To assess recall of childhood socioeconomic position for public health research, the authors conducted a cross-sectional study of 352 adult women twin pairs enrolled in Examination II of the Kaiser Permanente Women Twins Study carried out in 1989-1990 in Oakland, California. Among twin pairs, 91% (95% confidence interval (CI) 89-94%) agreed on their father's educational level and 81% (95% CI 77-85%) on their childhood social class. Recall did not differ by adult socioeconomic position, zygosity, race/ethnicity, or age. Thus, epidemiologic studies can validly use retrospective data on childhood socioeconomic position to study its relation to adult health status.


Most companies understand the importance of complaint handling, customer satisfaction measurement and service recovery, and many firms have systems and procedures to do at least part of these activities. However, few companies have implemented integrated customer feedback systems to systematically collect, analyse and disseminate the various types of feedback coming into the firm and guide customer‐focused learning, continuous improvement and process redesign. A key reason is the difficulties faced in integrating various systems and procedures. This paper focuses on how to design, and cost‐effectively run, a completely integrated customer feedback system (CFS) that ensures continuous learning and improvement in service quality, as well as productivity.


The Transformer is a fully attention-based alternative to recurrent networks that has achieved state-of-the-art results across a range of NLP tasks. In this paper, we analyze the structure of attention in a Transformer language model, the GPT-2 small pretrained model. We visualize attention for individual instances and analyze the interaction between attention and syntax over a large corpus. We find that attention targets different parts of speech at different layer depths within the model, and that attention aligns with dependency relations most strongly in the middle layers. We also find that the deepest layers of the model capture the most distant relationships. Finally, we extract exemplar sentences that reveal highly specific patterns targeted by particular attention heads.


The effect of alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treatment on reducing lignin content in coffee pulp waste (CPW) was investigated to increase the digestibility and accessibility of cellulose during production of valuable products by enzymatic and biological process. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at various concentrations (2.5, 5, and 7.5% (w/w of substrate)) was mixed into 10% (w/v) of CPW-NaOH solution at 35 °C for 24 h with pH 11.5. The concentration of lignocellulosic content was investigated. The characteristic of crystallinity index, functional groups, and surface morphology of CPW at before and after the treatment have been observed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis, respectively. The results showed that the highest lignin removal was achieved at the addition of 7.5% H2O2 which decreased from 16.85% to 8.5%. The concentration of cellulose and hemicellulose in CPW increased from 53% to 64% and 11% to 24%, respectively. The crystallinity index of AHP-treated CPW has increased from 30.83% to 42.08%. A surface morphological destruction on the CPW was getting worse as along with the increase of H2O2 concentration. This would be useful to increase the porosity of biomass to give cellulose accessibility by enzyme for further processes.


Objectives: To investigate the patterns of bone marrow involvement in in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL) patients and to correlate the patterns with β2 microglobulin (β2m) and lactate dehydrogenase 2 (LD2) levels in these patients. Methods: It was a cross sectional study which was conducted in two years at Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore and at Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), Lahore. The study was conducted on 50 subjects irrespective of age and sex divided into two groups i.e. Group-A comprising 20 normal healthy controls while Group-B consisted of 30 patients of NHL with bone marrow infiltration. Bilateral bone marrow trephine biopsy was done to assess the patterns of bone marrow infiltration. Serum β2m and LD2 isoenzyme levels were determined in already diagnosed 30 patients of NHL. The values were compared with 20 healthy age and sex matched controls. Correlation coefficients were determined using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. The estimations were made prior to the institution of chemotherapy. Results: β2m and LD2 levels were significantly (p-Value < 0.05) raised in NHL patients with disease advancement and were compared with controls. These serological markers showed negative correlation (-0.235 for β2m and -0.133 for LD2) with the spread of disease and patterns of involvement in NHL patients. Conclusion: By observing the patterns of bone marrow involvement in NHL patients possible guidelines about prognosis and treatment protocols can be obtained as the serological markers levels correlate well with the spread of disease and patterns of involvement in NHL patients.


The predicted shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns has recently attracted significant attention to search alternative fuel. Biodiesel is one of the alternatives to fossil fuel. Now-adays, most biodiesel is produced by the transesterification of oils using methanol and a homogeneous base catalyst. The use of homogeneous catalysts is normally limited to batch mode processing followed by a catalyst separation step. The immiscible glycerol phase, which accumulates during the course of the reaction, solubilizes the homogeneous base catalyst and therefore, withdraws from the reaction medium.
Moreover, other difficulties of using homogeneous base catalysts relate to their sensitivity to free fatty acid (FFA) and water and resulting saponification phenomenon. High energy consumption and costly separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture have inspired the use of heterogeneous catalyst. The use of heterogeneous catalysts does not lead to the formation of soaps through neutralization of FFA and saponification of oil. In the present paper, biodiesel was prepared from crude (soybean) oil by transesterification reaction using heterogeneous base catalyst name calcium oxide (CaO). Various reaction parameters were optimized and the biodiesel properties were evaluated.


We have heard much about the Sung archaeologists' mistakes but little about their important work, upon which much of our work in some fields is based today. They did not make spectacular discoveries of buried cities through the use of classical sources as did Heinrich Schliemann less than one hundred years ago. But they did use the early literature, together with a critical sense of judgment, some eight or nine centuries ago to discover much truth about the remote past and to dispel misinformation which had accumulated in the ensuing centuries. Many of the Sung scholars had a most enlightened and what might even be called a modern approach in their attitude towards this work. They had progressed far beyond the "cabinet of curiosities" stage, still current in Europe at a much later date, and were engaged in intelligent research concerned with identification, etymology, dating, and interpretation. Moreover, they practiced, within the limitations imposed upon them by the advancement of science at that time, most of the critical methods and devices used in modern archaeological work.


InAs quantum dots (QD) embedded in a silicon matrix show a photoluminescence line at a wavelength of about 1.3 µm [Semicond. Sci. Technol. 13 (1998) 1262]. This wavelength range is very interesting for the integration of classical silicon technology with optical fiber applications for chip-to-chip or intra-chip communication. To get InAs QDs of reproducible size and shape the growth conditions for the formation of quantum dots have to be optimized. Here, we report on detailed investigations on the molecular beam epitaxial growth of InAs QDs on silicon and their embedding in a silicon matrix. A variety of surface analytical techniques have been used, including in-situ electron diffraction (RHEED), in-situ photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM).


Passive microwave-brightness temperatures over the Greenland ice sheet are examined during the melt season in order to develop a technique for determining surface-melt occurrences. Time series of Special Sensor Microwave/ Imager (SSM/I) data are examined for three locations on the ice sheet, two of which are known to experience melt. These two sites demonstrate a rapid increase in brightness temperatures in late spring to early summer, a prolonged period of elevated brightness temperatures during the summer, and a rapid decrease in brightness temperatures during late summer. This increase in brightness temperatures is associated with surface snow melting. An objective technique is developed to extract melt occurrences from the brightness-temperature time series. Of the two sites with summer melt, the site at the lower elevation had a longer period between the initial and final melt days and had more total days classified as melt during 1988 and 1989. The technique is then applied to the entire Greenland ice sheet for the first major surface-melt event of 1989. The melt-zone signal is mapped from late May to early June to demonstrate the advance and subsequent retreat of one "melt wave". The use of such a technique to determine melt duration and extent for multiple years may provide an indication of climate change.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sex of adolescent and SES of the family, maternal attachment and child-rearing behavior on adolescent`s self-esteem. The subjects were 234 pairs of adolescents attending at junior-middle schools and their mothers in Kwangju. The questionnaires were used to collect the datas on maternal attachment and child-rearing behavior and adolescent`s self-esteem. The results were as follows: 1. The effects of maternal attachment types on maternal child-rearing behaviors did not found significantly. 2. Maternal `love` and `authoritarian` child-rearing behavior, sex of adolescent were found significantly influential variables on adolescent`s self-esteem. 3. Due to sex and levels of self-esteem, the influences of variables were found differently.


Native grasses can persist in areas dominated by invasive species, yet resistance to invasion by the selected remaining natives is largely unknown. We examine native grass lineages differing in history of survival within invasions, when transplanted into association with 2 invasive perennials. Invaded plants were collected from Russian knapweed (Rhaponticum repens) invasions, and non-invaded plants were collected outside invasions. We assess growth and reproduction of alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) in the presence of Russian knapweed (the original invader) and Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), an invasive species to which the grasses lacked exposure. On 2 field sites (Crowheart, WY and Cheyenne, WY) and in an environmentally controlled lab at the University of Wyoming, we monitored plant growth (longest leaf, basal circumference, and tiller production) of grass lineages from the 2 histories with and without the presence of the invaders. We monitored invasive species recruitment, grass seedling germination, and grass seedling establishment to determine grass fecundity and resistance to invasive encroachment. At Crowheart, when competing with Russian knapweed, invaded plants were larger than non-invaded plants, irrespective of sampling date. At Cheyenne, invaded plants competing with Canada thistle grew larger than non-invaded grasses irrespective of sampling date. In the controlled growth chamber, growth of the 2 histories differed on few dates, yet non-invaded lineages had greater leaf growth, and seedling germination was greater for invaded grasses. Lines of native grasses collected from within historic invasions display competitive growth traits in field transplants that may be useful for reclamation.


Hansen, M. J., Owens, V. N., Beck, D. and Sexton, P. 2013. Suitability of cover crop monocultures for late-season forage in South Dakota. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 589-597. Cover crops provide many agronomic benefits and can produce large amounts of forage that is suitable for grazing. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) suitable cover crop forages based on yield and nutrient values; and (2) changes in feed value and yield of these crops through the late fall. Five cover crop monocultures consisting of lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), forage radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and a mixture of these crops were planted after winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest in 2010 and 2011 in central and southeastern South Dakota. Forage data were collected on approximately Oct. 01, Nov. 01, and Dec. 01 each year. Yields increased after the first harvest date at both sites, both years. Oats, radish, and the cover crop mixture all yielded >4000 kg of dry matter per hectare on the second harvest date in 2011 in central South Dakota and radish and oats yielded >4000 kg ha-1 in southeastern South Dakota on the second and third harvest dates, respectively. Forage quality tended to decrease after each harvest date. Radish in central South Dakota in 2010 had the highest protein values for the study (194-313 g kg-1) whereas oats in southeastern South Dakota had the lowest protein concentrations (63-108 g kg-1), both years. All cover crops except cowpea were viable forages through the late fall when they had good establishment with the potential need for protein supplementation with oats, foxtail millet, and the cover crop mixture, depending on animal requirements.


Although video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is now accepted by many as the approach of choice in the management of primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP), the optimal procedure and timing of surgical intervention remain as areas of contention. The author reviewed his personal experience with 224 consecutive VATS procedures for PSP. Mechanical pleurodesis was performed in every case and was the only procedure in 20 patients. We had experienced with several means of eliminating subpleural bullae once identified: stapled bullectomy (151), endoloop (12), argon beam coagulation (6) and endoscopic suturing (35). There were no mortality or intraoperative complications. The median postoperative hospital stay was 3 days. So far, we have had 4 recurrences (1.8%) after a mean follow-up of 20 months (range 1 to 36 months). Complications consisted of 10 persistent air leaks, 1 wound complication, and 1 chest wall bleeding. We conclude that 1) VATS is a safe and effective approach in the treatment of PSP; 2) Stapled-bullectomy is quick and reliable but costly; 3) Endoloop and suturing are viable alternative techniques that may prove to be more cost effective; and 4) we do not recommend the use of argon beam coagulation as the primary treatment modality.


Purpose
This paper aims to study the impact of municipalities' own resources on their investments' expenditure.

Design/methodology/approach
Panel data analysis. A sample of 34 municipalities in Benin. Econometrics tests for the panel data models – estimation of the fixed-effect and random-effect models. Hausman test to identify the best model to explain the impact of the explanatory variables on local investments' expenditures. Heteroskedasticity, normality and autocorrelation tests.

Findings
The results establish a positive and significant impact of own resources, state transfers and demographic variables on local investments' expenses.

Research limitations/implications
As an implication, the results show the importance of local resources' mobilization for the municipalities' investment capacity building. They also show that the central government transfers continue to play a major place in local investments' finance, even in a decentralization context. Limitation: Available data do not allow to well evaluate the impact of the electoral variable on municipalities' investments' expenditure. This situation does not allow to well analyze the public choice considerations in local authorities' behaviors.

Practical implications
Local mobilization of financial resources must be encouraged to raise municipalities' investments' capacities. Strategies must be developed to reinforce local capacities in local resources mobilization.

Social implications
The results show the importance of local resources in local investments. They show the importance of citizens' participation in their well-being construction, through local resource mobilization (ex: local fiscality).

Originality/value
Many authors assert in the literature that financial autonomy has a real impact on local development. However, empirically, it was not demonstrated. This paper contributes to correct this lack.


This paper presents the case of the All-Wales Intensive Learning Academy (ILA) for Innovation in Health and Social Care (IHSC), established in the context of the broader Regional Innovation System (RIS) (Braczyk et al., 1998, Pino and Ortega, 2018). Developing capacity and capability for innovation in the Health and Social Care sectors in south west Wales has been a longstanding endeavour alongside efforts to revitalise the region's economy. Welsh Government's recent initiative to establish Intensive Learning Academies to support development of senior leaders and managers within the Health and Social Care is a further endeavour within the RIS. The IHSC ILA in particular has relevant to this agenda, operating across Health & Social Care, with further engagement of private and third sectors.
Delivered by a partnership of Swansea University, Cardiff & Vale University Health Board and the Bevan Commission, the initial phase of the IHSC has involved three of its core offerings being launched, engaging just over 200 learners. While the initiative is still in its early stages, this case study provides an initial examination of its activity exploring its potential to support the RIS through consideration of Region, Innovation, Network, Learning, and Interaction. As this work continues, it offers potential learning for future phases of IHSC, and to other post-industrial regions grappling concurrent challenges relating to population health and economic development.


Objective:To describe a case of intentional ingestion of hand sanitizer in our hospital and to review published cases and those reported to the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System. Design:A case report, a literature review of published cases, and a query of the National Poison Data System. Setting:Medical intensive care unit. Patient:Seventeen-yr-old male 37-kg with an intentional ingestion of a hand sanitizer product into his gastrostomy tube. Interventions:Intubation, ventilation, and hemodialysis. Measurements and Main Results:Incidence and outcome of reported cases of unintentional and intentional ethanol containing-hand sanitizer ingestion in the United States from 2005 through 2009. A literature search found 14 detailed case reports of intentional alcohol-based hand sanitizer ingestions with one death. From 2005 to 2009, the National Poison Data System received reports of 68,712 exposures to 96 ethanol-based hand sanitizers. The number of new cases increased by an average of 1,894 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1266–2521) cases per year (p =.002). In 2005, the rate of exposures, per year, per million U.S. residents was 33.7 (95% CI 28.4–39.1); from 2005 to 2009, this rate increased on average by 5.87 per year (95% CI 3.70–8.04; p = .003). In 2005, the rate of intentional exposures, per year, per million U.S. residents, was 0.68 (95% CI 0.17–1.20); from 2005 to 2009, this rate increased on average by 0.32 per year (95% CI 0.11–0.53; p = .02). Conclusions:The number of new cases per year of intentional hand sanitizer ingestion significantly increased during this 5-yr period. Although the majority of cases of hand sanitizer ingestion have a favorable outcome, 288 moderate and 12 major medical outcomes were reported in this National Poison Data System cohort. Increased awareness of the risks associated with intentional ingestion is warranted, particularly among healthcare providers caring for persons with a history of substance abuse, risk-taking behavior, or suicidal ideation.


Chambers Slang Dictionary is a brand-new edition of Jonathon Green's magisterial slang dictionary, first published in 1998. Covering the full range of slang over five centuries and from all parts of the English-speaking world, this collection has won universal acclaim for both its scholarly credentials and for the sheer delight that only a big book full of dirty words can hold.This new edition, the first to be published by Chambers, retains all the verve and precision of the earlier work, and been completely overhauled and restructured to make it as easy as possible to find what you're looking for. Anyone interested in the seamier side of language will experience hours of pure joy exploring the vast wealth of Chambers Slang Dictionary and plumbing the depths of centuries of slang.


The 16 year old Swedish girl from Stockholm in the year 2019 was created by media as a suitable candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize and recognized as one of the most influential people of the year 2019. Her ecological message focusing on global climate changes is one of the most exciting phenomena in socio-political life in the European context of the second decade of the 21st century. She grew up in influential, artistic but also a typical Swedish family, deeply rooted in the Swedish tradition. Greta becomes a symbol of the climatological movement; she arranges a climate protest called School strike for climate, Fridays for Climate or Fridays for Future (FFF). The article describes the Lutheran patterns and the roots of Greta Thunberg's ecological activity. We analyze the imagery tied to her public appearances and interpret the analysis with a protestant ideology in the background. First, we try to understand why Greta Thunberg is sometimes called a prophetess: even the prime archbishop of Sweden Antje Jeckelen called her attitude prophetic. We will argue that there are some traces of apocalyptic imagery and rhetoric behind her statements. We compare them with some public appearances of her parents Malena Ernman and Svante Thunberg as well as Naomi Klein. Then we trace the family background of Greta which is rooted in Swedish patterns of the Protestant "vita activa". The last part is a review of the criticism of modernity present in the Greta's speeches and writings as well as her parents' writings. We will indicate some precedents in music and film framing this analysis with the musical family roots of 17-years old Greta.


We analyze in a closed form the learning dynamics of the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for a single-layer neural network classifying a high-dimensional Gaussian mixture where each cluster is assigned one of two labels. This problem provides a prototype of a non-convex loss landscape with interpolating regimes and a large generalization gap. We define a particular stochastic process for which SGD can be extended to a continuous-time limit that we call stochastic gradient flow. In the full-batch limit, we recover the standard gradient flow. We apply dynamical mean-field theory from statistical physics to track the dynamics of the algorithm in the high-dimensional limit via a self-consistent stochastic process. We explore the performance of the algorithm as a function of the control parameters shedding light on how it navigates the loss landscape.


An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the partial replacement level of soybean with raw mucuna sloanei in broiler finisher diet. The biological performance, nutrient utilization of levels of raw Mucuna sloanei meal, as well as the bio-economics of production of broiler finisher birds fed levels of raw Mucuna sloanei meals. Effect of partial replacement level of soybean meal with raw Mucuna sloanei meal on broiler finishers was evaluated by replacing soybean meal with raw Mucuna sloanei meal at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% using 135 Anak broiler birds. Also, growth performance, nutrient utilization and bio-economics of production of the broiler finisher birds were evaluated using a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The birds were fed ad-libitum . The optimum replacement level of RMS by broiler finisher birds was 40% level of replacement of soyabean meal (or 8.12% RMS inclusion level) based on growth performance and economics of production. RMS significantly (P<0.05) depressed nutrient utilization at all levels of replacement except for ether extract and NFE. Cut-parts values were also depressed (P<0.05) beyond 10% level of replacement. Keywords: Soybean meal, Mucuna and Broilers


Systemic hypertension is highly prevalent in stable coronary artery disease, a pervasive comorbidity complicating the diagnostic performance and interpretation of non-invasive provocative tests in chest pain patients because of the ischaemic signals generated, despite normal or near normal coronary arteries, by hearts structurally readapted by long-term exposure to raised systemic blood pressure. Additional and unresolved problems posed by arterial hypertension in patients with stable coronary artery disease regard the benefits of antihypertensive treatment due to reports of irrelevant, if not detrimental, effect of blood pressure (BP) lowering in averting coronary relapses as well as the lack of association between BP levels and incident coronary events in survivors from acute myocardial infarction. Uncertainties extend to BP-independent cardioprotective effects of antihypertensive drugs, although the efficacy of renin-angiotensin system blockers in the long-term prevention of cardiovascular events in stable coronary artery disease patients has been shown by several studies, particularly when combined with amlodipine, a dihydropiridine calcium channel blocker. In contrast, the long-term effect of beta-blockers, the antihypertensive class most used in that clinical category, is not supported by strong evidence except that generated in patients with systolic dysfunction and early postmyocardial infarction recovery periods.


Phosphopantetheine adenylyltransferase (PPAT) catalyzes the penultimate step in the CoA biosynthetic pathway, reversibly transferring an adenylyl group from ATP to 4'-phosphopantetheine (PhP) to form dephosphocoenzyme A (dPCoA). This reaction sits at the branch point between the de novo and salvage pathways and has been shown to be a rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis. Importantly, the bacterial and mammalian PPAT share little sequence homology making the enzyme a potential target for antibiotic development. Therefore, we hypothesized that inhibiting PPAT would disrupt the CoA biosynthetic pathway and decrease the virulence and replicative potential of a broad range of pathogenic bacteria. Our overall goals for this dissertation project were to understand how the potential drug target, PPAT, regulates its respective reaction within a gram-positive and an acid-fast pathogenic bacteria, to discover small, organic, molecular probes against PPAT through high-throughput enzymatic screening, and to optimize these probes for further antibacterial applications. To achieve these goals, this dissertation presented the kinetic, thermodynamic, and structural characterization of M.tuberculosis and B.anthracis PPAT as well as the results of high-throughput screening campaigns against M.tuberculosis PPAT.


Interest in the role of sex as a biological variable continues to increase, including a mandate for the study of both sexes in NIH-funded research. Choice-based thermal nociceptive tests allow for the study of a more spontaneous response to thermal stimuli and avoidance behavior compared to traditional nociceptive assays, and their usage has been increasing in recent years. However, to date no comparison of naïve male and female responses to such tests has been published. As sex differences are known to exist in both human chronic pain conditions and rodent models of nociception, it is critical to understand the impact of sex on any nociceptive assay. Herein, we examined the effect of sex on two choice-based thermal nociceptive tests, the thermal gradient test and the temperature place preference test, in adult rats. We report that marked sex differences exist in responses to these tests. Namely, the activation of a 10° C-to-47° C thermal gradient results in an increase in time spent in the 10° C zone in females, compared to a reduction in males. In a temperature place preference test pairing a surface temperature of 22° C with either 5° C, 10° C, 47° C, or 50° C, males spent less than 50% of their time in every non-22° C zone, but in females this was only observed when testing 50° C. Together, these results suggest that male rats show more avoidance behavior to non-ambient temperatures when given free access to multiple zones, including at temperatures which are milder than those typically used to evoke a nociceptive response in traditional hot and cold plate tests.


Characteristics of the output pulses of a high-peak-power Q-switched Yb-doped fiber laser are presented. A Q-switched fiber laser with 1.3 kW peak power and with typical pulse duration of 240 ns at 20 kHz modulation frequency was realized, variations of pulse duration, average power, peak power, and pulse energy with variation in the modulation frequency were studied. The effect of the modulation duty cycle (DC) on the Q-switched pulse characteristics was analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. It is shown that, for a particular pump power and repetition rate, the DC of modulation needs to be optimized to achieve high-peak-power single-pulse output. If the DC of modulation is long, satellite pulses of low peak power are also observed along with the main peak, when the DC is made short enough, the satellite pulses disappear and single peak pulses appear in the output. Theoretical analysis and simulation to predict the pulse build-up time, output pulse shape, and effect of modulation window time on the output pulse characteristic were carried out. Simulation results show good agreement with experimental results. This paper reported here will be useful in the development of high-peak-power Q -switched fiber lasers.


Abstract : How can the FBI improve the recruitment of sources within terrorist groups, specifically al-Qaeda? First, counter-ideological programs have application in source recruitment. Second, a framework for recruiting terrorist sources is found in the work of Paul Davis and Brian Jenkins. They suggest terrorists can be usefully categorized as internalists or externalists, or Types A and B. Type A terrorists have insatiable appetites and display emotional aggression. Type B terrorists have instrumental aggression and "pragmatic world goals." Significantly, research suggests terrorists displaying instrumental aggression, the Type B terrorist, should be more "sensitive" to "objective rewards and punishments." Two case studies demonstrate how to determine if a potential terrorist source is either a Type A or Type B individual. This is accomplished by examining a potential source?s background to determine if they have instrumental or emotional aggression, their levels of risk and ideological commitment, their part-time or full-time commitment to jihad, and if they have high or low Social Intensity Syndrome. The conclusion of this thesis is that thed FBI should concentrate recruitments on the more pragmatic Type B terrorists.


The article discusses modern problems of dimensional diagnosis of somatoform disorders including the vagueness of the criteria and the lack of reliance on pathogenetic differences in the selection of separate classification categories. An ongoing discussion on the necessity of revision of the boundaries and of "redistribution" of some somatoform disorders into different categories in accordance with their psychopathological relationship is associated with these problems. As a promising change in the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-V classification, the emphasis is shifted to psychological and behavioral characteristics, which is assessed as an actualization of the classical descriptive diagnostics methodology. As a confirmation of the significance of this, an analysis of the psychopathological study of Irkutsk psychiatrists of the first half of the 20th century, devoted to the delusion of obsession, is given. In 1935, the head of the Department of Psychiatry at the Irkutsk Medical Institute V.S. Deryabin and his student I.S. Sumbaev published a scientific work "Delirium of obsession and somatic sensations". The authors substantiate the intimate relationship of traditionally understood sensual hysterical and ideatorial hypochondriacal mechanisms in the formation of an integral clinical picture of somatoform disorders. The use of descriptive diagnostics many decades before the introduction of ICD-10 proves the pathogenetic unity of hysterical (sensory) and hypochondriacal (ideatorial) formations within the psychosomatic register of disorders and the legitimacy of combining phenomenologically different states into a circle of somatoform disorders.


Park officials at Carara National Park, Costa Rica, face considerable challenges. They believe poaching has become a significant threat to the park's biodiversity and that their enforcement measures, largely due to limited funds, are inadequate. Through family-level interviews in six communities surrounding Carara National Park, this study aims to understand the dynamics of poaching by identifying animals at risk of poaching and identifying communities to target future enforcement measures. Interviews inquired about interactions with wildlife, perceived populations of wildlife, sale of wildlife, opinions towards hunting, and observed hunting activities. Summary statistics, CART modeling and probit regressions are used to analyze the data. Results indicate hunting is not prevalent in terms of the number of families that hunt. However, these families can still have significant impacts on wildlife populations with poaching occurring for both subsistence and market-oriented reasons. Two potential community sets are identified as areas to target enforcement. Based on the number of reported families engaging in hunting, enforcement should be targeted in Bijagual and Tárcoles. However, exploring truthfulness through CART and probit regression analysis indicates enforcement should be targeted in El Sur and La Hacienda. Ultimately, future enforcement measures will be determined by Carara officials. Although potential target communities are identified and management practices such as ecotourism and community-based management are potentially viable avenues for reducing poaching, the park faces considerable challenges for enforcement due to its limited financial capabilities.


Data processing is complicated nowadays due to its vast amount and low structuration level. Perspective field to provide such structuration is exceptional studies because, in most cases, they foresee measuring parameters planned before such expeditions. Therefore, it is possible to define the parameters that will be measured and prepare forms to fill them during the expedition. This study substantiates the way of processing such data in the form of ontologies, providing structuring and interoperability of expedition data by providing a similar structuring approach. The case of using such an approach based on real-life expedition study in the field of the environment of the National Center "Junior Academy of Sciences of Ukraine" is described. The approach foresees using Excel to define the parameters that will be measured during an expedition in the form of table's columns. Each row in such a table will represent the place or name of the research object. An additional column is devoted to inserting geolocation. After providing the research, such files are uploaded into Polyhedron system and ontology is generated. Such ontologies are stored and integrated into ArcGis and can be used to present their own results and provide background research by other researchers.


The recent progress of the construction of light source, beam lines and stations are briefly described as well as the experiments proposed.


Indonesia has many medicinal plant species that are distributed in many regions. Green grass jelly ( Cyclea barbata (L.) Miers.)is one of medicinal plant that used in traditional medicine by Indonesian people. This species used to treat inflammation, fever and others. The main content of green grass jelly are saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi can infect the human body, but the green grass jelly can inhibit the growth of these bacteria. This study was performed using four methods, maceration, fresh leaf grinding, fresh and dried leave boiling, the dilution series (10%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) were applied for each method. The best result among four methods was the maceration method with 100% concentration dilution. The treatment using E. coli showed the widest diameter of inhibition zone was 17.23 mm and the lowest diameter  was 7,70 mm. while the treatment using S. typhi showed the widest diameter was 15.89 mm and the lowest diameter was 6,85 mm. The higher  the concentrations used, the wider the inhibition zone diameter was.


Interatrial septal aneurysm is a rare abnormality and can now be diagnosed by echocardiography. We report the case of a 52 year old woman in whom this condition was diagnosed after an embolic cerebrovascular accident. M mode recordings showed a linear echo in the left atrial cavity in early and mid systole. The aneurysm was directly visualised by 2D echo as a hemispherical bulge in the mid portion of the interatrial septum, which was mobile and had a to-and-fro motion between the two atria in relation to the different phases of the cardiac cycle. The diagnosis was confirmed by angiography, and at surgery. A feature of this case was the close correlation between echocardiographic, angiographic and operative findings. The pathogenesis of this type of aneurysm remains conjectural as does its role in the production of cerebral embolism, the evidence for which was circumstantial in the absence of other demonstrable causes and in the light of previously reported cases.


A mobile region is proposed to be a flap that covers the active site of Candida antarctica lipase A. Removal of the mobile region retains the functional properties of the enzyme. Interestingly interfacial activation, required for the wild‐type enzyme, was not observed for the truncated variant, although stability, activity, and stereoselectivity were very similar for the wild‐type and variant enzymes. The variant followed classical Michaelis–Menten kinetics, unlike the wild type. Both gave the same relative specificity in the transacylation of a primary and a secondary alcohol in organic solvent. Furthermore, both showed the same enantioselectivity in transacylation of alcohols and the hydrolysis of alcohol esters, as well as in the hydrolysis of esters chiral at the acid part.


The vertical equivalent winds (VEWs) at the F-layer are analyzed along the 120 -150 E longitude sec- tor with an emphasis on their latitudinal dependence. The VEWs are derived from the monthly median data of four- teen ionosonde stations over two decades. The results show that the VEWs have considerable dependences on the mag- netic latitude with an approximate symmetry about the mag- netic equator. They are mostly controlled by the electric field drifts in the magnetic equatorial region, and shift to be mostly contributed by neutral winds at mid-latitudes. The relative contribution of the two dynamic factors is regulated by the magnetic dip in addition to their own magnitudes. The VEWs generally have opposite directions and different mag- nitudes between lower and higher latitudes. At solar mini- mum, the magnitudes of VEWs are only between 20 and 20 m/s at lower latitudes, while at higher latitudes they tend to increase with latitudes, typically having magnitudes be- tween 20-40 m/s. At solar maximum, the VEWs are reduced by about 10-20 m/s in magnitudes during some local times at higher latitudes. A tidal analysis reveals that the relative im- portance of major tidal components is also different between lower and higher latitudes. The VEWs also depend on local time, season and solar ac- tivity. At higher latitudes, the nighttime VEWs have larger magnitude during post-midnight hours and so do the daytime ones before midday. The VEWs tend to have an inverse rela- tionship with solar activity not only at night, but also by day, which is different from the meridional winds predicted by the HWM93 model. The latitudinal dependence of VEWs has two prevailing trends: one is a maximum at the highest lati- tudes (as far as the latitudes concerned in the present work); the other is a mid-latitude maximum. These two latitudinal trends are mostly dependent on season, while they depend relatively weakly on local time and solar activity. The lati- tudinal gradients of VEWs also show a tendency of a mid- latitude maximum, except that there are much stronger lat- itudinal gradients at southern higher mid-latitudes in some seasons. The gradients during daytime are much smaller at solar maximum than minimum, whereas they are generally comparable at night under both solar activity levels.


Aircraft deicing/anti-icing fluids (ADFs) are applied to remove and prevent icing on aircraft during taxi and takeoff. The Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) International Airport uses deicing pads for deicing activities that collect and contain the spent deicing fluids for proper treatment or disposal. Local waterways receive ADF as "drip and shear" during the aircraft taxi on the runway and then takeoff. The glycol-based ADF serves as a nutrient for bacteria that grow exponentially, deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) from receiving waterways, and subsequently kill aquatic life. In this paper, we present a data-driven discrete-event simulation modeling process developed in collaboration with DFW Airport to assess aircraft assignment strategies to deicing pad locations by monitoring impact on DO. Our process consists of the following phases: (1) Data Collection, (2) Probability Distribution Modeling, and (3) State Transition Modeling. Both Phases (2) and (3) utilized data mining approaches, including treed regression and variable selection via false discovery rate. Detailed implementation of these phases is described for the DFW Airport case study, and the DFW Airport deicing activities simulation tool framework is presented. The actual data and simulation results were compared in terms of the DO levels in airport receiving waterways to verify the model validity after implementing the proposed model for DFW. Thus, the proposed model can be implemented by airports to control and minimize the adverse environmental effects resulting from deicing activities by optimizing the aircraft assignment to the pad locations.


594 Benzene is an established human leukemogen, but the mechanism of its leukemogenesis remains unclear. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) by conversion of hydroquinone (HQ) to benzoquinone in the bone marrow is one potential mechanism underlying the carcinogenic effects of benzene. Topo II is a nuclear enzyme that catalyzes topological changes in DNA. Topo II inhibitors are generally classified into two groups, poisons and catalytic inhibitors, on the basis of their mechanisms of action. Topo II poisons, such as etoposide, induce DNA double strand breaks through the stabilization of the covalent "cleavable complex" between the enzyme and DNA and cause translocations of the MLL gene at 11q23. In contrast, topo II catalytic inhibitors affect the enzyme activity without stabilizing the cleavable complex and induce chromosomal translocations that confer a good prognosis such as t(8;21), and endoreduplication, a rare mitotic phenomenon. Endoreduplcation consists of two successive rounds of DNA replication without intervening mitosis, i.e. segregation of daughter chromatids. In order to explore the mechanism and consequences of topo II inhibition by benzene and its metabolites in intact cells, we treated TK6 cells, a human lymphoblastoid cell line, with HQ (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 μM) or etoposide (0, 0.05 and 0.1 μM) for 48 h. Metaphase spreads were arrested following colcemid addition for 2 h and examined to determine levels of endoreduplication. Translocations of chromosomes 11 and 21 were detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) specific probes. HQ produced a dose-dependent increase in the frequency of endoreduplication in TK6 cells (Ptrend


A 69-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a large papillary tumor occupying the bladder. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large bladder tumor more than 8cm in maximum diameter,suspected to be muscle-invasive disease. We performed the 1st transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for the main purpose of pathological confirmation. Histopathological findings of the resected specimens showed urothelial carcinoma,low grade pTa. We performed subsequent treatments with TURBT twice,resulting in complete resection. The histopathological findings showed the same results as those of the 1st TURBT conclusively,which was consistent with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. He received intravesical instillation of pirarubicin eight times in total and has remained free from recurrence for more than 26 months after the final TURBT.


Transport mode detection is a subset of activity recognition. It is important for urban transportation planning and finding CO2 footprint for individuals. However, daily usage of these applications are limited due to the power consumption of mobile devices. By the wide spread usage of wearable sensors, it will be crucial to develop systems that have smaller model size and less computational complexity. This paper presents a novel system that exploits n-grams which are widely used in natural language processing for extracting features of mobile sensor signals. This is the first study at the literature that provides smaller and faster activity recognition models by using n-grams. Our results demonstrate that, feature extraction with n-grams is less complex and creates 4 times smaller models even though its accuracy is comparable with classical methods. In addition, if n-gram based features and some of traditional features are combined, accuracy of the model achieves 89% which outperforms the research that use shallow machine learning approaches. Although this study focused on transport mode detection, we believe that n-gram based features could be used for several signal classification tasks.


The weighted voltage mode control represents a method for control of multiple outputs DC-DC converters. Accordingly, the weighted control redistributes the error among the outputs of these converters, and the regulation error can be reduced by adjusting the weighting factors. But the problem is that most designs are performed on the trial-and-error basis, and the results were rather inconsistent. Also, in conventional mathematical approaches, this factor is designed for converters by given parameters. In this paper, three optimization algorithms namely Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) are proposed for a quick and accurate estimation of the optimal weighting factors and improve the amount of regulation on outputs of multiple outputs forward DC-DC converters. Furthermore, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is utilized to minimize the total steady-state error and improve transient characteristics by controlling the duty cycle of the PWM controller. Simulations have been performed in several cases and results show that the proposed method improves the outputs cross regulations in multiple outputs forward DC-DC converters significantly. ICA based weighting factor estimator has higher speed and accuracy in comparison with two other presented algorithms (ACO and PSO) and so is more effective in comparison with them.


Leukemias are neoplasms that arise from the hematopoetic cells of bone marrow and usually spread first to peripheral blood. Involvement of extramedullary tissue during the course of a leukemia is common and usually does not represent a major diagnostic challenge when the history is available and specimen triage is optimal. In the context of a myeloid origin, extramedullary leukemias are referred to as granulocytic sarcomas, extramedullary myeloid tumors, extramedullary leukemias, or myeloid sarcomas. In the lymphoid category, leukemia involvement of tissue is conventionally distinguished from lymphoma by establishing the presence of 20% or more blasts in the bone marrow. A leukemia with an initial presentation outside the bone marrow mimicking a solid tumor is a rare but well-documented clinical encounter. Diagnostic difficulties may arise, especially when a specimen is not triaged properly due to the clinical presumption of a nonhematopoietic tumor. Systematic handling and proper triaging of biopsies are the keys to reducing diagnostic error and facilitating a timely diagnosis in this category. We report 4 case examples in the pediatric population, presenting in different anatomic sites. The value of fresh specimens and performing touch imprints is discussed and emphasized.


A standard multi-layered perceptron is employed to implement the task of identification of a group of oligosaccharides (N-linked oligosaccharides) based on their 1D nuclear magnetic resonance (/sup 1/H-NMR) spectra. The artificial neural network (ANN) was trained with 92 spectra representing 23 different compounds and tested with 23 other spectra (each compound represented once). This network achieved a classification rate of 100% during the training and testing phase while Bayesian classification applied to cluster distance measurements, produced a performance of less than 50%. A further advantage of the ANN identification routine is its insensitivity to instrument dependent variations of the spectra as long as the spectra are acquired at the correct field strength. This network is implemented on the world wide web for use by scientists around the world (http://www.ccrc.uga.edu).


Physical aging at elevated temperature of the advanced composite IM7/K3B was investigated through the use of creep compliance tests. Testing consisted of short term isothermal, creep/recovery with the creep segments performed at constant load. The matrix dominated transverse tensile and in-plane shear behavior were measured at temperatures ranging from 200 to 230 C. Through the use of time based shifting procedures, the aging shift factors, shift rates and momentary master curve parameters were found at each temperature. These material parameters were used as input to a predictive methodology, which was based upon effective time theory and linear viscoelasticity combined with classical lamination theory. Long term creep compliance test data was compared to predictions to verify the method. The model was then used to predict the long term creep behavior for several general laminates.


This paper describes a method for automatically recharging the batteries on a mobile robot. The robot used in this project is the Nomadic Technologies? Nomad XR4000 mobile robot. The battery recharging system was implemented using the robot's built-in sensors to control docking with a simple recharging station. The recharging station has an AC power plug, an infra-red beacon and a target designed for detection by the Sick Laser Range Finder. The robot's IR sensors perform the beacon detection. The robot moves towards the beacon until the laser target pattern is visible to the Sick laser. The system is currently under development and undergoing its performance testing.


Dengue is an acute viral or viral haemorrhagic fever caused by a flavivirus of four well-known serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4). Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes transmit DENV, which causes symptomatic dengue in some infected individuals and asymptomatic infection in others. Although Sri Lanka has been experiencing dengue outbreaks since 1960, the disease burden and severity has increased in the last two decades, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in the island. Innovative strategic methods must be planned and implemented for effective dengue control, targeting dengue vectors via multiple methods. Some recent developments in vector control include the use of insecticide-treated long lasting mosquito nets, lethal ovitraps, spatial repellents, genetically modified mosquitoes and Wolbachia-infected Aedes. Some of these new methods might play an important role in the longterm prevention and control of dengue. The current review highlights the importance of pooling existing knowledge and resources to work on capacity building using all available human and financial resources to optimize the vector control programme. These efforts would facilitate and improve regional cooperation, foster networking and encourage sustainable co-ordination to retain effective control methods. Motivated staff working on vector control, prediction models such as geographic information systems (GIS) to detect future dengue outbreaks and coordination of control methods in risk areas within a country or implementing country-wide specific strategic control measures will be crucial to reduce the existing dengue burden.


The article traces the origins, rationale and some of the dilemmas that have emerged in the practice of 'embedded' journalism. It argues that the practice emerged as a post-Vietnam response by the US military to the 'problem' of independent news coverage of conflicts in which the US was involved. For the post-Vietnam US military, independent news coverage was problematic because it often contradicts the official war narrative and, if left unhindered, undermines public support for the war effort. Since public support is crucial for success in a foreign war, particularly during lengthy engagements, independent news coverage is seen as a threat to the unity of the home front and therefore a threat to the war effort itself. The lesson learned from Vietnam was to restrict independent media access to battle zones, first by denying all access and withdrawing security guarantees to journalists operating in conflict theatres, and then by providing privileged but controlled access to front line units via the practice of facilitated news-gathering known as 'embedded journalism'. As it turns out, even that practice has a downside, and there is more to the story than the military desire to control the narrative.


Friction tests were conducted on self-matched pairs of medium-carbon steel using a pin-disk tribometer in an ambient laboratory environment with and without wear-debris removal, in order to clarify the influence of wear debris on the tribological properties of steels that were exposed to magnetic fields. The wear debris and worn surface were observed and analyzed. In the case that the wear debris was removed, the vast majority of wear debris was large, scarce oxidation, and no agglomeration, the grooves of various shapes and discontinuities, and no oxide layer were formed on the worn surface, severe wear occurred throughout the friction process. When the wear debris was not removed, the wear debris became fine, agglomeration and oxidation, a debris layer was formed on the worn surface, and the wear mode transitioned from severe to mild occurred during friction process. The results reveal that the re-entering of wear debris into the friction area is essential for the formation of a wear-debris layer and that an anti-wear effect can be achieved via the wear-debris layer formed on the worn surface during the friction process with a magnetic field.


UNLABELLED
PURPOSE/EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The importance of detection of disseminated isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in bone marrow (BM) is still not settled. BM aspirates from 920 patients with primary breast cancer were analyzed for tumor cells by standardized direct immunocytochemical analysis (ICC) of 2 x 10(6) mononuclear cells (MNCs) using anticytokeratin monoclonal antibody (AE1/AE3). Samples (637) were analyzed by negative immunomagnetic enrichment (IMS) followed by ICC (10 x 10(6) MNCs). Analyses of the primary tumor specimens have been performed, including histomorphology, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging, grading, and immunohistochemical analyses.

RESULTS
Of the patients with infiltrating carcinoma, 63% were node negative (N0) and 33%, node positive (N+). The results show the presence of tumor cells in 13.4% of the evaluable patients after direct ICC analysis. The presence of tumor cells correlated to the nodal- and tumor stage, showing BM positivity in 9.9% of the N0 cases and 20.6% in the N+ group (P < 0.0005), 11.2% of the stage T(1) were positive, and 15.0% and 22.6% were positive in the T(2) and T(3/4) groups, respectively (P = 0.013). No correlation between detection of ITC and detection of p53 and cathepsin D expression was found. Vascular invasion and c-erbB2 expression were associated with ITCs in BM (P = 0.045 and P = 0.024, respectively). Node-negative patients with estrogen receptor (ER)+ and/or progesterone receptor (PgR)+ tumors had lower frequency of ITCs than ER-/PgR- (P = 0.004). The use of negative IMS increased the frequency of positive BM by 63% (P < 0.0005).

CONCLUSIONS
The direct ICC detection of ITCs in BM correlated with primary tumor stage, nodal stage, vascular invasion, c-erbB2 expression, and ER/PgR status. Analysis of larger BM samples by negative IMS resulted in increased number of ITC-positive patients.


A new equation of state for solid UO2+x is presented, based on an extended ionic model. A thermodynamic description of the imperfect and non-stoichiometric ionic solid is obtained accounting for short- and long-ranged inter-ionic forces, as well as for formation of Frenkel defects. Both Coulomb and short-range interactions between defects are encompassed in a highly non-ideal ionic system where interactions of Frenkel defects are taken into account explicitly as short-ranged interactions of quasi-dipoles. A simplified analytical form for the free energy of the perfect anharmonic crystal was obtained and then combined with additional contributions from formation and interaction of defects. By fitting a few numerical constants, the variations of thermodynamic properties of UO2+x are predicted as functions of temperature, density and stoichiometry. The model describes the pre-melting transition into the superionic state in solid stoichiometric UO2 and predicts the behaviour of the transition line in the non-stoichiometric domain.


This study aimed to identify factors predictive of intentions to participate in genetic testing for hereditary cancer. Measures of the psychosocial influences on intention were based on the theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned behaviour (TPB) and a new measure of Attitude toward Uncertainty. The participants (the breast cancer sample, n = 124; the colon cancer sample, n = 168) were recruited via a general practitioner's patient database and asked to complete postal questionnaires. The overall response rate was 57.4% (54.7% in the colon cancer sample, 61.4% in the breast cancer sample). In the colon cancer sample, 72% of respondents stated that they would choose to participate in genetic testing for colon cancer susceptibility. In the breast cancer sample, 77% of respondents stated that they would choose to participate in genetic testing for breast cancer susceptibility. The TRA components (attitudes and subjective norms) and Attitude toward Uncertainty emerged as the strongest predictors of intention. The Attitude toward Uncertainty appears to moderate intention in that participants with more negative attitudes toward uncertainty are more likely to undergo the test than those seeking more certainty.


In this paper, we consider Internet of Things (IoT) systems that can be applied to various applications with low-mobility or static IoT devices, such as wireless sensor networks and charging systems for low-power devices with communication. The IoT systems consist of IoT devices and a hybrid access point (H-AP) powered by both on-grid and renewable energy sources. The IoT devices have a capability to harvest energy from the H-AP's radio frequency signal, and they perform their tasks by using only their harvested energy. We consider the tasks do not have a real-time requirement which can be stored in the task queues of the IoT devices and performed later. We study resource and task scheduling for the IoT systems which aims at minimizing the on-grid energy consumption at the H-AP while guaranteeing the minimum average data rate and minimum task performing rates of IoT devices. To achieve the goal, we first propose a centralized resource and task scheduling algorithm. However, its computational complexity and signaling overhead are too large due to the task scheduling for each IoT device. Thus, to resolve these issues, we propose a hybrid resource and task scheduling algorithm in which each IoT device determines its own task scheduling in a distributed manner and the H-AP determines the resource scheduling. We then provide performance analyses showing that our proposed algorithms are asymptotically optimal and well satisfy the QoS requirements of IoT devices even with distributed task scheduling. Through the simulation results, we verify the analyses and show the performance of our algorithms.


The back-stepping design methodology of the math-analytical nonlinear control theory currently attracts considerable interests in many attempts of applied controls to various engineering systems, power systems being one of them. In this paper a novel nonlinear controller is designed using this methodology based on the nonlinear second-order model of single machine to infinite bus system with thyristor controlled series compensation (TCSC). Given the circumstances of indirectly measured damping coefficient being uncertainty inaccurate, a dynamic feedback controller has be designed using adaptive back-stepping method, which also encompasses the on-line real-time estimation of the uncertainty parameter. This way designed adaptive nonlinear controller is shown to possess superior performances and engineering implementation.


Information convergence system is a unified and shared information platform which aggregates different levels of resources or services to make sure students and teachers can share their knowledge freely. Architecture design is crucial to campus information convergence system. However, it is hard to eliminate information islands from different departments or management organizations. To solve this issue, an architecture based on web service technique for E-learning is proposed in this paper. Resource sharing mechanism and workflows of this architecture are also given and discussed.


A comparison between the two very important sulfide belts Raahe-Ladoga Ore Zone (RLZ) in Finland and Southern Edge of Altay (SEA) in China, including geological setting, metallogenic characters and geochemical exploration has been made. The two sulfide belts share similarities but differ from each other in the tectonic setting and metallogenic epoch. Polymetallic ores in RLZ and SEA are the products of the submarine volcanism, but mainly Zn-Cu type is present in RLZ and Pb-Zn, Cu-Pb-Zn and Cu-Zn types occur in SEA. A main Ni-Cu ore belt related to the mafic-ultramafic intrusions is also present in the RLZ. RLZ is metamorphosed to a higher grade than SEA. The Viholanniemi Zn-Au deposit is a veinlet-disseminated type, possibly beneath the stratabound sulphide ores, and the Keketale Pb-Zn deposit is a stratabound sulphide ore hosted by sedimentary rocks in the volcano-sedimentary formation. They show many differences. It is suggested that stratabound sulphide ores overlie stratigraphically the Viholanniemi stringer ores and Au-bearing stringers underlie the Keketale stratabound ores. Geochemical explorations of the two deposits exhibit different methods, subjects and procedures. Boulder tracing and till geochemical exploration proved to be very effective in finding the Viholanniemi deposit while stream sediment and soil geochemical surveys were the major and effective tools in finding the Keketale deposit. An extensional environment and the intensity of volcanism are the essential conditions for the formation of polymetallic ores related to the volcanism. It is feasible to classify the ores into the ores hosted by volcanics and sedimentary rocks in a volcano-sedimentary formation. The stratigraphical thickness of volcanic rocks and the amount of agglomerates are the two most crucial factors needed to be considered in prospecting. The chemical variations of the host rocks can indicate the sulphide ores hosted by sedimentary rocks in some circumstances.


In this study, photographs of 600 Korean females aged from 20 to 50years old were indirectly measured in Venus face 2D program. The measurements were analyzed by statistical methods. The purpose of this study was to differentiate the facial types of adult women for the beauty industry. As a result of factor analysis, 6 factors were selected the key factors of facial shape: head height(factor 1), head width(factor 2), side face width(factor 3), head width and circumference(factor 4), face length(factor 5), and side face width(factor 6). We categorized facial type into 5 groups with the previous 6 factor. 5 types were most common facial shapes: Oblong face(type 1), Square face(type 2), Oval face(type 3), Round face(type 4), Triangle face(type 5). The results of facial type analysis were showed that Round face(26.6%), Triangle face(25.3%), Oval face(22.3%), Square face(20.0%), Oblong face(5.7%).


I first try to identify what problem, if any conceptual art poses for philosophical aesthetics. It is harder than one might think to formulate some claim about traditional art with which much conceptual art is inconsistent. The idea that sense experience plays a special role in the appreciation of traditional artworks falls foul of literature. Instead I focus on the idea that conceptual art exhibits a particularly loose relation between the properties with which we engage in appreciating it and the properties on which those artistic properties depend.

In Part II, I then offer an account of how conceptual art communicates, and attempt to use it to illuminate some prominent features of that art. I suggest it works by frustrating certain fundamental expectations with which we approach it. In this it is analogous to certain ways of indirectly communicating in conversation – certain kinds of conversational implicature. At the close, I ask whether this account allows us to address the problem identified in Part I.


Background: Hysterectomy can be performed with concomitant bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) to treat symptomatic pathology of the ovary (e.g., endometriosis) or to prevent ovarian cancer. Our objective was to examine the relationship between race and concomitant BSO by menopausal status in the Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system. Methods: This is a longitudinal study utilizing VA administrative data to identify hysterectomies provided or paid for by VA (i.e., source of care) between 2007 and 2014. We defined BSO as removal of both ovaries and fallopian tubes at the time of hysterectomy, identified by International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision codes. Covariates included demographic (e.g., ethnicity) and gynecological diagnoses (e.g., endometriosis). We used generalized linear models with a log-link and binomial distribution to estimate associations of race with BSO by menopausal status and source of care. Results: We identified 6,785 Veterans with hysterectomies, including 2,320 with concomitant BSO. Overall, Black Veterans were more likely to be single, obese, and undergo abdominal hysterectomy. After adjustment, premenopausal Black Veterans had a 41% lower odds of BSO than their White counterparts (odds ratio [OR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51-0.68). Stratifying on source of care, these results remained unchanged (provided: OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52-0.72; paid: OR: 0.58, 95% CI: 0.48-0.71). There was insufficient evidence of an association among postmenopausal Veterans. Conclusions: Premenopausal Black Veterans are less likely to undergo BSO even after adjustment for salient characteristics. Our findings may have implications for equitable gynecological care for Veterans. Additional research is needed to better understand the role of differential preferences or cancer risk in these racial differences.


Like the nationally known Destination Imagination competition, Mind Builders offers simple engineering problems to be solved by student teams. It begins with a few exercises to introduce the team concept. These are followed by ten warm up problems that can be completed within an hour or less, with little advanced preparation. Finally, teachers choose one of 12 engineering challenges to be completed by teams over an extended period, and presented to judges on Challenge Day. For more than twenty years, the Richmond, Virginia Public Schools' program for gifted students has conducted an interscholastic competition similar to the nationally known competition, Destination Imagination. In the featured contest of this yearly event, teams of five students present solutions to engineering problems that they have worked on for several weeks or more. The problems are multidisciplinary, including elements of research, writing, mathematics and science, and a creative dramatic or musical presentation. Each challenge requires just a few inexpensive materials and a minimum of equipment. In addition to their use with gifted students and others in interscholastic competitions, these problems make excellent challenges for classroom use, or even for use with extracurricular or recreational organizations such as Scout groups or Boys and Girls Clubs. They are written to include basic skills from the core curriculum, and require students to work cooperatively to solve problems with multiple solutions. This book offers 12 simple engineering problems plus ten warm up problems to be solved by student teams. Each challenge includes detailed specifications, hints for teachers and coaches, scoring rubrics, a list of references that will help students get started on the problem, and a check-list for administering each competition.


The authors developed rigid-ion interatomic potentials for NiO and CoO and assess their reliability by calculating Schottky and Frenkel defect formation energies. Then they studied the variation with temperature in the lattice parameter at zero pressure via constant-temperature constant-pressure molecular dynamics simulations. The agreement obtained with experimental results is remarkably good.


Parallel algorithms have been a subject of intensive algorithmic research in the 1980s. This research almost died out in the mid 1990s. In this paper we argue that it is high time to reconsider this subject since a lot of things have changed. First and foremost, parallel processing has moved from a niche application to something mandatory for any performance critical computer applications. We will also point out that even very fundamental results can still be obtained. We give examples and also formulate some open problems.


In this paper, the results of evaluating the passenger comfort due to the standard deviation of acceleration in vertical and lateral direction regarding the ship response in irregular wave by ordinary strip method in regular wave and energy spectrum using linear superposition theory in order to evaluate the motion of experimental ship are as follows. According to the results of ship response, it was possible to find that, in order to reduce the motion of ship, a ship operating in bow sea was more stable than in quartering sea. In the results of analyzing the standard deviation of acceleration in vertical direction according to each component wave pattern, when there was a wave length of 56m and an average wave period of 6 sec, most of cases showed the peak value. And among them, the standard deviation was 0.35 which was the highest in head sea. And in case of lateral direction, the maximum value was shown in a wave length of 100m and an average wave period of 8 sec. And it was 0.16 in beam sea and X = 150° In the evaluation of passenger comfort due to standard acceleration in vertical and lateral direction, it was 80% in head and bow sea. On the other hand, it was shown to be 15% in follow sea. Accordingly, when the expected wave height in a sea area where a training ship was intended to operate was known, it was possible to predict the routing of ship. And altering her course could reduce the passenger comfort by approximately 50%.


The aim of the research was to investigate the effect of aminoguanidine on the content of autoantibodies in the serum, nitric oxide synthesis (NO), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) content and indicators of free radical oxidation in the cerebral hemispheres of BALB/c mice with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) on the 18th day of pregnancy. An increase in the content of autoantibodies to brain proteins (120 kDa, 150 kDa, and >170 kDa) was detected in the serum of BALB/c mice with APS on the 18th day of pregnancy. An increase in the content of GFAP (total), GFAP (49-37 kDa), NO2¯, NO3¯ and prooxidant-antioxidant system imbalance in the cerebral hemispheres of pregnant mice with APS was established. With administration of aminoguanidine into the pregnant mice with APS, a decrease in the content of autoantibodies to brain proteins (120 kDa and 150 kDa) in serum was proved. With the introduction of aminoguanidine, a selective inhibitor of inducible NO synthase on the 18th day of pregnancy the increase in GFAP (49-37 kDa) in the cerebral hemispheres of APS mice was established, and the GFAP (total), NO2¯ and NO3¯ content did not change significantly, relative to the indicators of pregnant animals with APS. With introduction of aminoguanidine in cases of APS on the 18th day of pregnancy lesser manifestations of oxidative stress in the cerebral hemispheres, a decrease in the activity of lipid peroxidation processes, an increase in the activity and content of the antioxidant system components was evidenced. Thus, aminoguanidine has a neuroprotective effect in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome in the BALB/c mice.


It is well known in the meteorological community that millimetre-wavelength cloud radars contain considerable
contamination from aerial biota, and much of this comprises small weakly flying insects. Several methods have been explored for removing insect contamination from cloud radar data yet using this data to study the behaviour of insects remains a relatively unexplored area. Here, the authors describe the use of a collocated Ka-band cloud radar and Doppler LIDAR to study the vertical motion of small insects and investigate how this varies depending on the surrounding vertical air motion. We find that in the convective boundary layer, insects are largely concentrated in updrafts. During the daytime, small insects in downdrafts are found to descend at an average rate of 0.25 m s−1, yet insects caught in updrafts showed a descent response that was dependent upon the strength of the updraft in which they were embedded. Although the downward motion of the insects increased with increasing updraft strength, it was insufficient to overcome the rising motion in the updraft, i.e. in updrafts the insects ascend but at a slower speed than the surrounding air. We also report an ongoing efforts to extend this research to the nocturnal stable boundary layer.


Introduction: The combination of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that targets the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4 and PD-1 has shown clinical benefit beyond that observed with either mAb alone. This finding has prompted exploring whether such an approach could be applied within the context of additional combinations of checkpoint molecules, such as PD-1 and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3). Animal tumor models have validated combining anti-PD-1 with anti-LAG-3 mAbs in eliciting synergistic tumor-eradicating immunity; expression of PD-1 and LAG-3 on exhausted T cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) further supports their dual-targeting. We have developed a bispecific DART® protein that targets PD-1 and LAG-3, aimed at inducing potent antitumor immunity through simultaneous blockade of non-redundant checkpoint pathways intrinsic to exhausted T cells. Methods: mAbs against PD-1 and LAG-3 were generated and selected for DART conversion based on binding, biophysical and functional blocking against their respective receptor/ligand axes and functional activity in re-activation of prior superantigen-stimulated T cells or in antigen-specific recall assays. Results: Lead PD-1 and LAG-3 mAbs demonstrating favorable functional properties were selected for humanization. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the lead LAG-3 and PD-1 mAbs display restricted lymphocyte expression in human tissues and overlapping expression in TILs. The humanized mAbs were assembled into MGD013, an Fc-bearing PD-1 x LAG-3 DART protein that demonstrated favorable biophysical and manufacturability properties. MGD013 bound specifically with high affinity to PD-1 and LAG-3 as well as to target-expressing cell lines and chronically-activated T cells. MGD013 blocked PD-1/PD-L1, PD-1/PD-L2 and LAG-3/HLA (MHC-II) interactions and PD-1 signaling. Further functional characterization of MGD013 revealed enhanced cytokine secretion in response to antigenic re-challenge of previously stimulated T cells compared to that observed upon independent blockade of either the PD-1 or LAG-3 pathways alone. Furthermore, under the above experimental conditions, MGD013 mediated greater cytokine secretion than that observed with the combination of equivalent (equimolar) levels of replicas of the approved PD-1 mAb, nivolumab, and the LAG-3 mAb, 25F7, which is currently undergoing clinical testing. Finally, cynomolgus monkey pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated a prolonged circulating half-life consistent with that of an Fc-bearing molecule. Conclusions: MGD013 blocks both PD-1 and LAG-3 pathways, resulting in enhanced T-cell responses compared to single or combination mAb blockade. Together with favorable cynomolgus monkey PK, these studies support further clinical development of MGD013. Citation Format: Ross LaMotte-Mohs, Kalpana Shah, Doug Smith, Sergey Gorlatov, Valentina Ciccarone, James Tamura, Hua Li, Jill Rillema, Monica Licea, Leilei He, Farha Vasanwala, Wei Chen, Xiao-Tao Yao, Francine Chen, Jennifer Brown, Jeffrey Nordstrom, Scott Koenig, Ezio Bonvini, Syd Johnson, Paul Moore. MGD013, a bispecific PD-1 x LAG-3 Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART®) protein with T-cell immunomodulatory activity for cancer treatment. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 3217.


In Act 3, scene 2 of The Winter's Tale , Leontes brings his wife Hermione to trial, formally charging her with conducting an adulterous relationship. During her defense, Hermione rightly complains that she has had 'the child-bed privilege denied, which 'longs / To women of all fashion'. In this trial scene Shakespeare draws attention to the fact that Leontes, in his hasty condemnation of his wife, not only denies Hermione her month of privilege after giving birth and exposes her to the public humiliation of not being afforded a proper churching ceremony, but also deliberately disregards the divine oracle. There can be little doubt that Shakespeare's contemporaries would have been aware of the fact that Hermione's first public appearance should not have been her trial, but instead her churching. Thus, the personal, legalistic action that Leontes puts forward as a matter of state usurps the obligations of religious discipline and church authority that are not simply wrongs she suffers individually, but ones that affect the community at large. As a consequence of the breech in divine order caused by Leontes, Hermione's reappearance in the play's final scene serves as a delayed churching service that reaffirms the redemptive themes so often discussed in this play. Further, the epistemological concerns found throughout The Winter's Tale regarding the apprehension of truth are resolved, specifically, in Hermione's reintegration into public life and, more broadly, in the affirmation of a dialogic unity attained through shared communal knowledge.


Through calculations and comparison with experimental results, we verify that loss introduced by an etched photonic crystal in a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) contributes significantly to the transverse optical confinement and supported modes. The optical loss is examined theoretically using a simple waveguide model from the scalar Helmholtz equation. The modal loss of fabricated lasers is extracted from the observed spectral-mode splitting. The effect of modal loss on the slope efficiency and modal behavior is examined. The model is found to be consistent with experimental measurements, and provides a means of accurate design of single-mode photonic crystal VCSELs.


Equal channel angular pressing is an innovative process for obtaining severe plastic deformations in materials. A modified configuration of the one proposed by Segal et al in 1986 is analysed in this work by the upper bound method. This new configuration is called equal fillet radii angular pressing. With this die configuration, deformations do not depend on the fillet radii, up to a maximum fillet radius, after which the main effect becomes bending instead of shear. Hence, it is possible to improve the deformations obtained in processed materials. The proposed upper bound can be used to determine the total load necessary to extrude the material through the die, both for friction and non-friction conditions.


The report starts with an introductory chapter that sets the stage for the issues and provides a short historical background on the development of the private sector in Middle East and North Africa (MENA), drawing on anecdotes and stories heard from many entrepreneurs and public officials consulted throughout the region during the preparation of this report. The core of the analysis is then presented in three parts. Part one assesses the performance of private sector development in the region from a macroeconomic and microeconomic standpoint (chapter two). It then presents the framework that is used to explain the identified performance gap (chapter three) and uses this framework in (chapter four) to claim that the lack of private sector dynamism in MENA is not necessarily due to insufficient reforms, but rather to the discretionary way in which rules and policies are implemented, and the lack of credibility of governments to really level the playing field when applying their policies and reforms. Part two then illustrates how this issue of poor implementation of the policies translates in three key policy areas in the business environment of the region: access to finance (chapter five), access to land (chapter six), and the conduct of industrial policies (chapter seven). The aim is to show how the role of the state and its institutions, when diverted from their regulatory and administrative missions by special interests and when subject to discretionary influence, can distort policies that may otherwise be well designed and well intended. Part three analyzes the political economy of reforms in MENA (chapter eight) and uses this analysis to offer a set of strategic recommendations and concrete policy actions that take into account the region's diversity and political economy (chapter nine).


The aim of the article is to interpret the body-mind relationship in Herzog & de Meuron's architecture. We surveyed their architecture over the last twenty years, uncovering the parallel changes in buildings and writings, with the theoretical trends in the background. We found that a clear shift in their approach has been manifest. In the first phase, the architects' bodily and intellectual sensations were mediated through the building, whose subtle deviations from architectonic rules were perceivable more to the senses than to the mind. In the second period, the sensuality of buildings increased, while intellectually they referred to the present. The buildings still had their integral body, but they had lost a clear contour. In the last decade, the buildings operate with an arsenal of material and sensuous effects; the aim is intensity, which is often reinforced with direct formal analogies. The body of the visitor is put centre stage.


This study compared levels of inter limb asymmetry between field sports players with athletic groin pain (n=15) and international rugby union players (n=15). Three dimensional kinematics and kinetics were recorded for the single leg drop landing and side cut movement. A series of t-tests identified significantly (p<0.05) greater asymmetry in hip abduction-adduction moments for the rugby union group during the single leg drop landing task. All other variables were non-significantly different between the groups examined. These results suggest that asymmetry may not be an important factor in the examination of athletic groin pain. Future studies should investigate if asymmetrical abduction-adduction hip moments are a risk factor for injury in rugby union.


Recombinant bacterial lipoproteins (RLP) with built-in immuno-stimulating properties for novel subunit vaccine development are reviewed. This platform technology offers the following advantages: easily converts antigens into highly immunogenic RLP using a fusion sequence containing lipobox; the lipid moiety of RLP is recognized as the danger signals in the immune system through the Toll-like receptor 2, so both innate and adaptive immune responses can be induced by RLP; serves as an efficient and cost-effective bioprocess for producing RLP in Escherichia coli and the feasibility and safety of this core platform technology has been successfully demonstrated in animal model studies including meningococcal group B subunit vaccine, dengue subunit vaccine, novel subunit vaccine against Clostridium difficile-associated diseases and HPV-based immunotherapeutic vaccines.


Poverty is a global problem which has been taking place across continents with different levels, and has become a major challenge for the development of each region, nation, ethnicity as well as locality. Vietnam – an agricultural-aimed country – with 70% of the population living in rural areas, whose intellectual standards and farming cultivation techniques are still limited, led to the low labor productivity, and low income. Poverty, as a consequence, has still taken place in numerous areas. The problem of poverty, hence, has been the Vietnamese Government's best concerns. To make the poor to break out from poverty is the foremost socio – political objective and mission of the Government. Though it cannot be denied the success of such achievements, poverty reduction programs still remain limited. The Government has, however, still been facing with a number of difficulties and challenges needed to be overcome in order to implement the Millennium Goal of the United Nations, which Vietnam has already committed. These problems raise questions to the Government about how to apply the lessons learnt from the past as well as other nations more effectively in the next period?


With multiple carriers in a logistics market, customers can choose the best carrier to deliver their products and packages. In this paper, we present a novel approach of using the stochastic evolutionary game to analyze the decision-making of the customers using the less-than-truckload (LTL) delivery service. We propose inter-related optimization and game models that allow us to analyze the vehicle routing optimization for the LTL carriers and carrier selection for the customers, respectively. The stochastic evolutionary game model incorporates a small perturbation of customers' decision-making which exists due to irrationality. The solution of the stochastic evolutionary game in terms of stochastically stable states is characterized by using the Markov chain model. The numerical results show the impact of carriers' and customers' parameters on the stable states.


Abstract Objective: To assess the utility of cervical funnel volume as a predictor of cerclage failure. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of pregnant women with a McDonald cerclage and sonographic evidence of cervical funneling between 1/2008 and 2/2014. Funnel volume (FV) was calculated and used as a correction factor for cervical length (CL) or cerclage height (CH). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive value of CL, CL:FV, CH and CH:FV for cerclage failure at <28 or <34 weeks. CL:FV was further stratified to the <5th, <10th and >10th percentiles and analyzed for prediction of preterm delivery. Results: Subjects with cerclage failure (n = 30) delivered at a mean gestational age of 29.8 +/− 5.3 weeks compared to 38.1+/− 1.39 weeks in those without failure (n = 27; p < 0.001). ROC curves demonstrated CL:FV was the best predictor of delivery <28 weeks (AUC 0.80), while CL was the best predictor of delivery <34 weeks (AUC 0.76). Stratification of CL:FV into <5th versus >10th percentile groups was predictive of early preterm delivery (25.1 weeks versus 34 weeks, p = 0.01). Conclusions: Volumetric assessment of cervical funneling may improve prediction of cerclage failure in the mid-trimester.


In order to disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being, and to confront systemic injustices that result in ongoing health inequities, stigma must be addressed from both within and beyond the realm of medical diagnosis. The individualistic nature of diagnosis, that is characteristic of Western medical approaches, often perpetuates stigma. The role of diagnosis in biomedicine, as well as the historicity of professions and disciplines in Westernized health-care, intersect with different hierarchies of power, identities, and knowledges through mechanisms that operate across local and global contexts. This paper argues that a decolonial approach to health research, practice and education offers an important lens through which to critically analyse these intersections of power, identities, and knowledges. Such an approach can help disrupt dominant understandings of health and well-being. To advance the argument, examples of decolonial thinking approaches and pedagogical methods from South Africa are provided.


Objective: To ascertain the prevalence and fundamental determinants of arterial hypertension (Ht) in children and adolescents. Design and Method: Cross-sectional assessment of blood pressure (BP) in 15.049 Portuguese children and adolescents, mean age 13.02 ± 2.05 years (5–17 years), body mass index (BMI) 19.22 ± 3.60 Kg/m2, mostly male (73%). BP and heart rate were measured three times after a 10-minute resting period, with a validated automatic blood pressure monitor (OMRON 705IT) and an appropriately sized cuff over the brachial artery. About 26% of the youngsters were amateur registered athletes and 20% had family history of cardiovascular diseases (mainly Ht). All participants were clinically evaluated by the same clinician, highly skilled in Ht. Results: Mean BP was 112.82 ± 9.27 mmHg and 70.42 ± 6.49 mmHg, for systolic and diastolic BP. Mean heart rate (HR) was 70.32 ± 18.01 bpm. BP distribution was 15.7% Ht (12.5% stage 1, 3.2% stage 2), 15.3% high-normal, and 69% normal. The distribution of Ht and high-normal BP was slightly higher in males (16.2% and 16.1%, respectively) than females (14.1% and 13.1%, respectively; p = 0.001). Overweight and at-risk weight classification accounted respectively for 6.3% and 13.6% of the sample. The determinants of elevated BP were assessed through logistic regression (cf. table 1). Male sex, increased BMI, no regular physical activity and family history of Ht were the main determinants of elevated BP in this sample. Considering the BMI, a 7.6% increase in the risk of Ht and a 7.5% increase in the risk of high-normal BP per 1kg/m2 of BMI were also documented. Conclusions: The proportion of children with BP above the 90th percentile was high, with an overall prevalence of Ht of 15.7%, related to overweight, physical activity, gender and family history of Ht.


The present study seeks to expand the current focus on acquisition situations in linguistic relativity research by exploring the effects of nativisation (the process by which a L2 is acquired as a L1) on language-specific cognitive behaviour. Categorisation preferences of goal-oriented motion events were investigated in South African speakers who learnt English as a L1 from caregivers who spoke English as a L2 and Afrikaans as a L1. The aim of the study was to establish whether the categorisation patterns found in the nativised English variety: (1) resemble patterns of L2 speakers of English with Afrikaans as a L1, (2) resemble patterns of L1 English speakers of a non-nativised English variety and (3) do not pattern with either of the above, but instead exhibit a distinct behaviour. It was found that simultaneous, functional bilinguals (Afrikaans and nativised English) patterned with L1 Afrikaans speakers, but the extent to which they did so was modulated by their frequency of use of Afrikaans. Functionally monolingual speakers of nativised English, on the other hand, patterned with L1 speakers of British English. This suggests that bilingualism, rather than nativisation, was a reliable predictor of event categorisation preferences.


Assessment of the quality of translation is one of the important activities in translation. The translation assessment can be seen from three aspects: accuracy, clarity, and naturalness. This study aims to reveal the accuracy and fatigue of the translation results of students' Arabic-Indonesian official manuscripts, considering that researchers rarely touch the spiciness aspect than the translation's accuracy and reasonableness. This research uses the descriptive analysis method and content analysis model. The research sample is six graduate students in Arabic Language Education at the Indonesia University of Education. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. From the results of this study, the researchers obtained several findings, namely: first, the level of mastery was very high, spread as many as eight data (44.4%), the moderate level of intelligence was spread as many as six data (33.3%), and the level of intelligence lacked as many as four data. (22.2%). Second, the level of fatigue in the translation of the official text for high levels of friction is as many as ten data (55.5%), there are five data (27.7%) for moderate fatigue, and three data (16.6%) is less tired.  So, from the results of this study, it is concluded that fatigue dominates as much as ten data (55.5%) compared to the very high level of mastery where there are only eight data (44.4%).


ABSTRACT Outdoor recreation facilitates important connections to nature and wildlife, but it is perceived differently across population segments. As such, we expected that socio-demographic characteristics of individuals would influence intention to participate in outdoor recreation. We solicited 5,000 U.S. residents (n = 1,030, 23% response rate) to describe their perceptions of hunting and birdwatching. The influence of current and childhood community size (i.e., urban-rural) was examined as a potentially important predictor of intention to participate in hunting and birdwatching, along with attitudes, norms, and perceived behavioral control (PBC). Hunting intentions, attitudes, norms, and PBC were more positive when respondents maintained a residence in rural areas. Alternatively, birdwatching attitudes, norms, and PBC did not differ with current or childhood community size. Programs aimed at increasing participation in outdoor recreation should carefully consider the importance of the urban-rural residence gradient in the context of their objectives, especially for recruiting urban hunters.