A multidisciplinary study of a unique group of Late Bronze Age (LBA) ceremonial glass axe heads and other artefacts shows that these are the first significant group of glasses coloured with cobalt to be identified from the Near East. The axes were excavated from the site of Nippur, in present-day Iraq. Several are incised with the names of three kings, which dates the material to the 14th–13th centuries bc. Analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICPMS) indicates that the glass had high magnesia (MgO) and potash (K2O) associated with a plant-ash flux and was coloured blue by copper or a combination of copper and cobalt. These glasses are similar, but not identical, in major element composition to blue-coloured glasses manufactured in ancient Egypt and elsewhere in Mesopotamia in the same period. However, the Nippur cobalt- and copper-coloured glasses exhibit significantly different trace elemental compositions compared to Egyptian glass coloured with cobalt, showing that the ancient Near Eastern glassmakers had clearly identified and utilized a distinctive cobalt ore source for the colouring of this glass. Since it was previously thought that the only cobalt ores exploited in the LBA were exclusively of Egyptian origin, this new finding provides new insights on the origins of glass and how it was traded during the Bronze Age period.


Recent neural rendering approaches for human activities achieve remarkable view synthesis results, but still rely on dense input views or dense training with all the capture frames, leading to deployment difficulty and inefficient training overload. However, existing advances will be ill-posed if the input is both spatially and temporally sparse. To fill this gap, in this paper we propose a few-shot neural human rendering approach (FNHR) from only sparse RGBD inputs, which exploits the temporal and spatial redundancy to generate photo-realistic free-view output of human activities. Our FNHR is trained only on the key-frames which expand the motion manifold in the input sequences. We introduce a two-branch neural blending to combine the neural point render and classical graphics texturing pipeline, which integrates reliable observations over sparse key-frames. Furthermore, we adopt a patch-based adversarial training process to make use of the local redundancy and avoids over-fitting to the key-frames, which generates fine-detailed rendering results. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach to generate high-quality free view-point results for challenging human performances under the sparse setting.


A double-sided wave absorber with specified reflection and transmission coefficients at both sides is proposed. This wave absorber consists of two transparent dielectric layers with three transparent resistance films. Therefore, this wave absorber is transparent and electromagnetic waves are absorbed in both sides. Then it is suitable for the indoor use as electromagnetic wave separator. The design formula is derived and its effectiveness is confirmed by the numerical examples.


A class of evolution systems described by the one-dimensional fractional diffusion-wave equation subject to a boundary controller at the boundary is consid- ered. Both boundary stabilization and disturbance rejection are considered. This paper, for the first, has confirmed, via hybrid symbolic and numerical simulation studies, that the existing two schemes for boundary stabilization and disturbance rejection for (integer order) wave/beam equations are still valid for fractional order diffusion-wave equations. The problem definition, the hybrid symbolic and numerical simulation techniques, outlines of the methods for boundary stabilization and dis- turbance rejection are presented together with extensive simulation results. Different dynamic behaviors are revealed for different fractional orders which create new future research opportunities.


For several years medical men and scientists have felt that the formal classification of knowledge represented by the usual faculties of a university was tending to retard progress and mutual understanding. Engineers and mathematicians have contributed their techniques to medical problems, and medical scientists have used their knowledge of living systems to suggest solutions for mechanical difficulties, but such collaboration has been informal; usually it results from personal friendship and common ways of thinking. Formal, systematic inter-faculty enterprise is often awkward to administer, sometimes almost impossible to sustain. It has been said that the universities are suffering from hardening of the categories. The situation is even more tantalizing for a student, who, with academic requirements to fulfil for his degree, may yet feel a need for teaching in subjects outside his syllabus; he cannot attend two lectures at once, and must not risk his health and balance by unsupervised spare-time reading. An attempt to straddle the faculty fences has been made in a few centres, notably in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the California Institute of Technology, but there is a great need for authoritative, systematic treatments of the common principles which unite and cross-fertilize the sciences. In his first book. Design for a Brain, Ashby attempted for the first time to prove rigorously some of the propositions about the mechanics of behaviour which had hitherto been considered merely as subjects for after-dinner speculation. In his second work, An Introduction to Cybernetics, there is boldly introduced a word and a way of thinking that epitomize the demand for a regrouping of scientific forces. The word " cybernetics," commonly used by Plato and redefined by Ampere in French as " the science of government," was revived in modern times by Norbert Wiener, who subtitled his monograph " The Science of Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine." Literally, of course, the meaning of the word is steersmanship, and from it by Latin corruption we obtain our " government." Indeed, the application of cybernetic principles is as powerful in society as in the limited problems of flesh or metal. The purpose of this book is to set out, in orderly and explicit array, the fundamentals of cybernetic theory. As a psychiatrist working in a mental hospital Ashby is naturally deeply concerned with the application of this theory to mental health; he states his faith "that the new understanding may lead to new and effective treatments, for the need is great." Notwithstanding his professional bias, the author resists the temptation to beguile with facile psychiatric images and insists on the generality and independence of cybernetics, which, he claims, "deals with all forms of behaviour in so far as they are regular, or determinate or reproduceable." For many people the first impression of cybernetics is that it is a collection in technical jargon of familiar half-truths about trifles. A neurologist does not feel he knows more about a knee-jerk if it is called an error-cancelling feedback loop, nor does a computer engineer feel happier if he is told that a power failure has given his machine a retrograde amnesia. Such analogies were amusing at one time, and taken lightly they can still provoke thought, but, as Ashby emphasizes, " The truths of cybernetics are not conditional on their being derived from some other branch of science." Cybernetics unites in one way of thinking the study of ways of behaving, whatever be the nature of the thing that behaves ; it is therefore essentially a way of studying changes, processes, and relations. Cybernetics is related to real interacting systems of machines or men or societies as geometry is related to real objects in space. Like geometry it includes abstract propositions with idealized definitions, and like geometry it is also extremely useful for finding out what is likely to happen. By its generality cybernetics can provide a concise common vocabulary, and thus at once clear channels of communication between disciplines long clogged by traditional double-talk. This is the first step toward the irresistible new confederation of scientific thinking which is needed to match the awesome new powers of scientific achievement. The principal features of cybernetic methods are: the acceptance of complexity, the reduction of ambiguity, and the definition of probability. What these mean in terms of theory and the attack on real problems Ashby describes in careful detail. Early essays in cybernetics have been criticized on the grounds that nothing new or unexpected has come of it. This is not even true now, but, even if it were, it would be a feeble criticism. The first result of applying a unifying principle is to emphasize the obvious; in fact this is the first test of such a principle, as the invariability of planetary motion was a test of Newton's laws. In an introductory work of this sort it would be wrong to expect more than elementary applications and simple proofs, and the author has studiously avoided sensational claims and predictions. The medical reader, knowing only too well how complex are the creatures under his protection, can find encouragement, provocation, and perhaps inspiration in this union of many arts. Needless to say, some familiarity with elementary algebra is useful in appreciating this work, but no more is needed than for planning a motor trip or playing a hand at bridge. There are numerous progressive exercises, some trivial, many entertaining, and all carefully annotated, with answers. Neither the bibliography nor the index does justice to the main text; the juxtapositions in the index give a frivolous sample of the range of subjects Bit, Black box, Blood count. W. GREY WALTER.


This paper presents initial modeling results comparing the relative learnability of four basic types of process interactions: bleeding, feeding, counterfeeding and counterbleeding. The principle finding is that the learning model does not predict an absolute hierarchy of learning difficulty based on the type of process interaction involved. Rather, relative learning difficulty depends on numerous interacting factors, including how evidence for the target language is quantitatively distributed in the learning data, how distant the target language is from the initial grammar, and what alternative hypotheses the learner must rule out during learning. The model predicts that under some circumstances transparent orderings (Kiparsky 1971) are easier to learn but that under different conditions, orderings that maximize process utilization (Kiparsky 1968) are learned more easily.  The model also predicts that different aspects of interactions can be difficult to learn under different circumstances: in some cases it is the orderings themselves that are difficult to learn, while in others, the model is slow to learn one of the processes involved in an interaction. The discussion relates these learning difficulties to Kiparsky's (1968, 1971) discussion of diachronic rule reordering and rule loss and highlights directions for further research.


Purpose A subset of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience a decrease in exacerbation frequency, leading to a diminished need for treatment with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). We investigated prescribing and discontinuation patterns of long-acting bronchodilators and ICS in COPD patients according to exacerbation frequency. Methods Using the nationwide Danish health registries, we conducted a drug utilization study among patients who had at least two exacerbations or one hospitalization due to an exacerbation during 2011-2012. This study population was stratified according to consistency of exacerbation occurrence after 12-, 24-, 36-, and 48-months of follow-up and the groups were described according to use of ICS, long-acting β2-agonists (LABA), long-acting anticholinergics (LAMA), and combinations thereof. Results We identified 29,010 COPD exacerbators during 2011-2012. Upon inclusion, 70% received ICScontaining regimens, in combination with LABA (23%) or both LABA and LAMA (41%). The proportion of prevalent users of ICS-containing regimens decreased to 56% during follow up among exacerbation-free individuals, while it increased to 86% in individuals who experienced at least one exacerbation annually. Persistence to ICS-containing regimens was 58% after 4 years in individuals without exacerbations compared to 74% among those with annual exacerbations. Similar patterns were observed for triple therapy which was the most extensively used drug combination regardless of consistency of exacerbation occurrence. Conclusions The extensive use of ICS and the relatively high persistence to ICS-containing regimens in individuals who had a decrease in exacerbation occurrence highlight a need for the development and implementation of de-escalation strategies in clinical practice.


It is important to understand the fuel injection characteristics, particularly the atomization, penetration, and breakup, for reducing the emissions in Diesel engines because those characteristics are related to the formation of the emissions. 3-dimensional CFD code can provide a fundamental understanding of those characteristics. In this study, two different breakup models (the Reitz-Diwakar model and the Kelvin-Helmholts Rayleigh Taylor model) were validated with the experimental data in a constant volume vessel. Then, the effect of the breakup model on the characteristics of the engine combustion and emission was studied.


For ruminants and arboreal herbivores (sloths and colobine monkeys), an influence of digestive physiology on resting postures has been postulated that is linked to the interplay of digestive anatomy and the gravity vector. To further explore this putative relationship, we observed 253 individual terrestrial mammalian herbivores at zoological gardens, noting 29,478 resting events in 36 species during the day and 7,383 resting events of 18 species at night, providing a catalogue of mammalian resting postures. We confirm the constraint of ruminants to sternal recumbency and expand this observation to camelids, which rely on a similar sorting mechanism in their forestomach for rumination, but which use lateral recumbency to a slight but distinctively larger proportion. Generally, larger herbivores rest more in a standing position, and use lateral recumbency more when lying. The use of lateral recumbency in large hindgut fermenters (perissodactyls, elephants) and nonruminant foregut fermenters (macropods, hippos) corresponds to the concept that there is no interplay between gravity and digestive physiology in these species. By contrast, peccaries, hyraxes, and hystricomorph rodents never used lateral recumbency. While this may be related to body size, body shape, or other species-specific characteristics, it also suggests that the interplay of gravity and digestive processes, in particular with the colonic separation mechanism in hystricomorph rodents, should be further investigated.


Three creepmeters of new design were operated on the Superstition Hills fault following the 24 November 1987 earthquake. Each creepmeter consists of a digital displacement sensor interrogated periodically by a computer. At the end of each hour, the computer determines a recording rate appropriate to the velocity of the slip on the fault in that hour. No data are recorded if the fault is inactive. Data are recorded at a maximum rate of one sample per minute if slip on the fault is detected. The resolution and range of the creepmeters are 10 μm and 15 cm, respectively.

Fault activity is observed to be confined to periods of episodic slip (creep events) with mean amplitudes 3 to 6 mm and durations less than 4 hr. A total of 80 creep events were recorded. During the first week following the earthquake, creep events occurred several times each day. After 6 months, events occurred every 3 weeks. This increase in the mean time interval between creep events results in the observed decay in afterslip rate. Between creep events, the fault is inactive although more than 200 microstrain of fault-zone deformation may accumulate before each event.

Although creep events were observed to propagate unilaterally in both directions along the fault, the most impulsive events appeared to propagate bilaterally from a dilatant offset separating the northern and southern halves of the 24-km-long fault zone. Maximum propagation velocities of 30 m/sec were observed. Aftershocks (2 < M < 4.7) were observed to occur near the creepmeters following 6 to 9 cm of surface slip on the fault. A future aftershock in this region is anticipated in mid-1989 based on afterslip rates in the year following the main shock.


Introduction Physician–patient conflicts in China have increased more than ten times from the 2000s to the 2020 and arouse heated discussions on microblog. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic is believed to have brought a turnaround in the physician–patient relationship. However, little is known about the similarities and differences among the views of opinion leaders from the general public, physicians, and media regarding physician–patient conflict incidents on microblog, and whether the outbreak had an impact on this. Objective This study aims to explore how opinion leaders from the physicians, general public, and media framed posts on major physician–patient conflict incidents on microblog, and compare the microblog post frames before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings will provide more objective evidence of the attitudes and perspectives of the health professionals, general public, and media on physician–patient conflicts, and the influence of pandemics on physician–patient relationship. Methods A comparative content analysis was conducted to examine the posts (n = 941) of microblog opinion leaders regarding major physician–patient conflicts in China from 2012 to 2020. Results Post-pandemic microblog posts used more cooperation, positive and negative frames, but mentioned less health-related knowledge; no difference was found in the use of conflict and attribution frames. Results on the use of frames by opinion leaders from different communities found that the media used more conflict, cooperation, attribution, and positive frames, but used fewer negative frames and mentioned less health-related knowledge than general public and physicians. Results on the use of frames for different incidents found that incidents of violence against physicians used more cooperation, positive and negative frames and mentioned less health-related knowledge; in the contract, incidents of patient death used more attribution frames and mentioned more health-related knowledge. Conclusion The physician and general public opinion leaders share some similarities in their post frames, implying that no fundamental discrepancy between them regarding physician–patient conflict incidents. However, the imbalanced use of frames by media microblogger would cultivate and reinforce the public perception of physician–patient contradictions. After the COVID-19 pandemic, more cooperation and positive frames were used in the posts, indicating an improvement in the physician–patient relationship in China.


We discuss the so-called two-temperature model in linear thermoelasticity and provide a Hilbert space framework for proving well-posedness of the equations under consideration. With the abstract perspective of evolutionary equations, the two-temperature model turns out to be a coupled system of the elastic equations and an abstract ordinary differential equation (ODE). Following this line of reasoning, we propose another model which is entirely an abstract ODE. We also highlight an alternative method for a two-temperature model, which might be of independent interest.


The COSMOS simulator provides fast and accurate switch-level modeling of MOS digital circuits. It attains high performance by preprocessing the transistor network into a functionally equivalent Boolean representation. This description, produced by the symbolic analyzer ANAMOS, captures all aspects of switch-level networks including bidirectional transistors, stored charge, different signal strengths, and indeterminate (X) logic values. The LGCC program translates the Boolean representation into a set of machine language evaluation procedures and initialized data structures. These procedures and data structures are compiled along with code implementing the simulation kernel and user interface to produce the simulation program. The simulation program runs an order of magnitude faster than our previous simulator MOSSIM II.


A growing body of evidence indicates that PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) α agonists might have therapeutic usefulness in antitumoral therapy by decreasing abnormal cell growth, and reducing tumoral angiogenesis. Most of the anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties of PPAR ligands are due to their inhibitory effects on transcription of a variety of genes involved in inflammation, cell growth and angiogenesis. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are crucial agents in inflammatory and angiogenic processes. They also have been significantly associated to cell proliferation, tumor growth, and metastasis, promoting tumor-associated angiogenesis. Aberrant expression of VEGF and COX-2 has been observed in a variety of tumors, pointing to these proteins as important therapeutic targets in the treatment of pathological angiogenesis and tumor growth. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of PPARα and its ligands in the regulation of COX-2 and VEGF gene expression in the context of tumor progression.


Amphetamine and its related compounds have long been used in the drug therapy of narcolepsy. However, although they have proved effective in treating sleep attacks they have not been so effective in treating REM sleep-related manifestations such as cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucination and sieep paralysis. On the other hand, it was shown by Akimoto et al in :960 that imipramine is markedly effective in treating these conditions, and at the same time it was disclosed that these manifestations are derived from REM sleep abnormalities (Hishikawa et ci, :966; Suzuki, :g66; Guilleminault a al, :976). We have recently encountered two cases of narcolepsy in which manifestations such as sleep attacks, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucination and sleep paralysis were markedly improved with ergo taminetartrate only(Cafergotablets, eachcontain ing i mg of ergotamine tartrate and xoo mg of anhydrous caffeine; Sandoz, Basel and Sankyo Co., Tokyo) and Bellergal tablets (each containing o@i mg of bellafoline, 0@3 mg of ergotamine tartrate, and 2O@O mg of phenobarbitone, Sandoz, Basel and Sankyo Co., Tokyo).


Focuses on the meat and livestock sector and initiatives aimed at encouraging farmers to develop links with other marketing sectors so that they are able to assess and supply the right product, of consistent quality. Believes that farmers should form group structures and then integrate with abattoirs and retailers in order to develop a managed supply chain, citing commitment, communication and continuity as key factors for developing effective business links. Notes the reluctance, in this particular industry, to move from working with an "open‐adversarial" market into a collaborative scheme, and suggests that the inclusion of a value‐based marketing/processing element may assist in achieving a true partnership between farmers and processors.


Sensitivity of alignment is one of the major issues in the stretcher-compressor devices used for chirped pulse amplification. In this paper we discuss the temporal aberrations induced by the different kinds of misalignments of the gratings and we emphasize the importance of spatially transverse effects. We discuss simple criteria for minimizing these faults. Finally, we introduce the basic principles of self-compensation and present such a set-up based on symmetry considerations. >


A program using two-dimensional dislocation dynamics with anisotropic strain equations has been written to simulate the dimensional change and stored elastic energy of irradiated graphite. A dislocation based model is put forward as a vehicle for both the longstanding atomic displacement model for dimensional change in irradiated graphite and a new model based on basal slip.

As expected the introduction of prismatic dislocation loops (climb dipoles in 2D) results in the expansion of the graphite crystal in the c-axis direction. Interestingly the stored elastic energy of the system was found to increase with number of dislocation dipoles and reached a maximum at the density which Burakovsky et al. (Phys. Rev. B 61, 15011–15018 (2000) [1]) predicted for melting. (© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Down syndrome is caused by the presence of three chromosomes 21 in all or most cells of a person [1]. A person with Down syndrome has different chronological and functional age, so the same response is not expected as those without the syndrome [2]. This deficiency stems from brain damage and functional imbalances of the nervous system, resulting in some learning difficulties, which can vary from basic literacy to performing daily activities. The applications developed in this work are intended to help these people in their literacy, while monitoring their attention levels and detecting their expressions. The assistance is provided through activities such as pairing vowels and matching words with corresponding images and sounds. On the other hand, a biofeedback algorithm called Attention Meter runs in parallel with the activities, monitoring the user's attention during the execution. This algorithm is implemented as a framework that can be used by any application running Android or RemixOS. Finally, a performance report of the student engagement and learning is generated for a professional analysis, according to the attention level. General Terms Down syndrome, Android, Java, Software


This paper describes the J-integral evaluation methods for the case of multiple circumferential cracks in a cylinder subjected to bending moments. J-integral is one of the parameters of fracture mechanics used in the fracture assessment of materials that show ductile fracture behavior. So far, there have been various J-integral evaluation methods proposed for a single crack in a cylinder, such as fully plastic solutions and a reference stress method, but none for multiple circumferential cracks. Therefore, this study examines the stress intensity factor evaluation method for cylinders with multiple circumferential cracks. This method estimates the stress intensity factor of multiple circumferential cracks in a cylinder based on a solution for single cracks. Next, a J-integral evaluation method based on the reference stress method is proposed. With this method, the reference stress is calculated from the plastic collapse strength of a cylinder with multiple cracks. The proposed methods have generality to the crack dimensions (sizes and positions) and the material characteristics of the cylinder, and were effective in predicting the J-integral simply and with high accuracy.


Solifluction is one of the most widespread periglacial processes with low annual movement rates in the range of —millimeters to centimeters. Traditional methods to assess solifluction movement usually have low spatial resolution, which hampers our understanding of spatial movement patterns and the factors controlling them. In this study, we (a) test the applicability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐based structure‐from‐motion photogrammetry in comparison to a traditional total station survey to map surface movement of a turf‐banked solifluction lobe (TBL) in the Turtmann Valley (Switzerland). We then (b) relate the detected movement patterns to potential geomorphometric, material, thermal and vegetation controls, which we assessed using geomorphic and vegetation mapping, electrical resistivity surveys and temperature loggers. Our results show that (a) UAV‐based mapping can detect solifluction movement with high spatial resolution (one point per m2, total > 900 points) and rates and patterns consistent with a total station survey, but requires careful measurement set‐up and analysis; and (b) movement rates differ between lobe tread, riser and a ridge feature. Differences can be explained by heterogeneous material, geomorphometric, thermal and vegetation properties of the TBL, which promote different solifluction processes. Our study demonstrates the applicability of UAV‐based mapping in solifluction research and improves our understanding of solifluction processes and landform development.


The present study aimed to explore the effects of psychological needs on the relationship of peer victimization and anxiety. Methods: A sample of 889 4th, 5th and 6th primary school students in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were recruited with the measurement of Peer victimization Questionnaire, Psychological needs Scale and Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results showed that: (1) There were no significant gender and grade differences with respect to Peer victimization; (2) Significant negative correlations were found between all types of peer victimization and the subscales of psychological needs. In addition, significant positive correlations were found between all types of peer victimizationand, anxiety and significant negative correlations between all the subscales of psychological needs and anxiety; (3) Psychological needs partially mediated the relationship between Peer victimizationexperience and anxiety.


We present a study aimed at investigating the use of semantic information in a novel NLP application, Electronic Career Guidance (ECG), in German. ECG is formulated as an information retrieval (IR) task, whereby textual descriptions of professions (documents) are ranked for their relevance to natural language descriptions of a person's professional interests (the topic). We compare the performance of two semantic IR models: (IR-1) utilizing semantic relatedness (SR) measures based on either wordnet or Wikipedia and a set of heuristics, and (IR-2) measuring the similarity between the topic and documents based on Explicit Semantic Analysis (ESA) (Gabrilovich and Markovitch, 2007). We evaluate the performance of SR measures intrinsically on the tasks of (T-1) computing SR, and (T-2) solving Reader's Digest Word Power (RDWP) questions.


The fiber geometry, fiber parameters and mode-guiding properties are crucial for realizing high-performance fiber-based sensors. In this work, we propose and demonstrate a few-mode fiber (FMF)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor. The FMF-SPR sensor was fabricated via side-polishing a few-mode fiber and coating a thin layer of gold film, on the basis of the optimization of fiber geometry, thickness of the gold film and mode selection, which were performed with the finite element method. The refractive index (RI) sensing performance of three such sensors with different residual fiber thicknesses were investigated. In the RI range from 1.333 to 1.404, the highest sensitivity up to 4903 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 46.1 RIU-1 are achieved. For testing the bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution, an averaged BSA RI sensitivity of 6328 nm/RIU and an averaged BSA concentration sensitivity of 1.17 nm/(mg/ml) are realized. Benefiting from only a few modes supported in the FMF, a smaller line-width of the SPR spectrum is obtained, which further results in a higher figure of merit (FOM). Moreover, when combined with the superiority of the mode-multiplexing technology brought by the FMF, the FMF-SPR sensors may find applications in biochemical analysis with high performance and high throughputs.


An inversion analysis has been developed to evaluate short-period seismic wave radiation zones on an earthquake fault plane using seismic intensity data. It is aa useful method for historical earthquakes, for which neither strong motion nor tsunami data have been observed by instruments. Since the accuracy of the present method is verified by using ground motion waveforms synthesized by the stochastic Green's function method, it is concluded that the effects of directivity of the fault rupture process and the radiation pattern on seismic intensity distribution can be neglected in the frequency range that is effective for seismic intensity. The present method is applied to great earthquakes that have occurred since 300 years ago in the Nankai Trough seismogenic zone in southwestern Japan, where the Philippine Sea plate is subducting beneath the Eurasian plate. The reliability of their solutions is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis. It is noted that short-period seismic wave radiation zones are often adjacent to large slip areas, termed asperities, but don't always overlap them. Furthermore, they are sometimes located where fault rupture has stopped. Short-period seismic waves are not always radiated from the same zone. For example, fault zones in the Enshu-Nada Sea, the Kumano-Nada Sea, the Kui Channel and the Kochi seacoast have radiated short-period seismic waves at every event, but whether or not short-period seismic waves were radiated in the interior of Suruga Bay, off the Shiono Cape and off the Muroto Cape varied with the events. It is also concluded that crustal structures such as subducted seamounts and subducted ridges take an important role of radiation of short-period seismic waves.


Abstract. The existing distribution of meteor radars located from high- to low-latitude regions provides a favourable temporal and spatial coverage for investigating the climatology of the global mesopause density. In this study, we report the climatology of the mesopause density estimated using multiyear observations from nine meteor radars, namely, the Davis Station (68.6° S, 77.9° E), Svalbard (78.3° N, 16° E) and Tromsø (69.6° N, 19.2° E) meteor radars located at high latitudes, the Mohe (53.5° N, 122.3° E), Beijing (40.3° N, 116.2° E), Mengcheng (33.4° N, 116.6° E) and Wuhan (30.5° N, 114.6° E) meteor radars located in the mid-latitudes, and the Kunming (25.6° N, 103.8° E) and Darwin (12.3° S, 130.8° E) meteor radars located at low latitudes. The daily mean density was estimated using ambipolar diffusion coefficients derived from the meteor radars and temperatures from the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on board the Aura satellite. The seasonal variations in the Davis Station meteor radar densities in the southern polar mesopause are mainly dominated by an annual oscillation (AO). The mesopause densities observed by the Svalbard and Tromsø meteor radars at high latitudes and the Mohe and Beijing meteor radars at high mid-latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere show mainly an AO and a relatively weak semiannual oscillation (SAO). The mesopause densities observed by the Mengcheng and Wuhan meteor radars at lower mid-latitudes and the Kunming and Darwin meteor radars at low latitudes show mainly an AO. The SAO is evident in the Northern Hemisphere, especially at high latitudes, and its largest amplitude, which is detected at the Tromsø meteor radar, is comparable to the AO amplitudes. These observations indicate that the mesopause densities over the southern and northern high latitudes exhibit a clear seasonal asymmetry. The maxima of the yearly variations in the mesopause densities display a clear temporal variation across the spring equinox as the latitude decreases; these latitudinal variation characteristics may be related to latitudinal changes influenced by gravity wave forcing. In addition to an AO, the mesopause densities over low latitudes also clearly show a variation with a periodicity of 30–60 days related to the Madden-Julian oscillation in the subtropical troposphere.


Background Since 2007 over 30 genetic loci have been associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The functional consequences of many loci are unknown, in particular their role on disease severity. Recently, several studies have investigated these variants in the development and progression of radiographic joint damage in early and established RA [1-4], highlighting their potential as severity markers. Objectives We aimed to probe the impact of RA susceptibility loci on baseline radiographic joint damage measured using the total modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (TSS) in a RA inception cohort. Methods Radiographic damage was assessed from plain x-rays of the hands and feet at baseline on 721 patients recruited into the Yorkshire Early Arthritis Register (YEAR) using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde scoring system. Genotyping was performed on 41 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) covering 34 genomic loci associated with RA susceptibility. Matched baseline TSS and genotype data were available on 411 patients with a symptom duration ≤24months. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression was used to model the TSS as count data, estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) and perform univariate association under a log additive model for each SNP. A p-value threshold for nominal association was set at p<0.05 with a Bonferroni adjusted threshold for 34 loci at p<1.47×10-3. Results The mean symptom duration was 7.4 months (SD 4.2), mean age at onset 58.9 years, 70.8% were female, 13.7% had recorded radiographic damage (TSS>0) and 58.3% were seropositive (ACPA and/or RF). The strongest association mapped to the C8ORF13-BLK locus (rs13277113 p=3.7×10-5 IRR 2.3 95%CI[1.6-3.4]) and remained significant at 2years (n=313 p=0.016 IRR 1.6 95%CI[1.1-2.3]). Increased TSS was nominally associated with minor alleles at the KIF5A-PIP4K2C and PTPN2 loci (rs1678542 p=0.006 IRR 2.2 95%CI[1.3-4.0] & rs7234029 p=0.03 IRR 1.7 95%CI[1.1-2.7]). Reduced TSS was nominally associated with minor alleles at the TNIP2 and IL2RB loci (rs231707 p=0.03 IRR 0.6 95%CI[0.4-0.9] & rs3218258 p=0.001 IRR 0.5 95%CI[0.4-0.8]). In addition to these findings, we replicated an association with the minor allele of rs26232 in the first intron of c5orf30 (p=0.002 IRR 0.4 95%CI[0.2-0.7]) associated with a lower median Larsen score in a cross-sectional cohort of established RA patients [4]. Conclusions Investigation of RA susceptibility loci and radiographic joint damage of early RA patients has highlighted several genomic regions of interest as markers of erosive damage at disease onset. The strongest association lies close to a known expression variant in BLK [5], a B-cell specific tyrosine kinase involved in BCR and pre-BCR signaling. Replication in comparable early RA cohorts is now warranted. References Scherer. H.U., et al., Ann Rheum Dis 2010,69:567-70 Lie, B.A., et al., Ann Rheum Dis 2007,66:1604-9 Van der Linden, M.P.M., et al. Arthritis Rheum 2009,60:2242-7 Kleszcz A., et al., Arthritis Rheum 2010,62(S10): p1756 Ge, B., et al., Nat Genet 2009,41:p1216-22 Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Parasitic bypass couplings-occurring especially in compact higher order mode cavity filters-cause evident deterioration of the desired ideal responses. The study of a TE/sub 301/ mode cavity filter design gives an explanation of the reasons of such unwanted couplings. Based on this knowledge, corrective measures are established and experimentally verified to compensate for unwanted deviations from the ideal filter response. Moreover, this kind of bypass coupling can be utilized to improve the response in advanced cavity filter designs. >


Abstract The complete mitochondrial genome of Lampetra japonica was 16,431 base pairs, it is circular molecule with a typical gene arrangement of vertebrate mitochondrial DNA, it contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, and 2 repeat regions. The study could be provided insights into the evolution of cyclostome mitochondrial geneomes, particularly in Lampetra family.


Physiological traits of wheat genotypes and their trait relation to drought conditions are important to identify the genotype in target environments. Thus, genotype selection should be based on multiple physiological traits in variable environments within the target region. This study was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University during rabi crop seasons 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat genotypes derived from traditional landraces and modern cultivars (C518/2*PBW343) based on various morpho-physiological traits. A total of 175 RILs were selected for this study based on various tolerance indices. The genotype by trait (GT) biplot analysis was applied to data from seven high-yielding RILs grown under irrigated (E1) and rainfed environments (E2). The GGE biplot explained 100% of the total variation for chlorophyll content, grain filling period, peduncle length, water-soluble carbohydrates, grain number, grain yield, and 95.1% for canopy temperature, 94.9% for thousand-grain weight. GT-biplots indicated that the relationships among the studied traits were not consistent across environments, but they facilitated visual genotype comparisons and selection in each environment. RIL 84 and RIL108 were close to the average environment (ideal genotype) for all traits studied except chlorophyll content. A well-performing genotype with great environmental stability is called an "ideal genotype. Among all entries, these genotypes performed well. Therefore, among the traits studied, grain filling period, peduncle length, canopy temperature, water soluble carbohydrates, and 1000 grain weight contributed to grain yield under a stress environment. Furthermore, it may be used as a donor material in breeding programs and QTLs mapping.


BACKGROUND
Alcaptonuria, a rare metabolic disorder (1:250 000), is usually presented with symptoms such as arthropathies of weight bearing joints.

CASE REPORT
In this case, a 65 year old woman was admitted to our hospital with severe aortic stenosis and no other symptoms that would suggest the existance of Alcaptonuria. Intraoperative findings of black discoloration of the affected valve and ascending aorta, pointed towards the diagnosis of cardiac ochronosis, what was then confirmed by a PH examination.

CONCLUSION
This case suggests that although alcaptonuria is a slow progressive disease with cardiac ochronosis as a predictable late complication, it can nevertheless be a first sign. In that case the attention should be brought to the surely affected lumbar spine and weight bearing joints, and other connective tissue.

KEY WORDS
Alcaptonuria, Aortic valve, Cardiac ochronosis, Surgery.


BACKGROUND
Benign biliary strictures are usually treated surgically or endoscopically. When these strictures are not accessible by endoscope or when open repair is not possible, percutaneous dilatation treatment is indicated. The efficacy of treatment is usually evaluated by clinical trial which includes leaving a small non-functional catheter in situ and following liver function tests. The evaluation may be effectively done by the biliary manometric perfusion test.

AIM
The aim of this paper is to emphasize the importance of percutaneous dilatation treatment of benign biliary strictures with focus on the role of the biliary manometric perfusion test and its future prospects.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Based on the literature and our own experience, this article gives a short overview of percutaneous treatment of benign biliary strictures, indications, techniques, complications and results. The treatment of these strictures has an overall success rate between 60 to 90%. This article also explains the biliary manometric test, the technique and its importance in evaluation of treatment success.

CONCLUSION
Benign biliary strictures of the hepatic duct junction or bilio-enteric anastomosis are difficult to treat surgically and are endoscopically inaccessible. Percutaneous treatment by balloon dilatation and long term external-internal drainage is feasible in the majority of these patients. It is minimally invasive, safe and effective. The evaluation of the treatment success may be more effectively done by the manometric perfusion test. It is easy, reliable, less time-consuming giving immediate results, and relatively safe.


Purpose - This paper sought to investigate the relationship between the financial innovativeness and performance of the banks, given the existence of very little empirical work in this area. Methodology - The study was modelled as a correlational survey. The primary data collection instrument used was a questionnaire that was administered to top management of the respective banks. The data collected was subjected to correlation and regression analysis. Findings - The study suggests a positive relationship between financial innovation and financial performance of listed banks in Kenya.  Improvement in financial performance is attributed to the benefits of increased financial transactions accruing from continuous financial innovations (introduction of new products, financial linkages and development of systems to implement the innovation activities) by the banks. Worth noting is the positive impact of intense innovation activities on financial performance. Implications - The extent of innovation (innovation effort) of banks has an impact on their financial performance as measured by ROE and ROA. Similarly, attributes such as systems to implement innovation activities as well as credit and deposit products have an influence on financial innovation and performance. Value - All banks (both listed and private) should embrace financial innovation in order to boost their financial performance. For the banks that have already embraced financial innovation, there is a need to re-evaluate the extent of innovativeness with the aim of increasing the level of innovation activities which have a significant intermediation effect on financial innovation and performance.


Salmonella spp. is an important food-borne pathogen in humans. In the Netherlands, monitoring Salmonella spp. in the feed and food chain has become an important issue since 1997. Monitoring results from different sectors, such as broiler meat and eggs, are analysed annually to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. The objective of this study was to analyse Salmonella spp. prevalence in feed materials in the Netherlands during the years 2008-2012. Data from the Dutch feed industry, stored in the GMP+ monitoring database, were provided by the Dutch Product Board Animal Feed for use in the current study. These data included results of, on average, 10080 compound feed and 9109 feed material samples per year. This high total number of samples reflects the intensive monitoring program in the Netherlands.


Green brand is a process of creating environment friendly product that safe from different hazards. Nowadays, climate change has become a global concern prior to the irresponsible human activities. Community knows how to use the product on the physical look rather than thinking about the side-effect that they will get when they used the product. As the environment continues to worsen, it has become a persistent public concern in the awaken developing countries to the green movement. This study aimed to analysis the relationship between brand awareness, brand trust, brand image, perceived value, brand satisfaction and customer's intention to use green products. Which of the factors give the most impact to customer's intention to use green product. Questionnaires were distributed to collect the responses from 346 sample of respondents in Pengkalan Chepa, Kelantan by regard that respondents that respondents are aware with environment-related activities. Data was analysed according on descriptive analysis, reliability test, correlation analysis and simple regression analysis. For regression analysis, we involved all that data into SPSS and do analysis also. This study found that brand awareness and brand trust among community were low due to of their lifestyle. It can be more tends to ones to one product if there are trusting it. The conclusion that was drawn is that, there are positive relationship between brand awareness, brand trust, band image, perceived value, brand satisfaction and customer's intention to use green products. These factors influence customer's intention to use green product. it will crucial for government and marketers to work closely not just to create better awareness on the green eco-labelling and certification among Malaysians as well as to transform consumer knowledge on environment issues as a strong platform to practice an ethical uses.


Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is the commonest cause of gastric outlet obstruction and vomiting in infancy resulting from gradual hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the pylorus. Reports have suggested that the incidence of pyloric stenosis is increasing. This is a prospective study aimed to defining the various aspects of IHPS cases. A total no. of 39 patients presented to Alsader general teaching hospital during the period from January 2014 to the end of December 2018. The diagnosis was based on history, clinical examination with U/S study and we rarely need barium meal for the diagnosis. Results revealed that the male: female ratio was 12 to 1) male formed 92.3% while female is 7.6% of cases. The disease is more frequently in the first baby of the family (28 patients: 71.7%). Family history was positive in two cases (5.1%), associated anomalies are found in 2 cases which is about 5.1%. The mortality rate (0 %). In conclusion: The management start with the correction of the general state of patients then followed by operation (Ramstedts pyloromyotomy). Correction of fluid and electrolytes status of the patients preoperatively is very important to prevent operative and postoperative complications. Early feeding results in the retain of symptoms of vomiting so delay in the postoperative feeding up to the next postoperative day decrease the incidence of vomiting and risk of suffocation with overall reduction in the incidence of morbidity and mortality.


Five experiments investigated the war contagion phenomenon in the context of international relations, hypothesizing that reminders of past inter- (but not intra-) state war will increase support for future, unrelated interstate violence. After being reminded of the Korean War as an interstate rather than intrastate conflict, South Koreans showed stronger support for violent responses to new, unrelated interstate tensions (Study 1). Replicating this war contagion effect among Americans, we demonstrated that it was mediated by heightened perceived threat from, and negative images of, a fictitious country unrelated to the past war (Study 2), and moderated by national glorification (Study 3). Study 4, using another international conflict in the U.S. history, provided further conceptual replication. Finally, Study 5 included a baseline in addition to the inter- versus intrastate manipulation, yielding further support for the generalized effect of past interstate war reminders on preferences for aggressive approaches to new interstate tensions.


A Symmetric Informationally Complete Positive Operator Valued Measure (SIC) consists of N2 equiangular unit vectors in an N dimensional Hilbert space. The frame potential is a function of N2 unit vectors. It has a unique global minimum if the vectors form a SIC, and this property has been made use of in numerical searches for SICs. When the vectors form an orbit of the Weyl-Heisenberg group the frame potential becomes a function of a single fiducial vector. We analytically compute the average of this function over Hilbert space. We also compute averages when the fiducial vector is placed in certain special subspaces defined by the Clifford group.


We present a new method for computing the transverse transfer matrix through superimposed axisymmetric RF and solenoid field maps. The algorithm constructs the transfer matrix directly from one dimensional RF and solenoid field maps without computing numerical derivatives or eigenfunction expansions of the field map data. In addition, this method accurately describes the dynamics of low energy particles starting from a solenoid immersed cathode, allowing the method to be used to simulate transport through both RF and electrostatic guns. Comparison of particle tracking with the transfer matrix and direct integration of the equations of motion through several field set-ups shows excellent agreement between the two methods.


This paper analyzes the economic implications of an environmental policy when we account for the life expectancy of heterogeneous agents. In a framework in which everyone su ers from pollution but health status also depends on individual human capital, we find that the economy may be stuck in a trap in which inequality rises steadily, especially when the initial pollution intensity of production is too high. We emphasize that such inequality is in the long run costly for the economy in terms of health and growth. Therefore, we study whether a tax on pollution associated with an investment in pollution abatement can be used to address this situation. We show that a stricter environmental policy may allow the economy to escape from the inequality trap while enhancing the long-term growth rate when the initial inequality in human capital is not too large. JEL Classification: I14; O44; Q56; Q58


[1] A one-dimensional photochemical-diffusive-advective model is used to quantitatively investigate the effects of dynamical-photochemical coupling on the O2(a1Δg) concentration and the derived O3 concentration based on the 1.27-μm airglow emission in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. We compare the fractional differences of O2(a1Δg) and O3 concentrations between those derived from the coupled model and from a photochemical steady state model that is often used for retrievals by airglow emissions. It is found that the fractional differences resulting from the use of a steady state model have a strong local time dependence when the chemical/radiative lifetime of O2(a1Δg) is comparable to that of diurnal variations and the transport timescale of tidal waves. In the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere, especially near the mesopause region, the fractional difference may range from more than 100% in early morning immediately after sunrise to about 10% or less in the later afternoon.


In recent years, the effects of organizational citizenship behaviors on the success of organizations have attracted considerable attention. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of organizational trust on employees' organizational citizenship behaviors at the North Khorasan Gas Company. To collect data, an organizational citizenship behavior questionnaire and an organizational trust questionnaire consist of 24 and 49 questions respectively were used. After questionnaire confirmation, 94 employees of Gas Company participated in its completion. The spearman correlation test results revealed a significant positive relationship between all dimensions of the dependent and independent variables. The stepwise multiple regressions showed that among various dimensions of organizational trust, institutional trust has a more potent role in effecting organizational citizenship behaviors. Finally, the t test results showed that the respondents feel positive about all dimensions of trust and organizational citizenship behavior in the company.


Since the turn of the century, the field of language assessment has increasingly turned its eye towards the assessment of Interactional Competence (IC) (Galaczi & Taylor, 2018; Plough et al., 2018; Roever & Kasper, 2018). This study is premised on the argument that a key function of IC is to achieve and maintain intersubjectivity, as made publicly viewable through the practices that participants employ to display that they understand each other, and how they understand each other. The paper thus suggests that IC assessment can and should consider intersubjectivity as a ratable construct. Using Multimodal Conversation Analysis (Goodwin, 2018; Mondada, 2011), the paper examines two paired-speaking assessment tasks conducted by learners of German at the end of their fourth semester of study, focusing on how and when the learners display understanding of prior talk, examining how they receipt turns and display epistemic and affective stances in a publicly viewable way. The study suggests that the same practices the participants employ to display their understandings to each other can be used in a heuristic fashion by language testers to assess IC and concludes by considering the practical implications these have for classroom assessment.


There is an urgent need for new antibiotics with resistance continuing to emerge toward existing classes. The pacidamycin antibiotics possess a novel scaffold and exhibit unexploited bioactivity rendering them attractive research targets. We recently reported the first identification of a biosynthetic cluster encoding uridyl peptide antibiotic assembly and the engineering of pacidamycin biosynthesis into a heterologous host. We report here our methods toward identifying the biosynthetic cluster. Our initial experiments employed conventional methods of probing a cosmid library using PCR and Southern blotting, however it became necessary to adopt a state-of–the-art genome scanning and in silico hybridization approach to pin point the cluster. Here we describe our "real" and "virtual" probing methods and contrast the benefits and pitfalls of each approach.


WITH the expansion of the Industrial Medical Services has cbme the realization that the industry presents many visual problems which have to be faced and eventually solved. So 'far, although this country has made no unified attempt to deal with the vision of employees, individual firms have done so. In 1938 the Industrial Welfare Society sent out a questionnaire to its 750 member firms in order to find out whether applicants for employment had to pass eyesight tests and what minimum-visual standards were considered necessary. From the replies received from 398 firms, employing about 1,000,000 workers, it was found that most firms do not insist on eyesight tests; and'that the many firms who are vision conscious vary in their approach to. the problem. Thus' while many small firms do not require employees to pass eyesight, tests, others representing the same branch of industry insist on them. A large number of firms' having instituted eyesight tests demand a visual standard of 6/6 or 6/9 in each eye, while other firms are satisfied with 6/12 in each eye. In this paper an attempt is made to elucidate some of the principles which may guide industrial medical officers in the selection of employees for various jobs in industry. There is no doubt that greater efficiency will be achieved in industry if we place the workers.in the jobs for which they are best physically fitted. This would eventually be followed by a larger output in production and would. in addition ensure the safety of the workers. in many branches of .industry. However, under present conditions of employment a.country wide compulsory medical examination could not be instituted for all workers. Should such an examination be


Preoperative hypnosis and stress reduction in combination with suggestions in general anaesthesia were investigated in maxillofacial surgery. Nineteen patients were prospectively matched to control patients and received a 'hypnosis tape' with suggestions directed at reduced bleeding, less postoperative swelling and improved recovery. Postsurgical oedema, pyrexia and the consumption of anxiolytics postoperatively were significantly reduced in the hypnosis group.


Objective The aim of this case series was to assess the impact of auditory rehabilitation with cochlear implantation on the cognitive function of elderly patients over time. Design This is a longitudinal case series of prospective data assessing neurocognitive function and speech perception in an elderly cohort pre- and post-implantation. Setting University cochlear implant center. Participants The patients were post-lingually deafened elderly female (mean, 73.6 years; SD, 5.82; range, 67–81 years) cochlear implant recipients (n=7). Measurements A neurocognitive battery of 20 tests assessing intellectual function, learning, short- and long-term memory, verbal fluency, attention, mental flexibility, and processing speed was performed prior to and 2–4.1 years (mean, 3.7) after cochlear implant (CI). Speech perception testing using Consonant–Nucleus–Consonant words was performed prior to implantation and at regular intervals postoperatively. Individual and aggregate differences in cognitive function pre- and post-CI were estimated. Logistic regression with cluster adjustment was used to estimate the association (%improvement or %decline) between speech understanding and years from implantation at 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years post-CI. Results Improvements after CI were observed in 14 (70%) of all subtests administered. Declines occurred in five (25%) subtests. In 55 individual tests (43%), post-CI performance improved compared to a patient's own performance before implantation. Of these, nine (45%) showed moderate or pronounced improvement. Overall, improvements were largest in the verbal and memory domains. Logistic regression demonstrated a significant relationship between speech perception and cognitive function over time. Five neurocognitive tests were predictive of improved speech perception following implantation. Conclusion Comprehensive neurocognitive testing of elderly women demonstrated areas of improvement in cognitive function and auditory perception following cochlear implantation. Multiple neurocognitive tests were strongly associated with current speech perception measures. While these data shed light on the complex relationship between hearing and cognition by showing that CI may slow the expected age-related cognitive decline, further research is needed to examine the impact of hearing rehabilitation on cognitive decline.


Thymic carcinoma is a rare epithelial tumor of the thymus with a poor prognosis, and multimodal approaches are important for its treatment. Recently, a number of studies have indicated that S‐1 treatment is effective against thymic carcinoma. S‐1 plus cisplatin with concurrent radiotherapy is a commonly used treatment for other malignancies, including non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, its safety has been confirmed, and it has been reported to have a marked effect against thymic carcinoma. Therefore, we conducted a phase II study of S‐1 plus cisplatin with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for locally advanced thymic carcinoma, in which the overall response rate was employed as the primary endpoint. The secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression‐free survival, and safety.


The polar ocean regions are characterised by a large variety of interactions between sea ice surfaces, open water, and the atmosphere. Especially between late autumn and spring, leads (open-water channels in sea ice) may play a crucial role within this system: Due to large temperature differences between the surface of leads and the near-surface atmosphere, strong turbulent convective plumes are generated with an enhanced turbulent transport of heat, moisture, and momentum. In consequence, lead-generated convection has a strong impact on the characteristics of the polar atmospheric boundary layer (ABL).

We apply a plume- but non-eddy-resolving, microscale model to study the convection over three different leads, which had been observed during the aircraft campaign STABLE over the Arctic Marginal Sea Ice Zone in March 2013. Model simulations are performed using a local and a non-local turbulence closure. The latter represents a lead-width-dependent approach for the turbulent fluxes based on large eddy simulation and it is designed for an idealised, lead-perpendicular, and near-neutral inflow in an ABL of 300m thickness. The observed cases from STABLE are also characterised by lead-perpendicular inflow conditions, but the ABL is much shallower than in the idealised cases and the inflow stratification is partly (slightly) stable. Our main goal is to study the quality of both parametrizations and to evaluate, if the non-local parametrization shows advantages as compared to the local closure.

We show that the basic observed features of the lead-generated convection are represented with both closures despite some minor differences that will be explained. However, the advantages of the non-local closure become clearly obvious by the physically more realistic representation of regions with observed vertical entrainment or where the observations hint at counter-gradient transport. Moreover, we also show that some weaknesses of the simulations can be almost overcome by introducing two further modifications of the non-local closure. We consider our results as another important step in the development of atmospheric turbulence parametrizations for non-eddy-resolving, microscale simulations of strongly inhomogeneous convective boundary layers.


Like many nurses in clinical practice, a small sample of RN-to-BSN nursing students reported their negative attitude toward providing care for persons with AIDS (PWA). Structured controversy is an interactive educational approach that may promote positive attitudes. This experimental study compared the effectiveness of structured controversy with lecture on BSN students' beliefs about and attitude toward providing care for PWA. A questionnaire, based on Ajzen and Fishbein's (1980) theory of reasoned action, was completed by 51 BSN students following an AIDS class session, and by nursing faculty. When compared with students who had listened to the lecture, students who had participated in structured controversy were more positive in general, and were significantly more positive on individual attitude and belief items. Faculty perceptions of these nursing students' beliefs and attitudes were less positive than the students' actual beliefs and attitudes.


Pure motor hemiplegia is the most commonly encountered lacunar syndrome and is classically associated with small infarctions in the contralateral internal capsule or basis pontis. Pure motor hemiplegia has also been observed secondary to a wide variety of other vascular and nonvascular focal central nervous system processes. We describe a patient with pure motor hemiplegia associated with a saccular basilar artery aneurysm causing a lacunar infarction of the cerebral peduncle.


Background: Besides the bad nutritional habits, it has been studied that systemic changes induced by obesity may have repercussions on oral environment. This study evaluated the oral health status of obese adolescents undergoing follow-up at a tertiary hospital in Portugal. Methods: Ninety subjects were classified as obese or severe obese according to the World Health Organization references. Caries experience and periodontal condition were determined by the DMFT index (decayed, missing and filled teeth) and Community Periodontal Index (CPI), respectively. The data for the ages 12 and 15 were compared using Wilcoxon test for one sample to the National Prevalence Study of Oral Diseases (NPSOD), performed in Portugal and published in 2008 and 2015. Results: A mean BMI of 29.4 (± 4.1) was observed, and 64.4% (n = 58) of the subjects were diagnosed with severe obesity. The DMFT of obese adolescents was similar to that of the Portuguese population. At 12 years of age, obese individuals were found to have fewer missing teeth (p = 0.001) and more sealed teeth than those of the same age in Portugal in 2008 (p = 0.012) and 2015 (p = 0.001). At age 15, obese adolescents had fewer decayed teeth (p = 0.017) than individuals of the same age in Portugal (NPSOD, 2008). Conclusions: Obese children and adolescents presented an oral health status similar to that of the Portuguese population at the same age according to the majority of the criteria. These findings can be explained by the health care provided with repeated recommendations for oral hygiene.


The present day railway system in West Africa is the result of the transportpolicy developed by the colonial powers (France, Great Britain and Germany) at the end of the 19th century. lt is remarkable that no network of railways, like in Southern Africa, was brought about. The colonial railways in West Africa were built by the State or by a joint-stock company within the borders of one colony to export the raw materials from the production centres to the harbours. Nevertheless railways were built for more than economical grounds only, in West Africa they had to accomplish a strategic and military role by "opening Africa for the European civilization". Hargreaves calls railways the "heralds of new imperialism" and Baumgart speaks of the own dynamics of the railways, to push the European colonial powers further into Africa... The construction of a railway needed a very high capital investment and the European capitalists wouldn't like to take risks in areas that were not yet "pacified". It is remarkable how many projects to build a Transcontinental  railway right across the Sahara desert largely remained on paper. Precisely because such plans did not materialize, however, the motive force they provided to such imperialist actions as political-territorial annexations can be traced all the more clearly. The French built the first railway in West Africa, the Dakar - St-Louis line (Senegal), between 1879 and 1885. This line stimulated the production of ground-nuts, although the French colonial-military lobby has had other motives. The real motivation became very clear at the construction of the Kayes - Bamako railway. Great difficulties needed the military occupation of the region and the violent recruitment of thousands of black labourers, all over the region. The same problems transformed the building of the Kayes-Dakar line into a real hell. Afterwards the Sine Saloum region has been through a "agricultural revolution", when the local ground-nuts-producers have been able toproduce forforeign markets. The first British railways were built in Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast-colony (Ghana). In Nigeria railway construction stimulated the growth of Lagos as an harbour and administrative centre. Lugard had plans for the unification of Nigeria by railways. The old Hausa town of Kano flourished after the opening of the Northern Railway,  for other towns a period of decline had begun. Harbour cities and interior railwayheads caused an influx of population from periphery regions, the phenomenon is called "port concentration". Also the imperial Germany built a few railwaylines in theirformer colony Togo, to avoid the traffic flow off to the British railways. If s quite remarkable that the harbours at the Gulf of Guinea-coast developed much later than the harbours of Senegal and Sierra Leone. After the First World War only a few new railways were constructed, the revenues remained very low, so the (colonial) state had to take over many lines. The competition between railways and roadtransport demonstrated the  first time in Nigeria, it was the beginning of the decline of railways as the most important transportsystems in West Africa. Only multinational companies built specific railways for the export of minerals (iron, ore and bauxite) after the Second World War, and the French completed the Abidjan - Ouaga-dougou railway (1956). The consequences of railway construction in West Africa on economic, demographic and social sphere were not so far-reaching as in Southern Africa, but the labour migration and the first labour unions of railwaymen  organized strikes in Senegal and the Ivory Coast mentioned the changing social situation. The bibliography of the West African railways contains very useful studies about the financial policy of the railway companies and the governments, but only afew railways were already studied by economic historians. KEY WORDS : bibliographical survey, colonial history, economic and demographic consequences, railway development, West Africa


Long-lasting infusions of adrenalin were demonstrated to result in histotoxic hypoxy of the myocardium and its decreased contractility. After a preliminary ligation of several branches of the coronary arteries such situations often caused ventricular fibrillation. The restoration of the myocardial contractility and of the oxydation processes was achieved by the administration of Unithiol, Methionin, Cystein and Succimere. The latter often produce an unusual effect--arrest of ventricular fibrillation and restoration of a normal cardiac rhythm without electric defibrillation. The beneficial effect of these drugs is attributed by the authors to the presence of thiol groups in their structure.


Tenth International Conference of the African Association of Remote Sensing of the Environment (AARSE 2014), University of Johannesburg, South Africa, 27 - 31 October 2014. Due to copyright restrictions, the attached PDF file only contains the abstract of the full text item. For access to the full text item, please consult the publisher's website


Proteins with expanded polyglutamine domains cause eight inherited neurodegenerative diseases including Huntington's disease. In a previous paper, we identified peptides that inhibit polyglutamine protein aggregation and cell death and now describe the amino acid sequence requirements necessary for these activities. The original 11 amino acid polyglutamine (Q) Binding Peptide 1(QBP1; SNWKWWPGIFD) can be shortened to 8 amino acids (WKWWPGIF) without loss of ability to inhibit polyglutamine aggregation. Three determinants are responsible for inhibition: a tryptophan-rich motif (WKWW), a spacer amino acid and the tripeptide GIF. GIF can be replaced by a repeat of the tryptophan-rich motif, but the spacer remains necessary. We also demonstrate concordance between peptide activity in the in vitro assay and a cellular assay of polyglutamine aggregation and cell death. Polyglutamine binding peptides targeted for intracellular delivery by fusion to TAT retain the ability to inhibit polyglutamine aggregation and cell death in transfected COS 7 cells.


are completely competitive, where whatever one player wins, the other loses. Examples of such games include chess, checkers, backgammon, etc. We will show that in such games: • An equilibrium always exists (although not necessarily a pure one); • All equilibrium points yield the same payoff for the players; • The set of equilibrium points is actually the cartesian product of independent sets of equilibrium strategies per player.


Trust is an important determinant towards individuals' acceptance to use social media for e-government services. However, despite of its growing importance there is a dearth of prior research to investigate the antecedents that can develop individuals' trust for the usage of social media as a technology platform for e-government services. To address this gap, this paper aims to identify those factors that can affect individuals trust in using social media for e-government services. This paper proposes a new model that identifies trust enabling factors to use government social media services from multiple perspectives which are: individual characteristics, government factors, risk factors and social media characteristics. The findings of this paper can be useful for government organizations in assisting them to develop appropriate strategies for enhancing citizens trust towards such services.


Ra be lais's Tiers Livre is sometimes described as a labyrinth of signs. Is it, then, based on the idea of the labyrinth? If, as some researchers assert, this narrative has a concentric structure, then it is similar in form to the traditional church labyrinth. However, an important differ- ence exists in that church labyrinths suggest Christ's Harrowing of Hell, whereas Panurge, the antihero of the Tiers Livre , neither descends into the underworld nor combats the Devil, but is instead seduced by him. This paper contends that Ra be lais, on the basis of the concept of the labyrinth, has substituted hell with earthly life and Christ, the combatant hero, with a cowardly antihero. To confirm this hypothesis, this paper analyses the representations of the underworld, the Devil and the sword in Ra be lais's narrative fiction. In parallel, it investigates the influence of Erasmus' Enchiridion , focusing on its view of this life as a labyrinth, and contrasts Panurge's words and actions with the Erasmian ideal of the Christian soldier. Finally, it proposes a new interpretation of the praise of the herb Pantagruelion, comparing Ra be lais's description of the plant with the flight of Daedalus from the Cretan labyrinth and with the resurrection of Christ from the underworld.


CAR therapy is efficacious in relapsed/refractory CD19-positive malignancies including B-ALL. In AML, conventional 2nd-generation CAR therapies are being evaluated clinically. Some of the potential obstacles are antigen-low leukemia escape and on-target toxicities due to widespread CAR target expression in normal hematopoietic cells. We hypothesized that novel targets and fine-tuned combinatorial CAR approaches may enable distinctive target elimination based on differential antigen co-expression patterns in AML vs normal cells, thereby maintaining anti-leukemic efficacy while limiting toxicity on normal cells. Here, we present our target phenotypic profiling of primary AML (n>30 r/r AML patients) and normal hematopoietic cells, and link it with CAR efficacy and changes in normal hematopoiesis. Using spectral flow cytometry on bone marrow and peripheral blood from AML patients and healthy controls, we quantified differential target co-expression of several AML targets, including CD33, CD123, CLEC12A and the novel target ADGRE2. We estimated the numbers of surface molecules per cell and created two-dimensional maps of combinatorial target densities in AML vs normal. In this analysis, the combination of ADGRE2+CLEC12A offered the best therapeutic window. We developed a combinatorial CAR+CCR platform, ADCLEC.syn1, consisting of an ADGRE2-targeting 28z1XX-CAR and a CLEC12A-targeting chimeric costimulatory receptor (CCR) providing additional 4-1BB costimulation. This CAR+CCR configuration triggers killing of cells with high CAR target density alone, whereas cells with low CAR target density are only killed if the CCR target is co-expressed (IF-BETTER gate). Both in vitro and in vivo, we used MOLM13 AML cell line variants matching a variety of different ADGRE2 and CLEC12A target density combinations found in AML or normal hematopoietic cells. The observed target density thresholds for ADCLEC.syn1-mediated cell lysis demonstrated potential for sparing vital normal hematopoietic cells. In addition, we evaluated ADCLEC.syn1 in several molecularly distinct AML PDX models with clinically representative target phenotypes, achieving long-term AML remissions in all studied PDX models. In a humanized mouse model co-engrafted with MOLM13 AML cells, ADCLEC.syn1 T cells rapidly induced complete and durable AML remissions in all mice, with minimal toxicity of normal hematopoietic cells compared to control CARs. Overall, we profiled antigen densities of several CAR target combinations in AML and normal hematopoietic cells, which informed the development of the ADCLEC.syn1 platform. Pre-clinical in vivo models based on AML with clinically representative target densities demonstrated high anti-leukemic efficacy of ADCLEC.syn1 and established killing thresholds with potential for sparing normal hematopoietic cells. A first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial evaluating ADCLEC.syn1 T cells is anticipated to be initiated at MSKCC in 2023.
 Citation Format: Sascha Haubner, Jorge Mansilla-Soto, Sarah Nataraj, Friederike Kogel, Qing Chang, Elisa De Stanchina, Kathryn Fraser, Jae H. Park, Xiuyan Wang, Isabelle Rivière, Michel Sadelain. ADCLEC.syn1 CAR T cells detect combinatorial target signatures to safely prevent antigen-low AML escape [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome; 2023 Jan 23-25; Austin, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Blood Cancer Discov 2023;4(3_Suppl):Abstract nr PR03.


Diets containing Lathyrus odoratus seeds fed to rats produce a hitherto unrecognized lesion in the epiphyseal plates. These are very wide, the cartilage matrix appears to lose cohesion, and the cartilage cells are grouped in clusters. The same diets produce loosening and detachments of the tendinous and ligamentous insertions.

Because of these two lesions, occurring independently or together, the following skeletal conditions developed in the experimental animals: Epiphyseal slippings, metaphyseal fibrous defects, kyphoscoliosis, thoracic deformities, detachments of the tibial tuberosity, subluxations and dislocations of the shoulder, diastasis of the sacro-iliac joints, degeneration of the intervertebral discs, disc herniations, Legg-Perthes-like disease of the femoral head, and valgus of the forepaws.

In practically all the experimental rats there were extensive areas of periosteal newbone formation following detachment of the periosteum.

Degenerative arthritis was observed in rats fed the experimental diets for several months. Two lesions developed concomitantly,—degeneration of the joint cartilage and loosening of the capsular and ligamentous insertions.

Bone lesions resembling those seen in Paget's disease were observed in small groups of older rats.

Dissecting aneurysms of the aorta and abdominal and inguinal herniae were observed in many rats. The collagen fibers appeared to be normal on electron-microscope examination.

It is surmised that all these lesions are due to defective formation or excessive destruction of the chondroitin sulphate of the ground substance.

The possible relationship between these lesions in rats and similar lesions in humans is a matter for further study.


Ad-hoc networks has become a hot topic in the research world. Routing in ad-hoc networks has faced so many problems due to the peculiar nature of ad hoc environments. In this paper a new energy efficient routing protocol based on residual battery energy and drain rate is proposed. This paper considers the protocol proposed in (1) as the base protocol and overcomes the problems in that protocol by effectively including drain rate in the calculation of link cost. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol reduces the energy consumption, provides reliable routing as well as increases the network lifetime.


With the rapid development of display technology, the colour mismatch of the colours having same tristimulus values between devices is an urgent problem to be solved. This is related to the wellknown problem of observer metamerism, caused by the spectral power distribution (SPD)
 of primaries and the difference between individual observers' and the standard CIE colour matching functions. An experiment was carried out for 20 observers to perform colour matching of colour stimuli with a field-of-view of 4° between 5 displays, including two LCD and two OLED, against
 a reference LCD display. The results were used to derive a matrixbased colour correction method. The method was derived from colorimetric visually matched colorimetric data. Furthermore, different colour matching functions were evaluated to predict the degree of observer metamerism. The results
 showed that the correction method gave satisfactory results. Finally, it was found that the use of 2006 2° colour matching function outperformed 1931 2° CMFs with a large margin, most marked between an OLED and an LCD display.


A 419-bp region of the flagellin gene sequence of Borrelia burgdorferi was used as a target for the polymerase chain reaction. With a nonradioactively labeled gene-specific probe, sensitivity to as few as 1 to 10 spirochetes was observed. The targeted gene fragment was conserved in the American and European strains of B. burgdorferi tested and among several other pathogenic borreliae.


A new vagrant eriophyoid mite species of the archaic genus Pentasetacus (Schliesske 1985), P. novozelandicus n. sp., is described with the aid of conventional microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. It was found on Araucaria heterophylla, which is an araucarian that is endemic to Norfolk Island and introduced to New Zealand. Partial sequences of mitochondrial barcode COI gene and D1–D2 domains of nuclear rDNA of two pentasetacid mites, P. araucariae (MK903025 and MK898944) and P. novozelandicus n. sp. (MK903024 and MK898943) are provided. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of full-length D1–D2 eriophyoid sequences, including GenBank sequences and newly generated sequences of pentasetacids, confirmed the monophyly of Pentasetacidae but failed to resolve the basal phylogeny of Eriophyoidea. This may be because the D1–D2 domains of 28S are hypervariable in Eriophyoidea. Moreover, in pentasetacids D1–D2 sequences are about 20% shorter than in other eriophyoids, and thus harder to align. Two types of anal lobes are described in Eriophyoidea: (1) Eriophyidae s.l. and Phytoptidae s.l. have bilaterally symmetric lobes; (2) pentasetacids have non-divided lobes. The presence of an anal secretory apparatus, comprising internal structures that have previously been described in Eriophyidae s.l. and Phytoptidae s.l., is confirmed in pentasetacid genera. The phylogeny of pentasetacids is also discussed in the context of the paleobiography of Araucariaceae.


Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of primary chemotherapy combined with local therapy in the treatment of retinoblastomas not treatable with a single therapeutic method. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of 227 patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Sixty-five eyes in 52 patients had tumors not treatable with a single therapeutic method and received primary chemotherapy combined with local therapy as needed. Results Tumor control and eye salvage was achieved in 34 of the 65 eyes; the probability of ocular survival was 46.56% using the Kaplan-Meier method. Forty-three of the 65 eyes were group D or E tumors, in which tumor control and eye salvage was achieved in 16 eyes. Twenty eyes were treated with chemotherapy only, while 28 eyes received one additional modality of local therapy, and 17 eyes received two modalities of local therapy. Of the eyes treated with chemotherapy only, tumor control was achieved in 5 eyes. Conclusions Primary chemotherapy combined with local therapy can be effective and safe in the treatment of retinoblastomas otherwise untreatable with other therapeutic methods, such as group D and E retinoblastomas. More vigorous treatment with more local therapeutic methods combined may yield even better results.


Regenerated bamboo, also known as bamboo viscose, is a man-made cellulose fibre that has recently appeared on the market as an apparel and home-furnishing textile. The products are marketed as having exceptional properties such as superior comfort and hand, as well as antimicrobial properties. Apart from the claimed "cool feeling", the comfort properties referred to in the promotion of bamboo viscose fabrics can generally be ascribed to most cellulose fibres or fabrics. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the moisture management and thermo-physiological properties of regenerated bamboo fabrics differ significantly from those of cotton and viscose rayon fabrics. A knitted regenerated bamboo fabric was compared to cotton and viscose rayon fabrics of comparable construction by using the results of objective measurements. Test apparatus used included the WALTERTM sweating manikin to measure thermal resistance, water vapour permeability, water absorbency and the moisture permeability index, the ALAMBETA instrument to measure thermal resistance and absorption and the PERMETEST instrument to measure water vapour permeability. To compare the structure of the regenerated bamboo fibre with that of cotton and viscose rayon fibres, the longitudinal character and cross-section of fibres were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Results confirmed that regenerated bamboo fibre fabrics have excellent moisture and temperature management properties. Contrary to the expectations created, however, no empirical evidence was found in this study, when properties pertaining to comfort were compared, to confirm that regenerated bamboo fibre fabrics are superior to those made of cotton and viscose rayon.


The paper reviews a number of commercial and public data sources to examine their potential for increasing coverage and understanding of the volume and characteristics of private climate finance beyond renewable energy projects. Such information is needed to assess progress towards the global transition to low-carbon, climate-resilient economies, as well towards the fulfilment of international commitments by developed countries under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The data sources investigated in this analysis are evaluated across four areas relating to their: (i) use of sectoral classification systems; (ii) coverage of private finance transactions and instruments; (iii) definitions and methods for categorising finance as private and identifying its geographic origin; and (iv) data access restrictions and methodological transparency. To provide a frame of reference, the paper distils corresponding definitions and methodologies used by key known data sources for tracking climatespecific finance as well as investments and finance more broadly...


A simplified method for estimation of one-minute oxygen uptake (VO2-1) during treadmill grade walking at vertical power requirements of 250, 750, and 1,000 kg-meters/min was devised, where power=weight (kg) X grade (fractional) X walking speed. All subjects were men. There were 29 controls, 34 subjects with coronary arterial disease (of whom 18 had had myocardial infarction), nine subjects with diffuse pulmonary disease, and four subjects with ischemic vascular disease. Abnormally reduced values for VO2-1 were related to these diseases and, more specifically, to a history of myocardial infarction and (in pulmonary subjects) to reduced single-breath diffusing capacity. Lowest values of VO2-1 for a group were found in ischemic vascular disease. Reduced response of VO2-1 may therefore be caused by central defects of oxygen transport.


Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) uses a wavelength swept laser as the light source. Swept-source optical coherence tomography can achieve much less roll-off in sensitivity with depth compared with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. In addition, current SS-OCT device uses a longer center wavelength (1050 nm). Thus, evaluations of posterior structures are possible using SSOCT. We describe a patient of morning glory syndrome in whom suspected retrobulbar subarachnoid space (SAS) around optic nerve was clearly delineated using SS-OCT. A 68-year-old woman with morning glory syndrome and retinal detachment (Figure 1) underwent vitrectomy. After surgery, SS-OCT (DRI OCT-1; Topcon, Tokyo, Japan) clearly delineated suspected SAS and its direct communication with vitreous cavity (Figures 2–4).


GAS TURBINE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE. Consulting Editor Sir Harold Roxbee Cox. George Newnes, London, 1955. 960 pp., diagrams. 90s. The publishers of the well-known engineering reference books have produced a significant contribution to the Gas Turbine literature in this weighty volume. There are 23 specialist authors* and 28 major sections. Despite the wide range there is a praiseworthy uniformity in the standard, which is generally clear and practical throughout. Sir Harold Roxbee Cox contributes the Foreword and the Introduction. His leadership and imagination have done much for the present position of the Gas Turbine in this country. The opening sections deal lucidly with the basic concepts of gas turbine cycles, thermodynamic processes, mechanical design of components and aerodynamic theory. Three interesting articles treat positive displacement compressors (e.g. the Lysholm) the piston gas generator (Napier Nomad) and the radial inflow turbine. One of the larger sections (64 pages) deals with materials and contains much essential information attractively presented. In the design of a gas turbine plant the estimation of the steady stresses is the first stage of the stressing process, and the description of some standard methods is a valuable feature of the book. The following section deals with vibration. The actual stresses can be estimated, if a full appreciation of the loads induced by vibration can be obtained. Liquid and solid fuels are discussed at about equal length with their several aspects of operative properties, specifications and special problems. There is a little overlapping' with the data under aircraft applications. A section on heat exchangers comprises a brief introduction to the principles of the subject, a well informed critical appraisal of leading design features and a useful collection of information on current heat exchangers. The section on Aircraft Applications of some 120 pages, is compiled by R. H. Schlotel, Director of Industrial Gas Turbines, Ministry of Supply. It is well written and informative in the clear style of a responsible expert. One regret is that the material is limited to British practice. Tabulated data on 52 gas turbine power plants and a number of diagrams illustrate stationary applications. Two sections are devoted to marine use—mercantile and naval. Technical achievements so far are far less certain than with the aircraft gas turbine owing to the long life requirement. One notable point of present British Naval practice is the apparent reluctance to accept the V.P. screw. Three sections deal in turn with applications of the gas turbine to road vehicles, locomotives and industrial processes. Some information is given on the major British projects but these are yet in the early stages of development. The various sections each contain a useful bibliography. At the end of the book, along with a list of educational facilities, there is a complete index and some supporting tables.


Due to the significant importance of Big Data analysis, especially in business-related topics such as improving services, finding potential customers, and selecting practical approaches to manage income and expenses, many companies attempt to collaborate with scientists to find how, why, and what they should analysis. In this work, we would like to compare and discuss two different approaches that employed in business analysis topic in Big Data with more consideration on how they utilized Spark. Both studies have investigated Churn Prediction as their case study for their proposed approaches since it is an essential topic in business analysis for companies to recognize a customer intends to leave or stop using their services. Here, we focus on Apache Spark since it has provided several solutions to handle a massive amount of data in recent years efficiently. This feature in Spark makes it one of the most robust candidate tools to upfront with a Big Data problem, particularly time and resource are concerns.


This forceful piece by a leading educational theorist, examines the ways in which democracy is under attack in the US by a combination of neoliberalism and white supremacist Trumpism. What we are witnessing is a mode of governing fuelled by fantasies of exclusion accompanied by a full-scale attack on morality, thoughtful reasoning and collective resistance rooted in democratic forms of struggles. As more people revolt against this dystopian project, neoliberal ideology and elements of a fascist politics merge to contain, distract and misdirect the anger that has materialised out of legitimate grievances against the government, controlling privileged elites and the hardships caused by neoliberal capitalism. The current crisis of agency, representation, values and language demands a discursive shift that can call into question and defeat the formative culture and ideological scaffolding through which a savage neoliberal capitalism reproduces itself.


For the research into a certain country's history, the study on the seat of government is very important. Because the seat of government is the center of everything, it is the most important material for the research of the history of a country. From this point of view, the study on the location of Ko-gu-ryu's seat of government is more important than anything else. Because, as most of Korean history research including history of Ko-gu-ryu, has begun by Japanese rather than by Koreans. As everybody knows, the purpose of the research on Korean history by Japanese was to make logical base of their ruling Korea. That's why there are so many points in dispute. The writer felt that there are many questions while reading papers studied on the seat of government of Ko-gu-ryu by Japanese. Above all things, Hwan-in or Jib-an was not the seat of government of Ko-gu-ryu at the beginning part of Ko-gu-ryu as Japanese asserted. They are of middle part. In addition, Pyung-yang which King Jangsoo transferred to was not Pyung-yang of North Korea of today but I confirmed that it was Pyung-yang of Yo-yang city, Yo-nyung sung, China. At the same time, I got to know that Yo-yang was a place where there were Nak-rang kun and Hyun-do kun of Han. This is a record which is a very important base of not only research on the history of Ko-gu-ryu but also of Korean ancient history. Then, what happened to Pyung-yang of today? It is proven to be true that that had transfered during the King Pyung-won of Ko-gu-ryu. Just like this, as the seats of government of Ko-gu-ryu of middle part are newly proven, it will affect deeply those studies had been done on Ko-gu-ryu, relevant Bu-yeo and Ko-cho-sun. Nevertheless, there are other not-yet-ascertained seats of government of Ko-gu-ryu of the beginning part. This is the time when the efforts of the academic world is necessary for these ascertainments.


The structure of 1 (myconoside) was estabhshed as fJ-(3 ,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethyl-3, 6-di-0-Ji-o-apiofuranosyl-40-a, /3-dihydrocaffeoyl-0-f3-o-glucopyranoside by chemical and spectroscopic (UV-Vis, IR, FAB-mass, 'H-, "C-, and COSYNMR) methods. The final structure was achieved by inverse NMR spectroscopy, using HMQC (heteronuclear multiplequantum coherence) and HMBC (heteronucloar multiple bond connectivity) experiments (2). In this way, we correlated the glucose signals with the substitoent groups by means of long range proton-carbon couplings. Additional conformational information was obtained by NOE-enhancement results.