This publication, Earthquake insurance in Turkey, is an exposition of the dangers faced by Turkey as it is located in one of the most active earthquake (EQ) and volcanic regions in the world on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the efforts that Turkey is making to alleviate the social and fiscal disasters that are caused when these calamities do strike. The persistent potential for large-scale disasters has led to the establishment of the Turkish Catastrophe Insurance Pool (TCIP) in 1999. The main rationale for the creation of TCIP was a very low level of catastrophe insurance penetration among households. The authors stress that the four principal objectives of the program are to (1) provide earthquake insurance coverage at affordable but actuarially sound rates for all registered urban dwellings, (2) limit the government's financial exposure to natural disasters, (3) build long-term catastrophe reserves to finance future earthquake losses, and (4) encourage risk reduction and mitigation practices in residential construction. The book points out that the program has reduced significantly the government's fiscal exposure to EQ risk. In five years, the TCIP transformed itself from an unknown and controversial government-sponsored program to one of the most trusted brand names in the Turkish insurance industry. Moreover, it has led the World Bank to rethink the roles of ex-ante risk management relative to ex-post donor support. In this context, the World Bank supported Turkey's earthquake insurance program to establish and expand national catastrophic risk management and risk transfer capabilities. The authors conclude that the TCIP's success has brought it worldwide recognition. Inspired by the TCIP's example, more than a dozen countries, including China, Colombia, Greece, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Italy, the Philippines, Romania, and nine island states of the Caribbean have begun technical and legislative preparation of catastrophe insurance programs.


The vascular flora of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area, Murray County, Oklahoma, was inventoried. The study area is located in the Arbuckle Mountains physiographic region of Oklahoma. The geology of this region is composed of limestone and conglomerate rocks which is unique to the predominantly sandstone surface geology of central Oklahoma. A total of 582 taxa of vascular plants in 358 genera and 104 families was verified in the present study, resulting in a list of 717 taxa when combined with results from previous studies. No federally listed or endangered species were encountered, ten species tracked by the Oklahoma Natural Heritage Inventory were present. Comparisons to previous floristic surveys were made and descriptions of the major vegetation associations were provided.


A collection of short cores were taken from the Canada Basin northwest of the Canadian continental shelf at depths of 3,600 to 3,700 m, where the bottom slope is less than 0.1°. The cores consist of turbidites and glacial-marine sediment as determined by diagnostic sedimentary character. The turbidite layers observed are graded and commonly contain a Bouma C to D transition. The glacial-marine layers generally exhibit a peloidal texture, and in some cores, contain striated pebbles. The peloidal texture consists of clots or pellets which have been aggregated in interstices between crystals of ice and have maintained their integrity despite falling through almost 4,000 m of water. Till and till peloids are released by ice rafted across the basin. A previously unrecognized lithostratigraphy, consisting of 20 laterally continuous units, is correlated over a wide area of the Canada Basin. Magnetic stratigraphy shows this sequence to be Pleistocene-Holocene in age. The stratigraphic sequence is dominantly turbidites with a minor number of ice-rafted layers, which represent a history of intermittent turbidity current deposition masking a slow, relatively constant influx of ice-rafted sediment. The glacial-marine sediment layers represent long periods between turbidite events. The Canada Basin lithostratigraphy has little similarity to the lithostratigraphy developed for turbidite-free sediment of a similar age from the adjacent Alpha Cordillera. End_of_Article - Last_Page 931------------


Object detection in E-commerce is a revolutionary concept which will take E-commerce to another level. One can compare the price of different products from various web merchants. Labeling, Categorizing, screening various E-commerce website for the same product can be tedious and take valuable time. Image analysis utilizing machine learning can ease the process and make it faster than ever. This project allows the customer to select from a variety of range and at the same time can compare the different parameters and selects the best out of it, and all this by just clicking the picture of the product you want. Since E-Commerce is a constantly growing and competitive market, comparing product prices is an important task for online retailers as well as for e-shoppers. Since web costs are refreshed once per day or significantly more regularly and there is an immense number of items offers on the Web the item and value information should be distinguished, gathered and thought about by a computerized methodology. This project contributes a novel approach for the automated identification and extraction of product price data from arbitrary e-shop websites which are independent of the Eshops' language and the product domain. The project is an android application to scan an object of desire and get various prices through the online merchants or ecommerce websites in the form of a list and then once you select an option it provides you with the buying option and also recommendations related to the product you selected making the whole shopping experience much easier and faster. And the main key point of the project is to get the user the best price for the desired product without going through the hassle of scrolling and comparing individual sites one after another. Indexed Terms — object detection, artificial intelligence, deep learning, image classification, e-commerce


Nitrate molten salt concentrating solar power (CSP) systems are currently deployed globally and are considered state-of the art heat transfer fluids (HTFs) for present day high-temperature operation. Although slightly higher limits may be possible with molten salt, to fully realize SunShot efficiency goals of $15/kWhth HTFs and an LCOE of 6¢/kWh, HTF technologies working at higher temperatures (e.g., 650 °C to 750 °C) will require an alternative to molten salts, such as with alkali metal systems. This investigation explores the development of a 2.0 MWth sodium receiver system that employs a sodium receiver as the HTF, as well as with a ternary chloride (20%NaCl/40%MgCl/40%KCl by mol wt.%) salt as a thermal energy storage (TES) medium to facilitate a 6-hr. storage duration. A sodium-to-salt heat exchanger model as well as a salt-to-sCO2 primary heat exchanger model are employed and evaluated in this investigation. A thermodynamic system design model was developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) where state properties were calculated at inlets and outlets along both hot and cold legs of the pilot-scale plant. This investigation assesses receiver performance as well as system efficiency studies for the pump and system operational ranges. Results found that high efficiency sodium receivers were found to have higher heat transfer coefficients and required far less spreading of incident flux. The system performance model results suggest that for a pump speed of 2400 RPM, respective hot and cold pump TDH values were determined to be 260.1–307 ft. and 260.1–307 ft for pump flow rates of 90–120 GPM.


This study aimed to elucidate the effects of linear acceleration on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in humans. Eight healthy young male volunteers were seated in a linear accelerator (sled) during the recording of their electrocardiogram, blood pressure with the Finapres, thoracic impedance and respiration curve. MSNA was recorded from the tibial nerve by microneurography. At a fixed distance of sled movements in an anteroposterior direction, eight modes of stimulation with peak accelerations at 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 G (gravity) in sinusoidal or step mode were applied to each subject. Each movement was repeated for 5 cycles. Both the total activity and the burst rate of MSNA decreased during acceleration, and the level of the decrease was proportional to the level of the acceleration, whereas the average heart rate, thoracic impedance and mean arterial pressure did not change significantly. These results suggests that moderate linear acceleration may suppress MSNA in humans.


We present GATE Teamware 2: an open-source web-based platform for managing teams of annotators working on document classification tasks. GATE Teamware 2 is an entirely re-engineered successor to GATE Teamware, using contemporary web frameworks. The software allows the management of teams of multiple annotators, project managers and administrators - including the management of annotators - across multiple projects. Projects can be configured to control and monitor the annotation statistics and have a highly flexible JSON-configurable annotation display which can include arbitrary HTML. Optionally, documents can be uploaded with pre-existing annotations and documents are served to annotators in a random order by default to reduce bias. Crucially, annotators can be trained on applying the annotation guidelines correctly and then screened for quality assurance purposes, prior to being cleared for independent annotation. GATE Teamware 2 can be self-deployed, including in container orchestration environments, or provided as private, hosted cloud instances.GATE Teamware 2 is an open-source software and can be downloaded from https://github.com/GATENLP/gate-teamware.A demonstration video of the system has also been made available at https://youtu.be/KoXkuhc4fmM.


The aim of this research was to develop a composite dental material that has a higher monomer conversion by replacing the commonly used bulk monomer Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate (BisGMA) with Urethane Dimethacrylate (UDMA) and by replacing Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) with a more biocompatible and larger diluent monomer Poly-Propylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (PPGDMA). The study assesses the effect of including an adhesion promoting monomer 4- Methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride (4META), and different levels of initiator Camphorquinone (CQ) and polymerisable activator2-Dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) on conversion, colour and clarity of composite monomers. The change in mass and volume and the final water sorption were evaluated for active composite materials that contained reminerelising monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) and antibacterial, polylysine (PLS) and the colour change effect was assessed following immersion of the active composite discs in different solutions. Methods: Composite monomers were prepared by mixing UDMA and either PPGDMA or TEGDMA at a 3:1 ratio. CQ & DMAEMA were added at 0.5, 0.75 or 1 wt%. All monomers contained the adhesion promoting monomer 4META at 5 wt% intially). A standard 7-μm glass was used at powder/liquid ratio (PLR) of 4. UV-spectrometry was used to assess the colour and clarity of the monomers. FTIR (infrared) was employed to determine monomer conversion (MC) with 40s light exposure at 1 mm depth. With the elimination of the activator DMAEMA, clear UDMA/PPGDMA monomers that also contained 3 wt% 4META were used with hybrid glass, MCPM and PLS to contract composite discs that were used to check mass and volume changes at 37 Co. The effect of extrinsic discolouration of the experimented MCPM and PLS containing composites was also evaluated visually and using a colour measuring instrument (spectroshade). Values of colour change were recorded in the form of ΔE and the change was compared to a commercial material Z250. Results: Composites prepared with PPGDMA had approximately 20% higher conversion. DMAEMA resulted in increased clarity of the monomers by enhancing dissolution of 4META as demonstrated by UV spectrometry. The addition of DMAEMA had no significant effect on MC of monomers containing PPGDMA but increased MC in those containing TEGDMA. CQ concentration enhanced colour. Maximum conversion was obtained with 0.75 wt% CQ in UDMA/PPGDMA, 3 wt% 4META composites. Active composites with PLR 3 and 5 wt% of PLS resulted in the highest percentage in mass change with more than 4%. Higher volume changes were obtained with formulations of PLR 4 and 5 wt% PLS. There was no significant difference on effect of extrinsic discolouration of composite discs when visually assessed, however, using the Spectroshade it was clear that composites with PLR 5 were discoloured the most. Conclusions: Monomer conversion can be improved by changing the monomer content of dental composites. This will result in a reduction of leaching of unreacted monomers into the oral cavity and therefore improve biocompatibility. Composites containing PPGDMA had a better monomer conversion compared to those with TEGDMA. In this research, the main intrinsic factor that affected the colour of the monomer was the concentration of CQ whereas the effect of extrinsic discolouration can be attributed to PLR.


Studies of the English Romantic poets generally portray them either as transcending the workings of capitalism or as working in complicity with an entrepreneurial economy. In "The Orphaned Imagination", Guinn Batten challenges standard accounts of Romantic poetry and argues that Wordsworth, Byron, Blake, Shelley, Keats, and Coleridge - each of whom suffered the loss of a father or father-figure at an early age - possessed an orphan's special insight into the dynamics and aesthetics of commodity culture and its symptomatic melancholia. Building on the theoretical insights of Slavoj Zizek, Judith Butler, Julia Kristeva, and Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Batten interweaves the discourses of psychoanalysis, economics, biography, sexuality, melancholy, value, and exchange to question accepted ideas of how Romantic poetry works.She asserts that poetic labour is in fact paradigmatic of the kinds of production-and the kinds of desire-that capitalist culture renders invisible. If symbolic exchange, in cash or in words, requires the surrender of a beloved object, if healthy mourning requires an orphan to 'work through' emotional loss through the consolation of art or a love for the living, then the rebellious Romantic poet, Batten contends, possessed unique insight into the alternative authority of a poetic language that renounced a culture of denial. Batten urges that scholars move beyond critical approaches condemning allegedly regressive forms of pleasure, recognising that they, too, are haunted by melancholic attachments to dead poets as they conduct their work. "The Orphaned Imagination" will interest anyone concerned with the claims of the English Romantic poets to a distinctive, valuable form of knowledge and those who may wonder about the power of contemporary theory to illuminate a traditional field.


The spectrum of singly ionized molybdenum has been recorded with Fourier transform spectrometers in the wavelength interval 1500–7000 Å. We report improved energy values for a total of 330 levels, 153 even and 177 odd, which belong to the 4d5, 4d45s, 4d35s2, 4d46s, 4d45d, 4d45p and 4d35s5p configurations. 110 of the levels have been found in the present analysis. We have also present calculated eigenvector components and oscillator strengths.


Balun is an important component in a wireless communication system, particularly in a microwave circuit. Its ability to accept an unbalanced input and produce balanced output makes it applicable in various wireless communication application. In this thesis, balun is used as a transformer and an impedance match for a wideband application. Planar balun is chosen over other types of balun because it has some good qualities such as low insertion loss and wide bandwidth. Coplanar waveguide and coplanar strip lines are used to design the balun. The balun transform the unbalanced CPW feed line to balanced CPS feed line. The baluns are design to operate at centre frequency of 3 GHZ. The impedance match between the cable and the balun is obtained using Chebyshev and Binomial multisection impedance transformer. An analysis using MathCAD of balun performance using the two impedance matching theories for three, four and five sections transformers are made. Results show that Chebyshev response has wider wideband bandwidth compare to Binomial response and the more the number of sections, the larger the bandwidth. The wideband transition from CPW to CPS is accomplished through slots in between the two structures. A rectangular slot is introduced to compare the results with other types of slot found in the literature review. The balun is intended to be used for spiral antenna.


Today, there is an increasing need for health-coalitions to handle situations such as the outbreak of diseases, earthquakes, or tsunamis throughout the world. Such situations arise most unexpectedly and need a rapid formation and deployment of a coalition of agencies to handle the situation. Interaction between coalition members (software systems) can be done using Web services over the ubiquitous Internet. The coalition members securely share the information resources of the individual members. Absence of a means to guarantee such security, especially when interacting over the public Internet, prevents organizations from joining the coalitions. In this paper, we summarize the results of our work in building a prototype of health services coalition system. Our system offers confidentiality and integrity to all the participating members and the services they share by using secure web services. It employs a secure coalition service registry (CSR) for member organizations to register the services that they wish to share. It ensures that only authenticated members access the coalition. Finally, we describe the prototype and possible extensions to the work.


Abstract Purpose: [131I]meta-iodobenzylguanidine ([131I]MIBG) is a targeted radiotherapeutic administered systemically to deliver beta particle radiation in neuroblastoma. However, relapses in the bone marrow are common. [211At]meta-astatobenzylguanidine ([211At] MABG) is an alpha particle emitter with higher biological effectiveness and short path length which effectively sterilizes microscopic residual disease. Here we investigated the safety and antitumor activity [211At]MABG in preclinical models of neuroblastoma. Experimental Design: We defined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), biodistribution, and toxicity of [211At]MABG in immunodeficient mice in comparison with [131I]MIBG. We compared the antitumor efficacy of [211At]MABG with [131I]MIBG in three murine xenograft models. Finally, we explored the efficacy of [211At]MABG after tail vein xenografting designed to model disseminated neuroblastoma. Results: The MTD of [211At]MABG was 66.7 MBq/kg (1.8 mCi/kg) in CB17SC scid−/− mice and 51.8 MBq/kg (1.4 mCi/kg) in NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice. Biodistribution of [211At]MABG was similar to [131I]MIBG. Long-term toxicity studies on mice administered with doses up to 41.5 MBq/kg (1.12 mCi/kg) showed the radiotherapeutic to be well tolerated. Both 66.7 MBq/kg (1.8 mCi/kg) single dose and fractionated dosing 16.6 MBq/kg/fraction (0.45 mCi/kg) × 4 over 11 days induced marked tumor regression in two of the three models studied. Survival was significantly prolonged for mice treated with 12.9 MBq/kg/fraction (0.35 mCi/kg) × 4 doses over 11 days [211At]MABG in the disseminated disease (IMR-05NET/GFP/LUC) model (P = 0.003) suggesting eradication of microscopic disease. Conclusions: [211At]MABG has significant survival advantage in disseminated models of neuroblastoma. An alpha particle emitting radiopharmaceutical may be effective against microscopic disseminated disease, warranting clinical development.


The case history of a patient having multiple myeloma with a remarkably high level of Bence Jones proteinuria (more than 20 g/day) is presented. The patient has responded well to therapy, and at no stage has he shown impairment of renal function as determined by creatinine clearance studies. A review of published reports has shown that such marked Bence Jones proteinuria at presentation is rare and is usually accompanied by renal impairment and a short survival. Additional presentation data from selected patients in the MRC First Myelomatosis Trial is presented. This suggests a higher incidence of marked Bence Jones proteinuria, and underlines the lack of correlation between the quantity excreted and the degree of renal impairment. The mechanisms by which Bence Jones protein may cause renal damage are discussed.


On incubation of [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin with human plasmin, porcine pancreatic kallikrein or bovine or porcine trypsin in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions [seco-39/40]aprotinin is slowly formed with enzymatic resynthesis of the reactive-site bond 15/16. With chymotrypsin, however, further degradation of [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin takes place without enzymatic resynthesis. The apparent rate constants for the synthesis of [seco-39/40]aprotinin with kallikrein and trypsin have been determined and indicate that the bond-forming reaction is 10-200-fold slower with [di-seco-15/16,39/40]aprotinin than with [seco-15/16]aprotinin. The newly formed [seco-39/40]aprotinin has similar kinetic constants for the complexation with its cognate enzymes as aprotinin, indicating that any distortion of the secondary binding region due to cleavage of the Arg39-Ala40 bond does not seriously influence binding and affinities.


Abstract. Oil spill modeling is considered to be an important part of a decision support system (DeSS) for oil spill combatment and is useful for remedial action in case of accidents, as well as for designing the environmental monitoring system that is frequently set up after major accidents. Many accidents take place in coastal areas, implying that low resolution basin scale ocean models are of limited use for predicting the trajectories of an oil spill. In this study, we target the oil spill in connection with the "Full City" accident on the Norwegian south coast and compare operational simulations from three different oil spill models for the area. The result of the analysis is that all models do a satisfactory job. The "standard" operational model for the area is shown to have severe flaws, but by applying ocean forcing data of higher resolution (1.5 km resolution), the model system shows results that compare well with observations. The study also shows that an ensemble of results from the three different models is useful when predicting/analyzing oil spill in coastal areas.


Background: Depression and anxiety can modulate immune-related molecule expressions. The chronic HBV-infected (CHB) patients suffer from inappropriate immune responses. Additionally, psychological disorders are prevalent among the patients. Thus, depression and anxiety may alter immune-related molecule expression. This study aimed to examine IPS-1 and RIP1 mRNA levels in CHB patients suffering from various degrees of anxiety and depression. Methods: Sixty patients with CHB participated in this research and completed standard questionnaires to evaluate depression and anxiety. The expression levels of IPS-1 and RIP1 were examined using real-time PCR techniques. Results: The result revealed that although the expression of IPS-1 and RIP1 did not change in the CHB patients with various ranges of depression and anxiety, IPS-1 was significantly decreased in the male CHB patients who suffered from mild, moderate, and severe depression when compared to the patients with no depression. Conclusion: So, it was hypothesized that depression may be associated with alteration in the expression of IPS-1 in a sex-dependent manner. In other words, it appears that the male CHB patients are at risk of depression-related alteration in immune-related gene expression.


Controlled removal of the present quantities of renal metabolites from the waste dialysate can be effected by electrochemical regeneration of the worked-out dialysate, which is based on the use of a dialyzing solution electrolyzer (DSE). A theoretical rationale for DSE functioning modes has been provided. A reaction model of urea oxidation on bimetallic titanium-platinum electrodes has been drawn up. A procedure for calculating the basic technical data of DSE is proposed. The paper presents the design and experimental findings of a 4-section monopolar electrolyzer with electrode parallel-series connection that ensures discrete control of the electrolyzer's anode current provided that the preset anode current density is preserved.


BACKGROUND
The relationship between Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia is currently unclear. We aimed to (a) assess psychotic symptoms in a consecutive series of adult patients with ASDs, (b) evaluate the comorbidity diagnosed to account for the concurrent psychotic symptoms in patients with ASDs, and (c) compare the clinical features between the patients with schizophrenia and patients with comorbid schizophrenia and ASDs.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
We included patients with ASD that were seen in adult psychiatric clinical settings during a 15-year period. The sample was further grouped according to the existence of a comorbid diagnosis of schizophrenia. Clinical and epidemiological features were assesed in in the whole sample, and further compared between the two groups.

RESULTS
We identified 26 patients with first-time diagnosed ASDs. Among the 22 cases who manifested psychotic symptoms (84.6%), 16 had a concurrent diagnosis of schizophrenia (72.73%) and 6 of mood disorders (27.27%). Compared with patients with schizophrenia patients with comorbid ASDs and schizophrenia were more often men, of younger age, and more frequently developed motor side effects to antipsychotics.

CONCLUSIONS
Adult psychiatric service users with ASDs are often misdiagnosed. This could be in part due to the fact that adult psychiatrists are not familiar with the diagnosis of ASDs. The high prevalence of psychotic symptoms in this sample is likely to depend on the specific setting of the study, i.e., that people with more severe forms of ASD than those typically followed-up in the national health service were reaching our public inpatient and private outpatient services. The high comorbidity rate between ASDs and schizophrenia could be related to shared neurobiology, but also to arbitrary restrictions imposed by current diagnostic systems.


It is known that injecting bubbles into shear flow can reduce the frictional drag. This method has advantages in comparison to others in simplicity of installation and also in environment. The amount of drag reduction by bubbles depends on the void fraction provided in the boundary layer. It means, however, that certain power must be consumed to generate bubbles in water, worsening the total power-saving performance. We propose oscillatory bubble injection technique to improve the performance in this study. In order to prove this idea of new type of drag reduction, velocity vector field and shear stress profile in a horizontal channel flow are measured by ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP) and shear stress transducer, respectively. We measure the gas-liquid interface from the UVP signal, as well. This compound measurement with different principles leads to deeper understanding of bubble-originated drag reduction phenomena, in particular for unsteady process of boundary layer alternation. At these experiments, the results have demonstrated that the intermittency promotes the drag reduction more than normal continuous injection for the same void fraction supplied.


Work is devoted to questions of distribution of restrictions on as much as possible admissible risk level for each enterprise of region at action of the mechanism of strong penalties, with the purpose of a safety in region not below some minimum level and increase in total profit of the enterprises


Resource-sharing is one of the grid intrinsic properties enabling efficient usage of services by clients from many virtual organizations. This is particularly true for network infrastructures, which are typically designed to serve a large number of heterogeneous users. In such an environment, the support of network quality of service requires the establishment of service level agreements between users and network service providers, admission control as well as network control planes for automatic or semi-automatic service provisioning. The availability of guarantees allows flexible usage of the distributed infrastructure and enables application-controllable performance. Nevertheless, many network providers today only offer best-effort services and do not support service level agreement signalling. In this paper we analyze requirements and introduce two bandwidth-oriented services for enhanced grid data transfer: the guaranteed delivery file transfer and virtual leased line services. We propose a complete architecture - fully integrated with grid middleware - for network service level agreement management and inter-domain network service provisioning. This is based on the functional division into agreement and service provider layers proposed by the Grid Resource Allocation and Agreement Protocol working group of the Global Grid Forum


Transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2), measured by two skin electrodes of different design, and arterial oxygen tension (PaO2), measured by an intravascular oxygen electrode, were continuously recorded for periods of six hours in 15 newborn infants with serious respiratory illnesses. Ten of the infants needed mechanical ventilation and three needed continuous positive airway pressure. One skin electrode had three microcathodes surrounded by a heated ring-shaped anode, and the other had a large heated cathode. The temperature of both electrodes was set at 44 degrees C and they were calibrated in vitro. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the microcathodes was found to estimate PaO2 reasonably accurately for the whole six-hour duration of the study. The tcPO2 recorded by the electrode with the large cathode gave a similar estimate of PaO2 for three hours, but then tcPO2 often fell relative to PaO2. This fall was probably caused by skin changes at the electrode site. For a variety of reasons, our results suggest that measurement of tcPO2 is unlikely to replace continuous intravascular measurement of PaO2 in infants with severe respiratory illnesses.


Background: Both frailty and cachexia increase mortality in haemodialysis (HD) patients. The clinical frailty score (CFS) is a seven-point scale and less complex than other cachexia and frailty assessments. We wished to determine the characteristics of frail HD patients using the CFS. Methods: Single centre cross-sectional study of HD patients completing physical activity questionnaires with bioimpedance measurements of body composition and hand grip strength (HGS). Results: We studied 172 HD patients. The CFS classified 54 (31.4%) as frail, who were older (70.4±12.2 vs 56.2 ± 16.1 years, p < 0.001), greater modified Charlson co-morbidity (3 (2–3) versus 1.5 (0–3), p < 0.001), and body fat (33 (25.4–40.2) versus 26.2 (15.8–34) %, p < 0.01), but lower total energy expenditure (1720 (1574–1818) versus 1870 (1670–2194) kcal/day, p < 0.01), lean muscle mass index (9.1 (7.7–10.1) versus 9.9 (8.9–10.8) kg/m2), and HGS (15.3 (10.3–21.9) versus 23.6 (16.7–34.4) kg), both p < 0.001. On multivariable logistic analysis, frailty was independently associated with lower active energy expenditure (odds ratio (OR) 0.98, 95% confidence limits (CL) 0.98–0.99, p = 0.001), diabetes (OR 5.09, CL 1.06–16.66) and HGS (OR 0.92, CL 0.86–0.98). Discussion: Frail HD patients reported less active energy expenditure, associated with reduced muscle mass and strength. Frail patients were more likely to have greater co-morbidity, particularly diabetes. Whether physical activity programmes can improve frailty remains to be determined.


This paper deals with the impact of supply chains on operations management at Ericsson Mobile Communications. It specifically deals with the transition of the Link÷ping plant from being a production unit to the role of a supply unit in a demand-driven supply chain. This change has had a great impact on many factors. We discuss and analyse the most important issues. These are related to supply chain structure and flexibility, reengineering the information flow, the management of the supply process, and performance measurement.


Model based predictions of future trajectories of a dynamical system often suffer from inaccuracies, forcing model based control algorithms to re-plan often, thus being computationally expensive, suboptimal and not reliable. In this work, we propose a model agnostic method for estimating the uncertainty of a model?s predictions based on reconstruction error, using it in control and exploration. As our experiments show, this uncertainty estimation can be used to improve control performance on a wide variety of environments by choosing predictions of which the model is confident. It can also be used for active learning to explore more efficiently the environment by planning for trajectories with high uncertainty, allowing faster model learning.


Charles Jarrett and P. D. Zuk have argued on independent grounds that Spinoza's Ethics delineates a moral antirealist/constructivist position. I reconstruct their basic arguments, present their textual evidence, and suggest that the evidence is, in principle, compatible with moral realism. As I argue, Jarrett and Zuk have opted for an antirealist/constructivist interpretation of the adduced textual evidence because they tacitly rely on a mistaken metaethical assumption: that relational normativity entails moral antirealism/constructivism. I explain why this is not the case by reference to Aristotle's virtue ethics, as well as by reference to various contemporary metaethical positions that conjoin relational normativity and moral realism. I conclude that the textual evidence Jarrett and Zuk rely on does not suffice to render Spinoza's Ethics unequivocally morally antirealist/constructivist and that the morally realist interpretation remains defensible.


LF is a dependent type theory in which many other formal systems can be conveniently embedded. However, correct use of LF relies on nontrivial metatheoretic developments such as proofs of correctness of decision procedures for LF's judgments. Although detailed informal proofs of these properties have been published, they have not been formally verified in a theorem prover. We have formalised these properties within Isabelle/HOL using the Nominal Datatype Package, closely following a recent article by Harper and Pfenning. In the process, we identified and resolved a gap in one of the proofs and a small number of minor lacunae in others. Besides its intrinsic interest, our formalisation provides a foundation for studying the adequacy of LF encodings, the correctness of Twelf-style metatheoretic reasoning, and the metatheory of extensions to LF.


Pond‐breeding amphibians have been characterized as having metapopulation structure, and a goal of many local restoration projects is to establish viable metapopulations. However, recent studies suggest that metapopulation organization is unlikely at the local level because of high dispersal rates between neighboring ponds. Although many amphibians avoid ovipositing in habitats that pose high predation risk to their offspring, the spatial scale of avoidance is poorly resolved for natural systems and could involve wholesale movements between ponds. To determine the scale of avoidance, we monitored annual habitat use by the Wood frog (Rana sylvatica), American toad (Bufo americanus), and Spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) at a restoration site in western North Carolina, U.S.A. Wood frogs consistently used most fish‐free ponds, but rapidly curtailed use following fish invasions. American toads rarely used the same breeding site from year to year, and adults strongly avoided ovipositing in habitats with predatory Wood frog tadpoles. Spotted salamanders exhibited a predator avoidance response to fish that was weaker than the predator avoidance response of anurans. Our data indicate that the spatial scale of predator avoidance by ovipositing amphibians often exceeds that of an individual pond and that the focal species at this site are organized as patchy populations rather than as metapopulations. At local restoration sites, ponds that are placed in spatial arrays to create metapopulations may not accomplish their goal and may limit the extent to which ovipositing adults can express an adaptive antipredator behavior. We discuss an alternative design that is more likely to enhance the long‐term persistence of local populations.


The present study focuses on changes in Indonesia after the fall of Soeharto in (cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:3)(cid:4) . It examines a dispute involving the central government, a provincial government, and Caltex Pacific Indonesia $ CPI %(cid:25) a multinational company based in Riau, over an oil block called Coastal Pekanbaru Plains $ CPP %& After democratization and decentralization, a new pattern of Indonesian politics has been in the making, the characteristics of which enable provincial politicians to create political networks with those who are powerful in Jakarta. Such political networks ' initiated from the provincial level ' did not exist within the New Order state. However, the CPP conflict illustrates their limits. The governor of Riau, Saleh Djasit, in challenging a policy decided by the central government, proved less able to set up a political network with powerful local and national politicians. Without substantial political backing, his challenge led to defeat and the dispute directly resulted in a climate inhospitable to foreign investors. -./01 (cid:25) (cid:25) (cid:17)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:20)


Biologically inspired dry adhesion has recently become a research hot topic because of its practical significance in scientific research and instrumental technology. Yet, most of the current studies merely focus on borrowing the concept from some finer biological contact elements but lose sight of the foundation ones that play an equally important role in the adhesion functionality. Inspired by the bending behavior of the flexible foundation element of a gecko (lamellar skin) in attachment motion, in this study, a new type of dry adhesive structure was proposed, wherein a mushroom-shaped micropillar array behaving as a strongly adhesive layer was engineered on a discretely supported thin film. We experimentally observed and analytically modeled the structural deformation and found that the energy penalty could be largely reduced because of the partial shift from pillar bending to film bending. Such behavior is very analogous in functionality to the lamellar skin in a gecko's pads and is helpful in effectively limiting the damage of the contact interface, thus generating enhanced adhesion even on a rough surface.


Previously, our epi-manufacturing group has reported on the growth of enhancement mode HIGFETs for cell phone applications [1]. Since that report two Emcore E-450 TurboDisk reactors have been installed capable of 5x6-inch growth. Both reactors are qualified to run the HIGFET product with a combined maximum average output of between 900-1000 wafers/week. The original single wafer epitaxial growth tool output was about 150 HIGFET wafers/week. There is a significant possibility of increased scrap events from improper epi due to the increased output of the two reactors, the difficulty in projecting the device electrical parameters from the finished epi, and the length of time between insertion in the line and initial test results. Our enhanced mode HIGFET structure (EMODE) is a fully depleted structure [2, 3] and does not lend itself to many standard production-oriented characterization techniques. Typically, one would use Hall, photoluminescence (PL) [4], and/or x-ray measurements to analyze this type of structure (with higher grown-in charge). These methods have limited correlation in this case [5]. Therefore, to minimize risk, we have developed a basic set of non-destructive characterization tools and coupled it with rapid processing to get initial electrical data. We use a Lehighton measurement coupled with a PL measurement as a pass/fail test after growth. The range and value of the Lehighton measurement can give us information about the charge level in the epi structure in general. We can then use the full-width-at-half-max value of the PL spectra to get information about the amount of the charge in the channel region. In this way we can tell the amount and general location of charge in the structure. Neither test is sufficiently accurate to measure electrical performance absolutely, but is instead useful as a go-no-go to the next step. Once the wafers pass the initial testing they are put into the process line. Rapid in-line results are obtained in four days, which give initial electrical parameter results. Based on these electrical results the wafers are qualified or downgraded.


This Article explores the constitutional aspects of Minnesota privacy law. Part II briefly explains federal privacy law to provide a baseline for consideration of privacy law in Minnesota. Part III examines the right of privacy as it has evolved in the Minnesota common law. Part IV evaluates the Minnesota Supreme Court's application of federal privacy standards and then examines the court's decisions that outline the right of privacy under the Minnesota Constitution. Part V concludes by raising questions concerning the potential application of the court's concept of privacy under the Minnesota Constitution as applied to two areas: samesex marriages and abortion rights.


This article argues that opportunities for unilateral influence within international bureaucracies create a delegation problem akin to that in coalition governments. Parties in coalitions that suspect each another of diverting from the coalition bargain avail themselves of mechanisms, such as junior ministers and parliamentary scrutiny, to monitor their coalition partners' actions within the executive. Similarly, states that suspect cooperating partners of abusing their unilateral influence within the bureaucracy employ mechanisms, reminiscent of those in coalition governments, in order to 'keep tabs' on one another. I illustrate the plausibility of this claim using the case of the European Commission. However, this delegation problem of interstate control can be expected to apply more widely. The article has implications for the study of international organization, international delegation and informal governance.


The study of land cover and land use dynamics are fundamental to understanding the radical changes that human activity is causing locally and globally and to analyse the continuous metamorphosis of landscape. In Europe, the Copernicus Program offers numerous territorial monitoring tools to users and decision makers, such as Sentinel data. This research aims at developing and implementing a land cover mapping and change detection methodology through the classification of Copernicus Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 satellite data. The goal is to create a versatile and economically sustainable algorithm capable of rapidly processing large amounts of data, allowing the creation of national-scale products with high spatial resolution and update frequency for operational purposes. Great attention was paid to compatibility with the main activities planned in the near future at the national and European level. In this sense, a land cover classification system consistent with the European specifications of the EAGLE group has been adopted. The methodology involves the definition of distinct sets of decision rules for each of the land cover macro-classes and for the land cover change classes. The classification refers to pixels' spectral and backscatter characteristics, exploiting the main multi-temporal indices while proposing two new ones: the NDCI to distinguish between broad-leaved and needle-leaved trees, and the Burned Index (BI) to identify burned areas. This activity allowed for the production of a land cover map for 2018 and the change detection related to forest disturbances and land consumption for 2017–2018, reaching an overall


Faculty working directly with first-year students in the Computer & Information Technology department at IUPUI wished to improve first-year student retention within the program. Initially the team focused on adjusting the flow of content in the program's foundational courses to ensure their relevance. One course in particular, an introduction to Problem Solving and Qualitative Analysis, was frequently criticized by students as they struggled with fairly abstract topics for which they did not see an immediate need. In addition to updating the course content, the faculty co-investigators designed two projects that integrated these first-year students into a sophomore-level course where problem-solving skills and systems analysis techniques were actively applied. These experimental projects were integrated into one section of the first-year course, as well as one section of the sophomore-level follow-up course. From a qualitative perspective, the project was well received by students. First-year students were actively engaged sophomore-level coursework, and higher-level students eagerly included them in projects. Buoyed by the initial success of the experiment, the investigators wish to apply similar techniques to all sections of the first-year course and quantitatively measure its impact on student outcomes in subsequent courses.


The magnetic abrasive prepared by sintering method, the aim is to change the internal structure of abrasive particles by sintering method, make the abrasive particles parceled on the surface of magnetic iron particles, and compared with the abrasive particles phase to get a kind of magnetic abrasive particles with high durability, strong magnetic, which can be magnetized in a magnetic field and improve processing efficiency and surface quality in magnetic abrasive machining. Sintering is used to prepare magnetic abrasive in this paper, to make iron particles, abrasive particles mixed with some binder, after suppression, drying, sintering, cooling, crushing and screening. This paper makes analysis for surface morphology and composition of the magnetic abrasive particles by scanning electron microscopy and discusses the effect that the abrasive particles size ratio, sintering time, sintering temperature on the magnetic abrasive, and the preparation of the magnetic abrasive process has been optimized.


The early stages of radio source evolution are studied using a modified version of our previously developed approach to the twin beam model. A continuous source of energy and relativistic plasma lies within a cloud of confining gas in an active galactic nucleus. The nature of ''engine'' is not specified, but we assume an initially symmetric ejection of plasma. The boundary between the relativistic plasma and the confining medium is calculated using several approximations, and we treat the source's nondimensional reduced luminosity, its offset from the confining cloud's center, and the cloud's eccentricity as the key parameters, as the other properties of the cloud can be coupled with the engine's power to give the reduced luminosity. We conclude: sources with low energy tend to form bubbles while those with higher luminosities form jets; larger offsets increase the probability of direct jet formation; higher eccentricities provide better collimation, as do smaller offsets; even low offsets produce single jets or plasmoid streams in one direction.


To evaluate the impact of Apis mellifera adansonii on pod and seed yields of Phaseolus vulgaris (red and small seeds), its foraging and pollinating behavior were studied in Maroua, during the June-August 2010 and 2011 cropping seasons. Treatments included unlimited floral access by all visitors, bagged flowers to avoid all visits, and limited visits of A. m. adansonii. Observations were made on 108 flowers per treatment of which all flower visitors were recorded. The bee seasonal rhythm of activity, its foraging behavior on flowers, and its pollination efficiency (fruiting rate, number of seeds/pod and percentage of normal seeds) were recorded. Twenty-four insect species visit P. vulgaris flowers. A. m. adansonii was the most frequent visitor and they intensely and exclusively foraged nectar. The foraging speed was 27.98 flowers/min. The foraging activity of A. m. adansonii resulted in a significant increase in fruiting rate by 61.25 and 49.38%, the number of seeds/pod by 28.54 and 9.66% and the normal seeds/pod by 8.18 and 7.25%, respectively in 2010 and 2011. Hence, conservation of A. m. adansonii hive close to P. vulgaris crop fields should be recommended to improve pod and seed production in the region.


Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease most commonly occur in females, aged and obese population. Knee osteoarthritis is most common. Repetitive stress or some trauma to joint or some genetic disorder may be the cause of osteoarthritis. Q angle is the quantifying value between patellar angle and quadriceps. There is valuable rise in the value of Q angle in knee OA patients because of increased medial tibial torsion. Standard value of Q angle is 17 for females and 14 for males. Objectives: To find out the variations of value of Q angle in knee OA. To find how BMI, age, gender affects the value of Q angle? Is there any effect of increased value of Q angle on foot arches? Materials and Methods: This study is a cross sectional study that has been conducted from December 2015 to June 2016. Data from 200 subjects was collected that had knee osteoarthritis (male and females) of different era. The data was collected from hospitals of Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Wah cantt. With the help of self created questionnaire. Different measuring devices including goniometer for measuring q angle measuring tape for sit to stand navicular drop test, are used weighing machine for weight measurement. Further analysis on collected data was made through SPPS.. Results: The study results showed the significant increment in value of Q angle was linked to weight and gender of the subjects. Value of Q angle was higher for overweight and obese females. Increased BMI was linked to increased risk of knee osteoarthritis. Chi-square test with cross tabulation was applied for the association of osteoarthritis and Q angle which were categorized in to 3. Category 1 was ranged from 14-20, category 2 was ranged from 20.1 to 25 and category 3 was ranged from 25.1 to 30 degrees. Chi square test results have shown p value is less than 0.005. This value is significant. Conclusion: The study concluded there was a marked rise in Q-angle in patient with knee OA who were obese ,overweight as compare to the normal BMI.OBESE PERSONS are prone to knee OA. The obese women normally have increased Q angle. Over-pronated feet or different position of foot also puts extra strain on the Q angle because of massive internal rotation of the tibia. Keywords: Osteoarthritis, Q angle


. This study is a pioneer study that examines directly how lecturers and other faculty members perceive the possibility of continued faculty work in research and teaching after reaching the retirement age. The topic of retirement age and the possibility of continuing to work beyond this age is a well-known issue that is arousing interest in general and in academia in particular. This is true especially in non-physical activities. Hence, the question is what is the added value and what are the limitations of retirement age in academia? 108 questionnaires administered to senior faculty were collected in a case study of a single university. Qualitative and statistical research tools were used, with the aim of creating a model that expresses faculty members' perception of work after reaching retirement age. The research findings indicate that even lecturers who are in favor of the retirement age restriction understand the value of emeriti experience and support their continued academic activity in research, guidance and, partially, in teaching. The condition is that the continued academic activity of emeriti shall not block the employment of young faculty members at academic institutions.


The increase in the intensity and frequency of natural disasters in recent years require new methods and tools to deal with this change. New approaches must be developed to ensure the safety of cities and settled communities from these events. Implementing the resilience of a territory requires an integrated approach to act simultaneously on physical, economic and social reality. The described research had investigated on possible tools to really improve physical and social dimension. Resilience is assumed as a paradigm within the project for the construction/transformation of the built environment. Is highlighted the fundamental role of the social component in determining priorities and security issues for each specific context. Physical and social environment are characterized, therefore, as an inseparable dyad for any action aimed at strengthening the resilience and safety of the environment built. In the implementation process of the resilience of an urban system, two closely interrelated areas are identified: for one, the community capability of implementing organizational-procedural adaptability; contrary, the physical space and the natural dimension, as a place of construction of the technological-spatial convertibility, and the ecological and environmental responsiveness. Among the several conditions to ensure adequate levels of connection and correlation with ecological factors, topological, social and technological developments of the built environment, in this paper are described those related to risk communication as fundamental first tool.


Previous financial disclosure literature suggests that private and public firms exhibit different characteristics in their financial reporting behavior. And yet literature on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions disclosure has so far paid little attention to private firms, despite the fact that this type of firm is responsible for significant GHG emissions. This study analyzes the GHG disclosure behavior of German private firms, considering not only the typical theoretical foundations in environmental disclosure literature – approaches from sociopolitical theories – but also arguments from disclosure theory. The results suggest that if a private firm's decision to disclose GHG emissions information is divided into two sequential steps – the first step being to decide whether or not to disclose such information, and the second being to decide on the extent of the information to be disclosed – these two steps can be assigned to two different disclosure incentives: the initial disclosure decision seems to be triggered by sociopolitical issues, while the decision on the extent of disclosure is driven by information demands of capital providers.


The concept of optimum shape of inductors is discussed. The optimum shape is defined to be that of the inductor which has the smallest volume for a given set of electrical specifications. This definition has the widest application and can be used to calculate the optimum shape. A dimensionless function of the proportions of the inductor is related to the definition and is used to calculate the optimum shapes of three types of core: toroidal, E, and pot cores. Equations are developed to help the reader calculate the optimum shapes of other types of core.


Abstract Objective: Perform longitudinal evaluations of young children during the first 12 months after initial hearing-aid fitting. Document evidence of early prelingual auditory development (EPLAD), identify factors that affect EPLAD, and define performance milestones that can guide best practices. Design: Unblinded, prospective, within-subject, repeated-measures design. Audiological measures and measures of EPLAD were taken at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months after hearing-aid fitting. Study sample: Subjects were 45 pediatric patients initially fitted with hearing aids between 1 and 5.5 years of age. Four groups were formed for analysis purposes based on severity of hearing loss (moderate-to-severe and profound) and initial fitting age (≤ 30 months and > 30 months). Results: All groups exhibited statistically significant increases in EPLAD within six months of hearing-aid fitting, and those with profound losses exhibited further statistically significant improvement between six and 12 months. Similar EPLAD levels were reached at 12 months regardless of severity of hearing loss. The EPLAD trajectory is similar to that following early cochlear implantation. Conclusions: Measures of EPLAD provide a means of evaluating outcomes following early pediatric hearing-aid intervention, supplementing behavioral audiological measures.


Estimating and understanding sediment exports in rivers is an important issue in river basin studies. Sediment fluxes result indeed from combined continental surface processes, as hillslope erosion, sediment transport, deposition and re-entrainment within the drained areas. We worked on over 400 river basins in order to cover a wide range of sediment discharge values and o gain insights on the spatial distribution of sediment exports. For each basin outlet, a data base was created from continuous (daily) measurements of stream flow and discrete (infrequent) measurements of concentration of suspended solids. Different methods were used to estimate sediment fluxes from available data. Resulting sediment fluxes could thus be compared between the different river basins. This part of the study emphasized the idea, based on the study of seldom basins with a larger SS data, that different methods pertain to different situations. Thereby a spatially distributed sediment budget was obtained for the major French river basins, including sub-catchments with unevenly distributed areas. The set of catchments covers the different kinds of French river basins with reference to their biogeomorphology, from mountainous natural settings to cultivated lowlands and also from temperate to Mediterranean areas. Based on sediment budget the source-to-sink dynamic of the sediment cycle, can be interestingly xamined by considering the redistribution processes within the landscape and the rivers networks. Our method is based on the use of indicators to describe hillslope processes, potential downstream retention , attempting to link river basin characteristics to a prediction of sediment exports in rivers. It provides insight in the identification of the most influent sediment redistribution processes on the total sediment fluxes, and the difference between various basin typologies.


The aim of this study was to assess diversity and composition of fungal communities in damaged and undamaged shoots of Norway spruce (Picea abies) following recent invasion of the spruce bud scale (Physokermes piceae) in Lithuania. Sampling was done in July 2013 and included 50 random lateral shoots from 10 random trees in each of five visually undamaged and five damaged 40-50 years-old pure stands of P. abies. DNA was isolated from 500 individual shoots, subjected to amplification of the internal transcribed spacer of fungal ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA), barcoded and sequenced. Clustering of 149426 high-quality sequences resulted in 1193 non-singleton contigs of which 1039 (87.1%) were fungal. In total, there were 893 fungal taxa in damaged shoots and 608 taxa in undamaged shoots (p<0.0001). Furthermore, 431 (41.5%) fungal taxa were exclusively in damaged shoots, 146 (14.0%) were exclusively in undamaged shoots and 462 (44.5%) were common to both types of samples. Correspondence analysis showed that study sites representing damaged and undamaged shoots were separated from each other, indicating that in these fungal communities were largely different, and therefore heavily affected by P. piceae. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that invasive alien tree pests may have a profound effect on fungal mycobiota associated with the phyllosphere of P. abies, and therefore, in addition to their direct negative effect owing physical damage of the tissue, they may also indirectly determine health, sustainability and ultimately distribution of the forest tree species.


Leucine rich repeats (LRRs) are present in over 20,000 proteins from viruses to eukaryotes. Two to sixty-two LRRs occur in tandem. Each repeat is typically 20-30 residues long and can be divided into an HCS (Highly conserved segment) and a VS (Variable segment). The HCS part consists of an eleven or a twelve residue stretch, LxxLxLxxNx(x/-)L, in which "L" is Leu, Ile, Val, or Phe, "N" is Asn, Thr, Ser, or Cys, "x" is a non-conserved residue, and "-" is a possible deletion site. Eight classes have been recognized. However, there are many unclassified or unrecognized LRRs. Here we performed to search novel LRRs using protein sequence database. The novel LRR domains are present over three hundred proteins, which include fungal ECM33 protein and Monosiga brevicollis LRR receptor kinase, from unicellular eukaryotes and bacteria. The HCS part is clearly different from that of the known LRRs and consists of a twelve or a thirteen residue stretch, VxGx(L/F)x(L/C)xxNx(x/-)L, that is characterized by the addition of Gly between the first conserved Val and the second conserved Leu. The novel LRRs identified here form a new family. The novel LRR domains were classified into four classes. The VS parts of the two classes are consistent with those of known, normal "SDS22-like" and "IRREKO" classes, while the other two classes have unique VS parts. The structures, functions, and evolution of the novel LRR domains and their proteins are described. The present results should stimulate various experimental studies.


Previous research has established that online shopping is the function of a series of consumer evaluation and assessment of e-commerce sites. However, building and maintaining trust in the virtual environment is indeed a complex process and by extension takes time to fully achieve it. This takes the form of assessing the technology as well as the trustworthiness of the vendor in delivering its promises to the customers The aim of this research was to investigate specific determinants or factors that influence consumer online trust in the B2C e-commerce with a focus on Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation consumers. In other words, constructs such as perceived security, perceived privacy, perceived third party assurance, perceived reputation, perceived familiarity and perceived website quality and their relationship with online trust in the B2C context were studied. In conducting the research, a convenience sampling technique was adopted in carrying out the survey. Questionnaires were distributed to the target respondents and the data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. A Pearson's correlation was used to test the six hypotheses identified in this study. Meanwhile, the results showed that five of the hypotheses were statistically significant with p 0.05, making us to reject the hypothesis as it was not statistically significant. Furthermore, a multiple regression analysis was also conducted in order to ascertain which of the constructs have a major influence with reference to consumer online trust. The results provided evidence that perceived security has the greatest influence on online trust for Ekaterinburg's consumer. This was followed closely by perceived reputation and finally perceived privacy. This clearly shows that Ekaterinburg's e-commerce consumer population considers these factors to be very imperative in engendering their trust in the virtual B2C e-commerce environment. These findings complement previous research findings in the domain of e-commerce trust. Keywords : E-commerce trust; B2C e-commerce; Perceived security; Perceived reputati


1. The present study investigated the mechanisms by which endogenous opioids regulate oxytocin secretion at the level of the posterior pituitary gland. Effects of the selective kappa‐agonist U50,488 on oxytocin secretion were studied in urethane‐anaesthetized lactating rats. Oxytocin secretion in response to electrical stimulation (0.5 mA, matched biphasic 1 ms pulses, 50 Hz, 60‐180 pulses) of the neurohypophysial stalk was bioassayed on‐line by measuring increases in intramammary pressure, calibrated with exogenous oxytocin. Intravenous (I.V.) U50,488 inhibited electrically stimulated oxytocin secretion, without affecting mammary gland sensitivity to oxytocin. The inhibition was dose related, with an ID50 of 441 (+194, ‐136) micrograms/kg and was naloxone reversible. Antagonism of endogenous beta‐adrenoceptor activation by propranolol (1 mg/kg) reduced the potency of U50,488. The selective mu‐agonist morphine (up to 5 mg/kg), had no effect on electrically stimulated oxytocin secretion, but depressed the mammary response to oxytocin. 2. In lactating rats given intracerebroventricular (I.C.V.) morphine infusion for 5 days to induce tolerance and dependence, I.V. U50,488 still inhibited electrically stimulated oxytocin secretion, but the ID50 was reduced to 170 (+78, ‐54) micrograms/kg; thus at the posterior pituitary the sensitivity of kappa‐receptors is enhanced rather than reduced in morphine‐tolerant rats, indicating the absence of cross‐tolerance. In these rats, naloxone produced a large, sustained, fluctuating increase in intramammary pressure indicating morphine‐withdrawal excitation of oxytocin secretion; I.V. U50,488 diminished this response, confirmed by radioimmunoassay, demonstrating the independence of mu‐ and kappa‐receptors regulating oxytocin secretion. 3. In pregnant rats, I.C.V. infusion of morphine from day 17‐18 of pregnancy delayed the start of parturition by 4 h, but did not significantly affect the progress of parturition once established, indicating tolerance to the inhibitory actions of morphine on oxytocin secretion in parturition, and lack of cross‐tolerance to endogenous opioids restraining oxytocin in parturition. 4. Neurointermediate lobes from control and I.C.V. morphine‐infused virgin rats were impaled on electrodes and perifused in vitro. Vasopressin and oxytocin release from the glands was measured by radioimmunoassay. Each gland was exposed to two periods of electrical stimulation (13 Hz, for 3 min). Naloxone (5 x 10(‐6) M) was added before the second stimulation; half the lobes from each I.C.V. treatment were exposed to 5 x 10(‐5) M morphine throughout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


Dehydrated spinach was treated by catalytic infrared radiation to improve the microbial safety and meet the national food hygiene standards. The effectiveness of infrared radiation and subsequent heat insulation to reduce total bacterial populations in dehydrate spinach was evaluated in comparison to high-temperature steam sterilization. In addition, the changes in color and chlorophyll content in dehydrated spinach before and after these treatments were analyzed. The results showed that after 180 s of high-temperature steam sterilization and then 30 min of hot-air drying at 70 ℃, the logarithmic amount of residual bacteria was-1.96 ± 0.06, color difference(Δ E) 21.61 ± 0.13, chlorophyll retention 64.98% and the observed results were-1.98 ± 0.05, 5.17 ± 0.83 and 84.62%, respectively, after 180 s of infrared radiation and then holding at 70 ℃ for 45 min. These data demonstrate that the effectiveness of infrared radiation followed by heat insulation for sterilizing dehydrated spinach is similar to that of high-temperature steam sterilization and is more helpful to maintain its quality.


Background Advance directives (ADs) describe individuals' preferences for life-sustaining treatments and/or surrogate decision-makers, to help avoid unwanted, burdensome treatments at the end-of-life. However, only 36.7% of adults have completed an AD. There is growing interest in adopting a public health approach to end-of-life care, including ADs. We describe the experience of Honoring Choices Tennessee (HCT) which developed a pilot program, Advance Directives at Work in Tennessee (AD@WorkTN), to enhance AD completion by the general public workforce. Methods The AD@WorkTN initiative targeted adults in the Tennessee workforce by engaging human resource (HR) leaders in educational presentations. Each workshop provided resources to employers to integrate ADs into the employee orientation and benefits enrollment process. Educational materials, web tools, podcasts, AD forms, and a demonstration of how to complete an AD were included. Participants were directed to the HCT website which contains the state advance directive documents and with detailed instructions, as well as the co-branded MyDirectives app (MYD), to securely upload completed ADs. In April 2021 a HCT sponsored PBS documentary on advance care planning was produced with statewide distribution. Results Over a 2-year period, 58 workshops were conducted for 260 human resources leaders representing 958 businesses. As a result, 23 businesses have included ADs as part of the employee benefit process. Additionally, a 2-year multifaceted public outreach campaign between 2019-21 has reached 2,950 employees and 958 businesses. Approximately 81,500 Tennessee viewers have seen the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) documentary on advance care planning. There have been 2,954 visits to the HCT website and 411 visits to the co-branded MyDirectives site. Conclusion AD@WorkTN is a promising model to promote integration of ADs into the employee orientation and benefits enrollment processes. Enhanced discussion and completion of ADs among employed individuals and enhanced public discourse such as podcasts and television productions may encourage intergenerational conversations about end-of-life care and documentation in healthcare records.


Dynamical X-ray diffraction in the Bragg geometry, under surface acoustic wave excitation, was found to be sensitive to small static and dynamic strains in almost perfect single crystals. An acoustic wave stimulates X-ray scattering processes that lead to various modifications in the shape of rocking curves, depending on the strain level of the sample and on the amplitude, w, of the acoustic wave. These modifications in strained Si crystals are studied by means of double-crystal diffractometry. A new strain analysis is proposed on the basis of the observed anomalous behaviour of the rocking curves width as a function of w.


(Shelling, 2000). Of interest is the lower copy number detection rate in our study (4%) compared with the detection rate of 48% in the recent publication by Quilter et al. (2010). Quilter et al. report that one of the 15 women with a CNV had primary amenorrhea. Possibilities to explain the differences in detection rate compared with this study may be differences in the age of onset of POF, or the presence of a positive family history of POF. Quilter et al. (2010) does not provide these demographic details. Further studies in larger numbers of POF patients clinically characterized by age of onset and the presence of a positive family history would help clarify the association between X chromosome CNV and POF.


Net extraction is crucial in VLSI design verification. Current algorithms for net extraction do not exploit the fact that the number, c, of different orientations of the line segments or polygons in a practical VLSI mask design is small relative to the number, n, of segments or polygon edges. Instead they rely on computing all intersections in the input and hence take time that is at least proportional to the number of intersections. In this paper we develop and implement a practical algorithm for net extraction that runs in O(cn1ogn) time and o(n) space, which is optimal for fixed c. The algorithm uses only integer operations and is, as a result, numerically stable. Experiments indicate that the algorithm will outperform existing algorithms on practical VLSI designs, We expect that the techniques presented will he useful in other VLSYCAD problems that operate with restricted orientation geometries.


A popular data-driven method for choosing the bandwidth in standard kernel regression is cross-validation. Even when there are outliers in the data, robust kernel regression can be used to estimate the unknown regression curve [Robust and Nonlinear Time Series Analysis. Lecture Notes in Statist. (1984) 26 163-184]. However, under these circumstances standard cross-validation is no longer a satisfactory bandwidth selector because it is unduly influenced by extreme prediction errors caused by the existence of these outliers. A more robust method proposed here is a cross-validation method that discounts the extreme prediction errors. In large samples the robust method chooses consistent bandwidths, and the consistency of the method is practically independent of the form in which extreme prediction errors are discounted. Additionally, evaluation of the method's finite sample behavior in a simulation demonstrates that the proposed method performs favorably. This method can also he applied to other problems, for example, model selection, that require cross-validation.


A number of well exposed and structurally simple, graptolite sections, ranging in age from latest Ordovician through Wenlockian strata are present in the northern Canadian Cordillera. Recent more detailed sampling permits much finer zonation, than previously possible. The fol1owing lower and middle Llandoverian zones (fol1owing the zonal scheme of Hutt 1975) are recognized or tentatively recognized: acuminatu.s Zone, ataVllS Zone, acinaces Zone, gregarius Zone, triangulatus Zone, magnus Zone?, argenteus Zone, convotutus Zone, sedgwicki Zone, and turricutatus Zone. The crlspus, griestoniensis and crenutata Zones are only tentatively and indirectly recognizable; instead, expanded and stratigraphically thick ~pirat!s and Cyrtograptus sakmaricus - C. taqueus zones appear to represent biofacies equi valents. The latter zone is correlated with the grandis and tapworthi Zone of some writers. The earliest Wenlockian centrifugus Zone may be present in a single section. The lowest Llandoverian perscutptus Zone is only tentatively recognized, but there appears to be no evidence for a stratigraphic break between the Ordovician and Silurian. Lower and middle Llandoverian zones are thin, whereas those of the upper Llandoverian are considerably thicker, a fact probably related to the temporal duration of the zones. Key w 0 r d s: Graptolites, stratigraphy, Silurian, Llandovery, Canada.


Twisted double bilayer graphene (TDBG) is an electric-field-tunable moiré system, exhibiting electron correlated states and related temperature linear (T-linear) resistivity. The displacement field provides a new knob to in-situ tune the relative strength of electron interactions in TDBG, yielding not only a rich phase diagram but also the ability to investigate each phase individually. Here, we report a study of carrier density (n), displacement field (D) and twist angle (θ) dependence of T-linear resistivity in TDBG. For a large twist angle (θ > 1.5°) where correlated insulating states are absent, we observe a T-linear resistivity (order of 10Ω/K) over a wide range of carrier density and its slope decreases with increasing of n before reaching the van Hove singularity, in agreement with acoustic phonon scattering model. The slope of T-linear resistivity is non-monotonically dependent on displacement field, with a single peak structure closely connected to single-particle van Hove Singularity (vHS) in TDBG. For an optimal twist angle of ~ 1.23° in the presence of correlated states, the slope of T-linear resistivity is found maximum at the boundary of the correlated halo regime (order of 100Ω/K), resulting a 'M' shape displacement field dependence. The observation is beyond the phonon scattering model from single particle picture, and instead it suggests a strange metal behavior. We interpret the observation as a result of symmetry-breaking instability developed at quantum critical points where electron degeneracy changes. Our results demonstrate that TDBG is an ideal system to study the interplay between phonon and quantum criticality, and might help to map out the evolution of the order parameters for the ground states.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the influence of retention-form design of resin bonded fixed partial dentures (RBFPDs).

METHODS
Forty-five metal replicas of posterior metal RBFPDs were divided into 3 groups(n=15):C shape(control group), C shape + axial groove, C shape + pin hole. All the replicas were luted with Panavia F cement and subgroup of 5 specimens were subject to 70 N compressive load cycling for 0 cycles, 240,000 cycles , and 1,200,000 cycles respectively .Half of the cycles was on the central fossa of the pontics and half on the buccal inclined surface of the lingual cusp. Forces for dislodgment of the specimens were applied along the long axis of the abutment at a cross head speed of 1.0 mm /min. The separation forces were recorded as maximum retention force at the time of dislodgement.

RESULTS
Separation forces of the C shape group (566.82+/-71.59 N)<axial groove group(656.07+/-137.29 N)<C shape + pin hole group (791.40+/-141.22 N) without compress load cycling . After 240,000 cycles, C shape group (539.37+/- 88.26 N) <axial groove group(599.19+/-82.38 N) <C shape + pin hole group (710.98+/-165.73 N). After 1 200 000 cycles, axial groove group(307.93+/-46.09 N) <C shape group (365.79+/-61.78 N) <C shape + pin hole group (505.04+/-125.53 N). The mean retention force was related to the design of the retention force and the fatigue cycles(P<0.001). When the fatigue cycles factor was controlled, separation force of the C shape + pin hole was greater than C shape + axial groove group and C shape group(P<0.05). The difference of C shape + axial groove group and C shape group was not significant (P>0.05). After 1,200,000 cycles, the retention force of the RBFPDs decreased significantly (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION
To compare with axial groove, the design of pinhole retention form was conduced to the improvement of the retention force and durability of RBFPDs.


In this article, the flow behavior around a NACA 0012 airfoil which is oscillating with different Reynolds numbers and in various amplitudes has been investigated numerically. Numerical simulations have been performed with ANSYS software. First, the 2D geometry has been studied in different Reynolds numbers and angles of attack with various numerical methods in its static condition. This analysis was to choose the best turbulent model and comparing the grids to have the optimum one for dynamic simulations. Because the analysis was to study the blades of wind turbines, the Reynolds numbers were not arbitrary. They were in the range of 9.71e5 to 22.65e5. The angle of attack was in the range of 41.81 to 41.81. By choosing the forward wind speed as the independent parameter, the others like Reynolds and the amplitude of the oscillation would be known automatically. The results show that the SST turbulent model is the best choice that leads the least numerical error with respect the experimental ones. Also, a dynamic stall phenomenon is more probable at lower wind speeds in which the lift force is less. Keywords—Dynamic stall, Numerical simulation, Wind turbine, Turbulent Model


The article reviews the jurisprudence of Lithuanian courts on private enforcement of competition law and identifies the main obstacles for the development of this practice. The analysis of the jurisprudence makes it possible to summarise that: most rulings of the Lithuanian courts relate to cases on the abuse of dominance; usually, dominant undertakings were allegedly applying discriminatory conditions towards the injured party and; most of the claims were presented as follow-on actions after a decision of the Competition Council. The courts held that damages caused by a breach of competition law have to be recovered in accordance with Lithuania's main principles of civil responsibility. At the same time, the courts made it clear that their jurisprudence is based on the rulings of European Courts and the main principles of EU competition law. The main obstacles for the successful development of antitrust damages claims in Lithuania are, inter alia: complexity of competition cases; difficulty in obtaining substantive evidence; proving a consequential relationship and; high legal costs. The article also analyses substantial and procedural provisions of Lithuanian legislation that regulate the submission of antitrust damage claims.


The RDF data model allows publishing interlinked RDF datasets, where each dataset is independently maintained and is queryable via a SPARQL endpoint. Many applications would benefit from querying the resulting large, decentralized, geo-distributed graph through a federated SPARQL query processor. A crucial factor for good performance in federated query processing is pushing as much computation as possible to the local endpoints. Surprisingly, existing federated SPARQL engines are not effective at this task since they rely only on schema information. Consequently, they cause unnecessary data retrieval and communication, leading to poor scalability and response time. This paper addresses these limitations and presents Lusail, a scalable and efficient federated SPARQL system for querying large RDF graphs that are geo-distributed on different endpoints. Lusail uses a novel query rewriting algorithm to push computation to the local endpoints by relying on information about the RDF instances and not only the schema. The query rewriting algorithm has the additional advantage of exposing parallelism in query processing, which Lusail exploits through advanced scheduling at query run time. Our experiments on billions of triples of real and synthetic data show that Lusail outperforms state-of-the-art systems by orders of magnitude in terms of scalability and response time.


Fairness is important to people in different roles, especially in the workplace. Scientists have traditionally studied organizational justice at the individual level of analysis, dealing with employees' individual justice evaluations. Although this perspective remains important, justice can be explored at the group level of analysis as well. Justice climate represents team members' shared perception of justice in the workplace. It usually emerges through modeling behavior, or through the social information processing. Shared justice perceptions can originate from the processes that, as the time goes by, make co-workers more similar to one other. Individuals and teams assess three things: outcomes (distributive justice), decision-making processes (procedural justice) and interpersonal treatment (interactional justice). Teams, as well as individuals, can attribute (in)justice to numerous sources, as long as they hold that source accountable for the treatment they are experiencing. Therefore, employees can evaluate formal authorities' justice (climate), such as supervisor or organization as a whole, but the justice (climate) from the ones that do not have the formal authority over each other, their peers or clients. Accordingly, employees can simultaneously perceive one source as entirely fair while the other as completely unfair. Perceptions of justice, both individual and group ones, are associated with numerous organizationally relevant outcomes, expressed in the form of attitudes or behaviors. The interaction of different sources of justice (climate) has significant effects on employees (shared) reactions as well. Justice climate, as a collective construct, is differentially operationalized at the higher level: additive compositional model, direct consensus model, referent-shift approach model, dispersion model and the process composition model. This paper provides an overview of the up-to-date findings, as well as the guidelines for further justice climate research.


Emission, excitation, and absorption spectra of isophthalaldehyde (benzene-1,3-dicarboxaldehyde) vapor have been measured at different temperatures, along with the UV-vis and IR absorption spectra in solution. Analyses of the temperature dependence of the phosphorescence and excitation spectra of isophthalaldehyde vapor revealed the energetic relationships among the three rotational isomers in the T1(n, pi*), S1(n, pi*), and ground states. This appears to be the first example of the system where the S0, T1, and S1 energy levels are determined for the three rotational isomers. The phosphorescence, fluorescence, and excitation origins of the three rotamers were assigned on the basis of the results of the density functional theory (DFT) and semiempirical SCF-MO calculations and infrared data as well as on the basis of the temperature dependence of the emission and excitation spectra.


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

T-bet is a T-box transcription factor (Tbx21) previously identified as a master regulator of Type-1 polarization in T cells. We have previously demonstrated that ectopic expression of hT-bet converts dendritic cells (DC) into Type 1-biasing APCs. In the current study, we investigated whether mouse DC overexpressing mT-bet promote superior Type 1 anti-tumor T cell responses when applied as an intratumoral therapy. CD11c+ DCs were then purified and transduced with recombinant adenovirus to express high levels of mT-bet. DC. mT-bet stimulated stronger Tc1 and Th1 T cell responses when compared with control DC and retained the capacity to kill and then uptake tumor cells/debris, allowing for the cross-priming of specific T cell responses in vitro. Surprisingly, in contrast to human DC. T-bet, CD40L-activated DC. mT-bet produced elevated levels (vs. control DC) of IL-12p70/TNF-α. DC. mT-bet exerted potent anti-tumor activity in the (day 7 established) s.c. CMS4 sarcoma after intratumoral administration. These anti-tumor effects were mediated primarily by Tc1 cells, however, both CD4+ T cells and NK cells appeared to also be involved in therapeutic response. In situ imaging suggested that DC. mT-bet treatment inhibited the accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor-associated vascular structures. Collectively, these findings suggest that DC. mT-bet-based therapy has the potential to promote superior Type-1 anti-tumor immunity in vivo.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3824.


Active noise-reduction headsets currently on the market use feedback-type controllers. This choice of configuration results in the active control of only low-frequency harmonics (usually under 1000 Hz). Moreover, no discrimination is made by feedback algorithms and any predictable acoustic signal, within the control band, is attenuated. Consequently, in addition to cancel the noise, the feedback-type headset will affect speech, alarms and other predictable useful signals, resulting in a discomfort sensation for the user. Also, in order to allow those headsets to attenuate higher frequencies, they are often combined with a passive attenuation shell, with consequence that the user does not hear any useful signal and has almost the feeling of being deaf. A solution to this problem is to use a feedforward controller instead of a feedback controller, thus allowing the headset to: Actively cancel high frequency components of a harmonic disturbance, Cancel only the disturbance without modifying useful signals, and Be light and comfortable (the headset can be of open type, since no passive attenuation is required).


We consider the space-time at short distances in which it is described by a D-dimensional manifold (bulk) carrying out the principal bundle structure. As a result, this space-time manifold is foliated in the covariant way by the (D− 4)-dimensional submanifolds, realized as the space-like internal spaces, that are smooth copies of the Lie group G considered in this paper as the special unitary group. The submanifolds being transversal to the internal spaces are realized as the external spaces and in fact identified as the usual 4-dimensional world. The fundamental degrees of freedom determining the geometrical dynamics of the bulk corresponding with short distance gravity are given by the gauge fields, the external metric field and the modulus fields setting dynamically the volume of the internal spaces. These gauge fields laying the bulk is to point precisely out the local directions of the external spaces which depend on the topological non-triviality of the space-time principal bundle. The physical size of the internal spaces is fixed dynamically by the moduli stabilization potential which completely arise from the intrinsic geometry of the bulk. A detail description of the low energy bulk gravity in the weak field limit is given around the classical ground state of the bulk. Additionally, we investigate the dynamics of the fundamentally 4-dimensional Weyl spinor fields and the fields of carrying out the non-trivial representations of the Lie group G propagating in the bulk in a detail study. These results suggest naturally the possible solutions to some the experimental problems of Standard Model, the smallness of the observed neutrino masses and a dark matter candidate. PACS numbers: 04.50.-h, 02.40.-k, 04.60.-m, 11.25.Mj Electronic address: email@example.com


A regional lithogeochemical survey in the Bendigo region of central Victoria, Australia, covering an area of 3,750 km2 and including the giant Bendigo gold field and other large regional gold fields such as Maldon, Castlemaine, and Fosterville, was completed in 2004 by Ionex Pty Ltd. A total of 142 rock samples were collected and analyzed for gold and associated elements. Extensive areas having an anomalously low gold content (termed "depletion zones") were detected in the vicinity of known gold fields and constitute a large proportion of the surveyed area. The results show that the gold content in the depletion zones is 70 percent below regional background levels.

The Bendigo gold field itself is located within a positive gold anomaly (enrichment zone) with an average value of 14 ppb in all rock types and an extent of approx. 100 km2. To the north is a depletion zone on the order of 700 to 800 km2, with an average gold content of less than 0.5 ppb in all rock types. In total, the gold enrichment and depletion zones occupy an area of more than 1,000 km2 against a regional background of 0.7 to 4.7 ppb Au (avg 1.29 ppb). If this depletion zone extends to a depth of 2 km, the volume of depleted rock would be at least 1,400 km3 and the extent of apparent depletion would be 3,000 to 4,000 tonnes (t) of gold.

The quantum of apparent gold depletion at Bendigo is on the same order of magnitude as the gold enrichment in the Bendigo gold field and associated dispersion haloes (3,000 t Au). Substantial depletion zones are also present adjacent to the other important gold deposits within the survey area. The presence of extensive gold depletion zones adjacent to the major gold deposits of central Victoria raises the possibility that these rocks were a source of gold in the deposits. These findings provide possible new criteria for the appraisal of prospective regions.


We report on an experimental case study of personalized lighting controls built on top of an infrastructure designed to enable rapid development of applications in commercial buildings. Our personalized lighting controls (PLC) use an existing standard commercial building lighting automation system and require no new hardware to deploy. PLC presents occupants with a "shared virtual light switch" accessible online and easily viewable on smart phones by scanning a QR code. It embodies three important design principles: individual empowerment with localized human-centered resolution, token effort for energy consumption and return to a low-power state when inactive. After deploying our lighting controls on two new floors of a large research building on campus, we show a sustainable reduction in lighting energy of 50% to 70% on both floors over 12 weeks, continuing to this day. These savings are found to come from a combination of reducing brightness and keeping lights on less often, especially during evenings and weekends.


A behavior of economic agents in many respects depends on taking into account those conditions that have appeared around them. Traditionally, to such conditions, researchers have referred the uncertainty and factors of the institutional control, often projected on a value of the transaction costs. Studies in stimulants for any form of the agents' behavior lead us to an analysis of the Coase theorem, which is expected to explain a number of similar regularities. However, ambiguous approaches to the theorem interpretation generate conflicts in a perception and identification of externalities. It is a solution to this challenge, which is a focus of this research. In a critical review of works by Coase and his followers, the theorem statement has been made clearer; we have also put forward a hypothesis on an origin of the externalities and introduced additional criteria to identify them. The paper has given a scientific rationale for an author's assumption that the utility of impure goods depends on the vector of the externalities, which ultimately determines the stratification in a field of the externalities (positive or negative).


The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Red L. platyphylla (RLP) on calcium and glucose levels during insulin secretion. To achieve this, alteration of insulin and calcium concentrations was measured in rat insulinoma-1 (INS-1) cells and animal models in response to RLP treatment. In INS-1 cells, maximum secretion of insulin was detected upon treatment with 200 µg/mL of RLP for 20 min. Nifedipine, an L-type calcium channel blocker, effectively inhibited insulin secretion from INS-1 cells. Regarding calcium levels, the maximum concentration of intracellular calcium in INS-1 cells was obtained by treatment with 100 µg/mL of RLP, whereas this level was reduced under conditions of 200 µg/mL of RLP. Further, RLP-treated INS-1 cells showed a higher level of intracellular calcium than that of L. platyphylla (LP), Korea White Ginseng (KWG), or Korea Red Ginseng (KRG)-treated cells. This RLP-induced increase in intracellular calcium was abrogated but not completely abolished upon treatment with 40 µM nifedipine in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the insulin level was dramatically elevated upon co-treatment with high concentrations of glucose and RLP, whereas it was maintained at a low level in response to glucose and RLP co-treatment at low concentrations. In an animal experiment, the serum concentration of calcium increased or decreased upon RLP treatment according to glucose level compared to vehicle treatment. Therefore, these results suggest that insulin secretion induced by RLP treatment may be tightly correlated with calcium regulation, which suggests RLP is an excellent candidate for diabetes treatment.


Lee Hyo Seok wrote "Yeo Su" (여수) as the novelization of Julien Duvivier's film, Pepe le Moko, which is translated into Nostalgia (망향) under the Japanese Empire. For the most part, Korea under Japanese rule accepted Western literature and movies through Japan. Therefore, Western cultural products that arrived in colonial Chosun are a reflection of the two kinds of empires. The main character of Pepe le Moko, Pepe, is captivated by Gaby. Here, Gaby represents the modern city Paris, and this is the reason Pepe became disillusioned with Casbah, which gave him shelter. That means he suffers from nostalgia for a modern nation (or city), and Japan replaces Pepe's nostalgia with homesickness. It's only possible to empathize with a modern nation. Because modernity is not completed in the colonial Chosun, however, modernity occasionally is understood as a consequence of the colonization. In this context, the study focuses on the mutual negotiation of literature and film on the path of cultural acceptance in the colonial era of Chosun. In contrast to the pursuit of Eurocentric identity revealed in the film, Lee strove to create characters who were excluded from the severe competition among empires. As a result, the narrator of "Yeo Su" identifies himself as a traveler because he projects himself onto stateless people. As well, the nostalgia of the empires is switched to traveller's melancholy.


In issuing Perppu, president's power seems to be "power full", it can not get any intervention from any other institution until the trial in DPR decides whether the Perppu is approved or rejected. This research raises some problems; first, what is the measurement or basic of forming Perppu by President? Second, what is the substance and content of the state of emergency that leads the forced crisis? The research method is based on primary and secondary law material, and it is done through literature study and it used juridical approach method. The research result concludes, first, the measurement or basic of forming Perppu by president is based on the condition or event that is extraordinary (abnormal) from a state, in the form of the state of emergency. Second, the substance or content of the state of emergency that leads the forced crisis contains of three elements, which are, first, the element of dangerous threat; second, the element of reasonable necessity; and third, the element of limited time. Key words : State constitution, state of emergency, president's power


The main goal of the work is to show how the kind of substrate and heat sink of integrated circuit or system influences the thermal dynamics of the circuit or system. The investigation leads to the solution of an unsteady state thermal model with analytic method and determination of the thermal time constants of various active and passive substrates and heat sinks. The results show that cheaper materials without any losses of thermal dynamics can replace expensive substrates and heat sinks. Theoretical procedure carried out step by step presents the way of unsteady state temperature computation with analytic method. It can be helpful for determination of the temperature of the chip during unsteady state in any point of the chip, average temperature and thermal time constant of the substrate.