The European Energy Performance in Building Directive (EPBD) requires methods for the calculation of the energy performance for use in the context of building regulations. The paper describes the rationale behind the development of a simple monthly method for the calculation of the energy needs for heating and cooling of buildings, and positions this method in the field of different possible calculation approaches. In the light of special requirements in the fields of transparency, robustness and reproducability that are imperative when calculating the energy performance in the context of building regulations (in particular when checking compliance with a legal upper limit to an energy performance level) and in the light of the target audience for this kind of calculations the simple monthly calculation method seems a suitable contender for an EPBD calculation method. First series of validation tests show that the simplified method is well suited to be used in both warm, moderate and cold European climates.


Image analyzer system and collimator has been successfully applied to calibrate simultaneously multiple I-125 seeds in a sterile cartridge. Seeds within the cartridge were placed on an imaging plate, and the imaging plate irradiated. To remove scatter radiation, and improve spatial resolution of seed images, this study used a specially designed collimator. The irradiated imaging plate was scanned using an image analyzer system, and radioactivity intensities of seed images were given in counts. Counts could be translated to profiles, and each seed within the cartridge was analyzed. It is observed that a good correlation between counts and total radioactivity of the seeds within the cartridge. Thus, using a least-squares line, it was possible to calibrate a seed with unknown apparent activity. By analyzing the profiles, it was possible not only to detect a miscalibrated seed in the cartridge from its relative difference in counts, but also to identify its position in the cartridge. Using an imaging analyzer system, all seeds in a cartridge could be calibrated in a sterile environment.


1. A modification of the iodine-difference Winkler method is described which involves a preliminary clarification of a single sample, from which two smaller samples are siphoned. 2. This makes possible estimations on extremely muddy and polluted water and avoids an error in the standard iodine-difference method which is very large with highly polluted waters. 3. The iodine is added with the clarifying reagents to the original sample, thus avoiding the necessity for quantitative addition of iodine to two separate samples, which is another potential source of error in the standard method. 4. Estimations on swamp water saturated with air under standard conditions indicate that the method is accurate to within 0.2 mg. O2/l. 5. With polluted water, having an oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of less than +100 mV., 'negative' figures for oxygen content are obtained. The cause of this phenomenon could not be discovered but, since this potential indicates anaerobic conditions, the method is not thereby affected. 6. An improved iodine-titration end-point is described involving the use of a magnetic stirrer. 7. Direct spectrophotometric estimation of iodine is shown to be as accurate as, and very much more rapid than titration, and particularly suited to the iodine-difference method.


The United States ITER Project Office (USIPO) is responsible for design of the Toroidal Field (TF) insert coil, which will allow validation of the performance of significant lengths of the conductors to be used in the full scale TF coils in relevant conditions of field, current density and mechanical strain. The Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) will build the TF insert which will be tested at the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) Test facility at JAEA, Naka, Japan. Three dimensional mathematical model of TF Insert was created based on the initial design geometry data, and included the following features: orthotropic material properties of superconductor material and insulation; external magnetic field from CSMC, temperature dependent properties of the materials; pre-compression and plastic deformation in lap joint. Major geometrical characteristics of the design were preserved including cable jacket and insulation shape, mandrel outline, and support clamps and spacers. The model is capable of performing coupled structural, thermal, and electromagnetic analysis using ANSYS. Numerical simulations were performed for room temperature conditions; cool down to 4K, and the operating regime with 68kA current at 11.8 Tesla background field. Numerical simulations led to the final design of the coil producing the required strain levels onmore » the cable, while simultaneously satisfying the ITER magnet structural design criteria.« less


OBJECTIVE
To provide a reference for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) inter-hospital transport during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), based on the transport experience of 6 patients with severe H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia using ECMO.

METHODS
Clinical data of patients with severe H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia implemented by ECMO in the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College from October 2018 to December 2019 were retrospective analyzed, including general information, ECMO transport distance, time, clinical parameters before and after ECMO, including the patients' oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), respiratory rate (RR), pulse blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2), and pH value, various complications during transport, mechanical ventilation time, patients' prognosis and other indicators. Experience from the aspects of personal protection, transport process and equipment, team cooperation, mid-transit monitoring, quality control, etc., was summarized to provide suggestions for patients with severe COVID-19 using ECMO during inter-hospital transport and protection.

RESULTS
A total of 6 patients with severe H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia were transported on ECMO. All patients were transported to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College by the ECMO transport team after the establishment of ECMO in the local hospital. The transfer distance was 11 to 197 km, with an average of (93.8±58.6) km; the transfer time was 30 to 150 minutes, with an average of (79.2±40.6) minutes. Two patients experienced a drop in ECMO flow and SpO2 during the process, and the main reason was insufficient volume, which was improved after fluid resuscitation and posture adjustment. All patients maintained SpO2 above 0.93. Six patients survived and were discharged. ECMO assisted time was 4-9 days, with an average of (6.5±1.5) days; mechanical ventilation time was 7-24 days, and median time was 10.0 (8.0, 14.5) days. No H1N1 transmission occurred in medical personnel. To achieve good therapeutic effect, the main experience was to choose the proper timing and mode of ECMO; intact transportation vehicles and equipment to reduce or avoid mechanical complications; the effective management of respiration and circulation during the transportation to avoid ventilation-associated lung injury (VALI) and serious hypoxemia; the appropriate space for the transfer team to quickly handle various critical situations; and personal protection to avoid infection.

CONCLUSIONS
With an experienced ECMO transport team, good transport equipment, comprehensive protection measures, reasonable transport procedures, and a perfect emergency plan, it is safe to use ECMO transport for COVID-19 patients.


When optical active ions are doped into a host, two different methods for determining the composition ratio are usually employed. In one method, the condition for the number of cations was satisfied, in the other method, the condition for the amount of cation charge was satisfied. Until now the two different methods have been adapted, although the local sites of the dopant ions in the host are well known. By comparing the luminescence properties of samples synthesized with different compositions, we observed that the condition for the amount of cation charge (charge compensation) played a key role in the preparation of phosphor materials by enhancing both their crystallinity and covalency. These results demonstrate that the charge compensation is significantly effective in enhancing the emission intensity of the phosphor. Also, when Bi3+ ions are incorporated into the CaMoO4:Eu3+ phosphor, they break the symmetry of the crystal field around the Eu3+ ions and result in an enhancement of the PL intensity by a factors of 1.7 ∼ 2.7 (condition for the number of cations) and 6.2 (condition of charge compensation).


The symptoms and signs of achalasia are due to the loss of ganglion cells in the body of the oesophagus, leading to dilatation and loss of peristaltic activity. The data pertaining to the lower oesophageal sphincter are still somewhat conflicting. The ganglion cells may be absent, but pharmacological evidence suggests denervation to be pre-ganglionic. The classical view of a normotensive, non-relaxing achalasic sphincter has been challenged by recent observations which suggest the presence of a hypertensive, partially relaxing sphincter, which is supersensitive to gastrin and acetylcholine.


1. Experiments were carried out on giant neurones in the abdominal ganglia of Helix aspersa in an attempt to determine (a) the relationship between the ionic composition of the extra-neuronal environment and that of the bathing medium, and (b) the identity of the ions responsible for carrying the inward current of the action potential. 2. Potassium ions diffuse readily between the bathing medium and the extraneuronal fluid, the mean half-time for equilibration being 19.2±1.6 sec (S.E.). With the inner connective tissue sheath intact, the mean half-time is increased to 32.8 ± 2.2 sec. Both half-times can be accounted for purely by the geometry of the extra cellular system.
3. Although their effects on the nerve membrane are not quantifiable, it seems likely from the rapidity of their action that other ions, such as sodium, calcium and manganese, are able to move at similar rates between the bathing medium and the surface of the neurones. 4. Repetitive stimulation at frequencies above 2/sec causes a reversible decline in action potential overshoot. The time course of this effect and of the recovery suggests that it is due to depletion of ions in the restricted extracellular space, with subsequent replacement by active transport, and by diffusion from the bathing medium. Some cells also show a hyperpolarization, which is probably due to a change in ionic permeability of the resting cell membrane. 5. Although many cells can give action potentials in sodium-free solution, the overshoot declines gradually over a period of some hours. This decline is reversibly accelerated by 2 mM/l cyanide, but is unaffected by 10-1 M ouabain. But if ouabain is applied in normal Ringer the overshoot declines slowly, and after a time the ability to give action potentials in sodium-free solution is irreversibly lost. 6. Experiments with 10 mM/1 manganous ions gave variable results, some cells being made inexcitable, others little affected; correlation with ability to give action potentials in sodium-free solution was not good. Tetrodotoxin at 10-5 M caused only small reductions in overshoot. 7. It was concluded that the extra-neuronal environment in Helix aspersa is not subject to ionic regulation. The behaviour of the action potential can best be explained by assuming that both sodium and calcium ions contribute to the inward current. The neuronal calcium pump probably resembles the calcium/sodium exchange pump found in squid axons. Under low-sodium conditions, this pump is unable to operate fully, so that the overshoot declines slowly due to loading of the cells with calcium. Poisoning with cyanide accentuates this effect. Ouabain affects only the sodium pump; in sodium-free solution there is no passive sodium influx, so the overshoot is unaffected. In normal Ringer the cells become loaded with sodium, so that subsequent exposure to sodium-free solution reverses the sodium gradient across the cell membrane, counteracting the inward calcium current, and making the cells inexcitable. Restoration of a favourable sodium gradient causes rapid recovery of the action potential in all cases.


The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to examine the impact educational intervention during the postpartum period has on fathers' attitudes toward involvement with their babies, their knowledge of infant capabilities, and their caregiving of their babies; and (2) to validate a research instrument for use with mothers and fathers of newborn infants. It was hypothesized that fathers participating in the educational intervention as compared to a control group would have scores indicating more positive parenting on five Theoretical Factors--(I) Parental knowledge of infant capabilities, (II) Parental perception of infant needs for affection and stimulation, (III) Parental perception of caregiving competence, (IV) Sex-role division of caregiving tasks, and (V) Negative affects of having a new baby. It was also hypothesized that fathers with maternal partners with higher expectations for fathers' involvement in daily caregiving would report more involvement than would those whose maternal partners had lower expectations.


We have designed a new sequential carbocupration and sulfur–lithium exchange that leads stereo- and regioselectively to trisubstituted alkenyllithiums. Subsequent trapping with various electrophiles yields tetrasubstituted olefins with good control of the double-bond geometry (E/Z ratio up to 99:1). The novel sulfur–lithium exchange could be extended to the stereoselective preparation of Z-styryl lithium derivatives with almost complete retention of the double-bond geometry.


Adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) is a nucleotide used as long-term therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Many published reports have shown that long-term high-dose therapy with adefovir can be associated with proximal renal tubular dysfunction resulting in significant hypophosphatemia, renal insufficiency and osteomalacia. We have encountered two patients who developed evidence of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia while on long-term low-dose adefovir therapy for chronic hepatitis B. We report on its clinical features and its potential resolution with cessation of the drug and supplementation with phosphate. We also reviewed the other published cases associated with hypophosphatemic osteomalacia after low-dose adefovir therapy. The symptoms and the hypophosphatemia improved after cessation of the drug and supplementation with phosphate in most cases. Patients taking adefovir long-term should receive regular investigation of the phosphate level and renal function.


The method of the serotyping of strains was used for the epidemiological evaluation of the role of different factors in the transfer of infective agents in 147 cases of diseases and carrier state, caused by NAG vibrios, in Karakalpakia. Out of 150 NAG vibrio strains, 136 strains were serotyped and classified with 26 serovars. The strains were found to belong mostly to serovars 47, 37, 5 and 6 (42.0%). Most of the infected persons (58.5%) used water from open water bodies for household purposes. The role of water factor in the spread of infection was confirmed by a wide spectrum of serologic variants, a low index of the focal outbreaks (1.02), and sporadic pattern of infection. No group morbidity or toxinfection-type outbreaks were recorded.


The reliability of condition assessment of bridges obtained from analysis of visual inspection data is always a big concern among structural engineers. It has been known that the condition grading of a bridge is very subjective and can convey limited information to the end user. To finalize and verify the reported condition grading, inspectors and bridge owners have mainly been relying on images. It has been known that the image observation may not be sufficient to address all kinds of problems associated with visual condition grading. The integration of practical supplemental measurements into condition grading as proposed in this paper will contribute to minimize the errors in visual inspection. Measurement of vehicle induced vibrations through wireless accelerometers can be used to determine the natural frequencies of the bridge that can be reported at each inspection. The change in frequencies can be an indication of deterioration in stiffness of bridge over the years. Taking concrete samples by chipping at the inspection site and analyzing them under scanning electron microscope (SEM) at the laboratory can be used to identify the current problems with concrete degradation. In this scope, the regular bridge inspection procedure with the proposed enhancements has been performed on field inspection of highway bridges in Turkey to determine the practicality of the quick supplemental measurements and to analyze the difference in grading of the three different inspectors with different level of experiences.


poposed, and earied out in one establishment. I mean the collegiate system. The oost of education at the Queen's College, Bimingham, is more than the majority of students oould afford: for that, this system would be perfectly effectual. But, can nothing be done in other ways? It is proverbially trae that "no man careth for the student of medicine". If he have the advantage, during his apprenticeship, of being received into the house of his master, and having constant supervision exercised over him; when he attends lectures and walks the hospitals, all restraint is removed. His principles, as yet, perhaps, only the force of habit, are sorelv tried; and with the many temptations which surround him (and which I need not stop to mention, as they must be well known to every medical man), can we wonder if he fall? Youth is the most duclile period of life; and it is precisely at this period that the medlical stuident is left to himself. I should not say left to himself: fair worse, he is associated with youtlhs of his own standing, who laugh at his religious scruples; and, in his attendance at the hospitals, he must necessarily meet with those abandonel females who are ever readiy to corrupt him. The surgeons of the hospital (with some lprauseworthy exceptions), do not watch over his condluct; indeed, it would be in general impossible for them so to do. The chaplain of the hospital has no authority or influence over him. What, then (laying aside the system mentioned above as in most cases impracticable), can be (line:' Can the Association do nothinc? The Pharmaceutical Society have organised a bo(ly of "associates ", consistinig of apprentices to the members. These associates, by paying an aiinnual subscription of 10s. Od., have the monthly journal, anid are adnmitted to other privileges; andl this single bond of association has contributed greatly to the respectability of the youths. 'Thougli t p;present race of medical studtlents have no connexion probably witlh the Provincial Association, yLt, if a proposal were made to them, adtnittinthem on payment of a small subscription to various privileges, as might seem fit, I think m1any would avail themselves of it. And if tho apprentices of menmbers be inlduced to join in it, tlhey will, wlhen their diplomas lhave been obtsained, become miemnbers of the Association, a[ld so greatly condluce to its stability. We are constantly tol(d that it is to the rising generation, that society looks for great benefits. Let society take til) the cause of tie medical student and apprentice, andl assuiredly she will receive a full rewardl. There is no profession on eartlh in whlich more deference is pai(d by the juniors to the seniors than the medical, and if some of our leadhing, men were to interest themselve.s. in tbis cauise, I am persuaded that much, very mnuch good mig-ht be eflected. The thanks of many students will be justlly due to you shotild youi insert these remarks. Dis-cnssion may be elicite(d. "Where there is a will there is a way--in most cases. I am, etc., A MEDICAL SITUDEN. October 10th, 18S.53


With the introduction of synthetic substrates, many newer methods have been developed for testing coagulation parameters. Some of these methods are used in clinical settings, and many have been evaluated for their diagnostic efficacy in various coagulation disorders. Clinical chemistry laboratory instrumentation has been used to accommodate these methods. Commercially available kits for antithrombin III, heparin, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin, and factor X are used by many laboratories. Individual reagents have also become available and are being used to develop assays for routine diagnostic use. The development of suitable standards is rapidly underway, and their availability will facilitate adoption of these methods by hospital laboratories. Many of the synthetic-substrate-based assays that have been introduced for routine diagnostic purposes have been published recently. Here, we provide an overview of the newer amidolytic methods for the measurement of certain coagulation variables.


Studies on agricultural production and gender are full of contradictions as to whether female farmers are less productive than male farmers even under similar production systems and environments. The objective of this paper was to assess and compare the agricultural production differences of the male and female headed households in marginal areas bordering Lake Victoria region. A sample of 125 farmers surveyed during feasibility study of smallholder irrigation scheme in Rachuonyo and Homa Bay district was used for the study. The study compared demographic, socio-economic and agricultural production characteristics of male- and female- headed households using t-ratios. The study revealed that female heads of households were significantly less educated, owned and cultivated smaller land parcels, used fewer family labour in the farm but more external labour as compared to male headed households which formed 54% of the sample. Female-headed households were less efficient in agricultural production as they produced about half the production of male-headed households and disposed 38% of the produce in the local market with negative implications on both household food security and commercialization of agriculture. The study concluded that female-headed households need to be specifically targeted with specific programmes that will reduce low production trap by increasing farm productivity through provision of cheap agricultural credits and/ or subsidies. The government should pursue policies that expand rural economies that will discourage temporary male out- migration to urban centres which is the main source of de-facto female headship.


paper presents a series of open-source firmwares for the latest iteration of the popular Arduino microcontroller platform. A portmanteau of Human Interface Device and Arduino, the HIDUINO project tackles a major problem in designing NIMEs: easily and reliably communicating with a host computer using standard MIDI over USB. HIDUINO was developed in conjunction with a class at the California Institute of the Arts intended to teach introductory-level human-computer and human-robot interaction within the context of musical controllers. We describe our frustration with existing microcontroller platforms and our experiences using the new firmware to facilitate the development and prototyping of new music controllers.


ABSTRACT We live on a blue planet, and Earth's waters benefit many sectors of society. The future of our blue planet is increasingly reliant on the services delivered by marine, coastal and inland waters and on the advancement of effective, evidence-based decisions on sustainable development. 'Oceans and Society: Blue Planet' is an initiative of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) that aims to ensure the sustained development and use of ocean and coastal observations for the benefit of society. The initiative works to advance and exploit synergies among the many observational programmes devoted to ocean and coastal waters; to improve engagement with a variety of stakeholders for enhancing the timeliness, quality and range of information delivered; and to raise awareness of the societal benefits of ocean observations at the public and policy levels. This paper summarises the role of the initiative, current activities and considerations for future directions.


Water and energy exchanges at the land-atmosphere interface play a key role in determining patterns of regional and global climate. However, accurate estimation of surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat over arid and semiarid regions is a challenging task. In this study, a scenario for assimilating satellite data in the visible-infrared (AVHRR) and in the microwave (SSM/I) spectral ranges in a hydrological flux model is presented. The aim of this investigation over the HAPEX-Sahel area in West Africa is to show that the use of multispectral remotely sensed data, in conjunction with radiative transfer models and a hydrological flux model, can provide reasonable estimates of the surface fluxes. A discussion of the potentials and limitations of the approach is presented.<<ETX>>


Abstract An integral part of the Slovak cultural context is also Lowland Slovak literature, which includes certain areas of Hungary, Romania and Serbia. The paper outlines the partial development of Slovak youth literature in these regions. It gradually characterizes the most important aspects of diachrony of this segment of writing (in a certain chronotope that is bound to selected prototexts). Based on objective-subjective interpretations of three emblematic works of this context, it highlights - as a certain typology - not only the general / universal, but also the specific / particular (that is particularly relevant to the context) in intra- and intercultural relations. It accentuates the literary tradition, which is still a useful source of realistic short stories and novels for child percipients in these diasporas. It also traditionally and innovatively points out the typical features of teaching in individual national-minority schools in the mentioned countries. Methodologically (but also practically) it is, of course, based, on thematic, motif related, etc. aspects of the analyzed (selected) works and their possible reflection in school education and learning environment. Finally, the use of language / features / motifs / aspects / procedures is concretized in specific conditions outside the physical boundaries of the homeland as a kind of perspective on the correlation of the difficult process of cultural education itself.


Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae), used in traditional medicine because of its antimicrobial properties, was found to contain a series of 6-alkenyl-salicylic acids. They were isolated from the ethanolic extract of leaves and stems of Spondias mombin by a combination of chromatographic methods. Their structure was determined by NMR and MS techniques as (17:3), (17:2) and (17:1) pelandjuaic acid [or 6-(8'Z,11'Z,14'Z-heptadecatrienyl)-salicylic acid, 6-(8'Z,11'Z-heptadecadienyl)-salicylic acid, and 6-(10'Z-heptadecenyl)-salicylic acid, respectively], 6-(12'Z-non-adecenyl)-salicylic acid, and 6-(15'Z-heneicosenyl)-salicylic acid, the two last compounds being new ones. These phenolic acids were shown to have a pronounced antibacterial effect against Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Mycobacterium fortuitum (minimal bactericidal concentration in a concentration range of 3-25 micrograms/ml), and a molluscicidal effect against the snail Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host in the schistosome life cycle. Because of their high molluscicidal activity (LC90 down to 1-3 ppm), these long-chain salicylic acid derivatives may be important tools in the prevention of schistosomiasis.


A sample of ethnic Russians of Russia was tested for polymorphism of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 (ND6) gene mapping to the mtDNA region 14,170-14,569. Genetic diversity of ND6 haplotypes was estimated at 0.406, and probability of haplotype random match, at 0.598. Combined with typing the mtDNA control region, analysis of the ND6 gene polymorphism was assumed to improve the reliability of forensic identification. Several point substitutions in the ND6 gene region proved to be associated with particular transitions in the mtDNA control region; the association was characterized with the phi coefficient.


Objective The effects on human immunity of oral supplementation with fish—derived collagen peptide were investigated with a placebo—controlled double—blind trial. Methods Healthy Japanese men and women(30—59 years of age)with daily tiredness and fatigue and relatively low Scoring of Immunological Vigor(SIV)scores, a comprehensive score reflecting immune status, were randomly assigned to two groups(n=25). Each participant ingested 10 g of placebo or collagen peptide every day for 8 weeks. Their immunological functions were measured with the SIV score and other parameters. Results The ingestion of 10 g of collagen peptide for 8 weeks significantly improved the SIV score relative to that of the placebo group(P=0.030). A within—group analysis showed that the SIV scores(P=0.002)and numbers of T cells(P=0.017), memory T cells(P=0.008), CD8+ CD28+ T cells(P=0.039), and NK cells(P=0.038)increased significantly, and CD4/CD8 T cell ratio(P=0.001)and the T—lymphocyte age(P=0.047), an index calculated from the CD8+CD28+ T—cell number, decreased significantly in the collagen peptide group, but not in the placebo group. Significant improvement in the subjective symptoms of diarrhea(P=0.041)and appetite(P=0.043)were only observed in the collagen peptide group. No adverse effects attributable to collagen peptide ingestion were observed. Conclusions These results suggest that the ingestion of 10 g of collagen peptide for 8 weeks improves the immunological status of humans, especially the number of T lymphocytes and their subsets. (Jpn Pharmacol Ther 2015;43:51‒6)


This paper uses annual aggregate data for 36 low or middle income countries covering the period 1995-2001 to investigate the effect of FDI on private investment. It also explores if the relationship between FDI and private investment is influenced by the nature of the political regime, using four governance measures (voice and accountability, regulatory quality, political stability, and control of corruption) to distinguish between ?market-friendly? (high or good governance values) and ?market-unfriendly? (low governance) regimes. The results, which hold for all of the governance measures, show that private investment is more important than FDI in terms of the contribution to total investment, and that FDI inflows and private investment are higher in countries with good governance. Interestingly, the findings demonstrate that FDI tends to displace domestic private investment, and this ?crowding out? effect is greater in countries with good governance.


4355 Plasminogen activation is implicated in solid tumor growth, invasion and metatastic spread. extracellular proteolytic enzymes of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and metalloproteinase (MMP) family play a crucial role in the matrix degradation and tissue remodeling process characteristic of malignant disorders. The receptor for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPAR) serves to localize and intensify the action of uPA and is expressed on the surface of malignant cells. However, little is known about its role in leukemia. Since uPA and uPAR expression correlates with the progression of leukemia, therapies designed to inhibit uPA and uPAR expression would be beneficial. In this study, we utilized small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs), also referred to as small interfering RNAs, to target human uPAR. These small interfering RNA constructs significantly inhibited uPAR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in myeloid leukemia cell line, HEL. uPAR knockdown in HEL cells resulted in a dramatic reduction of MMPs expression (MMP- 2,–9, MT-MMP-1) and tumor cell invasion as indicated by a Matrigel invasion assay. Furthermore, RNA interference for uPAR abrogated uPA-uPAR signaling to downstream target molecules such as JAK2, JNK, ERK1/2 and Stat-3. These findings uncovered evidence of a complex signaling network operating downstream of uPA-uPAR that actively contributes to leukemia progression. Thus, RNA interference-directed targeting of uPAR is a convenient and novel tool for studying the biological role of the uPAR system and suggests the potential of its application for leukemia therapy.


It is well-known that renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) are resistant to classical cytotoxic anticancer drugs. Therefore, facilitating the impact of anticancer drugs by altering the cell phenotype should be a useful strategy for circumventing this. We developed a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice (MEND) as an in vivo carrier of siRNA to tumor tissues. We previously reported that a MEND containing YSK05 (YSK-MEND) efficiently delivered siRNA in RCC-bearing mice. We herein report on a combination therapy involving the use of siRNA-mediated specific gene knockdown and cytotoxic drug doxorubicin (DOX), and an advantage of YSK-MEND as an investigation tool for in vivo function of a gene. si-PLK1 encapsulated within YSK-MEND was prepared using the tertiary butanol dilution method. The in vitro cellular viability under the exposure of DOX was compared between OS-RC-2 cells with and without si-PLK1 transfection. In an in vivo study, tumor-bearing mice were systemically injected with YSK-MEND and DOX-loaded liposomes. The combination of DOX and si-PLK1 drastically reduced tumor growth rate, and apoptotic cells were observed. In an in vitro study, PLK1 knockdown increased G2/M cell population and reduced the expression of cyclin B1 (CCNB1) mRNA. CCNB1 suppression by si-PLK1 encapsulated in YSK-MEND was also observed in the in vivo experiments. A combination of DOX and anti-polo-like kinase 1 siRNA (si-PLK1) resulted in a measurable delay in OS-RC-2 tumor growth. This result suggests that the combination of si-PLK1 delivery and doxorubicin by YSK-MEND holds potential for RCC therapy via cell CCNB1 regulation.


Social relation defines the association, e.g., warm, friendliness, and dominance, between two or more people. Motivated by psychological studies, we investigate if such fine grained and high-level relation traits can be characterised and quantified from face images in the wild. To address this challenging problem we propose a deep model that learns a rich face representation to capture gender, expression, head pose, and age-related attributes, and then performs pairwise-face reasoning for relation prediction. To learn from heterogeneous attribute sources, we formulate a new network architecture with a bridging layer to leverage the inherent correspondences among these datasets. It can also cope with missing target attribute labels. Extensive experiments show that our approach is effective for fine-grained social relation learning in images and videos.


In a supernova core, magnetic fields cause a directional variation of the neutrino refractive index so that resonant flavor oscillations would lead to a deformation of the "neutrinosphere" for, say, tau neutrinos. The associated anisotropic neutrino emission was proposed as a possible origin of the observed pulsar proper motions. We argue that this effect was vastly overestimated because the variation of the temperature over the deformed neutrinosphere is not an adequate measure for the anisotropy of neutrino emission. The neutrino flux is generated inside the neutron star core and is transported through the atmosphere at a constant luminosity, forcing the temperature gradient in the atmosphere to adjust to the inflow of energy from below. Therefore, no emission anisotropy is caused by a deformation of the neutrinosphere to lowest order. An estimate of the higher-order corrections must take into account the modified atmospheric temperature profile in response to the deformation of the neutrinosphere and the corresponding feedback on the core. We go through this exercise in the framework of a simplified model which can be solved analytically.


A presynthesized, square planar copper imidazole complex, [Cu(imidazole)4](NO3)2, was utilized as a precursor in the synthesis of a new series of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks, termed ZIF-202, -203, and -204. The structures of all three members were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, which revealed ZIF-203 and -204 having successfully integrated square planar units within the backbones of their respective frameworks. As a result of this unit, the structures of both ZIF-203 and -204 were found to adopt unprecedented three-dimensional nets, namely, ntn and thl, respectively. One member of this series, ZIF-204, was demonstrated to be highly porous, exhibit exceptional stability in water, and selectively capture CO2 over CH4 under both dry and wet conditions without any loss in performance over three cycles. Remarkably, the regeneration of ZIF-204 was performed under the mild conditions of flowing a pure N2 gas through the material at ambient temperature.


Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterised by increasing free active neutrophil elastase (NE) that is significantly associated with bronchiectasis. Yet data on how NE affects function of primary epithelia in very young children is limited.

Aim: Do physiologically relevant, nanomolar (nM) concentrations of NE inhibit repair of airway epithelial cells (AEC) in a manner reversible by the antiprotease alpha 1-antitrypsin (A1AT).

Method: Non-CF (NuLi-1 & pAECNCF) and CF (CuFi-1 & pAECCF) AECs were used, with primary pAECNCF and pAECCF collected from paediatric airways (mean age 4.67 and 4.22 years respectively). Cells were exposed to 10-200 nM NE over 48-hours and viability, proliferative capacity, cytotoxicity and wound repair were assessed.

Results: Following exposure to 100 nM NE, pAECNCF and pAECCF viability (n = 4; 3.9% ±5.1, p<0.01 and 40.0% ±30.4, p<0.05) and proliferation (n = 4; 16.5% ±5.4, p<0.01 and 13.2% ±0.2, p<0.01) were significantly reduced compared to controls. Furthermore, 200 nM NE inhibited NuLi-1 and CuFi-1 scratch wound closure at 48 hours (n = 6; 32.01% of control, p<0.01 and 17.75% of control, p<0.01) and 50 nM NE inhibited pAECCF repair at 24 hours (n = 2; 69.99% of control, p<0.01). Addition of 1 µM A1AT at 12-hours post-wounding significantly reduced inhibition by NE at all concentrations assessed.

Conclusion: Biologically relevant concentrations of NE are associated with cytotoxicity, reduced proliferation and deficient wound repair providing a mechanism for bronchiectasis formation. Current anti-inflammation therapies may not be sufficient to reduce the impact of excess proteases in the CF airway and targeting protease activity offers an attractive therapeutic option.


Litigants and lawyers are subject to sanctions under Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for asserting frivolous claims and defenses. Likewise, lawyers may be disciplined under Rule 3.1 of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct for asserting frivolous claims and defenses. Both rules define frivolous claims and defenses as those not "warranted by existing law or by a nonfrivolous argument for the extension, modification, or reversal of existing law." A claim contrary to "long-standing, unequivocal, dispositive precedent" is frivolous despite the claimant's subjective belief as to its validity. This Article will examine a tax dispute that exemplifies the IRS's ostensible impunity for asserting frivolous claims. In this dispute, the IRS repeatedly has raised an irrelevant, unsuccessful claim in the same court without any sanctions or discipline. The dispute at issue in this Article is whether semi-naked lapsing powers qualify for the federal gift tax annual exclusion. The courts have invariably determined such powers do so qualify, but the IRS continues to challenge such powers with an argument the courts have rejected as wholly irrelevant.


The article discusses the historical conditions for formation of the Azerbaijan press, which conveyed to the people the socio-political problems of the Caucasus and the East, emanating from religious fanaticism, alienation of the Muslim society from science and education, lawlessness, caused by ignorance. The research method was historical one aimed at studying the specific circumstances of formation of conditions for printing the Azerbaijan press. In particular, these processes that took place in the society in the last decades of the 19th century were the unchanging model of tough imperial policy, and the mass illiteracy of the people. The issues of need to create the pro-gymnasiums for the Muslim community and the efforts of our intelligentsia to conduct the classes in their native language in the schools were touched in the newspapers. Jalil Mamedguluzadeh, the magazine editor was convinced that the magazine «Molla Nasreddin» was created by «nature and time itself» that showed the determining role of the social, political and cultural environment in creation of the Azerbaijan press. The main goal of the press at that time was to appeal to every representative of the Azerbaijan people to find the reserves that were hidden in the public consciousness, related to the real world, but that were not realized. During that specified period, the Azerbaijanis did not have any national school, national organization, or even an ordinary charitable society in the region. However, other nations had daily newspapers, weekly magazines, national secondary schools, charitable societies, banks, various scientific and public publications in their native languages. That was the situation of the Turko-Muslim population in the Caucasus. Therefore it was unthinkable for the society in that situation to have any goals related to national development.


Background: Various microbes involved in alkanes degradation or reducing organics oil products have been identified among. The goal of this work was to screen the soil bacteria with potential ability to degrade alkanes and characterized using a combination of genetic and physiological methods.Methods: The microbial species of soil sample was isolated and the loss of hydrocarbon was calculated periodically by gravimetric analysis. Isolated bacterial strain with potential ability to degrade the engine oil in Baghdad city was further tested for hydrocarbon-degrading abilities using 2, 6-DCPIP. Colonies of bacteria were counted using serial dilution methods of the soil sample. One of the highly bioactive degrading strains ISN53 was selected and a different fraction of crude extract were analyzed for their hydrocarbon degrading activity. The purified active fraction characterised in LC/MS and SDS PAGE. Presence of chlorocatechol dioxygenases was checked by PCR and expression was analyzed in RT PCR. The envelope of ISn21 isolate was checked for any changes under different conditions using microbial adhesion to the hydrocarbon test (MATH). Results: Serratia marcesens (Sm53) and Acinetobacter venetianus (ISn21) were isolated and ISn21 showed maximum growth on the third day and up to 72% degradation on the 7th day of incubation. LC-MS/MS spectrometry analysis identified the bioactive enzyme catechol dioxygenases in crude extract. The purified catechol dioxygenases enzyme had 35 kDa weight which showed the maximum activity between 48 to 72 hour of incubation. The expression of its gene was 2 fold more than control the maximum expression was observed at 60 to 72 hours of incubation. ISn21 was extremely hydrophobic both in MMV and in LB medium.Conclusion: Using a naturally available resources would be better with efficiency at degrading diesel. Use of like microorganisms during bioremediation operation might supply worthy advances in this important biotechnological/ biological domain.


This paper is a hermeneutic exposition of the problem of illusion in sense perception, using the methods of critical and content analysis as tool of engagement. For decades, post-modern epistemology was steeped in the murky waters of the brilliant, sceptic argument from illusion, according to which the senses could not be relied upon for knowledge of the external world of reality, due to problems believed to be inherent in sensory perception. Why was the argument from illusion so important to epistemologists as to elicit enormous interest for such a long time? What are the implications of the argument for science? Did the argument from illusion portend any real danger for the foundations of empirical knowledge claims, as supposed by many frontline epistemologists? Exploring the concept and science of perceptual illusion, and the implications of the argument from illusion for science and epistemology, the paper found that the argument failed as a refutation of direct realism because it views illusion as the norm rather than an exception, and portrays human knowing process as an automatic, rather than a procedural, gradual phenomenon.Keywords: Argument from Illusion, Empiricism, Epistemology, Science, Scepticism


Green and sustainable remediation (GSR) is major goal for the United States Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management (DOE-EM).  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) recently published an exit strategy for pump and treat remediation technologies as part of an effort to move away from active remediation in favor of passive techniques. In the summer of 2016, a team of interns developed a high level sustainability analysis comparing active and passive remediation technologies at Hanford 100 and 200 area sites and the Mound, Ohio site. The sustainability index attempts to quantify the relative sustainability of active and passive remediation strategies by examining a variety of metrics and perspectives from those involved in the decision-making process. The analysis compares 10 metrics encompassing environmental, social, and economic aspects of sustainability for the two types of remediation techniques. It also incorporates the perspectives and values of the investors, regulators, scientists, and community members involved in the decision-making process. Data collected through surveys for active and passive remediation technologies at Hanford 100 and 200 area sites and the Mound, Ohio site was inputted into a spreadsheet. Based on this data, overall, passive remediation technologies performed better in terms of sustainability performance than active technologies. The analysis showed that switching from active remediation to passive remediation techniques has the following impacts: aids in the conservation of local ecosystems, reduces community impacts and improves the community perception of the cleanup, lowers the life-cycle cost of the project, and contributes positively to global sustainability by using less energy and raw materials. By applying the analysis to future feasibility studies, EM takes the next steps as being one of the leaders towards global sustainability.


Cardiogenic shock [CS] is a severe complication of ST-elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]. An increased use of primary percutaneous coronary intervention [PPCI] has been associated with a decline in CS incidence, and a better prognosis. Female gender has been associated with a worse prognosis in STEMI, but whether there is a gender difference in incidence and outcome of CS complicating STEMI is not known.

 The objectives of this study were to compare the genders regarding incidence, management, and prognosis of CS complicating STEMI.

 Patients with STEMI and CS were identified in SWEDEHEART 2005–2014. Cardiogenic shock was defined as any of; 1) systolic blood pressure [BP] <90 mm Hg ≥30 min, 2) signs of tissue hypoperfusion, 3) cardiac index <1,8 l/min/m2, 4) ionotropic drugs and/or need of intra-aortic balloon pump. Multiple logistic and cox regression analyses were done with reperfusion therapy, in-hospital and 1-year mortality as dependent variables.

 Among 56072 STEMI patients 3134 CS cases were identified. Women more often than men developed CS (6.3 vs 5.2%, p<0.001). The age-adjusted incidence of CS did not change in women, whereas in men the incidence increased by 2.7% yearly. Women had a less chance of receiving reperfusion therapy, OR 0.77 (95% CI 0.65–0.92), but had neither higher in-hospital mortality (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.85–1.19), nor higher 1-year mortality (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.70–1.33). Upon age stratification the gender difference in reperfusion was only evident among the oldest (>80 years).

 Women had higher risk of CS than men when stricken by STEMI, but whereas CS incidence increased in men it was stable in women. Although women had less likelihood of receiving reperfusion therapy, adjusted in-hospital, and 1-year mortality was without any gender difference. The rate of reperfusion was especially low in elderly women, where there seems to be room for improvement.


Abstract This paper aims to present and discuss the already existing studies and try to uncover possible potential for further research on the topic of financial resources in public–private partnership (PPP) projects. The article presents the main relevant papers regarding financial resources and examines how deep the topic of financial sources has been explored in both academic and practical literature. Moreover, the article reviews Poland's PPP market and, particularly, types of used financial sources. The 'Literature review' results show that there is a gap in studying the private sector and financial resources, especially in Polish PPPs. We attempt to close this gap by summarising the main factors that influence the choice of the source of financing PPPs. The Polish case shows that the main source of financing of PPP projects in Poland is bank loans and many projects have partial funding from various European Union (EU) programmes. Policymakers should pay attention to other financial resources in PPPs. Moreover, it would be fruitful to extend the Polish database of PPP projects with new factors that can simplify ex-post and ex-ante analysis.


Shorebird population status and trends are commonly generated from counts made at migratory stopovers, where large numbers are concentrated at few locations. Shorebirds migrate long distances, encountering changing and unpredictable conditions. The ability to respond with adjustments in behaviours such as site selection, timing and routing, is likely essential. In this thesis I examine how the adaptive behaviour of migrants affects the use of stopover sites, and hence how many shorebirds are counted. I develop a model of mortality-minimizing decisions made by southbound western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) moving through a landscape with large and small stopover sites. I use the model to simulate counts that would be observed under different scenarios, each leaving distinct 'fingerprints' on the outcomes. These outcomes were compared to counts made over five years by citizen-scientists across the Salish Sea region. The results support the hypothesis that inter-annual variation in the passage timing of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus the most important sandpiper predator) strongly affects the distribution of sandpipers across small and large stopover sites. Other scenarios appear less parsimonious. An analysis of data collected by the Atlantic Canada Shorebird Survey (2754 surveys, 1974 2015) reveals that semipalmated sandpipers (C. pusilla) have steadily shifted their stopover site usage toward larger sites. Surveys of the northbound passage of western sandpipers and dunlins (C. alpina) along the Pacific Flyway show that over recent decades (1985 2016), both species passage southern sites, but not northern sites earlier. Each of these approaches demonstrates that the behavioural response of shorebirds to landscape-level conditions affects counts strongly enough that the accuracy of estimated population trends can be poor. Caution should be exerted when using migratory counts to generate trends in populations.


We propose a load balancing heuristic for parallel adaptive finite element method (FEM) simulations. In contrast to most existing approaches, the heuristic focuses on good partition shapes rather than on minimizing the classical edge-cut metric. By applying algebraic multigrid (AMG), we are able to speed up the two most time consuming calculations of the approach while maintaining its large amount of natural parallelism


Fulvestrant, a pure estrogen receptor antagonist with no known agonist effects, was approved in September 2011 for the treatment of hormone-receptor positive metastatic breast cancer(MBC)in postmenopausal women in Japan. Here, we present a retrospective review of data from 73 heavily pretreated patients who received a high-dose regimen of fulvestrant in our hospital. Patients received a median of 3 endocrine therapies(range: 1-7)prior to the fulvestrant regimen. Partial response was observed in 4 patients, and 10 patients experienced stable disease for more than 6 months(objective response rate: 5.5%; clinical benefit rate: 19.2%). The median time to progression was 2.8 months. Fulvestrant was well tolerated; however, Grade 3 neuropathy at the injection site was observed in 2 patients. Of 12 patients, 3 responded to endocrine therapy following fulvestrant treatment. Our clinical experience indicates that fulvestrant can be administered to patients pretreated with several lines of endocrine therapy, although its efficacy as first- or second-line endocrine therapy has been demonstrated in clinical trial settings.


380Jurisdiction — Executive — Consequences of illegal arrest — Defendant detained in foreign country and returned to England — No attempt at extradition — Whether deportation from foreign country a disguised form of extradition — Whether circumstances of defendant's return to England deprives English courts of jurisdiction — Whether courts possess discretion not to hear charges against defendant Extradition — Conditions — Return of fugitive offender other than by extradition — Disguised extradition — The law of England


Effect of plasma corona discharges on the pH, whole cell lipids and DNA of bacteria is investigated. Results showed an increase in the acidity levels of water due to plasma reactive species which, however, were not responsible for bacterial cell death. No changes in the whole cell lipid contents were observed, while DNA after plasma treatment showed deterioration of the amplified sequences, indicating the possible occurrence of DNA degradation. In conclusion, reactive species produced by plasma discharges affects DNA, possibly contributing to cell death.


Ayurveda "Science of life" is a unique combination of science and philosophy that balances the holistic aspects of health i.e. physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Its aim is to promote and preserve physical and mental health and cure of ailments too. In order to lead a good quality of life both physical and mental health of a person should be maintained in good conditions. Now a days, even people know the importance of mental health as due to their busy lifestyle usually they succumb to unhealthy lifestyle which later pose harm to their health. Due to extreme stress in life people are becoming susceptible to various mental and lifestyle health issues like anxiety, depression, HTN, Diabetes and insomnia. Insomnia is defined as a condition where a person is unable to sleep or does not have a sound and sufficient sleep and wakes up usually tired and exhausted. The general causes of insomnia include stressful lifestyle, environmental influence, mental tension, changed food habits or any mental trauma. It is generally of two types: acute insomnia and chronic insomnia. The acute insomnia is referred to a condition one with short duration of few days to few weeks and the second chronic insomnia is which lasts for longer duration of few months to even years. Some of the major symptoms of insomnia include: difficulty in falling asleep at night, sleeplessness, waking up abruptly while sleeping and then not being able to fall asleep again, waking up tired and exhausted, irritability, sometimes wake up with headache, less concentration and low mood throughout the day, over thinking and worry related to sleep. There are various treatments available for this ailment in the form of oral medicines and therapies. In Ayurvedic treatment for insomnia some therapies such as Shirodhara and herbal medicines like Brahmi, Ashwagandha, Sarpgandha are known to produce calming and relaxing effect and result in sound and good sleep. This paper aims to compile and review the classical literature regarding management of Anidra; scientifically reported classical and non-classical sedative herbs; and clinical trials conducted on Anidra.


This paper describes an expedient and straightforward total synthesis of the two pyrrothine natural products holomycin (7 steps, 11% overall) and xenorhabdin I (7 steps, 11% overall) and analogs thereof via a common late-stage intermediate. The pathway proceeds via the pyrrothine hydrochloride intermediate (6 steps, 17% overall) which also gave access to very fast synthesis of analogs as demonstrated by the synthesis of , and (7 steps, 11-12% overall).


One of most sensitive relationships in the Middle East is that between Turkey and Iraq. Crucial in Turkey's relationship with Iraq is its view of Iraqi Kurdistan. This article studies the development of the Turkish foreign policy towards Iraqi Central and Kurdistan Regional Government ( KRG) in 2005-2015. The article analyzes several dimensions of Turkey's foreign policy towards Iraqi Central Government and KRG. Many observers have stressed on contradictory nature of Turkey's foreign policy towards Iraq in post-2003 era. So the main question of this article is why there has not been a coherent approach in Turkish foreign policy towards central government of Baghdad and regional government of Erbil in 2005-2015? The answer of the article as its hypothesis is failing nature of Iraq central government and the vast oil resources in Kurdistan region have encouraged a pragmatic and ups and down relations between Ankara, Baghdad and Erbil in 2005-2015 which could be characterized by deep contradictories in economic and security goals. The article shows that Ankara increasing relations with KRG is a reflection of Turkish limits of influence in Iraq and in the region as a whole.


Part of the Pennsylvanian System in northern Hood and southern Parker Counties, Texas, is represented by siliciclastic sediments assigned to the Atoka Series. These sandstones, deposited in a fluvial deltaic environment, produce gas and associated condensate in several fields with recoverable reserves ranging from 200 mmcf to 1.0 bcf/well. Stratigraphic and structural cross sections within the study area allow correlation of the more persistent sand bodies and are useful in delineating prospective areas for drilling. Although five or six depositional cycles or units of sand are distinguished in the depth range of 2,000-5,000 ft (610-1,524 m), the uppermost (A-1) sandstones render the most profitable production to date and have been studied in greatest detail. Conventional cores of the A-1 sandstones have been taken in two wells and examined as slabbed core, thin sections, and by scanning electron microscopy. Porosity and permeability data from conventional core analyses were compared to electric log responses across the sandstone intervals. Economically successful completions in this area require hydraulic fracturing. A fracturing technique has been developed that increased deliverability by an average of more than eightfold on 12 field wells. This stimulation procedure differs substantially from conventional techniques applied in the area.


The development of transparent and stretchable (TS) electronics can enable a plethora of new applications such as TS integrated circuits, displays and sensors where high levels of both optical transparency and stretchability are required for conformal placement of devices on the human body or any arbitrary surface. Over the past decade, there has been enormous progress in the development of new materials, novel structural engineering, and smart fabrication processes for TS electronic devices including TS sensors, field-effect transistors, optoelectronic components, nanogenerators, supercapacitors, and heaters. TS electronic devices can be made by geometric engineering of traditional transparent and flexible electronic materials or developing new materials that are intrinsically transparent and stretchable. Herein, we review recent advances in TS electronic materials (such as conductors, semiconductors, and insulators) and TS electronic devices. Some representative examples that highlight the unique optical, electrical and mechanical properties of TS materials and devices are also discussed in detail. Conclusions and future prospects for the development of TS electronic devices are discussed in the final section.


Neutron diffraction and muon spin relaxation ($\mu$SR) studies are presented for the newly characterized polymorph of NiNb$_2$O$_6$ ($\beta$-NiNb$_2$O$_6$) with space group P4$_2$/n and $\mu$SR data only for the previously known columbite structure polymorph with space group Pbcn. The magnetic structure of the P4$_2$/n form was determined from neutron diffraction using both powder and single crystal data. Powder neutron diffraction determined an ordering wave vector $\vec{k}$ = ($\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{2}$). Single crystal data confirmed the same $\vec{k}$-vector and showed that the correct magnetic structure consists of antiferromagnetically-coupled chains running along the a or b-axes in adjacent Ni$^{2+}$ layers perpendicular to the c-axis, which is consistent with the expected exchange interaction hierarchy in this system. The refined magnetic structure is compared with the known magnetic structures of the closely related tri-rutile phases, NiSb$_2$O$_6$ and NiTa$_2$O$_6$. $\mu$SR data finds a transition temperature of $T_N \sim$ 15 K for this system, while the columbite polymorph exhibits a lower $T_N =$ 5.7(3) K. Our $\mu$SR measurements also allowed us to estimate the critical exponent of the order parameter $\beta$ for each polymorph. We found $\beta =$ 0.25(3) and 0.16(2) for the $\beta$ and columbite polymorphs respectively. The single crystal neutron scattering data gives a value for the critical exponent $\beta =$~0.28(3) for $\beta$-NiNb$_2$O$_6$, in agreement with the $\mu$SR value. While both systems have $\beta$ values less than 0.3, which is indicative of reduced dimensionality, this effect appears to be much stronger for the columbite system. In other words, although both systems appear to well-described by $S = 1$ spin chains, the interchain interactions in the $\beta$-polymorph are likely much larger.


The effect of combined different levels of nitrogen with different levels of phosphorus and weeding regimes was examined at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi. Different levels of nitrogen were combined with different levels of phosphorus to give a single inorganic fertilizer treatment, namely control (no application), 20KgN + 10KgP/ha, 30KgN + 20KgP/ha, 20KgP/ha, 40KgN + 30KP/ha and 50KgN + 40KgP)/ha. These were combined with weeding regimes as follows: W (no weeding), 1 W (weeding once, 3WAP), W (weeding twice, 3 and 6 WAP) and W (weeding thrice, 3 and 6 and 9 WAP) 2 3 4 to give a total treatment combination of twenty treatments. Results indicated significant differences among parameters and seed yield upon application of combined levels of Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Similarly, weeding regimes significantly increased growth parameters and maize seed yield. Weeding thrice (3, 6 and 9 WAP) gave higher grain yield than all other treatments. Treatment combination was also significant. Treatment combination of 50KgN + 40KgP/ha + weeding thrice (3, 6 and 9 WAP) produced the highest maize yield in both years. It is recommended that 50KgN + 40KgP/ha and thrice weeding regimes be adopted to high yield of maize in the study area.


Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci in a circulative non propagative manner. B. tabaci is a species complex composed of at least 24 morphocryptic species which differ in host range, insecticide resistance, endosymbionts and virus transmission. Begomoviruses are supposed to cross the gut barrier at the midgut level and salivary gland barrier in the principal salivary gland (PSG) cells because of the highest virus concentrations in these organs. Thus, the critical steps of the virus circulation in the insect body are (i) the exit of virion from the midgut, (ii) their preservation in the hemocoel and (iii) their entry in the PSG. Thus, we proposed that the efficiency of viral transfer from midgut to PSG may be assessed by measuring the viral content in both compartments and that the deduced viral content ratio may be correlated to viral transmission efficiency by the vector. Our predicition was tested with two invasive B. tabaci species, Middle East-Minor Asia 1 (MEAM1), and Mediterranean (MED), and three begomoviruses: the invasive species Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-Mild (TYLCV-Mld), Tomato leaf curl Comoros virus (ToLCKMV), indigenous from Mayotte and R4, a recombinant between TYLCV and ToLCKMV. In a first approach, PSG and midgut were separated by a cross section through the prothorax and viral loads were estimated in both sections by measuring viral DNA using real time PCR. As the midgut of B. tabaci was reported to be sometimes pushed through the diaphragm separating the abdomen and the thorax, the estimation of the viral content ratio between PSG and midgut may be biased by thorax sectioning. The simple cross sectioning was however validated because the ratio determined with such sections and the ratio determined after a careful gut dissection was similar. Using the simple cross section, the viral content ratio between head and abdomen was higher for MEAM1 than for Med for the three begomoviruses. As predicted, the transmission efficiency was higher with MEAM1 than Med Q2 for the three viruses. These results indicate that viral content ratio may be a reliable predictor of the relative transmission efficiency between different B. tabaci populations. Measuring transmission efficiency is time consuming, involves technically difficult experiments with acquisition and inoculation steps and needs specialized cage and containment equipment. However measuring viral content ratios needs only a few cages for the acquisition step, a binocular lens and an access to the commonly used qPCR machines. This approach might be extended to estimate the relative transmission efficiency of other circulative non propagative viruses. (Resume d'auteur)


The goal of this article is the analysis of influence of market concentration in selected areas of public procurement on chosen parameters of public procurement in years 2007 and 2011. Five concentration ratios and five parameters of contracts are calculated for each of five chosen areas of public tenders in 2007 and 2011. After this task, the correlation analysis between concentration ratios and parameters of contracts is done for finding out mutual relation between these two variables. Correlation analysis is then compared with four created hypotheses about the relationship between market concentration and parameters of public procurement The results of the analysis are surprising, because in most cases, the stated hypotheses were rejected, meaning that the correlations between the parameters of public procurement and market concentration were different than this study predicted based on economic theory. The possible reasons for this result, discussed in the article, are corruption and also poor quality of data from Information system of public procurement administered by the Ministry for Regional Development of Czech Republic.


Progress in element and chip design of single-mask bubble chips, based on drive-field operation, is reported. Three new elements, which have been successfully operated, are presented. (i) The replicator copies bubble streams for one propagation direction; when used in combination with the sense of rotation of the drive field it can serve as a bit generator. (ii) The λ-creator can selectively shift a bit over one propagation period. It can be applied in a decoder organization which permits rapid access to stored information. (iii) A current-controlled splitter-type generator was designed, which takes current pulses of about 60 mA for creating new bubbles.


the aim of this paper is to introduce an integrated system for accurate and easy rehabilitation process. A small gadget and an installed android application for on line follow up and continuous enhancement with affordable cost. The gadget consists of instrumentation amplifier, filtration process and rectifier. The gadget is communicating with android application via Bluetooth device which send the signal to patient application. Acquiring and signal processing is implemented by application for both patient and doctor. Patient application process the signal and enhance rehabilitation for patient, signals during rehabilitation process were sent to the application of doctor through the cloud to follow the progress of doctors patients. The Proposed system gives patients the ability to follow their progress, be exited and do their exercises and rehabilitation processes very well.


【In this study, we synthesized novel UV-curable binders and applied for negative photoresist of display device. First, we synthesized UV-curable binders by radical polymerization with a mixture of Styrene/Methyl methacrylate/Methacrylic acid/Glycidyl methacrylate/N-Cyclohexylmaleimide at a fixed composition. Following the first step, we prepared a negative photoresist mixture optimized with photo sensitive initiator and others for the litho test. And then, we studied resolution and film retention with molecular weight of each binders and numerical value of Alkaline Desolution Rate(ADR). As a result of the litho test, we found that if the novel polymers have same numerical value of ADR, the resolution decreased and the film retention increased with the increasing of molecular weight of photoresist binder.】


Chlamydia psittaci causes psittacosis in humans, mainly in people in contact with birds in either the setting of occupational or companion bird exposure. Infection is associated with a range of clinical manifestations from asymptomatic infection to severe atypical pneumonia and systemic disease. C. psittaci has also been associated with ocular adnexal lymphoma in human patients. The current paper describes successful doxycycline treatment of a male patient suffering from C. psittaci chronic unilateral conjunctivitis, most probably linked to the visit of a South African wildlife reserve. Increased awareness among general and occupational physicians, ophthalmologists, clinicians, and the public on the potential of C. psittaci to cause ocular infection is needed.


The purpose of this paper is to develop methods to reduce the complexity of nonlinear distributed systems by using symmetry properties within the system. A method for contracting and expanding controllable nonlinear systems is developed which maintains the controllability of the original system. In fact, it is shown that an entire equivalence class of symmetric nonlinear distributed control systems can be determined by checking the controllability of only one of its members. A group of mobile robots is used to demonstrate the utility of methods presented.


BACKGROUND
Performance-Based Financing (PBF) has been advanced as a solution to contribute to improving the performance of health systems in developing countries. This is the case in Benin. This study aims to analyse how two PBF approaches, piloted in Benin, behave during implementation and what effects they produce, through investigating how local stakeholders perceive the introduction of PBF, how they adapt the different approaches during implementation, and the behavioural interactions induced by PBF.

METHODS
The research rests on a socio-anthropological approach and qualitative methods. The design is a case study in two health districts selected on purpose. The selection of health facilities was also done on purpose, until we reached saturation of information. Information was collected through observation and semi-directive interviews supported by an interview guide. Data was analysed through contents and discourse analysis.

RESULTS
The Ministry of Health (MoH) strongly supports PBF, but it is not well integrated with other ongoing reforms and processes. Field actors welcome PBF but still do not have a sense of ownership about it. The two PBF approaches differ notably as for the organs in charge of verification. Performance premiums are granted according to a limited number of quantitative indicators plus an extensive qualitative checklist. PBF matrices and verification missions come in addition to routine monitoring. Local stakeholders accommodate theoretical approaches. Globally, staff is satisfied with PBF and welcomes additional supervision and training. Health providers reckon that PBF forces them to depart from routine, to be more professional and to respect national norms. A major issue is the perceived unfairness in premium distribution. Even if health staff often refer to financial premiums, actually the latter are probably too weak-and 'blurred'-to have a lasting inciting effect. It rather seems that PBF motivates health workers through other elements of its 'package', especially formative supervisions.

CONCLUSION
If the global picture is quite positive, several issues could jeopardise the success of PBF. It appears crucial to reduce the perceived unfairness in the system, notably through enhancing all facilities' capacities to ensure they are in line with national norms, as well as to ensure financial and institutional sustainability of the system.


Background : Oral health service systems should be designed to promote patient health, protection, and must be in compliance with Indonesian laws that help protect patients from misuse of personal information. Patient safety is a new healthcare discipline that emphasizes the reporting, analysis, and prevention of medical or dental error that often lead to adverse healthcare events. Purpose : To describe correlation that patient safety would improve patent retention in oral health. Patient safety is an essential component of quality oral health care and dentist is encouraged to consider thoughtfully the environment in which they deliver dental care, while at the same time services and to implement practices that decrease a patient's risk of injury or harm during the delivery of care. Reviews : Designing oral health care systems that focus on preventing errors is critical to assure patient safety. Some possible sources of error in oral health services are miscommunication, failure to review the patient's medical history, and lack of standardized records, abbreviations, and processes. Conclusion : Patient safety would support patient satisfaction; therefore oral health services can increase patient retention.


The differentiation of neural crest and ectodermal placodes was examined in the axolotl in order to clarify the contribution of these tissues to the formation of the sensory ganglia of the branchiomeric and lateral line cranial nerves in salamanders. The most rostral branchiomeric nerves, the profundal and trigeminal nerves, appear to arise solely from an ectodermal placode and from neural crest, respectively. The sensory ganglia of the more caudal branchiomeric nerves —the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves —are formed by a medial component that differentiates from the dorsomedial surface of migrating bands of neural crest associated with each of the developing branchial arches and with one or more lateral components that arise from epibranchial placodes located immediately dorsal and caudal to each pharyngeal pouch. Neuroblasts destined to form these sensory ganglia begin to differentiate from the epibranchial placodes as early as stage 26, whereas neural crest‐derived neuroblasts can be recognized by stage 30. Centrally directed neurites of both groups of neuroblasts enter the medulla by stage 34, and their peripherally directed neurites form recognizable rami by stage 35. Five cranial lateral line nerves, in addition to the octaval nerve, can be recognized in axolotls. Each of these nerves arises from a separate dorsolateral placode that initially gives rise to the neuroblasts of a sensory ganglion whose peripheral neurites innervate sensory receptors subsequently formed from each placode. The time course of the differentiation of these nerves and receptors is comparable to that of the branchiomeric nerves. The possible roles of rhombomeres and their associated regulatory genes and pharyngeal pouches in the induction and specification of neural crest and ectodermal placodes are explored.


Abstract The south Indian state of Tamil Nadu in the peninsular shield is a zone of low to moderate seismic activity with a sparse historical record of significant earthquakes. The current intensity-based zoning adopted by the Indian seismic code stipulates an effective peak ground acceleration (PGA) of either 0.10 or 0.16 g for different parts of the state, for the maximum considered earthquake (MCE), and the service life of a structure. In the current study, probabilistic seismic hazard contour maps for Tamil Nadu and the union territory of Pondicherry, in terms of the ground-motion parameters, PGA and spectral accelerations, at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 sec for 2%, 5%, and 10% probabilities of exceedance in a 50 yr period, have been produced. Hazard computations have been performed over a grid of sites covering the territory at an interval of 0.2°. A comprehensive earthquake catalog has been compiled for the region extending between 2 and 20.7° N latitude and 68 and 88° E longitude and spanning ∼950 yrs. The hazard maps are produced by suitably accounting for epistemic uncertainty in the hazard computations within a logic-tree framework incorporating parameters such as different probabilistic hazard analysis methods (classical Cornell–McGuire and zone-free approaches), catalog completeness estimation methods, maximum cutoff magnitude, and ground-motion predictive equations for shallow crustal intraplate environments. The hazard maps are compared to the zoning prescribed by the seismic code. The current estimations show that the potential seismic hazard in considerable parts of the state is underestimated by the broad zoning adopted by the Indian Standards.


SUMMARY: A strain of Salmonella typhimurium, in which the H antigens had been altered by transduction with a baeteriophage lysate of S. abony to the form b ↔ enx has been found to revert in the first or second phases giving rise to organisms with the structure i ↔ enx and b ↔ 1.2. No reversions in both phases have so far been detected. This phenomenon has been observed only in non-lysogenic strains; lysogenic varieties have remained stable.


The transposition of the INSPIRE Directive in Poland is carried through a separate SII Act together with the amendments of some related acts and regulations concerning the spatial data resources already existing in Polish legislation. The spatial data resources which constitute the Polish spatial information infrastructure are dispersed among various institutions responsible for development, maintenance and dissemination of these data. For the effective establishing of the infrastructure it is essential to concern the proper organization ensuring collaboration of interested authorities. New solutions introduced in the Polish law enable fulfilling this crucial condition for successful implementation of the Directive. Legal provisions secure the governmental bodies with tools for monitoring the process of creation and development of the infrastructure. Moreover the public institutions responsible for the implementation become engaged in operational management and planning of the process. Transposition of the INSPIRE Directive in Poland, gives an opportunity for comprehensive revision of the national data resources, technical standards, data flow and procedures of updating. As a result number of technical regulations were prepared in order to reorganize the system of conducting the public registers, especially in the field on geodesy and cartography. The new strategy for implementing this system includes the legal, financial and organizational issues. Moreover, in accordance to the governmental strategy for building the information society, INSPIRE constitutes a coherent SDI module of this interdisciplinary infrastructure and sustains its harmonized development. As a part of mentioned above strategy further modernization of administration systems


This essay discusses Johan Turi's images (most of them undated) and his text published in 1910, recently translated by Thomas A. DuBois as An Account of the Sámi. It is the first book in Sámi in which the colonized talks back to their colonizers. Together, Turi's Account and his paintings and drawings, some of which are published here for the first time, provide detailed descriptions of the lives of Sámi herders in the mountain areas in northern Sweden, their seasonal migrations towards the coastal areas of northern Norway, and their knowledge, culture, and belief systems. Turi's main objective was to make the state administrations in Sweden and Norway understand Sámi culture and put an end to their detrimental colonial practices so that the Sámi could continue living in their traditional land. I compare his project to studies of the Sámi performed by Swedish authors and scientists, whose views, despite their thorough investigations and "scientific" approaches, gave support to ongoing processes of Swedish/Norwegian colonization and assimilation of Sápmi, i.e. the Sámi and their land. The imagery of Johan Turi adds to his text by demonstrating the hidden as well as the perceptible. As such, his artworks differ fundamentally from those of contemporaneous Swedish landscape painters. Turi's production insists on a holistic and relational acknowledgement of nature, animals, humans, and the spiritual. The need to understand, protect, live within, and respect their environment is fundamental for the Sámi. Together, Turi's artworks and text constitute profound and well-founded arguments for the preservation of Sápmi, in ecological as well as human terms.


Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of inverse IMRT plans generated with jaw only, compared to IMRT plans with multi‐leaf collimator(MLC) for patients with the prostate cancer.Method and Materials: For five patients, two different planning techniques were used to generate inverse IMRT plans. One was the aperture‐based IMRT planning using MLC(MLC plans) and the other used jaw only (JO plans), available in a commercial planning system. The conventional 7 beams were employed. The planning goal was to deliver 72 Gy to > 95% of the PTV while keeping 10% of the rectum and 15% of the bladder receiving < 60 Gy and mean dose of the bulb < 30 Gy. For the JO plans, four different numbers of apertures/beam (3, 4, 5, and 6) were tested, compared to the MLC plans set to 3 apertures/beam. All plans (one MLC and four JO plans) for each patient were analyzed using conformal index (COIN), defined endpoint doses to the sensitive structures, total number of segments, and total delivered monitor unit. For each patient, planning dose constraints were kept the same for MLC and JO plans. Results: The COIN values for JO plans were generally increased as the number of apertures/beam increased, up to the same value as the MLC plans. The number of total segments for the JO plans was gradually increased (21, 27, 34, 40) as the number of apertures/beam increased (3, 4, 5, 6), compared to 21 segments for the MLC plans. However, the delivered MU values and doses to sensitive structures were patient‐specific and independent of the number of apertures/beam in JO plans. Conclusion: For centers without MLCcollimator, it is possible to deliver inverse planned IMRT plans using jaws only for patients with prostate cancer.Conflict of Interest: Research sponsored by Prowess Inc.


A silver iontophoretic catheter (SIC) was developed consisting of two electrically charged parallel silver wires helically wrapped around the proximal segment of a vascular catheter. In vitro and in vivo activities of this catheter were compared with those of an aseptic catheter coated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine (CH/SS). The SIC demonstrated broad-spectrum in vitro inhibitory activity against bacteria and Candida albicans comparable to that of the CH/SS-coated catheter. The durability of activity was determined by incubating catheters in serum at 37 degrees C for various time intervals. After 30 days, the antimicrobial activity of the SIC did not change significantly, while that of the CH/SS-coated catheter was reduced to a suboptimal level. In a rabbit model, the SIC was safe and significantly more efficacious than the CH/SS-coated catheter in preventing colonization with Staphylococcus aureus (P < .05). The SIC has broad-spectrum inhibitory activity of long durability and is highly efficacious in preventing colonization in vivo.


The paper apprised subsidy reinvestment and empowerment programme on socio-economic development of Edo State in the area of maternal child health, roads mass transit, public works and vocational training, community services, women and youth empowerment. Secondary sources of data were used for the study. The study further identified the challenges of Sur-P. Based on the literature reviewed it was concluded that in spite of the numerous policies and programmes initiated by successive Nigerian government especially SURE-P as high and laudable as it seems, their inability to affect the real target, reflects the gap between policy formulation and implementation, more so, poverty kept soaring high. The following recommendations were made: corruption should be tackled in the areas of misappropriation of fund, tribalism and nepotism, and fund meant for any agency or programme should be judiciously used and the accounts of the agency should be audited from time to time to curb misappropriation of funds, among others.Keywords: maternal child health; roads mass transit; public works and vocational training; community services; and women and youth empowerment


The American Heart Association (AHA) recently published a meta-analysis that confirmed their 60-year-old recommendation to limit saturated fat (SFA, saturated fatty acid) and replace it with polyunsaturated fat to reduce the risk of heart disease based on the strength of 4 Core Trials. To assess the evidence for this recommendation, meta-analyses on the effect of SFA consumption on heart disease outcomes were reviewed. Nineteen meta-analyses addressing this topic were identified: 9 observational studies and 10 randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses of observational studies found no association between SFA intake and heart disease, while meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were inconsistent but tended to show a lack of an association. The inconsistency seems to have been mediated by the differing clinical trials included. For example, the AHA meta-analysis only included 4 trials (the Core Trials), and those trials contained design and methodological flaws and did not meet all the predefined inclusion criteria. The AHA stance regarding the strength of the evidence for the recommendation to limit SFAs for heart disease prevention may be overstated and in need of reevaluation.


The design of human–machine interfaces (HMIs) by virtual haptics is an emerging field of research. So far, the perception of virtual haptic feedback, e.g., generated by focused ultrasound in midair has not been objectively evaluated. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of eliciting somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) with ultrasonic stimuli in midair for the first time. The palm was stimulated by short ultrasonic focal points generated by an ultrasound board. The results are compared with a no stimulation condition as well as with the results of a vibro tactile stimulation. The SEPs are analyzed with the wavelet phase synchronization stability (WPSS) and the M-consecutive averaged WPSS. The results indicate a clear SEP waveform elicited by ultrasound. It can be significantly differentiated from a no stimulation condition by the M-consecutive averaged WPSS. These results could enable the possibility of developing an objective evaluation method for virtual haptic feedback in HMIs.


Purpose
The theory of competitiveness of cities is based on Porter's Diamond Theory. There is a relation between housing and urban competitiveness. The adequacy of land supply and allocation of land for new housing development is integral. This paper aims to estimate the required number of housing units to secure housing needs in Tehran for the next four years in 1400 H.Sh (2021 A.D.). The research methodology is carried out using qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the given data. First, the population of Tehran in 1400 H.Sh was predicted using nonlinear quadratic polynomial, Gompertz and logistic models. Then, a Logistic model is proposed to estimate the number of housing units in Tehran. The calculations of residential units related to the population obtained from the Gompertz model equivalent to 663141 is suggested as a criterion for local authority to future decision making and planning for urban development.

Design/methodology/approach
The present research is an applied research in terms of the purpose a descriptive research in terms of the nature and methodology and a descriptive-analytical research in terms of attitude and approach toward the research problem (Hafeznia, 2013, 58, 63 and 71). To provide the required information for the analytical stage, a documentary method, related to the use of internal and external books and papers, has been applied. First, the population of Tehran in 1400 H.Sh is estimated using three nonlinear models of quadratic polynomials, Gompertz and logistic. Then, among them, the options that were more consistent with the estimation of the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (1386 H.Sh), which is the most important plan of this city, were chosen. After that, by using the logistic model, which is an appropriate expression of saturable phenomena and a suitable method of estimating the number of residential units in a city and based on the past trend, the future of housing is predicted, and the number of required residential units is determined.

Findings
Any city for competitiveness must seek the search and development of a set of unique strategies and practices that will shape its status from other cities. No single action for all cities is feasible. In fact, the most important challenge is to propose a unique value proposition and to formulate a strategy that distinguishes that city from the rest. Among the measures taken around the world is attention to infrastructure. From the point of view of competitiveness, different types of investment in infrastructure are important for different types of cities and in different stages of development of a city. Large cities need targeted investments in housing issues to overcome the segments associated with the poorer neighborhoods. Without investment in desirable housing, there will be holes in competitive advantage. In this paper, the number of residential units in Tehran was projected for 2021. The city's population was originally estimated for 2021. In addition to the models used to predict and estimate necessary, it is necessary to consider the area, land use map, future development lines and […] city. To this end, the city can continue to meet the needs of residents' diversification and the city's needs. We cannot accept any predictions about the population and, consequently, the number of residential units. Providing predictions can provide the most predictive, or more prudent, and different scenarios that can emerge, which will lead to flexibility in the presentation of plans and programs. Among the models that were used to predict the population, the result obtained from second-order polynomial and Gompartz models was found to be appropriate for the estimation of the new comprehensive design of Tehran (2007). But the prediction of the population of the logistic model was beyond the prediction of the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2007) and thus was not considered appropriate. The number of residential units required according to the predicted population of the second order polynomial models, Gompartz and the population considered in the new comprehensive plan of Tehran (2007). After the finalization of the proposed population, using the logistic model, the number of residential units needed in Tehran was projected for 2021. Since these three estimates are somewhat close to each other, it is suggested that Gompertz model calculations, equivalent to 663,141 residential units, are proposed, and according to that, local authorities are planning to supply land to achieve economic competitiveness (urban). As it is shown in the conceptual model of the paper in Figure 1, after determining the need for housing, it is necessary to ask whether the adequacy of the supply and allocation of land, as well as the importance of maintaining it for the development of housing by local authorities, is clear. Also, is there any suitable planning for that? Despite the severe shortage of ready-made land for the city of Tehran, a large volume of land is a large area owned by natural and legal persons, and, in particular, state-owned enterprises of semipublic and public institutions, which have been abandoned in cities for years without use and in the form of barren. According to municipal management laws, municipalities can receive land, taxes and fees that are included in the annual budget of the Tehran Municipality. According to the figure obtained from this study, which states that 663,141 residential units are needed for Tehran in 2021, large landowners in Tehran need to supply their land to the market. According to the Population and Housing Census in Tehran in 2011, there are 245,769 inhabited vacancies in Tehran; hence there are two scenarios for the provision of residential units in the city of Tehran in 2021, assuming that these units in the housing market require 417,372 units Another residence will be for Tehran, otherwise 663141 residential units will be needed for Tehran in 2021. Other possibl

Originality/value
Tehran is the largest city and the capital of Iran, and it is also the capital of the province Tehran. In the southern foothills of the Alborz Mountains within a longitude of 51 degrees and 2 minutes East to 51 degrees and 36 minutes East, with an approximate length of 50 kilometers and latitude 35 degrees and 34 minutes North to 35 degrees and 50 minutes North with an approximate width of 30 kilometers. The area of this city is 730 km2. This is one of the largest cities in West Asia, the 25th the most populous city, and the 27th greatest city to the world. The administrative structure of Iran has been concentrated in this city. The city has been divided into 22 zones, 134 areas (including Rey and Tajrish), and 370 districts (Wikipedia). The problem of housing in the city of Tehran has always been one of the important issues that less has been planned for it. The result is housing shortage, high housing prices and so on, due to the excessive expansion of the city, its population increase and so on.


We investigate the universality of modal time correlation functions using a closure equation for the normalized dimensionless time correlation function. As a candidate for a new universal function for turbulence, we propose a solution to the closure equation in the case of the critical value of the wavenumber, at which the decay form of the time correlation function changes from exponential to oscillatory exponential. The solution is compared with the normalized dimensionless time correlation functions obtained from numerical results for one-dimensional turbulence, such as the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation and that obtained from the direct interaction approximation for three-dimensional Navier–Stokes turbulence. As a result of the comparison, we provide evidence to show that the normalized dimensionless time correlation function is universal in the case of the critical value of the wavenumber.


In conventional navigation systems, inertial sensors consist of accelerometers and gyroscopes. These sensors suffer from in-built errors, accumulated drift and high-level noise sensitivity. The accurate gyroscopes are expensive and not suitable in cost-effective applications. To minimise such disadvantages, one solution is the combination of inertial sensors with different aiding sensors. To lower the cost, utilisation of redundant accelerometer structure as gyro-free inertial measurement unit (GFIMU) has been proposed. In this study, Gyro-Free navigation errors using four tri-axial accelerometers are illustrated. Compensation of errors in terms of angular velocity and position estimation is verified based on adding a simple gyroscope, inexpensive stereo cameras as well as creating an easy to use topological map. The topological map is easily created by means of scale-invariant feature transform method. The estimation of angular velocity is corrected on the basis of fusing the measurements from GFIMU and a simple gyroscope using unscented Kalman filter. The correction of position is performed by comparing the estimated position from GFIMU and observation of stereo cameras together with topological map. The results of the research show that the collaboration of GFIMU, stereo cameras and simple gyroscope will improve the robustness and accuracy of navigation, significantly.