How can we supplement the limited time available for vocabulary instruction while motivating students to attend to the words they are learning? As a part of an academic word vocabulary intervention, we challenged sixth-grade students to find their words in the world around them. This activity, In the Media, garnered responses from 51 of the 61 students involved in the intervention. Analysis of students' reading comprehension achievement showed that it was not just high-achieving students who responded; rather the full range of achievement was represented. Analysis of pretest and posttest data revealed that students who found more words had the highest gains in the final assessment. Examples of students' encounters and where they found them are discussed. These examples suggest that students developed flexible knowledge of their words, as they were able to find them in uses beyond those taught and in related forms that had not been introduced.


In a 2008 AMTA paper the concept of the IsoFilter™ rejection curve was described. The steps to generate this rejection curve consist simply of (1) translating the coordinate origin of the measured pattern to a new location (2) performing a spherical modal analysis of the pattern, and (3) taking the total power in the lowest order mode as a measure of the strength of the radiation source at that location. Stepwise repetition of this process then generates the IsoFilter™ rejection curve. The basis for the process of generation was an empirical recipe for which no theoretical basis was presented. In this paper we relate the rejection curve to conventional electromagnetic theory. We begin with the general free space Green's function assuming a general distribution of current sources, and show how one may plausibly describe the IsoFilter™ rejection curve, and how it operates to reveal an arbitrary source distribution.


The influence of the mechanical strain and chemical substitution on the magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) of Cr$_2$O$_3$ is studied using first-principles calculations. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction contributes substantially to MAE by inducing spin canting when the antiferromagnetic order parameter is not aligned with the hexagonal axis. Nearly cubic crystal field results in a very small MAE in pure Cr$_2$O$_3$ at zero strain, which is incorrectly predicted to be negative (in-plane) on account of spin canting. The MAE is strongly modified by epitaxial strain, which tunes the crystal-field splitting of the $t_{2g}$ triplet. The contribution from magnetic dipolar interaction is very small at any strain. The effects of cation (Al, Ti, V, Co, Fe, Nb, Zr, Mo) and anion (B) substitutions on MAE are examined. Al increases MAE thanks to the local lattice deformation. In contrast, the electronic configuration of V and Nb strongly promotes easy-plane anisotropy, while other transition-metal dopants have only a moderate effect on MAE. Substitution of oxygen by boron, which has been reported to increase the Neel temperature, has a weak effect on MAE, whose sign depends on the charge state of B. The electric field applied along the (0001) axis has a weak second-order effect on the MAE.


An approach to detect the thresholds automatically in a noisy histogram is discussed. The histogram is considered as a 1D image. Then, a histogram pyramid is built for smoothing the noisy histogram and eliminating the small noise peaks and valleys. The threshold is first found at the higher level of the histogram pyramid and then mapped back to the successive levels. The results show that the thresholds obtained are close to the optimal solution in terms of the statistical point of view and are of reasonable values in some complicated and noisy histograms.<<ETX>>


Multiple kernel $k$-means (MKKM) aims to improve clustering performance by learning an optimal kernel, which is usually assumed to be a linear combination of a group of pre-specified base kernels. However, we observe that this assumption could: i) cause limited kernel representation capability; and ii) not sufficiently consider the negotiation between the process of learning the optimal kernel and that of clustering, leading to unsatisfying clustering performance. To address these issues, we propose an optimal neighborhood kernel clustering (ONKC) algorithm to enhance the representability of the optimal kernel and strengthen the negotiation between kernel learning and clustering. We theoretically justify this ONKC by revealing its connection with existing MKKM algorithms. Furthermore, this justification shows that existing MKKM algorithms can be viewed as a special case of our approach and indicates the extendability of the proposed ONKC for designing better clustering algorithms. An efficient algorithm with proved convergence is designed to solve the resultant optimization problem. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the clustering performance of the proposed algorithm. As demonstrated, our algorithm significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art ones in the literature, verifying the effectiveness and advantages of ONKC.


The effects of different concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on rat adipocyte apoptosis were detected by optical microscopy, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry methods. The morphological changes of rat adipocyte apoptosis induced by TNF-α correlated linearly with the concentration of TNF-α, ranging from 5 to 20 ng/ml. High concentrations of TNF-α induced more obvious apoptosis. Significant morphological changes of rat adipocytes treated with 5 ng/ml TNF-α were noticed, but DNA ladders did not appear in the DNA electrophoresis analysis, i.e. morphological changes occurred earlier than the biochemical changes. TNF-α induced apoptosis in the rat adipocyte in a dose-dependent manner. The induced apoptotic effect of 5, 10, 15 and 20 ng/ml TNF-α was significantly different ( P 0.01), but the effect among 10, 15 and 20 ng/ml TNF-α treatments was not significantly different ( P 0.05). Thus the optimum concentration of TNF-α for inducing apoptosis was 10 ng/ml.


Hi, my name is Elly Leary. I'm a living example of the new world order of global competition. I used to be an auto assembler at the General Motors plant in Framingham, Massachusetts. I worked there from 1977 to August 1989, when the plant closed and its work was shifted to the new Flint, Ramos Arizpe, Mexico. In 1989, without overtime I was making nearly $28,000 a year. Today, as a full-time secretary at Boston University and member of UAW Local 2324, I make less than $19,000. This lower standard of living hasn't been lost on my children. Several months ago my fourteen-year-old daughter angrily said, "Why can't you get a job like you used to have, one that pays a living wage?" Although I tell her to go to college, this commission's own figures show this is not guaranteed—incomes of college-educated white males are falling too, calling into question the high-skill, high-wage economy. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


The paper attempts to present the leading objectives and motives of the 'Church's policy of memory' before and after 1989. The author states that, like many other institutions of public life, the Catholic Church implements its own policy to shape the collective memory of Poles, both in terms of legitimization and content. At the time of the Polish People's Republic, the first and foremost objective of the 'Church's memory policy' was to counteract the activities of the communist authorities, which were carrying out a project to restrict the Church's influence to the narrowly understood field of the priesthood and which ultimately aimed at the atheization of Polish society. The emphasis on the historical symbiosis of Polishness and Catholicism served the purpose of defending the traditional form of Polish religiousness and providing the Church with social support in the struggle to maintain the public dimension of its influence. Despite the change in language, the present objective of the Church's historical narration appears similar: to oppose these aspects of secularization trends that drive the Church away from public space and so intensifying the phenomenon of the privatization of faith. Whether in the past or present, the Church's vision of the past is to secure its own stability as an institution and retain the role of a significant factor contributing to the national and state conscience of Poles.


This review of "The Supportive State: Families, Government and America's Political Ideals" highlights Maxine Eichner's important theoretical contributions to both liberal political theory and feminist theory, applauding her success in reforming liberalism to account for dependency, vulnerability, and families. The review then considers some implications of Eichner's proposals and their likely reception among feminists. It concludes that The Supportive State is a sound and inspiring response to recent calls that feminist theory move from being strictly a school of criticism to developing a theory of governance.


Background In the liver, bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) maintains balanced iron metabolism. However, the mechanism that underlies greater BMP-6 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue than adjacent non-cancerous tissue is unclear. This study sought to investigate the epigenetic mechanisms of BMP-6 expression by analysing the relationship between the DNA methylation status of BMP-6 and the expression of BMP-6. Methods Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), bisulphite sequencing PCR, the MethyLight assay, and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to examine BMP-6 methylation and mRNA expression levels. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on tissue arrays to evaluate the BMP-6 protein level. Results BMP-6 mRNA expression was approximately 84.09% lower in HCC tissues than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and this low level of expression was associated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, the hypermethylation observed in HCC cell lines and HCC tissues was correlated with the BMP-6 mRNA expression level, and this correlation was validated following treatment with 5-aza-CdR, a demethylation agent. In addition, BMP-6 DNA methylation was upregulated by 68.42% in 114 clinical HCC tissue samples compared to adjacent normal tissues, whereas the BMP-6 staining intensity was downregulated by 77.03% in 75 clinical HCC tissue samples in comparison to adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, elevated expression of BMP-6 in HCC cell lines inhibited cell colony formation. Conclusions Our results suggest that BMP-6 CpG island hypermethylation leads to decreased BMP-6 expression in HCC tissues.


Nearly three quarters of US doctors responding to a new poll said that ordering unnecessary tests and procedures was a serious problem.1 And 91% said that an effective way to reduce the ordering of such procedures and tests would be through changes to malpractice law.

The survey was commissioned by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) Foundation and funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

The ABIM Foundation sponsors the "Choosing Wisely" campaign, which seeks to identify commonly ordered tests and procedures that offer little benefit or pose unnecessary risks.2

The initiative publishes lists of questionable tests and procedures prepared by various medical specialty groups. It aims to encourage patients to question, and doctors to discuss, whether these are needed for patient …


This paper attempts to compare the positions of Jan Patocka and Pavel Kouba concerning Friedrich Nietzsche and thus to show the role of his philosophy in the Czech phenomenology. The difference between Patocka and Kouba is that PatoCka (in a similar way as Heidegger) understands Nietzsche still as a representative of traditional metaphysics (although brought to the utmost frontier), whereas Kouba succeeds to incorporate Nietzsche in the corpus of phenomenological thought and adopt his basic ideas for the specific understanding of the world and of the position of Man in the world. In Kouba's concept, Nietzsche is not just a figure from the history of philosophy, but an interesting focus around which phenomenological self-reflection can gravitate.


In order to study evolution of the concentration profiles and markers velocities in various time and space scales quasi-one-dimensional model of interdiffusion in a polycrystalline alloy is proposed considering non-equilibrium vacancies and the Kirkendall effect. Sinks/sources of vacancies are assumed to be concentrated mainly at the moving grain boundaries. This model simultaneously takes into account the movement of grains and changes of grain sizes.


Artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide, and a number of its precursors, metabolites and semisynthetic derivatives have shown to possess antimalarial properties. Several methods have been reported for the measurement of artemisinin and its main derivatives in plant material and biological fluids. However, most of them are either not sufficiently sensitive and do not offer reliable results, or are difficult to apply in routine analyses. Therefore, new methods for the determination of these compounds, such as supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or evaporative light scattering detection, will be presented. Applications to plant material, pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluids will also be reviewed.


This study focuses on the evaluation of multi-attribute (MAU) decision support for problems differing in complexity. In this study we compared decision making with a computerized decision support system (DECAID) with the unaided process. Overall, results indicate that MAU support led to a more thorough decision process, had more impact on preference formation, and led to a larger decrease of perceived difficulty of the decision problem as compared to the no-support condition. The MAU decision aid turned out to be less lime efficient than the unaided mode, especially with increasing numbers of alternatives. Results suggest that the MAU decision aid is effective for problems of low and moderate complexity only. For highly complex problems, results are less favorable.


Albian dinosaur tracks from the Monte Grande Formation (Basque-Cantabrian Basin) are described. Sedimentary succession shows seven different facies associations (FA) with four track-bearing levels (levels 1-4) of a braid delta system. The FA4, a proximal crevasse subdelta, preserves in levels 2 and 3 theropod, possibly sauropod and undetermined dinosaur tracks, as well as Ophiomorpha and Skolithos traces. The FA5, a middle crevasse subdelta, presents undetermined cross-section tracks in levels 1 and 4, besides Ophiomorpha, Skolithos and locally Teichichnus in other layers. Both FA have the same general ichnoassociation, although with preservational variations. The sedimentary succession represents an area with periods of crevasse subdelta progradation and colonisation of opportunistic organisms, and other periods of subdelta abandonment represented by short sedimentary hiatuses in which the water sheet would be shallow or even absent and where dinosaurs would be roaming. Particularly, the traces of levels 2 and 3 represent the same ichnocoenosis constituting two different suites and may be envisaged as penecontemporaneous, produced within a short term preservational window. This tracksite is one of the scarce Albian dinosaur ichnological records in the southwestern European island palaeoarchipelago and one of the few worldwide localities where Albian dinosaur tracks have been found in deltaic facies.


Inclusive education in Zimbabwe has attracted many students with disabilities. Most of them opted themselves in mainstream education. Consequently, most specialists are not in tandem with the mechanics of handling students with visual impairment in primary inclusive schools. The study was prompted by the poor Grade Seven Zimbabwe Schools Examinations achievement of students with visual impairment in inclusive primary schools in Zimbabwe. Basing on Wolfensberger's (1979) theory of normalisation, inclusive education should ensure a rise in the quality of academic index of those with visual impairment. The purpose of the study was to find out factors that affect academic achievements of students with visual impairment in inclusive primary schools. The research was qualitative and a case design was applied. A sample of 28 participants comprising administrators, teachers and students with visual impairment was purposively drawn from inclusive education primary institutions. Semi-structured interviews, an open ended questionnaire and document analysis were used to generate data. The study revealed that students with visual impairment in inclusive education did not academically achieve in norm-referenced public examinations. The study recommended that training colleges should equip primary school teachers with requisite mechanics of handling diverse academic needs and interests of students with visual impairment.


We consider the synchronization of coupled dynamical systems when different types of interactions are simultaneously present. We assume that a set of dynamical systems is coupled through the connections of two or more distinct networks (each of which corresponds to a distinct type of interaction), and we refer to such a system as a dynamical hypernetwork. Applications include neural networks made up of both electrical gap junctions and chemical synapses, the coordinated motion of shoals of fish communicating through both vision and flow sensing, and hypernetworks of coupled chaotic oscillators. We first analyze the case of a hypernetwork made up of m = 2 networks. We look for the necessary and sufficient conditions for synchronization. We attempt to reduce the linear stability problem to a master stability function (MSF) form, i.e. decoupling the effects of the coupling functions from the structure of the networks. Unfortunately, we are unable to obtain a reduction in an MSF form for the general case. However, we show that such a reduction is possible in three cases of interest: (i) the Laplacian matrices associated with the two networks commute; (ii) one of the two networks is unweighted and fully connected; and (iii) one of the two networks is such that the coupling strength from node i to node j is a function of j but not of i . Furthermore, we define a class of networks such that if either one of the two coupling networks belongs to this class, the reduction can be obtained independently of the other network. As an example of interest, we study synchronization of a neural hypernetwork for which the connections can be either chemical synapses or electrical gap junctions. We propose a generalization of our stability results to the case of hypernetworks formed of m > 2 networks. New Journal of Physics 14 (2012) 033035 1367-2630/12/033035+24$33.00 © IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft


The engineering characterization of heterogeneous and complex geological formations for estimating their rock mass strength and deformability characteristics constitutes a challenge to geo-scientists and engineers dealing with the design and construction of slopes and tunnels. Melanges and similar heterogeneous mixtures of hard blocks in weaker matrix, known as "bimrocks", present an overall strength significantly greater than the matrix strength, because the presence of rock blocks, above a threshold volumetric proportion, influences the mechanical characteristics and the behaviour of these rock masses. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the strength and mechanical behaviour of heterogeneous and composite rock masses such as flysch and molasses consisting of alternating layers of competent and incompetent rocks are governed by the presence and volumetric percentage of the interlayers of the weaker rocks.


We show that the wave function and current statistics in chaotic Robnik billiards crucially depend on the constant of the spin-orbit interaction (SOI). For small constant the current statistics is described by universal current distributions derived for slightly opened chaotic billiards [Saichev et al., J. Phys. A 35, L87 (2002)] although one of the components of the spinor eigenfunctions is not universal. For strong SOI both components of the spinor eigenstate are complex random Gaussian fields. This observation allows us to derive the distributions of spin-orbit persistent currents which well describe numerical statistics. For intermediate values of the statistics of the eigenstates and currents, both are deeply nonuniversal.


A 39-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of breathlessness, productive cough and painful lumps on her lower legs. She had suffered with recurrent rhinosinusitis and frequent infections of the ears, throat and chest since childhood, as well as cutaneous herpes zoster in her 20s. There was no documented history of pneumonia, invasive or deep-seated infections. She had smoked lightly, was allergic to penicillin and worked as a commercial tea buyer.

Examination showed a slim female with a normal breathing pattern. Chest expansion was reduced and fine inspiratory crackles were detected over the lower lung zones. Pulmonary function tests showed ventilatory restriction with decreased gas transfer. Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 2.10 L, 71% predicted; forced vital capacity (FVC) 2.22 L, 65% predicted; spirometric ratio 0.93; total lung capacity 3.04 L, 62% predicted; haemoglobin (Hb)-adjusted carbon monoxide transfer factor/TLco 45% predicted and its coefficient/Kco 81% predicted. Indices related to small airway function were normal, maximal expiratory flow (MEF)75/50/25 all above 80% predicted and air-trapping was absent.

Bloods tests showed normal full blood count, C-reactive protein as well as kidney, bone and liver biochemistry. Serum ACE was elevated at 93 ACEU (ref: 12–68). Elispot assay and HIV serology were negative.

A prereferral chest radiograph revealed widening of the superior mediastinum and ill-defined nodular opacities in the middle and lower zones. Despite the history of possible erythema nodosum and raised serum ACE, the account of recurrent infections suggested a differential diagnosis broader than typical sarcoidosis. Demonstration of ventilatory restriction and impaired gas transfer factor hinted towards an interstitial or diffuse lung pathology. The Kco, at nearly twice the TLco in %-predicted terms, indicated a low likelihood of major pulmonary vasculopathy and the absence of airflow limitation or small airway dysfunction steered the diagnosis away from primary bronchiolar disorders. CT with contiguous …


OpenMP is an attractive parallel programming model for a chip multiprocessor because there is no standard parallel programming method for a chip multiprocessor and it is easy to write a parallel program in OpenMP. Then, chip multiprocessor systems can have various architectures according to target application programs. So, we need to implement OpenMP in different way for each system. In this paper, we propose the implementation and the effective translation of major OpenMP directives for a chip multiprocessor without using OS to improve the performance without using special hardware and without extending the OpenMP directives. We present the experimental results on our target platform CT3400.


The electrical power produced via photo-voltaic (PV) array relies largely on weather circumstances. Therefore, the PV solar grid linked inverters needs to render with regulation mechanism in order to fulfill swift response of solar irradiance changes. In this work, we presented a continuous state functionality of the PV grid-connected (GC) unit at distinct solar irradiances. The presented model is developed on MATLAB environment, which includes the PV array using an improved perturb and observe (MP&O) tracking system interconnected to DC to DC boosting conversion application, the 3-phase 3 level electric power inverter which usually associated to the utility grid using low pass filter, coupled transformer and synchronous control mechanism of PV inverter as well as , UG. The presented model is lab-created within day-by-day climate circumstances to evaluate its working functionality. The simulation results of the proposed system satisfy requirements grid performance with high power quality. In the proposed work number of cell module used 90, number of parallel string 60, maximum PV output voltage 1000wb/m2 at 274 V, minimum voltage at 600 wb/m2 at 250 V, maximum power at 1000 wb/m2-100 kw, and minimum power at 600 wb/m2-57 kw.


The Covid-19 crisis and its aftermath challenged economies and societal sectors globally. Refugees in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to the socio-economic impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. In Uganda, refugees significantly compose the marginalized urban population, dependent largely on the informal sector, and are severely affected by the crisis amidst limited social protection interventions. This article draws on key informant interviews with refugees and refugee-led organizations to examine the diverse ways through which social capital within refugees and host communities in Kampala enabled and shaped digitally mediated responses to sustain livelihoods, social wellbeing, and access to information and economic resources in the wake of the pandemic. The findings indicate that digitally enabled and mediated social networks and/or connections through bonds, bridges, and links are crucial in supporting refugees to cope with crisis effects. Networks of friends, families, and institutions are sustained by digital spaces that support the everyday lives of urban refugees through communication, social protection, livelihood continuity and recovery, and service improvisation during and after the crisis. The fragmented digital infrastructure, digital divide, limited government support, language barrier, and circulation of fake news challenged the utility of digital social networks in mobilizing support for refugees during the crisis. Digital technologies offer opportunities to strengthen social support and potentially mobilize refugee livelihoods in cities with fluid programs for displaced communities. The best practices around sustained multi-platform communications, technological innovations, data collection, and robust community engagement should be leveraged to garner the opportunities offered by technologies towards stimulating inclusive crisis responses.


The research approach in this journal uses a theological approach, specifically based on 2 Corinthians 2:7. If it is specified again, regarding the biblical texts that are considered to contain elements of Perish. Emphasis of research it tends to use a biblical theology approach. The biblical approach intends to expose the selected text. Systematics Doctrine does not get a large space or portion in this study. The results of this study can be used as the basis for the material about the word Perish in learning media or further application of learning media. Besides that, it also becomes an added value for knowledge of terms in the Bible for readers.


A 59-year-old woman provided a 3-month history of decreased hearing in her right ear. One month later, she developed a complete right-sided ptosis and progressive dysarthria. On examination, there was right third cranial nerve palsy with mydriasis, right-sided sensorineural hearing loss and left lower motor neurone facial weakness. There were signs of a left brachial plexopathy (with weakness, wasting and partial hypoaesthesia in the left arm), unchanged since these features had developed following radiotherapy for a local recurrence of breast cancer 10 years previously.

The breast carcinoma had initially presented 17 years previously (Grade: T1 N0 M0) and was managed with surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy.

### Question 1

What is the differential diagnosis?

### Comment

The pattern of neurological signs is against a single lesion and can be summarised as sequential, subacute, multiple cranial nerve palsies. The initial clinical suspicion was of basal meningitis, possibly due to malignancy, subacute infection or granulomatous disease.

She was admitted to a district general hospital where initial screening blood tests were normal, including bone profile. An MRI scan of the brain and whole spine, including postcontrast images, was normal. She underwent three lumbar punctures (table 1).

View this table:

Table 1
Three consecutive analyses of CSF

### Question 2

What would you do next?

### Comment

Despite the history of breast cancer and the strong clinical suspicion of metastatic basal meningitis, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology was negative on three separate occasions. However, the persistently raised CSF protein suggested possible central nervous system neoplasia or an inflammatory or infectious process.

CT scan of the chest abdomen and pelvis, performed to assess for local recurrence or metastases of the breast tumour, was normal. Blood cultures, treponemal serology, angiotensin-converting enzyme, serum electrophoresis, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antidouble-stranded DNA antibodies and serology for HIV, cryptococcal antigen, Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus were sent and she underwent a further lumbar puncture; all tests were …


Mechanosensory organs in legs play are crucial receptors in the feedback control of walking and in the detection of substrate-borne vibrations. Stick insects serve as a model for the physiological role of chordotonal organs and campaniform sensilla. This study documents, by axonal tracing, the neural innervation of the complex chordotonal organs and groups of campaniform sensilla in the proximal tibia of the midleg in Sipyloidea sipylus. In total, 6 nerve branches innervate the different sensory structures, and the innervation pattern associates different sensilla types by their position. Sensilla on the anterior and posterior tibia are innervated from distinct nerve branches. In addition, the variation in innervation is studied for five anatomical branching points. The most common variation is the innervation of the subgenual organ sensilla by two nerve branches rather than a single one. The fusion of commonly separated nerve branches also occurred. However, a common innervation pattern can be demonstrated, which is found in >75% of preparations. The variation did not include crossings of nerves between the anterior and posterior side of the leg. The study corrects the innervation of the posterior subgenual organ reported previously. The sensory neuroanatomy and innervation pattern can guide further physiological studies of mechanoreceptor organs and allow evolutionary comparisons to related insect groups.


The efforts to understand the physics of rogue waves have motivated the study of mechanisms that produce rare, extreme events, often through analogous optical setups. As many studies have reported nonlinear generation mechanisms, recent work has explored whether optical rogue events can be produced in linear systems. Here we report the observation of linear rogue events with tunable height, generated from light imprinted with a non-Markovian wavefront. Moreover, if the non-Markovian wavefront is allowed to propagate through a nonlinear medium, extraordinarily long-tailed intensity distributions are produced, which do not conform to the statistics previously observed in optical rogue wave experiments.


Recent studies in international finance have shown that correlation of international equity returns increases during volatile periods. However, correlation should be used with great care. For example, assuming a multivariate normal distribution with constant correlation, conditional correlation during volatile periods (large absolute returns) is higher than conditional correlation during tranquil periods (small absolute returns) even though the correlation of all returns remains constant over time. In order to test whether correlation increases during volatile periods, the distribution of the conditional correlation under the null hypothesis must then be clearly specified. In this paper we focus on the correlation conditional on large returns and study the dependence structure of international equity markets during extremely volatile bear and bull periods. We use "extreme value theory" to model the multivariate distribution of large returns. This theory allows one to specify the distribution of correlation conditional on large negative or positive returns under the null hypothesis of multivariate normality with constant correlation. Empirically, using monthly data from January 1959 to December 1996 for the five largest stock markets, we find that the correlation of large positive returns is not inconsistent with multivariate normality, while the correlation of large negative returns is much greater than expected.


Hormones produced in the body may be important in ameliorating the effects of traumatic stress. Previous research bas shown that the concentration of several hormones, such as cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfated (DHEAS) in a given individual who has been exposed to a traumatic event may be indicative of the likelihood that the individual will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study assessed whether higher levels of cortisol in comparison to DHEA or DHEAS could indicate a predisposition toward future mental illness following an emotionally stressful event. Female students from Northern lllinois University provided salivary samples before and following a writing task intended to induce emotional stress. The samples were analyzed for cortisol, DHEA, and DHEAS levels. Results indicated both cortisol and DHEA were reduced after the writing task, although no significant relationship between the hormones and PTSD symptoms after the stressor. The participants' levels of DHEA prior to the stressor seemed to be predictive of PTSD symptom presence after the stressor. Abstract Hormones produced in the body may be important in ameliorating the effects of traumatic stress. Previous research has shown that the concentration of several hormones, such as cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA-sulfated (DHEAS) in a given individual who has been exposed to a traumatic event may be indicative of the likelihood that the individual will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study assessed whether higher levels of cortisol in comparison to DHEA or DHEAS could indicate a predisposition toward future mental illness following an emotionally stressful event. Female students from Northern Illinois University provided salivary samples before and following a writing task intended to induce emotional stress. The samples were analyzed for cortisol, DHEA, and DHEAS levels. Results indicated both cortisol and DHEA were reduced after the writing task, although no significant relationship between the hormones and PTSD symptoms after the stressor. The participants' levels ofDHEA prior to the stressor seemed to be predictive ofPTSD symptom presence after the stressor.


Adopting a child is a truly emotionally difficult decision for any human being. To be a true parent, it is not necessary to be a biological parent. True parents are not those who give birth, but those who devote the best years of their lives to raising a wonderful child. Adoption is a noble act for adopted children, adoptive parents, his extended family and community. Its impact is generational, with a long-term benefit, as it will affect future generations of the family. For a number of children, adoption is the only way to have a family, and for a number of people the only opportunity to be realized as parents. There are a number of advantages to adopting a child, but in our society, it is still a concept that is misunderstood. Even today, this topic is not often discussed; it is avoided and almost never mentioned in education. Therefore, we must take the initiative and continue to learn how adoption is valuable and important to everyone.


This work presents the results of investigation of one of the most widespread specimens of layered silicates minerals group montmorillonite, that are the part of the natural dispersion of bentonite from Millerovo minefield via density functional theory (DFT) methods. The hygroscopic moistness of monoions forms of smectite group layered silicates is studied experimentally; these layered silicates are the most active components that significantly determine the properties of the dispersion as a whole. The correlation between hygroscopicity and theoretical values of inter-packet distances is established in studied samples by calculating total energies with optimization of the crystal structure.


During the late spring in 2013 strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananassa cv. Elsanta) showing an intense blackening of their immature fruits, their fruit calyxes and the attached stems were found at several locations (greenhouses) in the Netherlands. The isolates differed biochemically from E. amylovora and they were closely related to biochemical profiles of the Erwinia pyrifoliae reference strain LMG 25888. The isolates were further identified as E. pyrifoliae based on the real time PCR assay. Pathogenicity of several isolates was tested and confirmed on potted strawberry plants (cv. Elsanta).


This article deals with two scholarly tafsīr books circulating throughout modern Indonesia: Husein Qadri's (1906-1966) "Senjata Mukmin" (The Weapons of the Believers) and Agus Purwanto's (b. 1964) "Nalar Ayat-Ayat Semesta" (Reasoning of the Verses of the Universe). Qadri, representing his position as Muslim scholar, and Purwanto, as Muslim intellectual, contribute to the shaping of lay exegesis in their country. I conclude that although the two works are completely different with regard to genre, methodology and style, both are concerned with attracting the attention of lay readers and, accordingly, endeavor to present their information in a comprehensible and accessible manner. In term of content, the two books limit their discussion to the apparent (ẓāhir) meaning of the Qur'an, an understanding that depends on a reader's knowledge of Arabic; one might call it an immediate understanding of the text. Their works also maintain the primacy of Arabic over the Indonesian language.


The process of amplification of light by a laser set above its oscillation threshold is studied. This laser has a wide bandwidth (typically 100 MHz) and is injected by a signal whose bandwidth is much narrower, which allows to separate the amplified signal from the ordinary laser spectral density. Theoretical calculations are based on simple semiclassical formulas and agree with the experimental results which are performed at 1.55 μm using single-mode semiconductor lasers. The amplification arises from a progressive channeling of energy from the wider laser line onto the narrow injected signal.


ABSTRACT Arf1 belongs to the Arf family of small GTPases that localise at the Golgi and plasma membrane. Active Arf1 plays a crucial role in regulating Golgi organisation and function. In mouse fibroblasts, loss of adhesion triggers a consistent drop (∼50%) in Arf1 activation that causes the Golgi to disorganise but not fragment. In suspended cells, the trans-Golgi (GalTase) disperses more prominently than cis-Golgi (Man II), accompanied by increased active Arf1 (detected using GFP-ABD: ARHGAP10 Arf1 binding domain) associated with the cis-Golgi compartment. Re-adhesion restores Arf1 activation at the trans-Golgi as it reorganises. Arf1 activation at the Golgi is regulated by Arf1 Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GBF1, and BIG1/2. In non-adherent fibroblasts, the cis-medial Golgi provides a unique setting to test and understand the role GEF-mediated Arf1 activation has in regulating Golgi organisation. Labelled with Man II-GFP, non-adherent fibroblasts treated with increasing concentrations of Brefeldin-A (BFA) (which inhibits BIG1/2 and GBF1) or Golgicide A (GCA) (which inhibits GBF1 only) comparably decrease active Arf1 levels. They, however, cause a concentration-dependent increase in cis-medial Golgi fragmentation and fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using selected BFA and GCA concentrations, we find a change in the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation could mediate this by regulating cis-medial Golgi localisation of GBF1. On loss of adhesion, a ∼50% drop in Arf1 activation over 120 min causes the Golgi to disorganise. The kinetics of this drop, when altered by BFA or GCA treatment causes a similar decline in Arf1 activation but over 10 min. This causes the Golgi to now fragment which affects cell surface glycosylation and re-adherent cell spreading. Using non-adherent fibroblasts this study reveals the kinetics of Arf1 inactivation, with active Arf1 levels, to be vital for Golgi organisation and function.


This paper discusses the possibilities of using the circuit simulation program, simulation program with integrated circuit emphasis (SPICE) for the simulation of partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) models. After an introduction into the PEEC method, the simulation of quasi-stationary models is considered. An enhancement of SPICE is described, allowing the simulation of retarded PEEC models. This enables the computation of electric fields radiated from an interconnection structure. With the modified SPICE simulator it is possible to use existing SPICE models and combine them with full wave PEEC models.


Two sisters are described with demonstrable splenomegaly already from infancy and, after the age of 2--4 years, signs of slowly progressive encephalophy, vacuolated lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, and peculiar foam cells in the bone marrow aspirates. The died at 7 3/4 and 6 1/2 years. Widely spread in the brain, the nerve cell bodies were found to show extensive ballooning. It was most striking in the brain stem and spinal cord, while cerebellar structures were remarkably well preserved. The cytoplasm of the ballooned nerve cells was filled with finely granular storage material stainable as a readily soluble glycolipid. The spleen, liver and intestinal wall contained numerous foamy PAS-positive macrophages. Chemical assays showed a ten-fold increase of lactosylceramide and a modest one of minor gangliosides brain cortex. No accumulation sphingomyelin could be revealed, and the sphingomyelinase activity was found to be normal. The ganglioside GM1 beta-galactosidase activity of leucocytes was reduced to 20--25% of normal, which indicated a disturbance of the glycosaminoglycan metabolism. The tissue content of glycosaminoglycans was, however, normal, but an accumulation of lactose was demonstrated in the spleen. It is postulated that the primary enzymic defect is a disturbance of a lysosomal beta-galactosidase with a substrate specificity for lactose and other oligosaccharides with a terminal beta-galactosidic linkage.


INTRODUCTION
The evaluation of styles of coping with stress resulting from a somatic disease was always considered controversial, since the stress is a consequence of the complexity of the disease as a stressful event and is linked with every field of human life and activity. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various styles of coping with stress - task-oriented, emotion-oriented, or avoidance-oriented - used by patients with asthma to cope with their disease and its consequences.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
100 patients with asthma were examined including 15 with mild asthma, 40 with moderate asthma, and 45 with severe asthma. The first group consisted of patients with mild-to-moderate asthma and the second group of patients with severe asthma. The subjects were mainly females (69% women, 31% men) aged from 19 to 75 years, with at least primary level of education. The following questionnaires were used: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), UWIST Mood Adjective Check List (UMACL), and Asthma Control Test (ACT).

RESULTS
Task-oriented style had a positive influence on emotions (p < 0.05) in patients with moderate asthma. Avoidance-oriented style had a positive influence on emotions (p < 0.05) in patients with severe asthma. Emotion-oriented style proved ineffective and had a negative influence on emotions (p < 0.05) in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS
Coping style plays a key role in the emotional functioning of asthmatics. Moreover, incorporation of an individual style of coping with stress in the therapeutic process is necessary.


In this paper , a topology is proposed to realize a new transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The proposed topology reduces the input and output impedances by using a common source transistor as a voltage-current feedback. In this topology instead of using a resistor to convert voltage to current, we convert transistor transconductance into transimpedance, and then by applying an electrical current to drain the required voltage appears at the gate terminal. Furthermore, a TIA circuit is designed on the proposed topology. Simulation of the designed TIA for 1.8V 0.18μm CMOS technology shows that gain of 59dBΩ with 1dBΩ gain ripple of the bandwidth of 10.6GHz can be achieved. While the whole TIA circuit consumes 18mW from 1.8V power supply the simulated average input current noise spectral density is about 21pA/√Hz within the TIA frequency band. Above result is calculated with 300fF parasitic capacitance of photodiode. In this topology new tradeoffs are possible which make a further degree of freedom which are not available in the previous topologies.


Background—Diminished cardiac vagal activity and higher heart rate predict a high mortality rate of chronic heart failure (CHF) after myocardial infarction. We investigated the effects of chronic electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve on cardiac remodeling and long-term survival in an animal model of CHF after large myocardial infarction. Methods and Results—Two weeks after the ligation of the left coronary artery, surviving rats were randomized to vagal- and sham-stimulated groups. Using an implantable miniature radio-controlled electrical stimulator, we stimulated the right vagal nerve of CHF rats for 6 weeks. The intensity of electrical stimulation was adjusted for each rat, so that the heart rate was lowered by 20 to 30 beats per minute. The treated rats had significantly lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (17.1±5.9 versus 23.5±4.2 mm Hg, P <0.05) and higher maximum dp/dt of left ventricular pressure (4152±237 versus 2987±192 mm Hg/s, P <0.05) than the untreated rats. Improvement of cardiac pumping function was accompanied by a decrease in normalized biventricular weight (2.75±0.25 versus 3.14±0.22 g/kg, P <0.01). Although the 140-day survival of the untreated group was only half, vagal stimulation markedly improved the survival rate (86% versus 50%, P =0.008). Vagal stimulation therapy achieved a 73% reduction in a relative risk ratio of death. Conclusions—Vagal nerve stimulation markedly improved the long-term survival of CHF rats through the prevention of pumping failure and cardiac remodeling.


Objective At the dawn of the new decade of the 20th century, the world was taken aback by the scourge of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to study the nature of religious coping of frontline healthcare workers seen through the perspective of gender, socio-economic status, and occupation. Methods An online-based study was carried out among frontline healthcare workers involved in the care of COVID-19 patients (n = 200). Sociodemographic data form and the Brief Religious Coping scale were used in this study. Results There were more female healthcare workers (60.5%) and doctors (69.5% vs. 30.5%). Healthcare workers used more positive religious coping than negative religious coping (median score: 22 vs. 9). Positive religious coping was seen more in females (median score: 23 vs. 21, P = .015). Non-doctors applied positive coping more than doctors (median score: 26 vs. 21, P < .001). There were significant differences in positive religious coping scores across income groups, with the B40 group having the highest score (median score: 24). Post hoc pairwise comparison concluded that the B40 group had significantly higher positive religious coping scores than the M40 group. Conclusion Positive coping was utilized more among female healthcare workers, nondoctors, and the lowest socio-economic group. As prior literature has shown that positive religious coping is desirable and has superior mental health outcomes, our findings show that more effort should be channeled into enhancing positive religious coping, particularly among male healthcare workers, doctors, and the middle and high socio-economic group.


In contrast with the oceanic portions of the plates, continents may deform hundreds of kilometres away from any plate boundary. Calculations that treat the continents as continuous media suggest that the across-strike length scale of deformation associated with a convergent boundary is proportional to the along-strike length of the boundary, the constant of proportionality depending on the rheology of the lithosphere. The dependence on convergent boundary length implies that, for fixed velocity of convergence, strain rates decrease with increasing length of the orogen. The dependence on rheology is less straightforward, but it appears from laboratory determination of flow laws that the scale length of compressional deformation decreases as the fraction of the lithospheric strength supported by friction on faults increases; that fraction depends on the thermal profile of the continental lithosphere and will change during the evolution of an orogenic belt. The thermal development of a diffusely deforming compressional belt is nearly independent of its strain history unless the strain rates are less than about 10-15 s-1. If erosion terminates the heating phase of such an orogenic belt, the dominant control on the metamorphic history is the heat supply to the continental lithosphere. In contrast, if extension of the thickened crust ends metamorphism, peak metamorphic conditions depend only on the rheological properties of the lithosphere. Metamorphism in crust that is subject to major extension following compressional orogenesis should be nearly independent of the initial thermal conditions of the crust, and may be distinguished from metamorphism terminated by erosion by a final stage of isobaric cooling from temperatures close to the maximum experienced.


Information Theory (IT) has been used in Machine Learning (ML) from early days of this field. In the last decade, advances in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have led to surprising improvements in many applications of ML. The result has been a paradigm shift in the community toward revisiting previous ideas and applications in this new framework. Ideas from IT are no exception. One of the ideas which is being revisited by many researchers in this new era, is Information Bottleneck (IB); a formulation of information extraction based on IT. The IB is promising in both analyzing and improving DNNs. The goal of this survey is to review the IB concept and demonstrate its applications in deep learning. The information theoretic nature of IB, makes it also a good candidate in showing the more general concept of how IT can be used in ML. Two important concepts are highlighted in this narrative on the subject, i) the concise and universal view that IT provides on seemingly unrelated methods of ML, demonstrated by explaining how IB relates to minimal sufficient statistics, stochastic gradient descent, and variational auto-encoders, and ii) the common technical mistakes and problems caused by applying ideas from IT, which is discussed by a careful study of some recent methods suffering from them.


AIM
Compare the two-weekly regimens of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel (nab-P) with solvent-based paclitaxel (sb-P) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer.

MATERIALS & METHODS
Patients (n = 162) with operable early breast cancer received four cycles of dose-dense epirubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by four two-weekly cycles of nab-P (n = 83) or sb-P (n = 79), with trastuzumab when needed.

RESULTS
Across all the patients, the ypT0 ypN0 and ypT0/is ypN0 pathological complete response rates in the nab-P group were not superior to those in the sb-P group. However, pathological complete response rates for triple-negative breast cancer were significantly better with nab-P than with sb-P. Meanwhile, nab-P also induced more peripheral sensory neuropathy.

CONCLUSION
The two-weekly nab-P regimen is a good neoadjuvant chemotherapy choice for triple-negative breast cancer.


X-ray absorption creates electron vacancies in the core shell. These highly excited states often relax by Auger decay-an autoionization process in which one valence electron fills the core hole and another valence electron is ejected into the ionization continuum. Despite the important role of Auger processes in many experimental settings, their first-principles modeling is challenging, even for small systems. The difficulty stems from the need to describe many-electron continuum (unbound) states, which cannot be tackled with standard quantum-chemistry methods. We present a novel approach to calculate Auger decay rates by combining Feshbach-Fano resonance theory with the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster single double (EOM-CCSD) framework. We use the core-valence separation scheme to define projectors into the bound (square-integrable) and unbound (continuum) subspaces of the full function space. The continuum many-body decay states are represented by products of an appropriate EOM-CCSD state and a free-electron state, described by a continuum orbital. The Auger rates are expressed in terms of reduced quantities, two-body Dyson amplitudes (objects analogous to the two-particle transition density matrix), contracted with two-electron bound-continuum integrals. Here, we consider two approximate treatments of the free electron: a plane wave and a Coulomb wave with an effective charge, which allow us to evaluate all requisite integrals analytically; however, the theory can be extended to incorporate a more sophisticated description of the continuum orbital.


In this paper, we study how to solve eddy currents induced in a conductor with a narrow groove in the case of thick skin depth by using surface integral equations, of which unknowns are the surface electric and magnetic currents. When the skin depth is small, the surface integral equations give accurate solutions except around the sharp edge and corner. Some edges and corners of the groove are so close that it is difficult to get accurate solutions; moreover, as the width of the groove becomes narrower, the surface integral equations become ill conditioned. In order to solve these problems, we propose a method to analyze the eddy currents induced in a conductor with a groove by introducing a lumped loop magnetic current, which is formulated by a surface integral equation derived from the normal component of the electric field.


In this simple review based on lectures given at the 2005 Corfu School, extra dimensional models are introduced from their phenomenological point of view. Models of large extra dimensions, TeV extra dimensions and Randall-Sundrum models are motivated and their main experimental signatures are shown.


The text discusses the possibility of integrating the significant advances made in neuroscience as components of disciplinary knowledge in professor training courses. From the perspective that was adopted, this knowledge, which underlies a pedagogical knowledge, provides theoretical support for teaching, since understanding how the brain works allows for a better understanding of learning and for the consequent improvement of the didactic transposition. As a result, there is a need to revise the curricular frameworks of professor training courses, especially those involved in issuing teaching degrees, pointing, as an alternative, to the inclusion of new subjects or to the restructuring of existing ones, aiming to facilitate dialogue among neuroscience, teaching, and learning.


T‐cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (T‐LGLL) is a clinically indolent mature T‐cell neoplasm characterized by a monoclonal population of CD3+ CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, which usually presents as neutropenia, anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML) is a clonal haematopoietic disorder with features of both a myeloproliferative neoplasm and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Patients with CMML exhibit a persistent peripheral blood monocytosis in addition to myelodysplastic features. Because of the rarity of T‐LGLL, its cutaneous manifestations are poorly documented, but include vasculitis, vasculopathy, persistent ulcerations, generalized pruritus and disseminated granuloma annulare. Various types of skin lesions have been observed in patients with CMML and reportedly occur in approximately 10% of cases. We report the extraordinary case of a patient with MDS who developed T‐LGLL, and subsequently the MDS progressed to CMML. The patient then developed diffuse arthropod bite‐like papules and intractable pruritus.


A beedi is a thin South Asian cigarette made of 0.2-0.3 g of tobacco flake wrapped in a tendu(Diospyrox melanoxylon) leaf and secured with colored thread at both ends. As it is a cheap form of tobacco consumption, it is extremely popular among the poor but it carries greater health risks as it delivers more nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar than conventional cigarettes.The Beedi industry in India is an age- old industry. A large part of this industry is unregulated, home based and is dominated by women who are usually involved in the process of rolling of raw Beedis. Beedi rolling is a major occupation for a lot of women, who form the root of the industry. Since they do not make use of any protective wear they get exposed to unburnt tobacco mainly through the cutaneous and nasopharyngeal route and Cotinine was detected in urine and saliva indicating that there is absorption of substantial levels of nicotine. Purpose : To determine the health problems suffered by women involved in beedi rolling. Methods:A cross sectional study was conducted among the Women Beedi Rollers attending outreach centers consenting to participate in the study. The study subjects were interviewed and a questionnaire was filled. Results: 200 subjects were included in the study. The study showed that following findings 100% of the subjects had symptoms, burning of eyes 60%, knee and joint problems 70%, burning sensation of skin 40%, respiratory symptoms in 80%. Main respiratory complaints were rhinitis, non productive cough , asthmatic attacks. Conclusion: Following study found a significant adverse health events in women involved in beedi rolling which is an unorganized sector. Proper legislative measures should be formed to ensure their health.


Retrieval augmented models show promise in enhancing traditional language models by improving their contextual understanding, integrating private data, and reducing hallucination. However, the processing time required for retrieval augmented large language models poses a challenge when applying them to tasks that require real-time responses, such as composition assistance. To overcome this limitation, we propose the Hybrid Retrieval-Augmented Generation (HybridRAG) framework that leverages a hybrid setting that combines both client and cloud models. HybridRAG incorporates retrieval-augmented memory generated asynchronously by a Large Language Model (LLM) in the cloud. By integrating this retrieval augmented memory, the client model acquires the capability to generate highly effective responses, benefiting from the LLM's capabilities. Furthermore, through asynchronous memory integration, the client model is capable of delivering real-time responses to user requests without the need to wait for memory synchronization from the cloud. Our experiments on Wikitext and Pile subsets show that HybridRAG achieves lower latency than a cloud-based retrieval-augmented LLM, while outperforming client-only models in utility.


Synthetic small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes are widely used to transiently and sequence-specifically disrupt gene expression in mammalian cultured cells. The efficiency and specificity of mRNA cleavage is partly affected by the presence of the non-targeting "passenger" or "sense" siRNA strand, which is required for presentation of the target-complementary or guide siRNA strand to the double-strand-specific RNA silencing protein machinery. We show that siRNA duplexes can be designed that are solely composed of two fully target-complementary guide strands that are sufficiently complementary to each other to form stable duplexes with characteristic 3' overhanging ends. The general feasibility of this approach is documented by transient knockdown of lamin A/C and emerin in HeLa cells. The silencing efficiencies of guide-only siRNA duplexes are comparable to prototypical fully paired passenger/guide duplex siRNAs, even though guide-only siRNA duplexes may contain a significant number of non-Watson-Crick and G/U wobble base pairs. Such siRNA duplexes may offer advantages regarding production costs and specificity of gene silencing.


Two patients presenting with a mesencephalic hematoma are reported. Clinical features, particularly paralysis of all vertical eye movements and a marked tendency to fall backwards when standing, allowed accurate localization of these lesions. In one case, the etiology was a proven arteriovenous malformation, and the other was suspected to be due to hypertensive arteriolar rupture. Deterioration resulted from further expansion of the mesencephalic mass in one patient. A subtemporal approach allowed excellent exposure of the midbrain for evacuation of the hematoma. The other patient developed hydrocephalus due to obstruction of the aqueduct and was treated successfully by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Both patients survived, although one remains moderately disabled. The authors emphasize the importance of initial observation and supportive care in the stable patient with a mesencephalic hematoma. Surgery is indicated for those who show evidence of deterioration from rebleeding or hydrocephalus.


Management of bipolar disorder in many ways is similar to the management of schizophrenia in that the goals in the treatment of both disorders are to avoid rehospitalization, manage behavioral symptoms, and promote functional recovery. This review will define functional recovery in bipolar disorder, discuss relapse prevention, and consider some implications for treatment. The most notable implication for treatment is that clinicians need to use stricter criteria when defining recovery in bipolar disorder. Recovery should not be defined merely by symptomatic remission or even syndromal remission; rather, recovery should include symptomatic recovery, syndromal recovery, functional recovery, and a return to an acceptable quality of life for the patient.


Endothelin is a powerful vasoconstrictor that may be partly responsible for the increases in venous and arterial tone characteristic of heart failure. The release of endothelin from endothelial cells in culture is stimulated by angiotensin II. We investigated the relationship between plasma concentrations of immuno reactive endothelin-1 and angiotensin II in 25 patients with heart failure and eight with ischaemic heart disease but normal left ventricular function. Plasma concentrations of endothelin and angiotensin II were correlated (Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.72; P < 0.0001) in patients with heart disease. Plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and endothelin were higher in those patients with heart failure. Angiotensin II was infused over a 3 h period in eight healthy volunteers. Infusion of angiotensin II increased plasma concentrations of angiotensin II to levels greater than those usually found in patients with severe heart failure but induced only a modest rise in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive endothelin-1 (0.77 +/- 0.16 to 1.03 +/- 0.03 pmol.l-1, P < 0.02). Increased plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 both appear to reflect the presence and severity of heart failure. Although a significant correlation exists between plasma concentrations of angiotensin II and endothelin in patients with heart failure, the relationship may not be causal.


The Whatcom Waterway is located on the Bellingham Bay waterfront in Bellingham, Washington, and is currently managed by the Port of Bellingham (Port). The Whatcom Waterway site includes aquatic areas that have been impacted by contaminants historically released from industrial waterfront activities, including mercury discharges from a former Georgia Pacific (GP) chlor-alkali plant, wood waste and degradation products from historical log rafting activities, and phenolic compounds from pulp mill wastewater discharges, as well as other industrial releases. A remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) effort was completed in 2007 with the Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology), and the first phase of cleanup is currently in the final stages of remedial design and permitting. Cleanup activities will be completed in two phases of work. Phase 1 cleanup activities, the focus of this paper, will commence in the summer of 2013 and include structure demolition, shoreline debris removal, shoreline stabilization, new bulkhead construction, remedial dredging, and placement of engineered sediment caps and dredge residuals management cover material. In total, approximately 111,000 cubic yards (85,000 cubic meters) of contaminated sediment and debris will be removed from the Whatcom Waterway during Phase 1 cleanup. This paper discusses key challenges associated with waterfront cleanup at the Whatcom Waterway site, with a focus on the remedial basis of design that was developed to meet cleanup objectives for the project. Specific topics discussed include: integration of cleanup requirements with navigation and existing tenant operational uses; design of shoreline capping and stabilization to meet geotechnical, coastal engineering, and remedial criteria; engineered capping design criteria to accommodate existing and future vessel use; and integration of aquatic habitat mitigation needs. This paper will provide an overview of the complexities associated with a multi-phase cleanup approach at the Whatcom Waterway site, including recontamination potential within the Phase 1 cleanup areas, and coordination with private and public landowners to preserve existing operational site use and account for potential future waterway use changes.


The physical and mental growth of a child is affected by the health of his teeth and mouth. A child with untreated dental caries can cause recurrent infections, bacteremia, mastication, and sleeplessness and can, in turn, interfere with child growth. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of early childhood caries promotion and prevention programs at Community Health Centers conducted by Dental Nurses managing community dental programs. The results showed that none of the respondents who conducted the program of promotion and prevention of caries in Posyandu on a regular basis and only 33 percent of respondents who undertook early promotional programs and prevention of early caries in infants incidentally. Parents of Infants and Teachers are not involved in early childhood caries promotion and prevention programs conducted by P. None of the referrals from early childhood/family visit to Puskesmas for advanced dental care. Toddler visits to Dental Police Puskesmas are dominated by Toddlers with cases of periodontal abscess and pulpitis. The conclusion of this research is Dental Nurses Dental health program managers do not have a program of promotion and early dental caries in Toddler. Public Health Service, Puskesmas and especially Dental Nurses Puskesmas managing dental health program community need to make and implement a program of promotion and prevention of early caries at baby at Posyandu and toddler in Posyandu, PAUD / TK involving parents and teachers.


This program is designed for individuals interested in working in the field of natural gas and propane installation and service.


Textbook analysis tells us that in a competitive labor market, the introduction of a minimum wage above the competitive equilibrium wage will cause unemployment. This paper makes two contributions to the basic theory of the minimum wage. First, we analyze the effects of a higher minimum wage in terms of poverty rather than in terms of unemployment. Second, we extend the standard textbook model to allow for incomesharing between the employed and the unemployed. We find that there are situations in which a higher minimum wage raises poverty, others where it reduces poverty, and yet others in which poverty is unchanged. We characterize precisely how the poverty effect depends on four parameters: the degree of poverty aversion, the elasticity of labor demand, the ratio of the minimum wage to the poverty line, and the extent of incomesharing. Thus, shifting the perspective from unemployment to poverty leads to a considerable enrichment of the theory of the minimum wage.


Conversation disentanglement, the task to identify separate threads in conversations, is an important pre-processing step in multi-party conversational NLP applications such as conversational question answering and con-versation summarization. Framing it as a utterance-to-utterance classification problem — i.e. given an utterance of interest (UOI), find which past utterance it replies to — we explore a number of transformer-based models and found that BERT in combination with handcrafted features remains a strong baseline. We then build a multi-task learning model that jointly learns utterance-to-utterance and utterance-to-thread classification. Observing that the ground truth label (past utterance) is in the top candidates when our model makes an error, we experiment with using bipartite graphs as a post-processing step to learn how to best match a set of UOIs to past utterances. Experiments on the Ubuntu IRC dataset show that this approach has the potential to out-perform the conventional greedy approach of simply selecting the highest probability candidate for each UOI independently, indicating a promising future research direction.


. Building information modeling (BIM) has the potential to support algorithm-based design and data management, representing a promising methodology to advance concrete printing. In concrete printing, algorithms are used to accomplish critical steps during data modeling, such as slicing and toolpath planning. However, the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard does not support descriptions of algorithms in BIM models, referred to as "algorithmic BIM". Storing algorithm semantics relevant to concrete printing in compliance with the IFC standard advances the replicability of concrete printing. Building upon an IFC-based description of concrete printing, an algorithmic BIM approach, i.e. an IFC-compliant description of algorithm semantics, for concrete printing is proposed in this paper. The algorithmic BIM approach is validated through a case study by describing and integrating a slicing algorithm and a toolpath planning algorithm in an IFC model. The results show that IFC-compliant descriptions of AM algorithms have the potential to enhance data modeling for concrete printing towards standardization.


Code-division multiple-access is a promising technique for communication systems. Many demodulation schemes have been proposed which take account of inherent multiple-access interference. In this paper, linear interference suppression as proposed by for example Madhow and Honig (194), is compared with conventional demodulation based on power-bandwidth plane. This approach is much more general than the comparison of error rates for specific scenarios as used previously. In case of interference suppression, the spectral efficiency is calculated by a combination of analysis and simulation. The coding and modulation scheme used is characterized within the power-bandwidth plane for a single-cell scenario as well as for a cellular system. In the latter case, some statements which are valid for the single-cell scenario have to be revised.


A method using α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) as chiral selector for disopyramide by means of affinity electrokinetic chromatography has been developed. In order to avoid UV absorbance interferences, less than the effective length of the capillary was filled with the chiral selector. The electrophoretic conditions were chosen to give opposite migration directions for the chiral selector and the analyte; AGP migrated away from the detector. Enantiomers of disopyramide were separated on a methylcellulose‐coated capillary with 20 cm length to the detector. The enantioresolution of the solute was affected by the concentration of the chiral selector, the plug length of the selector in the capillary, and the applied voltage. Resolution factors and migration times decreased with reduction of the plug length, while the efficiency of the separation system and peak performance were improved by decreasing the separation zone. A special feature of the technique is an enhanced selectivity due to increasing separation of the enantiomers when the fastest has migrated from the selector zone, while the second one still is retained. Equations relating selectivity and resolution with the difference in effective plug lengths between the two enantiomers are developed. Optimized conditions yielding complete resolution, requiring an 0.75 mM AGP plug of only 4.5 cm effective length, also gave high efficiencies (about 400 000 plates/m) for both enantiomer peaks.


AbstractStudies of the genus Tigridia Jussieu show that there is inadequate cytological information, and variable basic numbers and karyotype features have been reported. To have more accurate karyotypic information within the genus, the chromosome number, morphology of chromosomes, karyotype formula, total length of the genome (TLG), chromosomal symmetry, and asymmetry index (TF %) was determined in Tigridia pavonia var. Sandra, Tigridia multiflora, and Tigridia alpestris subsp. obtusa. All three species have a chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 28, showing a bimodal karyotype consisting of four large chromosomes and 24 small ones. Tigridia pavonia var. Sandra has a karyotypic formula of 28 m with secondary constrictions on three small chromosomes; this species has a more symmetrical karyotype than the others. T. multiflora showed a karyotypic formula of 24 m + 4st, while T. alpestris subsp. obtusa exhibited a karyotypic formula of 22 m + 2sm + 4st. For these two species, this is the first report of the numb...


The Radar Echo Telescope (RET) experiment plans to use the radar technique to detect Ultra-High Energy (UHE) cosmic rays and neutrinos in the polar ice sheets. Whenever an UHE particle collides with an ice molecule, it produces a shower of relativistic particles, which leaves behind an ionization trail. Radio waves can be reflected off this trail and be detected in antennas. It is critical to understand such a radar signal's key properties as that will allow us to do vertex, angular and energy reconstruction of the primary UHE particle. We will discuss various simulation methods, which will fundamentally rely on ray tracing, to recreate the radar signal and test our reconstruction methods.


Service providers hosting software on servers at the request of content providers need assurance that the hosted software has no undesirable properties. This problem applies to browsers which host applets, networked software which can host software agents, etc. The hosted software's properties are currently verified by testing and/or verification processes by the hosting computer. This increases cost, causes delay, and leads to difficulties in version control. By furnishing content providers with a physically secure computing device with an embedded certified private key, such properties can be verified and/or enforced by the secure computing device at the content provider's site; the secure device can verify such properties, statically whenever possible, and by inserting checks into the executable binary when necessary. The resulting binary is attested by a trusted signature, and can be hosted with confidence. The position paper is a preliminary report that outlines scientific and engineering goals in this project.


Investigation of the developmental potential of immature tissues is important for novel approaches to human regenerative medicine. Development of the fetal neural retina has therefore been investigated in two experimental systems. Retinas were microsurgically isolated from 20-days-old rat fetuses and cultivated in vitro for 12 days or transplanted in vivo under the kidney capsule of adult males for as long as 6 months. Shedding of the photoreceptor outer segment which is a process occurring at the terminal stage of photoreceptor differentiation was observed in culture by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In transplants, no photoreceptors were found although markers of terminal neural and glial differentiation (e,g. synaptophysin, chromogranin and glial fibrilary acidic protein--GFAP) along with the molecules involved in the process of differentiation (guidance molecule semaphorin IIIA and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan) were expressed. Semaphorin was differentially expressed being absent from older transplants. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen and nestin (marker of undifferentiated neural cells) were still weakly expressed even in six-months-old transplants. We could conclude that in both our experimental systems fetal neural retina proceeded to differentiate further on. However, even in long-term ectopic transplants a small population of cells still retained the potential for proliferation and has not yet reached the stage of terminal differentiation.


Background Teenage motherhood is strongly associated with a range of disadvantages for both the mother and the child. No epidemiological studies have examined related factors for teenage motherhood at both area and individual levels among Japanese women. Therefore, we performed a multilevel analysis of nationwide data in Japan to explore the association of area- and individual-level factors with teenage motherhood. Methods The study population comprised 21,177 mothers living in 47 prefectures who had their first, singleton baby between 10 and 17 January or between 10 and 17 July, 2001. Information on the prefecture in which the mothers resided was linked to prefecture-level variables. Primary outcomes were area-level characteristics (single-mother households, three-generation households, college enrollment, abortions, juvenile crime, and per capita income) and individual-level characteristics, and divided into tertiles or quintiles based on their variable distributions. Multilevel logistic regression analysis was then performed. Results There were 440 teenage mothers (2.1%) in this study. In addition to individual low level of education [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 7.40; 95% confidence interval (CI), 5.59–9.78], low income [4.23 (2.95–6.08)], and smoking [1.65 (1.31–2.07)], high proportions of single-mother households [1.72 (1.05–2.80)] and three-generation household [1.81 (1.17–2.78)], and per capita income [2.19 (1.06–3.81)] at an area level were positively associated, and high level of college enrollment [0.46 (0.25–0.83)] and lower crime rate [0.62 (0.40–0.98)] at area level were inversely associated with teenage motherhood compared with the corresponding women living in prefectures with the lowest levels of these variables. Conclusions Our findings suggest that encouraging the completion of higher education and reducing the number of single-mother household at an area level may be important public health strategies to reduce teenage motherhood.


Control rod hydraulic drive system (CRHDS) is a new type of built-in control rod drive technology which is invented by INET, Tsinghua University. The integrated valve (IV) is the main flow control component of the CRHDS. Flow resistance of IV has a great influence on the control rod dynamic step-down process. The step-down performance experiments of CRHDS with different flow resistance of IV were conducted under room temperature conditions. Meanwhile, the theoretical model of hydraulic cylinder step-down process was established and combined with the relationship of the flow resistance of IV under the experimental conditions to get the dynamic response of the hydraulic cylinder. The calculation results of theoretical model agree well with the experimental data. On this basis, the theoretical model of hydraulic cylinder step-down process was applied to the high temperature working conditions with different flow resistance of IV. The analysis results show that at higher working temperature, with the increase of the flow resistance of IV control rod step-down average velocity decreases and step-down time increases correspondingly. There is an inflection point in the transient pressure curve and the pressure of the inflection point decreases gradually with the increase of the flow resistance. The pressure lag time after step-down also decreases. The research results lay the base for the design and optimization of the flow resistance of the IV for the CRHDS.


This paper presents a new approach to assessing the impact of price support policies on producer behaviour. This approach takes explicit account of the impact of such policies on a producer's uncertain production environment and includes a numerical procedure for calculating ex ante price variability from ex post producer price data. The methodology is applied to European agricultural industries in which intervention purchasing schemes operate. Results show that price support policies can so severely distort the signal producers receive from world markets that their supply response is the opposite of that which would occur in the absence of the policy.


Background/Aims In pancreatic β-cells, the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is an essential regulator of the cells' major functions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as interactive intracellular Ca2+ store balances cellular Ca2+. In this study basal ER Ca2+ homeostasis was evaluated in order to reveal potential β-cell-specificity of ER Ca2+ handling and its consequences for mitochondrial Ca2+, ATP and respiration. Methods The two pancreatic cell lines INS-1 and MIN-6, freshly isolated pancreatic islets, and the two non-pancreatic cell lines HeLA and EA.hy926 were used. Cytosolic, ER and mitochondrial Ca2+ and ATP measurements were performed using single cell fluorescence microscopy and respective (genetically-encoded) sensors/dyes. Mitochondrial respiration was monitored by respirometry. GSK3β activity was measured with ELISA. Results An atypical ER Ca2+ leak was observed exclusively in pancreatic islets and β-cells. This continuous ER Ca2+ efflux is directed to mitochondria and increases basal respiration and organellar ATP levels, is established by GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of presenilin-1, and is prevented by either knockdown of presenilin-1 or an inhibition/knockdown of GSK3β. Expression of a presenlin-1 mutant that mimics GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation established a β-cell-like ER Ca2+ leak in HeLa and EA.hy926 cells. The ER Ca2+ loss in β-cells was compensated at steady state by Ca2+ entry that is linked to the activity of TRPC3. Conclusion Pancreatic β-cells establish a cell-specific ER Ca2+ leak that is under the control of GSK3β and directed to mitochondria, thus, reflecting a cell-specific intracellular Ca2+ handling for basal mitochondrial activity.


This paper focuses on the use of magnetic measurements, using Barkhausen signals to determine the irradiation effects, attempting to predict fracture toughness changes on nuclear reactor structural materials and correlating these measurements to mechanical testing and microstructure. For this study, two types of nuclear reactor materials were investigated: one sensitive to irradiation effects, the JRQ IAEA's reference material (A533B- -type); and one resistant material, 15KH2MFA WWER's reactor pressure vessel steel. The samples were carefully identified within the original heat block, i.e. forged or rolled plate. These calibrated samples were irradiated at different neutron fluences up to 1023 n/m2. We show how microstructural anisotropy can mask the irradiation effects in the magnetic measurements. A correlation between irradiation effects and the magnetic measurements is explained based on this study.


Poverty, food insecurity, rapid population growth, and environmental degradation are problems hounding the semi-arid tropics (SAT) today. A long-term strategy is needed to overcome these intractable problems in the fragile SAT ecosystems. This publication reports on a symposium that was devoted to identifying and prioritizing agricultural R&D strategies relevant to ICRISAT and its stakeholders in the future.


This paper proposed a method for predicting the failure loads of masonry wall panels subject to uniformly distributed lateral loading based on a concept of structural stress state. Firstly, the characteristics of the structural stress state of masonry wall panels subjected to uniform distributed lateral loading were investigated through experimental results. Then, a new parameter was proposed to characterize the structural stress state. Next, the relation of the failure loads between a specified base wall panels and other wall panel was established using the proposed parameter. In this way, a method (called as stress state (ST) method) based on structural stress state parameter to predict the failure load of masonry wall panel from the base wall panel was established. The following case studies validated the ST method by comparing the predicted failure load with experimental results as well as those predicted from the existing yield line theory(YLT), the FEA method and the GSED-based cellular automata (CA) method. The ST method provided an innovative way of structural analysis on the basis of structural stress state.


Infertility is one of the growing problems among couples, though much technological progress in the field of in-vitro fertilization and treatment modalities has transpired, still there is social stigma and disgrace is associated with it, since change in lifestyle, nutrition, delay in marriage and family planning and stress, infertility cases have significantly inflated. Aims and Objectiveto assess the knowledge and attitude of married women regarding infertility, attending an infertility clinic Gawri in Raipur. To develop an informational booklet on infertility. Methodologyexplorative research design was used. Sampling technique was purposive sampling, 100 infertile women were interviewed after taking consent. Tools used for knowledge assessment were self-structured questionnaires and for assessing the attitude 5 points rating scale was used. The result70 % of women had good knowledge and 30% had average knowledge regarding infertility. The highest number of infertile married women 52 (52%) are having a moderately positive attitude, whereas 48 (48%) women have a positive attitude. There is a significant relationship between the knowledge and attitude of women regarding infertility. Conclusion-Most of women were having good knowledge about infertility they only lack knowledge concerning different IVF procedures and most of the women were having a moderately positive attitude. The information booklet was prepared mostly focused on male and female causes of infertility and various IVF procedures.


A prominent paradigm for graph neural networks is based on the message-passing framework. In this framework, information communication is realized only between neighboring nodes. The challenge of approaches that use this paradigm is to ensure efficient and accurate long-distance communication between nodes, as deep convolutional networks are prone to oversmoothing. In this paper, we present a novel method based on time derivative graph diffusion (TIDE) to overcome these structural limitations of the message-passing framework. Our approach allows for optimizing the spatial extent of diffusion across various tasks and network channels, thus enabling medium and long-distance communication efficiently. Furthermore, we show that our architecture design also enables local message-passing and thus inherits from the capabilities of local message-passing approaches. We show that on both widely used graph benchmarks and synthetic mesh and graph datasets, the proposed framework outperforms state-of-the-art methods by a significant margin


Between 1978 and 1982 the sexual functions of 54 patients with a nonseminomatous testicular tumor stage II or III were assessed before and after treatment with surgery and combination chemotherapy. Two years after completing therapy 54% of the patients experienced sexual functional disorders. Greatly reduced or absent antegrade ejaculation was reported by 26 patients; 18 of them had been treated with more or less extensive retroperitoneal lymph node dissection, whereas 8 had not. This means that the chemotherapy might be responsible for ejaculatory disorders in 30% of the patients. Only two patients reported a change in the quality of erection; seven patients experienced a decidedly diminished libido, and five patients noticed their orgasm had changed in a negative sense. The appearance of the contralateral testis changed in 21 patients, who showed "atrophy" of this testis. The findings of this study indicate that sexual and ejaculatory disorders in particular are quite common in men treated for a disseminated nonseminomatous testicular tumor. Many of these disorders seem to be owing to causes other than surgical intervention.


Nitrogen fertilizers have been identified in energy crops LCAs as the main contributors to global warming, as well as to many other environmental impacts. The distinct production process and application emissions of nitrogen fertilizer types for top dressing produce different GHG savings when energy crops value chains are compared to fossil energy alternatives. In this study, three types of fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate, urea and ammonium sulphate) at N top dressing rates of 80 kg N/ha are used to grow rye for electricity generation under the conditions of the Continental Mediterranean climate of central-northern Spain. Complete LCAs for the whole value chain based on real data were performed in conjunction with soil nitrogen balances (SNBs) to assess the accomplishment of European Union (EU) GHG savings sustainability criteria, as well as the sustainability of fertilization practices for soil nitrogen stocks. The results obtained can provide interesting insights for policy making, since calcium ammonium nitrate, the most common fertilizer for rye crops, led to 66% GHG savings, as opposed to the 69% achieved when applying urea and 77% when ammonium sulphate was used. Nevertheless, the three fertilizers produced annual soil deficits greater than 50 kg N/ha. In order to ensure savings above 80%, as required by the EU sustainability criteria, and sustainable SNBs, additional optimization measures should be taken at key points of the value chain.


The 13th century, the age of universities and cathedrals, was a time when Europeans journeyed to unknown realms and encountered different religions. It was also the age of Crusades. William of Tripoli spent his life and ministry in the world around Acre in the Latin Kingdom, a crossroads for art, trade, and contacts between Christians and Muslims. His writings offer not only a positive presentation of Muslim life and faith but also traces of a Christian theology of that religion.


The effect of knowledge on decision making and performance of educable mentally handicapped (EMH) adolescents was studied in a simulated table tennis situation. In two experiments, knowledge about where the ball would land on the table was manipulated. The position the players selected to return the ball was affected by the knowledge (uncertainty) associated with its future landing location. Depending upon the degree of uncertainty, results indicated the players used (a) a total preparation for one particular event strategy, (b) a partial preparation for one particular event strategy, or (c) a no-preparation for one particular event strategy. Further, knowledge about the ball's future landing location affected the decision about the type of stroke to use and had a minimal effect on the number of balls hit. Overall, these results demonstrate an intricate relationship between knowledge, decision making, and performance in a simulated racket sport by EMH adolescents.


Recent empirical findings suggest that macroeconomic variables are seldom normally distributed. For example, the distributions of aggregate output growth-rate time series of many OECD countries are well approximated by symmetric exponential-power (EP) densities, with Laplace fat tails. In this work, we assess whether Real Business Cycle (RBC) and standard medium-scale New-Keynesian (NK) models are able to replicate this statistical regularity. We simulate both models drawing Gaussianvs Laplace-distributed shocks and we explore the statistical properties of simulated time series. Our results cast doubts on whether RBC and NK models are able to provide a satisfactory representation of the transmission mechanisms linking exogenous shocks to macroeconomic dynamics.


Background: Intracranial compliance (ICC) has been studied to complement the interpretation of intracranial pressure (ICP) in neurocritical care and help predict brain function deterioration. It has been reported that ICC is related to maintaining ICP stability despite changes in intracranial volume. However, this has not been properly translated to clinical practice. Therefore, the main objective of this scoping review was to map the key concepts of ICC in the literature. This review also aimed to characterize the relationship between ICC and ICP and systematically describe the outcomes used to assess ICC using both invasive and non-invasive measurement methods. Methods: This review included the following: (1) population: animal and humans, (2) concept of compliance or its inverse "elastance," and (3) context: neurocritical care. Therefore, literature searches without a time frame were conducted on several databases using a combination of keywords and descriptors. Results and Discussion: 43,339 articles were identified, and 297 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria after the selection process. One hundred and five studies defined ICC. The concept was organized into three main components: physiological definition, clinical interpretation, and localization of the phenomena. Most of the studies reported the concept of compliance related to variations in volume and pressure or its inverse (elastance), primarily in the intracranial compartment. In addition, terms like "accommodation," "compensation," "reserve capacity," and "buffering ability" were used to describe the clinical interpretation. The second part of this review describes the techniques (invasive and non-invasive) and outcomes used to measure ICC. A total of 297 studies were included. The most common method used was invasive, representing 57–88% of the studies. The most commonly assessed variables were related to ICP, especially the absolute values or pulse amplitude. ICP waveforms should be better explored, along with the potential of non-invasive methods once the different aspects of ICC can be measured. Conclusion: ICC monitoring could be considered a complementary resource for ICP monitoring and clinical examination. The combination and validation of invasive/non-invasive or non-invasive measurement methods are required.


We introduce a family of local inhomogeneous mark-weighted summary statistics, of order two and higher, for general marked point processes. Depending on how the involved weight function is specified, these summary statistics capture different kinds of local dependence structures. We first derive some basic properties and show how these new statistical tools can be used to construct most existing summary statistics for (marked) point processes. We then propose a local test of random labelling. This procedure allows us to identify points, and consequently regions, where the random labelling assumption does not hold, e.g.~when the (functional) marks are spatially dependent. Through a simulation study we show that the test is able to detect local deviations from random labelling. We also provide an application to an earthquake point pattern with functional marks given by seismic waveforms.


The electrical double-layer free energy is computed numerically for a model colloidal suspension of charged, hexagonally-packed monodisperse cylinders in a symmetric electrolyte solution using the Poisson-Boltzmann equations. Comparison is made to the energies estimated from sums of pair interactions and from two versions of a radially-symmetric cell model: one in which the outer boundary of the cylindrical cell is chosen to make the particle volume fraction Φ in the approximate model agree with that of the full lattice and the other in which the position of the outer boundary is chosen as half the nearest neighbor separation in the lattice. Calculations are performed for ranges of particle volume fractions from infinite dilution to 98% of closest packing, ionic strengths (in terms of the ratio of Debye length to particle radius λ/a) from 0.1 to 10.0, and dimensionless surface potentials and charge densities from 0.1 to 10.0.

The pair approximation is valid only when typical interparticle spacings are greater than the Debye length. The first implementation of the cell model proves quite accurate, while the second is only qualitatively correct. The magnitude of particle surface charge density or potential has little effect on these conclusions.


This paper deals with chest trauma, both blunt and penetrative. The emphasis is on the significance of various manifestations of trauma and the indications for further radiologic study.