The purpose of the article is to review some aspects of pedagogical education establishment in Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The author outlines that the period of the reign of Emperor Alexander I was characterized by a large-scale educational reform, the purpose of which was to create a single multi-level education system. Its implementation required a large number of teachers. It is emphasized that the solution of the problem of training teachers for gymnasiums was entrusted to the universities. Gymnasium, in turn, had to prepare teachers for primary schools. During the study the following methods and materials were used: analysis of documentary sources, assessments on the development of Russian education, published in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. It is concluded that state structures attached great importance to the system of pedagogical education. Measures on training teachers for secondary and primary schools were taken. It is pointed out that the most important place has begun to be occupied by activities related to the training of teachers for the primary public education system. The existing system of pedagogical education was developed during the reign of Nicholas I. Its most important component was the Main Pedagogical Institute established in Saint Petersburg.


BACKGROUND
Direction changes while walking are more likely to cause a hip fracture than is falling while walking in a straight line. Trunk stability is an important contributor to safe and effective walking, and arm movements influence trunk movement while walking. However, the difference in the trunk stability during semicircular turns performed by elderly women with a light bag has not been examined.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of carrying a bag on trunk stability during semicircular turns in elderly women.

METHODS
We enrolled 15 community-dwelling elderly women capable of independent walking. Participants walked with and without a bag at a self-selected speed along a marked path, which included semicircular turns, while fitted with an accelerometer attached over the L3 spinous process.

RESULTS
Gait velocity was faster during semicircular turning with a bag versus without a bag. The normalized medial-lateral center of mass acceleration was lower during semicircular turning with a bag versus without a bag.

CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that a light additional arm load and increased arm swing contributes to trunk stability and efficient walking during semicircular turning by elderly women.


While the influence of liquid qualities, surface morphology, and operating circumstances on critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling has been extensively studied, the effect of the heater substrate has not. Based on the force balance analysis, a theoretical model has been developed to accurately predict the CHF in pool boiling on a heater substrate. An analytical expression for the CHF of a heater substrate is obtained in terms of the surface thermophysical property. It is indicated that the ratio of thermal conductivity (k) to the product of density (ρ) and specific heat (c

 p
 ) is an essential substrate property that influences the CHF. By modifying the well-known force-balance-based CHF model (Kandlikar model), the thermal characteristics of the substrate are taken into consideration. The bias of predicted CHF values are within 5% compared with the experimental results.


As the average ages of North Americans and Europeans continue to rise; similarly the incidence of "old age" associated illnesses likewise increases. Most notably among these ailments are conditions linked to dementia-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and stroke. While in the early stages, these conditions are associated with cellular dysfunction in distinctly different brain regions, thus affecting different neuronal cell types; it is most likely that the final stages share similar cellular and molecular processes leading to neuronal death and ultimately overt clinical symptoms. In this regard, different environmental and genetic triggers ranging from head trauma to protein mutations and toxicological exposure may instigate a cascade of intracellular events that ultimately lead to neuronal death. One strong candidate trigger protein, and thus a potential target for therapeutic manipulation is the potent pro-inflammatory / pro-apoptotic cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). TNF-alpha is secreted by the brain resident marcophage (the microglial cell) in response to various stimuli. It has been demonstrated to play a major role in central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammation-mediated cell death in AD, PD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) as well as several other CNS complications. Recently, agents that modulate the levels of circulating peripheral TNF-alpha protein have been shown to be worthwhile therapeutic agents with the use of Enbrel (Etanercept) and Remicade (Infliximab), both of which display beneficial properties against rheumatoid arthritis and other peripheral inflammatory diseases. Unfortunately, these agents are largely unable to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which severely limits their use in the setting of neuroinflammation in the CNS. However, thalidomide, a small molecule drug, can inhibit TNF-alpha protein synthesis and, unlike larger molecules, is readily capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Thus thalidomide and its analogs are excellent candidate agents for use in determining the potential value of anti-TNF-alpha therapies in a variety of diseases underpinned by inflammation within the nervous system. Consequently, we have chosen to discuss the relevance of unregulated TNF-alpha expression in illnesses of the CNS and, to an extent, the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, we consider the utilization of thalidomide-derived agents as anti-TNF-alpha therapeutics in the setting of neuroinflammation.


An intelligent prediction control system for the external cylindrical grinding was developed. The prediction control worked with the expert system, the neural network and the fuzzy logic during the grinding process. First, during the rough grinding stage, the strategies of variety velocity grinding and high cut depth within the workpiece burning limit were adopted, which could significantly increase the grinding efficiency. Then, during the fine grinding stage, the prediction neural network and the fuzzy logic controller were used to optimize and control the workpiece size. Finally, during the spark-out grinding stage, the fuzzy-neural networks were used to predict and control workpiece surface roughness. The expert system based on neural network provided the initial grinding parameters for the above-mentioned grinding stages. The experiments were implemented, and the results show that the proposed intelligent prediction control system is feasible and has high grinding quality and efficiency


BACKGROUND: Electron beam melting rapid prototyping technology, has the characteristic of shaping precisely and complexly, is a new type of rapid prototyping technology using metal powder. Now, it has shown unique advantages in the fields of aerospace, automotive and medical implant equipments. OBJECTIVE: To explore the properties of the product, the customization ability of orthopedic implants through electron beam melting rapid prototyping, especially the ability of inducing bone ingrowth. METHODS: We retrieved PubMed Database, China Journal Full-text Database, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as Dongfang Daily, World Science, and Chinese Journal of Orthopaedics by hand, and assembly documents in Chinese and English. Retrieval time was up to September 2013. Inclusion criteria: ① articles concerning electron beam melting rapid prototyping technology; ② articles addressing surgical implants. A total of 50 articles were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Electron beam melting state Ti6Al4V orthopedic implant has a good comprehensive performance, since the three-dimensional porous structure via electron beam melting rapid prototyping, which has a characteristic of customization, can induce bone ingrowth.


Thermoradiative power generation is achieved through the emission of light from a warm ambient into a cold surroundings representing a thermodynamically symmetric counterpart to photovoltaic solar power generation. The thermoradiative diode provides a semiconductor implementation of this process whereby radiative emission from a warm diode into a cold environment expels more entropy than supplied by the flow of heat to the diode, hence permitting work to be performed. Under these conditions a reverse bias spontaneously forms across the diode allowing an electrical current to flow and hence delivering electrical power. We report the full IV characteristics from a 0.3eV HgCdTe diode was held at 20.5C and exposed to a radiant surface of different temperatures. Thermoradiative power is generated when the diode faces a cold(< 20.5C surface) delivering a positive photocurrent and negative voltage. In the radiative limit, where all parasitic processes are eliminated, a thermoradiative diode exposed to the cold night sky could deliver electrical power densities of the order of tens of W/ m2, offering the tantalizing prospect of generating useful quantities of electrical power. The linear behaviour of our IV curves is consistent with Auger mediated generation and recombination processes that reduce the power density for currently available commercial diodes to mW/cm2.


This article examines the functions of the Breton conjugated preposition  'of ' as direct object and subject pronouns. Because these uses are believed to be relatively recent innovations, they are judged by many writers and linguists to be substandard. Although these recategorised
 a-forms are part and parcel of the vernacular language, their roles vary considerably according to dialect. For this reason it would be illusory to assume they operate as part of a unified linguistic system. Nevertheless, the full scope of their functions is most evident in
 the Cornouaillais/Kerne dialect spoken in south- western Brittany. This discussion focuses on the Breton spoken in the parishes of Saint Yvi and Elliant in south-central Cornouaille (Finistère) where their use is prevalent. Comparative evidence from other areas of Cornouaille, Tregor
 and Leon, as well as similar uses of conjugated preposition  'of ' in Middle Welsh and modern south Welsh varieties, suggests that this phenomenon may have emerged as a result of common semantic interpretations which may be inherent to the Brythonic languages more generally. Moreover,
 a number of secondary morphosyntactic innovations (both analytic and synthetic) that have been spawned by these a-forms suggest that the process is internal to Breton rather than to any direct French influence. The data is presented within a descriptive, variational and diachronic
 linguistic framework.


This article historicizes viral transmissions through the global supply chain of blood plasma between the United States and the People's Republic of China (PRC). Since the 1941 initiation of plasma donation to serve US armed forces, privately exported US blood products have contributed significantly to a globalized industry, valuing $21 billion in sales by 2017. Although maintaining a blood surplus has been crucial for treating illnesses and traumatic injuries, blood banking has been a source for massive viral transmissions, including HIV and hepatitis C. Examining the news, activism, and state responses to blood-borne outbreaks across the United States and PRC, this essay outlines a constellation of viral infections derived from plasma coerced from US prisoners and PRC rural villagers. Viruses archive the structural violences of the global pharmaceutical and blood biotechnology industries. They point to the cyclical relations between persistent class-based racial and ethnic disparities, technoscientific experimentation, and viral epidemics across polities.


Objectives: The current article describes the process evaluation of a social early warning system (SEWS) for the prevention of child maltreatment in the federal state of Hamburg. This prevention initiative targets expectant mothers and their partners including an initial screening of risk factors for child maltreatment, a subsequent structured clearing interview further exploring risks and identifying protective factors and an optional referral to the regional health and social care system. Method: The process evaluation was conducted by examining the flow of participants through the different stages of the SEWS as well as asking social education workers, parents, and regional institutions about their satisfaction with the process of the SEWS. Results: The participation rate throughout the SEWS as well as the satisfaction rates were high. Conclusions: The SEWS is a secondary prevention initiative with a substantial difference to other early prevention initiatives, as it aims to facilitate intervention rather than providing it.


We uniformly analyse 136 optically detected planetary nebulae (PNe) and candidates from the GLIMPSE-I in order to develop robust, multiwavelength, classification criteria to augment existing diagnostics and provide pure PN samples. PNe represent powerful astrophysical probes. They are important dynamical tracers, key sources of interstellar medium chemical enrichment, windows into late stellar evolution and potent cosmological yardsticks. However, their utility depends on separating them unequivocally from the many nebular mimics which can strongly resemble bona fide PNe in traditional optical images and spectra. We merge new PNe from the carefully evaluated, homogeneous Macquarie-AAO-Strasbourg Hα PN Project (MASH-I) and MASH-II surveys, which offer a wider evolutionary range of PNe than hitherto available, with previously known PNe classified by SIMBAD. Mid-infrared (MIR) measurements vitally complement optical data because they reveal other physical processes and morphologies via fine-structure lines, molecular bands and dust. MIR colour–colour planes, optical emission-line ratios and radio fluxes show the unambiguous classification of PNe to be complex, requiring all available evidence. Statistical trends provide predictive value and we offer quantitative MIR criteria to determine whether an emission nebula is most likely to be a PN or one of the frequent contaminants such as compact H ii regions or symbiotic systems. Prerequisites have been optical images and spectra, but MIR morphology, colours, environment and a candidate's MIR-to-radio flux ratio provide a more rigorous classification. Our ultimate goal is to recognize PNe using only MIR and radio characteristics, enabling us to trawl for PNe effectively even in heavily obscured regions of the Galaxy.


This paper explores student's daily activity in a virtual learning environment in the anonymized Open University Learning Analytics Dataset (OULAD). We show that the daily activity of students can be used to predict their success, i.e. whether they pass or fail a course, with high accuracy. This is important since daily activity can be easily obtained and anonymized. To support this, we show that the binary information whether a student was active on a given day has similar predictive power as a combination of the exact number of clicks on the given day and sensitive private data like gender, disability, and highest educational level. We further show that the anonymized activity data can be used to group students. We identify different student types based on their daily binarized activity and outline how educators and system developers can utilize this to address different learning types. Our primary stakeholders are designers and developers of learning analytics systems as well as those who commission such systems. We discuss the privacy and design implications of our findings for data mining in educational contexts against the background of the principle of data minimization and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union.


Interference cartographs can be utilized to determine no-transmit zones and to set the interference-free transmit power for secondary users in cognitive radio networks. This paper provides a performance comparison of common interpolation techniques for generating interference cartographs. The performances of natural-neighbor, thin-plate spline and kriging interpolations are evaluated in terms of primary emitter localization accuracy and RF field strength estimation efficiency. The simulation results suggest that the natural-neighbor interpolation technique achieves the same level of accuracy and provides more desirable features suitable for cognitive radio networks.


In this paper, we present a novel fully adaptive and fault-tolerant routing algorithm for Network-on-Chips (NoCs) called Force-Directed Wormhole Routing (FDWR). The proposed routing algorithm is implemented in the switches of a TLM (Transaction Level Model) packet switching NoC using SystemC. Based on these switches, mesh, torus, and hypercube topologies for NoCs can be automatically generated. We show how the proposed algorithm distributes the traffic uniformly across the entire network to avoid overloaded links. Simulation results depict that the proposed routing algorithm is able to route packets even in the case of faulty links or switches in the NoC. Furthermore, it is shown that in the case of faulty switches the area around that switches is not overloaded and that the traffic is uniformly distributed across the entire network.


The aetiology of cluster headache (CH) is unknown and an unifying pathophysiologic explanation is not available. Based on the clinical features of the disorder, three areas appear to be involved in the pathogenesis and the expression of cluster headache: the trigeminal nociceptive pathways, the autonomic system and the hypothalamus. A brain stem connection may exist between the trigeminal nerve and the cranial parasympathetics. This would explain the reflex trigeminal-autonomic activation but a central nervous system dysfunction located in posterior hypothalamic gray matter is probably pivotal in the process. Such a dysfunction is supported by both posterior hypothalamic activation shown during CH attacks by positron emission tomography and increase of posterior hypothalamic volume shown in magnetic resonance imaging using voxel morphometry. Moreover, such a neurovascular model could be more precise considering some recent experimental and clinical research data as serotoninergic neuromediation involvement, nitric oxide one and a possible genetic predisposition.


Objective – This study is intended to explain the phenomenon of labor turn over (LTO) in Indonesia and its solution through a succession plan. As understood by the human resources (HR) practitioners LTO always be a barrier for the human resources department in order to improve the productivity of HR. It is understood that the company which connects the quality of human resources with production quality, it will create internal customer satisfaction.
Methodology/Technique – This research carried out with qualitative methods based on grounded theory process as one of the characteristics of the phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study are HR manager and deputy of training and development. While supporting the informant is the management representative.
Findings – The study was found that there are several ways that can be used to minimize the bad possibility of LTO and simultaneously reduce it from the company. However, some way has very costly and not long-term oriented. Based on the phenomenon, the company is highly recommended to use a succession plan and career management with the pattern of pipeline management. In practical terms this approach can be done by using talent management. Generally, all of these activities has become part of the human resource investments.
Novelty – This study is interesting because it shows how companies, especially textile industry in Indonesia can find an appropriate formula to overcome the LTO. Pipeline management approach through the program succession plan in this study is believed to provide a positive policy for its stakeholders.
Type of Paper: Empirical


Abstract When Daniel Dayan and Elihu Katz published their seminal book Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History in 1992, television occupied centre stage, whereas computer networks were only beginning to be used. Since the late 1990s, television and digital media have co-existed and co-evolved in still more entangled ways. In this article, I ask how the supplementing of television by a new media form, the Web, has affected the ways media events as understood by Dayan and Katz can unfold and be conceptualised. Based on a medium theory perspective where focus is more on "media" and less on "event", I introduce the article by tracing how Dayan and Katz understand television as a medium. Then follows a brief account of the vast literature about Media Events, with a particular focus on how digital media are conceptualised. With these two sections as a stepping stone, the Web's digital features are outlined, followed by a historical analysis of the interplay of the development of the Web and a concrete media event: the Olympics from 1996 to 2016. Finally, this web historical outline is used to re-evaluate Dayan and Katz's conceptualisation of media events. The analysis is guided by three themes – liveness, control, and participation – pivotal for Dayan and Katz's understanding of media events as well as the history of the Web.


This guide will help you locate reliable sources for your major and/or career research. Suggestions for finding experts on your prospective career to interview, and how to's on conducting an effective interview.


A selection of some of the best golf writing, compiled with Peter Grosvenor, literary editor of "The Daily Express". This collection of some 50 pieces is about golfers past and present - from Vardon, Braid and Taylor to Palmer, Nicklaus and Player and on to Watson, Norman and Langer - either writing about themselves or as seen through the eyes of such famous golf writers as Bernard Darwin, Henry Longhurst, Peter Alliss and Herbert Warren Andrews. Also included are items on the Augusta in April and some controversial views on the home of golf, St Andrews. Ian Woosnam, who in 1987 became the first golfer in the world to win more than 1,000,000 pounds in a year, has contributed his own personal introduction to each of the items, designed to amuse and entertain as well as providing insights into the world of a top professional golfer and his early career.


According to Self-Determination Theory, need-supportive teaching positively influences students' engagement to learn. Need-supportive teaching involves teachers providing students with structure, autonomy support, and involvement. It enables teachers to support students' psychological needs to feel competent, autonomous, and related. Supporting students' needs consequently has a positive influence on students' engagement to learn. Little is known about need-supportive teaching in the education of students with visual impairments. In this study we used a questionnaire to assess the self-reported provision of need support by teachers of students with visual impairments, the students' perceived need support and the students' behavioral and emotional engagement. Seven teachers and forty-eight students filled in questionnaires based on Self-Determination Theory. In general, mean scores were positive. The teachers' mean scores for the need support they provided, the students' mean scores for their perceived need support, and the students' mean scores for engagement all ranged between 3 and 4 on a 5-point scale. The teachers and students scored highest on involvement, followed by structure, and then autonomy support. When looking at scores on an individual student level, we found large differences between students in the same class, which implies that need support requires an individualized approach. Hence, teachers need to be aware of their students' individual needs for structure, autonomy support, and involvement and should adjust their need-supportive teaching accordingly, thereby enabling teachers to have a positive impact on the engagement of students with visual impairments.


Patients with schizophrenia and repetitive violence express core impairments that encompass multiple domains. To date, there have been few interventions integrating neurocognition, social cognition, alexithymia, and emotion regulation together as an approach to manage repetitive violence. The aim of this open-label randomized controlled trial was to examine more comprehensively the effectiveness of a novel Integrated Cognitive Based Violence Intervention Program on management of repetitive violence in patients with schizophrenia (vSZ). Sixty recruited patients were aged ≥20 years, diagnosed with schizophrenia for >2 years, had repetitive violent behavior within one year, and were psychiatrically hospitalized. The vSZ patients were randomly allocated to two groups and received either the intervention or treatment as usual. The intervention module, consisting of all defined 11 cognitive and social cognitive domains as well as emotion regulation, which were grouped into four modules. The intervention placed emphasis on the patients' behavioral problems or intrinsic conflicts in relation to repetitive violence. The results indicate a statistically significant trend toward reducing impulsivity, anger with resentment, physical aggression, suspicion, and hostility (p < 0.05). The intervention significantly alleviated the intensity of cognitive failure, improved the management of alexithymic features and attribution styles and errors, and fostered adequate decision-making styles and emotion regulation capacity (p < 0.05). The intervention, when applied in conjunction with psychiatric standard care, could exert synergistic effects on alexithymia and cognitive, clinical, and neurocognitive features of repetitive violence in schizophrenia. This intervention provided patients a more active role to manage their violent behavior with the involvement of alexithymia.


Nineteen cases of colon ischemia following surgery for abdominal aortic aneurysm are reported. Thirteen patients developed bloody diarrhea within 72 hours after surgery: nine died from acute gangrene of the colon; two survived with hemicolectomies; and two survived with intact colons. The etiology is most likely arterial insufficiency based on postoperative anatomy or traumatic venous thrombosis. The use of antibiotics preoperatively did not prevent acute colon gangrene. Prompt recognition is imperative and surgery is the treatment of choice. Six patients developed diarrhea from six to eight days postoperatively. Proctoscopic findings varied from normal to those resembling ulcerative colitis. Barium enemata revealed mucosal spasm and edema near the splenic flexure in five patients, which later disappeared. Cultures showed no pathogenic bacteria. Rectal biopsies all showed fibrin thrombi in arterioles. All patients survived and were free of bowel complaints.


This paper describes the control of an XY nano-positioning table for a compact nanomachine tool. The aim of its controller design is to provide (1) high motion accuracy, (2) high robustness to disturbance forces and (3) high bandwidth. The controller has a PID element as a tandem compensator and a feedforward compensator. A bandpass filter is added so that the table system can show the mentioned specifications (1) and (2). The reference following characteristic and the robustness to disturbance forces are examined and evaluated theoretically and experimentally. The results prove that the table control system is suitable for a compact ultraprecision machine tool, attaining high positioning accuracy and frequency response up to 500 Hz in a circular motion of a 100 nm radius.


This study focuses on the learning success and its reciprocal correlation with teacher professionalism according to the student perspective. The present study is necessary to conduct, since as one evidence of teacher professionalism, teacher certification, according to Peraturan Pemerintah Number 37 year 2009 Chapter 7, is valid as long as a teacher does their assignment as teachers, and is not evaluated regularly. Meanwhile, teacher evaluation, according to James H. Strongs, is considerably needed to improve teacher professionalism in order that teachers can provide the best quality learning experience to all their students. The data collection technique employed in the present study was questionnaire. The respondent was all students of the Departments of Ushuludin and Syari'ah, studying in semester III, V and VII who were having classes when the data were collected, with a total of 681 students. Pearson Product Moment was then employed to analyze the data, since the data of the two variables were interval and normally distributed. The present study oncludes that, firstly, 11 (1.62%) of the students assess that the ssionalism of their teachers is very bad, 39 (5.73%) bad, 200 (29.3%) fair, 192 (19%) ood, and 13 (1.91%) very good. Secondly, 13 (1.31%) of the students ought that the success of their learning was very bad, 44 (6.46%) bad, 192 28.19%) fair, 308 (45.23%) good, and 124 (28.21%) very good. Thirdly, eacher professionalism is positively correlated with the learning success; the ontribution of teacher professionalism for the learning success is 33.18%, hile the other 66.82% is affected by other variables.


A global anomaly in seafloor structure is attributed to mid-ocean ridge magmatism triggered by the Chicxulub meteorite impact. Eruptive phenomena at all scales, from hydrothermal geysers to flood basalts, can potentially be initiated or modulated by external mechanical perturbations. We present evidence for the triggering of magmatism on a global scale by the Chicxulub meteorite impact at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary, recorded by transiently increased crustal production at mid-ocean ridges. Concentrated positive free-air gravity and coincident seafloor topographic anomalies, associated with seafloor created at fast-spreading rates, suggest volumes of excess magmatism in the range of ~105 to 106 km3. Widespread mobilization of existing mantle melt by post-impact seismic radiation can explain the volume and distribution of the anomalous crust. This massive but short-lived pulse of marine magmatism should be considered alongside the Chicxulub impact and Deccan Traps as a contributor to geochemical anomalies and environmental changes at K-Pg time.


We search for the ψ(4S) state in the B± → ηJ/ψ K± and e+ e– → ηJ/ψ processes based on the Belle measurements with the assumed mass M = (4230±8) MeV/c2 and width Γ = (38±12) MeV. No significant signal is observed in the ηJ/ψ mass spectra. The 90% confidence level upper limit on the product branching fraction is obtained in the B± → ηJ/ψ K± decays. By assuming the partial width of ψ(4S) → e+e– to be 0.63 keV, a branching fraction limit is obtained at the 90% confidence level in e+e– → ηJ/ψ, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.


The present study evaluated the protective effect of Centella asiatica (gotu kola) leaf extract (CAE) against indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats. Gastric mucosal injury was induced by the oral administration of IND to the rats after a 24 h fast. CAE (50 or 250 mg/kg) or lansoprazole (a reference drug) was orally administrated 30 min before the IND administration, and 5 h later, the stomachs were removed to quantify the lesions. Orally administered CAE significantly reduced IND-induced gastric injury. The histopathological observations (hematoxylin-eosin and Periodic acid-Schiff staining) confirmed the protection against gastric mucosal injury. Also, CAE decreased the malondialdehyde content compared to the control group. Moreover, pretreatment with CAE resulted in a significant reduction in the elevated expression of tumor necrosis factor, Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These results suggested that CAE possesses gastroprotective effects against IND-induced gastric mucosal injury, which could be attributed to its ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation and stimulate gastric mucus secretion in the rat gastric mucosa.


According to computer simulations by Parks and Komorita (1997), group-based reciprocal strategies (GBRS; i.e., strategies in which players cooperate only when a sufficient number of others do) are more effective than the strategy of unconditional defection (ALL-D) in 100-person social dilemmas. In this article, theoretical arguments and a replication of the Parks and Komorita simulations are presented, which demonstrate that when strategies are analyzed at the individual level (at which they were defined), GBRS are actually less effective than ALL-D. The divergence of this conclusion from that of Parks and Komorita is attributed to specific selection factors in design and analysis of the original simulations. However, when the strategies are analyzed as strategies for subgroups rather than individuals, the claim that GBRS are more effcetive than ALL-D finds more support, most notably because players using these and other conditionally cooperative strategies tend to defect when single or in small subgroups...


Free hepatocytes, harvested from normal rat livers by portal vein collagenase perfusion, were encapsulated within alginate-polylysine membranes and served as a liver support system. The encapsulated hepatocytes remained viable and were able to synthesize protein for up to 3 weeks in culture. Allografts of encapsulated hepatocytes replaced the function of a damaged liver and reduced the mortality rate among rats with galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure.


With the advent of powerful 3D visualization, modeling and scanning techniques, there is an increasing need for tools supporting the automatic search for objects in 3D archives. In this paper we adopt our geometric approach to 3D object comparison to an industrial application of finding the best fitting shoe given a 3D foot scan. The geometric similarity estimation is well suited for search among objects with relatively stiff structure, in the presented setting we also have to cope with the reconstruction of 3D models from point clouds, and the definition of location dependent weighting based on anatomic properties of the foot.


The aim of this paper is to apply an integrated model, which combines methods of classical and fuzzy Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) in selected six large equity companies from the Serbian energy sector. The data considered are retrieved from the official financial statements. Four main criteria were analyzed, identified by the previous researchers and pointing to the employees' productivity: Operating income/Number of employees, Equity/Number of employees, Net income/Number of employees and Total assets/Number of employees. The contribution of this paper lies in the application of a hybrid model that integrates two MCDM methods: Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) to analyse the employee productivity in selected D-Electrical power supply companies operating in Serbia. The FAHP is an effective method for mathematical representation of uncertain and imprecise evaluations made by humans, while the TOPSIS method is an efficient way to rank the alternatives. Results show that operating income is of highest importance for estimating employee productivity and decision making, while equity is of the weakest. Furthermore, the most productive operations in large enterprises from selected companies of the sector D-Electrical power supply are found in the company PC EPS Beograd, and the lowest are in the ED Center llc Kragujevac.


Sir .—Traynelis and Hrabovsky 1 describe gallbladder distention in a 6-day-old preterm infant and state that the treatment is cholecystectomy. They review nine previously reported neonates with distended gallbladder, seven of whom were treated with cholecystectomy or cholecystostomy. However, we and others 2-4 have recently reported small series of newborn infants with distended gallbladders in whom antibiotics and supportive treatment resulted in a good outcome, including resolution of the gallbladder distention. Like the infant reported by Traynelis and Hrabovsky, such infants are premature and have suspected or proved sepsis. It would appear that there usually is no anatomic obstruction of the cystic duct and in most cases surgical intervention is not required. However, one of the eight neonates with gallbladder enlargement we have seen in the last three years proved to have a necrotic gallbladder as well as necrotizing enterocolitis. Our recommendation is to use broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive care


2-D polygon shape blending has been widely used in 2-D character animation, pattern matching, and geometric modeling. Previous algorithms mostly tend to use the polygon's geometric elements such as edge, angle, area and skeleton, to associate the regions on the two shapes which look alike. However they ignore the visual features of two polygonal shapes. This paper presents a new 2-D polygonal shape blending method based on the correspondence of visual features. By decomposing the two shapes into sub-shape pairs which have similar visual features compatibly, the sub-shape in the source polygon can be smoothly transformed into the corresponding sub-shape in the destination polygon. Since the feature-decomposition vertices are introduced and our blending algorithm is so simple , the user can edit the visual correspondence of features flexibly and intuitively in real time. Experimental results show that the source shape can be transformed into the destination shape as prescribed by the user whilst keeping feature correspondence.


Objective To evaluate and compare the efficacy of commercially available earplugs in preventing water intrusion in healthy individuals. Study Design Experimental study. Setting Tertiary care medical center. Subjects and Methods Ten subjects (20 ears) were assessed. After insertion of the earplugs, subjects underwent 3 standardized head-wetting protocols, including (1) surface swimming for 10 minutes, which entailed no head submersion and moderate splashing; (2) head submersion at a 90-cm depth for 20 seconds with their head upright; and (3) head submersion at a 90-cm depth with head tilted 90 degrees left and then tilted 90 degrees right for 10 seconds on each side to apply vertical pressure. Color change of a wetness indicator was used to determine water intrusion after each protocol. The same protocol was repeated for all 9 earplugs. Results Water intrusion was observed in 44%, 67%, and 88% of ears after surface swimming, horizontal submersion, and vertical submersion, respectively. The results revealed a significant difference in the waterproofing qualities of the various types of earplugs. The soft silicone type (Pillow Soft) earplug had the lowest rate of water penetration during all 3 protocols (P < .001). The difference between the most effective earplugs, Pillow Soft and Aquaseal, were only significant during the horizontal submersion protocol (P = .008). Conclusion Water intrusion occurred even with the use of earplugs. The intrusion was more significant with horizontal or vertical head submersion. The soft silicone Pillow Soft earplug was the most effective earplug for preventing water intrusion in surface swimming.


The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize a strain of Aspergillus capable of producing xylanase. According to the morphology and comparison of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) rDNA gene sequence, the strain Aspergillus sp. ZH-26 was identified as a strain of Aspergillus awamori. Statistically based experimental designs were applied for the optimization of xylanase production from A. awamori ZH-26. The considered medium components included 17 components as follows: yeast extract, tryptone, urea, NH(4)Cl, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), NaNO(3), KH(2)PO(4), K(2)HPO(4), NH(4)NO(3), MgSO(4), CaCl(2), CuSO(4), ZnCl(2), FeSO(4), MnSO(4), vitamin B(1), and EDTA. Yeast extract, tryptone, (NH(4))(2)SO(4), KH(2)PO(4), and CaCl(2) were identified to have significant effects on xylanase production using the Plackett-Burman experimental design. These 5 major components were subsequently optimized using the Box-Behnken experimental design. By response surface methodology and canonical analysis, the optimal concentrations for higher production of xylanase were yeast extract 5.95 g/L, tryptone 6.79 g/L, (NH(4))(2)SO(4) 13.37 g/L, KH(2)PO(4) 1.14 g/L, CaCl(2) 0.81 g/L. Under optimal conditions, the xylanase activity from A. awamori ZH-26 reached 47.3 U/mL. A small-scale mashing was carried out to evaluate the performance of the xylanase on degradation of arabinoxylans in mashing. Results showed that polymeric arabinoxylan content and wort viscosity in mashing with grist containing wheat malt sharply decreased to the basal level (from 470 to 185 mg/L) with the addition of xylanase.


Purpose – There are many arguments in the literature on environmental management stating that companies that have a significant environmental performance tend to be more competitive, because environmental management tends to generate positive effects on their operational performance. Despite the fact that such arguments are widely accepted, there is little empirical evidence yet of such a relationship in manufacturing contexts that are rarely studied thus far, such as those of developing countries. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – With the objective of testing the positive relationship between environmental performance and operational performance, this research presents the data of a survey conducted with 75 ISO 9001-certified Brazilian companies. Such data were analyzed by means of structural equation modeling. Findings – The paper discovered that, indeed, environmental management relates in a positive, significant manner and large effect to the operational performanc...


Large-area ordered nanoparticle arrays have shown great potential as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates. The preparation methods of metal nanogap with width greater than 10 nm are relatively mature. In contrast, nanomanufacturing methods for sub-10 nm still face challenges in realizing controllable and reproducible features. Herein, a series of triangular Au/Ag nanoparticle arrays (noted as Au/Ag NPAs) with sub-10 nm gap were prepared by utilizing stress-induced local cracking and high expansion coefficient of flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The triangular tip-connected Au/Ag NPAs were firstly prepared by depositing Au and Ag films on home-made polystyrene (PS) templates, then gaps with precise size (3 nm, 5 nm, 7 nm, 9 nm and 11 nm) were achieved by controlling the temperature of flexible PDMS, and finally transferred to the silicon wafers using as SERS substrates. The results showed that when the prepared triangular Au/Ag NPAs with 3 nm nanogap were used as reliable SERS substrates, the relative standard deviation of Raman intensity at 621 cm−1 mode of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) with concentration of 10–6 M was 2.3%, indicating excellent uniformity. The approach showed good controllability and repeatability for SERS analysis, exhibiting good application prospect in surface trace detection.


The peatlands of the West Siberian Lowlands, comprising the largest pristine peatland area of the world, have not previously been covered by continuous measurement and monitoring programs. The response of peatlands to climate change occurs over several decades. This paper summarizes the results of peatland carbon balance studies collected over ten years at the Mukhrino field station (Mukhrino FS, MFS) operating in the Middle Taiga Zone of Western Siberia. A multiscale approach was applied for the investigations of peatland carbon cycling. Carbon dioxide fluxes at the local scale studied using the chamber method showed net accumulation with rates from 110, to 57.8 gC m−2 at the Sphagnum hollow site. Net CO2 fluxes at the pine-dwarf shrubs-Sphagnum ridge varied from negative (−32.1 gC m−2 in 2019) to positive (13.4 gC m−2 in 2017). The cumulative May-August net ecosystem exchange (NEE) from eddy-covariance (EC) measurements at the ecosystem scale was −202 gC m−2 in 2015, due to the impact of photosynthesis of pine trees which was not registered by the chamber method. The net annual accumulation of carbon in the live part of mosses was estimated at 24–190 gC m−2 depending on the Sphagnum moss species. Long-term carbon accumulation rates obtained by radiocarbon analysis ranged from 28.5 to 57.2 gC m−2 yr−1, with local extremes of up to 176.2 gC m−2 yr−1. The obtained estimates of various carbon fluxes using EC and chamber methods, the accounting for Sphagnum growth and decomposition, and long-term peat accumulation provided information about the functioning of the peatland ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales. Multiscale carbon flux monitoring reveals useful new information for forecasting the response of northern peatland carbon cycles to climatic changes.


While traditional RDBMSes offer a lot of advantages, they require significant effort to setup and to use. Because of these challenges, many data scientists and analysts have switched to using alternative data management solutions. These alternatives, however, lack features that are standard for RDBMSes, e.g. out-of-core query execution. In this paper, we introduce the embedded analytical database MonetDBLite. MonetDBLite is designed to be both highly efficient and easy to use in conjunction with standard analytical tools. It can be installed using standard package managers, and requires no configuration or server management. It is designed for OLAP scenarios, and offers near-instantaneous data transfer between the database and analytical tools, all the while maintaining the transactional guarantees and ACID properties of a standard relational system. These properties make MonetDBLite highly suitable as a storage engine for data used in analytics, machine learning and classification tasks.


We apply techniques from Bayesian generative statistical modeling to uncover hidden features in jet substructure observables that discriminate between different a priori unknown underlying short distance physical processes in multi-jet events. In particular, we use a mixed membership model known as Latent Dirichlet Allocation to build a data-driven unsupervised top-quark tagger and $t\bar t$ event classifier. We compare our proposal to existing traditional and machine learning approaches to top jet tagging. Finally, employing a toy vector-scalar boson model as a benchmark, we demonstrate the potential for discovering New Physics signatures in multi-jet events in a model independent and unsupervised way.


The repair of high strength, high performance 7075 aluminum alloy is essential for a broad range of aerospace and defense applications. However, it is challenging to implement it using traditional fusion welding-based approaches, owing to hot cracking and void formation during solidification. Here, the use of an emerging solid-state additive manufacturing technology, additive friction stir deposition, is explored for the repair of volume damages such as through -holes and grooves in 7075 aluminum alloy. Three repair experiments have been conducted: double through-hole filling, single through-hole filling, and long, wide-groove filling. In all experiments, additive friction stir deposition proves to be effective at filling the entire volume. Additionally, sufficient mixing between the deposited material and the side wall of the feature is always observed in the upper portions of the repair. Poor mixing and inadequate repair quality have been observed in deeper portions of the filling in some scenarios. Based on these observations, the advantages and disadvantages of using additive friction stir deposition for repairing volume damages are discussed. High quality and highly flexible repairs are expected with systematic optimization work on process control and repair strategy development in the future.


The genus Dandotiaspora Sah, Kar & Singh, 1971 is a dominant form in the Lower Eocene assemblages of India. It has been considered a marker fossil for Lower Eocene sediments. This paper deals with the taxonomic resolution of the various species described under this genus. A new approach dealing with the development of various morphographic characters within the genus, as envisaged from the present study, has been suggested.


Physically, river floodplains have both the subdued morphology of natural terrain created as extreme discharges and sediments pass through catchment drainage systems and, to an increasing extent, the forms that arise from purposeful human constructions. Together, these direct out-of-channel inundation. As defined here, 'territories' and their humanly constructed physical forms have historically consumed or modified naturally created 'terrains' in a collection of actions that we summarize as 'morphophagia'. A more inclusive physical geography is presented, adding-in explanations for the evolutionary phasing of humanly-generated, but environmentally functioning, physical forms in the UK in the Modern Era (since c.1500 CE). Floodplain developments here took place in five main episodes of historically-contingent accumulation: the Early Modern (c.1500–1780 CE) started with a framework of purposeful owned land, and then followed periods that can be related to Kondratieff global economic phases (c.1790–1840,1840–1900,1900–1947,1947–2000 CE). Three different groups of forcings operated: (1) the compartmentalizing and patched infill patterns set by territorial units, rights and developer ownerships; (2) the availability, motivations and timings for capital and labour investment; and (3) the evolving technical possibilities exploited by entrepreneurs and agents. Epistemic frameworks for broadening the analysis of coupled terrain and territory systems, exploring actuating social forces as much as their symptomatic physical outcomes, are discussed. Globally, there have been different forcings, timings and emplacement layouts operating at scales from local river reaches to city expansion and economic regions. As perceptions of environmental stasis now disintegrate, enthusiasm for reinvigorating economic growth, with further population increase and sprawling construction may, as in the past, discount the hazards of floodplain occupation. When and why risky anthropo-physical floodplain emplacements occur needs greater systematic understanding as social and economic initiatives are being considered.


Seismic fragility reflects the ability of a structure to withstand future seismic demands. To obtain an accurate assessment of seismic fragility, it is critical to incorporate information about the current structural properties. This paper describes a probabilistic framework to incorporate information from nondestructive testing (NDT) in the estimates of the seismic fragility of a reinforced concrete (RC) bridge. The proposed framework combines global and local damage detection methods to incorporate information from nondestructive testing (NDT) on the properties of an existing bridge. As an illustration, the proposed probabilistic framework is used to assess the seismic fragility of an example reinforced concrete bridge.


Abstract Measurements of point rotations in full-scale structures during earthquake excitation do not exist at present, but average rotations can be computed from pairs of parallel transducers. The examples presented illustrate rotations in the range from 10 -6 to 10 -3 rad and angular accelerations from 10 -4 to 10 -1 rad/sec 2 . Measurements of rotations in the structures for excitation by microtremors are also described. It is argued that recording the rotational components of motion contributes significantly to the overall volume and quality of information. It is recommended that the development and deployment of instruments to measure rotational components of motion in free-field conditions and in full-scale structures will open a new frontier for advanced experimental identification of structural properties and for structural health monitoring.


Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) can enhance the formation of secondary aerosols from biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but its influence on secondary aerosol formation from anthropogenic VOCs, particularly complex mixtures like vehicle exhaust, remains uncertain. Gasoline vehicle exhaust (GVE) and SO2, a typical pollutant from coal burning, are directly co-introduced into a smog chamber, in this study, to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and sulfate aerosols through photooxidation. New particle formation was enhanced, while substantial sulfate was formed through the oxidation of SO2 in the presence of high concentration of SO2. Homogenous oxidation by OH radicals contributed a negligible fraction to the conversion of SO2 to sulfate, and instead the oxidation by stabilized Criegee intermediates (sCIs), formed from alkenes in the exhaust reacting with ozone, dominated the conversion of SO2. After 5 h of photochemical aging, GVE's SOA production factor revealed an increase by 60–200 % in the presence of high concentration of SO2. The increase could principally be attributed to acid-catalyzed SOA formation as evidenced by the strong positive linear correlation (R2 = 0.97) between the SOA production factor and in situ particle acidity calculated by the AIM-II model. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-TOF-AMS) resolved OA's relatively lower oxygen-to-carbon (O : C) (0.44 ± 0.02) and higher hydrogen-to-carbon (H : C) (1.40 ± 0.03) molar ratios for the GVE / SO2 mixture, with a significantly lower estimated average carbon oxidation state (OSc) of −0.51 ± 0.06 than −0.19 ± 0.08 for GVE alone. The relative higher mass loading of OA in the experiments with SO2 might be a significant explanation for the lower SOA oxidation degree.


This study uses the Health and Retirement Study to deepen our understanding of nonworking adults ages 51 to 61 and how they support themselves before qualifying for Social Security benefits. The results show that nonworking adults ages 51 to 61 are a heterogeneous group. A large share is poor, with low incomes and limited wealth. But a sizeable share has low incomes and abundant wealth. These individuals are income poor but asset rich. More than for singles, this phenomenon characterizes nonworking married adults. In general, we find that nonworking married adults are significantly better off than their unmarried counterparts. Many nonworking married adults have working spouses. On average, married adults without earnings have twice the per person income and more than ten times the per person assets of single adults without earnings. Additionally, married adults without earnings are 20-30 percentage points less likely to be poor than single adults without earnings. It is important for policymakers to understand who stops working early and how they support themselves. Nonworkers may be more likely to apply and qualify for Social Security disability and SSI benefits. Also, more than any other group, nonworkers will be adversely impacted by any increases to the early entitlement age. Finally, nonworkers are especially vulnerable in retirement because they are likely to have lower savings, Social Security benefits, and pensions than workers.


AIM
To evaluate the clinical value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) in predicting the response of rectal cancer to neoadjuvant chemoradiation.

METHODS
This prospective study was approved by our institutional review board, and informed consent was obtained from each patient. Fifteen patients (median age 56 years) with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated in our hospital from June 2006 to December 2007. All patients were stage IIIB-C according to the results of MRI and endorectal ultrasound examinations. All patients underwent pelvic irradiation with 45 Gy/25 fx per 35 days. The concurrent chemotherapy regimen consisted of capecitabine 625 mg/m², bid (Monday-Friday), and oxaliplatin 50 mg/m², weekly. The patients underwent surgery 5-8 wk after the completion of neoadjuvant therapy. T downstaging was defined as the downstaging of the tumor from cT3 to ypT0-2 or from cT4 to ypT0-3. Good regression was defined as TRG 3-4, and poor regression was defined as TRG 0-2. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images were obtained prior to and weekly during the course of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated from the acquired tumor images.

RESULTS
Comparison with the mean pretreatment tumor ADC revealed an increase in the mean tumor ADC during the course of neoadjuvant chemoradiation, especially at the 2(nd) week (P = 0.004). We found a strong negative correlation between the mean pretreatment tumor ADC and tumor regression after neoadjuvant chemoradiation (P = 0.021). In the T downstage and tumor regression groups, we found a significant increase in the mean ADC at the 2(nd) week of neoadjuvant therapy (P = 0.011; 0.004).

CONCLUSION
DW-MRI might be a valuable clinical tool to help predict or assess the response of rectal cancer to neoadjuvant chemoradiation at an early timepoint.


We used psychophysical reverse correlation to determine how directional signals are integrated across a time window of 300 ms. Directional tuning was time independent within the resolution of our measurements, as demonstrated by the fact that the perceptual filter was almost perfectly separable in its temporal and directional dimensions. The amplitude of the filter peaked very early (30-60 ms) and then quickly decreased to almost zero, after which it increased slightly again. We successfully modeled this bimodal behavior using a simple circuit where each directional filter normalizes its own output, with the normalizing signal delayed by approximately 100 ms.


The generalized Heusler compounds Mn2CoZ (Z = Al, Ga, In, Si, Ge, Sn, Sb) with the Hg2CuTi structure are of great interest due to their half-metallic ferrimagnetism. The complex magnetic interactions between the constituents are studied by means of first principles calculations of the Heisenberg exchange coupling parameters, and Curie temperatures are calculated from those. Due to the direct Mn–Mn exchange interaction in Mn2CoZ, the Curie temperature decreases, although the total moment increases when the valence electron number Z is increased. The exchange interactions are dominated by a strong direct exchange between Co and its nearest neighbor Mn on the B site, which is nearly constant. The coupling between the nearest neighbor Mn atoms scales with the magnetic moment of the Mn atom on the C site. Calculations with different lattice parameters suggest a negative pressure dependence of the Curie temperature, which follows from the decreasing magnetic moments. Curie temperatures of more than 800 K are predicted for Mn2CoAl (890 K), Mn2CoGa (886 K), and Mn2CoIn (845 K).


This paper presents a novel method for inferring the odor based on neural activities observed from rats' main olfactory bulbs. Multi-channel extra-cellular single unit recordings were done by micro-wire electrodes (tungsten, 50μm, 32 channels) implanted in the mitral/tufted cell layers of the main olfactory bulb of anesthetized rats to obtain neural responses to various odors. Neural response as a key feature was measured by substraction of neural firing rate before stimulus from after. For odor inference, we have developed a decoding method based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. The results have shown that the average decoding accuracy is about 100.0%, 96.0%, 84.0%, and 100.0% with four rats, respectively. This work has profound implications for a novel brain-machine interface system for odor inference. Keywords—biomedical signal processing, neural engineering, olfactory,neural decoding, BMI


The Mixture of Experts (MoE) models are an emerging class of sparsely activated deep learning models that have sublinear compute costs with respect to their parameters. In contrast with dense models, the sparse architecture of MoE offers opportunities for drastically growing model size with significant accuracy gain while consuming much lower compute budget. However, supporting large scale MoE training also has its own set of system and modeling challenges. To overcome the challenges and embrace the opportunities of MoE, we first develop a system capable of scaling MoE models efficiently to trillions of parameters. It combines multi-dimensional parallelism and heterogeneous memory technologies harmoniously with MoE to empower 8x larger models on the same hardware compared with existing work. Besides boosting system efficiency, we also present new training methods to improve MoE sample efficiency and leverage expert pruning strategy to improve inference time efficiency. By combining the efficient system and training methods, we are able to significantly scale up large multitask multilingual models for language generation which results in a great improvement in model accuracy. A model trained with 10 billion parameters on 50 languages can achieve state-of-the-art performance in Machine Translation (MT) and multilingual natural language generation tasks. The system support of efficient MoE training has been implemented and open-sourced with the DeepSpeed library.


A lattice Boltzmann scheme able to model the hydrodynamics of phase separation and two-phase flow is described. Thermodynamic consistency is ensured by introducing a non-ideal pressure tensor directly into the collision operator. We also show how an external chemical potential can be used to supplement standard boundary conditions in order to investigate the effect of wetting on phase separation and fluid flow in confined geometries. The approach has the additional advantage of reducing many of the unphysical discretisation problems common to previous lattice Boltzmann methods.


Vitamins, are any of the normal blends required by the body in little wholes for absorption, to guarantee prosperity, and for honest to goodness advancement in kids. Vitamins also help the course of action of hormones, platelets, tactile framework chemicals, and innate material. The distinctive vitamins are not artificially related, and most fluctuate in their physiological exercises. They generally go about as stimuli, joining with proteins to make metabolically powerful intensifies that in this way convey numerous essential mixture reactions all through the body. Without vitamins, an expansive number of these reactions would back off or stop. The multifaceted behaviour by which vitamins follow up on the body, however, are as yet far from clear.


Abstract In this paper we aim to conceptualize the role of users in creating, expanding and stabilizing the automobility system. Drawing on transition studies we offer a typology of user roles including user-producers, user-legitimators, user-intermediaries, user-citizens and user-consumers, and explore it on the historical transition to the automobile regime in the USA. We find that users play an important role during the entire transition process, but some roles are more salient than others in particular phases. Another finding is that the success of the transition depends on the stabilization of the emerging regime that will trigger upscaling in terms of the numbers of adopters. The findings are used to reflect on potential crossovers between transitions and mobilities research.


Triptoreline is a potent agonist of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, currently used in the treatment of prostatic cancer where therapy may be required over months or years. Frequent injection of drug decreases patients' compliance. The present study describes the formulation of a sustained release microparticulate drug delivery system containing triptoreline acetate, using poly (D,L lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). Biodegradable microspheres were prepared using 50 : 50 PLGA by a water in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) double emulsion-solvent evaporation procedure and characterized for drug content and drug release rate using the a HPLC method, particle size distribution using the laser diffraction method, and surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy and drug release rate. Effect of critical process parameters and formulation variables; i.e. volume of inner water phase, addition of NaCl to the outer aqueous phase (W2), addition of different types and amounts of emulsifying agents on microsphere characteristics; were investigated. Microspheres prepared were spherical with a smooth surface, but addition of poloxamer to the first emulsion produced microspheres with large pores. Size of microparticles was dependent on the type, as well as the amount of co-encapsulated surfactants. Increasing the inner water phase volume resulted in larger particles with a lower encapsulation efficiency. Low concentrations of Span 20 decreased triptoreline release rate, whereas the addition of poloxamer or high concentrations of Span 20 increased the drug release rateit. In conclusion, by selecting an appropriate level of the investigated parameters, spherical microparticles with encapsulation efficiencies higher than 90% and a prolonged triptoreline release over 45 days were obtained.


In many applications of packing, the location of small items below large items, inside the packed boxes, is forbidden. We consider a variant of the classic online one‐dimensional bin packing, in which items allocated to each bin are packed there in the order of arrival, satisfying the condition above. This variant is called online bin packing problem with LIB (larger item in the bottom) constraints. We give an improved analysis of First Fit showing that its competitive ratio is at most $ {5 \over 2} = 2.5$, and design a lower bound of 2 on the competitive ratio of any online algorithm. In addition, we study the competitive ratio of First Fit as a function of an upper bound $ {1 \over d} $ (where d is a positive integer) on the item sizes. Our upper bound on the competitive ratio of First Fit tends to 2 as d grows, whereas the lower bound of two holds for any value of d. Finally, we consider several natural and well known algorithms, namely, Best Fit, Worst Fit, Almost Worst Fit, and Harmonic, and show that none of them has a finite competitive ratio for the problem. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2009


A 57-year-old man presented with sudden onset of leg pain, right-sided weakness, aphasia, confusion, drooling, and severe lactic acidosis (15 mmol/L). He had normal peripheral pulses and demonstrated no pain, pallor, poikilothermia, paresthesia, or paralysis. Empiric antibiotics, aspirin, full-dose enoxaparin, and intravenous fluid were initiated. Lactic acid level decreased to 2.5 mmol/L. The patient was subsequently extubated and was alert and oriented with no complaints of leg or abdominal pain. Unexpectedly, the patient developed cardiac arrest, rebound severe lactic acidosis (8.13 mmol/L), and signs of acute limb ischemia. Emergent computed tomography of the aorta confirmed infrarenal aortoiliac thrombosis. Transient leg pain and transient severe lactic acidosis can be unusual presentations of severe infrarenal aortoiliac stenosis. When in doubt, vascular studies should be implemented without delay to identify this catastrophic diagnosis.


In this pictorial essay, we review the sonographic and other imaging findings of paratesticular masses in correlation with the pathologic findings. The examples include benign and malignant tumors and also non‐neoplastic mass lesions of the paratesticular structures. Diagnostic sonographic findings of these mass lesions as well as correlative findings of other imaging methods are presented.


Granulins (GRNs 1-7) are cysteine-rich proteolytic products of progranulin (PGRN) that have recently been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases including frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their precise mechanism in these pathologies remains uncertain, but both inflammatory and lysosomal roles have been observed for GRNs. Among the seven GRNs, GRN-3 is well characterized and is implicated within the context of FTD. However, the relationship between GRN-3 and amyloid-β (Aβ), a protein relevant in AD pathology, has not yet been explored. To gain insight into this mechanism, we investigated the effect of both oxidized and reduced GRN-3 on Aβ aggregation and found that both GRN-3 (oxidized) and rGRN-3 (reduced) bind to monomeric and oligomeric Aβ42 to promote rapid fibril formation with subtle rate differences. As low molecular weight oligomers of Aβ are well-established neurotoxins, rapid promotion of fibrils by GRN-3 mitigates Aβ42-induced cellular apoptosis. These data provide valuable insights in understanding GRN-3's ability to modulate Aβ-induced toxicity under redox control and presents a new perspective toward AD pathology. These results also prompt further investigation into the role(s) of other GRNs in AD pathogenesis.


Touch latency has been shown to deteriorate users' performances at levels as low as 25 ms, but this was tested only in short experimental sessions. Real life usage of touchscreens covers much longer periods. It provides training which could lead to reduce the impact of latency. We investigate users' ability to compensate for touch latency with training. Two groups of participants were trained on a tracking task during ten different days over two weeks with either high or low latency. The gap of performances between the two groups, observed at the beginning of the experiment, was reduced by 54 % after training. Users can thus compensate for latency, at least partially. These results nuance the negative effects of touch latency reported in previous work. They suggest that long-term studies could provide better insights on users' behaviors when dealing with touch latency.


With the exponential increase in the quantity of information to be stored and processed, an important issue that must be urgently resolved for the advancement of modern society is to decrease the power consumed by semiconductor devices with high operation speeds. Logic-in-memory (LiM) and neuromorphic devices were proposed as promising solutions to improve the operation speed and energy efficiency by merging logic and memory devices that are classically separated in von Neumann computing systems. Numerous emerging memories were proposed for the LiM and neuromorphic devices of which ferroelectric memories were considered to be one of the most promising candidates since the discovery of unexpected ferroelectricity in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible binary oxides such as doped HfO_2. Therefore, a review of binary ferroelectric oxides, from materials to devices, for logic-memory hybrid systems is presented herein. Graphic abstract


INTRODUCTION
Falls are an important factor of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Every year falls between 30% and 40% of people over 65 years, and the consequences of injuries in this age are much severe than in the younger age groups. Most of these falls resulting from complex interactions between the external and internal factors. The causes of falls of elderly patients are most frequently accidental, limb weakness, difficulty walking and taking medication.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Cross-sectional study, the control type, we analyzed the frequency of falls and individual risk factors for falls in the elderly (> or = 65 years). The dependent variable was the decline and potential risk factors were used: age, sex, use of benzodiazepines.

RESULTS
Out of 376 respondents were significantly more women 242 (64%) compared to 134 men (46%), the decline has been seen 128 (34%) were taking benzodiazepine 216 (57%) of the respondents, the most commonly used benzodiazepine is bromazepam and a positive correlation was found between the use of benzodiazepines and frequency of falls.


The article aims at examining the latest trends in stratospheric processes, in particular, the differentiation of total ozone (TO) over the territory of the Republic of Belarus and their relationship with surface atmospheric circulation. As a result of the statistical analysis, the negative correlation link of TO and surface temperature, enabling to correct a medium-term weather forecast, is confirmed. Furthermore, the fact of violation of the correlation between TO and the surface temperature during the spring-summer ozone anomalies is revealed. The hypothesis of the influence of ozone mechanism on tropospheric circulation processes based on the specific case of the July hurricane of 2016 occurred over the territory of Belarus, is theoretically substantiated and practically illustrated. The hurricane has exemplified the partial effect of the stratosphere on the troposphere, demonstrating the influence of jet streams and large gradients in the field of TO on a height of the tropopause. Thus, one has been positive to conclude that summer sharp changes in TO can lead to strong tropopause variations along with the appearance of powerful jet streams in the gap zones resulted in deterioration of the weather conditions in the lower troposphere.


Trigger-point injection with a mixture of commercially available 1% lidocaine in sterile distilled water at a ratio of 1:3 compared with 1% lidocaine alone resulted in better efficacy and less injection pain. This simple procedure may be suitable for treatments of a wide range of myofascial pain syndromes.


The sulfated and unsulfated forms of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) were compared, with respect to their effect on gastric acid secretion, in the rat. Unsulfated CCK-8 stimulated acid secretion in a dose-dependent manner, while the sulfated form was without stimulatory effect; thus, sulfation of the tyrosine residue in the seventh position from the C terminus completely abolished the gastrin-like action of CCK-8. Compared with pentagastrin and human gastrin II, unsulfated CCK-8 gave lower calculated maximal response. While sulfated CCK-8 given alone had no effect on acid secretion, it caused marked inhibition of the plateau response to submaximal pentagastrin. This inhibition was surmountable with higher doses of pentagastrin, suggesting a competitive type of inhibition. It is, therefore, concluded that lack of sulfation of the tyrosine residue in the seventh position does not exclude CCK-8 from occupying the gastrin receptor; but does prevent the hormone-receptor interaction that leads to the secretory response. These observations in the rat are different from those in the dog where desulfation of tyrosine renders the CCK analog, caerulein, ineffective in its ability to stimulate acid secretion.


Recent years, the locust hazard is a great threat to the agriculture in the east coast of China. A Bayesian network is a probabilistic representation for uncertain relationships, the directed acyclic graph (DAG) of Bayesian network explicitly represents causes and affects assumptions among the affair happening variables, which can predict the event happening through probability inference. Based on the remote sensing monitoring and experimental conclusion, consideration of the causal relationship among the factors of locust environmental roosts, we select the label factor indicating locust hazard, construct Bayesian network and predict the East Asia locust hazard. The study area is located in Tianjin Dagang and HuangHua of HeBei province, surrounding the BOHAI Gulf area. We got a good agreement between prediction factors and practical factors in the change trend along with time and the correlation coefficient between them show their strong correlation. The results presented in figure1-5.


Objectives: The H2O2 generating system of the thyrocyte and the O2 2 generating system of macrophages and leukocytes present numerous functional analogies. The main constituent enzymes belong to the NADPH oxidase (NOX) family (Duox/ThOX for the thyroid and NOX2 /gp91 for the leukocytes and macrophages), and in both cell types, H2O2 generation is activated by the intracellular generation of Ca2þ and diacylglycerol signals. Nevertheless, although the controls involved in these two systems are similar, their mechanisms are different. The main factors controlling O2 2 production by NOX2 are the cytosolic proteins p67 and p47, and Rac, a small GTP-binding protein. We have previously reported that there is no expression of p67 and p47 in thyrocytes. Here, we investigated whether Rac1 is an actor in the thyroid H2O2-generating system. Design and methods: Ionomycinand carbamylcholine-stimulated H2O2 generation was measured in dog thyroid cells pretreated with the Clostridium difficile toxin B, which inhibits Rac proteins. Activation of Rac1 was measured in response to agents stimulating H2O2 production, using the CRIB domain of PAK1 as a probe in a glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assay. Results: Among the various agents inducing H2O2 generation in dog thyrocytes, carbamylcholine is the only one which activates Rac1, whereas phorbol ester and calcium increase alone have no effect, and cAMP inactivates it. Moreover, whereas toxin B inhibits the stimulation of O2 2 generation by phorbol ester in leukocytes, it does not inhibit H2O2 generation induced by carbamylcholine and ionomycin in dog thyrocytes. Conclusions: Unlike in leukocytes, Rac proteins do not play a role in H2O2 generation in thyroid cells. A different regulatory cascade for the control of H2O2 generation remains to be defined. European Journal of Endocrinology 152 127–133


A new method of computation of Boundary Element matrices for acoustic radiation problems has been developed. The method utilizes Chebyshev polynomials for separation of the frequency from space variables in the free-space Green's function. The BEM matrices resulting from discretization of the Helmholtz equation are static and can be synthesized for each required frequency using an analytical formula. Significant savings in computer time have been achieved.


In this paper, we develop the a posteriori error estimation of hp-version interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretizations of elliptic boundary-value problems. Computable upper and lower bounds on the error measured in terms of a natural (mesh-dependent) energy norm are derived. The bounds are explicit in the local mesh sizes and approximation orders. A series of numerical experiments illustrate the performance of the proposed estimators within an automatic hp-adaptive refinement procedure.


Abstract
 Sigmodon mascotensis Allen, 1897 is a cricetid commonly called the west Mexican cotton rat. From 1902 to 1969, it was designated a subspecies of S. hispidus after which, based on chromosomal and cranial characteristics, S. mascotensis was returned to species status. Dorsal pelage is brown and hispid, with ventral areas being whitish. This Mexican endemic rodent breeds throughout the year and inhabits tropical deciduous forest zones of western Mexico, mainly associated with grassy habitats. It is rare in tropical deciduous forest and abundant in grasslands and croplands. It prefers locations with higher percentages of ground cover in woody plants, forbs, and grasses, and lower in litter and bare ground. Preference is for more open and lower canopies. It is important prey for some carnivores, birds, and reptiles.


This paper was done to identify the types and the characteristics of street fashion of men living in world fashion-leading cities. 608 male photos taken on the main streets of 4 world fashion-leading cities such as London, New York, Paris, Tokyo were used as data. Photos were viewed by students and classified according to overall images and the common aspects of characteristic style. Fashion images of male were classified into 11 groups, which were suits, casual, hip-hop, rockers/punks, hippies, ethnic, western, military, new romantic, skirt, androgynous. Frequency distribution showed that casual image was mostly preferred and followed by suit, rocker/punks. Military and hippies were least favored. In each category, almost every style looked unique and creative as a result of mixing and cross-coordination of different clothing items


This paper presents a new dual-rail PLA with 2-input logic cells. The 2-input logic cells composed of pass-transistors can realize any 2-input Boolean function and are embedded in a dual-rail PLA without degradation of circuit performance. By using the logic cells, some classes of logic function can be implemented in a smaller circuit area, so that a high-speed and low-power operation is also achieved. The area advantage over the conventional design has been demonstrated by using PLA benchmark circuits. The measured results show that the proposed PLA operates correctly.


In 1929 Forssman introduced a catheter into one of his left forearm veins and advanced it up to the right atrium, opening the possibility of cardiac catheterization in man. Since 1940, right heart catheterization was systematically performed by Andre Cournard and Dickinson Williams and many other researchers who contributed in the following decade with different approaches; at the present time the retrograde access through the femoral or brachial artery is the most widely used. Angiocardiography evolved in different countries between 1929 and 1959. Selective coronary cineangiography, developed by Sones, has been one of the most important advances in this field. Cardiac catheterization has been a valuable tool in cardiovascular research and diagnosis. Moreover, it has contributed to the progress of cardiac surgery and critical care medicine. Lately, it has derived to therapeutic procedures such as coronary angioplasty and percutaneous, dilatation of stenotic heart valves and closure of some congenital shunts. "Interventional catheterization" has become one of the most frequent indications for this procedure as long as many heart diseases are correctly diagnosed by means of non invasive technique.


Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate how the characteristics of self-generated and spontaneous images might differ between states of high and low anxiety, as observed in spider phobia. It was not known whether self-generated images could be used, in the same way as spontaneous images, to access core beliefs. The frequency and characteristics of spontaneous images were assessed to determine whether they are negative, recurrent, and link to early memories, as have been reported in social phobia.

Design: Participants were recruited into either a spider-anxious group or a control group based upon their response (independent variable) to the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire (Muris & Mercklebach, 1996). A semi-structured interview, incorporating a within and between group design, required participants to rate the characteristics (the dependent variables) of self generated and spontaneous images.

Method: A semi-structured interview was administered. Participants rated the characteristics of two images (spider and butterfly) using visual analogue scales. The downward arrow technique was used to access core beliefs associated with the self-generated and spontaneous images.

Results: The spider-anxious group's spider image was more vivid, evoked more anxiety, and was perceived as having more intent than both control images. The spider-anxious group reported more negative core beliefs associated with the self-generated image and more spontaneous images, that were recurrent, negative and that linked to early traumatic experiences.

Conclusions: The phenomenological characteristics of self-generated images can be reliably assessed and, in the absence of spontaneous images, can be utilised to access core beliefs in anxiety disorders. This study provides some evidence of cognitive biases and thinking errors and calls for a new cognitive model of specific phobia.


To evaluate the renal protection of enalapril a study was made in 37 patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. Sixteen patients had diabetic nephropathy with the serum creatinine ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 mg/dl. Twenty-one patients had non-diabetic chronic renal failure with serum creatinine from 2.2 to 6.3 mg/dl. Of 16 patients with diabetic nephropathy, 6 served as control and 10 received enalapril. Nine patients in the non-diabetic chronic renal failure group served as controls, while 12 were given enalapril. The control patients received alpha methyldopa (500 mg/day) for blood pressure control. In the studied patients enalapril was given at the dose of 5-10 mg/day. Over a period of 2 yrs, enalapril attenuated progression of renal failure in patients with diabetic nephropathy at the serum creatinine level from 2 to 2.9 mg/dl (creatinine clearance 21.5-38.4 ml/min) when compared with control patients. At the serum creatinine of 3 to 4 mg/dl progression of renal failure did not differ from control patients. In non-diabetic renal failure progression of renal failure was delayed in patients with serum creatinine level ranging from 2.2 to 5 mg/dl (creatinine clearance 18-42 ml/min); patients with serum creatinine level ranging from 5.5 to 6.3 mg/dl had deterioration of renal function as control patients. Proteinuria was decreased in all patients on enalapril. Thus, for preventing progression of renal failure, enalapril should be given in chronic renal failure with milder degree of renal function impairment; in diabetic nephropathy it should be started earlier at the lower serum creatinine level than in non-diabetic chronic renal failure, yet with comparable creatinine clearance.


The author formulates and solves a dynamic stochastic optimization problem of a nonstandard type, whose optimal solution features active learning. The proof of optimality and the derivation of the corresponding control policies is an indirect one, which relates the original single-person optimization problem to a sequence of nested zero-sum stochastic games. Existence of saddle points for these games implies the existence of optimal policies for the original control problem, which, in turn, can be obtained from the solution of a nonlinear deterministic, optimal control problem. The author also studies the problem of existence of stationary optimal policies when the time horizon is infinite and the objective function is discounted. >


Facile nickel coating on a copper surface was successfully fabricated via an electrodeposition method from nickel ammonium sulfate and then surface modification was done by subsequent immersion into the sol–gel mixture of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and lauric acid (LA). The surface morphology, chemical composition and wettability were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. It was found that the Cu–Ni–Hy–LA multilayered sol–gel coated surface was hydrophobic with a contact angle 107.3°. The corrosion resistance of these coatings was evaluated by electrochemical impedance studies (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PP) measurements in a 3.5% NaCl medium. The Cu–Ni–Hy–LA multilayered sol–gel coating showed enhanced corrosion resistance compared to the Cu–Ni and Cu–Ni–Hy surface. The improved corrosion resistance is mainly due to the formation of a densely packed sol–gel coating over an electrodeposited copper surface.


This study analyses and discusses the opinions of children contained in the texts and drawings that were forwarded to us regarding what they think about what they learn by watching television. Starting from this material, we formulated certain hypothesis regarding the relationship these children established with the television, and the way they deal with the issues that are more common in the actual debates about television in the current days: violence, TV news, soap operas, cartoons, adult entertainment, among others.


A study was conducted to identify ornamental fish species and fishing methods employed for the purpose of developing the fishery for international markets. Catches were sampled from 102 landings in Ibiajegbende village in Epe Local Government area of Lagos State during the fishing season that spanned from January to August 2002. Twenty-four fish species, mostly fresh water and brackish water constitute the ornamental fish species assemblage in the area. Some of these fish had seasonal appearance or dominance. Three local fishing gears and methods are employed namely Aso-oro, Iyanmo and Igu. Management strategies to upgrade the status of ornamental fishing from cottage to international level in Nigeria are discussed.

 Keywords : Ornamental Fish, Ibiajegbende, and Gear AJAZEB Vol. 7 2005: pp. 23-27


In this paper, study of vehicle fire cases caused by connector and power wiring of anti-lock brake system(ABS) module damage is presented. The purpose of ABS module is to improve braking and steering ability under sudden stop of the vehicle by repeatedly activating and releasing the brake with electric signal via electric control unit. The electric control unit for ABS may experience incomplete contact between power line and signal line or electrical breakdown on the printed circuit board by undergoing repetitive signal change which would consequently result in electrical heat and spark, eventually leading to automotive fire. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide fundamental data by analyzing connector and power wiring of ABS module damage conducive to the precise investigation on the cause of vehicle fire.


Joints between carbon steel and Alloy 600, containing Alloy 82 weld metal, were exposed to two steam-hydrogen environments considered to simulate exposure to primary water conditions in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) or Canada Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) reactor. The welds were found to have elevated and variable iron contents due to dilution by carbon steel during welding. This gave the Alloy 82 weld, near the inner surface of the component, an iron content approaching that of Alloy 800. A potentially protective external iron oxide film formed on the inner surface of the weld. However, the chromium content throughout the weld is below that which would form an external chromium oxide. The results indicate that low chromium content causes internal oxidation throughout the weld and potentially below the external iron oxide which could lead to Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC).


Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is caused by heavy alcohol consumption over a long period. Acetaldehyde-mediated toxicity, oxidative stress, and imbalance of lipid metabolism are generally considered involved in the initiation of ALD. There is an increasing requirement for alternative and natural medicine to treat ALD. Recently, aldose reductase (AR) has been reported to be involved in the development of ALD by affecting inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolism. Here, we review the effect of plant-derived AR inhibitors on ALD in rodents. And we conclude that AR inhibitors of plant origin may enhance antioxidant capacity, inhibit lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines expression, and activate AMP-activated protein kinase thereby subsequently suppressing alcohol-induced lipid synthesis in liver to achieve ALD protection. This review reveals that natural AR inhibitor may be potential therapeutic agent for ALD.


The interaction of laser and photoconductor in an optical heterodyne conversion scheme is studied in detail. A dc biased photoconductor excited by two continuous-wave (CW) laser beams with a difference in their central frequencies falling in the terahertz spectrum is considered as the core element in all photoconductive photomixing structures. For this configuration the continuity equations for the electron and hole densities are solved in their general form along with the appropriate boundary conditions to find photocurrent distribution inside the photoconductor. It is shown that in a CW terahertz photomixing scheme the resulting photocurrent contains a dc component and a terahertz component. It is also shown that the amplitude and the phase of the terahertz component of the photocurrent are functions of the applied bias, physical parameters of the photoconductor, parameters of the lasers, and photomixer configuration. The dependency of the photocurrent on all of these parameters is explored in detail for a typical photomixer made of low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductor.


EPR imaging with modulated field gradients provides the possibility for obtaining an EPR spectrum in a selected volume. We demonstrate the feasibility of X-band (9.5 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging in skin biopsies of hairless mice. One- (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) EPR images of the persistent free radical di-tertiary-butyl-nitroxide are measured. At a microwave frequency of 9.5 GHz (X-band), 2D images are obtained in skin biopsies with an actual point distinction resolution of 25 microns. In a biological model system, 2D images are measured at L-band frequency (2.0 GHz) with a pixel resolution of 61 microns, and a theoretical spatial resolution of 12.5 microns. In combination with the spin labeling and spin trapping technique, EPR imaging is the most direct approach to analyzing spatial distribution of physicochemical properties in skin, such as membrane fluidity and polarity, as well as detection of free radicals.


This study aims to describe the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the Realization of Language Politeness in the film "SabtubersamaBapak" by Adhitya Mulya and it was designed by using a qualitative descriptive method with content analysis techniques. This qualitative descriptive method is used to collect and compile data, analyze and interpret data (Rukajat, 2018). By using a qualitative descriptive method, the researcher simply analyzed data based on verbal and nonverbal language politeness in the film "SabtubersamaBapak" by AdhityaMulya.  The results showed that the most dominant language politeness in verbal communication appears in the film the film "Sabtu bersama Bapak" are sympathy and wisdom. Meanwhile, language politeness in non-verbal communication is dominant in kinesics, namely gestures, hands, head, and so on.


CD4 T cells are critical for resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, but how effective T cell responses are maintained during chronic infection is not well understood. To address this question we examined the CD4 T cell response to a peptide from ESAT-6 during tuberculosis infection in the mouse. The ESAT-6 1–20 /IA b -specific CD4 T cell response in the lungs, mediastinal lymph nodes, and spleen reached maxima 3–4 wk postinfection, when the bacteria came under the control of the immune response. Once chronic infection was established, the relative frequencies of Ag-specific CD4 T cells were maintained at nearly constant levels for at least 160 days. ESAT-6 1–20 /IA b -specific CD4 T cells that responded in vitro expressed activation markers characteristic of chronically activated effector cells and used a limited V (cid:1) repertoire that was clonally stable in vivo for at least 12 wk. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation studies indicated a relatively high rate of cell division among both total CD4 and ESAT-6 1–20 /IA b -specific CD4 T cells during acute infection, but the degree of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine incorporation by both the CD4 T cells and the Ag-specific cells declined at least 3-fold during chronic infection. The data indicate that the peripheral ESAT-6 1–20 / IA b -specific CD4 T cell response to M. tuberculosis is characterized during the acute phase of infection by a period of extensive proliferation, but once bacterial control is achieved, this is followed during chronic infection by an extended containment phase that is associated with a persistent response of activated, yet more slowly proliferating, T cells. The Journal of Immunology, 2003, 170: 2046–2052.


The rise of regional trade blocs and the profile enjoyed by the GATT talks, underline the significance of international trade regulation. As new areas of trade emerge and we look to the future of the world trading order it is important that we understand how it works. The Regulation of International Trade introduces the rules and institutions that govern international trade. The authors examine the theory and functioning of international institutions and blocs, including: GATT, USFTA, NAFTA and the EC. Attention is also given to current difficulties in global trade. This includes a comparative discussion of internal rules for the application of trade remedies to dumping and subsidies in Canada, the USA and the EC. The authors also examine how trading disputes which result from protectionism are settled. Individual chapters focus on exchange rates, trade in agricultural products, trade in services, trade and development and international labour mobility. The book also considers the emerging issues, including investment measures, intellectual property rights, and the environment. Throughout the insights of classic and contemproary economics and political economy are related to current isues facing the world trading order. As a comprehensive text The Regulation of International Trade will be a valuable guide to students of economics, law and international relations.