicating that the response in serum leptin was primarily due to increased fat deposition rather than to higher energy intake per se. The low correlations between serum leptin measured at 30 kg and performance test traits indicate that serum leptin would not be efficient for selection of animals prior to performance test. However, the consistent positive correlations between serum leptin and a measure of fat deposition suggest that serum leptin could usefully be incorporated in selection criteria for genetic improvement of carcass lean content in pigs.


Preliminary
phytochemical study of methanol extracts from Vernonanthura patens's leaves located in Marcabeli (El Oro province), Ecuador. The methodology
consisted of chromatographic column separations with increasing polarity
solvents and the analysis of fractions by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
coupled system (GC-MS). The structure of 53 compounds was proposed. Analyzed V. patens species showed the presence of
terpene and aliphatic hydrocarbons, free fatty acids and their methyl and ethyl
esters, oxygen sesqui,
triterpenoids and sugars. For ecuadorian species, there are no records of chemical studies.


This Skripsi entitle " Analysis Economic Sector Bases District of Kembayan To Sub-Province Sanggau", this skripsi of background overshadow by activity of economics of District of Kembayan during range of time 5 year ( 2006-2010). This research aim to to know bases economic sector or pre-eminent sector of District of Kembayan and also compare and analyse economic growth rate of District of Kembayan to economic growth rate of Sub-Province Sanggau. used by Method Research at this research is descriptive analysis that is by explaining and depicting an situation / occurence as it is and as according to existing condition. With source of sekunder data which in can through institution / related / relevant on duty and also evaluate respective bibliography, while in analysing data use analyzer in the form of Location Quotient analysis ( LQ), analyse Shift-Share ( SS) And Tipologi Klassen analysis utilize to answer existing problems. From result of research third the analysis can know that is, pursuant to Location Quotient analysis ( LQ) known that in District of Kembayan there is four sector representing bases economic sector or pre-eminent sector which is its value of big from one that is agricultural sector equal to 1,59, building sector equal to 1,15, transportation sector and communications equal to 1,44, and also service sector equal to 1,26, while other sector with LQ value less than one. From result of Shift-Share analysis known that during range of time five PDRB year District of natural Kembayan of increase of performance economics of area equal to Rp 9,54 billion, with four sector which is kompetitif that is agricultural sector, mining sector and dig, electrics sector and drinking water, and also commercial sector, restaurant and hotel. Later;Then for industrial hotchpotch indicate that economics of District of Kembayan affect negativity with the meaning there no influence from industry to output yielded by economics of District of kembayan. While pursuant to result of Tipologi Klassen analysis known that agricultural sector represent sector staying in prima classification, at potential classification there is three sector that is building sector, transportation sector and communications, and also service sector. Next at classification expand also there is three sector that is mining sector, electrics sector and drinking water, and also commercial sector, restaurant and hotel, while at situated behind classification there is two sector that is processing industrial sector, and also financial sector, company service and rental. Key word : Location Quotient (LQ), Shift-Share (SS), Klassen Thypology


The purpose of this article is to interpret a selection of El Greco's Italian paintings (1560-1576) based on Bible texts in which ideas current during the Catholic Counter-Reformation are symbolised. At the age of nineteen El Greco, who was born in Crete in 1541 and was initially an icon painter in the Byzantine tradition, went to Venice. Through study and experiment, and by following the examples of other artists who had achieved artistic mastery and was of proven Catholic orthodoxy, he educated himself as an artist in the Western manner. Even during his years as an apprentice El Greco's art is proof that he aspired to the highest humanly accessible values exemplified by Renaissance artistic theory, humanism and Christian spirituality — all of which later came to fruition in an unprecedented original combination in Toledo, Spain, where he settled permanently in 1577.


OBJECTIVE
To report the results of the second phase of a pilot study of an Italian national external quality evaluation program (EQA) aimed at assessing whether participation in the first phase had increased the reliability and accuracy of diagnoses and to what extent.

STUDY DESIGN
In the second phase, two sets of cervical smears (similar to the ones examined in the first phase) were circulated among the 14 participating cytologic laboratories throughout Italy. Responses were recorded on a standardized form. Participants were asked to judge the adequacy of each smear and to formulate a diagnosis. They were also asked to recommend management of the patient on the basis of the smear report and to evaluate the degree of diagnostic difficulty of each slide. The results were discussed in workshops, and it was possible to reach a consensus diagnosis on 37 of 40 smears. In the statistical analysis, new indices of diagnostic variability were developed and calculated; a gross index of agreement, unweighted and weighted kappas, analysis of exchangeability, sensitivity and specificity were also estimated.

RESULTS
The results of the second phase are similar to those of the first phase and no substantial improvement in accuracy and little reduction in variability were observed. The interventions carried out in this study (discussion between representatives of laboratories of diagnostic differences and reassessment of the most controversial slides) were aimed at increasing consensus among the participating pathologists but were insufficient to change the diagnostic routines in their laboratories.

CONCLUSION
It may be advisable to promote two kinds of interlaboratory quality programs with two separate but integrated components: (1) a core component with slides having clear-cut diagnoses, and (2) a continuing education component.


Some cities have incessantly teemed with life for centuries, even for millennia. Currently, the oldest inhabited urban settlements are deemed to be those located in the Old World. Their contemporary layouts are very different to how they were originally, this is very often hidden in relics which attest to the older layers. Searching for such layers is a fascinating task. Sometimes, they can be found in the layout of public spaces, or in the architecture of historic buildings and complexes. Others remain deeply concealed underneath the surface of streets, squares, pavements, and parks. Most frequently, the exposure of larger parts of the remains of old architectural and urban structures is not easy due to the need to secure efficient functioning of the contemporary urban tissue. Architectural and archaeological reserves established especially in Europe, help to restore the lost memory of the city by exhibiting its historic layers.


Winter oilseed rape (OSR) became more and more important during the last decades due to its profitability, the potential to grow OSR as a renewable resource for biofuel production and its beneficial value as preceding crop. Its high fertilizer requirements and its low nitrogen efficiency enhance the risk of N losses from soil-crop system to the environment by leaching during winter rainfall. Site specific fertilization is one approach to improve N efficiency for OSR. Therefore, high resoluted spatial and time concerning information about current crop parameters like biomass and N uptake as well as information about yield potential is necessary. Two approaches were developed to realize these requirements. First, site specific differences of crop development should become measurable in realtime and for a large scale. Second, time courses of biomass production and N uptake should be comprehended by model simulation. Subsequently, appropriate fertilizer algorithms should be implemented for the derivation of fertilizer recommendations. Furthermore, the applicability of these approaches on field scale must be investigated in the course of additional studies.

The first objective of this thesis was the establishment of a non-destructive, remote sensing based method to achieve information on site specific variability of above ground biomass and crop uptake of OSR during the growth period by measuring canopy reflectance in order to save intensive destructive measurements in the fields. A systematic analysis of hyperspectral reflectance measurements by testing all possible waveband combinations enabled to derive new vegetation indices. These indices were successfully used to estimate crop canopy parameters like the green area index (GAI), shoot dry matter (DMshoot) and nitrogen in the shoot (Nshoot) during the vegetation period and their prediction power exceeded commonly used indices in terms of r2 and RMSE. Particularly, combinations of near-infrared wavebands 740 nm and 780 nm served best to estimate GAI and DMshoot and Nshoot. Regarding calibration and validation, the indices showed stable results. Using these indices enables to identify small differences between crop canopy parameters in realtime and for large areas. These information can be used to initialize and parameterize a crop growth model for OSR.
A further objective of this thesis was the development of a growth model to predict plant parameters like biomass and canopy N in the time course, to derive the amount of fertilizer demand. The presented crop growth model follows a dynamic, empirical approach for predicting dry matter production based on the concept of light use efficiency (LUE) for vegetative growth from emergence to flowering. Data gave evidence that LUE before winter was not constant but depended on radiation intensity. Therefore, it was calculated according to a linear regression function for this specific period. Furthermore, the model calculates dry matter partitioning into leaf and stem fraction according to an allometric approach. For the calculation of nitrogen uptake, nitrogen concentration had to be determined. For leaves, it was set to be constant, whereas stem nitrogen concentration depended on stem dry matter according to an exponential dilution curve. Nitrogen uptake for the shoot was obtained by adding leaf and stem nitrogen uptake. Additionally, the model calculated dry matter losses during winter, which were calculated according to temperatures below 0 °C. Taking these losses into account, enabled for a continuously prediction of dry matter from emergence to flowering without interruption. The variable LUE approach before winter improved dry matter predictions compared to calculations with an optimized, constant LUE. The model could reproduce the dynamic of dry matter losses during winter. Only few data sets were available for calibration and validation, so that parameterization was not robust regarding standard errors for optimized parameters. Prediction for validation data set revealed high differences concerning quality, indicating that additional data set are needed for improving parameterization and prediction of the crop growth model.
Because crop growth differs for different developmental stages, another object of this study was the development of a phenological model. Knowledge about time and duration of growth stages can also be used for a growth specific crop management like N fertilization. The presented phenological model based on BRASNAP-PH, which was developed for north-west Europe. Because BRASNAP-PH predicts only four main developmental stages, modifications were conducted, to predict highly resoluted developmental stages according to BBCH. Vernalization and photoperiod were the most important factors besides temperature to estimate leaf development, whereas temperature was determinant during all phases of development. The modified model was calibrated and validated on a large data set throughout Germany. Optimized parameter values and corresponding standard errors for calibration and cross calibration gave advice for a robust parameterization. Validation and cross validation let to a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.11 and 3.25 BBCH stages, respectively, for the whole developmental phase.

The presented results of this thesis can contribute to improve N efficiency for OSR in terms of a site specific fertilization implementing fertilizer algorithms to the growth model. Therefore, an accurate, adjusted, site specific N fertilization recommendation should be derived from information of current crop status and of yield potential. Since the site specific fertilization deals only with one aspect for improving N efficiency for OSR, other approaches must be developed and investigated. Especially approaches concerning production management and crop rotations reveal promising for improvement.


The problem of short circuit current limitation can be solved by using superconducting current limiters (SCL) in electric supply networks. This paper discusses the design of the inductive-type SCL with the screen of three rings and examines the influence of the rings separation on the volt-ampere characteristics.


The large, andesite-hosted quartz vein system at Waihi contains a major epithermal Au-Ag deposit (total production of 6.4 Moz Au and 39.9 Moz Ag, Ag:Au = 6.2). It is notable for a large vertical extent (up to 575 m) of economic Au-Ag ore. A pervasive adularia-quartz-illite-chlorite-pyrite alteration zone bounds the larger quartz veins and is associated with veinlets of quartz + calcite + pyrite ± adularia ± illite. This zone is enveloped by an illite-quartz-adularia-chlorite-calcite-pyrite alteration zone, which grades out through a transition zone characterized by interlayered illite-smectite into a smectite-chlorite-calcite alteration zone in the least altered andesites. The formation of the adularia, quartz, chlorite, calcite, pyrite, and some illite in these alteration assemblages was associated with an initial stage of vein filling by platy calcite and quartz. This was followed by a main stage of quartz and sulfide vein filling, with crustiform quartz at deeper levels and colloform quartz plus minor adularia at shallow levels. Deposition of main-stage quartz and sulfides was accompanied by illite overprinting adularia in the wall rock and filling fractures in the quartz-calcite-pyrite ± adularia veinlets. Sulfide-bearing bands associated with the main-stage quartz show a zonation with decreasing depth from a coarse-grained sphalerite-galena-pyrite-chlorite assemblage at deep levels to a finer grained sphalerite-galena-pyrite-chalcopyrite-acanthite-electrum assemblage at medium to shallow levels. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the main-stage quartz was deposited from fluids which ranged in temperature and composition from up to 295°C and 1.7 wt percent NaCl equiv at depth, to 190°C and 0.2 wt percent NaCl equiv at shallow levels. These are true salinities, because the fluids extracted from the fluid inclusions have low CO 2 contents (0.05–0.24 wt %). Quartz within electrum-poor Zn-Pb-Fe sulfide bands was deposited at higher temperatures (295°–242°C) and salinities than quartz in electrum-bearing Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu-Ag sulfide bands (260°–190°C). Temperature versus depth profiles for fluid inclusions with evidence of boiling indicate that the paleowater table was located about 160 m above the present erosion level during deposition of the main-stage quartz. Minor amethyst as the final stage of vein filling was locally preceded by inesite and was not associated with sulfides and electrum. Amethyst was deposited at 253° to 170°C from fluids containing up to 4.5 wt percent NaCl equiv. These higher salinities are attributed to concentration of salts in the residual liquid by localized, open-system boiling. Chloride-depth, chloride-enthalpy, and δ 18 O water -enthalpy plots indicate mixing of deep fluids (up to 1.7 wt % NaCl for the main-stage quartz) with very low salinity, steam-heated ground water. Oxygen isotope δ 18 O values for vein quartz and amethyst range from 6.1 to 11.6 per mil and for vein calcite from 2.29 to 9.4 per mil. Calculated δ 18 O water values define a trend from –2.9 per mil at shallow levels to +0.6 per mil at depth. Extrapolation of the dilution trend on a δ 18 O water -enthalpy plot indicates that the deep fluid ( δ 18 O water +0.6‰) was mixed with heated (160°–180°C) ground water of local meteoric water composition (–5.5‰). Dilution of a deep chloride fluid (1–2 wt % NaCl equiv), carrying zinc and lead as chloride complexes, with steam-heated ground water is inferred to have been responsible for deposition of the electrum-poor Zn-Pb-Fe sulfide assemblage from 300° to 240°C at a paleodepth below about 500 m. Deposition of this assemblage may also have been promoted by decrease of sulfur in solution through loss of H 2 S gas by boiling during episodic fracturing. The decrease in salinity following dilution favored the transport of gold, silver, and copper as hydrosulfide complexes and led to the deposition of the electrum-bearing Zn-Pb-Fe-Cu-Ag sulfide assemblage over a temperature range of 260° to less than 190°C at paleodepths of 500 to less than 250 m. In this assemblage, the decrease of sulfur in solution as a result of deposition of the associated chalcopyrite, pyrite, and galena is a likely mechanism for electrum deposition.


In this paper, we propose a methodology of generating a parametric segment model for human body using the Korean anthropometric data. The model is defined as an articulated body model consisted with 19 ellipsoid primitives. The primitives are joined at locations representing the physical joints of human body. A lot of previous researches have suggested methodologies of generating body models using the European or American anthropometric data, so that these models were inappropriate for engineering analyses and simulations in case of the Koreans. We defined a set of 35 body dimensions representing our segment model based on the anthropometric data of Koreans. Also we defined four key parameters of age, height, weight and waist circumference, and then we applied regression equations to associate the parameters to the aforementioned dimensions. As the results, we obtained the parametric human body segment models according to the various body types and the subject-specific models for a specific individual. The models in the various industries can be used as the base models for static and dynamic analysis considering the Koreans.


Purpose
Pull production systems have received much attention in the supply chain management environment. The number of Kanbans is a key decision variable in the pull production system as it affects the finished goods inventory (FGI) and backorders of the system. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance of the fixed and dynamic Kanban systems in terms of operational metrics (FGI and backorders) under the demand uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the system dynamics (SD) approach was used to model the performance of fixed and dynamic Kanban based production systems. SD approach has enabled the feedback mechanism and is an appropriate tool to incorporate the dynamic control during the simulation. Initially, a simple Kanban based production system was developed and then compared the performance of production systems with fixed and dynamic controlled Kanbans at the various demand scenarios.

Findings
From the present study, it is observed that the dynamic Kanban system has advantages over the fixed Kanban system and also observed that the variation in the backorders with respect to the demand uncertainty under the dynamic Kanban system is negligible.

Research limitations/implications
In a just-in-time production system, the number of Kanbans is a key decision variable. The number of Kanbans is mainly depended on the demand, cycle time, safety stock factor (SSF) and container size. However, this study considered only demand uncertainty to compare the fixed and dynamic Kanban systems. This paper further recommends researchers to consider other control variables which may influence the number of Kanbans such as cycle time, SSF and container size.

Originality/value
This study will be useful to decision-makers and production managers in the selection of the Kanban systems in uncertain demand applications.


Transthoracic electrical impedance (TEI) is related to thoracic fluid content. In order to analyze this relation, we studied the acute effects of changes in body posture and of intravenous administration of furosemide on TEI in patients with different diuretic regimens. The TEI was measured using a tetrapolar electrode system, and a 100 microA constant current at 100 kHz. The measurements were performed repeatedly during the first two days in 15 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and without overt left heart failure, as evaluated from clinical data and bedside catheterization. It was concluded that TEI appears to be a sensitive, noninvasive means of evaluating changes in thoracic fluid content in AMI.


Chitosan is a well-known biopolymer, whose high nitrogen content confers remarkable ability for the sorption of metal ions from dilute effluents. However, its sorption performance in both equilibrium and kinetic terms is controlled by diffusion processes. Gel bead formation allows an expansion of the polymer network, which improves access to the internal sorption sites and enhances diffusion mechanisms. Molybdate and vanadate recovery using glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan beads reaches uptake capacities as high as 7−8 mmol g-1, depending on the pH. The optimum pH (3−3.5) corresponded to the predominance range of hydrolyzed polynuclear metal forms and optimum electrostatic attraction. While for beads, particle size does not influence equilibrium, for flakes, increasing sorbent radius significantly decreases uptake capacities to 1.5 mmol g-1. Sorption kinetics are mainly controlled by intraparticle diffusion for beads, while for flakes the controlling mechanisms are both external and intraparticle diff...


Pomegranate is one of the oldest subtropical fruits cultivated in Turkey and surrounding areas. The country has very rich pomegranate genetic resources mostly found in semi-arid and arid areas. In this study we examined change of proline content in three well known pomegranate cultivars namely Hicaz, Oguzeli and Devedisi in year 2007 and 2008. There were wide climatic differences between years and 2008 were found to be more dry and hot compared to 2007. The proline content varied among pomegranate cultivars and particularly years. In year 2007, average proline content of three pomegranate cultivars were 30 mg/l while it was 93 mg/l in year 2008, indicating that climatic change affects proline accumulation in pomegranate fruits and in hot and dry years, proline accumulation in fruits increases.

 Key words: Pomegranate, climate changes, desertification, proline.


This paper is a report of a study that investigates the outcomes of divorce among divorced women in semi-urban and rural communities in Ekiti State, Nigeria to determine whether they were empowered or disempowered being divorced. A total of 52 divorced woman purposively selected were interviewed. The findings revealed that almost half of the divorced women reported that they were empowered in some areas depending on their socio-economic status, educational qualifications and age but overall, the outcome(s) of divorce was more disempowering than empowering for the vast majority of the divorced women. Within this context, understanding reasons for disempowerment of divorced women is a key theme for understanding marriage, divorce and empowerment in Nigeria.


We describe the synthesis of a series of mono-, di-, and trisaccharide-functionalized alkanethiols as well as the formation of fouling-resistant self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) from these. The SAMs were characterized using ellipsometry, wetting measurements, and infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). We show that the structure of the carbohydrate moiety affects the packing density and that this also alters the alkane chain organization. Upon increasing the size of the sugar moieties (from mono- to di- and trisaccharides), the structural qualities of the monolayers deteriorated with increasing disorder, and for the trisaccharide, slow reorganization dynamics in response to changes in the environmental polarity were observed. The antifouling properties of these SAMs were investigated through protein adsorption experiments from buffer solutions as well as settlement (attachment) tests using two common marine fouling species, zoospores of the green macroalga Ulva linza and cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. The SAMs showed overall good resistance to fouling by both the proteins and the tested marine organisms. To improve the packing density of the SAMs with bulky headgroups, we employed mixed SAMs where the saccharide-thiols are diluted with a filler molecule having a small 2-hydroxyethyl headgroup. This method also provides a means by which the steric availability of sugar moieties can be varied, which is of interest for specific interaction studies with surface-bound sugars. The results of the surface dilution study and the low nonspecific adsorption onto the SAMs both indicate the feasibility of this approach.


Group emotion recognition in the wild is a challenging problem, due to the unstructured environments in which everyday life pictures are taken. Some of the obstacles for an effective classification are occlusions, variable lighting conditions, and image quality. In this work we present a solution based on a novel combination of deep neural networks and Bayesian classifiers. The neural network works on a bottom-up approach, analyzing emotions expressed by isolated faces. The Bayesian classifier estimates a global emotion integrating top-down features obtained through a scene descriptor. In order to validate the system we tested the framework on the dataset released for the Emotion Recognition in the Wild Challenge 2017. Our method achieved an accuracy of 64.68% on the test set, significantly outperforming the 53.62% competition baseline.


ABSTRACT Massive sandstone is a common facies in the Hawkesbury Sandstone, a Triassic formation attributed to deposition by a large braided river. The massive sandstone occurs as sheets and in elongate depressions trending perpendicular to the paleoslope, as indicated by the unidirectional mean orientation of abundant cross-strata. Some of the depressions filled with massive sandstone also contain angular mudstone intraclasts, up to several meters in length. Massive sandstone is also associated with deformed cross-strata, formed by progressive loss of lamination during mass movement down foreset slopes. Foreset failure is attributed to liquefaction due to falling water level, or to collapse of adjacent mud banks. The latter mechanism resulted in rapid loading of bedform foresets, and introduce large mudclasts into the massive sand. Sand and mudclasts accumulated in transverse scours at the foot of the foreset slopes, but also travelled along the scours, or spilled out to form massive sheet sands. The abundance of massive sandstone in the Hawkesbury Sandstone is attributed to deposition in a large river, in which flood stage bedforms were probably up to 15 m high. Because of the size of the bedforms, large volumes of liquefied sand were generated when foreset slopes failed.


Clearly the presence of high ozone and acidic species in North America is primarily dependent upon photochemical air pollution. Evidence shows, however, that high acid exposures may occur in specific types of areas of high sulfur fuel use during the winter. At the present time, our concerns about exposure to local populations and regional populations should be directed primarily toward the outdoor activity patterns of individuals in the summer, and how those activity patterns relate to the location, duration, and concentrations of ozone and acid aerosol in photochemical air pollution episodes. Lioy & Dyba (23) and Mage et al (33) have examined the activity patterns of children in summer camps. Because they spend more time outside than the normal population, these children form an important group of exercising individuals subject to photochemical pollution exposures. The dose of ozone inhaled by the children in the two camps was within 50% (23) and 25% (33) of the dose inhaled by adults in controlled clinical situations that produced clinically significant decrements in pulmonary function and increased the symptoms after 6.6 hr exposure in a given day (12, 30). The chamber studies have used only ozone, whereas in the environment this effect may be enhanced by the presence of a complex mixture. The work of Lioy et al (27) in Mendham, New Jersey found that hydrogen ion seemed to play a role in the inability of the children to return immediately to their normal peak expiratory flow rate after exposure. The camp health study conducted in Dunsville, Ontario suggested that children participating in a summer camp where moderate levels of ozone (100 ppb) but high levels of acid (46 micrograms/m3) occurred during an episode had a similar response. Thus, for children or exercising adults who are outdoors for at least one hour or more during a given day, the presence and persistence of oxidants in the environment are of particular concern. Lippmann (19, 30) has suggested that the complex mixture of pollutants in the atmosphere increased the decrements in pulmonary function of children in camps, since their decrements were similar to those observed at higher ozone concentrations in the clinical studies (30). This phenomenon must be investigated in future research studies since there appears to be a potential for enhanced exposure and effects. Ozone is present for many hours during the day in summer during episodes of photochemical air pollution.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Abstract There is now growing interest in employee resilience in the organizational context and its contribution to organizational performance. However, little is known the extent to which high-performance work systems (HPWS) contributes towards enhancing employee's resilience as well as their levels of engagement. This study examines the relationships among HPWS, employee resilience and engagement, using a sample of 2040 employees in the Chinese banking industry. Drawing on the job demands-resources model and strategic/high-performance human resource management theory, we develop three hypotheses to test the relationship between HPWS and employee resilience, resilience and employee engagement, and the mediating effect of resilience on the relationship between HPWS and engagement. All hypotheses are supported and suggest that HPWS can be used as a job resource to positively affect resilience and subsequently employee engagement. The key message of the paper is that employee resilience can be viewed as a set of skills and attributes that can be developed through the effective use of HPWS to benefit both individuals and the organization.


This paper reviews and evaluates the features of Greenstone, a free software tool, for creating and developing digital document collections. An analysis is given of the different interfaces that are available and problems related to information processing are identified.


Image magnification is inherent in radiography. In digital fluoroscopy, the three components of magnification are geometric, electronic and photographic. In this study, the total magnification factor of a digital imaging system was determined by two methods, 1) comparison of measurements of a known object to its image and 2) calculation of geometric, electronic and photographic magnification from the imaging system specifications. Both methods were employed for various focal-film distances, image intensifier tube modes and laser printer formats. Results of these two methods were different due to the detrimental effect of penumbra on image quality with increasing magnification. If a radiographic image is to be used to approximate object size, then a technique should be used that will minimize magnification. In digital fluoroscopy this is achieved with the shortest object-film distance (assuming a fixed focal-object distance), largest image intensifier mode and greatest number of images per sheet of film.


A graded base SiGe HBT optical modulator has high-speed, high optical modulation efficiency, small footprint. In this paper, we present our work in the design and modeling of an HBT optical modulator, its driver circuit and fabrication and integration. A high-efficient HBT electro-optical (EO) modulator with π phase-shift length of 22.6 μm is investigated. The speed of this modulator is calculated to be 30 Gb/s. To verify the functionality of HBT structure as an EO modulator, an 80 Gb/s serializer and driver with an HBT modulator is fabricated by the IBM 8HP BiCMOS process, which has much higher speed but lower modulation efficiency.


Nano- and micrometer-sized compartments composed of synthetic polymers are designed to mimic spatial and temporal divisions found in nature. Self-assembly of polymers into compartments such as polymersomes, giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), layer-by-layer (LbL) capsules, capsosomes, or polyion complex vesicles (PICsomes) allows for the separation of defined environments from the exterior. These compartments can be further engineered through the incorporation of (bio)molecules within the lumen or into the membrane, while the membrane can be decorated with functional moieties to produce catalytic compartments with defined structures and functions. Nanometer-sized compartments are used for imaging, theranostic, and therapeutic applications as a more mechanically stable alternative to liposomes, and through the encapsulation of catalytic molecules, i.e., enzymes, catalytic compartments can localize and act in vivo. On the micrometer scale, such biohybrid systems are used to encapsulate model proteins and form multicompartmentalized structures through the combination of multiple compartments, reaching closer to the creation of artificial organelles and cells. Significant progress in therapeutic applications and modeling strategies has been achieved through both the creation of polymers with tailored properties and functionalizations and novel techniques for their assembly.


ABSTRACT The identification of genetic material from pathogenic organisms in ancient tissues provides a powerful tool for the study of certain infectious diseases in historic populations. We have obtained tissue samples from the genital areas of 12 mummies in the American Museum of Natural History collection in New York, N.Y. The mummies were excavated in the Andes Mountain region of South America, and radiocarbon dating estimates that the mummies date from a.d. 140 to 1200. DNAs were successfully extracted from all tissues and were suitable for PCR analysis. PCRs were carried out to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and mycobacteria other than M. tuberculosis (MOTB). M. tuberculosis complex was detected in 2 out of 12 samples, and MOTB were detected in 7 samples. This study confirmed the adequate preservation of genetic material in mummified tissues and the existence of mycobacteria, including M. tuberculosis, in historic populations in South America.


As the World Wide Web has expanded the need for websites to be able to communicate with back-end servers without being apparent to the user has dramatically increased. WebSockets are a real-time communication technique that allow a browser and a server to communicate through a protocol that allows data to be 'pushed' in either direction and placed on a webpage without the need for a page reload. This technology proves incredibly useful in web based applications that need continuous access to server events or need to facilitate peer-to-peer communication. Although WebSockets have many advantages over many older – more established real-time communication techniques, they are rarely implemented in web applications due to support issues and the complications associated with creating a server that can interpret the complex messages that are transmitted. Therefore this project investigates the issues associated with a number of WebSocket packages and documents the development of an improved WebSocket server implementation that allows developers to easily configure a server and use WebSockets in their applications.


The longitudinal study investigated the effects of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) on the development of children's literacy skills during their first six school years. In the three CLIL classes students studied, from the very beginning of the first grade, different school subjects in Finnish and in English. Three other classes were used as a control group. The students in those classes studied all school subjects in Finnish and started to learn English as a second language in third grade. At the beginning of the first grade, the level of school readiness was significantly higher in the bilingual classes than in the monolingual classes. At the end of the first grade, there was no significant difference in the literacy skills of the two groups, but after two study years, the reading and writing skills of the test group were significantly better than those of the control group. After four school years it was obvious that the children's creative writing skills had also benefited from bilingual teaching. The students in the CLIL classes had learned to pay attention to languages, as well to their mother tongue as to other languages. Moreover, they had more positive attitudes towards reading, writing and foreign language learning. Especially the boys' attitudes proved to be more positive in the CLIL classes than in the other classes. In addition, they enjoyed studying English and also studying through it. The students' spelling skills and ability to understand different texts were measured during the last month of their sixth school year. The measurements showed that the students in the CLIL classes had achieved significantly better first language spelling and reading skills than the students in the other classes. They made significantly less spelling errors and understood significantly better fiction, non-fiction, and newspaper texts. Furthermore, they showed more proficiency in deriving the meaning of new words from the written context than the other students. They succeeded significantly better in finding the most important facts of the non-fiction text and summarising the text than their peers in the other classes. It is worth mentioning that especially the boys seemed to have benefited from bilingual education: in the other classes the girls' skills were significantly better than the boys' but this was not the case in the CLIL classes. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n22p72


In these article we review the main mechanisms involved in human erection. We review and update in detail the biochemical (nitric oxide and Rho-kinase pathways), cellular (smooth muscle relaxation mechanisms), neural (autonomic and somatic pathways) and microscopic penile principles.


Summary.  We describe novel Bayesian models for time–frequency inverse modelling of non‐stationary signals. These models are based on the idea of a Gabor regression, in which a time series is represented as a superposition of translated, modulated versions of a window function exhibiting good time–frequency concentration. As a necessary consequence, the resultant set of potential predictors is in general overcomplete—constituting a frame rather than a basis—and hence the resultant models require careful regularization through appropriate choices of variable selection schemes and prior distributions. We introduce prior specifications that are tailored to representative time series, and we develop effective Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for inference. To highlight the potential applications of such methods, we provide examples using two of the most distinctive time–frequency surfaces—speech and music signals—as well as standard test functions from the wavelet regression literature.


Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) has changed considerably since 2000 with lower benefit levels, increased child-only cases, greater work incentives, and increased in-kind transfers. This paper describes the national and regional trends in TANF policies by measuring effective benefit guarantees, tax rates, and child-only penalties using administrative TANF data. Effective policies are the average policies observed in data and often differ from statutory policies because they incorporate behavioral responses to numerous benefit determination policies. The share of child-only cases, where the parent is ineligible for benefits, has risen by 20 percentage points during this period. This is the first paper to estimate the effective child-only penalty, or the benefit guarantee reduction associated with moving from a single-parent to a child-only case, and will help in modeling household decisions related to work requirement compliance and response to time limits. Effective cash benefit guarantees average $437 per month for a three-person household, 88 percent of the statutory benefit level. Between 2000 and 2016, these guarantees decreased by 22 percent. The child-only penalty averages $75 per month in cash benefits, a modest 17 percent reduction in benefits. TANF increasingly uses in-kind transfers such as subsidized child care. When included in the benefit amount, effective benefit guarantees rise to $569, earned income tax rates drop by 14 percentage points, and the child-only penalty increases to $180.


An adaptive multiuser constrained version of a fitting probability density function (PDF) algorithm (FPA) for source separation is proposed. The novel algorithm is derived from the multiuser kurtosis (MUK) procedure proposed in the literature. In fact, the proposed approach may be viewed as a generalization of the MUK one. The resulting algorithm is evaluated through computational simulations in the context of a space division multiple access (SDMA) system. The obtained results show that a better performance is attained with respect to the unconstrained version.


Introduction: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EOE) is associated with dysphagia, food impaction. Studies have shown a seasonal variation with increased incidence in summer months. This study was conducted to assess potential seasonal variation in US in the incidence of esophageal food impaction amongst patients with EOE Methods: Retrospective cohort study using the HCUP ' s Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database from Jan 2017 to Dec 2019 was conducted. All adults hospitalized with food impaction due to EOE were included in this cohort. A comparison of monthly variation in food impaction amongst EOE patients was assessed at a national level and regional level. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25 software. Results: During the study period, a total of 4,744 patients (unweighted) . 18 years were admitted with impaction, of which 197 (4.2%) had a diagnosis of EOE. The mean age of the cohort was 44.2 years and 23.9% patients were female. Temporal trends of prevalence at national and regional level for food impaction in EOE patients are shown in Figure A and B respectively. No statistically signi fi cant seasonal association of food impaction amongst EOE patients was noted at a national level (Table). Similarly, no statistically signi fi cant temporal association of food impaction was noted at a regional level, except in the Midwest region during the months of September-October (Table) where a higher incidence of food impaction was noted. Conclusion: A relation between seasonal variation and the diagnosis of EOE has been shown with peak months varying across regions. Such a seasonal variation is primarily proposed due to role of aeroallergens in adults and foods in children. Data regarding a similar seasonal variation in food bolus impaction in EOE is scarce, with few studies being done in regions outside of US, in Sweden, showing a marked seasonal variation with peak incidence in summer months. The present study was aimed to assess such a seasonal variation across di ff erent regions in US. We found no such statistically signi fi cant variation at a regional level, except in the Midwest region in months of September-October. Our study was limited due to regional distribution available inNIS data not accounting for intra-regional climatic variation,relianceonICDcodingandnottakingintoaccountEOEchronicityandtreatment.Furtherstudiesexploringtheassociationwithinaclimateregionwouldbeneededtoprovethisassociationandserve


Background: The spinal block has become a favorable technique for gynecologic surgery. However, the level of sympathetic blockade results in weak diaphragm and respiratory muscles as well as cough impairment. Investigators were curious to assess patients' respiratory functions after spinal anesthesia.
Materials and Methods: One hundred forty-five gynecologic patients undergoing elective, exploratory laparotomy with spinal anesthesia were included. The blowing practice of a Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter was performed until patients became comfortable with it. A given patient blew the device three times, and the best value was chosen to assess peak expiratory flow rates (PEFRs): prior to surgery (P1), after the spinal block (P2), and in the recovery room (P3).
Results: At the thoracic blockade level as T was 4 or less and T was greater than 4, PEFR at P1, P2 and P3 were 285.9±5.9, 222.3±4.9, and 216.4±6.4 mL, and 302.8±7.7, 224.9±6.4, and 203.4±8.4 mL, respectively. The PEFRs showed no significant differences among the levels of blockade at the ward (p=0.082), the operating theater (p=0.744), and the recovery room (p=0.211). Though P3 seemed to fall, there was no marked difference between P2 and P3 (p=0.224). However, either P2 or P3 appeared to decrease sharply (p<0.001) in comparison with P1.
Conclusion: A Mini Wright Peak Flow Meter can be used as a bedside device to measure PEFRs. The substantial decrease of PEFR was related to the level of sympathetic blockade after spinal anesthesia.
Keywords: Anesthesia, Spinal block, Peak expiratory flow rate, Gynecology


Lanphier 1 has observed that the loss of visual function following occlusion of ocular circulation (as by ophthalmodynamometry) occurs less rapidly if the subject is breathing 100% oxygen at 3 atmospheres pressure. This blackout of visual function is similar to that reported by pilots under positive g conditions and recently investigated by Jaeger et al using a plethysmographic goggle. 2 For subjects breathing 100% oxygen, theoretical arterial oxygen concentrations may be calculated for any pressure.* These concentrations may then be compared with the time to blackout of visual function at various high atmospheric pressures and a rate of oxygen utilization thereby determined. Such determinations and calculations are the subject of this paper. Method Four normal young subjects whose ophthalmic artery pressures had previously been determined by both the Bailliart ophthalmodynamometer and the transducer ophthalmodynamometer supplied with the Mueller tonography apparatus were selected. The left eye was occluded with an adhesive


Abstract "Autonomous fruit set" refers to self-pollination and fruit set without pollen vectors such as vibration or insects. Autonomous fruit set under high-temperature stress is an important breeding goal as climate change can reduce fruit yields in Capsicum. We screened Capsicum cultivars for autonomous fruit set ability in a greenhouse environment and investigated pollen germination, viability, pollen grains number, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), style length, anther cone length, and anthesis stage under high temperatures in order to identify indicator traits for screening more genotypes with autonomous fruit set ability. The fruit set of the 'Takanotsume' (57.7 ± 20.6%) and 'Goshiki Kyokko' (52.2 ± 14.2%) cultivars (both C. annuum) were higher than those of other cultivars. Correlation analysis showed that pollen germination had the highest correlation with fruit set in C. annuum cultivars (r = 0.63). These results indicate that 'Takanotsume' and 'Goshiki Kyokko' are useful cultivars for novel breeding programs focusing on autonomous fruit sets under high temperatures, and pollen germination in C. annuum was a convincing candidate for an indicator trait of autonomous fruit set ability under high temperatures.


This paper offers an ethnographic account of the editorial response to the COVID-19 outbreak by the Science Media Center Germany Ethnographic research data was gathered during a 4-week fieldstay in January 2020 which coincided with the first weeks of the COVID-19 outbreak The findings offer insights into how the editorial staff grappled with the scientific non-knowledge and uncertainty that marked the initial phase of the global COVID-19 outbreak, while simultaneously dealing with acute journalistic demands for expertise


Renal failure is a serious disease and pandemic health challenge, and its development to end-stage renal failure can be delayed or prevent by early diagnosis. Serum markers for detecting early renal impairment include creatinine, cystatin C, b-microglobulin and others. To assess the potential role of serum markers for early detection of renal impairment (RI) in Hail population, Saudi Arabia. Serum levels of cystatin C, creatinine and other factors were measured in 135 renal failure patients and 150 controls. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the utility of biomarkers for early diagnosing renal impairment (RI).The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for serum cystatin C (Cys C) (0.946) was significantly higher than that of creatinine (0.907, p = 0.048), which indicates Cys C to be a better biomarker for early detection of RI compared to the commonly used serum creatinine. However, serum creatinine was found to be superior to urea (AUC = 0.727, p < 0.01) and uric acid (AUC = 0.619, p < 0.01).When serum Cys C and serum creatinine were simultaneously considered i.e. each marker was positive, the sensitivities were 98.4%, 98.6% and 98.5% for males, females and total patient group, respectively. The specificity and positive predictive value increased to 100% for all mentioned situations. Taking together, the study demonstrated that serum cystatin C is a valuable marker for early detection of renal impairment in males, nevertheless it is more valuable when analyzed with serum creatinine. Key words: Cystatin C, creatine, ROC, renal impairment, early detection.


The key question in this contribution is whether further harmonisation of civil procedure in the European Union is required as a consequence of the policy aim to fully abolish the exequatur, most notably within the context of the Brussels I Regulation. Where cross-border litigation is traditionally resolved by private international law instruments, the abolition of the requirement of the exequatur as a new standard for cross-border enforcement in the EU necessitates a deliberation on harmonisation of certain elements of national civil procedure. The abolition of exequatur underlies the premise of mutual trust. However, without clear EU rules as to what constitutes a fair trial, mutual trust may be little more than a hollow phrase. This contribution addresses the current policy and regulatory framework regarding cross-border enforcement of judgments and the concepts of mutual trust and fair trial, and deliberates the type of harmonised rules that are required to facilitate and legitimise the abolition of exequatur in in order to enhance cross-border litigation.


This paper presents three methods for the large scale generalized eigenvalue problem Ax = Bx . These methods are developed within a subspace projection framework as a truncation and modification of the QZalgorithm for dense problems, that is suitable for computing partial generalized Schur decompositions of the pair (A;B). A generalized partial reduction to condensed form is developed by analogy with the Arnoldi process. Then truncated forward and backward QZ iterations are introduced to derive generalizations of the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Method and the Truncated RQmethod for the large scale generalized eigenvalue problem. These two methods require the accurate solution of linear systems at each step of the iteration. Relaxing these accuracy requirements forces us to introduce non-Krylov projection spaces that lead most naturally to block variants of the QZ i erations. A two-block method is developed that incorporates k approximate Newton corrections at each iteration. An important feature is the potential to utilize k matrix vector products for each access of the matrix pair ( A;B). Preliminary computational experience is presented to compare the three new methods.


Layer-structured cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries are considered. These materials, such as LCO, NCM, NCA, lithium rich cathode oxides and blended cathodes are well-known for the intercalation mechanism. Future of lithium-ion batteries is also strongly based on these cathode chemistries, but to overcome some drawbacks and challenges, the improved materials are needed. In this chapter, modification of layer-structured cathode materials by doping and coating are discussed. Especially, coating materials and doping methods are considered.


Introduction: Yogurt is mixed with spinach in some countries. Spinach can be a probable dietary source of Nitrate and Nitrite, and further N-nitrosamine. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of inoculation of Lactobacillus acidophilus on the level of nitrite and nitrate in "yogurt containing spinach" (YS) during refrigeration in for 21 days. 4 types of yogurts including yogurt (Y), probiotic yogurt (PY), YS, and probiotic YS (PYS) were produced and kept at 4 °C for 21 days. Their nitrite and nitrate levels were measured by HPLC on days 1, 7, 14, and 21. Results: There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of nitrate and nitrite of Y and PY and between YS and PYS. Although the effect of refrigeration at 4 °C for 21 days was not significant on the nitrate amount of Y and PY, it was close to a significant level in YS and PYS. It also caused a significant increase in the nitrite content of all yogurts. This study showed that Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria cannot affect the amount of nitrate and nitrite in yogurt or YS at 4°C. Conclusion: Increasing the nitrite content of samples may enhance the possibility of nitrosamine formation. It is suggested that those who are at risk for all malformations caused by nitrites should not keep YS for a long time.  Keywords: nitrate; nitrite; Lactobacillus acidophilus; probiotic yogurt containing spinach; HPLC


The diagnostic capacity of abdominal CT as a follow-up in ovarian cancer is demonstrated on 67 patients verified by a second-look operation. In the diagnosis of recurrence CT has a sensitivity of 83%, a specificity of 94% and an overall accuracy of 88%. With local recurrence or residual tumours CT has an accuracy of 91%, with liver metastases of 94%. The accuracy in finding peritoneal carcinosis is 84%. Ascites proved to be a sure sign of peritoneal carcinosis. Because of its high sensitivity second-look operation can be avoided in case of a positive report. In a negative report a second-look operation will be necessary to verify the success of therapy. In the follow-up of ovarian cancer CT should be performed every 6 month during the first 2 years and yearly for another 3 years.


Evaluations of human immunoreactive calcitonin (IRCT) assay have been extensively reviewed. Labelled hormone was re-purified on carboxymethyl-cellulose in order to isolate a fraction containing mainly monoiodinated calcitonin, which was found to be very stable. Two antisera with different immunochemical characteristics were used for incubation studies, one of which was incubated with unextracted and extracted plasma samples. The sensitivity of the assays was 60 pg/ml plasma. However, marked differences were observed in the results obtained by the three methods depending on the importance of the inhibitory effect of plasma on the binding of the tracer to antibodies. However, the absolute plasma IRCT level could not be related to the presence of calcitonin M, except in one case. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the origin and the significance of the immunoreactive material which was detected in normal plasma by one antiserum.


In cooperation with US Department of Energy`s Morgantown Energy Technology Center, a Westinghouse-led team is working on the second part of an 8-year, Advanced Turbine Systems Program to develop the technology required to provide a significant increase in natural gas-fired combined cycle power generation plant efficiency. This paper reports on the Westinghouse program to develop an innovative natural gas-fired advanced turbine cycle, which, in combination with increased firing temperature, use of advanced materials, increased component efficiencies, and reduced cooling air usage, has the potential of achieving a lower heating value plant efficiency in excess of 60%.


Polymerized high internal phase emulsion of poly(divinylbenzene), poly(DVB)polyHIPE filled with porous clay has been successfully prepared. The hybrid organic–inorganic porous clay heterostructures (HPCH) were obtained from a reaction of organo-modified bentonite, surfactant, and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS)/methyltetraethoxysilane (MTS) occurring in the galleries of the clay mineral. HPCH loadings of 1, 3, 5, and 10 wt % were added to the highly porous material, formed by the high internal phase emulsion technique (HIPE). The effects of the inorganic filler on surface area, morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties were studied by N2 adsorption–desorption (Autosorb I), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and a Lloyd universal testing machine, respectively. Results showed that the presence of layered silicate in the polymer matrix resulted in the enhancement of physical properties of the foams filled with hybrid organic–inorganic porous clay heterostructures (HPCH). Mechanical properties, including compressive stress and Young's modulus, were found to be improved by up to 84% and 137%, respectively, when compared with neat poly(DVB)polyHIPE foams. The best mechanical properties of the obtained material were achieved at 5 wt % loading of HPCH. The use of HPCH as the reinforcing agent of poly(DVB)polyHIPE was also capable of improving the surface area of the obtained materials by 35–97%. It was clearly demonstrated in this study that the suitable content of HPCH, i.e., 5 wt %, has an effect on improving the mechanical properties and surface area of the poly(DVB)polyHIPE foams. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009


OBJECTIVE: To find a predictive model for the geographical distribution of the homebound chronically ill in function of variables corresponding to censal areas. DESIGN: A study of an ecological type. SETTING: Raval Nord Health District, Barcelona. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: The study units are the 30 censal areas of Raval Nord. In each area researchers counted the number of homebound chronically ill recorded during the first three months of a home care programme (May 1994). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A multiple regression analysis was performed, with selection of the variables by the stepwise method of the SPSS-PC+ statistical package, taking as dependent variable "y" the number of homebound chronically ill per 1,000 inhabitants. The prognostic variables were taken from the 1991 municipal roll, and evaluated along with the distance in metres from each censal area to the primary care centre (PCC). The distribution of the homebound chronically ill in the different censal areas of Raval Nord was connected to 3 variables which, in order of analysis, were: distance to the PCC, the relationship with senile dependency and the index of family socio-economic capacity. CONCLUSIONS: Distance, senile dependence and economic resources are factors which condition the number and distribution of the homebound chronically ill.


["This paper explores the challenges of creating and maintaining trust in a global virtual team whose members transcend time, space and culture. The challenges are highlighted by integrating recent literature on work teams, computer-mediated communication groups, cross-cultural communication, and interpersonal and organizational trust. To explore these challenges empirically, we report on a series of descriptive case studies on global virtual teams whose members were separated by location and culture, were challenged by a common collaborative project, and for whom the only economically and practically viable communication medium was asynchronous and synchronous computer-mediated communication. The results suggest that global virtual teams may experience a form of "swift" trust, but such trust appears to be very fragile and temporal. The study raised a number of issues to be explored and debated by future research. Pragmatically, the study describes communication behaviors that might facilitate trust in global virtual teams. "]


OBJECTIVES
This study examined the relationship of parent-related negative life events with mental health and delinquent behaviors among Korean adolescents.

METHODS
A total of 2,976 high school first-grade pupils (1,498 boys & 1,478 girls) taking part in the third wave of Korean Youth Panel Survey completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding parent-related life events, depressive feelings, suicidal ideation, delinquent behaviors, demographic characteristics, parental socioeconomic status, social support, and social capital. Data analyses were conducted using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS
After adjusting for all covariates, the more parent-related negative life events adolescents experienced throughout their whole life, the more likely adolescent were to have mental and behavioral problems. A significant dose-response relationship between them was more clearly observed in girls than in boys. The experience of parent-related negative events during childhood was significantly associated with suicidal ideation and delinquent behaviors for boys, and with depressive feelings for girls during adolescence. Indeed, parental social support, social capital, and having a close friend with delinquent behaviors, especially for girls, partially mediated the relationship between parent-related negative life events and both outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
The study showed a clear dose-response relationship of frequency of parent-related negative life events with poor mental and behavioral health for both genders. The residual effect of being exposed to parent-related events during childhood on mental health and delinquent behaviors during adolescence still remained.


THE CONDITION known as gargoylism (lipochondrodystrophy, or the Hunter-Hurler syndrome) shows such striking clinical pathologic and etiologic features that it may be considered one of the best defined disease entities of all types of mental defect. Yet the study of this condition has not received the attention it deserves. To be sure, typical instances of the disease are easily recognized, and many have been reported in the literature; but cases with incomplete and less striking clinical manifestations often escape recognition. These formes frustes, which are perhaps more numerous than the typical forms of the disease, show interesting clinical and pathologic aspects. It is the purpose of this paper to contribute to the knowledge of gargoylism by describing a series of 10 cases. In the first section, 3 typical instances of the complete form of the disease will be briefly reported and the main clinical features of the disease reviewed. The


This paper examines the dynamics of policy implementation and how policy contradicts reality on the ground when it comes to practice. The paper finds that despite having welllaid out policy; the actual practice is contrary. Taking data storage policy within the Ministry of Health in Malawi as a case study, the paper highlights that the contextual realities of where Ministry of Health (MoH) data is stored depends on a number of Technology-Organizational-Environmental (TOE) factors. In the wake of cloud computing; some of these factors act as causative factors for data to be stored in the cloud; contradicting the data storage policy.


Background Talking about death and dying is a tough subject, however, it is something that is going to happen to all of us. The concept of death cafés was developed by Jon Underwood and Sue Barsky Reid in 2011 to provide a secure place to talk openly about death, dying and bereavement and to help people make the most of their finite lives (http://deathcafe.com; Miles & Corr, 2017). Aims Ashgate Hospicecare wants to build on the death café movement and take away the taboo of a subject that we all face. We also aim to use these events to tackle the misconceptions surrounding hospice culture. Method In 2016, Ashgate Hospicecare's first death café was held in a local library with support from solicitors and funeral directors. By 2018, the event was held at a unit in the town centre over two days and within the hospice for one day. Each year, more interactive opportunities were available for the general public and hospice staff than the previous year, such as creating memory boxes, finger print keyrings, thinking about your funeral song and creating a bucket list. We have measured the success of the cafés by recording attendance rates and through conducting qualitative surveys. Results Attendance rates: 2016: 19, 2017: 43, 2018: 82. Conclusion During the three years of death cafés at Ashgate Hospicecare, there has been an evident growth in attendance rates. To complement this, the surveys have shown more positive feedback from death café attendees and growing interest from outside organisations who want to be involved in future events. Moving forward, Ashgate Hospicecare aims to run death cafés throughout the year, working in partnership with other community groups, such as schools and clinical organisations. We strongly believe in the importance of raising awareness around death and dying and helping people plan for their future.


The frequency of all residential fires attended by the Melbourne Metropolitan Fire Brigade is routinely recorded and hence well known. However, the frequency of residential fires which are not attended by the Fire Brigade, including instances where the occupant of a dwelling or some other person has extinguished the fire or the fire has self-extinguished, has previously remained unknown. This paper has two aspects; (i) it describes a newly developed questionnaire for collecting relevant data on an unattended or attended residential fire experience throughout an individual's lifetime, and (ii) it reports a probability finding based on 473 adults sampled from the western region of Melbourne, Australia. Findings from the Fire Safety Awareness and Experience Questionnaire show the mean annual probability of having a fire experience (either attended and unattended) while an adult (aged over 18 years) was .012, meaning that, within this sample, the adults had on average one fire experience every 83.3 adult years.


This artick aims to describe rules ofpesantren in the global contect as sub culture of
l$lamic education in lndonesia. Abviouslj, international terrorism issuss bring some
implication, redudng relationship between soriety andpesantren, eventually, create prejudice
attitude to the pesantren. In the our soriety n>as constmcting some assumption of opinion
thatpesantren having relationship mth lslamic radicalism. Because ofit, we have to counter
discourse to build a good relationship betmeen pesantren and soriety. lt was very important
to return rules of pesantren as community learning centre and nonformal education.
Within cultural strategic, we can preserve local knowledge and local culture to face
globali%ation and to det>elop lslamic education, aspecially pesantren. We also remember to
act !ocally, think globally.


Muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in mouse brain was studied. Binding sites with high affinity and specificity for [3H]QNB were present in P2 fraction of mouse brain homogenate. The ratio of specific/nonspecific binding was 3-6. Muscarinic antagonists and agonists displaced specific [3H]QNB binding, while non-cholinergic drugs had negligible affinity. Displacement potencies of [3H]QNB binding to P2 fraction of mouse brain by a group of glycolate esters, synthesized in our institute, correlated significantly with their central anticholinergic potencies.


Objective : To report eruption of maxillary canine through Bio- graft in patients with secondary bone-grafted alveolar clefts. Methods : Secondary alveolar bone grafts placed in the cleft alveolar defect have been shown to support dental eruption through the graft and may further affect the prevalence of impacted teeth. As the case may be, it could be difficult to do secondary alveolar bone graft with autologous bone. In particular, few reports have been shown the secondary bone graft with heterogenous bone(Bio-). In this report, the eruption of canine into bone-grafted alveolar clefts was recorded as panoramic, occlusal radiographs, in 3 patients grafted with Bio- Results : Like autologous bone graft, the canine was erupted and developed into the cleft alveolar defect through Bio- graft. Conclusion : In some cases that autologous bone graft is not available, we can consider heterogenous bone graft into the cleft alveolar defect for dental development and eruption of impacted teeth.


Switched Reluctance Motors are used for variable speed application at very high speed. In this motor the losses are less and efficiency is more because there are no windings on the rotor. But torque pulsations in SRM are relatively higher compared to other ac machines due to nonlinear inductance profile. Both, machine design and electronic control approaches have been used to minimize the torque ripples in SRM to achieve better performance of SRM drive system. The objective of this paper is to investigate performance of 6/4 switched reluctance motor with fuzzy logic controller with various converter topologies i.e. asymmetric converter, R-Dump converter, miller converter and modified power converter. The present work also concentrates on the modeling of SRM drive with fuzzy logic controller for SRM speed control by using MATLAB/Simulink environment. The fuzzy logic controller is designed using simulink toolbox. Keywords— Switched Reluctance Motors, Convertor topologies, torque ripples.


Introduction. Plasma exchange (PE) has become a therapeutic treatment for many neurological diseases. Each day more scientific papers are being published with evidence that approves PE for patients with immunological mediated neurological disorders. It is important to register our local experience with PE in order to understand the clinical answer to the therapy in our population. Objective. To describe the experience of the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio in treating patients with neurological disorders with PE, during a 4 year period. Materials and methods. Observational retrospective study, which describes the patients, PE technique, complications of therapy and clinical answer of patients with neurological conditions treated with PE. Results. 106 sessions of PE in 16 patients, corresponding to 23 procedures. The average age was 43 years, 81% of patients were female. 83% of sessions were done for Myasthenia gravis, the rest were done for treatment of Guillain-Barre, Optical Neuromyelitis, multifocal motor neuropathy and autoimmune encephalitis. All sessions were done by membrane filtration technique. The average plasma volume exchange was 1.3, and 20 sessions presented at least one complication. The neurological response of the patients was the expected and was similar to those reported in the literature. Conclusions. Based on the experience of our medical center, PE is a safe and effective therapy for patients with some immunological mediated neurological disorders.


Lead-zinc and barite deposits in central Nova Scotia generally occur at the Tournaisian-Visean (Mississippian) clastic carbonate-evaporite disconformity overlying Cambrian to Devonian metasedimentary and granitic rocks. The deposits are located at the southern margin of the > 10-km-deep Carboniferous Maritimes (Fundy-Magdalen) basin.Fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures of ore-stage to postore minerals range from 230 degrees to 130 degrees C and fluid salinity is > or = 24 equiv wt percent NaCl. A mineralization age of ca. 300 to 330 Ma is suggested by: (1) fission-track dates on zircon from clastic host rock at Gays River, (2) K-Ar dates on clays from altered clastic rock in close proximity to mineralization, and (3) Rb-Sr data on illite from samples collected over a 10-m section of Tournaisian sandstone (far away from mineralization). Lead and strontium isotope data indicate that Tournaisian rock of the Horton Group could have been a source (at ca. 300 Ma) of lead and radiogenic strontium in the ore-stage minerals at the larger deposits. Visean carbonate carbon and sulfate were the dominant sources of carbon and sulfur, respectively. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data suggest that the mineralizing fluids were basinal brines. Nonbiogenic sulfate reduction at the deposits is the likely sulfide precipitation mechanism.The ore-forming fluids may have originated at a >5-km depth under Visean evaporites in the Magdalen basin and migrated rapidly through Tournaisian clastic rocks and the immediately overlying Pembroke breccia to the basin margins. A pulse of regional tectonism may have set off at least one massive, hydrofracturing, compaction-driven, fluid expulsion event by about 300 Ma.


Patients with symptoms of bladder outflow obstruction considered to be due to benign prostatic hypertrophy were randomly divided into two experimental groups. In Group I the patients received the drug gestronol hexanoate (SH 582) for three months followed by the placebo for three months. In Group lI the patients received the placebo first, followed by the drug. The placebo consisted of the vehicle for SH 582 (arachis oil and benzylbenzoate). Each patient was given weekly intramuscular injections over a period of twenty-four weeks, receiving a total of twelve weekly injections ofSH 582 and twelve of placebo. Neither the investigator nor the patient was aware of which group the latter was in, the trial being double blind. Clinical histories and pre-treatment urinary symptoms were recorded for each patient and during the six-month period of investigation. The patients' general health was graded as good, moderate or poor. The degree of urinary frequency by day and night was recorded, and whether dribbling or strangury were present or absent. Potency was assessed as good, increased or reduced. Prostatic size was estimated by rectal examination. Mean and peak urinary flow rates were measured using a uroflowmeter described by Bressel (1965). Flow studies were performed before treatment and repeated at least monthly and sometimes at weekly intervals during the investigation. Residual urine was obtained by catheterization after micturition at the outset, at three months and again at six months at the end of the trial. The blood urea, electrolytes and a catheter specimen of urine were also tested at these intervals. To date 16 patients in Group I and 14 in Group II are available for analysis; 9 patients did not complete the trial. There was a statistically significant reduction in diurnal frequency (P< 05) during treatment with SH 582. There was no significant alteration in residual urine or peak urine flow rate during the treatment period. There was, however, a beneficial carry-over effect into the placebo period in three of the four comparisons, i.e. diurnal frequency, nocturnal frequency, and residual urine. This may indicate that the effects of the treatment require a time interval to become manifest. The uroflowmeter was provided by Schering Chemicals Ltd.


Although the integration of virtual world in teaching and learning has been investigated, there is a scarcity of research considering its influence on assessing learners' understanding and comparing it with traditional e-assessment tools such as that in Moodle quiz. In this research, a virtual reality (VR) game-based e-assessment application was proposed first. Subsequently, the study aims at (1) understanding whether the type of e-assessment method can affect students' performance, and (2) investigating the difference in learners' perceptions based on the type of e-assessment technology. A combination of quasi-pre-test and post-test experimental and survey research design methods were adopted. Overall, 32 undergraduate students were assigned to either control (N=17) or experimental (N=15) group. The key findings are (1) no statistical differences in students' performance were found for both groups, and (2) significant differences between learners who completed the VR game-based e-assessment and those on the control group were found on perceived playfulness and ease of use. The conclusion drawn from the research outcomes is that a VR game-based e-assessment application is a successful approach to enhance learners' engagement in evaluation sessions, although students may face a lack of experience in its use.


(Abstract) Post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression is a ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-driven process, which involves RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding RNAs that regulate splicing, nuclear export, subcellular localization, mRNA stability and translation. mRNAs encoding proteins that function in a particular cell process or pathway can be found within a unique mRNP complex, which consists of mRNA and RNP. This provides valuable information regarding not only known components of a particular process or pathway, but importantly, leads to the identification of novel components representing potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers. In addition to those targets identified by pathway expansion, the specific RBPs (RNA binding proteina) regulating RNA functions may be potential therapeutic targets in their own right. RNP-IP is a technology that allows the isolation and identification of mRNAs, microRNAs and protein components of RNP complexes from cell extracts using antibodies to RBPs. Once purified, the RNAs present in the complex are analyzed to identify the target mRNAs using various molecular biology tools such as RT-PCR, gene expression analysis based on microarray technology (Chip analysis), or sequencing. Using this method, more RNA that is present in the nucleus can be obtained.


The Center for the Study of Wireless Electromagnetic Compatibility at the University of Oklahoma has conducted extensive research on the interaction of wireless phones and pacemakers. This paper describes additional work and testing performed at the Center concerning the interaction between wireless phones and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs). While ICDs are similar to pacemakers, their objectives are significantly different. Pacemakers are designed to speed up or pace the beating of the heart while ICDs focus on arresting extremely rapid heartbeats or fibrillation. This paper describes the activities completed and future plans for this research. Experiments regarding interaction are underway and the final results of the study will be presented at the October meeting of EMBS.


The dynamics of oscillation of a two-frequency gas laser was investigated theoretically and experimentally under radiation intensity self-stabilisation conditions. The investigation was carried out in the specific case of a helium—neon laser with a linear phase-anisotropic cavity (2S2—2P4 transition in Ne, wavelength λ = 1.15 μm). The feasibility of effective control of the spectrum of technical fluctuations of the output power by an external magnetic field, and also by detuning and a change in the cavity anisotropy, was demonstrated. A method was developed for simultaneous stabilisation of the intensity and frequency of the laser radiation.


The partially averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) approach is a bridging closure model intended for any level of resolution between the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method and direct numerical simulations. In this paper, the proposed closure model is validated in the flow past a square cylinder. The desired ratio of the modeled-to-resolved scales in the PANS closure is achieved by appropriately specifying two bridging parameters: the ratios of unresolved-to-total kinetic energy (f k ) dissipation (f e ). PANS calculations of different bridging parameter values are performed and the results are compared with experimental data and large-eddy simulations. The Strouhal number (S t ), mean/root-mean-square (RMS) drag coefficient (C D ), RMS lift coefficient (C L ), mean velocity profiles, and various turbulent stresses are investigated. The results gradually improve from the RANS level of accuracy to a close agreement with the experimental results with decreasing value of the bridging parameter f k . Overall, the results indicate that the PANS method clearly satisfies the basic tenets of a bridging model: (i) provides a meaningful turbulence closure at any modeled-to-resolved scale ratio and (ii) yields improved accuracy with increasing resolution (decreasing modeled-to-resolved ratio).


PREFACE PART I: INTRODUCTION 1. The Environment and Eonomics 2. Normative and Positive Economic Analysis PART II: HOW MUCH ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY? 3. Social Choice: How Much Environmental Protection? 4. Efficiency and Markets 5. Market Failure: Public Goods, Public Bads and Externalities 6. Making Decisions about Environmental Programs 7. Demand for Environmental Goods 8. Hedonic Price Methods 9. Household Production 10. Constructed Markets PART III: REGULATING INDIVIDUALS AND FIRMS 11. Regulating Pollution 12. Prices 13. Property rights 14. Spatial and Temporal Issues 15. Regulating Polluters with Unknown Costs 16. Audits, Enforcement and Moral Hazard 17. Voluntary Actions and Agreements PART IV: ADVANCED TOPICS 18. Risk and Uncertainty 19. International and Interregional Competition 20. Environment, Growth and Development


Many interdependent variables are involved in the processes of manufacture, exposure, and processing of silver halide photosensitive materials. Understanding of the conditions and mechanisms for emulsion grain growth, chemical sensitization, spectral sensitization, latent image formation, and development is facilitated by discussion based upon a number of physico-chemical concepts which have evolved from the earliest days of photographic experience. There has been much controversy over the relevance and validity of alternative hypotheses and theories which have been proposed, adopted, and then vigorously defended, some after they have outlived their usefulness. The purpose of this paper is to trace the historical development of basic concepts of photographic sensitivity with emphasis on principles of physics and chemistry and relevance to emulsion technology.