The rubblization technique is breaking the aged concrete pavement slab into rubblized concrete aggregate, and use it as an base material at its original position, then builds overlay above the rubblized base. This method has been successively used in USA due to the advantage of good constructibility, cost-effectiveness as well as the capability of preventing of reflection cracks. However, constructibility and economic performance of rubblization on typical Korean concrete pavements needed to be investigate since to typical Korean concrete pavements have thick slab, as well include lean concrete subbase course. Multi-head type breaker suitable for Korean condition was designed and developed. This multi-head type breaker was designed to rubblize old concrete to the suggested optimum rubblized-depth and rubblized-concrete-aggregate size to prevent reflection crack and maintain high bearing capacity. This machine was used for the test of rubblization of old concrete pavement on a non-use old concrete and a in-serviced road. In these two tests, engineering properties of rubblized base and constructability and cost were investigated. In both tests, the old concrete rubblized to targeted size and depth, and high-level bearing capacity was achieved. Also, superior constructability and lower cost compared with traditional reconstruction was examined.


Vascular calcification is an important risk factor associated with mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease. Intracellular cholesterol metabolism is involved in the process of vascular cell calcification. In this study, we investigated the role of UbiA prenyltransferase domain containing 1 (UBIAD1) in intracellular cholesterol metabolism and vascular cell calcification, and identified its subcellular location. Primary human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) were incubated with either growth medium (1.4 mmol/L Pi) or calcification medium (CM) (3.0 mmol/L Pi). Under treatment with CM, HUVSMCs were further incubated with exogenous cholesterol, or menaquinone-4, a product of UBIAD1. The plasmid and small interfering RNA were transfected in HUVSMCs to alter the expression of UBIAD1. Matrix calcium quantitation, alkaline phosphatase activity, intracellular cholesterol level and menaquinone-4 level were measured. The expression of several genes involved in cholesterol metabolism were analyzed. Using an anti-UBIAD1 antibody, an endoplasmic reticulum marker and a Golgi marker, the subcellular location of UBIAD1 in HUVSMCs was analyzed. CM increased matrix calcium, alkaline phosphatase activity and intracellular cholesterol level, and reduced UBIAD1 expression and menaquinone-4 level. Addition of cholesterol contributed to increased matrix calcification and alkaline phosphatase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Elevated expression of UBIAD1 or menaquinone-4 in HUVSMCs treated with CM significantly reduced intracellular cholesterol level, matrix calcification and alkaline phosphatase activity, but increased menaquinone-4 level. Elevated expression of UBIAD1 or menaquinone-4 reduced the gene expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2, and increased gene expression of ATP binding cassette transporters A1, which are in charge of cholesterol synthesis and efflux. UBIAD1 co-localized with the endoplasmic reticulum marker and the Golgi marker in HUVSMCs. In conclusion, high intracellular cholesterol content contributes to phosphate-induced vascular cell differentiation and calcification. UBIAD1 or menaquinone-4 could decrease vascular cell differentiation and calcification, probably via its potent role of inversely modulating cellular cholesterol.


A parametric Drude–Lorentz (DL) model is used to describe the spectral variation of the dielectric functions of bulk palladium samples at low and room temperature. In addition to the contribution of conduction electrons, the contribution of holes is also explicitly accounted for in the model. A simulated annealing method is applied to obtain the optimized values of the parameters involved in the model: volume plasma frequency of conduction electrons, high frequency dielectric constant, collision frequency of holes and corresponding relaxation time, and two additional parameters from which the effective mass of holes and collision frequency of conduction electrons are evaluated. Oscillatior strengths, resonance frequencies, and widths entering in the Lorentz contribution to the dielectric function are also optimized. Renormalization of the oscillator strengths requires the introduction of a new parameter in the context of the DL model: the ratio between number density of conduction electrons and number density of metal atoms, whose optimized value fits very well with its evaluation from band structure calculations and from independent measurements. Inclusion of this parameter in the framework allows us to evaluate additional quantities related to the charge-carrier transport: average effective masses, Fermi energies and electronic densities of states at the corresponding Fermi energies, intrinsic electrical resistivity, intrinsic mean free paths, heat capacities, mobilities, as well as paramagnetic and diamagnetic susceptibilities, for both electrons and holes. The optimized resonance frequencies are compared with energy differences between plausible interband transitions, in accordance with reported band structure diagrams and with our own band structure obtained from density functional theory calculations.


Normally a single phase voltage is varied by analog methods such as dimmer but we cannot get exact voltage by dimmer also. To achieve smart/exact voltage level VFD drives are used. To vary voltage by changing the firing angle of thyristor a variable ac voltage can be obtained. Thyristor conducts in both cycles of ac. If conduction angle is controlled by firing angle of thyristor. For half ac cycle firing angle changes from 0 degree to 180 degree according to that conduction angle changes. As conduction angle and firing angle are inversely proportional to each other. Means that if firing angle less then conduction angle is more and vice versa. A zero crossing detector circuit is used to know the zero point of ac. when zero crossing section gives output of logic 1 then from this point ac voltage starts to rise/fall. This is the reference point from that point to maximum 180 degree point firing angle can be controlled. In this way a variable output voltage is generated.


The authors present a model of the electromechanical performance of bimetallic cantilever microactuators by deriving the relationship between the tip deflection and change in temperature using a simple analytical approach. The model is verified by comparison with finite element analysis and published experimental data. The maximum tip force generated by a bimetallic cantilever beam is calculated by finding the reaction force needed at the tip to prevent cantilever beam deflection.


Systolic time intervals at rest and after exercise were studied in 56 patients with essential hypertension. The patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence at rest of electrocardiographic patterns of left atrial hypertrophy, and left ventricular strain. An impaired left ventricular function was shown, at rest and after exercise, in patients who had an electrocardiographic pattern of "left ventricular strain".


Stream Data processing has become a popular topic in database research addressing the challenge of efficiently answering queries over continuous data streams. Meanwhile data streams have become more and more important as a basis for higher level decision processes that require complex reasoning over data streams and rich background knowledge. In previous work the foundation for complex reasoning over streams and background knowledge was laid by introducing technologies for wrapping and querying streams in the RDF data format and by supporting simple forms of reasoning in terms of incremental view maintenance. In this paper, we discuss how this existing technologies should be extended toward richer forms of reasoning using Sensor Networks as a motivating example.


This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of different components and the addition of probiotic bacteria of lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Lactobacillus casei) on the physicochemical and textural characteristics of edible films using a response surface Box-Behnken design. The edible films were made of the following components: Whey (8%), glycerol (6%), inulin (0 to 4%), gelatin (2 to 5%) and probiotics (0 to 2%). The addition of LAB significantly affected the pH, viscosity, luminosity, hardness and Young's modulus of the films. However, all formulations presented physicochemical and textural characteristics suitable for the survival of lactic acid bacteria during storage. Formulas 10 and 3 with a composition of 2% inulin, 3.5% gelatin and 1% probiotic, demonstrated higher responses to pH, viscosity, luminosity, hardness and Young's modulus, whereas formulas 14 and 12 exhibited lower responses to the above-mentioned features but proved the most resilient. Therefore, edible films with added probiotic bacteria could be applied to a variety of foods and to increase consumer choice.


This study uses the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) to explore the causal relationship between alcohol abuse (binge drinking and clinically defined alcohol use disorders) and suicide attempts among youth. We use an empirical approach that allows one to assess the existence and strength of a causal relationship without relying on identifying assumptions. Our results suggest that a causal relationship between binge drinking and suicide attempts is very unlikely. The findings, however, support a causal relationship between clinically defined alcohol use disorders and suicide attempts among girls.


Retail is now a dynamic industry. It is highly competitive and requires a process approach. Organization of trade business according to the process management model involves standardization of business processes, application of marketing technologies. The efficient operation of trading enterprises depends on the use of marketing tools. Marketing of the retail trading enterprise allows to form an individual trading offer supported by a trading service. The conceptual development of trade creates conditions for the formation of new concepts, in particular the marketing of cooperation oriented towards the development of long-term cooperation.


This paper deals with the problems which emanate from the lack of respect for the concept of gross salary in the process of drafting tax incentives for employers at the level of salary tax and mandatory social security contributions in Serbia. The author's research shows that such measures are inspired by the widely shared belief that the high burden imposed on employers by virtue of salary tax and mandatory social security contributions on wages is the primary cause of chronic unemployment, wherein he attempts to argumentatively disprove this "illusion". The paper illustrates that the tendency of the Serbian legislator, evidenced more than a decade ago, to provide incentives to employers at the expense of the salary with belongs to the employee, is in conflict not only with the demand for the existence of a unified Serbian legal system, but also infringes several rights expressly guaranteed by the Serbian Constitution (right to property, right to social security, right to just compensation), as well as the provision of Art. 1 of the Protocol No. 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Inkjet-dispensing printing is a promising additive manufacturing method for pharmaceutical applications such as drug discovery. The unique advantages of this technology, including low cost, programmability, high resolution, high throughput, high speed, and biocompatibility, may reduce the financial resources needed to discover new drug candidates. Sophisticated and miniaturized assays have been developed to accomplish drug discovery and drug screening using modern inkjet dispensing printers. Areas covered: This paper reviews recent advancements in the field of inkjet printer technology for drug discovery. Various types of inkjet printers and their recent use for the drug discovery are summarized; physical and biological limitations of this technology are also examined. Furthermore, typical inks used in the inkjet printing technology are introduced. Expert opinion: Inkjet bioprinting technology is a promising tool for many biological and pharmaceutical applications. Several bottlenecks associated with this technology need to be addressed before commercialization. For example, sophisticated inks need to be synthesized to meet both biological and engineering restrictions. Further progress of parallel technologies will enhance the performance and functionality of the printers. It is also worth emphasizing that inkjet printing technologies must meet the requirement of regulatory agencies (e.g. the US Food & Drug Administration) for commercialization by the pharmaceutical industry.


When confidence intervals for risk-adjusted rates are based on large-sample approximations, with truncation in case the lower or upper limit falls outside the range of 0-100%, you know there is Trouble in River City. This paper presents an exact calculation of confidence intervals for risk-adjusted rates, applied to the evaluation of hospital performance. From subjects with known probabilities of an event, the method takes the inverse of the binomial distribution generalized to the case of unequal probabilities. Like the logistic model, the confidence interval is calculated assuming that a group effect is additive in the logit domain, causing a shift of the probabilities as a group. When the exact upper tail probability for the observed events is α/2, the mean of the shifted probabilities is the lower (1-α)% confidence limit on the underlying rate. This generalization of the Clopper-Pearson confidence interval method compares favorably with intervals based on the Poisson and normal distributions. With mid-P adjustment, the resulting intervals have coverage probability close to the nominal probability.


The paper deals with the monitoring of the structural changes of fine-grained cement-based composites in the early-age using acoustic emission method. After mixing, the cement-based materials exhibit continuous time-dependent structural changes which lead to the changes in the mechanical properties due to the chemical and physical processes. The events which are emitted due to the internal structure formation were detected using the acoustic emission techniques. A number of AE events are released due to the formation of new crystalline phases and due to microcracking in the material structure during the setting and hardening. The aim of the performed experiments was to extend the knowledge in the field of the early-age material characteristics and in the field of the internal structure formation of the cement-based materials. The results from temperature measurement show that mixture with microsilica has more slowly raised the internal temperature than mixture without microsilica. The results from acoustic emission measurement show that mixture with microsilica has lower activity of acoustic emission than mixture without microsilica during first six hours from measurement start.


Purpose: This study was to identify symptoms and provided services of home-based cancer patients in J province. Methods: 1,350 data poins for 167 home-based cancer patients were analyzed retrospectively. 13 symptoms and 39 service items were measured by tools for home-based cancer patients suggested by the Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs. Results: The mean number of provided services was 7.4± 9.1. The most common symptoms were fatigue, anorexia, and pain. Patients whose duration after diagnosis was over 6 years, who had metastasis, or who underwent terminal care had more symptoms. Patient education, emotional and spiritual support, and basic assessment and services were provided most often. Frequency of provided services in patients whose duration after diagnosis was over 6 years or who had metastasis was higher. Services such as symptom and pain control, or death of the patient/the bereaved were provided with more support with patients who underwent terminal care. Conclusion: There were some differences in provided services according to medical characteristics. Patients experienced diverse symptoms, but services regarding these symptoms seemed to be insufficient. For more effective services, cooperation between organizations for home-based cancer patients is needed to form a better management model based on the merit of each facility or patient characteristics.


When deciding between options that do or do not lead to future choices, humans often choose to choose. We studied choice seeking by asking subjects to first decide between a choice opportunity or performing a computer-selected action, after which they either chose freely or performed the forced action. Subjects preferred choice when these options were equally rewarded, even deterministically, and traded extrinsic rewards for opportunities to choose. We explained individual variability in choice seeking using reinforcement learning models incorporating risk sensitivity and overvaluation of rewards obtained through choice. Model fits revealed that 28% of subjects were sensitive to the worst possible outcome associated with free choice, and this pessimism reduced their choice preference with increasing risk. Moreover, outcome overvaluation was necessary to explain patterns of individual choice preference across levels of risk. We also manipulated the degree to which subjects controlled stimulus outcomes. We found that degrading coherence between their actions and stimulus outcomes diminished choice preference following forced actions, although willingness to repeat selection of choice opportunities remained high. When subjects chose freely during these repeats, they were sensitive to rewards when actions were controllable but ignored outcomes–even positive ones–associated with reduced controllability. Our results show that preference for choice can be modulated by extrinsic reward properties including reward probability and risk as well as by controllability of the environment.


The article provides growth, cultural and morphological characteristics of the vegetative mycelium on agar nutrient medium under the influence of laser irradiation for three strains of Laetiporus sulphureus from the Collection of basidiomycete cultures of the Department of Botany and Ecology of Vasyl' Stus Donetsk National University. The study was performed on potatoglucose agar (PGA) at a temperature of 26 ± 1 °C. It has been found that cultural and morphological characteristics of the colonies and the radial rate of their growth depend on the duration of irradiation (5 and 10 s) and the wavelength of light – green (532 nm), blue (405 nm) and red light (635 nm). For all studied strains of L. sulphureus, the most effective irradiation is that with green light (irradiation energy 51.1 mJ/cm2) lasting 10 s. Under the influence of this regime, the rate of radial mycelium growth increased from 23.4% to 66.7%, respectively, and the inoculum and the central zone of the surrounding colony formed a denser and higher mycelium of a pale sandy color. In general, the cultural and morphological features of the mycelial colonies of L. sulphureus strains under different conditions were somewhat different, but they were typical for this species.


The approach taken to conservation of natural and semi-natural habitats is determined by many often conflicting demands. These conflicts often originate with fundamentally different perceptions of environment. Upland heather moorland is commonly perceived as one of Britain's few remaining (semi) natural habitats. In Wales these areas are under particular pressure due to multiple land use demands. This paper uses the conservation issues associated with the Berwyn Mountains in Mid-Wales, UK as an example of the potential conflict between 'culturally' and 'scientifically' based perceptions which drive conservation policies intended to preserve and maintain these habitats. The need for a multidisciplinary approach is emphasised and the central role of environmental education in protecting against exclusivity between disciplines is resented.


RATIONALE AND KEY POINTS
Venepuncture and obtaining accurate blood samples is an important procedure in healthcare, and can assist in the diagnosis, care and treatment of patients. This article outlines the procedure for undertaking venepuncture and obtaining venous blood samples. It emphasises the importance of undertaking a visual assessment of the patient's skin and palpating the veins to identify a suitable site for venepuncture. REFLECTIVE ACTIVITY: 'How to' articles can help update your practice and ensure it remains evidence-based. Apply this article to your practice. Reflect on and write a short account of.


Based on the elements of a recent research, which focused on the emergence and actual practices of interpretative debate in the teaching of literature, in Cycle 3 primary in school in France, this article is a reflection on the contributions and limitations of the concept of disciplinary genre in school as analysis, both theoretical and methodological, from the evolution of disciplinary contents and teaching practices. It discusses various approaches to this proposed notion within different research teams concepts and outlines the choices that were made and the results build which describe the interpretative debate as a kind of metatextual discourse revealing some discursive learnings, allowing to understand the renewal of the teaching of literature in primary school in France and resistance to renewal.


A simulated model of an auction market is developed showing the relationship between the variation in valuations, the price variation and the number of independent bidders in the market. Average prices paid in a market with two or three bidders are less than average valuations. Average prices are progressively greater than average valuations as the number of bidders increases beyond four. Some applications of this model in the Australian wool market are discussed.


Background: In recent years, there has been increasing scientific interest in the effects and pharmacology of serotonergic hallucinogens. While a large amount of experimental work has been conducted to characterize the behavioral response to hallucinogens in rodents, there has been little systematic investigation of mescaline and its analogs. The hallucinogenic potency of mescaline is increased by α-methylation and by homologation of the 4-methoxy group but it not clear whether these structural modifications have similar effects on the activity of mescaline in rodent models. Methods: In the present study, the head twitch response (HTR), a 5-HT2A receptor-mediated behavior induced by serotonergic hallucinogens, was used to assess the effects of mescaline and several analogs in C57BL/6J mice. HTR experiments were conducted with mescaline, escaline (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenylethylamine) and proscaline (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenylethylamine), their α-methyl homologs TMA (3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), 3C-E (4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and 3C-P (3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine), and the 2,4,5-substituted regioisomers TMA-2 (2,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine), MEM (4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine) and MPM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyamphetamine). Results: TMA induced the HTR and was twice as potent as mescaline. For both mescaline and TMA, replacing the 4-methoxy substituent with an ethoxy or propoxy group increased potency in the HTR assay. By contrast, although TMA-2 also induced the HTR with twice the potency of mescaline, potency was not altered by homologation of the 4-alkoxy group in TMA-2. Conclusions: The potency relationships for these compounds in mice closely parallel the human hallucinogenic data. These findings are consistent with evidence that 2,4,5- and 3,4,5-substituted phenylalkylamine hallucinogens exhibit distinct structure-activity relationships. These results provide additional evidence that the HTR assay can be used to investigate the structure-activity relationships of serotonergic hallucinogens.


Birefringent materials are highly demanded for high-performance polarized optics. As compared with artificial anisotropic metamaterials, anisotropic crystals have advantages of low optical losses and easy processing, but their birefringence is still limited. Herein, based on first-principles studies, we identified a new type of functional anion units, (HxC6N9)(3-x)- (x = 0, 1, 2), and then successfully synthesized a new anisotropic crystal, namely, CsH2C6N9·H2O (I), whose crystal structure consists of (H2C6N9)- anions. Remarkably, I is ultraviolet transparent and exhibits very large birefringence of about 0.55@550 nm, which is much larger than those of commercial birefringent crystals. These results make I a candidate for highly efficient manipulation of optics and light in optical modulation devices. Theoretical calculations reveal that large birefringence mainly arises from the cooperative π orbitals in (H2C6N9)- anions. This work provides a new insight on the underlying structure-property relationships of anisotropic crystals.


The adaptive gain control system and associated method of operation for the digital audio samples are provided. The method is suitable for use in the digital media encoding system for transmitting the encoded media stream to the presentation device such as a media player located remotely. The method starts by initializing the media stream processing. Then, to the method using the fast adaptive gain techniques to control the gain within the first digital audio sample set of media streams, created as a result, the presentation of having a normalized volume, the gain is adjusted first digital audio sample groups during do. Then, the method of using the high-speed gain adaptation scheme is different from a steady-state gain adaptation to adjust the gain within the second digital audio sample set of media streams, and as a result having a normalized volume during a presentation, the gain is adjusted second so that the digital audio samples generated group.


The study of law in literature stimulates critical reflection about law and the limits of its institutions by expanding contextual analysis to include the emotive discourses of fiction. This article starts from the premisses that the orthodox separation of literary expression from social scientific writing is not immutable and that different temporal settings are not barriers to exploring themes that traverse them. It uses Joseph Conrad's The Secret Agent, a story of policing and anarchism in late nineteenth-century London, in order to discuss the limits of policing today. This novel is read in parallel with two modern police studies to show how it prefigures current concerns, portraying policing as an imperfect totem of security, immaterial to the individual's emotional crises, which, by extension, can be seen to illustrate the limits of law itself. This article thus raises methodological and theoretical issues of general interest to the study of law in society and suggests how reading literature can thicken' legal analysis by offering experience of the emotional beyond that law ignores.


Objective To explore how therapists and clients act dyadically to establish a therapeutic relationship during the first five sessions of psychotherapy. The study aimed to identify both relational facilitative and hindering processes occurring in routine care. Methods Using the method 'interpersonal process recall' (IPR), we videotaped the third and fifth session of 12 psychotherapy dyads, and conducted video-assisted interviews with each therapist and client separately. In total, the data material consist of 47 IPR interviews. Data were analyzed using a thematic approach. Results The analysis process revealed two main groups. The first group consisted of dyads with a positive relational outcome, and the second group consisted of dyads with a troubled or frail relational outcome. During the initial phase of therapy, clients described feeling overwhelmed by fear and shame. Positive relational development occurred when these emotions were successfully accommodated and replaced with a growing sense of safety with the therapist. However, the relationship became troubled when the client experienced an increase in shame and/or fear during the first sessions. When forming a therapeutic relationship, it is vital that the client experience the therapist as genuine and skilled, and that the therapist is able to engage and connect deeply with the client on a person-to-person level. The article further provides a discussion on how these dyadic experiences align with the working alliance and real relationship, and how the two consolidate during the first sessions of psychotherapy. Conclusion The current study explored the complex relational processes underlying the formation of the therapeutic relationship. Core aspects of the real relationship are prerequisites to forming a collaborative working alliance in which both therapist and client are actively engaged. Facilitating a positive relationship is crucial in the early phase of psychotherapy, and therapists can actively identify and repair ruptures at this time.


Summary: Ammonium-grown cultures of Sporobolomyces roseus developed the capacity to assimilate nitrate when they were incubated in nitrate or nitrogen-free medium. Cycloheximide, 6-methyl purine and antimycin A inhibited this process. Nitrate assimilation required aerobic energy metabolism and was inhibited completely by ammonium. The rapid inhibition of nitrate assimilation by ammonium was not the result of an inhibition of nitrate reductase (NR) activity. Nitrite also inhibited nitrate assimilation. NR in cell-free extracts of S. roseus was NADPH-specific and its activity was repressed in cultures containing ammonium and derepressed during nitrogen starvation. Nitrate stimulated the appearance of NR in these cultures. Nitrate assimilation was not limited by apparent (potential) NR activity.


The multi-code CDMA problem, and the corresponding data and noise model is discussed. The problem of "crosstalk", which occurs when using an MMSE receiver in colored noise, is addressed. A method to avoid "cross-talk", by choosing the eigenvectors of the interference plus noise matrix as codes, is introduced. This approach is shown to produce codes that are orthogonal not only in the conventional sense, but also with respect to the interference plus noise matrix. The gain on the codes is shown to be inversely proportional to the corresponding eigenvalue. Simulation results demonstrate that the codes corresponding to the smallest eigenvalues dramatically out-perform the MMSE receiver for Walsh-Hadamard codes in terms of mean-square error (MSE).


APPLICATION." <lrottesponnence. observations have borne out my theoretical conception of the interruption of the vicious circle and I hope that further experience will prove this is a correct conception." Apparently he is now quite convinced that it has been proven, according to his latest articles. Also J. H. Means writes (April 15, 1947): "I think I may say that I find myself in substantial agreement with all you have to say about the thio drugs." Coming to England, Professor H. T. Himsworth writes (June 4, 1947): "I may say at once that I think your views are probably correct. We have been groping towards a method of treating thyrotoxicosis entirely with thiouracil. In the light of our accumulating knowledge it seems to me very probable now that your scheme of treatment may be the better and I am sure you will not object to our following your advice and trying out this method." According to his article in the British Medical Journal, July 10, 1948, Himsworth did not carry out the method in full, but has used the smaller dosages mentioned by Dr. Rundle, and states: "Disappearance of the goitre has as yet been observed in less than 10% of cases and then only after two or more years of treatment"; yet with the dosage recommended by me this result is obtained in 64% of cases after eight to twelve months' treatment. Himsworth also states: "With few exceptions, all cases should first be given a full course of medical treatment and subsequent therapy determined by the results of this."


This is the second of two volumes of the report on the Hybrid Propagation Model (HPM), an advanced prediction model for aviation noise propagation. This volume presents comparisons of the HPM and the Integrated Noise Model (INM) for conditions of uneven terrain. The cases explored in this volume correspond to flat, hill, upward sloping, and downward sloping terrain presented in Volume 1 (Cases 1, 5, 6, and 7, respectively) to test the capabilities of the HPM. The results are analyzed in detail and comparisons are made between the HPM and INM results for the uneven terrain conditions. The goal of this research is to enhance the modeling capabilities of the Aviation Environmental Design Tool/INM, particularly in complicated environments such as National Parks.


Magnetization measurements with the magnetic field parallel to the c-axis were performed on overdoped Bi2¡ xPbxSr2CaCu2O8+ ± single crystals. Different from undoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ ± single crystal, a pronounced anomalous peak with maximum peak field over 5000 G can be observed in enlarging temperature window from 0.2Tc to 0.9Tc; both the anomalous magnetization peak H2p and the sharp onset of the anomalous magnetization peak Hon exhibit strong temperature dependence up to the vicinity of Tc. The temperature dependence of Hon and H2p implies that observed anomalous magnetization originates from a static disorder-induced transition from a relatively ordered vortex lattice (or Bragg glass) to a vortex glass (or disordered vortex solid) at Hon and thermal disorder induced pancake vortex decoupling transition at H2p.


Fluid intelligence has been associated with a distributed cognitive control or multiple-demand (MD) network, comprising regions of lateral frontal, insular, dorsomedial frontal, and parietal cortex. Human fluid intelligence is also intimately linked to task complexity, and the process of solving complex problems in a sequence of simpler, more focused parts. Here, a complex target detection task included multiple independent rules, applied one at a time in successive task epochs. Although only one rule was applied at a time, increasing task complexity (i.e., the number of rules) impaired performance in participants of lower fluid intelligence. Accompanying this loss of performance was reduced response to rule-critical events across the distributed MD network. The results link fluid intelligence and MD function to a process of attentional focus on the successive parts of complex behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Fluid intelligence is intimately linked to the ability to structure complex problems in a sequence of simpler, more focused parts. We examine the basis for this link in the functions of a distributed frontoparietal or multiple-demand (MD) network. With increased task complexity, participants of lower fluid intelligence showed reduced responses to task-critical events. Reduced responses in the MD system were accompanied by impaired behavioral performance. Low fluid intelligence is linked to poor foregrounding of task-critical information across a distributed MD system.


High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has advantages over traditional RNA-seq to explore spatiotemporal information on gene dynamic expressions in heterogenous tissues. We performed Drop-seq, a method for the dropwise sequestration of single cells for sequencing, on protoplasts from the differentiating xylem of Populus alba × Populus glandulosa. The scRNA-seq profiled 9,798 cells, which were grouped into 12 clusters. Through characterization of differentially expressed genes in each cluster and RNA in situ hybridizations, we identified vessel cells, fiber cells, ray parenchyma cells and xylem precursor cells. Diffusion pseudotime analyses revealed the differentiating trajectory of vessels, fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells and indicated a different differentiation process between vessels and fiber cells, and a similar differentiation process between fiber cells and ray parenchyma cells. We identified marker genes for each cell type (cluster) and key candidate regulators during developmental stages of xylem cell differentiation. Our study generates a high resolution expression atlas of wood formation at the single cell level and provides valuable information on wood formation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Salmonella sp. and E.coli are a familiar bacteria. Both bacteria can grow well anywhere, either in products of animal origin, environment or in animal organs. In this opportunity, we try to isolate the bacteria from the organ that is chicken cecum. According to one study, Salmonella bacteria are most commonly found in the chicken cecum. Chicken cecum obtained from poultry slaughterhouse (TPU) in Kabupaten Tangerang, Bogor City, and Depok City.
The amount of cecum samples are different in each districts, for Kabupaten Tangerang 30 pieces from 10 locations, Depok City 1 piece from 1 point location, and Bogor City 6
pieces from 2 point location. The samples were taken at random sampling from TPU around the district/city. The other requirement is if known origin of the farm then only
take one sample but if not known origin of farm then hence taken three samples. Aseptic cecum sampling techniques are needed to make the quality of the cecum remain hygien.
The samples of the cecum taken should be fresh, nonficial and not rotten cecum. To maintain the quality of the cecum samples, the samples taken must be maintained at a
temperature range of 0-4 oC while storage is placed in a freezer -20oC. From the test results found positive samples of Salmonella sp 16 units and a positive samples of E. coli as many as 27 units. This activity is one of the early stages of a series of activities to determine the
level of antimicrobial resistance in poultry.


Zeolites, owing to their great variety and complexity in structure and wide applications in chemistry, have long been the hot topic in chemical research. This perspective first presents a short retrospect of theoretical investigations on zeolites using the tools from classical force fields to quantum mechanics calculations and to the latest machine learning (ML) potential simulations. ML potentials as the next-generation technique for atomic simulation open new avenues to simulate and interpret zeolite systems and thus hold great promise for finally predicting the structure–functionality relation of zeolites. Recent advances using ML potentials are then summarized from two main aspects: the origin of zeolite stability and the mechanism of zeolite-related catalytic reactions. We also discussed the possible scenarios of ML potential application aiming to provide instantaneous and easy access of zeolite properties. These advanced applications could now be accomplished by combining cloud-computing-based techniques with ML potential-based atomic simulations. The future development of ML potentials for zeolites in the respects of improving the calculation accuracy, expanding the application scope and constructing the zeolite-related datasets is finally outlooked.


Airborne measurements of vertical incidence radar reflectivity and radial velocity are analyzed for some 21 231 km of high-altitude flight tracks over tropical precipitation systems, in order to describe their characteristic vertical structure. The strength of the radar dataset lies in its superb vertical resolution, sufficient to detect unambiguously a bright band and the coincident Doppler velocity change, which identify the melting layer in stratiform precipitation. In this first of a two-part study, a technique based on the detection of this stratiform precipitation signature is developed to classify hydrometer profiles as convective, stratiform, or shallow. Even though the profiles are classified individually, stratiform and convective regions emerge, whose characteristics are described. The hydrometeor vertical velocity variability is smaller in stratiform profiles, which is consistent with the physical concept of a stratiform region. The purpose of the classification is to describe, in Part II, the composite vertical structure of the various rain types in hurricanes, as well as in isolated to organized precipitating convection sampled in Florida and Brazil.


We study the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of $p$-wave superconducting quantum wires with long-range interactions, when the chemical potential is linearly ramped across the topological phase transition. We show that the heat produced after the quench scales with the quench rate $\delta$ according to the scaling law $\delta^\theta$, where the exponent $\theta$ depends on the power law exponent of the long-range interactions. We identify the parameter regimes where this scaling can be cast in terms of the universal equilibrium critical exponents and can thus be understood within the Kibble-Zurek framework. When the electron hopping decays more slowly in space than pairing, it dominates the equilibrium scaling. Surprisingly, in this regime the dynamical critical behaviour arises only from paring and, thus, exhibits anomalous dynamical universality unrelated to equilibrium scaling. The discrepancy from the expected Kibble-Zurek scenario can be traced back to the presence of multiple universal terms in the equilibrium scaling functions of long-range interacting systems close to a second order critical point.


Abstract Domesticated landscapes are formed by complex social and ecological interactions. We study present-day remnants of species-rich hay meadows and pastures in Scandinavia, with historical roots in former 'infield systems', initially developed during the first centuries AD and maintained until the modernisation of agriculture during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Infield systems include infields, enclosed areas near farms incorporating hay meadows and crop fields, and surrounding outlying land used mainly for grazing. We interpret the development of Scandinavian infield systems and their relationship to vegetation and human culture using concepts of niche construction and entanglement. A key issue revolves around spatio-temporal stabilisation of managed grasslands, in turn related to a complex of interactions between cultural development (e.g. perceptions of land ownership and management practices) and ecological patterns (e.g. species richness). We propose that niche construction and entanglement are useful concepts bridging studies in social history and ecology, and for developing conservation programmes in cultural landscapes.


The article presents the results of the multi-scale use of the Russian wildrye in the nursery of the source material and research on its nutritional value. The nursery of the source material was laid in 2015 by nesting method on the territory of the botanical garden "Research Institute of Agricultural Problems of Khakassia" in the amount of 26 samples. The work was carried out in accordance with the guidelines for the selection of perennial cereal grasses, selection and seed production of perennial grasses. Observations of the growth and development of plants, accounting of the productivity of the studied varieties were carried out on the selection of forage grasses in Siberia. When evaluating this culture for pasture use four mowing operatios were carried out. The characteristic value is not only the absolute value of the growth of the crop, but its relative stability of regrowth during the growing season. According to the sum of the four mows, the highest productivity of the green mass was observed in K 1, K 2, K 3, K 5, K 6, K 9, and K 18 — from 500 g to 720 g.The capacity of the grass stand after grazing is one of the indicators that determine the normal state and development of plants. After four — fold mowing, the numbers K 1, K 2, K 3, K 5, K 6, K 9, and K 18 had a high bush power-from 3.6 to 4.6 points. For the main mowing, forage units were allocated to 1, To 2 — 0,69 — 0,69 kg of feed standard 0.49 kg and at otave 0.68-0.67 kg, standard 0.49 kg, respectively, for digestible protein To 1-149.6, To 2 — 162.5 g / kg of feed standard 141.1 g/kg and to 1-147.2, to 2 — 140.2, standard 140.0 g/kg of feed) and for  exchange energy for the main mowing to 1 and 2 9.8 MJ and 10.0 MJ, standard (Manchaara) — 9.7 MJ.


Continuous integration of signals from the micro‐ and macro‐environment is necessary for somatic stem cells to adapt to changing conditions, maintain tissue homeostasis, and activate repair mechanisms. G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) facilitate this integration by binding to numerous hormones, metabolites, and inflammatory mediators, influencing a diverse network of pathways that regulate stem cell fate. This adaptive mechanism is particularly relevant for tissues that are exposed to environmental assault, like skin. The skin is maintained by a set of basal keratinocyte stem and progenitor cells located in the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis, and several GPCRs and their signaling partners serve as makers and regulators of epidermal stem cell activity. GPCRs utilize heterotrimeric G protein dependent and independent pathways to translate extracellular signals into intracellular molecular cascades that dictate the activation of keratinocyte proliferative and differentiation networks, including Hedgehog GLI, Hippo YAP1 and WNT/β‐catenin, ultimately regulating stem cell identity. Dysregulation of GPCR signaling underlines numerous skin inflammatory diseases and cancer, with smoothened‐driven basal cell carcinoma being a main example of a GPCR‐associated cancer. In this review, we discuss the impact of GPCRs and their signaling partners in skin keratinocyte biology, particularly in the regulation of the epidermal stem cell compartment.


The mathematics success of African American male adolescents has been given limited attention. Most often, African American males are viewed in terms of their failure as opposed to their success. This tendency to focus almost exclusively on African American failure is a debilitating feature of extant literature and it constrains our understanding of African American mathematics achievement. Malik Williams is one case that stands in opposition to the norm. Realizing the importance of advanced mathematics to his college and career goals, Malik petitioned his principal to have a Pre-Calculus/Calculus course offered at his school. This article documents the story of Malik's success and in so doing, identifies key themes that inform current understanding of the mathematics achievement and career attainment of African American male students.


In this research dried noodles making from sweet potato flour were carried out. Sweet potato varieties that used are Ace with yellow roots. The making of dry noodles from sweet potato flour required modification of the process because flour does not contain gluten. This study using some modifications in addition of eggs and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC). The aim of this study is to obtain the concentration of the addition of egg and CMC to produce dried noodles from sweet potato flour with the best quality of organoleptic. The experimental design was used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) is arranged with 2 factors. The first factor is the type of the addition of eggs which consists of three levels, namely 0%, 10%, and 20%. The second factor is the concentration of CMC consists of three levels, namely 0%, 1%, and 2%. Observational studies include observations organoleptic dry noodles with hedonic scale and the best treatment will be tested n physical quality. The results showed that the addition of different concentrations of CMC and eggs significantly different with a sense of liking for sweet potato dried noodles, while preference for color, aroma, and texture of sweet potato dry noodles were not significantly different. The best results for the organoleptic quality using CMC addition of 1% and 20% addition of eggs. The best organoleptic quality parameters at each of the color 4.2 (like slightly), the aroma of 4.4 (like slightly), sense of 5.4 (like slightly) and for texture by 5 (like slightly). Dried sweet potato noodles best treatment results have physical quality of cooking loss 17.48%, 54.80% swelling index, hydration of 66.42%, 1.58 ratio developments, water content 8.06% and a yield of 53%. Keywords: CMC, dry noodles, eggs, sweet potatoes, organoleptic


Summary The British HIV Association currently recommends vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) for all susceptible HIV-infected individuals, therefore a retrospective analysis was performed on case notes from all patients diagnosed with HIV infection in our department for a one-year period from 1st August 2005; in each case HBV serological testing and vaccination status were recorded. Fifty-one patients were diagnosed with HIV infection during the study period, however, serological testing for HBV infection had been undertaken in only 76% of susceptible patients by 12 months following their HIV diagnosis. At the time of analysis only 31% of patients were adequately vaccinated against HBV, with recorded HBV surface antibody titres of >100 IU/L. HBV remains a considerable cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals and this study suggests that prevention or detection of HBV infection requires increased vigilance on the part of physicians managing HIV-positive patients.


NY-ESO-1 is expressed in ∼70% of synovial sarcomas and not expressed in vital tissues. We report interim results of NCT01343043 evaluating safety and activity of autologous T cells engineered to express an HLA-A2+ restricted, affinity-enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) targeting NY-ESO-1. HLA-A2+ patients with unresectable, metastatic, or recurrent synovial sarcoma were eligible if tumors expressed NY-ESO-1 by IHC. Lymphocytes were activated using anti-CD3/28 microbeads, genetically modified with a lentivector, then cryopreserved. Subjects received fludarabine 30mg/m2/d (D-6 to -2) and cyclophosphamide 1800mg/m2/d (D-3,-2), and infusion of engineered T cells. Systemic IL-2 was not administered. Nine subjects have received NY-ESO-1 cell infusions. Median transduced T cell dose was 3.4 × 109 cells (range 0.4-14.4), 60×106 cells/kg (range 5.7-165.5), and median transduction efficiency was 45.8%. Toxicity likely attributable to the T cells included fever, and grade 1-2 cytokine release syndrome. No autoimmune toxicity has been observed. Circulating engineered NY-ESO-1 cells were detected in all patients, peaking 3-21 days post-infusion. Persistence has been evaluated beyond 3 months in 4 subjects, all of whom had detectable NY-ESO-1 cells at 4 mos, 6 mos+, 12 mos+ and 12 mos+. We identified persisting NY-ESO-1 T cells using dextamer and/or anti-vβ13.1 mAbs, and observed that a high fraction of CD4+ and CD8+ NY-ESO-1 TCR expressing T cells were CD45RA+CCR7+CD95+, consistent with a stem cell memory phenotype. Persisting cells also demonstrate a polyfunctional (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and cytotoxic (CD107a and granzyme B) signature without overexpression of exhaustion markers (PD-1, LAG-3, and TIM-3). Of 8 patients whose follow-up is sufficient to assess response, 4 experienced objective responses (1CR x 9 mos, 1PR x 9 mos, 2PR x 6 mos). Tumor shrinkage could not be attributed to chemotherapy alone as progressive decreases in tumor size were observed over several months following completion of the lymphodepleting regimen. All PR patients (2 upon signs of progression and 1 still responding to therapy) ultimately underwent resection for residual disease and two remain without evidence of disease. Adoptive immunotherapy with NY-ESO-1 engineered T cells shows promising results in synovial sarcoma with acceptable toxicity. High dose IL-2 is not required for therapeutic benefit with this regimen. Citation Format: Melinda S. Merchant, Sandra P. D9Angelo, Hua Zhang, Donna Bernstein, Gwen Binder-Scholl, Tom Holdich, Luca Melchiori, Dan Williams, Marylene Fortin, Yoav Peretz, Jason Howe, Michael Mehler, Bruce A. Hug, Matthew Wright, Stephen Grupp, Paul A. Meyers, William Tap, Bent Jakobsen, Crystal L. Mackall. Genetically engineered NY-ESO-1-specific T cells in HLA-A2+ patients with synovial sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4707. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4707


Objectives. The aim was to determine the prevalence of aortic arch variations in 881 patients who underwent neck CT angiography for various reasons. Material and Methods. 881 patients were included in the study who had undergone neck CT angiography between 2010 and 2013. Results. Of 881 patients, 770 (87.4%) patients with classic branching pattern of the aortic arch (AA) were observed. Variations in branching pattern were seen in 111 (12.6%) patients. The most common variation was the origination of the left common carotid artery (LCCA) from the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT). This pattern was observed in 64 (7.2%) cases. In 25 (2.8%) cases, the left vertebral artery (LVA) originated directly from the AA between the origin of the LCCA and left subclavian artery (SCA). 17 (1.9%) cases had aberrant right subclavian artery. Three (0.3%) cases showed right aortic arch. Two cases had right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery. Conclusions. Variations in the branching pattern of the AA are not rare. Head and neck surgeons and interventional radiologists should be aware of aortic arch variations. CTA is a reliable imaging method for demonstrating anatomical features and variations of the AA.


Conservatory measures in the matter of trustee Sidney Charles Schiff
and trustee firm Schiff & Associates Inc. given to Diane Tung and Abubakar Khan (April 18, 2005).


Fuzzy quantification supplies powerful tools for handling linguistic expressions. Nevertheless, its advantages are usually shown at the theoretical level without a proper empirical validation. In this work, we review the application of fuzzy quantification in two application domains. We provide empirical evidence on the adequacy of fuzzy quantification to support different tasks in the context of mobile robotics and information retrieval. This practical perspective aims at exemplifying the actual benefits that real application can get from fuzzy quantifiers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This book argues that domestic governance influenced by Confucianism can embrace the liberal aspects of democracy along with the democratic ideas of equal opportunities and governmental accountability to the people. But Confucianism would give more political decision-making power to those with the moral, practical, and intellectual capabilities of caring for the people. While most democratic thinkers still focus on strengthening equality to cure the ills of democracy, the proposed hybrid regime—made up of Confucian-inspired meritocratic characteristics combined with democratic elements and a quasi-liberal system of laws and rights—recognizes that egalitarian qualities sometimes conflict with good governance and the protection of liberties, and defends liberal aspects by restricting democratic ones. The author applies his view to the international realm by supporting a hierarchical order based on how humane each state is toward its own and other peoples, and on the principle of international interventions whereby humane responsibilities override sovereignty. The book presents a novel Confucian-engendered alternative for solving today's political problems.


Ten saccharide-dye (azophenol and azonaphthol) conjugate molecules and four methylated reference compounds were synthesized. The purpose of the present study using these molecules is to change the colour of the common dye moiety, both in solution and in solid by the structural difference in the saccharide moieties and eventually to mimic the colour creation mechanism in a nature's flower family. In azophenol derivatives, the solution (THF) colour was more or less the same but the solid colour was significantly different (yellow-orange-pink). The XRD study established that the colour change is correlated to the crystallinity of the solid samples: the u max shifts to shorter wavelength with the increase in the crystallinity. In azonaphthol derivatives, the solution colour was more different than the solid colour. The spectroscopic studies established that this change is due to an azo-hydrazone tautomerism. The colour changes were quantitatively expressed by the CIE L * a * b * colourimetric system. The foregoing results indicate that the colour of the dye molecules can be changed utilizing the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions among the appended saccharide moieties.


The article attempts to reveal if it is possible to make a differentiated analysis of the global dimension of populism by systematizing foreign (mainly) and domestic studies. This allowed us to correlate the theoretical and comparative developments of research on populism, on the one hand, and the relevant, traditional problem areas of the international relations theory. This approach helped us to demonstrate both the existing and potential possibilities for a differentiated analysis of the global aspects of populism. The scientific novelty of the article lies in determining the possibilities of the academic field for the analysis of the foreign policy effects of populism. As a result of the study, the author concluded that the foreign policy positions and policies of populists derive from domestic politics and their opposition to traditional elites. Structural pressure (pressure of the international environment) and the adoption of the rules of the game after coming to power, even if the anti-elite discourse is maintained, make attempts to typify and classify populist foreign policy positions extremely complex and often unproductive.


Signal and coefficient norm-scaling to avoid autonomous overflow oscillations in digital filters has been discussed by Jackson. Simple expressions for the L∞-norms of the state variables of bilinear digital filters are given here for engineering applications. The canonical direct form and the cross-coupled minimum-norm realisations are considered.


This cross-sectional study was structured to allow the evaluation of the respiratory, genotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of occupational exposure to products resulting from the activity of printers in typographies and, to determine the risk of genotoxicity associated with such exposure. This study comprised 69 subjects, 25 individuals occupationally exposed to the products of typographies (study group), and 44 individuals non-exposed to the environment studied (reference group). The frequency of micronucleated cells and other nuclear anomalies (binucleated, karyolitic, pyknotic, and karyorrhectic cells) in the oral epithelia of each subject were analyzed. The frequency of micronucleated cells was significantly higher in the study group when compared to the reference one (12.96 MN/2000 cells vs. 4MN/2000 cells, respectively). Occupational exposure to products of typography is a risk factor for the occurrence of micronucleated cells in the study group (RR = 3.2; 95% CI, 2.7–3.9; p < 0.001). The results of the spirometry test did not reveal significant respiratory effects between the reference and study groups.


A novel, interacting protein with acetyl-CoA carboxylase resembles a known subunit but functions as a dominant-negative regulator of this multienzyme complex. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) catalyzes the committed step of de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. In prokaryotes, green algae, and most plants, this enzyme is a heteromeric complex requiring four different subunits for activity. The plant complex is recalcitrant to conventional purification schemes and hence the structure and composition of the full assembly have been unclear. In vivo coimmunoprecipitation using subunit-specific antibodies identified a novel family of proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana annotated as biotin/lipoyl attachment domain containing (BADC) proteins. Results from yeast two-hybrid and coexpression in Escherichia coli confirmed that all three BADC isoforms interact with the two biotin carboxyl carrier protein (BCCP) isoforms of Arabidopsis ACCase. These proteins resemble BCCP subunits but are not biotinylated due to a mutated biotinylation motif. We demonstrate that BADC proteins significantly inhibit ACCase activity in both E. coli and Arabidopsis. Targeted gene silencing of BADC isoform 1 in Arabidopsis significantly increased seed oil content when normalized to either mass or individual seed. We conclude the BADC proteins are ancestral BCCPs that gained a new function as negative regulators of ACCase after initial loss of the biotinylation motif. A functional model is proposed.


A key debate in research on corporate restructuring is whether this widespread and extensive transformation process made contemporary employment relationships more open—with firms relying largely on market forces to reward employees—or left them relatively closed, with wages remaining primarily a function of internal labor market systems, practices, and policies. Research in this arena has had conceptual and empirical challenges in clearly distinguishing between these contrasting perspectives, leaving open the question of whether corporate restructuring reflects a full-fledged transformation in wage patterns, determinants, and outcomes, or instead erosion around the margins. We seek to resolve this debate by extending, refining, and assessing a rent-destruction account of the effect of corporate restructuring on employment relationships—which we contrast with internal labor market approaches. Results from analyses of 25 years of personnel records from a Fortune 500 energy-sector firm are consistent with the rent-destruction account: employment relationships became more market-based following the onset of corporate restructuring—albeit with production workers' contracts seemingly becoming more open than those of managers.


The development of radar based classification and identification processes demand a detailed knowledge of the scattering centre distribution. Independent on the demand of an operational system the resolution of a basic experimental system should be about one order of magnitude above the necessary requirements to allow a thorough judgement of those. To be able to deliver an ultimate database for forthcoming applications, an experimental radar operating at all relevant millimetre wave frequency bands has been developed, which is capable to deliver an instantaneous bandwidth of up to 8000 MHz. The radar uses an FM-CW waveform and is fully solid state. It relies on the most advanced GaAs HEMT Amplifier technique. The radar is used to extract the scattering centre distribution for targets and their statistical properties. The data were processed by an inverse synthetic aperture algorithm to generate high resolution scattering centre distributions for snapshots over small angular intervals and as accumulated images over the full aspect angle range of 360deg. The time necessary for a full turn is below 3 minutes, so in contrary to similar approaches under use of vector network analyzers a high throughput rate for different targets or target conditions is possible. The paper describes the measurement set-up and the evaluation algorithm. Typical examples for different targets are presented.


The in vitro and in vivo performance of three different semipermeable microdialysis membranes was compared: a proprietary polycarbonate‐ether membrane made by Carnegie Medecin; cuprophan, a regenerated cellulose membrane; and polyacrylonitrile. When microdialysis probes were tested in a stirred in vitro solution, large and statistically significant differences among the three membranes in extraction of acid metabolites (3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and homovanillic acid) and acetaminophen were found. Polyacrylonitrile had the highest extractions in vitro. In contrast, when microdialysis probes were implanted in vivo (in rat striatum), extraction of acid metabolites and acetaminophen did not differ significantly among the different membranes. These results are consistent with predictions made by a mathematical model of microdialysis and can be explained by the fact that in vitro the main factor limiting extraction is membrane resistance to diffusion, whereas tissue resistance to diffusion plays a more dominant role in vivo. These findings suggest that (aside from differences in surface area), the choice of semipermeable membrane will generally have little effect on in vivo microdialysis results. Furthermore, in vitro measurements of microdialysis probe extractions are not a reliable way of calibrating in vivo performance.


ABSTRACT We investigated the foraging behaviour of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus euryale) in an Atlantic mosaic-like landscape consisting predominantly of meadows and broadleaved tree structures, and containing the largest known breeding colony in northern Iberian Peninsula. We radio-tracked a total of 46 individuals during pre-breeding, lactation and post-lactation periods. Bats were divided into different classes based on season, sex, reproductive condition or age. Significant differences between classes were apparent in the distances travelled to foraging areas. During pre-breeding foraging occurred on average within 1.3 km, and at most 4.2 km from the roost. Contrary to our predictions, lactating females extended mean foraging distances to 4.3 km, and covered the widest range with a maximum individual distance from the roost of 9.2 km. Males in the same period foraged closer (mean 1.9 km), but with lower fidelity to the main roost. The foraging distances of adult bats during post-lactation did not differ from that of lactating females (mean 4.6 km). Newly volant juveniles flew on average 2.6 km, though showed a varied behaviour. No seasonal effect was found on the size of individual foraging home ranges, as great variation was recorded within all groups. We conclude that the increase in foraging distances is the consequence of higher density as colony size increased by 55% from pre-breeding into the lactation period on. Our results show another aspect of the scale of foraging movements of R. euryale and highlight the need to take these into account when formulating conservation policy, especially during such crucial periods as lactation and juvenile dispersal.


ABSTRACT To rapidly find "best-in-class" antibody therapeutics, it has become essential to develop high throughput (HTP) processes that allow rapid assessment of antibodies for functional and molecular properties. Consequently, it is critical to have access to sufficient amounts of high quality antibody, to carry out accurate and quantitative characterization. We have developed automated workflows using liquid handling systems to conduct affinity-based purification either in batch or tip column mode. Here, we demonstrate the capability to purify >2000 antibodies per day from microscale (1 mL) cultures. Our optimized, automated process for human IgG1 purification using MabSelect SuRe resin achieves ∼70% recovery over a wide range of antibody loads, up to 500 µg. This HTP process works well for hybridoma-derived antibodies that can be purified by MabSelect SuRe resin. For rat IgG2a, which is often encountered in hybridoma cultures and is challenging to purify via an HTP process, we established automated purification with GammaBind Plus resin. Using these HTP purification processes, we can efficiently recover sufficient amounts of antibodies from mammalian transient or hybridoma cultures with quality comparable to conventional column purification.


Introduction Fixed-time artificial insemination is an effective management tool that reduces the labor associated with more conventional artificial insemination programs requiring detection of estrus. The 7-day CO-Synch + controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert protocol has been shown to effectively initiate estrus and ovulation in cycling and non-cycling suckled beef cows, producing pregnancy rates at or greater than 50% in beef cows. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) injection that begins the CO-Synch + CIDR program initiates ovulation in a large proportion of cows, particularly anestrous cows. The CIDR, which releases progesterone intravaginally, prevents short estrous cycles that usually follow the first postpartum ovulation in beef cows. Our hypothesis was that inducing estrus with a prostaglandin injection followed 3 days later with a GnRH injection, 7 days before applying the 7-day CO-Synch + CIDR protocol, might increase the percentage of cycling cows that would exhibit synchronous follicular waves after the onset of the CO-Synch + CIDR protocol. We also hypothesized that the additional GnRH injection would increase the percentage of anestrous cows that would ovulate, thereby increasing pregnancy outcomes.


Abstract The Pandectist Jurisprudence and its Historical Background. This prolonged critique will observe carefully an undoutedly important and timely enterprise initiated by H.-P. Haferkamp and T. Repgen to understand the Pandectist legal thinking immanently which has been often blocked for its rather pejorative reputation such as too conceptual, too systematic, too abstract and lifeless etc. It will be shown that this significant first step must be surely continued – only with far more attentiveness. Especially one must read the overall complex structure of the Pandectist legal thinking almost with a seismographic sensitiveness and simultaneously with due respect to the general and long-term historical background.


Metastatic axillary lymph node from occult breast carcinoma poses a difficult and challenging management. It is a rare entity accounting only 0.3-1% cases of all breast cancer. It involves a multidisciplinary discussion and collaboration. Traditionally the treatment consists of mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection however the practice patterns have steadily changed over the last two to three decades with an emphasized-on breast conservation therapy (BCT). Here we present a 58-year-old lady presented with enlarging right axilla swelling for one month without any breast lump or nipple discharge. Examination revealed 2 mobile right axilla lymph nodes with no palpable breast lump or demonstrable nipple discharge. Routine imaging including mammogram and ultrasound of the breast did not reveal any lesion except suspicious lymph nodes at the right axilla. Cytology of the lymph node showed suspicious of metastatic lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast also did not reveal any breast lesion. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET CT) was done but did not show uptake to suggest primary lesion except uptake at the right axillary node and right internal mammary node. Excision biopsy of the right axillary node was proven to be metastatic carcinoma in keeping with breast as primary with negative for estrogen and progesterone receptor but c-erB2 positive. Mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection was done and histopathology report was found to have 2x1 mm, grade 2 tumor in the breast. Patient underwent adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy and currently on trastuzumab and is doing well with no signs of loco regional recurrence or distant metastasis.


In order to investigate the deembedding uncertainties in the most commonly used deembedding methods, fmax and fT deembedded from two- and three-step ones are compared with those of an accurate pad-open-short technique requiring an additional pad open pattern. The lower fmax and higher fT values from these deembedding methods than those of the pad-open-short technique considering the distributed effect are obtained in an actual MOSFET with Lg = 0.13 mum. The deembedding uncertainty of two- and three-step methods is reduced without the pad open pattern by a simple deembedding technique using extrinsic and intrinsic admittances in specific splitting fractions.


Amphoteric polyacrylamide (AmPAM) is a linear water-soluble polymer that has been applied in papermaking as an agent for flocculation, retention, filtration, and dry-strength improvement. However, AmPAM with different ranges of molecular weight (MW) have different properties in these processes. In this study, a series of AmPAMs were constructed with an anionic monomer, itaconic acid (IA), a cationic monomer, methacryloxyethyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), and a main backbone of acrylamide (AM). Four factors influencing free radical polymerization, i.e., reaction temperature, pH, initiator load, and the concentration of monomers, were systematically investigated via an orthogonal test to determine their effects on the MW of AmPAM. Spectroscopy and isoelectric point assays were used to characterize the structure of the produced AmPAM, and the MW was assessed by calculating the viscosity. The reaction temperature had the greatest influence on the MW of AmPAM, followed by the solution pH and the initiator load. To determine the dry strength of papersheets containing AmPAM, the breaking length of handsheets was assessed after adding 0.5% AmPAM (based on fiber) with different MWs. The maximum value, 4.05 km, was 15.0% higher than the control and was obtained using AmPAM with a MW of 330 kDa.


Advances in node-level architecture and interconnect technology needed to reach extreme scale necessitate a reevaluation of long-standing models of computation, in particular bulk synchronous processing. The end of Dennard-scaling and subsequent increases in CPU core counts each successive generation of general purpose processor has made the ability to leverage parallelism for communication an increasingly critical aspect for future extreme-scale application performance. But the use of massive multithreading in combination with MPI is an open research area, with many proposed approaches requiring code changes that can be unfeasible for important large legacy applications already written in MPI. This paper covers the design and initial evaluation of an extension of a massive multithreading runtime system supporting dynamic parallelism to interface with MPI to handle fine-grain parallel communication and communication-computation overlap. Our initial evaluation of the approach uses the ubiquitous stencil computation, in three dimensions, with the halo exchange as the driving example that has a demonstrated tie to real code bases. The preliminary results suggest that even for a very well-studied and balanced workload and message exchange pattern, co-scheduling work and communication tasks is effective at significant levels of decomposition using up to 131,072 cores. Furthermore, we demonstrate useful communication-computation overlap when handling blocking send and receive calls, and show evidence suggesting that we can decrease the burstiness of network traffic, with a corresponding decrease in the rate of stalls (congestion) seen on the host link and network.


This paper gives the full analytical solution of the generic set of ordinary differential equations that define one-compartment toxicokinetic models. These models describe uptake and elimination processes taking place within living organisms when exposed to chemical substances. The models solved in this paper consider living organisms as a unique compartment, into which a parent compound enters via several possible exposure routes and from which it is eliminated as well as its potential metabolites. Benefiting from generic solutions of one-compartment toxicokinetic models is particularly useful when fitting them to experimental data, facilitating the writing of the inference algorithms leading to parameter estimates. Additionally, these models are of crucial interest in environmental risk assessment for the calculation of bioaccumulation metrics as required by regulators in support of decision making when they evaluate dossiers for marketing authorisation of active substances. Graphical abstract


Despite significant efforts to improve the calibration of hydrological models, when applied to real-world case studies, model errors (residuals) remain. These residuals impair flow estimates and can lead to unreliable design, management, and operation of water resources systems. Since these residuals are auto-correlated, they should be treated with appropriate methods that do not require limiting assumptions (e.g., that the residuals follow a Gaussian distribution).

This study introduces a novel data-driven framework to account for residuals of hydrological models. Our framework relies on a conceptual-data-driven approach (CDDA) that integrates two models, i.e., a hydrological model (HM) with a data-driven (i.e., machine learning) model (DDM), to simulate an ensemble of residuals from the HM. In the first part of the CDDA, a HM is used to generate an ensemble of streamflow simulations for different parameter sets. Afterwards, residuals associated with each simulation are computed and a DDM developed to predict the residuals. Finally, the original streamflow simulations are coupled with the DDM predictions to produce the CDDA output, an improved ensemble of streamflow simulations. The proposed CDDA is a useful approach since it respects hydrological processes via the HM and it profits from the DDM’s ability to simulate the complex (nonlinear) relationship between residuals and input variables.

To explore the utility of CDDA, we focus principally on identifying the best DDM and input variables to mimic HM residuals. For this purpose, we have explored eight different DDM variants and multiple input variables (observed precipitation, air temperature, and streamflow) at different lag times prior to the simulation day. Based on a case study involving three Swiss catchments, the proposed CDDA framework is shown to be very promising at improving ensemble streamflow simulations, reducing the mean continuous ranked probability score by 16-29 % when compared to the standalone HM. It was found that eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) and Random Forests (RF), each using 29 input variables, were the strongest predictors of the HM residuals. However, similar performance could be achieved by selecting only the six most important (of the original 29) input variables and re-training the XGB and RF models.

Additional experimentation shows that by converting CDDA to a stochastic framework (i.e., to account for important uncertainty sources), significant gains in model performance can be achieved.


This article addresses the largely overlooked question of whether explanations for inequality are related to appraisals of the political system. It posits a positive relationship between individual explanations for inequality and three indicators of appraisals of the political system: satisfaction with democracy, political trust, and external political efficacy. Individual explanations for inequality are a form of system justifying belief and constitute part of a wider ideological view of the status quo social order as just and defensible. This positive view of the functioning of society may flow over into appraisals of the political system, imply a positive disposition towards high-status groups including politicians, and remove the motivation to blame the political system for ongoing inequality (which is instead seen in a positive, meritocratic light). The relationships between explanations for inequality and appraisals of the political system are tested for the first time in the United States, using 2002 ANES data, and in Great Britain, using data from a survey fielded in 2014. The results in the United States show few consistent or significant relationships between explanations for inequality and any of the appraisals of the political system. However, the results in Great Britain show consistent, robust, and statistically significant positive relationships between individual explanations for inequality and external political efficacy. The inconsistency in these results may stem from the differing temporal and national contexts of the surveys. It is also likely that the ranking measures of explanations for inequality in the GB data distinguished respondents for whom individual explanations are particularly important, who have a less negative appraisal of external political efficacy. However, more work is required to investigate the effects of question format, the impact of national and temporal context, and the causal direction of the relationship between explanations for inequality and appraisals of the political system.


To the Editor. —I commend the recent article entitled "Prevention and Control of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome [AIDS]: An Interim Report"1 from the American Medical Association's Board of Trustees, but, as medical director of the AIDS Control Program in Seattle, I would like to make several comments. The need for a national policy on AIDS, while critical, will apparently not be a product of the work of the Presidential Commission on AIDS. This was not one of the President's charges to the Commission, and the development of such a policy was not listed in their December interim report as a priority for the remainder of the Commission's work, to be completed in mid-1988. While I agree that such a policy must represent a coordinated effort between all levels of government and private concerns, some entity must lead the way in suggesting the framework for such a policy or it will


Efavirenz is manufactured worldwide, and its asymmetric synthesis requires a complex organometallic approach, while an organocatalytic approach is far less efficient. The first highly enantioselective approach is disclosed for the synthesis of Efavirenz under nonmetal organocatalysis with up to 93% ee for the Merck intermediate and 91% ee for the Lonsa intermediate using novel alkynyl cinchona catalysts.


Carrierless Amplitude Phase (CAP) Modulation is a multidimensional and multilevel of modulation scheme which it is strongly inspired by QAM modulation scheme. CAP does not depend on a carrier and it is much simpler. Lots of CAP modulation experiments have been proposed and demonstrate but none of them were introduced in real time system. Therefore Very High Speed IC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) has been chosen as a method to investigate the modulation of CAP transmitter in real time. This project focused on 2D CAP transmitter implementation in VHDL. The aim of this project is to investigate the CAP transmitter modulation by using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and implement the core signal processing blocks using VHDL. Therefore 4 selected blocks of CAP transmitter: random generator, constellation mapper, modulation and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) were designed and analyzed. Then they were compared to the theory of CAP modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).The transition table was created based on modulation theory for proofing purposed. Quartus II has been used for simulation in implementing 4 RAMs, 1 radix butterfly and designing an IFFT. 3 stages were connected with each other using CORDIC algorithm and 23 multiplexers. We believe that this project is a good start for implementing 2D-CAP in the real time. Real time is good because it is timeliness, fast, low loss rate, low end to end delay and very cost effectively.


Background Synovitis (synovial inflammation) is the main characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); a chronic inflammatory disease leading to progressive joint destruction. Synovitis is characterised by thickening of the synovial membrane due increased synoviocyte proliferation, leukocyte infiltration, innervations, vascularization and fibrosis. Fibrosis is described as increased extracellular matrix turnover, which is a result of the increased amount of proteolytic enzymes (MMPs and aggrecanases) and cell numbers. Especially, MMP-1, 3, and 9 is up regulated in RA. In this study, we investigated type I and III collagen, as these collagens are pronounced in the synovial membrane. Furthermore, we investigated type II collagen as this is the main collagen in cartilage and it is adjacent to the synovial membrane. Objectives We investigated the turnover of collagens related to synovitis by utilising a panel of extracellular turnover biomarkers in a RA animal model (collagen induced arthritis (CIA)). Such panel of biomarkers reflecting the turnover of the affected tissues in RA may be a better approach in diagnosis differentiation of early and severe disease. Methods CIA was induced in 10 Wistar rats by immunizations with 450 μl 2 mg/ml porcrine type II collagen dissolved in 0.05M acetic acid and emulsified 1:1 in incomplete Freunds Adjuvant in day 0 and 7. 10 Wistar rats were used as controls with injection of 0.05M acetic acid. On day 16 all 10 CIA rats showed signs of disease (paw swelling). All rats were sacrificed on day 26 and blood samples were taken throughout the experiment. Six different ELISA's were used to quantify the level of collagen turnover. Two unpublished assays P2NP and P3NP and four published assays PINP, C1M, C2M and C3M were used. P1NP, P2NP, and P3NP utilize neo-epitopes in the pro-peptide of type I, II and III collagen, respectively. C1M, C2M, and C3M are MMP-dependent degradation markers of the same collagens. Results Increased degradation of type I (C1M) and III (C3M) collagen was detected from disease onset until termination (57.5±8.8% (P<0.01) and 41.8±5.2% compared to baseline (P<0.001) respectively), when compared to controls. However, there was no significant difference in the formation of type I (P1NP) and III (P3NP) collagen between CIA rats and control. A significant decrease (-19.4±5.6% compared to baseline, P<0.01) in type II collagen formation (P2NP) was detected in the CIA rats at day 16. A 31.9±10.5% increase in degradation of type II collagen (C2M) was detected in CIA rats compared to baseline at day 22. The diagnostic utility of the biomarkers was investigated by ROC curves. None of the markers could discriminate between groups at the early time point (day 7). At the later time point (day 22), the formation markers all had an AUC of 0.53-0.67 (p>0.05). C1M had an AUC of 0.88 (P=0.0041), C3M had an AUC of 0.97 (p=0.00038) and C2M had an AUC of 0.85 (P=0.0082), suggesting that the three degradation markers were diagnostic for RA. Conclusions In summary, a profile of tissue balance in RA was investigated. The results indicate that cartilage, synovium, and connective tissue turnover are important events in RA. We speculate that a combination of these biological relevant collagen turnover markers might be utilized in a panel as diagnostic and prognostic markers of RA. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


I thank Ethnic and Racial Studies for the opportunity to participate in this symposium and I am honoured to be in conversation with Michael Banton, an esteemed contributor to the Sociology of Race (and Colour), with whom I respectfully differ. Banton argues that 'U.S. scholars followed the ordinary language trend of using race instead of color', as W. E. B. DuBois originally had, and that my use of the term 'race' erringly uses the experience of North American 'black white relations as a paradigm case to offer a conceptual framework for the analysis of relations in Brazil.' Banton objects to my use of race and colour as rough equivalents. For him, colour refers to a 'first order abstraction', which describes physical differences that are used in society as markers of social distinction, while race is a 'second order abstraction' that is neither visible nor measurable and that varies from place to place, 'making it more difficult to identify what has to be explained' (p. 4). Banton (p. 6) seems to find it odd that my book, Race in Another America, should bear the subtitle 'The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil'. But the title of my book simply reflects one of its central findings: that, in Brazil, conceptions of 'race' and conceptions of 'color' overlap. Banton is right to separate folk and analytical concepts, but I think he goes about it in the wrong way. Race is clearly a folk concept, and it lacks analytical validity, but his race/colour distinction begs more questions than it resolves. Race and colour are both folk concepts but race and many references to colour are based on the social process of racialization, which classifies people according to race, privileging some while excluding others. Racial and colour inequality and discrimination in Brazil and the USA are rooted in a common western racial ideology, although one that has been interpreted in different ways in both countries. Whereas colour might be seen as merely descriptive, it also elicits a racial ideology where Brazilians are keenly aware of human colour variation, which they often place on a naturalized hierarchy of worth. Ethnic and Racial Studies Vol. 35 No. 7 July 2012 pp. 1163 1168


Hexane, chloroform and ethanol extracts of six marine macroalgae (Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta) from North Ceara coast (Northeast Brazil) were evaluated for antibacterial activity by the single disk method. Best results were shown by the hexane extracts of Amansia multifida against enteric Gram-negative strains such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, S. cholerae-suis, Serratia marcescens, Vibrio cholerae and the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.


Acetaminophen is a commonly used non-opioid analgesic with a well-established safety and tolerability profile. This retrospective study investigated the effects of intraoperative vs postoperative administration of intravenous (IV) acetaminophen on opioid consumption and pain scores in surgical patients. We included 147 patients who underwent abdominal or orthopedic spinal surgery who met all inclusion criteria; 41 patients received IV acetaminophen intraoperatively, 52 patients received it postoperatively and 54 control patients who did not receive IV acetaminophen. Patient outcomes were measured through 24-hour Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for pain scores, 24-hour opioid consumption, post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) pain scores, PACU and hospital length of stay and the time to first ambulation. The patients in the intraoperative IV acetaminophen group had a) significantly decreased 24-hour average pain scores (4.3±1.7) compared to the postoperative IV acetaminophen group (6.3±1.5) and to the control group (5.3±1.5) (p<0.05), b) decreased 24-hour opioid consumption (102±168) compared to the control group (189±153) (p<0.001), and c) had lower PACU initial pain scores (4±3.5) compared to the control group (6±4) (p<0.05). Also, the patients in the intraoperative IV acetaminophen group had reduced length of hospital stay (4.2±3.2) when compared with those in the control group (5.6±3.3) (p<0.05). Intraoperative IV acetaminophen significantly reduced the intraoperative opioid requirements compared to the controls (54±97 vs 119±149) (p<0.05). Intraoperative IV acetaminophen administration as an adjunct analgesic decreased postoperative opioid requirements and enhanced analgesia.


K. C. is an 11-year-old girl who had a deficit in phonological awareness without difficulties in naming speed. After 18 months of linguistically sound, phonologically grounded therapy, she progressed from being a nonreader to being an at least grade-level reader midway through her fourth-grade year. Her therapy started after she had experienced 3 years of failure in school, despite 1 year of pull-out remedial reading support and 4 months of after-school remedial help. An extremely important component of her therapy was the dedication of her mother, who served as her coach, guided by me, the therapist-author. K. C. and her mother practiced daily for 30 to 60 minutes, using techniques learned in our weekly 1-hour sessions. They also both learned how to attend to positive behavior and how to teach with positive hinting. Seven months after completing her therapy, K. C. has maintained her gains and has gained another grade level in reading as she readies herself for entering fifth grade.


We studied properties and classification of selected volcanic ash soils formed under different vegetations on Kenai Peninsula, southcentral Alaska. Spruce (Sitka spruce) and alder soils had well-developed eluvial and spodic horizons common to most Spodosols. Fescue soil, developed under fescue-lichen tundra vegetation, showed a thick, very dark humus horizon similar to most Andisols in Japan. Bluejoint soil had an E horizon masked by organic matter, suggesting the degradation of Spodosol to Andisol. Although the four soils showed differences in vegetation and morphological properties, they shared many similarities in physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties, reflecting the properties of volcanic ash as the parent material. Nevertheless, the four soils had significant dissimilarities relating to their soil-forming processes. For example, spruce and alder soils showed humus and mineralogical characteristics, such as high humic-acid-to-fulvic-acid (HA:FA) ratios and abundance of smectite in the eluvial horizons and very low HA: FA ratios and abundance of chloritized 2:1 minerals in the illuvial horizons. Fescue soil contained humic acid with a high degree of humif ication and allophanic clay mineralogy. Bluejoint soil was nonallophanic as spruce and alder soils, but it showed the predominance of chloritized 2:1 minerals in the clay fractions throughout the profile. Both spruce and alder soils having well-developed eluvial and spodic horizons satisfied the chemical criteria for a spodic horizon and were classified as Typic Cryohumod (Soil Taxonomy). Although the two soils also satisfied andic properties, we insisted that the Andisol-Spodosol transition problem should be basically brought into settlement according to the properties reflecting the major soil-forming processes. Fescue soil satisfied the requirements of andic properties and was classified as Dystric Cryandept (Soil Taxonomy) and as Typic Haplocry and (ICOMAND proposal). Bluejoint soil had a less developed eluvial horizon, but satisfied the chemical spodic criteria using the clay contents determined by the NSSL pipette method because of incomplete dispersion of the clay fraction. However, according to the data of clay measurement by the pipette method after sonication and pH adjustment, bluejoint soil did not meet the spodic criteria and was classified as Dystric Cryandept (Soil Taxonomy) and as Typic Alicryand (ICOMAND proposal). A method of particle-size analysis should be established for volcanic ash soils, especially for the spodic criteria of (Fep + Alp)/% clay.


Jet impingement has been applied for internal cooling in gas turbine blades. In this study, heat transfer characteristics of impinging jets from a row of circular orifices were investigated inside a flow channel with rotations. The Reynolds number (Re) based on the jet mean velocity was fixed at 6,700. Whereas, the rotation number (Ro) of a channel was varied from 0 to 0.0099. The jet-to-impingement distance ratio (L/Dj) and jet pitch ratio (P/Dj) were respective 2 and 4, Dj is a jet diameter of 5 mm. The thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) technique was used to measure the heat transfer coefficient distributions on an impingement surface. The results show that heat transfer enhancement on a jet impingement surface depended on the effects of crossflow and Coriolis force. The local Nusselt number at X/Dj?20 on the leading side (LS) was higher than on the trailing side (TS) while heat transfer on the LS at 20?X/Dj?40 gained the lowest, compared to on the TS. The average Nusselt number ratios ( ) on the TS at Ro = 0.0049 gave higher than on the LS of around 2.17%. On the other hand, the on the TS at Ro = 0.0099 was less than the LS of about 0.08%.


2. MALLAMPATI SR, GATT SP, GUGINO LD, DESAI SP, WARSAKA Anaesthesia 1990; 45: 486-7. B, FRIEBERGER D, LIU PL. A clinical sign to predict difficult intubation: a prospective study. Canadian Anaesiheiists' Society Journal 1985; 32: 429-34. 3. CHARTERS P, PERERA S, HORTON WA. Visibility of pharyngeal structures as a predictor of difficult intubation. Anaesthesia 1987; 4 2 1115. 4. SAMSOON GLT, YOUNG JRB. Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia 1987; 4 2 487-90.' 5. HORTON WA, FAHY L, CHARTERS P. Failure to control the hyoid-a common mechanism in difficult intubation with the Macintosh blade? British Journal of Anaesihesia 1988; 61:


A global computation model for self-wiping corotating twin screw extruders is proposed. Based on a 1D approximated approach, it has been validated by comparison with experimentation and more sophisticated numerical models. It allows one to obtain, for any screw profile including left-and right-handed screw elements and kneading discs, the profile along the screws of the main flow variables, such as pressure, mean temperature, residence time, and filling ratio. Owing to the approximations made, this model can be easily and rapidly run on a personal computer or a workstation. Important applications may be found in screw profile design, scaleup, compounding or reactive extrusion.