OBJECTIVE
The primary purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the underlying factor structure of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS). Secondary goals included assessing concurrent validity of the total ADS and subscales derived from the factor analyses with variables related to alcohol dependence and further evaluating the validity of two proposed dichotomously scored, reduced-item ADS measures.

METHOD
Responses to the ADS were obtained from participants who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria for alcohol dependence in two large randomized clinical trials: COMBINE (Combining Medications and Behavioral Interventions Study; n = 1,335; 69% male) and Project MATCH (Matching Alcoholism Treatments to Client Heterogeneity; n = 1,666; 75% male). Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted, and validity coefficients were obtained.

RESULTS
Across samples, analyses supported a correlated, three-factor solution representing loss of behavioral control and heavy drinking, obsessive-compulsive drinking style, and psychoperceptual and psychophysical withdrawal. The ADS was significantly related to other measures of severity of dependence, craving for and preoccupation with drinking, temptation to drink and confidence in the ability to not drink in high-risk relapse situations, heavy and sustained drinking patterns, concerns about negative alcohol-related consequences, and awareness of problematic drinking.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings support a three-factor solution for the ADS and its ability to assess the construct of alcohol dependence in a reliable and valid manner. The 12-item reduced ADS measure (reflecting mostly dependence-related items), as opposed to the 9-item reduced ADS measure (generally excessive drinking items), provided validity coefficients comparable to the total, 25-item ADS.


Camel milk is important in the dry and arid lands because of its cultural, nutritional, and therapeutic properties. Milk proteins are known to be affected by various treatments including heating. The structure of proteins are known to change upon exposure to temperatures due to unfolding/folding and intraand inter-molecular interactions. The aim of this thesis was to study the effect of various heating temperatures (60-130 °C) and times (0, 1, 10, and 30 min) on camel milk proteins. Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), free thiol groups, and hydroxymethylfurfural were used to observe the changes in proteins after the heat treatments. It was found that considerable changes in the proteins happen already during the first minute of heating. Camel whey proteins were more sensitive to heat than the caseins. As camel milk is devoid of β-Lactoglobulin, the major whey protein is α-Lactalbumin. α-Lactalbumin showed an increase in intensity with heating, which was not reported before. This might be due to complexation with fatty acids and formation of Alpha-lactalbumin Made Lethal to Tumor cells (AMLETs). The free thiol content decreased while hydroxymethylfurfural increased with heating time and temperature.


Under an extremely arid condition, a PVC greenhouse was built on the top of Mogao Grottoes in gobi area. The results of 235-day constant extraction of condensed water on the greenhouse film and soil water content showed that 2.1 g/(m 2 ⋅d) groundwater moved up and exported into the soil, and a phreatic water evaporation existed in the extreme dry area where the groundwater is buried deeper than 200 m. After a prolonged export, the soil water content in the greenhouse was not lower but obviously higher than the original control ones. According to the monitored parameters including relative humidity and absolute humidity of soil, and temperature outside and inside the greenhouse, it was found that there is the available condition and mechanism for the upward movement of groundwater, and also it can be sure that the ex- ported water was not from the soil and atmosphere outside the greenhouse. Phreatic water, an important source for soil water, interacts with atmosphere moisture via soil respiration. Soil salinity also has important effects on soil water movement and spatial-temporal heterogeneity. The extremely dry climate, terrestrial heat and change of upper soil temperature are the fundamental driving forces of water transportation and phreatic water evaporation in the Groundwater-Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (GSPAC) system.


This contribution provides an overview of the extent to which rehabilitation instruments and opportunities are accessible for irregular migrants who are serving a criminal sanction in the Netherlands. It shows that irregular migrants are largely excluded from criminal sanctions that have rehabilitation as a central aim and from rehabilitation opportunities that are provided during the implementation of criminal sanctions. These findings raise questions concerning the legal legitimacy of largely excluding irregular migrants from rehabilitation opportunities and the way in which irregular migrants prepare themselves for their return to society in practice.


Abstract Among the several hormonal systems regulating body functions, the renin‐angiotensin‐system has long been considered a classical endocrine system with angiotensin II, its effector hormone, being synthesized in and subsequently distributed by the circulation to act on its numerous, mainly renal and cardiovascular target organs throughout the body. Angiotensin II has long been regarded to be primarily responsible for the regulation of blood‐pressure and of volume‐ and electrolyte‐homeostasis. Recent evidence suggests that it also affects cellular proliferation and differentiation via the so‐called local or tissue‐renin‐angiotensin‐systems. Such trophic actions have already been observed in tissues not belonging to the renal or cardiovascular systems such as cultured cells of neuronal origin. Evidence for a role of angiotensin II in the skin is so far scanty and mainly based on the demonstration of angiotensin receptors on cultured human keratinocytes and in subcutaneous tissue of rats. Although almost every single component of the renin‐angio‐tensin‐system has already been identified in skin of one or another species, comprehensive data regarding the skin renin‐angiotensin‐system as a whole within one particular species, especially in man, are still lacking. The present manuscript reviews novel recent data regarding the renin‐angiotensin‐system particularly in skin, and it discusses a possible functional rôle of the cutaneous renin‐angiotensin‐system on the basis of these findings.


To compare the catalytic performances against daily start-up and shut-down (DSS) operations between co-precipitated (CP) and impregnated (IMP) Cu–Al–Ox catalysts for the water gas shift (WGS) reaction, in situ X-ray adsorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) profiles, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and high resolution transition electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS) analysis were performed. In situ XAFS studies clearly indicated that the Cu species were frequently oxidized and reduced during DSS operations with steam treatment (DSS-like operation). Based on in situ XAFS and H2-TPR profiles, the highly active and stable CP-catalyst possessed more susceptible Cu particles to oxidation/reduction (described as redoxable) than the IMP-catalyst even after the DSS-like operations. Interestingly, the XRD and TEM-EDS analysis showed small Cu particles which were covered with a card-house structure of the in situ formed boehmite in the case of the CP-catalyst after the DSS-like operations. According to these results, we concluded that the superior durability of the CP-catalyst against frequent redox changes was attributed to the nanoscale coordination with the in situ formed boehmite structure which preserves the small-redoxable Cu particles.


The study dealt with the different coping mechanisms of Marine Engineering students when faced with difficulties in math and physics. The study was undertaken to the students of the Technological Institute of the Philippines, Marine engineering students from first year to third year. The study was conducted during the second semester of SY 2007-2008. A research questionnaire was distributed to the respondents. Interviews were also conducted. Observations were also undertaken during classroom discussions. Data were also gathered from informal conversation with the students. The research also dealt with the profile of the students, including their family background and peers that may relate to the coping mechanism when faced with difficulties. Some profiles of the school and the teachers were also considered because these profiles may contribute to the responses of the students. A questionnaire was given to the students of the marine engineering department. From the questionnaires, there were profiles of the students and the school that correlates to the coping mechanism of the students. From the students' profile, a good family orientation is correlated with studying hard, computer games may push the students to cheat and escape responsibilities. It may also a reason for students of blaming others for failure and finally lead to the students to think "come what may". Personal interest or drive will also yield a student to study hard. Educational background has nothing to do with the coping mechanism except from relying others. When students have a good educational background, the students seldom rely from other people. A good spiritual foundation will also yield a student to study hard and ask for divine help and think positively when faced with difficulties. But there is also a tendency for the student to escape responsibility and blame others in times of failure. Financial status and classroom attitude has no correlation of the correlates are negligible with any of the coping mechanism. This means that financial status does not contribute to the responses of the students when they are faced with difficulties in math and physics. Good teachers contribute not only for the intellectual development of the students. Teachers also affect the behavior of the students. Five of the eight coping mechanisms have negatively moderate correlation on the teacher factor. To sum it up, the students' attitude towards the subjects is dependent on the ability of the teacher. If the teacher is good, then the students will be responsible enough. Conditions of the classroom affect not only the teaching and learning process but also the behavior of the students. A good classroom condition may change the perception of the students in their studies. For school policy, it is negatively correlated with positive thinking. If the policies of the school will be strictly implemented, there is a tendency that the students will lose hope of passing any given task a better academic support from the school will inspire the student to study harder. In the light of the foregoing findings, the following conclusions, were drawn from the result of the study. Students' profile and the schools profile affect the coping mechanism of the students as shown by the correlation value obtained. Certain profile correlates with a certain coping mechanism. There are collective responses from students for every situation they encountered.


The General English Proficiency Test (GEPT), a five-level criterion-referenced test, was developed to assess the general English proficiency of Taiwanese EFL learners. Since its first administration in 2000, the GEPT has won wide recognition, with four million Taiwanese having taken the test. This paper reports on an empirical study of the relationship between self-assessment and test performance. The self-assessment tool, developed in accordance with the test construct in the GEPT, consists of 22 listening and 21 reading can-do statements. Eight thousand and six Taiwanese EFL learners were invited to take a GEPT test and respond to the self-assessment statements. The data were analyzed by Rasch model and ordinal logistic regression. Results show that the self-assessment statements have achieved acceptable accuracy (0.68 for listening; 0.65 for reading) in estimating learners' language levels. The paper concludes that the GEPT self-assessment statements can be considered a useful tool allowing learners to pre-estimate their ability before registering for a GEPT test and therefore recommends that the tool be utilized to enhance learners' awareness of their learning and proficiency, and ultimately encourage autonomous learning.


Turkish Cinema and Television Industry in the Digital Streaming Era addresses three main comprehensions: aesthetic transformation in the Turkish Cinema and television industry, new authors and changing filmmaking ways in the Turkish Cinema's SVOD age, and Turkish originals on national and international SVODs. The book is a collection of contemporary studies and research to explore the current scene in the Turkish Cinema and television industry's ways of production, features of the contents, and structures of the SVOD catalogs. Featuring coverage of a broad range of topics and studies, including production and post-production, independent and arthouse filmmaking, immersive sound, local narratives, digital watching experiences, quality tv, digital auteurism, and participatory culture, the collection of chapters is designed in a specific structure for academics, researchers, scholars, students, and media professionals.


We discuss a possibility to control heat conductivity in molecular chains by means of external mechanical loads. To illustrate such possibilities we consider first well-studied one-dimensional chain with degenerate double-well potential of the nearest-neighbor interaction. We consider varying lengths of the chain with fixed number of particles. Number of possible energetically degenerate ground states strongly depends on the overall length of the chain, or, in other terms, on average length of the link between neighboring particles. These degenerate states correspond to mechanical equilibria; therefore, one can say that formation of such structures mimics a process of plastic deformation. We demonstrate that such modification of the chain length can lead to quite profound (almost fivefold) reduction of the heat conduction coefficient. Even more profound effect is revealed for a model with a single-well nonconvex potential. It is demonstrated that in a certain range of constant external forcing, this model becomes effectively double-well and has a multitude of possible states of equilibrium for fixed value of the external load. Due to this degeneracy, the heat-conduction coefficient can be reduced by two orders of magnitude. We suggest a mechanical model of a chain with periodic double-well potential, which allows control of the heat transport. The models considered may be useful for description of heat transfer in biological macromolecules and for control of the heat transport in microsystems. The possibility of the heat transport control in more realistic three-dimensional systems is illustrated by simulation of a three-dimensional model of polymer α-helix. In this model, the mechanical stretching also brings about the structural inhomogeneity and, in turn, to essential reduction of the heat conductivity.


To realize the potential high capacity of lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) batteries, a double oxygen supply system for cells with high-loading cathodes is devised in this study. High-loading thick electrodes can achieve exceptionally high capacities, but this promise has been plagued by partial utilization of thick electrodes in Li-O2 cells due to the kinetic limitation imposed by oxygen transport. The proposed double oxygen supply system provides oxygen gas to the cathode not only from the cathode opening but also from the separator side to ensure sufficient oxygen supply to the whole high-loading electrode. Subsequently, the entire region of the high-loading cathode is rendered active, resulting in a uniform vertical distribution of discharge products. The maximum utilization of the high-loading electrodes is, thus, achieved, along with a remarkably increased capacity, low overpotential, and cycle life. By this strategy, CNT cathodes can be cycled with a capacity of 5 mAh cm-2, without using any additional catalyst.


The Ag nano-structured thin films prepared on flat glass substrates have been studied. The ball-like silver nanoparticles have been synthesized in large quantity by using a modified method of hydrolytic decomposition of silver complexes with amino types ligands formed in ethanol aqueous solution. SEM analysis revealed that Ag nanoparticles are all sphere shaped with bimodal size (40 and 70 nm) distribution. The results of XRD powder pattern examination show that Ag nanoparticles are pure phase, well crystallized. The unit cell dimensions measured on synthesized Ag nano films show small but frequent contraction in comparison to Ag metal standard.


Most nonmammalian synapsids possess a mid‐dorsal depression in the brain cavity known as the "unossified zone." It remains obscure which structures this zone contained, and, as candidates, the vermis of the cerebellum, the superior sagittal sinus, a junction of several blood vessels, the pineal gland or other midbrain structures were considered. Neutron tomography of a skull of Diictodon feliceps (Therapsida, Anomodontia) revealed some clear impressions of canals in this region of the brain cavity. Furthermore, the prootic sinus probably ran on the internal surface of the pila antotica and had a similar course in anomodonts as it has been proposed for cynodonts and Mesozoic mammals. Comparisons with the vascular systems of nonmammalian synapsids and mammals suggest that the unossified zone is best interpreted as a terminal chamber of the anterior segment of the medial head vein, which housed the junction of the superior sagittal sinus and the transverse sinuses. Consequently, the system of cranial vessels in Diictodon reveals a partial division of the medial head vein system into an anterior and a posterior segment at an early stage of synapsid evolution, which is consistent with the well‐known common pattern of early ontogenetic development in amniotes. J. Morphol., 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


In this commentary on the Focus articles by David Clapham (This issue) and Hannu Ruonavaara (This issue), I argue that whilst it is not possible to construct a single theory of housing, economics (properly applied) provides sufficient concepts to provide a rich explanatory tool kit. I illustrate this with reference to the role of housing in the Global Financial Crisis, and suggest that the failure of economic forecasting should be distinguished from the ability to explain what happened and why. A narrowly economics approach pays insufficient attention to institutions, especially social institutions, but these are correctable. I go on to argue that economics lacks the necessary ethical dimension to underpin the evaluation of public policy including housing. "Wellbeing" can help us to devise better outcome indicators, but it is another iteration of utilitarianism. As such it lags behind the advances made in moral philosophy that would help to provide an ethical basis for assessing distributional questions arising from housing systems, and, more recently, the arguments advanced in favour of a more plural capabilities approach as a basis for evaluating policy. I conclude that housing could be a fertile testing ground for such approaches, and indeed for informing their development.


Slow, progressive constriction with cellophane tape was experimented on the proximal segment of the rabbit pancreas. Histological examination of the distal segment over a period of 10-30 days showed the appearance of morphological changes reminiscent of chronic pancreatopathy in man. Stress is laid on the need for an experimental model suitable for the provocation of chronic forms, particularly if similar results can be obtained on animals of larger size.


We present an optical study of 2H-TaSe2 along the less conducting c-axis. This dichalcogenide compound belongs to a large class of conductors called "bad metals" (with a mean free path smaller than the lattice constant along the c-axis), which also includes the superconducting cuprates. The optical response shows the progressive development of a pseudogaplike feature with decreasing temperature. The spectral weight lost by the opening of such a pseudogap goes into the narrow Drude component, developing at low frequency and temperature. There is no violation of the sum rule in 2H-TaSe2 contrary to the cuprates.


The majority of citizens live in urban areas that dominate the economy and energy use. People living in these areas can affect the balance of nature since the gradual increase in the earth's surface temperature is caused predominantly by human activity. Humans cause the emission of gases such as carbon dioxide through exhaust from cars and power plants. If this negative effect continues, climate change due to global warming is inevitable. While CO2 concentration was around 250-280 parts per million (ppm) in the late 1800s, according to the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, it reached 380 ppm in the 2000s and 400 ppm in 2015. If we do not act and if emissions continue to increase, the global mean temperature may increase by over 30C by 2030. In this study, GHG emissions for 2020 are predicted for some countries then arithmetic means and standard deviations for GHG emissions are calculated by Excel. Data on GHG emissions for Europe, Turkey and the U.S. are used for the periods 2004-2013, 1990-2010 and 20002011, respectively. Chemical processes to mitigate GHG in the atmosphere are explained. Oxidation and methanol synthesis are useful processes to decrease the amount of GHG. Therefore, energy consumption in urban areas is very important. Reducing energy consumption in cities is possible by increasing the density (increasing the number of people per square meter in the city), the use of public transport such as subways, buses, trams, and light rail, and the use of energy derived from waste.


A rare lizardfish, Synodus mundyi Randall, 2009, is newly reported from the northwestern Pacific around Japan, based on a single specimen (147 mm in standard length) collected from off Muko-jima island of the Ogasawara Islands at a depth of 63 m. Prior to the present study, the species was represented by only the two type specimens collected from the Hawaiian Islands. Among Japanese congeners, it is most similar to the Indo-Pacific Synodus doaki Russell and Cressey, 1979 especially in having a very long nasal flap, but differs notably from the latter in that the tip of the pectoral fin extends well beyond a line connecting the dorsaland pelvic-fin origins (vs. just reaching this level). The Japanese specimen is fully described, with a color photograph of the fresh specimen. A new standard Japanese name, "Kaede-eso", is proposed for S. mundyi.


Patients with decompensated cirrhosis are susceptible to bacterial infections, which are associated with organ failure and a high mortality rate. Reliable biomarkers are needed to identify patients who require intensified treatment. Our objective was to study the regulation and prognostic relevance of elevated concentrations of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in patients with advanced cirrhosis.


Geniposide is an iridoid glycoside isolated from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis used as a Chinese traditional medicine for treatment of generalized vitiligo. Stem cell factor from keratinocyte recognizes and activates its receptor c-kit carried by melanocyte to potent enhance melanocytic melanogenesis that can be suppressed by norepinephrine. This study addresses the action and mechanism of geniposide enhancing melanogenesis in norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte. Flow cytometry results from this study exhibited the augmentation effect of geniposide on production of c-kit receptor by norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte. However, geniposide did not affect the production of stem cell factor by norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal keratinocyte assessed by cellular enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA indicated that at the presence of stem cell factor, geniposide was capable of elevating the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation within norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte, which is known to be involved in stem cell factor/c-kit downstream signalling. And inhibition of c-kit with inhibitory antibody K44.2 completely blocked the increase in geniposide-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, spectrophotometry demonstrated the enhancement effect of geniposide on melanogenesis (tyrosinase activity and melanin production) in norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte at the presence of stem cell factor, which was blocked by c-kit inhibitory antibody K44.2. Data from this study suggest that geniposide can enhance melanogenesis by stem cell factor/c-kit signalling in which the expression of c-kit receptor is augmented in norepinephrine-exposed normal human epidermal melanocyte.


Background In clinical practice, the co-expression of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and a rheumatologic disease deserves special attention as FMS may go unrecognized especially when it develops after the disease or more commonly when it is misdiagnosed as an autoimmune disorder. Objectives The aim of the present work was to compare the frequency of FMS in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Behçets disease (BD) patients and to study the relation of FMS to the clinical manifestations, laboratory features, disease activity and/or damage as well as the quality of life (QoL). Methods One hundred and sixty patients (50 RA, 50 SLE, 30 SSc and 30 BD) consequently recruited from those attending the Rheumatology outpatient clinic and department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University Hospital. and 141 age and sex matched corresponding healthy controls were included. Disease activity was assessed using Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) for RA, SLE Disease Activity index (SLEDAI), modified Rodnan skin score for SSc and BD Current Activity Form (BDCAF). The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/ACR damage index was assessed in SLE patients. The quality of life (QoL) was also recorded. Severity in FMS cases was estimated using the revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) score. Results In the RA, SLE, SSc and BD patients, FMS was found in 14%, 18%, 6.67% and 3.33% respectively compared to 2.1%, 3%, 3.3% and 0% in their corresponding controls. In RA patients, DAS28 was significantly higher in those with FMS (5.5±0.9) compared to those without (4.3±1.3) (p=0.009); significantly correlated with both Widespread Pain Index (WPI) (p=0.011) and Symptom Severity (SS) scale (p=0.012) and the QoL scale in those with FMS was significantly worse (62.3±7.9) compared to those without (71.7±14.4) (p=0.023). In SLE patients, The WPI and SS both significantly correlated with the presence of thrombosis (r=0.28, p=0.049 and r=0.43, p=0.002 respectively). The SS scale tended to correlate with the SLEDAI (r=0.28, p=0.05). In BD patients, BDCAF and WPI significantly correlated (p=0.03). On comparing the WPI among the rheumatic diseases patients, the mean was significantly higher in the SLE patients (2.3±3.2) compared to that in the RA (1.96±2.6), SSc (1.9±2.2) and BD (0.7±1.1) patients (p=0.047). Conclusions Fibromyalgia syndrome is more frequent in rheumatic diseases. The significance of this study is boosted by the fact that it was among the first to investigate the prevalence of FMS in patients with SSc. Also, adds to the limited insights on the relation of FMS to BD. It is novel to present the relative prevalence of FMS in different Egyptian rheumatic diseases patients and to throw light on the association with disease activity in RA and BD as well as thrombosis in SLE. The impact of FMS on the QoL in RA patients requires special attention. Disclosure of Interest None declared


BACKGROUND
Multiple pregnancy complicated by the presence of a complete hydatidiform mole (CHM) is a rare clinical entity. However, there are enough accumulated data to assist the clinician in the management of such a patient.

CASES
Case 1 presented in the first trimester with a twin pregnancy associated with a CHM. In the absence of other complications, the pregnancy was monitored with serial beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and ultrasound measurements. A reduction in molar volume suggested regression of the CHM. The pregnancy was successfully carried to term with no progress of the CHM. Beta-hCG levels regressed after delivery. Case 2 had a triplet pregnancy resulting from in vitro fertilization with a CHM detected in the first trimester. Similar measurements were applied. The pregnancy was complicated by episodes of antepartum hemorrhage (APH). Further, the molar volume continued to increase. Because of recurrent APH, delivery was by cesarean section. After delivery, after an initial decline, the beta-hCG level rose, and pulmonary metastases were detected. The patient was treated with single-agent chemotherapy, with complete resolution.

CONCLUSION
The combination of serial ultrasound molar volume measurements with serial beta-hCG estimation may assist the clinician in predicting which of these rare complicated pregnancies will result in the development of trophoblastic neoplasia.


Abstract This paper develops a posteriori estimates for domain decomposition methods with optimized Robin transmission conditions on the interface between subdomains. We choose to demonstrate the methodology for mixed formulations, with a lowest-order Raviart–Thomas–Nédélec discretization, often used for heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media diffusion problems. Our estimators allow to distinguish the spatial discretization and the domain decomposition error components. We propose an adaptive domain decomposition algorithm wherein the iterations are stopped when the domain decomposition error does not affect significantly the overall error. Two main goals are thus achieved. First, a guaranteed bound on the overall error is obtained at each step of the domain decomposition algorithm. Second, important savings in terms of the number of domain decomposition iterations can be realized. Numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of our estimates and the performance of the adaptive stopping criteria.


This paper explores career capital development of self-initiated expatriates (SIEs) in the Middle East, reporting on data gathered in Qatar from 20 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Findings challenge the notion that self-initiated expatriation always leads to career capital accumulation, arguing instead that contextual features impact individuals' agentic efforts towards career capital accumulation and lead them to experience 'career capital stagnation'. Qatarisation is the overarching influence on the status of SIEs in the country and places structural constraints, which translate into limited organisational opportunities and support for SIEs. Individually, SIEs reside rhetorically within complex dualities characterised by feelings of cosmopolitanism and isolation. Whilst individuals narrate the context in utilitarian terms as a means to a broader aim of global experience, everyday practicalities of their work and life are problematised. Narratives of career capital development are organised in three themes: SIEs as cosmopolitan globetrotters (micro-individual level), SIEs as experts (meso-organisational level) and SIEs as outsiders (macro-country level). The paper contributes to broadening the discussion on the relationship between self-initiated expatriation and context, and its implications on careers. Empirically, it adds to our understanding of SIEs, in particular their experiences of career capital development in the highly regulated context of the Middle East.


The palmaris longus is a small, fusiform-shaped muscle located on the anterior forearm of the human upper extremity. This muscle belongs to the superficial forearm flexor group, with a most common proximal attachment at the medial epicondyle of the humerus via the common forearm flexor tendon and a most common distal attachment into the connective tissue fibers of the palmar aponeurosis and the flexor retinaculum, a ligamentous structure forming the roof of the carpal tunnel and containing the median nerve and digital flexor tendons. The palmaris longus can be morphologically quite variable but most commonly has a tendinous proximal attachment, a mid-length, spindle-shaped muscle belly, and a long and thin tendinous distal portion. The majority of fibers in the palmaris longus tendon pass superficially to the flexor retinaculum, the tendon broadens into a flattened collection of fibers, and the fibers interweave with the palmar aponeurosis. The functional contribution of the palmaris longus appears to be minimal, but it has clinical significance due to its frequent intraoperative harvest for many surgical procedures, often involving tendon repair in the upper extremity. The thin distal tendinous portion, superficial location, and lack of functional significance make the muscle easily accessible and ideal for intraoperative harvest for tendon reconstruction and other surgical procedures. The palmaris longus muscle is commonly present but may be absent in a small percentage of the population, ranging from 2.5% to 26% of individuals, depending on the studied population., The palmaris longus tendon is located near the anatomical center of the anterior wrist, medial to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis, and lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris. The muscle's presence can be assessed clinically by several physical exam maneuvers, with the Schaeffer test being the most commonly used. To perform the Schaeffer test, ask the patient to touch the pads of the thumb and little finger together while flexing the wrist, and if present, the tendon of palmaris longus should protrude anteriorly at the wrist joint. Congenital absence of the muscle is common but has demonstrated decreased grip strength or any other functional deficit.


A simplified method for estimating CO 2 emissions from deforestation is the calculation of carbon stock change by monitoring forest land and periodically summing up the land area and its averaged carbon stock for important forest types. As a feasibility study for applying this methodology to a tropical dry-land forest, we estimated carbon stock and its chronosequential change in 4 carbon pools (aboveground and belowground biomass, deadwood, and litter) of tropical dry-land natural forests in Cambodia. Carbon stock differed among forest types. Most of the carbon stock (84 ± 12% (SD)) existed in tree biomass. Growth of carbon stock has a positive relationship to the carbon stock itself. By moderately classifying forest types, determining averaged tree biomass of each forest type, and using land-area data on each forest type, a reasonably accurate estimation of carbon stock can be expected. However, considering that rapidly progressing deforestation and wood extraction may reduce the carbon stock in forests, systematic sampling with a sufficient number of extra plots and frequent updating of forest land area and averaged carbon stock data are vital for an accurate estimation of CO 2 emissions from forests under pressure of land-use change and forestry activities.


Incisional pain is the most commonly-encountered postoperative symptoms. Clinically, the following three methods are mainly used for relieving, even eliminating pain: 1) application of various medicines, such as general anaesthesia or analgesics; 2)operation for cutting peripheral nerves, oriented lesion of a certain part on the central nervous system pathway, or stimulation of anti-pain struc-


Background and Objective: Sleep as a sign of the God wisdom and power, is the agent of stability and tranquility. Sleep has a spiritual dimension. Sincere dreams are the continuation of prophecy and guidance of the God. This study aimed to explain the dream theory from the perspective of Islam.

Materials and Methods: This evolutionary study has focused on these questions: "what is the process of dreaming in Islam? Can people control their dreams"? Islamic evidences were taken from the verses and narrations related to the words "soul, sleep, dream and death", using al-Mu'ayyim, authentic Shi'a commentary books, Bihar al-Anwar, Kofi principles, the Book of Resurrection and life after death. The religious and scientific evidences were analyzed based on the Walker and Event content analysis method. Dream theory was extracted from religious evidence.

Results: Based on "revelation epistemology" during sleep, the 'template of a higher universe' travels to the unseen world and divine guidance can be provided. People with spiritual health) (owners of the Sound heart) can control the type of their dream, and solve problems by the guidance of God. In the perspective of Islam, there are three types of dreams: sometimes is divine guidance and glory from God, sometimes is sorrow from the devil, and sometimes are conflicts of daily living or past events.

Conclusion: Regarding the spiritual aspect of sleep and its deep impact on physical and mental health, it is essential for medical staff to become familiar with dream theory from the perspective of Islam. They should explain to patients and family members the importance and impact of sleep on the acceleration of tissue repair and the treatment of anxiety and depression. To those who are willing to enjoy the divine guidance through the dream, they can teach the Islamic method of dream control.


In this paper we investigate the relevance of the Balassa-Samuelson effect to the determination of regional inflation in China, for the period 1985 – 2000. To do this, we first construct annual measures of Chinese inflation and industry input on regional and sectoral basis. Then we generalize the Asea and Mendoza (1994) settings to consider asymmetric productivity shocks across sectors. Testing this model on Chinese Regional Data aid of non-stationary panel data techniques, it shows that our extended theoretical model is a good empirical representation of the Chinese data which supports the Balassa- Samuelson effect. Moreover, we are able to test the Asea and Mendoza (1994) version of our general model and find that the restrictions are rejected.


In remote areas of Bangladesh, it can be difficult for entrepreneurs, businesses and farmers to obtain needed bank loans, as banks are typically located in and around administrative centres. In addition, the banks have limitations in their product design (credit and savings) and have mostly avoided the challenges of rural enterprises. During the 1970s, the concept of the Microfinance Institution (MFI) emerged, based on the non-governmental organization model and favouring locations in rural areas not far from the administrative centres and rural markets. In this untapped market, MFIs grew by taking an institutional good practices approach and offering products designed to cater to low-income households and enterprises, although they still face legal constraints in holding public savings deposits. In addition, although the MFI reaches less accessible areas because of its organization pattern, its attempts to upscale MFI credit are not widely successful due to both unwillingness and inability of the existing microfinance client pool to repay loans. Therefore, it is important to explore which entity (bank or MFI) has an advantageous geographic distribution and institutional good practices to meet the needs of rural enterprise.


Infants (<1 year old) are the age group in Australia with the highest rate of involvement with child protection. Many jurisdictions across Australia and internationally are implementing policies focused on prenatal planning and targeted support. This study investigates Australian trends in prenatal and infant child protection notifications, substantiations and out-of-home care; and the extent of over-representation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander infants. Data was provided by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare for the period 1 July 2012-30 June 2019. Univariate Poisson regression analysis was conducted, reporting the percentage change in the incidence rate ratios. All Australian jurisdictions who collect and approved release of prenatal notification data experienced increases in the rates of children with prenatal notifications, with a 4% (IRR: 1.04(1.04–1.05)) overall increase per year across Australia. Approximately 33% of children had substantiated prenatal notifications. Rates of infant notifications and entry to care in Australia increased overall by 3% (IRR:1.03(1.03–1.04)) and 2% per year (IRR:1.02(1.01–1.03)), respectively. With rising numbers of families reported prenatally and during infancy, greater evidence of the effectiveness of policies, interventions and outcomes for children and families is required.


The assignment of numerical values to physical quantities underlies all quantitative statements in engineering and the physical sciences. This assignment is achieved by the process of measurement. The physical quantity being measured and the precision required in the numerical value determines the instrumentation to be used. The design of a measurement system therefore involves the analysis of the attribute to be measured, the means available for its detection and the verification that the measurement system performs as intended and can achieve the desired accuracy and precision. In this book Figliola and Beasley first discuss in general terms the basics of measurement, analogue and digital data acquisition systems and signal processing, the statistics of measurement and the analysis of error and uncertainty. In successive chapters they concentrate on the instruments and their physical basis in the areas of electricity, temperature, fluid flow, elastic strain and mechanics (displacement, motion, force and power). The coverage is directed towards measurements in various branches of engineering, with numerous worked examples and problems for students (approximately 30 to 40) at the end of each chapter. Since it is an American engineering text, the book uses both SI and English units. Unfortunately, the text is flawed by numerous errors. Some of the more egregious are that in chapter 1, `dimension' is used in place of `unit', the definitions given for the ampere and the ohm are in terms of `international' units that were abandoned in 1948 and derived units are expressed, for example, as `' in place of the standard forms (SI, ISO, ANSI) of `' or `'. There are furthermore numerous minor numerical errors and inconsistencies. One of the more serious flaws is the failure to distinguish between bias errors and uncertainty due to bias in the discussion of chapter 5. There is also a misuse of the student in the evaluation of uncertainty (although this error is not exclusively Figliola and Beasley's, since it occurs in ANSI documents on fluid flow measurement). Given the estimate for variance, with degrees of freedom, an uncertainty interval at confidence level p is properly , while the uncertainty for a combined quantity is where is evaluated from the Welch - Satterthwaite expression In spite of its shortcomings, the book collects a great deal of material in one place and, in the hands of a careful instructor who is aware of its flaws, could be useful as a supplementary text on measurement. E Richard Cohen


ABSTRACT In multi-objective optimization computing, it is important to assign suitable parameters to each optimization problem to obtain better solutions. In this study, a self-adaptive multi-objective harmony search (SaMOHS) algorithm is developed to apply the parameter-setting-free technique, which is an example of a self-adaptive methodology. The SaMOHS algorithm attempts to remove some of the inconvenience from parameter setting and selects the most adaptive parameters during the iterative solution search process. To verify the proposed algorithm, an optimal least cost water distribution network design problem is applied to three different target networks. The results are compared with other well-known algorithms such as multi-objective harmony search and the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is quantified by suitable performance indices. The results indicate that SaMOHS can be efficiently applied to the search for Pareto-optimal solutions in a multi-objective solution space.


Partial molar densities of oxides in natural silicate melts can be estimated to useful precision by exploiting their strong correlation with densities of the corresponding solid oxides, reflecting the close structural similarity between silicate solids and silicate melts. Using this extrapolation method, partial molar density (in grams per mole-cubic centimeter at 1400 0c) is inferred to be 2.0 for S03 and 2.3 for P20S; i.e., the partial molar volumes, Vi,m(in cubic centimeters per mole), are 40 and 61, respectively. The inferred d V"m/dT (in cubic centimeters per mole-kelvin) are 0.0056 for S03 and 0.0085 for P20S' Analogous estimates are also given for V20S, Cr203, V203, zr02, La203, Ce203, and Nd203. The inferred uncertainty for the v',m estimates is 12% (10', relative), although the v',m for Cr203 is somewhat more uncertain because on melting, this oxide probably changes from octahedral to largely tetrahedral coordination.


Nano ZnO crystal in-situ growth on SiO2 nano sol-coated cotton fabric via a reaction between Zn(NO3)2 and (CH 2)6N4 through a low-temperature hydrothermal method was studied. The effects of hydrothermal reaction conditions and SiO 2 nano sol coating on the size and crystalline perfection of nano ZnO, and the UV protection property of the fabric were investigated. The optimal treatment conditions for the highest Zn content and the best ZnO crystalline perfection on the fabric surface were obtained. Under optimal conditions, the cotton fabric was covered with 25 to 30 nm diameter ZnO crystallites and had an excellent UV-blocking property.


We measured the six tumor markers, CA125, TPA, Fr, CEA, AFP, and PPA simultaneously in serodiagnostic testing as a method for the early detection of ovarian cancer. To decrease the false negativity in the combination assay, statistical discriminating analysis was applied to serum values for tumor markers. "The ovarian cancer screening test" designed by us has been enforced in Shizuoka Prefecture since September, 1985. Twenty-one thousand nine hundred serum samples had been analysed by December, 1988. Eighty-four cases out of the 125 patients with ovarian cancer were suspected of being malignant pretherapeutically in a clinical diagnostic procedure which included echography. On the other hand, malignancy was justified before treatment in 109 patients in the combination assay and statistical analysis. One hundred patients were diagnosed as malignant in the combination assay and 9 cases by statistical analysis. However, we overlooked 4 patients (3 patients were found to be in stage I and one in stage III, respectively) even when both methods were used. Altogether 37 more patients with ovarian cancer could be found by the serodiagnostic screening method with discriminating analysis using tumor markers than by clinical findings such as image diagnosis and others. To conclude, the discriminating analysis was, therefore, verified as a useful technique for the diagnosis of ovarian cancer.


The reaction between a nucleophilic 4-(2-aminoethyl)phenyl-tethered glassy carbon surface and various para-substituted aryl isocyanates [ONC-PhX; X = NO(2), COPh, Cl, H, and NMe(2)] has been studied in toluene. It is demonstrated that the nucleophilic addition reaction is relatively fast occurring within two hours while providing an efficient and versatile route for derivatizing alkylamine-functionalized surfaces. An often overlooked issue in surface reactions is the possibility for competing physisorption processes. In such cases, the solution-based reactants become adsorbed to the surface or embedded in the grafted layer rather than chemically bonded to the surface. It is shown that for two of the aryl isocyanates (X = NO(2) and COPh) this physical adhesion can be so strong that even prolonged ultrasonic treatment cannot remove the adsorbant. However, a single potential excursion is capable of desorbing most of the physisorbed layers. The isocyanate-based method is also compared with the well-known approaches involving diazonium salts for assembling similar chemical systems directly. It is concluded that the method can be used advantageously not only in cases, where such approaches should fall short, but also if the goal is to achieve better control of the positioning of, e.g., redox active molecules in a well-defined layer with the ultimate goal of obtaining distinct electrochemical responses.


This guide includes resources for those researching topics in business, accounting, economics, small business management, sport management, and business technology.


In summary, Wegener's granulomatosis is a systemic illness that is characterized pathologically by necrotizing granulomatosis and vasculitis. Lethal midline granuloma is not a pathological term. Lethal midline granuloma is a clinical term, and in reality, lethal midline granuloma has been proven to be polymorphic reticulosis and not Wegener's granulomatosis. Polymorphic reticulosis is now understood to be a T-cell lymphoma. Further study of these malignant lymphomas has shown that these T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders may be causally associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Although there is strong association between autoantibodies against cytoplasmic constituents of neurophils and monocytes in patients with active Wegener's granulomatosis, the exact pathogenic mechanism in Wegener's granulomatosis and the etiology is still unknown. IgG-C-ANAC (C-ANAC stands for Classical/Cytoplasmic Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasm Antibodies) increases with increasing disease activity from undetectable levels to up to 95% of active Wegener's granulomatosis patients. Rhinologic symptoms in Wegener's granulomatosis include progressive nasal obstruction, bloody rhinorrhea with crusting, and vague pain and tenderness of the nasal dorsum. Usually these patients have mucosal ulcerations of the nose with or without a septal perforation. Other areas of the head and neck can be involved, and they include orbital, otologic, oral, and subglottic involvement. Hallmarks of malignant lymphoma (polymorphic reticulosis) when it involves the upper airway include rapid localized destruction of the nose, orbit, paranasal sinuses, and hard palate. Treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis includes antimicrobial agents in addition to a regimen of cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids. The treatment for malignant lymphoma (polymorphic reticulosis) is primarily radiation, especially when confined to one site.


The distribution of circulating CD4 lymphocyte subpopulations determined by reactivity with monoclonal antibodies anti-2H4 (CD45RA), anti-UCHL1 (CD45RO), anti-4B4 (CD29) and anti-Leu8, and analysed by dual colour immunofluorescence flow cytometry is described in a series of patients with B-CLL and in age-matched control subjects. The percentages and absolute numbers of CD4 cells reactive with anti-CD45RA, anti-CD45RO and anti-CD29 reagents were similar in the patient and control groups. In contrast, CD4+ Leu8+ cells (percentages and absolute numbers) were significantly reduced in B-CLL patients resulting in an inversion of the normal CD4+ Leu8+ :CD4+Leu8- ratio. The patients' clinical or therapeutic status did not appear to influence the levels of the respective CD4 subpopulations; nor was evidence of hypogammaglobulinaemia associated with specific numerical alterations in any of the CD4 subpopulations studied. It is proposed that, in B-CLL, the alterations in the CD4Leu8 subpopulations are associated with the disease process, whereas the distributions of CD4+CD45RA+, CD4+ CD45RO+ and CD4+ CD29+ cells reflect the normal physiological levels of these subpopulations in elderly subjects.


Change blindness is a phenomenon where an individual fails to notice alterations in a visual scene when a change occurs during a brief interruption or distraction. Understanding this phenomenon is specifically important for the technique that uses a visual stimulus, such as Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR). Previous research had primarily focused on 2D environments or conducted limited controlled experiments in 3D immersive environments. In this paper, we design and conduct two formal user experiments to investigate the effects of different visual attention-disrupting conditions (Flickering and Head-Turning) and object alternative conditions (Removal, Color Alteration, and Size Alteration) on change blindness detection in VR and AR environments. Our results reveal that participants detected changes more quickly and had a higher detection rate with Flickering compared to Head-Turning. Furthermore, they spent less time detecting changes when an object disappeared compared to changes in color or size. Additionally, we provide a comparison of the results between VR and AR environments.


Muharani L, Yazid M, Adriani D. 2020. Evaluation of smallholder oil palm plantation sustainability in tidal lowlands of Pulau Rimau Sub-District of Banyuasin Regency. Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal: Journal o f Suboptimal Lands 9(1): 80-88. Oil palm is one of the estate commodities that has an important role in the economic activities of the people. Smallholder oil palm plantation as part of the estate still face several constraints, including lack of productivity, institutional inactivity, plantation management that do not meet the standard, farmers' lack of knowledge, and difficulty in obtaining credit. Due to these constraints, oil palm plantation sustainability is put into priority. Oil palm development issues are discussed not only on the economic aspects but also on the environmental aspects. This research is aimed at analyzing the level of oil palm sustainability and evaluating the condition of smallholder oil palm plantations according to the stages of plant development. This research used survey method and was carried out in tidal lowlands of Pulau Rimau Sub-district, Banyuasin Regency in August-September 2019. Smallholder oil palm households were selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that there were three aspects of sustainability that were in low criteria, namely institutional, social, and technical aspects. Whereas, economic and environmental aspects were in medium criteria. The average sustainability value of non productive and productive oil palm plantations was in low criteria. Smallholder oil palm households were expected to understand and follow the standards set by ISPO, with the support from local governments and related agencies.


Taking the seed yam as test material,the effect of different species compositions and concentrations of plant growth on seed yam callus induction were studied in the light and dark condition.The results showed that the stem segments and leaves under 6-BA 2.0mg / L+NAA 2.0mg / L was a good combination at light,6-BA 2.0mg / L+NAA 4.0mg / L was a good combination at dark;light was not suitable for micro-tubers induction,the optimal plant growth substances combination was 6-BA 2.0mg / L+NAA 2.0mg / L and 6-BA 2.0mg / L+NAA 4.0mg / L at dark.


Abstract We investigate the relationship between the generalization of program completion defined in 1984 by Lloyd and Topor and the generalization of the stable model semantics introduced recently by Ferraris et al. The main theorem can be used to characterize, in some cases, the general stable models of a logic program by a first-order formula. The proof uses Truszczynski's stable model semantics of infinitary propositional formulas.


We describe and evaluate the semi-automatic addition of a deep syntactic layer to the French Treebank (Abeille and Barrier [1]), using an existing scheme (Candito et al. [6]). While some rare or highly ambiguous deep phenomena are handled manually, the remainings are derived using a graph-rewriting system (Ribeyre et al. [22]). Although not manually corrected, we think the resulting Deep Representations can pave the way for the emergence of deep syntactic parsers for French.


Social enterprise is a hybrid form of profit- and social benefit–seeking organization whereby traditional nonprofit organizations pursue both their social mission and business opportunities. To embrace this new strategic direction shift, the nonprofit organizations need to develop new competences that will enable them to respond to the changes in the business model. The article investigates the learning mechanisms through which social enterprises develop a marketing capability to deploy their resources in the marketplace as the drivers of competitive advantage in their commercial practice. We study eight cases of U.K.-based charity retailers to address the role of knowledge accumulation, articulation, and codification process in the evolution of marketing capability development. We identify, among other things, that the critical process of organizational learning for social enterprise is to transfer the experience into organization-specific knowledge under the social aspects of constraints.


In this paper, a methodology based on a mix-mode interconnection architecture is proposed for constructing application specific networks on chip to minimize the total communication time. The proposed architecture uses a globally asynchronous communication network and a locally synchronous bus (or cross-bar or multistage interconnection network MIN). A complete graph is constructed such that each vertex represents an IP core or a set of IP cores connecting by a locally synchronous bus (or cross-bar or MIN) and each edge has a weight (profit) representing a communication ratio (CR) for each pair of vertices. A maximal-profit spanning tree is constructed to represent the final network on chip. Comparisons on cost and total communication times with the SPIN architecture, mesh architecture, and binary tree architecture using Huffman-coding-like algorithm show that the new methodology has better results


Using a dataset of all CEO transitions in Fortune 500 companies over a 15-year period, we analyze mechanisms that shape the promotion probabilities and leadership tenure of women and racial/ethnic minority CEOs. Consistent with the theory of the glass cliff, we find that occupational minorities—defined as white women and men and women of color—are more likely than white men to be promoted CEO of weakly performing firms. Though we find no significant differences in tenure length between occupational minorities and white men, we find that when firm performance declines during the tenure of occupational minority CEOs, these leaders are likely to be replaced by white men. We term this phenomenon the "savior effect." © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract Image segmentation is a primary step in image analysis used to separate the input image into meaningful regions. MRI is an advanced medical imaging technique widely used in detecting brain tumors. Segmentation of Brain MR image is a complex task. Among the many approaches developed for the segmentation of MR images, a popular method is fuzzy C-mean (FCM). In the proposed method, Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is used to improve the efficiency of FCM on abnormal brain images.


Experimental results for the measurement of heat transfer rates in microchannel gas flow are crucial for gas to gas micro heat exchangers. A critical overview of the main factors that play an important role in the determination of heat transfer rate is presented. The experimental and numerical data obtained from authors' previous studies are used in order to highlight the characteristics of convective heat transfer of gas through microchannels with constant wall temperature. It is suggested to obtain heat transfer rates by determining the difference between the gas enthalpy at the inlet and outlet by measuring local temperature and pressure. The heat transfer rates obtained in the present study were compared with those determined by the difference in total temperatures and incompressible flow Nusselt number.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to identify the effects of recent demographic transition and rising labor costs on agricultural production structure and pattern in China during 1998-2012.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors, first, theoretically discuss the effects of changing relative input prices due to rising labor cost on producers' decisions regarding input mix (substitution effect), output level, and product quality (output effect). A logarithmic mean Divisia index decomposition method is then applied to empirically identify these effects at aggregated levels, followed by an analysis based on the visualization of land use indicators on changing cropping patterns across Chinese provinces.

Findings

The authors find that tightened effective agricultural labor supply and rises in rural labor costs are associated with divergent changes in input mixes and output choices across products. Producers of land-intensive products focusing more on input mix adjustment, while those of labor-intensive products seem to more likely to adjust output choices. Producers' adaption strategies also varied across Chinese provinces due to natural conditions, leading to shifts and concentrations in the regional distribution of agricultural products, with lower-value bulk products concentrating in the plain areas, whereas higher-value horticulture products increasingly prevailing in sloped areas.

Originality/value

This paper illustrates how adjustments in input mixes and output choice in Chinese agriculture counteracted disadvantages caused by rising labor costs and how such adjustments are product and region specific. Based on these observations, implications regarding further innovations in production technology and institutional arrangements needed within China's agricultural sector are highlighted in the paper.


Dynamic light-scattering measurements on suspensions of hard colloidal spheres, in their metastable amorphous state prior to crystallization, identify the kinetic glass transition by the arrest of particle-concentration fluctuations on the experimental time-scale. This kinetic glass transition coincides with a spectacular change in the mechanism of crystallization. The measured intermediate scattering functions are quantitatively interpreted by mode-coupling theory. We find that both alpha and beta processes are necessary to describe the slow structural relaxation in the fluid near the glass transition.


: The malignant schwannoma is a sarcoma which very rarely occurs on the face. This article describes the case of a woman with such a tumour and whose study and evolution shows that was no relation with the nervous trunk, neurofibroma or neurofibromatosis.


Ontology development is an important practice required in any knowledge engineering process. Before knowledge can be integrated and put into good use by computer applications, knowledge acquisition and modeling has to be done. This signifies the adoption of ontology; which is defined as conceptualization or formal specifications of a domain; as the core framework for a knowledge-based system. For faster ontology development process, it is normally done in a collaborative manner and the challenge of having an environment that supports collaborative work is manifold. This includes the challenge of forming a collaborative procedure in acquiring and modeling the knowledge, allocating a platform that is accessible to geographical distributed parties and to handle update conflicts during the development. This paper presents a system in supporting initial collaborative ontology development works between ontology developers without requiring the presence of domain experts, aiming at accelerating the ontology development process. This system is designed in such a way that it incorporates and formalizes a novel collaborative knowledge acquisition and modeling procedure.


The properties of a linear visco-elastic material are developed from the hypothesis that the microscopic structure of such a material is mechanically equivalent to a network of elastic and viscous elements. The stored energy and the rate of dissipation of energy can be found for any material element at any time. For an isotropic material, each deviatoric component of strain is related solely to the corresponding deviatoric component of stress and the dilatational part of the strain solely to the dilatational part of the stress; the energies are the sum of the respective energies for the deviatoric components and for the dilatation. It is shown both that the strain can be expressed in terms of the stress increments and the creep function, and that the stress can be expressed in terms of the strain increments and the relaxation function. The complex compliances and moduli have alternating zeros and poles on the positive imaginary axis and no zeros or poles elsewhere. The stress-strain law can be expressed in operational form, Pσ = Qϵ, where P and Q are polynomials in d/dt with constant coefficients. The zeros of P and Q are all real and non-positive and they alternate. The energies can be expressed in terms of either the creep function and the stress at previous times, or the relaxation function and the strain at previous times, or the stress, strain and their time derivatives at a given time or, for a sinusoidal oscillation, in terms of the complex compliance and its derivative with respect to frequency. It is shown that models consisting of Voigt element in series, or of Maxwell elements in parallel, can represent the mechanical properties and the stored and dissipated energies of any visco-elastic material. The analysis can be extended to networks containing an infinite number of elements. Two examples, one of each of two different cases, are given.


We present an alternative scheme for preparing the superpositions of coherent states along a straight line of a cavity field using degenerate atom-cavity field Raman interaction. In the scheme, a collection of Λ-type three-level atoms is orderly sent through the cavity to interact with the cavity field adjusted by a microwave source connected to it, followed by state-selective measurements. In this way, we can prepare the superpositions of several coherent states along a straight line with arbitrary weighting factors for the cavity field. In the scheme, the coherence of the atom-cavity system may be maintained and the second microwave field is unnecessary, which is prior to the previous scheme.


It is helpful for wetland ecological environment monitoring work to extract the typical wetland plants growth and distribution information exactly. There is much uncertainty in wetland plants information extraction using remote sensing images due to the complexity of wetland plants and remote sensing data. Recently, remote sensing data have become one of the most important data sources in the Ecology and the Environment research area and therefore researches on uncertainty in wetland plants information extraction from remote sensing data are essential. This study presents a case study conducted at the core area of Honghe National Nature Reserve in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. The SPOT 5 image was selected to produce the Carex lasiocarpa map by using object-oriented approach. And the map was validated by using the method of confusion matrix based on verification points composed of ground truth points obtained by a Differential Global Positioning System with a positional accuracy of 0.02 m and random points generated by a GIS (Geographic Information System) method. Also, by using the same approach, the Carex lasiocarpa map was produced by the airship image whose acquisition date was in the same growing season with SPOT 5 image' acquisition date. We analyzed the uncertainty in the Carex lasiocarpa information extraction from SPOT 5 image based on the Carex lasiocarpa map derived from the airship image from two perspectives of patch number and special patch attribute and achieved the following conclusions: 1) The Carex lasiocarpa map derived from the SPOT 5 image represented space distribution pattern of Carex lasiocarpa in the study area and meanwhile some mission extraction and wrong extraction existed; 2) Only those Carex lasiocarpa patches whose area was larger than 160.69 m2 could be extracted from the SPOT 5 image; 3) some errors existed in the position, patch outlines shape and patch area on the Carex lasiocarpa information derived from the SPOT 5 image.


Knowing seed germination phenology is important in propagation and thus conservation of plant species as many of the plants regenerate through seeds naturally and easily. Knowledge on seed biology of a species plays a vital role in both ex-situ and in-situ conservation. Thus, we aimed to study seed biology of three Strychnos species from Sri Lanka which are of conservation importance, S. potatorum L.f. and S.nux-vomica L. in dry zone and S. benthamii C. B. Clarke in wet lowlands and montane regions. Seed moisture content was determined for study species by an oven dry method. Desiccation sensitivity of seeds was determined using 100 seed method proposed by Pritchard et al. (2004). Effect of different temperatures (32 and 25o C) and Gibberellic acid (GA3) concentrations (500 and 100 ppm) on seed germination was evaluated. Seeds were incubated in Petri dishes on moistened (with distilled water or GA3) tissue papers in light/dark (12/12hr) condition. Embryo length: seed length ratio (E: S ratio) of fresh seeds, seeds just after radicle emergence and of seeds before shoot emergence was studied. The moisture content of S. nux-vomica, S. potatorum and S.benthamii at dispersal was 42.02, 34.9 and 45.93%, respectively. Hundred seed test for S. nux-vomica, and S. potatorum revealed that their seeds could tolerate desiccation, while S. benthamii seed could not survive desiccation. Radicle emergence of S. nux vomica and S. potatorum incubated at 32o C initiated after 34 and 59 days, respectively. Radicle emergence of S. benthamii initiated after 11 days at 25o C. GA3 treated seeds of S. nux-vomica and S. potatorum emerged radicle quickly than those incubated on distilled water (p<0.001and p<0.001, respectively), while there was no GA3 effect on S. benthamii seeds. Further, when the shoot emergence was considered a considerable delay in shoot emergence was observed in seeds of all the three species indicating that they have epicotyl dormancy. The size of the embryos of S. nux vomica, S. potatorum and S. benthamii seeds have increased by 38.24, 34.48 and 25.49% by the time of radicle emergence. Thus, seeds of the three study species also have a morphological component to their dormancy. Thus, their dormancy can be classified as morphophysiological epicotyl dormancy. Although the GA3 has increased the shoot emergence rate, seeds of all the study species emerged shoot within 4 months. Thus, we recommend sawing of seeds 4 months prior to seedling requirements to obtain necessary seedlings for seed restoration. Determination of dormancy type and storage type of these species is vital in seed handling and storage for restoration activities. Keywords: Strychnos, Morphophysiological, Epicotyl dormancy, Seed dormancy, Seed storage


We probed the anatase (101) surface irradiated by near-infrared and infrared photons in different ambient gases by monitoring the surface lattice phonon mode using sum-frequency spectroscopy. We found that even under the irradiation of such low energy photons, the stability of surface oxygen vacancies, in comparison to sub-surface oxygen vacancies, can increase sensibly. The variation of this surface phonon mode is also in accordance with the photo-induced hydrophilicity of titanium oxide surfaces, which may provide the microscopic insight into this phenomenon.


The chapter describes an advanced implementation of new approach in regional medical imaging. The system has been developing at the Institute of Computer Science of Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic since 1998.At the beginning the system was the first of its kind in the Czech Republic. The goal of described system is to change the thinking of medical specialists and to get them cooperate and share data about their patients. The system facilitates fast and secure communication among individual hospitals, enable delivering some services through the computer network as well as offers other capabilities of today's computer systems and data networks to medical users. The system deals with secure transmitting, archiving, and sharing of medical image data originating from various modalities (computed tomography, magnetic resonance, mammography, etc.) The principles of background technologies, the security of the data stored and transported over the network, as well as monitoring principals are described in detail. One of very important parts is implementation of authentication echanism in the network of DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) compliant applications. The mechanism is based on Public Key Infrastructure and on IPSEC protocol. Teaching has always been one of the most important parts of radiology. The system and its database of anonymous image studies supports research activities and also serves as learning tool for medical students and young radiologists.


This paper addresses the modeling and experimental identification of six different six degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) coupled nonlinear second-order plant models. We report a comparative experimental evaluation of six different candidate plant models whose unknown plant parameters are estimated from data obtained in free-motion vehicle trials. The parameter estimation methodologies of ordinary least squares (OLS), total least squares (TLS), and underdetermined TLS were employed to identify experimentally the unknown plant model parameters. We evaluate the performance of each of the six different 6-DOF coupled nonlinear finite-dimensional plant models of an underwater vehicle estimated by OLS and the plant model identified by TLS by comparing the mean absolute error between the experimentally observed vehicle velocities and the velocities obtained by a numerical simulation of the identified plant models. We also report a cross validation which evaluates the performance of a plant model to accurately reproduce observed plant velocities for experimental trials differing from the trials from which the plant model parameters were estimated. We conclude that: 1) plant models identified by TLS generally perform better (i.e., more accurately reproduce observed experimental behavior) than models identified by OLS; and 2) plant models including fully parametrized coupled quadratic drag terms perform best overall in cross validation. This study has the following contributions: it is the first reported experimental 6-DOF fully coupled plant model identification and cross validation of a low-speed, fully actuated, and neutrally buoyant underwater vehicles; it is the first experimental 6-DOF plant model identification for this same class of underwater vehicles during free-flight experiments; and it is the first reported use of TLS to perform 6-DOF plant model identification of an underwater vehicle.


Various supervised inference methods can be analyzed as convex duals of a generalized maximum entropy framework, where the goal is to find a distribution with maximum entropy subject to the moment matching constraints on the data. We extend this framework to semi-supervised learning using two approaches: 1) by incorporating unlabeled data into the data constraints and 2) by imposing similarity constraints based on the geometry of the data. The proposed approach leads to a family of discriminative semi-supervised algorithms, that are convex, scalable, inherently multiclass, easy to implement, and that can be kernelized naturally. Experimental evaluation of special cases shows the competitiveness of our methodology.


Although non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is recently considered for cellular systems, its key ideas such as successive interference cancellation (SIC) and superposition coding have been well studied in information theory. In this paper, we overview principles of NOMA based on information theory and present some recent results. Under a single-cell environment, we mainly focus on fundamental issues, e.g., power allocation and beamforming for downlink NOMA and coordinated and uncoordinated transmissions for uplink NOMA.


This article describes a probabilistic formulation of a Weighted Power minimization Distortionless response convolutional beamformer (WPD). The WPD unifies a weighted prediction error based dereverberation method (WPE) and a minimum power distortionless response beamformer (MPDR) into a single convolutional beamformer, and achieves simultaneous dereverberation and denoising in an optimal way. However, the optimization criterion is obtained simply by combining existing criteria without any clear theoretical justification. This article presents a generative model and a probabilistic formulation of a WPD, and derives an optimization algorithm based on a maximum likelihood estimation. We also describe a method for estimating the steering vector of the desired signal by utilizing WPE within the WPD framework to provide an effective and efficient beamformer for denoising and dereverberation.


ABSTRACT As aging populations grow and contribute to rising healthcare costs, policymakers and scholars recognize the need for technological solutions that reduce the costs of public service delivery. Smart homes, equipped with an array of physical and virtual networks, automated products, and intelligent system controls, present a cost-effective solution to extend the independence of older adults and persons with disabilities. We conduct a scoping review and reflexive thematic analysis of the existing literature on smart homes and healthcare. Our analysis of abstracts from 303 articles published between 2010 and 2020 finds that although the research on smart homes and health is nascent, there has been a marked growth in the last decade. The disciplines of study with the most prolific research on the health effects of smart home technology are health informatics, engineering & technology, nursing & medical, gerontechnology, computing, and wireless communications. Much of this research appears to be conducted in OECD countries. The major themes identified in the literature are supply-side topics focusing on the technological development of smart home systems and demand-side topics concentrating on primary, secondary, and tertiary users. Most of the research analyzed is a-theoretical and most empirical methodologies used involve quantitative methods.


A 60 GHz MMIC double balanced Gilbert mixer (DBGM) with integrated RF, LO and IF baluns has been designed, fabricated in an mHEMT MMIC technology and characterised with probed measurements. Although a standard mixer topology for integrated circuits in the low gigahertz region, the DBGM has had very little impact in the millimetre-wave range. To the authors' knowledge, the presented DBGM operates at the highest RF frequency ever published for any FET-based Gilbert type mixer, double or single balanced. A measured down conversion gain of 1.5 dB at 60 GHz is obtained with a DC power consumption of 300 mW. Further, IF bandwidth, isolation between the LO, RF and IF ports, 1 dB compression point for the RF input, and LO input power is presented


GaN microneedle crystals are grown via GaAs substrates decomposition, using ultrahigh‐pure anhydrous ammonia as nitrogen precursor at 900 °C for 4 min. The X‐ray diffraction pattern shows the possible cubic and hexagonal coexistence of phases for the GaN highest intensity peak. Scanning electron microscopy presents a seaflower‐type growth for GaN microneedles, which can be related to factors such as lattice mismatch and substrate roughness due to the cleaning process. On the other hand, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterizations demonstrate the elemental contributions of gallium and nitrogen for the GaN microneedle. Transmission electron microscopy shows uniform growth with an interplanar spacing of 2.76 Å. In addition, a possible growth model by hexagonal crystals stacking is proposed for obtaining GaN microneedles using the mechanism of Volmer–Weber growth. Photoluminescence spectrum presents an energy emission peak in the ultraviolet band with a value of 3.40 eV (364 nm), which is related to the band‐to‐band transition, and Raman scattering shows stress in the GaN microneedles due to the presence of different vibration modes for hexagonal GaN, indicating that several microneedles break.


For centuries, the research paper have been the main vehicle for scientific progress. From the paper, readers in the scientific community are expected to extract all the relevant information necessary to reproduce and validate the results presented by the paper's authors. However, the increased use of computer software in science makes reproducing scientific results increasingly difficult. The research paper in its current state is no longer sufficient to fully reproduce, validate, or review a paper's experimental results and conclusions. This impedes scientific progress. To remedy these concerns, we introduce Paper Mâché, a new system for creating dynamic, executable research papers. The key novelty of Paper Mâché is its use of virtual machines, which lets readers and reviewers easily view and interact with a paper, and reproduce key experimental results. For authors, the Paper Mâché workbench provides an easy-touse interface to build an executable paper. By transforming the static research paper into a dynamic and interactive entity, Paper Mâché brings the presentation of scientific results into the 21st century. We believe that Paper Mâché will become indispensable to the scientific process, and increase the visibility of key findings among members and non-members of the scientific community.


Some patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) form pancreatic stones suggestive of transformation into chronic pancreatitis (CP). The present study examined the underlying risk factors and mechanism of AIP progression to confirmed CP. We compared the clinical and laboratory parameters of subjects who progressed to confirmed CP with those of the subjucts who did not in a cohort of 73 type 1 AIP patients. A total of 16 (22%) AIP patients progressed to CP. Univariate analysis revealed that relapse was significantly more frequent in the progression group, and multivariate analysis indicated that pancreatic head swelling (OR 12.7, P = 0.023) and nonnarrowing of the main pancreatic duct in the pancreatic body (OR 12.6, P = 0.001) were significant independent risk factors for progression to CP. Kaplan-Meier testing showed that the progression rate to CP was approximately 10% at 3 years and 30% at 10 years in total AIP patients and 30% at 3 years and 60% at 10 years in subjects with both risk factors. AIP with pancreatic head swelling and a history of relapse may cause pancreatic juice stagnation and nonnarrowing of the main pancreatic duct in the pancreatic body, which can progress to advanced stage chronic pancreatitis.


This paper presents new tests and estimates of the Phillips trade-off in the Euro Area, carried out in a unobserved components model with possibly non-linear Phillips and Okun relations, using quarterly aggregate data for the period 1970:I-2001:II. A concept of forward-looking near-rational expectations is introduced in the model, improving on the contradiction between rational expectations and evidence of inflation inertia. The Phillips curve turns out to be linear and its trade-off statistically significant, while non-linearity shows up in the Okun relation. The trend-cycle decompositions capture the main features of the Euro Area recent macroeconomic record.


Identifying cancer driver mutations is a crucial step toward understanding the underlying mechanisms of oncogenesis. However, driver gene detection is complicated, considering the inherent complexity and heterogeneity of cancer.The past decade has seen the large-scale application of next-generation sequencing technologies (NGS) in cancer genomics, and many methods have been published utilizing NGS to detect novel oncogenic drivers. However, the low concordance across methods raises the concern about false positives and negatives in those findings. In particular, proper modeling of the background mutation profile (known to be affected by multiple factors) is critical to improving precision and recall in driver detection. Though intra-sample heterogeneity in the background mutation profile is considered to some extent in multiple methods, most computational driver detection methods assume a homogeneous mutational landscape across cancer samples. With more and more subtypes being discovered in various cancers, the assumption is largely untenable. In this study, we present a driver gene detection framework taking into account the heterogeneous mutational context in a cancer cohort. Our approach improves sensitivity to detect drivers by first pre-selecting a more uniform sample subset to apply driver detection algorithms. We combine this method with enhancements to an existing ensemble approach that combines methods with different assumptions about the characteristics of driver mutations (recurrence across samples, functional impact bias and positional clustering). We apply this combined approach to ∼750 breast invasive carcinoma samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. In this dataset, genes identified by our approach show higher enrichment in known cancer driver genes compared to other methods, and the subtype-driven method identifies additional potential drivers that are missing in overall analysis. Citation Format: Yao Fu, Aparna Chhibber, Narges Bani-Asadi, Hugo YK Lam. Subtype-specific cancer driver gene detection improves sensitivity to detect drivers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1510.


Primary percuteneous coronary intervention (PPCI) is the prefered strategy for acute ST segment elevation myocardial inferction (STEMI). CAD is a diffuse process and patients presenting with a coronary syndrome in 20- 40% of cases have multiple significant coronary lesions, which confer a substantially increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies suggest that acute coronary syndromes, including AMI, may result from a systemic inflammatory process, causing multiple unstable lesions. Thus, a strategy of multivessel PCI in the peri-infarct period may be important in improving the outcomes of primary angioplasty. Such an attempt of complete revascularization may prevent recurrent ischemia from 'non-infarct-related' lesions, obviating the need for repeat angiography and intervention, and also possibly improves the late outcome by reducing the ischemic burden following myocardial damage. Contemporary guidelines recommend dilating only the infarcted related artery (IRA) during the urgent procedure, leaving the other stenosed vessels untreated "culprit-only revascularisation" (COR) or to dilate during a second elective procedure (staged revascularisation). Simultaneous treatment of IRA and non-IRA is recommended only in patients with cardiogenic shock. However, these guidelines are based on the results of earlier studies. With advancing technology and newer antiplatelet drugs, outcomes have improved even in patients undergoing multivessel and higher-risk elective procedures. Therefore, the optimal management of patients with multivessel disease in this setting still unclear. Aim of the Work: to compare between primary PCI for culprit lesion only and that for both culprit and non culprit lesion in ST segment elevation MI patients with multi-vessel disease. Patients and methods: this study concluded 50 patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) eligible for primary PCI and the patients were devided into two groups: 1st group: 25 patients were managed by primary percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct related artery only "culprit only revascularization" (COR). 2nd group: 25 patients were managed by primary percutaneous coronary intervention for infarct related artery and non infart related artery "total revascularization" (TR). All patients had done transthorthic echocardiography during admission and after six months to assess ejection fraction. Results: During follow up period 52% of patients in COR group had recurrent angina and chest pain while in TR group 36% of the patients had recurrent angina and chest pain with p-value 0.039. In culprit only revascularization group contrast induced nephropathy occur in 12% of patients while in total revascularization group 36% had contrast induced nephropathy with p-value 0.047. In culprit only revascularization group the mean LVEF was 50.40+ 3.18 while in total revascularization group the mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 51.36+4.37 with p-value 0.155. Conclusios: Total revascularization can be done in primary PCI in selected cases (simple lesion, low thrombus burden), which is safe and less expensive than culprit only revasvularization by reducing the possibelity of further unplaned procedures. Key words: Acute myocardial inferction, Multivessel diseases, primary PCI, Multivessel angioplasty.


We propose several algorithms for efficient Testing of logical Implication in the case of ground objects. Because the problem of Testing a set of propositional formulas for (un)satisfiability is \(NP\)-complete there's strong evidence that there exist examples for which every algorithm which solves the problem of testing for (un)satisfiability has a runtime that is exponential in the length of the input. So will have our algorithms. We will therefore point out classes of logic programs for which our algorithms have a lower runtime. At the end of this paper we will give an outline of an algorithm for theory refinement which is based on the algorithms described above.


The Flexible Architecture Compilation Environment (FACE) provides a common object-oriented representation for design information. A module-generation system built within the FACE environment that uses parameterized procedural module descriptions is discussed. These generators capture the knowledge of a designer and facilitate a high level of reuse of the modules and leaf cells. The system provides a general mechanism to parameterize design information and supports complex generators ranging from tiled structures to entire chips. This approach is applicable to many hardware architectures. Experience in the design of working VLSI chips is discussed.<<ETX>>


Due to the policy of the Doi moi in Vietnam started in 1986, Hanoi has undergone many important changes. Currently, Hanoi's traffic is characterized by seemingly continuous motorcycle flows - a representative of high personal mobility in the context of rising incomes. Congestion, dust, pollution, insecurity, overload, etc., they are important keywords to describe Hanoi's urban traffic. Hanoi has put in place a number of policies to improve the transportation system. In 2017, in Hanoi's new mobility improvement project, there is a regulation on motorcycles: "The municipality will zone by limiting the activities of motorcycles according to the infrastructure and the service capacity of the public transportation system to stop motorcycle activities in the central districts in 2030" that becomes controversial. This article, based on the results of surveys assessing the level of satisfaction and desires of people about traffic at the KDTMs of Hanoi, analyzes the differences between the wishes of the municipality and the practices of Hanoi, through habits, modes of mobility of KDTM residents - the new residential areas of Hanoi that bring a different atmosphere of habitat compared to existing neighborhoods, by changing the mode of (re)making of the city. How will the traffic of KDTM residents be affected by this decision as well as how KDTMs will participate in the sustainable transportation of Hanoi?. It is the KDTMs with their "novelties" that will have to become pioneers creating opportunities of the changing of Hanoi traffic.
Keywords: Hanoi; sustainable mobility; efficient transportation; motorcycle; KDTM (new residential area).
Received 08 December 2018, Revised 30 January 2019, Accepted 30 January 2019


About twenty cases of sobai selected for this study were admitted in Inpatient ward and were observed for clinical diagnosis, lab diagnosis and were treated with the trial medicines Neermuli Poo Chooranam and Kadukkai Nei .
• Clinical diagnosis of sobai was done on the basis of clinical features described in Bala vaagadam text book.
• Laboratory diagnosis was done by modern methods of examination, like serum protein, albumin, globulin ratio.
• The various siddha aspects of examination of sobai were carried out and recorded in proforma.
• The etiology and clinical features of sobai were correlated to the etiology and clinical features of nutritional dropsy.
• The medicines chosen for clinical trial and management of sobai were Neermuli Poo Chooranam and Kadukkai Nei two times a day. The dosage of the medicine is given in Annexure –I.
• The observation made during the clinical study showed that the trial medicines were clinically effective.
• In Bio-chemical analysis the trial medicines had ferrous Iron, Starch and amino acids, which confirmed the clinical prognosis of sobai by Neermuli Poo Chooranam and Kadukkai Nei In pharmacological analysis the trial drug had Significant diuretic action, which confirmed the clinical prognosis of sobai.
• The parents were advised to give nutritious food for children.
CONCLUSION:
20 sobai cases were admitted for study in P.G. IV, In-patient ward Kuzhanthai Maruthuvam, Department of G.S.M.C hospital, palayamkottai. The clinical features, haematological investigations like serum protein, albumin, globulin ratio and Haemoglobin level of all cases showed that these cases were purely sobai.
The author decided to take a trial medicine that should contain any form of Iron and Protein. The ingredients in one of the trial medicine Neermuli Poo Chooranam and Kadukkai Nei contains Vellai Neer Muli Poo, Sivathai, Kadukkai, Nellikai, Thandrikai,Sevalli Kilangu, Thenai Vatu.
The ingredients of Kadukkai Nei i.e., Kadukkai, Karisalai, Vellaipoondu, murungaipattai, Seenthil Kodi, Saaranai, Nilavembu, Maramanjal, devatharam, kadukai thole.
Bio-chemical analysis also proves that this medicine contains ferrous Iron starch and amino acid. Pharmacological action showed that the medicines had significant diuretic action.
Clinically the trial drug had 60% of good result.


ABSTRACT Intan Fitriyanti, R0316034. CONTINUITY OF CARE ON Mrs. R, AGED 18 YEARS OLD, AT COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER OF NGORESAN, SURAKARTA. Associate's Degree (Diploma III) Program in Midwifery, the Faculty of Medicine, Sebelas Maret University 2019. Scope: The midwifery care on Mrs. R start from gestation, labor, postpartum, and neonatal to family planning periods. The care was designed by using continuity of care (COC) model in continuous manner with the intention of improving quality of service through accompaniment. Implementation: The COC on Mrs. R was given for two months. Gestation occurred up to 39 weeks. The mother suffered from mild anemia during gestation, and was given counseling to consume iron-rich foods, blood booster medication, and prescribed vitamin tablets. Delivery was performed by induction and vacuum extraction on indication of mother's tiredness. Postpartum period occurred normally. In neonatal period problem of caput succedaneum was found, and advice to not lift the infant's head often was given. Umbilical cord was treated in closed manner. During family planning care, counseling on choosing birth control method was given. Evaluation: Gestation, postpartum, and neonatal period occurred normally, but delivery process was performed by using induction and vacuum extraction. The mother selected a three-monthly injection contraceptive. Conclusion and Recommendation: Mrs. R and her infant obtained integrated care and were in a healthy condition until the last visit. Gap between theory and practice was found during latent phase observation and umbilical cord treatment. The client is expected to keep giving exclusive breastfeeding. Health institutions, especially midwives are expected to conduct observation of progress in latent phase of delivery and to apply closed umbilical cord treatment. Keywords: mother, infant, midwifery care, integrated


Abstract Known as the 'third polar region', the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.