The in vitro incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA by the spermatogenic cells of the rat has been analyzed by high-resolution autoradiography. Special attention has been focused on the unique cytoplasmic organelle, the chromatoid body. After a short labeling time (2 h), this organelle remains unlabeled in the vast majority of the early spermatids although the nuclei are labeled. When the 2-h incubation with [3H]uridine is followed by a 14-h chase, the chromatoid body is seen distinctly labeled in all spermatids during early spermiogenesis from step 1 to step 8. Very few grains are seen elsewhere in the cytoplasm of these cells. When RNA synthesis in the spermatid ceases, the chromatoid body also remains unlabeled. It is likely that the chromatoid body contains RNA which is synthesized in the nuclei of the spermatids. The function of this RNA as a stable messenger RNA needed for the regulation of late spermiogenesis is discussed. The chromatoid body in the spermatogenic cells was first described by Benda (1) more than 80 yr ago. The questions of its origin, chemical composition, and function are, however, still unsolved. Light microscope histochemical techniques have suggested that it contains RNA and basic proteins rich in arginine (4, 27, 28), but electron microscope histochemical techniques have failed to confirm the presence of RNA in the chromatoid body (6). It has been suggested that the chromatoid body arises from the nucleus (27) or from the nucleolus (3). It also has been proposed that it has a cytoplasmic origin from the mitochondria (9). The changing relationships of this organelle during spermatogenesis, and the possible association with mitochondrial clusters during the pachytene stage and thereafter with the nuclear pores during early spermiogenesis, support the view that the chromatold body may be dependent on both DNA-containing organelles of the cell (8). The chromatoid body may have a role in the formation of the acrosomic system during early spermiogenesis and the flagellum and associated structures during late spermiogenesis, when RNA synthesis of the spermatids has ceased (9, 23). The observations which demonstrate that (a) the chromatoid body during early spermiogenesis has contact with intranuclear material through pores in the nuclear envelope, and (b) the intranuclear material appears to be similar in structure to the chromatoid body (30) have led us to assume that the chromatoid body has a role in the RNA metabolism of the developing male germ cells. This has now been studied further by using electron microscope autoradiography and labeling with tritiated uridine. M A T E R I A L AND METHODS


Food systems are increasingly challenged to meet growing demand for specialty crops due to the effects of climate change and increased competition for resources. We apply a novel integrated methodology that includes climate, crop, economic, and life cycle assessment (LCA) models to US potato and tomato supply chains. We assess the effectiveness of changing management strategies to address climate change and the opportunity to relocate away from regions with increased water scarcity. We find that supply chains for two popular processed products in the United States, French fries and pasta sauce, will be remarkably resilient, through planting adaptation strategies that avoid higher temperatures. Land and water footprints will decline over time due to higher yields, and GHG emissions can be mitigated by waste reduction and process modification. Our integrated methodology can be applied to other crops and geographies, and the results could inform decision-making at multiple steps along supply chains.


Participatory action research can be instrumental for identifying resilience strategies that are adaptable to different ecological, economic, and social conditions. The systems-based approach allows for the consideration of multiple scales and feedbacks among household, community, and regional interactions. In rural villages in Lindi District, in southern Tanzania, most households grow maize for their own food consumption, and rice and sesame for sale to markets. Despite access to fertile land, agricultural production is low given lack of appropriate technology, unavailability of agricultural inputs, and challenges of market access. Increased climate variability is likely to escalate the vulnerability of smallholder farmers. Lindi District is located about 70 km from urbanized regions where natural gas deposits have been recently discovered, and the urban population is expected to grow with economic development. Urbanization is likely to create significant social and economic change throughout the region, including a transformation of food systems. In Lindi District, farmers may be able to take advantage of an expanding market by diversifying and intensifying cropping systems to meet the demands of a growing urban population. However, weak land tenure systems and poorly defined property rights leave rural smallholders vulnerable to loss of farmland access. Furthermore, young people may be attracted to cities for employment, leaving fewer people in rural areas to work in agriculture. The issue is complicated further by significant uncertainty with regard to the pace of economic development, changing patterns of consumer demand, the availability of inputs and other resources, and the implications of climate change. Rural communities in sub-Saharan Africa face numerous challenges and opportunities in an environment characterized by ongoing economic, ecological, and social change at multiple scales. This discussion aims to examine how a participatory research framework can be used to address a complex community-scale problem. An interdisciplinary group of researchers at Michigan State University is involved a long-term collaborative alliance of local and international organizations dedicated to improving local livelihoods and enhancing community resilience by engaging in new forms of social learning and problem solving with communities by promoting participation and civic engagement. The framework of the approach is participatory action research for food systems innovation, involving smallholder farmers, researchers, agricultural extension officers, and community members in an attempt to use social learning for adaptation to change. A key feature of effective participatory research is an iterative process with assessment and co-learning that involves all stakeholders. The objectives are to integrate scientific and local knowledge for improved decision-making about community resilience and to build capacity for rural communities to adapt and prosper in the face of economic change. These issues raise several questions about strategies to promote social-ecological resilience in rural communities. How can a


This article previews the issues and arguments in Bowen v. Common wealth of Massachusetts, on the Supreme Court's 1987-88 appellate docket. The issue in this case concerns whether Massachusetts, In suing to reclaim more than eleven million dollars in federal grant.in-aid money, may sue in federal district court or must sue in the United States Claims Court. In the alternative, the Court may decide whether it is permissible for a district court to split the state's claims in two, retaining jurisdiction over those nonmonetary claims seeking prospective relief, while sending monetary claims in excess of ten thousand dollars to the Claims Court.This controversy is about the proper place to sue the federal government. Ordinarily, that is a fairly simple matter. If you are a defense contractor and the government refused to pay for manufacturing a military satellite, you would sue the government for more than $10,000 in the United States Claims Court under the "Big Tucker Act." If you manufactured the lug nuts and the government refused to pay, you would sue for less than $10,000 In federal district court under the "Little Tucker Act." If the satellite fell on your house, you would sue in federal district court under the Federal Torts Claim Act. Finally, If you wanted an injunction and declaratory judgment that such satellite trajectories were impermissible, you would sue In federal district court under the Administrative Procedure Act.A nasty little problem arises, however, if you want to sue the government seeking both large monetary damages and equitable relief. For example, If you want to sue for breach of contract for failure to pay for the satellite, as well as for an injunction restraining the government from future breach, it is unclear where to adjudicate these claims. Do the different statutes require the claims to be heard exclusively in the Claims Court, or the federal district court? Is it appropriate for the claims to be split and heard in different courts? What does legislative history suggest, precedent mandate and justice require?Clearly, as long as monetary and equitable relief are raised in separate actions, the Administrative Procedure Act and Tucker Act are compatible and fairly clear in scope. When a complaint raises mixed claims a dispute arises as to the appropriate forum for relief. On this issue the Circuit Courts of Appeal are split concerning the proper solution. Some courts, including the Fourth, Fifth and Tenth Circuits, have adopted a "primary purpose" test which asks whether the primary purpose of a complaint Is to seek past due money rather than effect an ongoing federal-state relationship.If this is so, the entire case must be transferred to the Claims Court. On the contrary, other circuits including the First Circuit have adopted a "prospective significance" test which looks to whether the dispute concerns a legal issue that has "significant, prospective effect between the federal agency and the affected state." If this Is so, then the federal district court properly may hear the entire case, or in the alternative, transfer only the monetary claims to the Claims Court.As this case is currently presented to the Supreme Court, both sides are urging that the problem is more one of characterization than statutory Interpretation. Massachusetts now asserts that its complaint never sought monetary relief but only federal judicial review of an agency action. Therefore, relief is exclusively vested in district court. The Secretary of HHS, on the contrary, urges that Massachusetts cannot evade jurisdictional imperatives by artfully pleading its forms of relief, or by recasting its requests as nonmonetary. What is really at stake, however, is the extent to which the Supreme Court wishes to sanction and encourage the consolidation of claims against the federal government in the Claims Court in Washington, D.C., with appeal exclusively to the Federal Circuit. There is some support for the view that the Supreme Court would like to centralize all large monetary claims against the government in one court, to encourage uniformity of results. In addition, the government conjures up the evil effects of forum shopping and attendant res Judicata implications if the Court now sanctions claim splitting in different federal arenas. Massachusetts, in response, urges that citizens and states be spared the burden of having to appear in Washington to sue the government for redress.


The closed-form expression for the current noise spectral density for a disordered conductor has been found starting from the general principles of Gaussian fluctuation statistics, without making ad hoc assumptions about the form of the distribution function of the relaxation times of the defects with internal degrees of freedom. It allows one to analyse the noise characteristics of the system consistently at arbitrary frequencies f and temperatures. On applying it to metals with frozen strains, we succeed in giving a quantitative interpretation of the phenomenon. The theory: (i) demonstrates almost behaviour of over a frequency interval that expands sharply with the growth of disorder in the metal; (ii) leads to `saturation' of at low f; (iii) gives a convergent integrated intensity for the current noise; (iv) describes completely the temperature dependence of the empirical Hooge factor. Our theory also predicts a narrowing of the region (to a point where it actually disappears) with temperature increase that is well known experimentally for semiconductors but has not received a consistent theoretical interpretation up to now.


This article presents a Model Predictive Control framework with a visuomotor system that synthesizes eye and head movements coupled with physics-based full-body motions while placing visual attention on objects of importance in the environment. As the engine of this framework, we propose a visuomotor system based on human visual perception and full-body dynamics with contacts. Relying on partial observations with uncertainty from a simulated visual sensor, an optimal control problem for this system leads to a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process, which is difficult to deal with. We approximate it as a deterministic belief Markov Decision Process for effective control. To obtain a solution for the problem efficiently, we adopt differential dynamic programming, which is a powerful scheme to find a locally optimal control policy for nonlinear system dynamics. Guided by a reference skeletal motion without any a priori gaze information, our system produces realistic eye and head movements together with full-body motions for various tasks such as catching a thrown ball, walking on stepping stones, balancing after being pushed, and avoiding moving obstacles.


Retailers often play the role of co-brokers in the marketing channel, their decisions affect the optimal profit of the manufacturers at upstream and consumer surplus at downstream. So the research of retailer's optimal decision has a strong theoretical and practical significance. This paper assumes that the demand function is a function of the retail price and the marketing cost, and set up three stages model to solve the optimal strategy of retailer. We introduce marketing costs into demand rate, and get the optimal retail price, marketing costs and order quantity of retailer. The study shows that: wholesale price, order costs and demand elasticity of marketing costs have positive impact on marketing costs, while price elasticity of demand and order quantity have negative impact. Ordering costs, wholesale price and marketing cost flexibility of demand have positive impact on optimal retail price, but price elasticity of demand and order quantity have negative impact. Ordering costs, marketing costs and elasticity of marketing costs have positive impact on order quantity, while retail price, price elasticity of demand and inventory cost have negative impact. The innovation of this paper lies in multiple decision variables of the retailers, which are retail price, order quantity and marketing costs as three decision variables.This paper complement the existing research on the retailers' optimal decision.


In view of the inherent nonlinear nature and uncertainty of the semi-active control system based on magnetorheological (MR) fluid damper, an improved back-propagation (BP) algorithm is proposed, which divides the actual structure model into a mechanism model part and a time-varying error model part. By means of off-line training and on-line modifying, an inverse model of MR damper and the intelligent control system based on the improved BP algorithm are acquired. It can be used to predict the damping force of MR damper and eliminate the influence of time delay. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations show that the intelligent control system can efficiently reduce the structure responses induced by earthquake, has good performance in adaptively tracking target and displays resistance to disturbances


In this paper, we demonstrated a service robot navigation system based on the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol communication system that updates the real-time robot states for multiple users. The proposed office assistant robot (OABot) consists of a navigable structure, a mobile app, and a central control workstation and these three components intercommunicate via a wireless network. The voice-recognition mobile app is used to interact with users with voice commands; these voice commands are processed inside the workstation and actions are assigned to the moving robot accordingly. The robot can navigate inside the room using real-time maps while localizing itself in the environment. In addition, the robot is equipped with a digital camera to identify people in predefined locations in the room. The WiFi communication system is provided with RESTful and Mosquitto servers for better human-robot communication. Hence, multiple users are notified about the robot status through updates on the real-time states via the MQTT protocol. The developed system successfully navigates to the instructed destinations and identifies the target person with an average accuracy of 96%. Most importantly, in an isolated indoor environment with social distancing restrictions to perform, the proposed system is essentially useful for contactless delivery.


UNLABELLED
Emotion-focused family therapy is a transdiagnostic approach that affords parents and caregivers a significant role in their loved one's recovery from an eating disorder. A 2-day intervention was developed on the basis of emotion-focused family therapy principles and delivered to 33 parents of adolescent and adult children. Data were collected pre- and post-intervention. Through education and skills practice, parents were taught strategies with respect to meal support and symptom interruption as well as emotion coaching. Parents were also supported to identify and work through their own emotional blocks that could interfere with their supportive efforts. Analyses revealed a significant increase in parental self-efficacy, a positive shift in parents' attitudes regarding their role as emotion coach and a reduction in the fears associated with their involvement in treatment, including a decrease in self-blame. Overall, this broad-based, low-cost intervention shows promise, and future research is warranted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE
A low-cost, intensive emotion-focused family therapy intervention shows promise for parents of individuals with an eating disorder, regardless of their loved one's age, symptom profile or involvement in treatment. Working with parents' emotions and emotional reactions to their child's struggles has the potential to improve supportive efforts. An emotion-focused family therapy intervention for parents yields high satisfaction rates, improves parental self-efficacy and reduces fears regarding their involvement, including self-blame.


Psoriasis, with a worldwide prevalence of 2-3%, is now assumed as a systemic chronic inflammatory disease accompanied by comorbidities while it was accepted as a disease limited only to the skin in the past. There are several classifications of the comorbidities which are more common in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Simply, comorbidities can be classified as classic, emerging, related to lifestyle, related to treatment. They can also be categorized as medical comorbidities, psychiatric/psychologic comorbidities, and behaviors contributing to medical and psychiatric comorbidities. In this review, providing early diagnosis and treatment of comorbidities, learning screening recommendations for early detection and long-term disease control and improvement in life quality by integrated, multidisciplinary approach were targeted


Circadian clock function in Arabidopsis thaliana relies on a complex network of reciprocal regulations among oscillator components. Here, we demonstrate that chromatin remodeling is a prevalent regulatory mechanism at the core of the clock. The peak-to-trough circadian oscillation is paralleled by the sequential accumulation of H3 acetylation (H3K56ac, K9ac), H3K4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), and H3K4me2. Inhibition of acetylation and H3K4me3 abolishes oscillator gene expression, indicating that both marks are essential for gene activation. Mechanistically, blocking H3K4me3 leads to increased clock-repressor binding, suggesting that H3K4me3 functions as a transition mark modulating the progression from activation to repression. The histone methyltransferase SET DOMAIN GROUP 2/ARABIDOPSIS TRITHORAX RELATED 3 (SDG2/ATXR3) might contribute directly or indirectly to this regulation because oscillator gene expression, H3K4me3 accumulation, and repressor binding are altered in plants misexpressing SDG2/ATXR3. Despite divergences in oscillator components, a chromatin-dependent mechanism of clock gene activation appears to be common to both plant and mammal circadian systems.


For improving the microbial production of fuels and chemicals, gene knock-outs and overexpression are routinely applied to intensify the carbon flow from substrate to product. However, their possibilities in dynamic control of the flux between the biomass and product synthesis are limited, whereas dynamic metabolic switches can be used for optimizing the distribution of carbon and resources. The production of single cell oils is especially challenging, as the synthesis is strongly regulated, competes directly with biomass, and requires defined conditions, such as nitrogen limitation. Here, we engineered a metabolic switch for redirecting carbon flow from biomass to wax ester production in Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 using acetate as a carbon source. Isocitrate lyase, an essential enzyme for growth on acetate, was expressed under an arabinose inducible promoter. The autonomous downregulation of the expression is based on the gradual oxidation of the arabinose inducer by a glucose dehydrogenase gcd. The depletion of the inducer, occurring simultaneously to acetate consumption, switches the cells from a biomass mode to a lipid synthesis mode, enabling the efficient channelling of carbon to wax esters in a simple batch culture. In the engineered strain, the yield and titer of wax esters were improved by 3.8 and 3.1 folds, respectively, over the control strain. In addition, the engineered strain accumulated wax esters 19% of cell dry weight, being the highest reported among microbes. The study provides important insights into the dynamic engineering of the biomass-dependent synthesis pathways for the improved production of biocompounds from low-cost, sustainable substrates. Significance statement In the biological production, one of the greatest challenges is to find ways for optimal distribution of resources between cell growth, maintenance, and product synthesis. Robust and reliable circuits are required to allow autonomous switching of cells from biomass mode to lipid synthesis mode. Dynamic production of single cell oils such as triacylglycerols and wax esters is especially challenging due to the strong regulation. We present a dynamic genetic circuit based on conditional knockdown of a glyoxylate shunt enzyme, which is essential for cell growth. By gradual repression of the gene, the cells autonomously switch from biomass mode to product synthesis mode. We demonstrate the functionality of the circuit by using bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi ADP1 for the production of long chain alkyl esters, namely wax esters, with titer and yield improved by over 3-fold using acetate as the carbon source.


This article presents some of the reflections articulated in the author's doctoral thesis: Saberes y aprendizajes en la construccion de la identidad y la subjetividad de una educadora de museos: El caso del proyecto Cartografiem-nos en el museo Es Baluard. (Knowledge and learning in the construction of the identity and the subjectivity of a gallery educator: The case of ʻMapping ourselves' at Es Baluard Museum), produced at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Barcelona (2012). The author deals with the question of the professional development of museum and gallery educators, exploring some of the paradoxes that operate in the discourses and practices that surround this collective. The second part of the article is dedicated to demonstrating the knowledge and learning implicated in the experiences of museum and gallery educators. Offering a view from the inside of the professional sphere will serve to counteract more official descriptions, in which museum and gallery education is usually understood as an artisan profession which requires little training or qualifications. Finally, this article poses questions regarding the research of educational practice within the field of museums and galleries.


Intermediate band blue (4530A), far red (7790A) and H-alpha intermediate and narrow band photoelectric observations of the peculiar, 27 year eclipsing binary, Epsilon Aurigae were made from December 1981 through the present (December 1984). BD +42 1170 served as the primary comparison star because of its angular proximity to the variable star. The analysis of this data along with other available photometry was undertaken to study the characteristics of the low amplitude, semi-regular light variations that appear inside and outside of eclipse. It appears that these short term light variations arise from nonradial pulsations of the luminous f supergiant in the system. Furthermore, the semi-regular light variations found for Epsilon Aurigae are similar to those found for other luminous A-F supergiants. Also, the preliminary results from the analyses of the light variations produced by the eclipse of the F-supergiant by the mysterious cooler component is discussed.


Abstract The unique ability of nonthermal plasmas to form high-quality nanocrystals (NCs) of covalently bonded semiconductors, including the group IV elements silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), has been extensively demonstrated over the past few years. Recently, plasma processing was also extended to the surface functionalization of NCs, imparting further functionalities to plasma-produced NCs such as solution-processability or the passivation of electronic surface states. This paper focuses on the synthesis and surface functionalization of Si- and Ge-NCs, and on their application in luminescent and photovoltaic devices.


The small GTPase Rab7 is a key component of the endocytic pathway that controls endosomal maturation and fusion of late endosomes with lysosomes. Rab7 also regulates growth factor signaling by modulating receptor levels at the plasma membrane. While it is known how Rab7 is regulated through the GTPase cycle and interaction with its GEF and GAP, little is known about its regulation by post-translational modifications. In this study, I identified two kinases, TBK1 and IKKe, which phosphorylate Rab7 at S72 in in vitro kinase assays. Both kinases are highly homologous and are activated in the innate immune response to bacterial and viral infection. Importantly, phosphorylation of Rab7 at S72 was increased by approximately 4-fold in mouse embryonic fibroblasts following 4 h stimulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 with poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of viral dsRNA. A similar increase was also seen following stimulation of TLR4 with bacterial lipopolysaccharide after 8 h stimulation. Through a pull-down and mass spectrometry analysis of differential interactors of unphosphorylated and S72-phosphorylated GST-Rab7, I found that phosphorylation of Rab7 at S72 inhibited interaction with RILP, one of its best known effectors, while, it increased interaction with the p150(Glued) subunit of the dynactin complex. The mass spectrometry analysis also identified a novel interactor, TNFR associated factor 3 (TRAF3), which is activated via the MyD88-independent pathway following stimulation of various TLRs. TRAF3 also leads to the downstream activation of TBK1 and IKKe. Using subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence with an anti-phospho-Rab7(S72) antibody, I found that the ratio of phosphorylated to unphosphorylated Rab7 is significantly higher on the membrane compared to the cytosol. Furthermore, the membrane staining of the S72-phosphorylated Rab7 indicates that it is a subpopulation of the total Rab7 that is associated with vesicular structures. These results indicate that phosphorylation may occur on the membrane and could be a mechanism of controlling late endosome/lysosome transport and/or fusion. As the S72 site is highly conserved and located in the switch II region, which is required to bind the switch I region upon GTP binding and activation, I performed an in vitro GTP hydrolysis assay using [α-P32]GTP to determine the GTPase activity of S72-phosphorylated Rab7 compared to the unphosphorylated protein. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in GTP hydrolysis over time in the phosphorylated Rab7 compared to the unphosphorylated protein. The results of this study indicate that phosphorylation of Rab7 at S72 promotes differential interaction of Rab7 with certain effectors, which may promote its recruitment for specific functions. These results also indicate that phosphorylation may increase Rab7 turnover in vivo by stimulating the intrinsic GTPase activity.


Abstract Lockie, RG, Moreno, MR, Orjalo, AJ, Lazar, A, Liu, TM, Stage, AA, Birmingham-Babauta, SA, Stokes, JJ, Giuliano, DV, Risso, FG, Davis, DL, and Callaghan, SJ. Relationships between height, arm length, and leg length on the mechanics of the conventional and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res 32(11): 3011–3019, 2018—The study investigated relationships between arm length (AL) and leg length (LL) and conventional deadlift (CD) and high-handle hexagonal bar deadlift (HHBD) mechanics. Twenty-three resistance-trained subjects (14 men and 9 women) completed a 1 repetition maximum CD and HHBD. A linear position transducer was used to measure lift distance and duration; peak and mean power, velocity, and force; time to peak power and velocity; and work. Right AL and LL were measured, and AL-to-LL ratio (AL:LL) was also calculated. Spearman's correlations (&rgr;; p ⩽ 0.05) computed relationships between anthropometry and deadlift mechanics separately for men and women. For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work (&rgr; = 0.54–0.68); a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner (&rgr; = -0.67 to 0.78). For the HHBD, greater height and LL related to greater lift distance and work; a higher AL:LL related to time to peak power and velocity occurring sooner in the lift (&rgr; = 0.54–0.77). In women, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer CD lift distance (&rgr; = 0.67–0.92). For the HHBD, greater height, AL, and LL related to a longer lift distance and greater mean velocity (&rgr; = 0.69–0.96). There was a negative relationship between AL and lift time (&rgr; = −0.83), which meant longer arms resulted in a lower HHBD lift time. Arm length may have influenced women more because of the fixed dimensions of the hexagonal bar. Coaches should be cognizant of potential differences in CD and HHBD work when performed by individuals of different body sizes.


IMMU-132 is an ADC of the active metabolite of CPT-11, SN-38, conjugated by a pH-sensitive linker (average drug-antibody ratio = 7.6) to the humanized anti-Trop-2 antibody, hRS7, exhibiting rapid internalization after binding to Trop-2. Trop-2 is a type I transmembrane protein expressed at high prevalence (∼1 x 10*5) and specificity by many carcinomas. We report the results of a Phase I clinical trial of 25 patients with different metastatic cancers (pancreatic, 7; triple-negative breast [TNBC], 4; colorectal [CRC], 3; gastric, 2; small-cell lung [SCLC], 2; esophageal, prostatic, ovarian, non-small-cell lung, renal, tonsillar, urinary bladder, 1 each) after failing a median of 3 prior treatments (some including topoisomerase-I and -II inhibiting drugs). IMMU-132 was administered in repeated 21-day cycles, with each treatment given on days 1 and 8. Dosing started at 8 mg/kg/dose (i.e., 16 mg/kg/cycle), and escalated to 18 mg/kg before encountering dose-limiting neutropenia, in a 3+3 trial design. Fatigue, alopecia, and occasional mild to moderate diarrhea were some of the more common non-hematological toxicities, with 2 patients also reporting a rash. Over 80% of 24 assessable patients had stable disease or tumor shrinkage (17/24 SD; 3/24 PR) among the various metastatic cancers as best response by CT. Three patients (CRC, TNBC, SCLC) have PRs by RECIST; median TTP for all patients, excluding those with pancreatic cancer, is >18 weeks. Neutropenia has been controlled by dose reduction to 8-10 mg/kg/dose (16-20 mg/kg/cycle), which is the Phase II dose. Immunohistochemistry showed strong expression of Trop-2 in most archived patient tumors, but is not detected in serum. Corresponding reductions in blood tumor marker titers (e.g., CEA, CA19-9) reflected tumor responses. No anti-antibody or anti-SN-38 antibodies have been detected despite repeated dosing. Peak and trough assessments of IMMU-132 concentrations in the serum show that the conjugate clears completely within 7 days, an expected finding based on in vitro studies showing 50% of the SN-38 is released in the serum every day. These results indicate that this novel ADC, given in doses ranging from 16-24 mg/kg per cycle, is active in diverse metastatic solid cancers. A Phase II study is ongoing to determine response rates in CRC, TNBC, and SCLC, while also evaluating its potency in other tumor types. Citation Format: Alexander N. Starodub, Allyson J. Ocean, Manish A. Shah, Linda T. Vahdat, Ellen Chuang, Michael J. Guarino, Vincent J. Picozzi, Sajeve S. Thomas, Pius P. Maliakal, Serengulam V. Govindan, William A. Wegener, Robert M. Sharkey, David M. Goldenberg. SN-38 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting Trop-2, IMMU-132, as a novel platform for the therapy of diverse metastatic solid cancers: Initial clinical results. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT206. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT206


BackgroundTo investigate the association between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in carotid atherosclerotic plaque detected by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI) in a community-based population. MethodsIn this cross-sectional, community-based study, a total of 598 participants were recruited from May 2015 to September 2019. All participants underwent carotid artery HR-MRI. Data on demographics, medical history, and physical examinations were obtained through face-to-face interview, and fasting blood sample were collected. HbA1c was determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Presence or absence of carotid plaque IPH was determined by HR-MRI. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between HbA1c levels and carotid plaque IPH. ResultsOf the 598 participants, 317 (53.0%) had atherosclerotic plaques, and 25 (4.2%) had IPH in carotid arteries. HbA1c was associated with the presence of IPH (OR, 1.94; 95% CI, 1.38-2.73) in the univariate analysis, and the association remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, traditional vascular factors, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and other potential confounders (OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.14-2.52).ConclusionsThis study showed that high HbA1c was associated with carotid plaque IPH detected by HR-MRI, which suggests that individuals with high HbA1c may have a higher risk of developing vulnerable carotid plaques.


While modern off-the-shelf OCR engines show particularly high accuracy on scanned text, text detection and recognition in natural images still remains a challenging problem. Here, we demonstrate that OCR engines can still perform well on this harder task as long as appropriate image binarization is applied to input photographs. For such binarization, we systematically evaluate the performance of 12 binarization methods as well as of a new binarization algorithm that we propose here. Our evaluation includes different metrics and uses established natural image text recognition benchmarks (ICDAR 2003 and ICDAR 2011). Our main finding is thus the fact that image binarization methods combined with additional filtering of generated connected components and off-the-shelf OCR engines can achieve state-of-the-art performance for end-to-end text understanding in natural images.


Abstract This paper analyzes how studies of a language and the language itself can be used as symbolic instruments to construct or support a differential ideological identity. The analyses of these studies have allowed us to undertake a sort of "archaeology" of the process of Basque ethnogenesis. All the authors instrumentalized philological studies as a way of expressing and claiming their ethnic identity, building their arguments on the basis of previous works (the "archaeological" layer being immediately underneath) at the same time that they reformulated them in order to better suit their specific conception of Basque identity as well as their particular sociopolitical interests. As if we were looking at a stratigraphic cut of an uninterrupted human settlement, the research unravels the existence of a narrative thread that, stratum upon stratum (that is, author upon author) connects the Basque chroniclers of the 16th to 18th centuries with the romantic fuerista writers of the 19th century, as well as Sabino de Arana-Goiri, the founder of the contemporary Basque Nationalist Party.


Recently there has been strong experimental and theoretical interest in studying the self-assembly and the phase behavior of patchy and Janus particles, which form colloidal suspensions. Although in this quest a variety of effective interactions have been proposed and used in order to achieve a directed assembly, the critical Casimir effect stands out as being particularly suitable in this respect because it provides both attractive and repulsive interactions as well as the potential of a sensitive temperature control of their strength. Specifically, we have calculated the critical Casimir force between a single Janus particle and a laterally homogeneous substrate as well as a substrate with a chemical step. We have used the Derjaguin approximation and compared it with results from full mean field theory. A modification of the Derjaguin approximation turns out to be generally reliable. Based on this approach we have derived the effective force and the effective potential between two Janus cylinders as well as between two Janus spheres.


This paper investigates the pressure variations on the steel shafts on the journal bearing system with low temperature and variable speed. This paper mainly consist of two parts, experimental and simulation. In the experimental work, journal bearing system is tested with different shafts speed and temperature conditions. The temperature of the system's working conditions was under minus. The collected experimental data such as pressure variations are employed as training and testing data for an artificial neural network. The neural network is a feed forward three layered network. Quick propagation algorithm is used to update the weight of the network during the training. Finally, neural network predictor has superior performance for modelling journal bearing systems with load disturbances.


How does Lillian Gerhardt make her Oreo Cookie Ice Cream Dessert? What about Beverly Lynch's Favorite Artichoke Spread? Or Pat Schuman's Grandmother's Chicken Soup? Here are 400 librarians' recipes with complete ingredient lists and instructions, as well as articles on Cajun cooking, cookbook collecting, chocolate, catering, cooking Pacific Northwest Style, and more. It's a perfect gift for colleagues -- and ten percent of the royalties are donated to ALA's Louise Giles Minority Scholarship Fund!


In this study, tin oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were synthesized by hydrothermal method in the presence of hydrazine and ammonia by adding surfactant for 12 h in a Teflon autoclave at 100 ◦C reaction temperature. Tin(II) chloride hydrate as an inorganic precursor, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), and tetrapropyl ammonium bromide (TPAB) as cationic, and sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS) as anionic surfactants were used. The results showed that the size and shape of nanoparticles depended on the surfactant types. The nanoparticles sizes between 17.5 and 19.7 nm were obtained by changing types of surfactants. Synthesized tin oxide nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.


Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders of T- or NK-cell origin (T/NK-PTLD) are rare entities and their genetic basis is unclear. We performed targeted sequencing of 465 cancer-related genes and high-resolution copy number analysis in 17 T-PTLD and 2 NK-PTLD cases. Overall, 377 variants were detected, with an average of 20 variants per case. Mutations of epigenetic modifier genes (TET2, KMT2C, KMT2D, DNMT3A, ARID1B, ARID2, KDM6B, n=11). and inactivation of TP53 by mutation and/or deletion(n=6) were the most frequent alterations, seen across disease subtypes, followed by mutations of JAK/STAT pathway genes (n=5). Novel variants, including mutations in TBX3 (n=3), MED12 (n=3) and MTOR (n=1), were observed as well. High-level microsatellite instability was seen in 1 of 14 (7%) cases, which had a heterozygous PMS2 mutation. Complex copy number changes were detected in 8 of 16 (50%) cases and disease subtype-specific aberrations were also identified. In contrast to B-cell PTLDs, the molecular and genomic alterations observed in T/NK-PTLD appear similar to those reported for peripheral T-cell lymphomas occurring in immunocompetent hosts, which may suggest common genetic mechanisms of lymphoma development.


To solve the dynamic and complex problem of production scheduling, depending on the introduction between multi-agent and hybrid genetic algorithm in mixed-model flow production scheduling, this paper proposed a mixed-model flow production scheduling method based on multi-agent and hybrid genetic algorithm. On the basis of this model, the mixed-model flow production scheduling procedure and strategy based on multi-agent and hybrid genetic algorithm were established. Finally, mixed-model flow production scheduling simulation system based on multi-agent and hybrid genetic algorithm was demonstrated and validated by QUEST software. It has shown the proposed method can improve the benefit of production scheduling, and provide a support for adapting to complex and dynamic production scheduling in mixed-model flow production.


The year-long pending Covid-19 pandemic has primarily been imposing significant consequences to health. Apart from these, there are emerging negative effects in all society segments, particularly those related to criminal activities. Deviant persons have always exploited fear and social insecurity during war devastation and pandemics as an ideal ground for their criminal activities, therefore we can start from the assumption that current situation bears a high degree of risk of increase in various illegal behaviours. In the study the authors have elaborated on the risks imposed by the pandemic on increase of certain types of tax crimes. Diminished capacity of financial institutions to enforce control over financial transactions makes it easier for taxpayers to actualize the intended tax fraud, leading to acquisition of illegal revenue and even, in some cases, to the criminal act of money laundering. As tax evasion may result from identity theft of taxpayers, hacking attacks are expected to intensify, therefore we need to reinforce the activities of tax administration officers. It should be emphasized that transition to service concept of tax institution operation, as well as transfer of a considerable share of activities onto the individual taxpayer, have lead to a certain inertness of tax institutions. The study offers predictions and proposals of short-term de lege ferenda, based on the current epidemiological situation.


Despite the increasing popularity of women's sports, it has generally been found that female athletes receive less media coverage and are portrayed negatively with myriad gender-specific descriptors. Such biased representations warrant attention as they construct and reinforce traditional gender beliefs. This study compared the representations of female and male tennis players on the official site of the Australian Open 2015 and ESPN. A total of 357 articles were analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that gender representations on the two media outlets were quite similar as they both portrayed female players more negatively than male players by focusing on a few areas directly or indirectly: athletic weaknesses, negative skills, mental weaknesses and non-competitive roles (including appearance, attire, family and personal relationship). However, the use of certain descriptors might indicate the possibility of more gender-neutral representations of athletes in the future. It was concluded that while hegemonic masculinity was challenged at times, stereotypical beliefs about females were largely reinforced in the mediated gender representations on the two websites.


BACKGROUD:
 Low levels or lack of antibodies to the hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBsAg, respectively) have been associated with an increased risk of developing an hepatitis B virus (HBV) response in patients with resolved HBV infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Levels of HB core antibodies (anti-HBc) is a new marker associated with the natural history and treatment response of chronic HBV infection.
 AIMS:
 This study aims to determine whether different changes in anti-HBc and anti-HBs levels during allo-HSCT can predict the impact of HBV on the survival of patients who underwent allo-HSCT.
 METHODS:
 This prospective study enrolled 141 patients who underwent allo-HSCT at the Union Medical College Hospital of Fujian Medical University between 2013 and 2016. The cohort included 65 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, 25 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 7 with chronic myeloid leukemia, 15 with aplastic anemia, 5 with lymphoma, and 8 with myelodysplastic syndrome. Based on HBsAg and anti-HBc results, patients were classified as HBsAg-positive (n=16), HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive (n=81), and HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-negative (n=44). Hepatitis B serological markers (ELISA) and HBV DNA (PCR) were assayed before and every two weeks after HSCT. After transplant, patients received antiviral treatment with a nucleoside analog entecavir given before the transplantation. Antiviral therapy was continued for 1 year after stopping immunosuppressive therapy after transplantation. Death, overall survival (OS), incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and drug-induced liver injury were compared among the three groups.
 RESULTS:
 The three groups were well matched demographically. All patients achieved successful engraftment within one month post-transplant. There was no difference in time to leukocyte and platelet engraftment in the three groups. Comparing OS between the three groups, the two-year OS was 64.3% vs 53.5% vs 52.4%, respectively, with no significant difference (p=0.866). After allo-HSCT, 22/81 (27.1%) subjects in the HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive group exhibited loss of anti-HBc at the median time 6 months (3-21m). The incidence of acute GVHD (46.9 % versus 40 %, P =0.163) was similar in the loss anti-HBc group (n=22) versus no-loss anti-HBc group (n=59). With a median follow-up time of 588 days (range: 46-1582 days), the incidence of liver injury in the two groups was similar (52.2% versus 46.5% p=0.633). The difference in the post-transplantation cumulative survival rates between the groups with loss of anti-HBc (n=22) and no-loss (n=59) was significant (83.3% versus 43.1%, P =0.001).
 CONCLUSION:
 Loss of anti-HBc early in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may help predict patient outcome.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


It's useful to automatically transform an image from its original form to some synthetic form (style, partial contents, etc.), while keeping the original structure or semantics. We define this requirement as the "image-to-image translation" problem, and propose a general approach to achieve it, based on deep convolutional and conditional generative adversarial networks (GANs), which has gained a phenomenal success to learn mapping images from noise input since 2014. In this work, we develop a two step (unsupervised) learning method to translate images between different domains by using unlabeled images without specifying any correspondence between them, so that to avoid the cost of acquiring labeled data. Compared with prior works, we demonstrated the capacity of generality in our model, by which variance of translations can be conduct by a single type of model. Such capability is desirable in applications like bidirectional translation


Airborne imaging radars have been put to substantial civilian use over the past 15 years, accumulating aggregate areal ground coverage of imagery of about 18 x 106 km2. Much of this coverage has been from cloud-ridden equatorial regions that pose difficulties for systematic air photography, capitalizing upon radar's capacity to acquire data virtually without regard to daylight and cloud conditions. The work was required mainly for regional development, land-use studies, petroleum and mineral exploration or geothermal energy studies, and was carried out by a few established groups. The Seasat SAR, operating in 1978, had a coverage essentially restricted to North America and Europe. Although not particularly suited to overland purposes it introduced many additional users to regional radar imagery. The Shuttle imaging radar SIR-A, which flew in November 1981, achieved a coverage of about 107 km2 in the aggregated 8 h of operation, looking at a greater variety of terrain, particularly among arid lands, and geologic type than had been accumulated previously. Examples presented here show the even illumination of SIR-A, and a depiction of geographic and geological features superior to Seasat and in some cases superior to Landsat. Interpretability for regional geological purposes is good and is adequate for general land use and other purposes. In arid regions new applications for studies on desertification and hydrogeology are highlighted. An example of subsurface backscatter is presented. Once wide-covering multifrequency and multitemporal radar become available from N.A.S.A.'s SIR-B and SAMEX, planned for 1984 and 1987 respectively, and from other major radar satellites to be launched by the European Space Agency, the Canadian Centre of Remote Sensing and the Japanese Space Agency, and from the German Spacelab SAR, spaceborne radar imagery will join Landsat as a primary tool in thematic mapping of large areas of the Earth's surface.


This article presents a proposal for teaching algebraic inequalities using the constructiv- ist teaching approach. Considering the author's teaching experience with high school students, some of the most common mistakes committed by students when solving exercises related to this topic have been established. Also, some ideas for implementing a teaching proposal have been introduced from the revision of some documents and literature, which is expected to tackle the issue so that students analyze and discuss the concept, define the algorithm and put the concept into practice to solve problems. There are some specific examples that can be presented to the student population to make them understand the concepts, are referred to daily situations, so that the application of the topic to solve problems can be appreciated.


The search for solutions of Einstein's equations representing relativistic cosmological models with a discrete matter content has been remarkably fruitful in the last decade. In this review we discuss the progress made in the study of a specific subclass of discrete cosmologies, black-hole lattice models. In particular, we illustrate the techniques used for the construction of these spacetimes, and examine their resulting physical properties. This includes their large-scale dynamics, the dressing of mass due to the interaction between individual black holes, along with features of direct observational interest such as the distance-to-redshift relation. This collection of results provides a novel perspective on the physical effects of averaging in general relativity, as well as on the emergence of gravitational structures from solutions with isolated objects.


With their quick drainage, enhanced skid-resistance under wet conditions, noise-reducing effect, and lessened splashing and spraying, porous asphalt pavements are now receiving more and more attention. Since research and application of porous asphalt pavements has just started in China at present, there are no corresponding design and construction specifications. Therefore, it is essential to verify the design through actual field performance monitoring on such pavement as those of the Yan-Tong Expressway. This highway is ideal for such an investigation since it includes a section of porous asphalt surface together with stone mastic asphalt and another type of dense graded surface in the same section. The major parameters of the assessment consist of permeability and skid-resistance that are essential to porous asphalt pavements and rutting depth under heavy traffic. We use a simulation model to predict the rutting depth in the short term. The results show that porous asphalt pavement performs well under the heavy truck traffic volume on the Yan-Tong Expressway.


The structures of the cyclic hexapeptide cyclo(-Gly-Tyr-Val-Pro-Met-Leu-) (1) and its phosphotyrosyl (pTyr) derivative cyclo[-Gly-Tyr(PO3H2)-Val-Pro-Met-Leu-] (2), designed as constrained models of a sequence that interacts with the src homology 2 (SH2) region of the p85 subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI-3 kinase), were studied in methanol/water solutions by 500 MHz nmr spectroscopy. Compound 1 was found to exist as a 2:1 mixture of isomers about the Val-Pro bond (trans and cis prolyl) between 292-330 K in 75% CD3O(D,H)/(D,H)2O solutions. A third species of undetermined structure (ca. 5%) was also observed. Compound 2, a model of phosphorylated peptide ligand that binds to the PI-3 kinase SH2 domain, exhibited similar conformational isomerism. When either compound was dissolved in pure solvent [i.e., 100% CD3O(H,D) or (H,D)2O] the ratio of cis to trans isomers was ca 1:1. A battery of one- and two-dimensional nmr experiments at different temperatures and solvent compositions allowed a complete assignment of both the cis and trans forms of 1 and indicated the trans compound to be the major isomer. The spectral properties of the phophorylated derivative 2 paralleled those of 1, indicating like conformations for the two compounds. Analysis of rotating frame Overhauser spectroscopy data, coupling constants, amide proton temperature dependence, and amide proton exchange rates generated a set of constraints that were employed in energy minimization and molecular dynamics calculations using the CHARMM force field. The trans isomer exists with the tyrosine and C-terminal Tyr(+3) (Met) residues at opposite corners of the 18-membered ring separated by a distance of 16-18 A, in contrast with the cis isomer where the side chains of these residues are much closer in space (7-14 A). It was previously shown that the pTyr and the third amino acid C-terminal to this residue are the critical recognition elements for pTyr-peptide binding to the PI-3 kinase SH2 domain. Such cyclic structures may offer appropriate scaffolding for positioning important amino acid side chains of pTyr-containing peptides as a means of increasing their binding affinities to SH2 domains, and in turn provide a conceptual approach toward the design of SH2 domain directed peptidomimetics.


Linguistic multicriteria decision‐making aid methods are explored, with different linguistic representation and computational models. These methods, been only recently used in energy‐related applications, use linguistic variables in a finite and totally ordered scale. Building on these methods, the 'RE2S' integrated framework for renewable energy policy support, is presented and its pilot appraisal is discussed. This review claims that the presented extensions of the Linguistic Ordered Weighted Averaging and TOPSIS methods, based on the 2‐tuple representation model and the Gödels transformation, can support energy policy problems, narrowing the differences between energy policy‐makers thinking, reasoning, representation, and computing.


The precipitation fields of a palaeoatmospheric general circulation model are used to derive estimates of the geographical distribution, and flux, of icebergs from the Laurentide, Fennoscandinavian and eastern Siberian ice‐sheets at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The atmospheric model fields from LGM simulations using CLIMAP or Peltier (ICE‐4G) ice orography were studied, to test the sensitivity of the predicted flux. The estimated Northern Hemispheric LGM iceberg flux is 3500–4000 km3 yr−1, of which about 60% issued directly into the North Atlantic. The iceberg flux from the St Lawrence area is of similar significance to that issuing from Hudson Strait in all estimates. Both the North Pacific and the Arctic received substantial iceberg fluxes (ca. 700 km3 yr−1), with relatively minor differences occurring between the two ice‐sheet reconstructions. Apparent discrepancies between Arctic deep‐sea core samples of ice‐rafted debris and our estimates of mean glacial iceberg flux may be ascribed to coastal trapping of bergs, the existence of floating ice tongues or a rapid exit of icebergs from the Arctic basin into the Greenland Sea through the Fram Strait. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The laccase of the fungus Trametes versicolor was able to polymerize various halogen-, alkyl-, and alkoxy-substituted anilines, showing substrate specificity similar to that of horseradish peroxidase, whereas the laccase of Rhizoctonia praticola was active only with p-methoxyaniline. The substrate specificities of the enzymes were determined by using gas chromatography to measure the decrease in substrate concentration during incubation. With p-chloroaniline as the substrate, the peroxidase and the Trametes laccase showed maximum activity near pH 4.2. The transformation of this substrate gave rise to a number of oligomers, ranging from dimers to pentamers, as determined by mass spectrometry. The product profiles obtained by high-pressure liquid chromatography were similar for the two enzymes. A chemical reaction was observed between p-chloroaniline and an enzymatically formed dimer, resulting in the formation of a trimer. All three enzymes oxidized p-methoxyaniline to 2-amino-5-p-anisidinobenzoquinone di-p-methoxyphenylimine, but only the T. versicolor laccase and the peroxidase caused the formation of a pentamer (2,5-di-p-anisidinobenzoquinone di-p-methoxyphenylimine). Our results demonstrate that in addition to horseradish peroxidase, a T. versicolor laccase can also polymerize aniline derivatives.


In this work, based on first-principles calculations, we propose that electrene can be considered as an electron-donating substrate to drive the phase transition of MoTe2 from the H to T' phase, which is a topic of long-standing interest and importance. In particular, new electrenes Ca2XN2 (X = Zr, Hf) are predicted with the existence of a nearly free two-dimensional (2D) electron gas and ultralow work functions. In MoTe2/Ca2XN2 donor-acceptor heterostructures, we find significantly large charge transfer (∼0.4e per MoTe2 unit cell) from Ca2XN2 to MoTe2, which stabilizes the T' phase and decreases the phase transition barrier (from ∼0.9 to ∼0.5 eV per unit cell). In addition, the phase transition of MoTe2 on Ca2XN2 remains effective as the interlayer distance varies. It therefore can be confirmed conclusively that our results open a new avenue for phase transition study and provide new insights for the large-scale synthesis of metastable high-quality T'-phase MoTe2.


Histiocytosis X is a general disease class for three less distinctive and overlapping states; namely, eosinophilic granuloma, Hand‐Schuller‐Christian disease, and Letterer‐Siwe disease. These conditions span a continuum from an isolated bony or soft tissue lesion to a fulminant, disseminated process. The head and neck are frequent sites of initial presentation for the more serious varieties. We present four cases of histiocytosis X with lesions in the temporal bone, skull, and mandible. Some patients had accompanying scalp lesions as well as other distal bony and soft tissue lesions. Treatment included radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. A rational discussion of new treatment modalities based on stage of the disease is presented. Utilization of CT scanning in the initial diagnosis and follow‐up is demonstrated. Management of troublesome otologic complications is also discussed.


This article focuses on power analysis attacks because they have received by far the most attention in recent years. They are powerful and can be executed relatively easily. This article provides an introduction to these attacks and discusses countermeasures against them. In particular, we focus on countermeasures that can be implemented at the cell level. This article presents an overview of power analysis attacks, which are based on the measurement of the power consumed by cryptographic ICs, and countermeasures against them.


By using the film-sealed environmental cell (EC) having a liquid-injection function, we observed a contraction reaction of hydrated myofibrils isolated from crab muscle under the transmission electron microscope. Our purpose in this work was to evaluate the critical electron dose at which the hydrated fibers lose the contractile activity. The decision of whether the fibers contracted was done by the existence of contraction band after a contraction reaction. From the observations, it was concluded that its critical dose was 2 x 10(-4) C/cm2 or 12 electrons/nm2 at a protein level.


We performed a systematic review of genome‐wide gene expression datasets to identify key genes and functional modules involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at a systems level. Genome‐wide gene expression datasets involving SLE patients were searched in Gene Expression Omnibus and ArrayExpress databases. Robust rank aggregation (RRA) analysis was used to integrate those public datasets and identify key genes associated with SLE. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) was adapted to identify functional modules involved in SLE pathogenesis, and the gene ontology enrichment analysis was utilized to explore their functions. The aberrant expressions of several randomly selected key genes were further validated in SLE patients through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Fifteen genome‐wide gene expression datasets were finally included, which involved a total of 1,778 SLE patients and 408 healthy controls. A large number of significantly upregulated or downregulated genes were identified through RRA analysis, and some of those genes were novel SLE gene signatures and their molecular roles in etiology of SLE remained vague. WGCNA further successfully identified six main functional modules involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. The most important functional module involved in SLE included 182 genes and mainly enriched in biological processes, including defense response to virus, interferon signaling pathway, and cytokine‐mediated signaling pathway. This study identifies a number of key genes and functional coexpression modules involved in SLE, which provides deepening insights into the molecular mechanism of SLE at a systems level and also provides some promising therapeutic targets.


The objective of the present study was to apply a technique to measure the surface energy of crystalline powders without changing the surface properties by compaction, and to relate such measurements to crystal habit and orientation. The surface free energy of uncompacted L-lysine monohydrochloride dihydrate (LH), determined using a modified sessile-drop method, reflected a combined value for the various faces, and was influenced by the relative size of the faces and the orientation of the crystals. The surface free energy values obtained from contact angle measurements were within the possible range calculated from the crystal structure. Discrepancies between the theoretical estimates of interparticulate cohesive strengths and those measured from the tensile strength of powder compacts were used to estimate the flaw sizes (or gaps between the particles) that act as stress concentrators and reduce the tensile strength of the compacts. The flaw sizes indicate packing and compressibility of the various crystal habits. In the absence of compressive load, compacts made out of the equidimensional crystals have the larger flaw sizes (wider cracks or wider gaps between the particles). At higher compaction pressures, the compacts from long rod-shaped crystals have longer crack lengths. The weakness of the compacts made from the long rods at the higher compaction pressures may be because of the longer crack length along the interparticulate boundary, which may result in a higher stress intensity at the crack tip and increased fracture propensity.


Indonesia has made notable progress in raising attainment levels in primary and secondary school. More than 1 million additional students graduated high school in 2012 when compared with 1999, and graduation rates are expected to increase further. Major efforts are being made throughout the system to improve learning outcomes and ensure graduates have more knowledge and better skills. This progress at primary and secondary school creates more demand for tertiary education (TE). Most students (88 percent in a recent survey) profess a desire to continue studying after high school. Indonesia's TE system, however, is not well prepared to help create relevant, high-quality opportunities for this growing pool of high school graduates. Wages for those with TE are high and have remained so even as more and more workers enter the labor market with at least some TE. TE is a good investment in Indonesia, even when one attends a TE institution (TEI) of perceived low quality. Empirical analyses of labor markets do not support the anecdotes about large numbers of unemployed and underpaid workers with TE. This fact is a main general conclusion that should shape the direction of TE policy in Indonesia.


ABSTRACT Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver diseases. A high risk of chronicity is the major concern of HCV infection, since chronic HCV infection often leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection with the HCV genotype 1 in particular is considered a clinical risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, although the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis are largely unknown. Autophagy is involved in the degradation of cellular organelles and the elimination of invasive microorganisms. In addition, disruption of autophagy often leads to several protein deposition diseases. Although recent reports suggest that HCV exploits the autophagy pathway for viral propagation, the biological significance of the autophagy to the life cycle of HCV is still uncertain. Here, we show that replication of HCV RNA induces autophagy to inhibit cell death. Cells harboring an HCV replicon RNA of genotype 1b strain Con1 but not of genotype 2a strain JFH1 exhibited an incomplete acidification of the autolysosome due to a lysosomal defect, leading to the enhanced secretion of immature cathepsin B. The suppression of autophagy in the Con1 HCV replicon cells induced severe cytoplasmic vacuolation and cell death. These results suggest that HCV harnesses autophagy to circumvent the harmful vacuole formation and to maintain a persistent infection. These findings reveal a unique survival strategy of HCV and provide new insights into the genotype-specific pathogenicity of HCV.


The increase in the intensity and frequency of climate extremes threatens socioeconomic development. This study examines variability of mean and extreme climate, farmers' perception of the changes, and impacts in the Awash River Basin. Daily rainfall and temperature data were used to analyze 23 extreme climate indices. The Mann–Kendall test was used to assess the magnitude and significance of the changes. Results show an increase in minimum (0.019–0.055 °C/year) and maximum temperatures (0.049–0.09 °C/year), while total rainfall is on a downward trend (from −3.84 mm/year to −10.26 mm/year). Warm extreme temperature indicators, including warmest day (TXx), warmest night (TNx), warm day (TX90p), warm night (TN90p), and warm spell duration indicator (WSDI), show a significant increasing trend (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, except the tepid–cool humid agroecology zone, cold extreme temperature indicators in cool days (TN10p), cool nights (TX10p), and cold spell duration (CSDI) are declining. Extreme precipitation indices, including maximum 1-day precipitation amount (RX1day), count of days when precipitation ≥10 mm (R10 mm), maximum 5-day precipitation amount (RX5day), count of days when precipitation ≥20 mm (R20mm), very wet days (R95p), extreme wet days (R99p), and total precipitation (PRCPTOT), show a decreasing trend. The perception of most farmers' on climate change and climate extremes agreed with climate records. The major impacts perceived and asserted over all agroecologies are food price inflation, crop productivity decline, crop pests and diseases spread, livestock disease increase, and the emergence of pests and weeds. The increasing trend in extreme warm temperatures, decreasing trend in the cold extreme, and declining trend in precipitation indicators affected agricultural productivity and farmers whose livelihood depends on rainfed agriculture. This agroecology-specific study provides critical information to policymakers, decision makers, and farmers about the potential impacts of climate change and extreme events, leading to the development of agroecology-based adaptation measures.


This paper is to conduct the ergonomics risks assessment (ERA) among the operators in water-jet production workstation area in aircraft industry, working with aircraft panels' liners named Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and the aircraft panels which require forceful exertion, lifting and carrying task in order to complete the operation activity. The possibility of Work Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSDs) among operators could occur due to their daily working activities. The objectives of this study are to conduct the initial ERA and advance ERA among the waterjet production operators. Twelve male operators had been participated in this study with range age 20 to 40 years old. Nordic checklist, operational interviews, observations, Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tool and Manual Handling Assessment Chart (MAC) tool as part of advance ERA evaluation were applied in this study. The initial ERA results recommend for further investigation on awkward posture and forceful exertion among the operators in waterjet production. The results from REBA shows that all operators obtain high risk ergonomics score i.e. 10 scores for load weight and high repetitive in lifting and carrying task. The results from MAC validate that gripping mechanism during lifting and carrying activity requires ergonomics intervention for reducing the forceful exertion and high repetitive risk. The results from ERA, REBA and MAC assessment in this study are novel contribution in the aircraft production since the similar data is not exist yet. The results will be translated into measurable design parameters for waterjet workstation improvement in future design workstation.


The purpose of this study has been concretized in terms of impact of mobile advertising on the purchase decision of the consumer and aimed to answer to research questions: which is the underlying structure of criteria in mobile advertising? And which criteria are important for consumers in evaluating mobile advertising? A sample of consumers in Taiwan was surveyed and using fuzzy judgment to determine the vague perception of consumers. In addition, the proposed fuzzy linguistic preference relation (FLPR) is used to express the subjective preferences of consumers with respect to the considered criteria of mobile advertising, and also use the criterion gauges to evaluate the implementation of mobile advertising strategies. Finally, an empirical study is illustrated to demonstrate that the proposed method is more suitable than the traditional method, especially when the consumer judgments are likely be inconsistent in pair-wise comparison. The presented fuzzy linguistic preference relation method is an easy and practical way to provide a mechanism for improving consistency in perceptual measure of mobile advertising.


The Endura XP is Applied Materials' next-generation 300 mm metal deposition system optimized for high volume production. The system combines a new Factory Interface (FI) with two vacuum wafer handling robots controlled by modern system software. With the Endura XP, chipmakers are able to operate advanced wafer processing sequences (e.g. copper deposition on low x dielectric) with high wafer throughput for low-cost, high yield semiconductor manufacturing. This paper outlines the challenges and requirements for the development of the Endura XP system for optimizing productivity with high throughput and reliability.


We are living in a media-rich society. The development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to their dramatic movement from work-oriented practices into people's everyday life during the last decade. Nowadays, while people are freed from the boundaries of time and place in communication, they have to constantly make choice decisions on which medium to use for a given task. However, scholarly research appears to always lie behind the development of technology. Proliferation of new media coincides with a new domain of research entitled mediated interpersonal communication where the puzzles toward individuals' media choice are suspended. This study is a theoretical as well as empirical exploration of why and how individuals choose among various interpersonal media, old and new, for communication tasks within dyadic interactions. A theoretical framework is developed primarily based on the notion of task-media fit in media richness theory, and is sustained by the theoretical work from diverse but related areas such as social influence models of media choice, technology acceptance models, diffusion of innovation research, and decision making theories. The central claim of the theoretical framework is that media choice is a trading-off process as a matter of limited problem solving, directed to a satisfying choice rather than an optimal one, resulting from the match of media attributes, task requirements, and interpersonal relationships, and guided by communicators' perceptions of media characteristics and normative beliefs. There are six clusters of factors proposed to influence media choice: objective media attributes including media synchronicity and media modality; rational task characteristics including message ambiguity and task urgency; relationship formality


Objectives:Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage and increased extravascular lung water levels. However, there is no threshold extravascular lung water level that can indicate diffuse alveolar damage in lungs. We aimed to determine the threshold extravascular lung water level that discriminates between normal lungs and lungs affected with diffuse alveolar damage. Design:A retrospective analysis of normal lungs and lungs affected with diffuse alveolar damage was performed. Setting:Normal lung cases were taken from published data. Lung cases with diffuse alveolar damage were taken from a nationwide autopsy database. All cases of autopsy followed hospital deaths in Japan from more than 800 hospitals between 2004 and 2009; complete autopsies with histopathologic examinations were performed by board-certified pathologists authorized by the Japanese Society of Pathology. Patients:Normal lungs: 534; lungs with diffuse alveolar damage: 1,688. Interventions:We compared the postmortem weights of both lungs between the two groups. These lung weights were converted to extravascular lung water values using a validated equation. Finally, the extravascular lung water value that indicated diffuse alveolar damage was estimated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Measurements and Main Results:The extravascular lung water values of the lungs showing diffuse alveolar damage were approximately two-fold higher than those of normal lungs (normal group, 7.3 ± 2.8 mL/kg vs diffuse alveolar damage group 13.7 ± 4.5 mL/kg; p < 0.001). An extravascular lung water level of 9.8 mL/kg allowed the diagnosis of diffuse alveolar damage to be established with a sensitivity of 81.3% and a specificity of 81.2% (area under the curve, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.88–0.91). An extravascular lung water level of 14.6 mL/kg represented a 99% positive predictive value. Conclusions:This study may provide the first validated quantitative bedside diagnostic tool for diffuse alveolar damage. Extravascular lung water may allow the detection of diffuse alveolar damage and may support the clinical diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome. The best extravascular lung water cut-off value to discriminate between normal lungs and lungs with diffuse alveolar damage is around 10 mL/kg. (Crit Care Med 2013; 41:2144–2150)


The indoor and outdoor particulate concentration and its chemical composition in six monitoring stations and selected residential dwellings were studied in May 2010 in Kathmandu valley. The six stations were strategically located to measure the air quality of the valley viz. -urban roadside, urban hospital, urban residential, urban background and valley background. Particulate concentration was collected for 12 hours from 8 am to 8 pm. The outdoor PM10 concentrations at the urban roadside, urban hospital and urban residential stations were found to be higher. The PM10 concentrations at the urban roadside station exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). The indoor PM10 concentrations in the urban background and valley background stations were higher due to burning of biomass for cooking. Except for urban roadside station, the I/O ratios for all the sites were greater than 1 which indicates the presence of indoor sources. The average outdoor organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were 30.1 μg/m and 11.1 μg/m respectively. OC and EC were correlated (R= 0.88, outdoors), likely indicating common sources for both species, as well as for the precursors that led to the formation of secondary organic carbon (SOC). The highest average outdoor calcium ion (Ca) concentration of 22.5 μg/m at the urban roadside station indicates the presence of suspended roadside dust particles. High concentrations of Potassium ion (K) observed in the urban and valley background stations (8.5 μg/m and 8.3 μg/m respectively) show the excessive use of


District mental health programme was started in India with the idea of decen-tralizing mental health care. The plan was to train the general medical of(cid:976)icers working in primary health centers so that they can identify and treat psychiatric disorders. After the district mental health programme was started, it is time to review its effects. In Dharmapuri, a district in Tamil Nadu, India, medical of(cid:976)icers and paramedical personnel were trained and sensitized to identify psychiatric disorders and a district psychiatrist was posted in the district headquarters hospital, who would conduct psychiatric clinics in headquarters and taluk hospitals. We are evaluating the impact of these in terms of actual bene(cid:976)it to the community. A number of new case registrations, before and after the training of the paramedical personnel, a pattern of referral and the impact of starting the psychiatric clinics in taluk hospitals are all assessed. When the peripheral clinics were started, new case registrations increased by 142% in the taluk hospitals. After the training of the paramedical personnel, there was an increase of new cases in the peripheral clinics from 56 to 70. Based on this experience, a suitable pattern of community mental health care delivery system for our state is evolved, taking into consideration availability of quali(cid:976)ied manpower, resources, an expectation of the public and WHO guidelines.


When do children become unequal in reading and math skills? Some research claims that inequality grows mainly before school begins. Some research claims that schools cause inequality to grow. And some research—including the 2004 study ''Are Schools the Great Equalizer?''—claims that inequality grows mainly during summer vacations. Unfortunately, the test scores used in the Great Equalizer study suffered from a measurement artifact that exaggerated estimates of inequality growth. In addition, the Great Equalizer study is dated and its participants are no longer school-aged. In this article, we replicate the Great Equalizer study using better test scores in both the original data and a newer cohort of children. When we use the new test scores, we find that variance is substantial at the start of kindergarten and does not grow but actually shrinks over the next two to three years. This finding, which was not evident in the original Great Equalizer study, implicates the years before kindergarten as the primary source of inequality in elementary reading and math. Total score variance grows during most summers and shrinks during most school years, suggesting that schools reduce inequality overall. Changes in inequality are small after kindergarten and do not replicate consistently across grades, subjects, or cohorts. That said, socioeconomic gaps tend to shrink during the school year and grow during the summer, while the black-white gap tends to follow the opposite pattern.


Formation control of multi-agent system is a question with practical significance. A new control law based on potential function is presented, which can effectively make the agents with any initial position reach the desired formation and desired target. To make the system obtain the anticipation, proper potential functions related to the agents and the object are chosen. The stability analysis and simulation are made in the end.


Analyzed the level, structure and dynamics of the more common non-violent self-serving and selfish violent crimes against property, as well as to study the main features of the individual offender and especially his criminal behavior


In order to explore tube-side heat transfer characteristics in the spiral wound heat exchange (SWHE) used in liquid natural gas (LNG) plants, the study on zeotropic hydrocarbon mixtures condensation heat transfer in a helical pipe is proposed. Firstly, based on two-fluid model and thermal phase change model, a numerical method coupling with empirical correlations is established to predict condensation heat transfer for zeotropic mixtures, in which the mixed effects are taken into account. Meanwhile, the rationality of the above methods is verified based on existing experimental results. Then, the effects of refrigerant components and operating parameters on flow patterns, heat transfer coefficients and heat and mass transfer resistance are discussed as the ranges of mass flux, saturation pressure and vapor quality are 200–800 kg/(m2·s), 2–4MPa and 0.15–0.90, respectively. It can be found that the predicted results coincide with the experimental ones, with deviations within ±15%. For different zeotropic hydrocarbon mixtures, as the vapor quality increases, the stratified flow, half-annular flow and annular flow appears in turn. The condensation heat transfer coefficients are always smaller than film heat transfer coefficients owing to the existence of heat and mass transfer resistance in vapor core. Besides, both film and condensation heat transfer coefficients increase with the increase of vapor quality and mass flux, while decrease with the rise in saturation pressure. Further, heat and mass transfer resistances increase as the vapor quality and saturation pressure increase and the mass flux decreases. In addition, compared to methane/ethane/propane/nitrogen (65/25/5/5, mole%) mixture, the averaged heat transfer performance for methane/ethane (90/10, mole%) mixture improves by 19.55%, whereas, the average heat and mass transfer resistance decreases by 53.51%. This study is helpful for understanding the zeotropic mixtures condensation in tubes and gives some suggestions for the choice of refrigerant components used in LNG SWHE, to design more effective SWHE.


The article shows that the disjunctive stated by Hernandez et. al. between pay or excise national public debt is not relevant. Discussion should focus on the current price that is paid for national public debt. Treasury is offering TES on the market at an interest rate much greater than DTF. This extra charge, besides is not justified, increases national debt. Current management of national public debt should be restated so that fiscal adjustment and economic recovery can be accomplished.


Background
Intraoperative use of a high-dose remifentanil may induce postoperative hyperalgesia. Low-dose naloxone can selectively reverse some adverse effects of opioids without compromising analgesia. We thus hypothesized that the intraoperative use of a high-dose remifentanil combined with a low-dose naloxone infusion reduces postoperative hyperalgesia compared with the use of remifentanil alone.

Methods
Patients undergoing elective thyroid surgery were randomly assigned into one of three groups, depending on the intraoperative effect-site concentration of remifentanil, with or without a continuous infusion of naloxone: 4 ng ml-1 remifentanil with 0.05 μg kg-1 h-1 naloxone in the high-remifentanil with naloxone group, and 4 or 1 ng ml-1 remifentanil with a placebo in the high- or low-remifentanil groups, respectively. We measured the pain thresholds (primary outcome) to mechanical stimuli using von Frey filaments and incidence of hyperalgesia on the peri-incisional area 24 h after surgery. We also measured pain intensity, analgesic consumptions and adverse events up to 48 h after surgery.

Results
The pain threshold presented as von Frey numbers [median (interquartile range)] was significantly lower in the high-remifentanil group (n=31) than in the high-remifentanil with naloxone (n=30) and the low-remifentanil (n=30) groups [3.63 (3.22-3.84) vs 3.84 (3.76-4.00) vs 3.80 (3.69-4.08), P=0.011]. The incidence of hyperalgesia was also higher in the high-remifentanil group than in the other groups [21/31 vs 10/30 vs 9/30, P=0.005]. Postoperative pain intensity, analgesic consumptions and adverse events were similar between groups.

Conclusions
The intraoperative use of low-dose naloxone combined with high-dose remifentanil reduced postoperative hyperalgesia but not pain.

Clinical trial registration
NCT02856087.


Methods for the synthesis of functional polymeric suspensions with narrow particle size distribution are analysed. Attention is concentrated on the conditions of the preparation of polymeric microspheres with aldehyde, carboxyl, epoxy, or amino groups on the surface, which possess a set of properties enabling their use for biochemical studies. Methods of modification of functional groups of the polymeric suspensions that make it possible to accomplish covalent binding of the surface groups to bioligands are considered. The bibliography includes 218 references.


BackgroundRheumatic valvular disease has been reported to be associated with HLA antigens. To determine whether genetic factors could be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), we analyzed the distribution of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR antigens in Turkish patients with chronic rheumatic heart disease Methods and ResultsThe association of class I and class II HLA antigens was examined in 107 ethnic Turkish patients with chronic RHD. The diagnosis was supported by echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, angioventriculography, and histological findings in patients who underwent valve replacement. Two hundred three control subjects, also of Turkish origin, were chosen. The phenotypes B16, DR3, and DR7 were encountered in a significantly higher frequency in patients with RHD compared with the control population (corrected p<0.05, p<0.00005, and p<0.0005, respectively). There also was a decrease in the antigen frequency of DR5 in patients compared with controls (corrected p<0.0005). ConclusionThe results are consistent with the hypothesis that susceptibility to RHD is genetically linked, and this in turn may be associated mainly with HLA class II antigens and weakly with class I antigens, with DR3, DR7, and B16 influencing susceptibility and DRS conferring protection. (Circulation 1993;87:1974-1978)


The major purpose of this study was to identify the effects of personality on individual exercise motivation and exercise participation, which then influences quality of life. A comprehensive model was developed, based on an extensive literature review, and empirically tested using members of fitness centers from Taiwan, Europe and the United States as respondents. The results indicate that individuals with a positive personality tend to have higher levels of exercise motivation and exercise participation. Personality and exercise participation then impacted on individuals' quality of life, in terms of physical health improvement, psychological health improvement, and sexual satisfaction. The study results offer valuable suggestions not only to marketing managers of fitness centers but also to government officers to promote health and quality of life through stimulating exercise motivation and exercise participation.


We experimentally demonstrate enhanced self-phase modulation (SPM) in silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguides integrated with 2D graphene oxide (GO) films. GO films are integrated onto Si3N4 waveguides using a solution-based, transfer-free coating method that enables precise control of the film thickness. Detailed SPM measurements are carried out using both picosecond and femtosecond optical pulses. Owing to the high Kerr nonlinearity of GO, the hybrid waveguides show significantly improved spectral broadening compared to the uncoated waveguide, achieving a broadening factor of up to ∼3.4 for a device with 2 layers of GO. By fitting the experimental results with theory, we obtain an improvement in the waveguide nonlinear parameter by a factor of up to 18.4 and a Kerr coefficient (n2) of GO that is about 5 orders of magnitude higher than Si3N4. Finally, we provide a theoretical analysis for the influence of GO film length, coating position, and its saturable absorption on the SPM performance. These results verify the effectiveness of on-chip integrating 2D GO films to enhance the nonlinear optical performance of Si3N4 devices.


The chemistry laboratory can be a daunting place for first year university students, especially those entering one for the first time with little or no prior laboratory experience. Increasing financial constraints placed on secondary schools has restricted the ability to provide rich laboratory experiences for students before entering tertiary education. As a result, first year chemistry cohorts arrive at university with a range of previous laboratory experiences. Through surveys of a first-year student cohort, it was identified that students experienced high levels of negative feelings with respect to the laboratory. In an attempt to alleviate this, a 360° virtual laboratory tour, including annotations, was developed giving students virtual access to the actual laboratory they would be working in prior to the start of the laboratory classes. In this technology report, we discuss the development of the 360° virtual laboratory tour over a three-semester period. After each version of the resource, we conducted an evaluation via survey distribution to determine if it helped with student familiarity and preparation for the upcoming laboratory program.


The aim of this work is to evaluate the performance of two popular k − ϵ turbulence closure schemes for atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow over hills and valleys and to investigate the effect of using ABL-modified model constants. The standard k − ϵ and the RNG k − ϵ models are used to simulate flow over the two-dimensional analytical shapes from the RUSHIL and RUSHVAL wind tunnel experiments. Furthermore, the mean turbulent flow over the real complex terrain of Blashaval hill is simulated and the results verified with a data set of full-scale measurements. In general, all models yield similar results. However, use of ABL-modified constants in both models tends to decrease the predicted velocity and increase the predicted turbulent kinetic energy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The concept of closed loop programmable power is a spin-off of research work that is being spearheaded by the National Association of Home Builders in the United States in conjunction with the development of Smart House - a home of the future that combines the centralized microprocessor control of building systems and household appliances with the unified distribution of power and communications. Development work associated with the various technical aspects of Smart House is being carried out under the umbrella of the National Cooperative Research Act of the United States. This act was introduced in 1984 to allow American companies to pool their resources in the interest of advancing research and development without the fear of violating American Anti-Trust Legislation.


During the novel COVID-19 pandemic, many universities globally shifted from on-campus-based teaching to online education. During this emergency educational situation, modifications are done abruptly. Important elements of education that contribute to student success need to be carefully monitored. This study analyzed the effect of sudden shift to e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on student engagement. The study involved the same group of students who used to learn in the traditional classroom before the pandemic and shifted to online education during the pandemic. A 5-point Likert scale online survey was created using Google form and the link was sent to students Emails. Two validated questionnaires were used, one for measurement of student engagement in e-learning and the other for measurement of engagement in the traditional classroom. Factor analysis of the two questionnaires showed good results. Values of Alfa Cronbach were greater than 0.85. Values of validity were higher than 0.9. Both values indicated the high reliability and validity of the questionnaires. The Wilcoxon signed test showed that students were significantly less engaged in the e-learning (p-value 0.006). Emotional, behavioral, and social engagement were lower in e-learning (p-values 0.001, 0.001, 0.024, respectively). However, cognitive engagement was higher in e-learning (p-value 0.001). The sudden shift to online education during COVID 19 pandemic was associated with decreased but differential effects on student engagement. Institutions should carefully monitor student engagement and implement practices that improve it during this contingency situation.


The incorporation of a detailed model for the photon recycling effect into an exact numerical solar cell simulation code is described. The commonly encountered radiative lifetime multiplication factor is shown to have both a spatial and bias point dependence. Example simulations show that photon recycling can significantly reduce the effective recombination current and thereby have a large effect on the open circuit voltage of a solar cell. Possible ways to capitalize upon this effect are discussed. >


A cognitive radio should avoid interference from secondary users to primary users. However, the unknown location of primary receiver makes the problem hard to solve. This paper proposes a novel primary receiver detection to change the passive state of primary receivers. Primary receiver informs the secondary user it's licensed receive frequency according to semaphore architecture via mapping method. The secondary user determines the spectrum holes by the semaphore. The algorithm of the mapping method and the semaphore transmitting power control are proposed. The analysis on the simulation results shows that the scheme can realize the detection of primary receiver, avoid interference and improve the spectrum utilization effectively.


When passing through a phase transition, electronic system saves energy by opening energy gaps at the Fermi level. Delineating the energy gap anisotropy provides insights into the origin of the interactions that drive the phase transition. Here, we report the angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) study on the detailed gap anisotropies in both the tetragonal magnetic and superconducting phases in Sr_{1-x}Na_{x}Fe_{2}As_{2}. First, we found that the spin-density-wave (SDW) gap is strongly anisotropic in the tetragonal magnetic phase. The gap magnitude correlates with the orbital character of Fermi surface closely. Second, we found that the SDW gap anisotropy is isostructural to the superconducting gap anisotropy regarding to the angular dependence, gap minima locations, and relative gap magnitudes. Our results indicate that the superconducting pairing interaction and magnetic interaction share the same origin. The intraorbital scattering plays an important role in constructing these interactions resulting in the orbital-selective magnetism and superconductivity in iron-based superconductors.


Yarns of different types are unwound from bobbins in different processes like warping, weaving, doubling and re-winding. A change in yarn tension from a full to empty bobbin causes serious product quality and machine efficiency problems in processes like weaving and winding. This paper investigates experimentally the relationship between yarn tension and bobbin diameter in the warping process. For this purpose, an experimental set up was built with a laser sensor measuring the bobbin diameter, a tension sensor for measuring yarn tension, a bobbin winding unit, PC, and DAQ card. A software program was developed in the C programming language to read and record the tension and bobbin diameter simultaneously. The unwinding speed and yarn number both had a significant effect on the relationship between the yarn tension and bobbin diameter. The effect of the unwinding speed became more pronounced with yarns getting thicker.