Improved potency against multiply resistant streptococci and anaerobic microorganisms relative to current antibiotics has been sought by many laboratories around the world. As one result of attempts to prepare analogs of 4-quinolone anti-infectives bearing novel ring systems, the 2-pyridones were discovered. The 2-pyridones, which are bioisosteres of 4-quinolones, are highly active against a wide range of resistant strains of bacteria. Several hundreds of 2-pyridones have been synthesized incorporating modifications at various positions. In order to reduce the complexity of this review, only the widely adopted 8-position modifications (corresponding to the 7-position of the quinolones) will be discussed here. From scientific publications and patents, it is clear that many of the 2-pyridones are very promising candidates and yet only selective members of these compounds have been advanced to detailed preclinical trials. Among the promising candidates, A-170568 was demonstrated to have the best overall profile in terms of the in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities, safety profile, and tissue penetration.


We developed an assay to test for inhibition of myristoyl-CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) activity since this enzyme is important in viral replication and cellular biochemistry. Saccharomyces cerevisae NMT was harvested from Escherichia coli carrying a plasmid vector containing the yeast NMT cDNA. Following the enzyme-catalyzed reaction of [3H]myristoyl-CoA and an octapeptide substrate (GlyAsnAla4Arg2-NH2), the assay mixture was loaded on AG1-8X anion-exchange resin which bound negatively charged reactants and by-products and left a doubly positively charged and nonbinding [3H]myristoyl-peptide product in the supernatant. Optimum conditions for separating reactants and by-products from myristoyl-peptide in a 100-pmol reaction were 450 mg resin and 25% methanol at pH 5.8. Under these conditions 97% of myristic acid and 98% of myristoyl-CoA bound to the resin, whereas 99% of myristoyl peptide remained in the supernatant. The potent inhibitor S-(2-oxopentadecyl)-CoA was tested in our assay system. In addition, high-specific-activity [3H]myristoyl-CoA, synthesized using acyl-CoA synthetase, was purified on a 200-microCi scale (60 nmol) using a reverse-phase C-18 silica gel cartridge. Impurities, including free CoA, were washed from the column using 10% acetonitrile in 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5, while purified (95% by radiochemical scan) myristoyl-CoA was eluted from the column using 1:1 acetonitrile:phosphate buffer.


Abundance, stage composition and reproductive parameters (egg production, egg viability, proportion of spawning females) of the four copepod species Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, C. typicus and Temora longicornis were measured at the long term sampling station Helgoland Roads (German Bight, southern North Sea) from September 2003 to May 2004 to study their overwintering strategies. A. clausi was overwintering as females with arrested reproduction from November to January. T. longicornis, which is known to produce resting eggs in the North Sea, had a pelagic population with all developmental stages present during winter and reproductive rates closely related to food concentrations. Although their females produced eggs in response to ambient food conditions, both C. hamatus and C. typicus were rare in the pelagic. The C. hamatus population returned in May, probably from resting eggs, whereas C. typicus depended on advection. The Centropages species seemed to be less adapted to pelagic life in winter than A. clausi and T. longicornis. Sporadic occurrence of large numbers of nauplii and young copepodids of A. clausi and Centropages spp. pointed to diVerent overwintering strategies or more successful survival in adjacent regions and advection of them into the waters around Helgoland island. While A. clausi was decoupled from environmental conditions in late autumn and winter, the other species were able to respond to variations in the food environment. Thus, egg production of T. longicornis increased during an unusual autumn diatom bloom.


Fair division of indivisible goods is a central challenge in artificial intelligence. For many prominent fairness criteria including envy-freeness (EF) or proportionality (PROP), no allocations satisfying these criteria might exist. Two popular remedies to this problem are randomization or relaxation of fairness concepts. A timely research direction is to combine the advantages of both, commonly referred to as Best of Both Worlds (BoBW). We consider fair division with entitlements, which allows to adjust notions of fairness to heterogeneous priorities among agents. This is an important generalization to standard fair division models and is not well-understood in terms of BoBW results. Our main result is a lottery for additive valuations and different entitlements that is ex-ante weighted envy-free (WEF), as well as ex-post weighted proportional up to one good (WPROP1) and weighted transfer envy-free up to one good (WEF(1,1)). It can be computed in strongly polynomial time. We show that this result is tight - ex-ante WEF is incompatible with any stronger ex-post WEF relaxation. In addition, we extend BoBW results on group fairness to entitlements and explore generalizations of our results to instances with more expressive valuation functions.


This paper examines the possibility of, and the possible advantages to learning the filters of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for image analysis in the wavelet domain. We are stimulated by both Mallat's scattering transform and the idea of filtering in the Fourier domain. It is important to explore new spaces in which to learn, as these may provide inherent advantages that are not available in the pixel space. However, the scattering transform is limited by its inability to learn in between scattering orders, and any Fourier domain filtering is limited by the large number of filter parameters needed to get localized filters. Instead we consider filtering in the wavelet domain with learnable filters. The wavelet space allows us to have local, smooth filters with far fewer parameters, and learnability can give us flexibility. We present a novel layer which takes CNN activations into the wavelet space, learns parameters and returns to the pixel space. This allows it to be easily dropped in to any neural network without affecting the structure. As part of this work, we show how to pass gradients through a multirate system and give preliminary results.


Infectious diseases are caused by etiological agents. Nanotechnology has been used to minimise the effect of clinical pathogens which have resistance to antibiotics. In current research synthesis, characterisation and biological activities of green synthesised nanoparticles using Artemisia vulgaris extract have been done. The characterisation of AgNPs was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy. Anti-biofilm, cell viability, antibacterial, brine shrimp lethality, and deoxyribonucleic acid protection effects have been screened. UV-Vis spectra showed the absorption peak of synthesised nanoparticles at 400 nm. FT-IR indicated the involvement of the functional group in the preparation of AgNPs. SEM showed the spherical shape of AgNPs with 30 nm diameter. Biological screening results revealed the antibacterial effect against clinical bacterial pathogens. Biofilm reduction and cell viability assay also supported the antibacterial effect. Cytotoxicity effect was recorded as 100% at 200 μg/ml through brine shrimp lethality assay. Protein kinase inhibition zones recorded for AgNPs (16 mm bald) compared with A. vulgaris extract (11 mm bald). It has been concluded that green synthesised AgNPs are more effective against infectious pathogens and could be used as a potential source for therapeutic drugs.


Six thousand consecutive patients in whom retrobulbar anesthesia was performed by an anesthesiologist before ophthalmic surgery were studied. Sixteen patients (1 in 375) developed signs and symptoms presumed to be caused by the direct spread of the local anesthetic agents to the central nervous system. These signs and symptoms ranged from drowsiness, blindness of the contralateral eye, abnormal shivering, or vomiting, through to respiratory depression, apnea, hemiplegia, aphasia, convulsions, unconsciousness, and cardiopulmonary arrest. The severity of the symptoms was unrelated to the dose of anesthetic administered. The time of the onset of symptoms after the retrobulbar injection was variable (average 8 min, range 2 to 40 min). The possibility of a life-threatening complication occurring was rare (1 in 750) but unpredictable. The need for closely monitored anesthesia care of all patients having surgery under retrobulbar anesthesia is stressed.


This paper assesses Danish postwar housing architecture in relation to the concept of 'everyday tectonics'. It is argued that the extensive criticism of the architecture of the postwar housing developments is probably linked to their tectonic qualities, but that, to an even higher degree, it is also linked to the normative changes and altered perceptions of 'a good life' which appeared after the buildings had been constructed. Three generations of renovation and redevelopment of the developments are described and analysed, and three different architectural strategies are mapped. The first two strategies spring from a critical approach to the original architecture of the industrialised construction. The two strategies seek to break away from this architecture by altering the original buildings: either by changing their style or changing their tectonics. The third strategy neither breaks with the style nor with the tectonics of the buildings. Rather it insists on seeking out the potentials in the original architecture, which are supplemented by basic architectural qualities, for example daylight, a view, and user improvements. The results of the three strategies are discussed, however without leading to any conclusion as to which strategy gives the best results. Nevertheless, the paper does conclude that recent years have seen fine results from the third strategy, and that 'reusing' the existing architecture can be of special significance in the suburbs.


Based on a recently proposed algorithm for stack filtering, the bit-serial window partitioning (BSWP) algorithm, a new architecture suitable for the VLSI implementation of very fast rank order based filters for signal and image processing, is developed. The proposed architecture provides important improvements in terms of the running time (i.e., of the order of 30%-40%) compared to the conventional bit-serial binary tree search configuration for stack filtering, at the expense of only slightly increased chip area. The improved computational efficiency is obtained by evaluating the Boolean function at thresholds corresponding to the sample-values within the filter-window, and by taking advantage of the ordering information associated with the threshold sequences.


Introduction Peliosis hepatis (PH) is a rare vascular condition which can be seen in a variety of settings. It is characterized by the presence of cystic blood-filled cavities distributed throughout the liver parenchyma. The epidemiology and pathophysiology of PH is not completely understood since most patients are asymptomatic and remain undiagnosed. It is usually an incidental finding on abdominal imaging or autopsy. No cause was found in 20–50% of cases but PH has been found to be associated with a variety of diseases, such as coeliac disease (CD), malignancy, diabetes mellitus, infection in patients with AIDS and haematologic disorders, and drugs such as oral contraceptives pills (OCP), azathioprine and methotrexate amongst others. Method We report a patient who was diagnosed with peliosis hepatis whilst on OCP with concurrent new diagnosis of coeliac disease and dermatitis herpatiformis. Results 27-year-old female presented to the medical assessment unit with 5-day history of flu-like illness and worsening pruritic skin rash affecting both ankles. She was previously well with no significant past medical history or family history of note. She has been on OCP regularly for at least one year. She was a non-smoker and consumed alcohol minimally. She also had a travel history to Australia and Southeast Asia two months prior to presentation. She has no other risk factors such as tattoo, piercing or intravenous drug use. Physical examination was non-contributory apart from symmetrical erythematous lesions on both ankles. Routine laboratory investigations revealed mixed-picture liver function test (LFT) derangement with normal full blood count (FBC), urea and electrolyte (U&E), coagulation, and albumin level. She was further investigated with liver autoimmune screen (ANA, AMA, ASMA, anti parietal cell antibodies, anti LKM antibodies) and viral screen (HBsAg, Anti-Hep C, EBV IgM, anti-CMV IgM, HIV) which were negative. She was managed conservatively and referred to gastroenterology outpatient clinic for further review. Further laboratory investigations revealed elevated anti-tTG antibodies and P-ANCA were positive but with a low titre. Ultrasound of liver showed dilated hepatic ducts and this prompted further investigation with MRCP which showed widespread minimal variable intrahepatic ducts dilatations. She also had biopsy performed for the skin rash and this confirmed to be dermatitis herpatiformis. The initial impressions were CD and probable primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver biopsy however showed massive peliosis of the liver parenchyma with marked distention of the hepatic sinusoids. The liver specimen showed no evidence of inflammation, granulomata, fibrosis, cirrhosis or malignancy. As CD and OCP have been showed on literature review to be associated with PH, she has been advised to stop OCP use and to be strictly compliant with GFD. She is being followed in the gastroenterology outpatient clinic regularly for LFT monitoring. Conclusion Management of peliosis depends on the cause. When a causative agent is suspected, withdrawal of that agent may result in resolution. If seen in the setting of HIV/AIDS, then treatment with antibiotic may be effective in eradicating B. henselae. If focal and haemorrhagic, resection may also be beneficial. In our case, patient is no longer on OCP and is strictly compliant with GFD. Currently, her LFT remains stable and skin rash has improved.


This paper analyzes the level and cyclicality of bank capital requirement in relation to (i) the model methodologies through-the-cycle and point-in-time, (ii) four distinct downturn loss rate given default concepts, and (iii) US corporate and mortgage loans. The major finding is that less accurate models may lead to a lower bank capital requirement for real estate loans. In other words, the current capital regulations may not support the development of credit portfolio risk measurement models as these would lead to higher capital requirements and hence lower lending volumes. The finding explains why risk measurement techniques in real estate lending may be less developed than in other credit risk instruments. In addition, various policy recommendations for prudential regulators are made.


The adrenal glands are the primary source of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and the so-called adrenal androgens. Under physiological conditions, cortisol and adrenal androgen synthesis are controlled primarily by ACTH. Although it is well established that ACTH can stimulate steroidogenesis in the human adrenal gland, the effect of ACTH on overall production of different classes of steroid hormones has not been defined. In this study, we examined the effect of ACTH on the production of 23 steroid hormones in adult adrenal primary cultures and 20 steroids in the adrenal cell line, H295R. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed that, in primary adrenal cell cultures, cortisol and corticosterone were the two most abundant steroid hormones produced with or without ACTH treatment (48  h). Cortisol production responded the most to ACTH treatment, with a 64-fold increase. Interestingly, the production of two androgens, androstenedione and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA), that were also produced in large amounts under basal conditions significantly increased after ACTH incubation. In H295R cells, 11-deoxycortisol and androstenedione were the major products under basal conditions. Treatment with forskolin increased the percentage of 11β-hydroxylated products, including cortisol and 11OHA. This study illustrates that adrenal cells respond to ACTH through the secretion of a variety of steroid hormones, thus supporting the role of adrenal cells as a source of both corticosteroids and androgens.


The aim of this human cadaver study was to assess the accuracy of zygomatic/pterygoid implant placement using custom-made bone-supported laser sintered titanium templates. For this purpose, pre-surgical planning was done on computed tomography scans of each cadaver. Surgical guides were printed using direct metal laser sintering technology. Four zygomatic and two pterygoid implants were inserted in each case using the guided protocol and related tools. Post-operative computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained to evaluate deviations between the planned and inserted implants. Accuracy was measured by overlaying the real position in the post-operative CT on the virtual presurgical placement of the implant in a CT image. Descriptive and bivariate analyses of the data were performed. As a result, a total of 40 zygomatic and 20 pterygoid implants were inserted in 10 cadavers. The mean deviations between the planned and the placed zygomatic and pterygoid implants were respectively (mean ± SD): 1.69° ± 1.12° and 4.15° ± 3.53° for angular deviation. Linear distance deviations: 0.93 mm ± 1.23 mm and 1.35 mm ± 1.45 mm at platform depth, 1.35 mm ± 0.78 mm and 1.81 mm ± 1.47 mm at apical plane, 1.07 mm ± 1.47 mm and 1.22 mm ± 1.44 mm for apical depth. In conclusion, the surgical guide system showed accuracy for all the variables studied and allowed acceptable and accurate implant placement regardless of the case complexity.


The Cu-tyrosine complex, a low molecular weight analog of superoxide dismutase, exerts an inhibiting effect on cytochrome P-450. The inactivation of cytochrome Y-450 with its transition to cytochrome Y-420 can cause the inhibition by the Cu2+ - Tyr2 complex of dimethylaniline N-demethylation and p-nitroanisol O-demethylation. In case of p-hydroxylation of aniline the inhibiting effect of the Cu-tyrosine complex is much more pronounced than its inactivating effect on cytochrome P-450. In the presence of albumin the complex produced no inactivating effect on cytochrome P-450; under these conditions the inhibiting effect of Cu2+ - Tyr2 on N- and O-demethylation is removed. In case of aniline p-hydroxylation albumin partly decreases the inhibiting effect of the complex on this reaction. In a soluble system containing isolated cytochrome P-450 and cumole hydroperoxide only the aniline p-hydroxylation reaction was found sensitive to the effect of superoxide dismutase. The data obtained suggest participation of the superoxide radical only in aniline p-hydroxylation but not in the reactions of N-demethylation of dimethylaniline and O-dealkylation of p-nitroanisol.


Objective: Central aortic blood pressure (aBP), a potentially superior indicator of cardiovascular risk, can be measured non-invasively using ambulatory blood pressure monitors (ABPM). Current devices utilize differing methods of calibration to determine aBP from the brachial pulse waveform. Calibration methods affect accuracy of measurements and the ability for interchangeable measurements between devices. This study study aims to compare simultaneous measurements from two ABPM devices to determine differences in peripheral pressure and derived aBP. Design and method: Eleven participants (3 male, aged 33 ± 15 years) simultaneously wore the Mobil-O-Graph (M-o-G; I.E.M,Germany) and BPLab (Petr Telegin, Russia) ABPM with arm assignment randomized. The devices utilize differing calibration methods for the brachial pulse wave (MoG: mean/diastolic; BPLab: systolic/diastolic). Brachial and aBP readings were taken simultaneously (3 minute range) every 15 minutes over a period of 7 hours during the day. Parameter means produced by each device for the 7-hour period were analysed for significant differences using paired t-tests, linear regression and Blant-Altman plots. Results: Despite small differences between overall means, the Mobil-O-Graph produced significantly higher estimations of diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and aortic diastolic blood pressure (aDBP), while the BPLab produced a significantly higher estimation of peripheral pulse pressure (pPP) (Table). There was a very large difference in aortic augmentation index (aAIx, %), with the Mobil-O-Graph consistently producing a higher value. Linear regression indicated strong correlation coefficient for all parameters except pressure pulse amplification (pAmp). Figure. No caption available. Conclusions: The two devices with differing calibration methods produced essentially comparable results for calibrated parameters of blood pressure. However, large differences were observed in aAIx, an uncalibrated, waveform-dependent parameter. Further studies on larger sample sizes and additionally taking into account potential inter-arm differences are advised.


PURPOSES : The evaluation of the pavement condition of the asphalt concrete pavement of No. 2 runway of Inchon International Airport through PMS, a supporting system for making a decision of pavement, maintenance and repair, was made, and the proper time for repair according to the PCI reduction rate was suggested. METHODS : By comparing and analyzing the evaluation results of pavements built in 2009, 2010, 2011, PCI change in each facility (No. 2 runway, C parallel taxiway, connection taxiway) was calculated. By applying the calculated change to PCI deduction rate model, the pavement condition of the target sections was estimated, and then the necessary section and time for repair were chosen. RESULTS : After careful consideration of the time for pavement and maintenance, based on the result of PCI prediction, it was estimated that the southern takeoff and landing section of No. 2 runway was required to be repaired in 2012; connection taxiway in 2013; and C parallel taxiway in 2014; however, the section which is the main moving route of connection taxiway and C parallel taxiway was needed to be repaired in 2012. CONCLUSIONS : For maintenance and repair of airport pavements, the optimal alternative should be chosen by considering economics and operability, via examining the time for repair and the aspect of management all together on the basis of this study.


In 2009, the National Quality Forum (NQF) published the rates of complications following primary total hip replacement and total knee replacement; these complication rates across U.S. hospitals ranged from a mean of 2.2% to 8.9%, with a median prevalence of 4.2%1. The NQF concluded that "this variation likely indicates differences in quality of care received across hospitals." In September 2012, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) issued preliminary hospital-specific reports of thirty-day risk-standardized readmission rates after elective primary total hip and/or knee arthroplasty and total adverse event rates2. CMS is now implementing routine, hospital-specific, public total joint replacement quality reports based on these measures to compare risk-adjusted thirty-day outcomes. The recent release of publicly reported total joint replacement outcomes illustrates the growing importance that public health officials place on measuring and comparing outcomes after total joint replacement across hospitals and surgeons.

While the CMS methods represent an important first step, the CMS risk-adjustment methodology raises a number of concerns. First, the CMS models are based solely on administrative billing data and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) comorbidity codes and lack surgeon and patient-reported health information. Surgeon-reported clinical risk factors are often central to quality measurement systems, as highlighted in the coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) outcome reports of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons3. To advocate for the addition of clinical risk factors in comparative data for total joint replacement, arthroplasty surgeons need a clearer understanding of key preoperative risk factors that influence postoperative outcomes. From the public perspective, it is important that patients with severe knee or hip conditions have full access to expert surgeons and be aware of the impact of their preoperative condition on outcomes. The second major limitation of the CMS reports is that the analyses are …


Excessive stimulation of the quinolinic acid induces neuronal cell death and is implicated in developing several neurodegenerative diseases. This study investigated whether a Wnt5a antagonist plays a neuroprotective role by regulating the Wnt pathway, activating cellular signaling mechanisms, including MAP kinase and ERK, and acting on the antiapoptotic and the proapoptotic genes in N18D3 neural cells. The cells were pretreated with a Wnt5a antagonist Box5, for one hour and then exposed to quinolinic acid (QUIN), an NMDA receptor agonist for 24 hours. An MTT assay and DAPI staining were used to evaluate cell viability and apoptosis, respectively, demonstrating that Box5 protected the cells from apoptotic death. In addition, a gene expression analysis revealed that Box5 prevented the QUIN-induced expression of the pro-apoptotic genes, BAD and BAX, and increased that of the anti-apoptotic genes, Bcl-xL, BCL2, and BCLW. Further examination of potential cell signaling candidates involved in this neuroprotective effect showed that the immunoreactivity of ERK was significantly increased in the cells treated with Box5. These results suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of Box5 against QUIN-induced excitotoxic cell death involves the regulation of ERK and modulation of cell survival and death genes through decreasing the Wnt pathway, specifically Wnt5a.


Dirac materials are of great interest as condensed matter realizations of the Dirac and Weyl equations. In particular, they serve as a starting point for the study of topological phases. This physics has been extensively studied in electronic systems such as graphene, Weyl- and Dirac semi-metals. In contrast, recent studies have highlighted several examples of Dirac-like cones in collective excitation spectra, viz. in phonon, magnon and triplon bands. These cannot be directly related to the Dirac or Weyl equations as they are bosonic in nature with pseudo-unitary band bases. In this article, we show that any Dirac-like equation can be smoothly deformed into a form that is applicable to bosonic bands. The resulting bosonic spectra bear a two-to-one relation to that of the parent Dirac system. Their dispersions inherit several interesting properties including conical band touching points and a gap-opening-role for `mass' terms. The relationship also extends to the band eigenvectors with the bosonic states carrying the same Berry connections as the parent fermionic states. The bosonic bands thus inherit topological character as well. If the parent fermionic system has non-trivial topology that leads to mid-gap surface states, the bosonic analogue also hosts surface states that lie within the corresponding band gap. The proposed bosonic Dirac structure appears in several known models. In materials, it is realized in Ba$_2$CuSi$_2$O$_6$Cl$_2$ and possibly in CoTiO$_3$ as well as in paramagnetic honeycomb ruthenates. Our results allow for a rigorous understanding of Dirac phononic and magnonic systems and enable concrete predictions, e.g., of surface states in magnonic topological insulators and Weyl semi-metals.


A local prostatectomy audit is being undertaken to gain some insight into the pre- and peri-operative factors that influence post-operative outcome and length of post-operative stay. The aims of the first phase of the audit, involving 150 prostatectomy patients, have been to attempt to define the minimum data set required to meet the study's objectives, and to devise a data-collecting tool that can be completed by the medical and nursing staff as part of the routine work. A tentative model has been devised to forecast post-operative stay. The audit has raised a number of questions which will form the basis of further studies.


We present a bound relating the decoding delay, correctable burst length and rate of any erasure correcting code. Next we describe a new code construction which is optimal in the sense that the proposed codes have the shortest possible decoding delay allowed by our bound. These "maximally short" codes provide a useful tool to mitigate packet loss in delay sensitive applications.


This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of online learning in Social Science which was implemented in the fifth grades of elementary school as seen from the teacher's ability to managed online learning, student activities during online learning and the outcomes of student's cognitive learning. This research was conducted at Soropadan elementary school of Surakarta, from October to December. This research used phenomenological qualitative research method. The subject of this study were the teachers and the students of Soropadan elementary school of Surakarta. The technique of collecting the data used were observation, interview, and document analysis techniques. From those three data, it can be concluded that online learning which implemented in the fifth grades of Soropadan elementary school of Surakarta  in Social Science was less effective. This phenomenon occurs because there was only one from the three indicators that can worked properly. Many factors influence it, such as the limitation of the teachers, the parents' ability in using or providing the online media, the passive students in the online learning process, also the decrease of the outcomes of the students' cognitive learning during the online learning. In online learning, not only teachers, students, and schools as determinants of success but infrastructures such as devices, the internet, and the environment of students at home also have an important effect. This infrastructure factor causes low enthusiasm and activeness of students so that cognitive learning outcomes decline. T herefore this research is important for better online learning in elementary school. K eyword : effectiveness of learning, online learning, social studies learning, elementary school


The number of drugs which dilate the pupil is so very large, and the physiologic relations of many of them so distant, that a consideration of all those substances which might be called mydriatics would not only consume much more time than is at our disposal, but would necessitate classing together of drugs not naturally so related. I shall, therefore, confine my remarks to those alkaloids which belong to the series of tropins; and for similar reasons of brevity omit the consideration of the synthetic alkaloids of this series, such as homatropin. Before, however, taking up the consideration of the physiologic action of these substances, I wish to call attention to the very unfortunate confusion in the nomenclature of the active principles of the solanaceous plants. As various investigators have from time to time discovered in different members of this family alkaloidal principles, they have given new names to their


In light of the debates on the "feminisation of religion" that have animated historiography, during the Restoration one can distinguish two educational strategies towards the education of women. On the one hand, we can make out a symbolic system in which women, whether religious or married, fulfilled values that the male part of society seemed to deny or have forgotten. The same period, especially through the social action of the new religious congregations, saw an activity and a visibility that could not be attributed to a political dimension, but rather to a pre-political one. The relationship between women and the sacred conferred legitimacy on the reclusion of women, that is, the need for a confinement which constituted the physical and symbolic element of the continuity between the education given in monastic institutions and that of many nineteenth-century boarding schools for young women. Women's action outside the classroom belonged more to the sphere of the symbolic than to that of the useful, and, in any case, were founded on an essentially individual type of relationship.


Objectives: The effects of various hormonal replacement treatments (HRT) on tear functions in postmenopausal women were evaluated. Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 84 postmenopausal women, 26 patients using conjugated estrogen (Group1), 15 patients using conjugated estrogen + medroxyprogesterone acetate (Group 2), 19 patients using Tibolone (Group 3) and 24 patients as control group (Group 4). Schirmer test was performed and tear break up time (BUT) was measured. The mean of right and left eye measurements were used in the study. Groups that receiving HRT were compared with each other and with control group. Results: Mean age of 84 postmenopausal women was 51.97±5.70 years. Mean value of right and left eye Schirmer test was 18.57±3.98 mm in group 1, 20.80±2.84 mm in group 2, 21.00±5.05 mm in group 3, and 13.75±3.49 mm in group 4. Mean tear BUT was 12.05±3.45 sec. in group 1, 12.90±2.13 sec. in group 2, 14.00±2.77 sec. in Group 3, 8.10±3.21 sec. in Group 4. Schirmer test results and tear break up time of all groups that receive HRT were statistically higher than the control group. There was no statistical significant difference between the HRT receiving groups. Conclusion: HRT, independent from its content, preserves tear functions in postmenopausal women..©2008, Firat University, Medical Faculty.


The Euro-crisis and the legal responses to it have profoundly changed the constitutional architecture of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) leading to the introduction of tighter budgetary rules, new mechanisms of financial stabilization and a comprehensive framework of economic adjustment for states in fiscal troubles. Yet, during the last years, the legal measures enacted by the European Union (EU) and the member states to respond to the crisis have increasingly fell prey to the scrutiny of courts, both at the national and supranational level. This paper provides a first comprehensive analysis of decisions by high courts in Estonia, France, Germany, Ireland, Portugal and the EU with the aim to discuss the role of the judiciary in fiscal affairs. The paper identifies a trend of increasing judicial involvement in EMU and explains it in light of the intergovernmental approach followed to respond to the Euro-crisis. As the paper argues, the choice of an intergovernmental management of the crisis, with frequent resort to international agreements outside the framework of EU law, has paradoxically produced greater judicialization than what would have occurred had the member states acted within the EU legal order. As the paper suggests, though, constitutional arguments related to expertise, voice and rights still plead in favor of letting the political branches take the lead in fiscal affairs. Hence, the paper concludes by indicating that future reforms of the EMU should be carried out through EU legislation – which is more legitimate in democratic terms (because of the political guarantees that surround law-making in the EU) and more secure in judicial terms (because of the more limited space for judicial overreach). Yet, the paper also underlines how the EU political process needs urgently to be reformed in order to improve its legitimacy and democracy.


Surface immunoglobulins (Ig) of normal and malignant lymphoid cells were detected on prefixed, smeared (method A) and live (method B) cell suspensions; the results were compared with regard to staining patterns, specificity and sensitivity. In both methods surface Ig were detected by a direct immunoperoxidase procedure using conjugated purified antibody. Although method A has practical advantages, method B is more sensitive. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed in relation to surface Ig denaturation and redistribution.


Healthcare services are tightly connected with complex data analysis techniques to enable optimal resource allocation in medical institutions. This paper proposes a detailed analysis of incoming patient flow to local polyclinic by integrating clustering techniques, process mining and a concept of self-organizing systems. The study takes into account concepts based on models of managing social networks, the participants of which today can be both people and intelligent software. How could patient flow model be developed using a clinical pathways approach that combines clinical pathways tool, social media analysis, hierarchical agglomerative clustering method and probabilistic topic modeling to investigate the optimal resource utilization of medical facility? The methodology to answer this research question was demonstrated using a time- series clustering (kmedoids, Ward's method, Latent Dirichlet Allocation, Additive Regularization of Topic Models), Naive Bayes classifier based on public real data of 64668 depersonalized patient- doctor of 32 specialties conversions. In this paper, a modeling methodology for heterogeneous patient flow segmentation is proposed. The presented approaches serve as the foundation for the further development of a queuing system model of a medical institution. In addition, the shared economy principles are applied by the development of such service that would reduce the workload of appointments to therapists by matching patients to needed doctors.


AbstractLung ultrasound (LU) is increasingly used to assess pleural and lung disease in intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency unit at the bedside. We assessed the performance of bedside chest radiograph (CR) and LU during severe acute chest syndrome (ACS), using computed tomography (CT) as the reference standard.We prospectively explored 44 ACS episodes (in 41 patients) admitted to the medical ICU. Three imaging findings were evaluated (consolidation, ground-glass opacities, and pleural effusion). A score was used to quantify and compare loss of lung aeration with each technique and assess its association with outcome.A total number of 496, 507, and 519 lung regions could be assessed by CT scan, bedside CR, and bedside LU, respectively. Consolidations were the most common pattern and prevailed in lung bases (especially postero-inferior regions). The agreement with CT scan patterns was significantly higher for LU as compared to CR (&kgr; coefficients of 0.45 ± 0.03 vs 0.30 ± 0.03, P < 0.01 for the parenchyma, and 0.73 ± 0.08 vs 0.06 ± 0.09, P < 0.001 for pleural effusion). The Bland and Altman analysis showed a nonfixed bias of −1.0 (P = 0.12) between LU score and CT score whereas CR score underestimated CT score with a fixed bias of −5.8 (P < 0.001). The specificity for the detection of consolidated regions or pleural effusion (using CT scan as the reference standard) was high for LU and CR, whereas the sensitivity was high for LU but low for CR. As compared to others, ACS patients with an LU score above the median value of 11 had a larger volume of transfused and exsanguinated blood, greater oxygen requirements, more need for mechanical ventilation, and a longer ICU length of stay.LU outperformed CR for the diagnosis of consolidations and pleural effusion during ACS. Higher values of LU score identified patients at risk of worse outcome.


A 69‐year‐old patient, with known mercury and adhesive plaster allergy, developed facial dermatitis within 24 h of contact with arnica (Arnica). Skin testing showed positive reactions to arnica and, among various other plants of the Compositae, also to Tagetes sp. hybr. (marigold). Cross‐reactivity between Tagetes and arnica has not previously been described.


Background: Diabetes type 2 and periodontitis has bi-directional relationship not only diabetes is a risk factor for periodontitis but periodontitis could have negative effect on glycemic control. Poor glycemic control is associated with reduced salivary pH. Aim: To compare the difference in salivary PH in patients with Periodontitis with or without Diabetes mellitus (Type 2). Method: A total of 348 consenting subjects were recruited for this investigation. There were 116 with diabetes mellitus and periodontitis, 116 with periodontitis but not diabetes and 116 patients with no periodontitis and diabetes. Salivary PH strips were used to determine the PH levels in each participant and recorded. Results: Participants with periodontitis and diabetes had decreased salivary PH of 6.16 ± 0.03 when compared with individuals with periodontitis who were not diabetic who had PH of 6.62 ± 0.04. The mean salivary PH was compared between the three groups (Control, Periodontitis and DM) where a statistically significant relationship was determined (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our study concluded that the salivary PH of patients with DM and periodontitis is lower than that of the control group. The difference in mean PH value between group 1, group 2 and group3 was statistically significant (P<0.05). Keywords: Periodontitis, Diabetes mellitus, salivary PH


The paper is concerned with the data on late radiation injuries of normal tissues and critical organs in a group of 35 patients after fast neutron therapy in a period of 12 mos.-3.5 yrs. The value of radiation exposure of critical organs and tissues was considered for patients with head and neck tumors in relation to methods of fast neutron therapy and photon radiation with 60Co after a radical program.


Pure Silicon Recovering from Photovoltaic Modules Photovoltaic technology is worldwide used to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity for industrial, commercial, residential and community applications. The average lifetime of PV modules can be expected to be more than 25 years. The disposal of PV systems will emerge as a problem, considering the still increasing production of PV modules. Recycling of such modules can be done at about the same cost level as its disposal. Recovering the pure silicon from damaged or end-of-life PV modules can lead to economical and environmental benefit. Chemical treatment conditions need to be precisely adjusted in order to achieve the required purity level of the recovered silicon. For crystalline silicon based PV systems, a series of etching processes has been carried out as follows: electric connectors (etching or removing), ARC and n-p junction etching. The chemistry of etching solutions was individually adjusted for the different silicon cell types. Efforts were taken in order to formulate a universal composition of etching solution.


Little is known about the prevalence and phenotype of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or spectrum disorders (FASD) in Korea. This study was performed to describe the distribution of alcohol‐related physical features in a genetically homogeneous sample of children and adolescents in institutional settings in Korea. Children and adolescents receiving services in one of seven institutions in Seoul, Korea were screened for growth deficiency. Those who screened positive were assessed using a structured protocol for the key cardinal features of FAS, and for 11 additional alcohol‐related dysmorphologic features. Based on these findings, children and adolescents were categorized as FAS, Deferred (some characteristic features of FAS), and No FAS. Groups were compared on the prevalence of specific additional features and number of additional features, stratified by gender and age. Of 307 children and adolescents screened, 87 received the dysmorphology evaluation. Thirteen were classified as FAS, 44 Deferred, and 30 No FAS. The frequency of 10 of the 11 additional alcohol‐related features did not differ significantly by FAS category. Palmar crease abnormalities were more common in FAS (53.8%) than in the Deferred category (25.0%) or the No FAS category (6.7%) (P = 0.003). A high prevalence across all groups was found for midfacial hypoplasia and epicanthal folds, whereas only one child exhibited ptosis. This study suggests that an FASD phenotype variant related to ethnic differences in the range of defects specific to prenatal alcohol exposure may be present in the Korean population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Let $f\colon M^{2n}\to\R^{2n+p}$, $2\leq p\leq n-1$, be an isometric immersion of a Kaehler manifold into Euclidean space. Yan and Zheng conjectured in \cite{YZ} that if the codimension is $p\leq 11$ then, along any connected component of an open dense subset of $M^{2n}$, the submanifold is as follows: it is either foliated by holomorphic submanifolds of dimension at least $2n-2p$ with tangent spaces in the kernel of the second fundamental form whose images are open subsets of affine vector subspaces, or it is embedded holomorphically in a Kaehler submanifold of $\R^{2n+p}$ of larger dimension than $2n$. This bold conjecture was proved by Dajczer and Gromoll just for codimension three and then by Yan and Zheng for codimension four. In this paper we prove that the second fundamental form of the submanifold behaves pointwise as expected in case that the conjecture is true. This result is a first fundamental step for a possible classification of the non-holomorphic Kaehler submanifolds lying with low codimension in Euclidean space. A counterexample shows that our proof does not work for higher codimension, indicating that proposing $p=11$ in the conjecture as the largest codimension is appropriate.


In this study, we discuss the inequality in the utility of data resources – the extent to which records in large datasets differ in their business-value contribution. We introduce analytical tools for modeling and quantifying inequality, and demonstrate their application for assessing inequality in a large data repository. We suggest that the distribution of utility and the magnitude of inequality have important implications for data management such as impacting the design and administration of the data resource, informing data acquisition and retention policies, and prioritizing quality improvement efforts.


Summary form only given. In this case history, we discuss the evolution of superconductivity from empirical discovery to theory development, to proof of the theory by the General Electric (GE) laboratory experiments, to the development, design and manufacture of superconducting materials and magnets for a limited market, to the breakthrough of application to magnet resonance imaging (MRI) which resulted in the world leadership of GE in sales and profits in the medical diagnostic imaging market. We show how the basic research by GE physicist Ivar Giaever led to a Nobel Prize but did not produce any commercial benefit for GE for twenty years. In fact, GE decided not to enter the superconducting materials and magnets business, and allowed entrepreneurial researchers to spin off a new venture. Only ten years later did GE decide to reenter the business and produce its own magnets for vertical integration within its MRI business to become the world leader. By analyzing the risks involved in new product development and launch, we explain why GE's decision to spin off the business in 1971 was strategically correct, and why the decision to reenter the business ten years later was equally strategically correct.


The Covid-19 pandemic caused major shifts in the operation and fortunes of several industries within New Zealand, including an immediate impact on the workforce. In this setting, the combined epidemiological and economic responses of the government, businesses and the general public played a significant role in the health of, and the provision of basic necessities to, the population, maintaining the viability of the economy despite lockdowns. Indeed, New Zealand's combination of policy responses resulted in one of the world's lowest death rates, while the economy's economic loss was on a par with the European countries. Policy responses to workforce disruptions included the swift designation of essential service workers, a government-sponsored wage subsidy scheme and the facilitation of remote work and digital commerce, which allowed uninterrupted operations for many businesses and public sector agencies. This chapter discusses the changes in the business environment in New Zealand from an economics perspective, and the special elements of the government's policy response to the Covid-19 pandemic. © The Editors and Contributing Authors Severally 2021.


The applied method of the amplitude envelopes give us the possibility to describe a new class of amplitude equations governing the propagation of optical pulses in media with dispersion, dispersionless media and vacuum. We normalized these amplitude equations and obtained five dimensionless parameters that determine different linear and nonlinear regimes of the optical pulses evolution. Surprisingly, in linear regime the normalized amplitude equations for media with dispersion and the amplitude equations in dispersionless media and vacuum are equal with precise - material constants. The equations were solved for pulses with low intensity (linear regime), using the method of Fourier transforms. One unexpected new result was the relative stability of light bullets and light disks and the significant reduction of their diffraction enlargement. It is important to emphasize here the case of light disks, which turn out to be practically diffractionless over distances of more than hundred kilometers.


Different types of nonresponse threaten the validity of longitudinal studies; First the initial nonresponse during the recruitment in the base-line survey; Second, successive dropout at each time point. In this entry specific attention is given to dropout and strategies to limit the problem. Dropout in longitudinal surveys has three separate sources: failure to locate research participants, failure to contact research participants, and failure to achieve cooperation. Effective measures are described to reduce nonresponse. To limit nonresponse a total design approach is advocated with specific attention to each source. That is to limit both noncontact (i.e., failure to locate and subsequent failure to contact a located research participant), and noncooperation.


It has been suggested that the renal kallikrein-kinin system is dependent on mineralocorticoid activity. This hypothesis was studied in a patient with cyclic Cushing's syndrome combined with cortisol suppressible, dexamethasone non-suppressible ACTH secretion. The 24-h urinary excretions of sodium, potassium, cortisol, active and inactive kallikrein, aldosterone, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were studied during normal and excessive cortisol secretion and after bilateral adrenalectomy. Kallikrein, PGE2 and potassium rose during cortisol overproduction while aldosterone and sodium decreased. Kallikrein, PGE2 and potassium were positively related to cortisol excretion, whereas urinary aldosterone and sodium showed a negative relationship to cortisol. Kallikrein was inversely related to aldosterone. Excretion of inactive kallikrein followed closely the changes of active kallikrein. During cortisol excess, as in our patient, the mineralocorticoid activity of cortisol will exceed that of aldosterone. This suggests that the alterations in kallikrein, aldosterone and PGE2 during cortisol excess in the present study were due to the mineralocorticoid potency of the steroid.


BACKGROUND
ADAMTS (A disintegrin-like metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) is a group of 19 zinc-dependent metalloproteases known to function in many pathological and physiological processes, such as adhesion, cell fusion, signaling, proteolysis and ECM degradation.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to demonstrate the levels of ADAMTS-4 and -5 in gingival tissues with Stage III-Grade B generalized periodontitis (SIII-GB), Stage III-Grade C generalized periodontitis (SIII-GC) and healthy-control (C) groups.

METHODS
The clinical measurements were recorded for each patient. A total of 63 gingival biopsy specimens were obtained from the C (n:20), SIII-GB (n:23) and SIII-GC (n:20) groups. Polymerase chain reaction (Rt-PCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) examinations were used to determine gene and protein levels.

RESULTS
According to the results of all methods, ADAMTS-4 and -5 expressions were existed in periodontitis and C groups (P> 0.05). Immunostaining for ADAMTS-4 were found to be higher in patients with periodontitis than for ADAMTS-5 (P>0.05). Gene expression levels for ADAMTS-4 and -5 seemed to be up-regulated in subjects diagnosed periodontitis, but the results were not statistically significant (P>0.05). A positive correlation was observed between PPD and ADAMTS-4 mRNA in SIII-GC (p=0.035) and SIII-GB (p=0.015). A positive correlation was determined between ADAMTS-4 mRNA and ADAMTS-5 mRNA in SIII-GC (p=0.037) and SIII-GB (p=0.00).

CONCLUSION
ADAMTS expression may take part in both pathological and physiological processes in the periodontal tissues, and periodontal destruction may be the result of complex interaction of several pathways with many participants, such as ADAMTS-4 and -5, thus facilitating the exaggeration of periodontal disease.


Topological matrix which reflects characteristics of network connectivity has been widely used in efficient solving for complicated flow network. Using topological matrix, one can easily define continuity at each node of flow network and make algorithm to automatically generate continuity equation of matrix form. In order to analyze flow network completely it is required to satisfy energy conservation in closed loops of flow network. Fundamental cycle retrieving algorithm based on graph theory automatically constructs energy conservation equation in closed loops. However, it is often accompanied by NP-complete problem. In addition, it always needs fundamental cycle retrieving procedure for every structural change of flow network. This paper proposes alternative mathematical method to analyze flow network without fundamental cycle retrieving algorithm. Consequently, the new mathematical method is expected to reduce solving time and prevent error occurrence by means of simplifying flow network analysis procedure.


SummaryThe objective of this study is to establish a reliable cell culture system for the long-term culture of rat urothelial cells (RUC), in which the cells multiply in vitro and form stratified polarized urothelium. Urothelial cells were harvested by the enzymatic digestion of the urothelium exposed by the eversion of resected rat bladders. Primary cultures were initiated in keratinocyte serum-free medium (KSFM) for selective proliferation of urothelial cells. Subsequently, the cells were propagated in a mixture of conditioned medium (CM) derived from Swiss 3T3 cell culture supernatant and KSFM (CM-KSEM). Mean population doubling time was 13.8±0.9 h. RUC were successfully maintained for 18 passages over a period of 4–5 mo. Detailed investigations of culture conditions showed that CM-KSFM yielded a differentiated multilayer structure. The stratified urothelial sheets measuring 4×6 cm2 could be formed and then detached using dispase. Cytokeratin pattern in both the cultured urothelial monolayer and engineered stratified layers was similar to those seen in vivo, as assessed with monoclonal antibody against cytokeratin 17. Ultrastructural morphology showed microvilli, basal cell layer, and desmosomes between adjacent cells in the stratified urothelium.


The security of the vast majority of "secure" Web services rests on SSL server PKI. However, this PKI doesn't work if the the adversary can trick the browser into appearing to tell the user the wrong thing about the certificates and cryptography. The seminal web spoofing work of Felten et al [6] demonstrated the potential, in 1996, for malicious servers to impersonate honest servers. Our recent follow-up work [15] explicitly shows how malicious servers can still do this—and can also forge the existence of an SSL session and the contents of the alleged server certificate. This paper reports the results of our work to systematically defend against Web spoofing, by creating a trusted path from the browser to the user. Starting with the Mozilla source, we have implemented techniques that protect a wide variety browser-user communications, that require little participation by the user and minimal disruption of the displayed server content. We have prepared shell scripts that install these modifications on the Mozilla source, to enable others to replicate this work. In on-going work, we are cleaning up and finetuning our code. In future work, we hope to examine more deeply the role of user interfaces in enabling users to make effective trust judgments.


BACKGROUND Surgical craniosynostosis repair in children is associated with massive blood loss and significant transfusion of blood products. Fibrinogen concentrate is claimed to be useful in reducing blood loss and transfusion requirements. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether prophylactic administration of fibrinogen concentrate will reduce blood loss and transfusion requirements during paediatric craniofacial surgery. DESIGN Randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. SETTING University medical centre. PATIENTS A total of 114 infants and children up to 25 months of age (median age 10 months). INTERVENTION Surgical craniosynostosis repair by calvarial remodelling was performed in each patient. Patients were randomised to receive prophylactic fibrinogen concentrate (Haemocomplettan P) at a mean dose of 79 mg kg−1 body weight or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Primary outcome was the volume of transfused blood products. Secondary outcomes were peri-operative blood loss, duration of surgery, length of stay in the paediatric ICU, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications and adverse effects of fibrinogen concentrate infusion. RESULTS No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in the volume of transfused blood products (median 29 ml kg−1 body weight vs. 29 ml kg−1 body weight), intra-operative estimated blood loss (45 vs. 46 ml kg−1), calculated blood loss (57 vs. 53 ml kg−1), or postoperative blood loss (24 vs. 24 ml kg−1) between the intervention and placebo groups. In addition, duration of surgery, length of stay in the paediatric ICU, hospital stay and complications were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION During surgical craniosynostosis repair in young children, prophylactic administration of high-dose fibrinogen concentrate did not reduce the amount of transfused blood products or decrease peri-operative blood loss. TRIAL REGISTRATION National Trial Register (NTR2975) and EudraCT (2011-002287-24).


Gardner's syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease and is a subtype of familial adenomatous polyposis. It is characterized by adenomatous intestinal polyps, multiple osteomas in the skull, maxillae, mandible, and multiple cutaneous and subcutaneous masses (epidermoids and desmoid). Intestinal polyps, if not treated, have 100% chance of becoming malignant. We report a case of a 25-year-old female patient with Gardner's syndrome, with clinical manifestations including impacted supernumerary teeth, odontomes, sebaceous cyst on the scalp, and osteomas. It is important for the general dental practitioners to be aware of the clinical and radiological characteristics of Gardner's syndrome.


Abstract Direct impact of ambient (1.95 W/m2) and subambient doses of UV-B radiation on muscle/skin tissue antioxidant status was assessed in mature zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). The influence of these doses on hatching success and survival in earlier life stages was also examined. Subambient doses of UV-B radiation in the presence (1.28 W/m2) and absence (1.72 W/m2) of a cellulose acetate filter significantly depressed muscle/skin total glutathione† (TGSH) levels compared with controls (0.15 W/m2) and low (0.19 W/m2) UV-B–treated fish after 6 and 12 h cumulative exposure. Ambient UV-B exposure significantly decreased muscle/skin glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity after a 6 h exposure; activities of glutathione reductase (GR) were unchanged over this exposure period. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities peaked after 6 and 12 h cumulative exposure, respectively, but fell back to control levels by the end of the exposure period. The changes in tissue antioxidant status suggested UV-B–mediated increases in cytosolic superoxide anion radicals (O2−) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). This apparent UV-B–mediated increase in oxidative stress is further supported by a significant increase in muscle/skin thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Hatching success of newly fertilized eggs continuously exposed to ambient UV-B was only 2% of the control value. Even at 30 and 50% of ambient UV-B, hatching success was only 80 and 20%, respectively, of the control. Newly hatched larvae exposed to an ambient dose of UV-B, experienced 100% mortality after a 12 h cumulative exposure period. This study supports a major impact of UV-B on both the mature and embryonic zebrafish.


Marine fish doma (Sciaenoids) (Smail spp.) from Bombay coast was studied for total bacterial counts on the surface and gut. Large number of Micrococcus species (77.4%) were found whereas few species from Achromobacter, Baci11us, Bacterium, Flavobacter, Pseudomonas and Sarcina were noted


This book is the ultimate sourcebook for graphic designers working in all areas of design and at all skill levels. From professional to amateur, this collection provides hundreds of design solutions that highlight innovative and effective application of the design basics: layout, type, and color. From retro to classic, and from posters to business cards, this collection covers the complete range of graphic projects with hands-on details to help anyone build their own great designs.


Two new steroidal alkaloids, along with a previously reported one of the plakinamine class, were isolated from the sponge Corticium sp. collected from Guam. The structures of the new compounds were determined by combined spectroscopic methods. These compounds exhibited moderate cytotoxicity and antifungal activity as well as DNA- and RNA-cleaving activities.


We compared a new serum immunoassay for quantitation of serum free light chains (FLC) with the conventional tests for clonal immunoglobulin production: bone marrow immunohistochemistry, serum immunofixation electrophoresis, and urine immunofixation electrophoresis. Serum samples from 169 patients with AL amyloidosis and 20 controls were examined. Elevated levels of κ-FLC and λ-FLC were found in 94% and 93% of patients with the respective clonal disease. However, false positive elevations of κ-FLC and λ-FLC were found in 30% and 44% of patients with clonal disease of the other light chain subtype. We found that the FLC level was a reliable test for the diagnosis of clonal disease when the FLC κ:λ ratio was abnormal and was comparable to the conventional tests in patients with AL amyloidosis. After a histologic tissue diagnosis of amyloidosis, determining the type as AL amyloidosis relies on a panel of hematologic tests to determine light chain clonality and the exclusion other forms of amyloidosis.


The current rules and practices for setting transformer current differential protection using electromechanical relays are discussed. These rules are compared with the ones, which are currently available on microprocessor-based technology. Major differences in relay setting approaches are outlined. With the electromechanical technology, selection of proper current transformer (CT) ratios and settings for a small size transformer connected to a high fault duty bus has been and continues to be a challenge as the system grows. A sample of such case is analyzed through examples using both electromechanical and microprocessor based technologies and some guidelines are suggested for each case.


. This study describes the design of a multiphase sinusoidal oscillator (MSO) using CCCDTA-based allpass filters with grounded capacitors. The oscillation condition and oscillation frequency can be electronically/orthogonal-ly controlled. The proposed MSO provides 2n (n  2) phase signals that are equally spaced in phase and equal ampli-tude. The circuit requires one CCCDTA, one electronic resistor and one grounded capacitor per phase and no additional current amplifier and floating elements. High output impedances of the configuration enable the circuit to be cascaded to the current-mode circuit without additional current buffers. The effects of the non-idealities of the CCCDTA-allpass sections were also studied. The results of PSPICE simulations using CMOS CCCDTA are presented, demonstrating their consistency with theoretical assumptions.


Vector quantization-based approaches to speech coding have generated new interest in very low bit rate speech coding, that is, speech coded to bit rates below 1200 bits/sec. To achieve such low bit rates, it is necessary to quantize the pitch and energy parameters at rates below 100 bits/sec. Contour quantization is introduced as a technique in which the contour of a given parameter is normalized by a nominal value and vector quantized. Contour quantization is shown to be extremely robust and efficient in encoding the pitch and energy parameters of the LPC vocoder. In this paper, a low rate speech coding system which uses contour quantization to encode the LPC excitation is presented. The system is a fixed bit rate system which is intended to operate at bit rates ranging from 400 bits/s to 800 bits/s. The overall system delay varies from 300 ms at 800 bits/s to 400 ms at 400 bits/s. At 800 bits/s, the system achieved a score of 89 on a three male speaker DRT, and a score of 81 on a three female speaker DRT.


Actually, the ability to identify the documents authors provides more chances for using these documents for various purposes. In this paper, we present a new effective biometric writer identification system from online handwriting. The system consists of the preprocessing and the segmentation of online handwriting into a sequence of Beta strokes in a first step. Then, from each Beta stroke, we extract a set of static and dynamic features using four features extraction techniques based on the Beta Elliptic model and the Fuzzy Elementary Perceptual Codes. Next, all the segments which are composed of N consecutive Beta strokes are categorized into groups and subgroups according to their position and their geometric characteristics. Finally, Deep Neural Network are used for classification. Experimental results reveal that the proposed system achieves interesting results as compared to those of the existing writer identification systems on Latin and Arabic scripts.


The main objective of this paper is to design and analyze a Ka-band coaxial to waveguide transition which is an indispensable component in a satellite payload system, providing the microwave signal transfer from coaxial to waveguide or vice verse. We analyze a Ka-band coaxial to waveguide transition based on the FDTD method used by Nabarro (see IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. vol.42, p.347-50, 1994 and IEE Proc., vol.142, no.6, p.495-7, 1995). In order to simulate a real situation and to analyze the characteristics of a transition accurately, a coaxial cable is modeled by cylindrical cells, a rectangular waveguide is modeled by rectangular cells, and the connecting part between two structures are analyzed using the interpolation scheme which is based on the first order Taylor series approximation and coordinate transformation. The s-parameters and input impedances of a transition using the present approach are compared with those of HFSS and measurement.


In the present study, somatotopic organization, architectonic features, and patterns of connections were used to define motor areas in the frontal and cingulate cortex of the prosimian primate Galago garnetti. Sites throughout portions of the motor cortex were electrically stimulated with microelectrodes at the approximate depth of layer V. In some of the same animals, injections in primary motor cortex (M1), and in the spinal cord, revealed patterns of connections with physiologically identified motor areas. Results were related to cortical architecture in brain sections processed for Nissl, myelin, cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, or neurofilaments. Evidence was obtained for a number of fields previously identified in simian primates, including M1, dorsal premotor field with caudal (PMDc) and rostral (PMDr) divisions, ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), presupplementary motor area (pre‐SMA), frontal eye field (FEF), and cingulate motor areas, CMAr and CMAc located rostrally and caudally, respectively. In addition, we distinguished area 6Ds of Preuss and Goldman‐Rakic ( 1991a ) between PMV and PMDc, and a more posterior cingulate sensorimotor area (CSMA) with motor connections that may correspond to the supplementary sensory area of monkeys. Areas M1, SMA, PMDc, PMV, CMAr, CMAc, and CSMA projected to the spinal cord, while all of these areas and 6Ds projected to M1. Although area M1 had the lowest stimulation thresholds for evoked movements, movements were also evoked from the other motor areas, as well as from somatosensory areas 3a and 3b. These results indicate that prosimian galagos have a complex of motor areas that closely resembles that in monkeys and suggest that at least 10 motor fields emerged early in primate evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 423:140–177, 2000. © 2000 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Confusing-words are commonly encountered in real-life keyword spotting applications, which causes severe degradation of performance due to complex spoken terms and various kinds of words that sound similar to the predefined keywords. To enhance the wake word detection system's robustness on such scenarios, we investigate two data augmentation setups for training end-to-end KWS systems. One is involving the synthesized data from a multi-speaker speech synthesis system, and the other augmentation is performed by adding random noise to the acoustic feature. Experimental results show that augmentations help improve the system's robustness. Moreover, by augmenting the training set with the synthetic data generated by the multi-speaker text-to-speech system, we achieve a significant improvement regarding confusing words scenario.


The study assessed the market level characteristic factors influencing coffee marketing among coffee farmers in the study area. The study was carried out in Kogi State and purposive sampling technique was used to select eighty four respondents. Data were collected from the respondents with the use of structured questionnaire and the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency and percentages) as well as multi-variate regression analysis. Result of the descriptive analysis shows that the mean age of the farmers was 64 years while 60% of the farmers had no access to formal education. Regression analysis revealed that farm size, variety of coffee, marketing channels, trading experience, membership of association, price satisfaction and selling method constituted major characteristic marketing factors influencing coffee marketing in the study area and they all affected coffee marketing at 1% significant level. Based on the findings, the study therefore recommended that efforts should be made to assess variety of coffee that is more preferred by the buyers. Also, farmers should be given incentives to increase their farm holdings for higher productivity.


We successfully demonstrated a simple and facile way to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells using a mixed hole transport material, which was a composite of spiro-OMeTAD and a conjugated small molecule, DRSBDT-2OT. DRSBDT-2OT, with an acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) structure, exhibits a high molecular planarity via noncovalent intramolecular S⋯O interactions, leading to comparatively low reorganization energy and high hole mobility. Owing to the surface passivation effects of DRSBDT-2OT in the mixed HTM and the increased hole mobility in comparison with the spiro-OMeTAD, the mixed HTM-based device exhibits a significantly enhanced efficiency of 21.31%, which is much higher than that of single-component HTM-based devices. Furthermore, the mixed HTM-based devices are much more stable than the control devices that use Sprio-OMeTAD as the HTM. These findings pave the way for the rational design of planar hole-transport materials for mixed HTMs toward efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.


This paper, in introducing this Special Issue, proposes a place for exploring notions of wellbeing at the start of the 21 Century that are in contrast to the increasing cultural dominance of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT). An attempt is made to offer a space where we might still be able to think about how alienated we are through valuing existential notions such as experience and meaning whilst questioning other aspects such as existentialism's inferred narcissism and the place it has come to take up with regards to such aspects as psychoanalysis and the political. The postexistential would also include the post-phenomenological, where, for example, Merleau-Ponty's notion of being open to what emerges in the between (as well as his notion of embodiment) would be given primacy over Husserlian notions of intentionality. As a result, questions such as those of mystery, an unknown and an unconscious and the non-intentional can be re-examined. A third element to be explored will be the extent to which we might consider more recent ideas—for example, Saussure, Levinas, Derrida, Foucault, Lacan and Wittgenstein—without becoming too caught up in them. It is hoped by having a possible space to explore, what some would now call, our 'wellbeing', theoretically through post-existentialism and methodologically through post-phenomenology, that this can provide a loose base, with concerns of any further generalisation, for a greater possibility of accepting, rather than escaping, who we are.


Following the decolonisation and the disintegration of apartheid in the African continent, the new African leadership looked upon higher education as a panacea for socioeconomic development of the continent. This called for the African leadership to transform higher education from an "elite" to "mass" education. The new realities of independence in the SADC region necessitated the need to widen access and equity in higher education. This need led to the launching and signing of SADC Protocol on Education and Training in 1997 by the Heads of States. The Protocol recognises ODL as a vehicle for expanding access and equity in higher education for non-conventional learners and trainees. This paper examines the role and the influence the SADC Centre of Specialisation in ODL plays in enhancing and buttressing the achievement of the spirit and the aspirations of the SADC Protocol on Education and Training. Key word s: Open and distance learning, SADC, Centre of Specialisation in Open andDistance Learning.


The carbon steel and cast iron are widely used metals in engineering and industrial applications. In this study, samples of carbon steel and cast iron chosen and distributed on six selected sites in the southregion of Mosul city in Iraq, Because these sites distinguished by the existence of natural emanations of hydrogen sulfide gas is produced and the existence of materials that cause metal corrosion like sulfates and chlorides. The corrosion measured by weight loss method according to the standard (ISO 9223:1992) and the higher rates registered in the sites that contain high emanations of hydrogen sulfide gas and sulfates and chlorides. In addition, it became obvious that there is a relationship between the corrosion exposure time and the corrosion rates which decreased by increasing of corrosion exposure time and continuous increasing in weight loss. The test continued for a complete year. Key words: carbon steel, cast iron, corrosion.


The Internet and digital media have forced many individuals to change their attitudes and behaviours in nearly all aspects of life, including work and consumption. Other individuals, often younger, have grown up with digital media and seem not to have undergone changes in attitudes and behaviours. This research suggests, however, that age should not be used as the criterion to differentiate between individuals' attitudes and behaviours towards digital media. Rather, we suggest utilizing a construct that we call "digital nativeness," which we characterize as an individual's propensity to use and have a positive attitude towards digital media. Both a qualitative and a quantitative study investigate digital nativeness as well as its antecedents and consequences. Results show that digital nativeness consists of three dimensions: Expertise in digital media, sophisticated digital media use and sophisticated mobile media use. The studies suggest that early and ubiquitous access to digital media influence an individual's level of digital nativeness, while, importantly, age does not have such an influence. A high level of digital nativeness positively affects individuals' attitude towards online social network communication, preference for online advertising, learning by doing, and media multitasking. Important implications for scholars and managers can be derived from this research.


We present optimal permutation with 2.5-D power transmission lines system to reduce electro-magnetic influence at high technology nano-Fab. In this study, the magnetic field was lessened by mirror array power cable system, and simulation of results predicted the best permutations to decrease electromagnetic influence (EMI) value below 0.28 mG at working space without any shielding. Furthermore, this innovative method will cost down at high technology nano-Fab especially for 28 nanometer process.


Semantic composition remains an open problem for vector space models of semantics. In this paper, we explain how the probabilistic graphical model used in the framework of Functional Distributional Semantics can be interpreted as a probabilistic version of model theory. Building on this, we explain how various semantic phenomena can be recast in terms of conditional probabilities in the graphical model. This connection between formal semantics and machine learning is helpful in both directions: it gives us an explicit mechanism for modelling context-dependent meanings (a challenge for formal semantics), and also gives us well-motivated techniques for composing distributed representations (a challenge for distributional semantics). We present results on two datasets that go beyond word similarity, showing how these semantically-motivated techniques improve on the performance of vector models.


Policy analysts and researchers were dismayed to learn almost 5 years ago that the impressive impact of acute primary care depression interventions dissolved shortly after interventions ended.1 While disappointing, these findings made a critical contribution to the recognition that interventions to improve the treatment of chronic diseases like depression not only needed to incorporate chronic disease management principles but also potentially needed to be delivered on an ongoing basis to promote lasting improvements in symptoms and functioning.2 The study by Katon et al. suggests that for at least 1 segment of the depressed patient population, ongoing interventions may not be required to ensure sustained symptom improvement.3

Katon et al. demonstrate that an intervention that improves antidepressant medication management over 3 months significantly improves depressive symptoms 2 years later in depressed patients who remain moderately depressed after an 8-week trial of medication. Noting that the intervention does not impact the group's use of antidepressant medication after 6 months, the authors postulate that getting patients on the right antidepressant medication (drug and dose) early in their course of care: (1) increases their rate of complete recovery, which then reduces their susceptibility to relapse; or (2) improves their skills to handle relapse. Importantly, these improvements appear to add little or no financial burden to the health care system, particularly as generic serotonin reuptake inhibitors become more widely used.

This carefully designed and admirably executed study illustrates the compelling logic Katon et al. have articulated for using stepped care intervention (a sequence of clinical guidelines for assigning staged treatment to patients on the basis of observed outcomes) to improve depression outcomes. In step 1, physicians successfully start depressed primary care patients on antidepressant medication. In step 2, consultation-liaison psychiatrists make recommendations for medication adjustment for 20% (perhaps more in some systems) of patients who fail to improve with initially prescribed medication. Because step 2 intervention results in sustained symptom improvement for moderately depressed patients only, patients who remain severely depressed after step 1 care may need referral to specialty care rather than consultation-liaison intervention. The common sense underlying stepped care intervention is all too uncommon in the allocation resources to provide depression treatment in usual care settings.

As good studies do, that of Katon et al. challenges the field to address issues that remain before primary care depression initiatives can and will be widely adopted. One major challenge is the need to translate onsite consultation-liaison intervention into telephone intervention, because most primary care providers practice in settings that do not employ onsite psychiatrists. A second major challenge is to better understand how primary care depression intervention needs to be tailored to improve long-term functioning. A third challenge is to integrate the results of this study into existing literature to define a more tiered stepped care intervention in which depressed patients who fail to improve in usual care are referred to short-term primary care intervention, and in which short-term intervention patients at risk for poor outcome are referred to ongoing primary care intervention and/or specialty care. As the song instructs us, it is only in turning, turning that we come down right.


【This study is to find out the characteristics of the changes of the site layout in Beopjusa which was built on Maitreya faith in the Shilla.. According to the analysis of it in this study, we make conclusions as follows; 1) The reconstruction of Beopjusa means a start in Dhamalsama(法相宗) and then it was supposed to be Buddhist temple which was formed by intersecting axis of centering around a wooden pagoda(捌相殿) with a main Buddhist hall and a lecture hall. 2) After the middle of Koryo dynasty, Beopjusa was changed to building layout of intersecting with Yongwabojeon(龍華寶殿) and Daeungbojeon(大雄寶殿) because of harmony with Avatamsaka(華嚴宗) and Dhamalsama centering around Avatamsaka. 3) The buildings of Zen Buddhism was built in the early Chosun dynasty owing to a prevalence of Zen Buddhism in the late Koryo dynasty. And since 17th century, Buddhist halls were each built in their a faith system according to interpenetrated Buddhism(通佛敎). 4) The courtyard type of mountainous district was made on interpenetrated Buddhism. On the other hand, the site layout of Beopjusa is being maintained by centripetal spatial organization through the wooden pagoda as object.】


Piezoelectric cantilever harvesters have a large power output at their natural frequency, but in some applications the frequency of ambient vibrations is different from the harvester's frequency and/or ambient vibrations are periodic with some harmonic components. To cope with these operating conditions harvesters with integrated trimming devices (ITDs) are proposed. Some prototypes are developed with the aid of an analytical model and tested with an impulsive method. Results show that a small trimming device can lower the main resonance frequency of a piezoelectric harvester of the same extent as a larger tip mass and, moreover, it generates at high frequency a second resonance peak. A multi-physics numerical finite element (FE) model is developed for predicting the generated power and for performing a stress-strain analysis of harvesters with ITDs. The numerical model is validated on the basis of the experimental results. Several configurations of ITDs are conceived and studied. Numerical results show that the harvesters with ITDs are able to generate relevant power at two frequencies, owing to the particular shape of the modes of vibration. The stress in the harvesters with ITDs is smaller than the stress in the harvester with a tip mass trimmed to the same frequency.


The purpose of this mixed method study was to explore the potential impact of degree maps on facilitating student success. The concept grew out of quantitative evidence suggesting students using degree maps are more likely to enroll in our programs, continue in our programs, register for more classes per term, and have better graduation rates than those students who do not use a degree map. Our methodology included qualitative coding of focus group responses (n = 28) then using those emerging themes to inform a survey instrument to collect student perceptions about the degree map's impact (n = 211). This study's findings suggest the degree map is a powerful communication tool for advisors to help students through class selection and sequencing. The results provide insight into the differences between undergraduate and graduate student's needs.


Cellular processes such as mitosis and cell differentiation are governed by changes in cell shape that largely rely on proper remodeling of the cell cytoskeletal structures. This involves the assembly-disassembly of higher-order macromolecular structures at a given time and location, a process that is particularly sensitive to perturbations caused by overexpression of proteins. Methods that can preserve protein homeostasis and maintain near-to-normal cellular morphology are highly desirable to determine the functional contribution of a protein of interest in a wide range of cellular processes. Transient depletion-rescue experiments based on RNA interference are powerful approaches to analyze protein functions and structural requirements. However, reintroduction of the target protein with minimum deviation from its physiological level is a real challenge. Here we describe a method termed adenofection that was developed to study the role of molecular chaperones and partners in the normal operation of dividing cells and the relationship with actin remodeling. HeLa cells were depleted of BAG3 with siRNA duplexes targeting the 3'UTR region. GFP-tagged BAG3 proteins were reintroduced simultaneously into >75% of the cells using recombinant adenoviruses coupled to transfection reagents. Adenofection enabled to express BAG3-GFP proteins at near physiological levels in HeLa cells depleted of BAG3, in the absence of a stress response. No effect was observed on the levels of endogenous Heat Shock Protein chaperones, the main stress-inducible regulators of protein homeostasis. Furthermore, by adding baculoviruses driving the expression of fluorescent markers at the time of cell transduction-transfection, we could dissect mitotic cell dynamics by time-lapse microscopic analyses with minimum perturbation of normal mitotic progression. Adenofection is applicable also to hard-to-infect mouse cells, and suitable for functional analyses of myoblast differentiation into myotubes. Thus adenofection provides a versatile method to perform structure-function analyses of proteins involved in sensitive biological processes that rely on higher-order cytoskeletal dynamics.


The aim of this work was to evaluate the effectiveness of concentrate extract containing Saccharum officinarum L. Poaceae, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae, and Eucaliptus spp Myrtaceae against Pediculus capitis De Geer Pediculidae. A thousand and thirty five head lice were collected from children with Pediculus capitis infestation from some day care centers at Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco State, Brazil. The tests were performed in three groups with three hundred forty five lice each one according to product, concentrate extract (CE), pyrethroid insecticide (PI) and control (C). The immersing head lice in the diluted products for three minutes, washing off products and dry the insects were used. The mortality of lice was monitored at different points in time, for a period of twenty four hours. Concentrate extract killed all head lice after twelve hours and an average of 60.28% (208/345) of lice mortality of the CE occurred between three and six hours, while the mortality of PI was observed 24 h after treatment. The results showed the extract containing Saccharum officinarum, Azadirachta indica, and Eucaliptus spp could be a potent tool in the control of Pediculus capitis.


Conventional gas turbines are approaching their efficiency limits and performance gains are becoming increasingly difficult to achieve. Pressure Gain Combustion (PGC) has emerged as a very promising technology in this respect, due to the higher thermal efficiency of the respective ideal gas turbine thermodynamic cycles. Up to date, only very simplified models of open cycle gas turbines with pressure gain combustion have been considered. However, the integration of a fundamentally different combustion technology will be inherently connected with additional losses. Entropy generation in the combustion process, combustor inlet pressure loss (a central issue for pressure gain combustors), and the impact of PGC on the secondary air system (especially blade cooling) are all very important parameters that have been neglected. The current work uses the Humphrey cycle in an attempt to address all these issues in order to provide gas turbine component designers with benchmark efficiency values for individual components of gas turbines with PGC. The analysis concludes with some recommendations for the best strategy to integrate turbine expanders with PGC combustors. This is done from a purely thermodynamic point of view, again with the goal to deliver design benchmark values for a more realistic interpretation of the cycle.


SUMMARY Anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies may be due to any lesion in this anatomical region, most commonly benign tumors like pituitary adenomas or craniopharyngiomas, and to surgical or radiation-based treatments of these tumors. Less frequently, cranial traumas, inflammatory or autoimmune processes like lymphocytic hypophysitis, or genetic defects may cause pituitary deficits. The resulting pituitary hormone deficiencies may lead to severe clinical consequences with significant morbidity and often increased mortality despite recent therapeutic improvements. The large observational studies launched for the follow-up of patients treated by GH have provided valuable epidemiological data. In recent years, new etiologies of acquired hypopituitarism have been reported such as hypophysitis following targeted anticancer immune therapies. Hypopituitarism, however, remains predominantly a consequence of benign pituitary tumors and of their treatments.


In the vacuum devices of special weapons, alumina ceramic mainly determine the insulation functionality. Thus, its insulating properties under pulsed X-ray is very important. In this paper, the radiation charging of alumina ceramic is calculated when irradiated by intense pulsed X-ray. The dose rate of X-ray is $10^{10}\mathrm {r}\mathrm {a}\mathrm {d}/\mathrm {s}$ and the pulse time is $80\mathrm {n}\mathrm {s}$. Monte Carlo software is used to model the radiation process. To generate the X-ray, a circle aerial electron source shoots a target made of tantalum. Then, the X-ray hit the alumina ceramic sample. The results show that most of the charges deposit on the surface of the sample, which can reach $(1.3\pm 0.1)\times 10^{-7}\mathrm {C}$ and the maximum surface charge density is up to $(5.52\pm 0.02)\times 10^{-5}\mathrm {C}/\mathrm {m}^{2}$. These type of deposit charges can cause an apparent rise in surface potential and decrease flashover voltage along the surface. All of these will seriously weaken the normal operating of the vacuum electronic device. The result shows that the technique apply in this paper is appropriate.


The article is devoted to the problems of the attitude towards point and mass terrorism of certain types: public, political, social, ethnic and religious. It can be of use for experts of social psychology, sociology and political science.


The extractive juices in both fishes, the yellow-tail and the mackerel were found to be no difference practically in the process of the putrefaction. And yet it was found no anything like antispoiling substances in the extractives of the yellow-tail. It is most probable, therefore, thatthe more easiness of spoiling and greater poisonous nature of the mackerel than those of yellow-tail seem to be not due to the difference between their extractives, but due to the physicalprop°rties of the muscles. The fact that the minced muscles of these fishes are putrefied in like manner as shown in the previous paper, indicates also that the muscles are placed in the same state as the extractive juices by means of making mincemeat of the muscles. However, if the composition of extractives in various fishes very differ from the other in amount, it is certain that the process of putrefaction should be unlike, as shown in the putrefaction of the fishes such as the laurel and the crab.


Introduction Multifaceted work redesign is always involved in improving working time arrangements. Recent experiences in improving work systems with excessive work hours or overworking situations clearly show the need to link better working schedules with comprehensive measures to reduce stress at work. It is useful to know practical ways to facilitate joint changes or work schedules and job content. Methods Typical types of improvements undertaken in participatory programmes for joint improvement of working time arrangements and job content for preventing stress at work were compared. The programmes studied included participatory occupational health activities of health care workers, local government employees and small enterprise workers. The common features of the participatory steps that facilitated the joint change process and the roles of trained facilitators were examined. The results were discussed to comile practical guidelines for linking better work schedules with other multifaceted stress-reducing improvements. Results Multiple aspects addressed by the reviewed programmes commonly included team-based communication, work schedules, ergonomic work methods, physical environment and social support. Work schedule changes were usually combined with enhanced communication or improved work methods. It was found useful to utilise action-oriented tools such as action checklists reflecting local good practices and group work methods for proposing feasible improvements. New guidelines for organising participatory steps for the joint change of work schedules and job content were compiled with emphasis on simple group work procedures and the use of action-oriented checklists for proposing multifaceted actions. Conclusions The participatory steps utilising action-oriented checklists and local good practices proved useful for facilitating planning and implementation of multifaceted improvements in work schedules and job content in the local context. It is suggested to organise participatory activities referring to the new guidelines compiling these positive features in linking working time arrangements and stress prevention at work.


This paper investigates a particular strategy for establishing the deep connection between metaphysics and logic using Aristotle's principle of non-contradiction and the theory of predication. The decisive move, according to this strategy, is to formulate and interpret the said principle as a metaphysical (or ontological) principle. In this paper, it is argued that: (1) despite the strategy's initial appeal, a successful argument still needs to be made in order to fully establish that metaphysics and logic are deeply connected, and (2) the theory of predication is more fundamental than the principle of non-contradiction. The main reason for (1) above is that the strategy is prone to a very powerful objection that Aristotle's criterion of primary substance is inconsistent. The main reason for (2) above is that the principle of non-contradiction itself is best explained using the theory of predication. In addition, it is the theory of predication that does all the important explanatory work in the context of Aristotle's philosophical theory.


This is the final article in a three-part education series on renal transplantation, which addresses the specialist knowledge required in the long-term management of the people undergoing renal transplantation. The first article in this series (Murphy F., Trevitt R., Chamney M. et al. (2011). Patient health and well-being while waiting for renal transplantation: Part 1. Journal of Renal Care 37(4), 224-231) addressed patient health and well being while waiting for a renal transplant. The second article (Trevitt R., Dunsmore V., Murphy F., Piso L., Perriss C., Englebright B. & Chamney M. (2012) Pre- and post-transplant care: nursing management of the renal transplant recipient: Part 2. Journal of Renal Care 38(2), 107-114) examined pre- and post-operative care and management.