There is a policy-driven focus, at present, on improving the energy performance of buildings. However, energy-related issues alone do not capture the full impact of buildings on occupants and the wider environment. The performance of a building also includes occupant wellbeing and indoor environmental quality. Specifically, in schools, indoor environmental quality (thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics) is an important aspect. Additionally, the issue of the 'performance gap', generally focused on energy, also affects indoor environmental quality parameters and needs to be addressed holistically. This paper reports on a holistic building performance evaluation covering aspects of energy, thermal comfort, indoor air quality, lighting and acoustics. It assesses the performance issues and inter-relationships between energy and indoor environmental quality in a recently built school campus in London. Based on the evidence collated from this case study and supplementary literature, the endemic issues and constraints within the construction industry are explored, such as inappropriate design calculations and resistance to new low-carbon technologies. Further, lessons for improved performance in the design, operation and maintenance of schools are highlighted such as factoring in the changing building use trends during design and the significance of optimal operations and maintenance of building systems for better energy and indoor environmental quality performance. This study shows that if the building design focus primarily remains on energy, unintended consequence of indoor environmental quality underperformance may occur where there are conflicts between energy and indoor environmental quality objectives. An integrated approach to building performance can help address this issue. Practical application : There are often conflicts between energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality (IEQ) objectives in building design and operation. Most building performance evaluations are primarily focused on one set of these performance criteria. This building performance evaluation was done with an integrated energy and IEQ perspective. The study identifies the causes of underperformance in energy and IEQ in a recently built school in London. Some of the findings from this study provide lessons that are relevant across the industry for the delivery of low-carbon and healthy buildings. These lessons include methods to further strengthen the policy frameworks and design protocols along with overall improvements in the processes followed during design, construction and operation of schools and other non-domestic buildings. The paper can also inform building designers, contractors and facility managers about the ways to reduce the performance gap and achieve energy targets without unintended consequences for indoor environment.


Purpose

The literature of entrepreneurship has an urban focus and despite the emergence of the rural entrepreneurship literature, we know little about the characteristics, philosophies, operating practices and growth strategies of ordinary village entrepreneurs' in a UK context. As a concept, the "village entrepreneur" is contentious as theoretically there should be little difference between urban and rural entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, there is! The concept is important because many villages are in decline and are marginal places in terms of entrepreneurial opportunity. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the fragmented literature is conducted to synthesise and develop greater understanding. Drawing on a "life-story" approach the empirical strand comprises of an analysis of five ethnographic interviews with village entrepreneurs.

Findings

The respondents did not consider themselves entrepreneurs whom they characterised as flash, rogues and even crooked. Their embedded village entrepreneur persona was constructed around tales-of-character, hard work and perseverance. They prided themselves in making "slow-money" which they retain over their lifetime. Embeddedness, self-efficacy, character and morality were key themes encountered.

Research limitations/implications

From a research perspective the findings are based on a limited sample and the study was not specifically designed to capture data on characteristics, philosophies and operating practices. Further research on a larger scale is necessary to validate the findings.

Practical implications

From a practical perspective policy makers require to consider the notions of embeddedness, self-efficacy, character and morality when considering implementing growth strategies in rural areas.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the growing literature of rural entrepreneurship by expanding the typology of rural entrepreneurs and by detailing philosophies, operating practices, and growth strategies suitable and appropriate for small village and rural businesses.


Protein therapeutics is a rapidly growing segment of the pharmaceutical market. Currently, the majority of protein therapeutics are manufactured in mammalian cells for their ability to generate safe and efficacious human-like glycoproteins. The high cost of using mammalian cells for manufacturing has motivated a constant search for alternative host platforms. Insect cells have begun to emerge as a promising candidate, largely due to the development of the baculovirus expression vector system. While there are continuing efforts to improve insect-baculovirus expression for producing protein therapeutics, key limitations including cell lysis and the lack of homogeneous humanized glycosylation still remain. The field has started to see a movement toward virus-less gene expression approaches, notably the use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats to address these shortcomings. This review highlights recent technological advances that are realizing the transformative potential of insect cells for the manufacturing and development of protein therapeutics.


The paper exploits a unique panel, covering some 2,000 Italian manufacturing firms and 14 years of data on individual prices and individual interest rates paid on several types of debt, to address the question of the existence of a channel of transmission of monetary policy operating through the effect of interest expenses on the marginal cost of production. It has been argued that this mechanism may explain the dimension of the real effects of monetary policy, give a rationale for the positive short-run response of prices to interest rate increases (the "price puzzle") and call for a more gradual monetary policy response to shocks. We find robust evidence in favor of the presence of a cost channel of monetary policy transmission, proportional to the amount of working capital held by each firm. The channel is large enough to have non-trivial monetary policy implications.


ABSTRACT The thesis of this article is that there is no single analytic technique, and psychoanalytic decision-making consists of a dialectical movement among the different possibilities. The aim of the analytic process is to make conscious previously unconscious meaning and motivation and to bring to fruition arrested psychic capabilities, but how that is done is not restricted to any particular technique. Analysts stay silent, ask questions, seek clarification, interpret, and encourage further expression, among other types of interventions. The crux of clinical decision-making for the analyst is to choose which of these various procedures to deploy at any given moment. Each analytic technique deployed means that an alternative is in abeyance and that often means an aspect of the process is neglected. The analytic therapist has a barometer that tells him or her when the neglected part of the process needs to come forth and assert itself. In the dialectics of analytic decision-making, the analytic therapist uses his or her sense of what is being neglected to shift the analytic technique to a different form of intervention. How this dialectic is played out in the analytic process is explored and articulated.


The ozone layer depletion and its harmful impact on living beings have been a greater concern of all the scientists all over the world. The aim of this paper is to reveal the current status of stratospheric ozone over Pakistan. The annual, monthly and seasonal analyses have been performed in order to check the status. The variation in total column of ozone has been observed during these analyses and decrease in total column of ozone has been seen in all the investigations from 1987-2008. The correlation coefficient for JRA forecasted data and observed ozone data is 0.6. Both the data sets show decline in ozone concentration. The total change calculated in annual depth of ozone is ?5.67 D.U and ?4.2 D.U in monthly depth of ozone. The seasonal analysis shows that the total change in ozone in summer is ?6.3 D.U, in spring ?10.5 D.U, in winter ?3.15 D.U and in autumn ?2.0 D.U. Maximum change in ozone thickness has been found in spring and minimum in autumn. The solar radiations, decrease in temperatures of stratosphere and carbon dioxide (CO2) play significant role in ozone layer depletion. According to the findings of this study solar radiations and carbon dioxide (CO2) are inversely proportional to the total column of ozone. The correlation coefficient for solar radiations and ozone on annual basis is 0.44 (R2 = 0.44) and on monthly basis is around 0.35 (R2 = 0.35). Therefore the more intense the solar radiations the more ozone layer thinning will occur. The correlation coefficient for ozone and carbon dioxide is around 0.3 (R2 = 0.3) during the study period. The decrease in stratospheric temperatures will cause the cooling of stratosphere which is ultimately responsible for ozone layer depletion. The total decrease analyzed in stratospheric temperatures during the study period is about ?1.3℃. It is observed that alarming rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is not only contributing to global warming in troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere.


The susceptibility of domestic ducks, geese and chickens to infection with lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) of turkeys was tested. Infection with LPDV was assayed by measuring the particle-associated DNA polymerase in plasma. Ducks and geese were not susceptible to infection with this virus. Chickens were susceptible to the infection with LPDV and some of the birds developed a persistent viraemia. Six serial passages in chickens of viraemic plasma were achieved. Lymphoproliferative gross and microscopic lesions caused by LPDV infection were less frequent and less severe in chickens than in turkeys. LPDV infection in chickens was proven by the reproduction of LPD in turkeys by inoculation of chicken viraemic plasma, and by molecular hybridisation between LPDV (3H)cDNA and RNA extracted from the plasma and organs of inoculated chickens.


Based on the pollution source data of the Asian area provided by the ACE-Asia and TRACE-P Experiments in 2002 and by means of the air quality model Models-3 that has been recently developed by EPA, this paper has simulated the changing regulations and characteristics of ozone concentration, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and the total amount of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide in the middle and lower reaches along Yangtse River for 24 hours around respectively by using the biomass burning area sources and anthropogenic area sources. The above simulations without precipitation show that: (1) The ozone concentration at the boundary layers varies remarkably fro dm day to day in the three cases, thus indicating that ozone production has close relation to the sunlight. In the boundary layer, the concentration of ozone increases with the height above the earth; (2) In the ground surface level, the concentration of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and the total amount of nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide varies almost regularly daily. In the boundary layer, the concentration of these three contaminations decreases with height. The concentration decrease of the three contaminants has resulted mainly from the anthropogenic area sources. The simulation results also show that Models-3 can simulate contaminations more satisfactorily. However, both the daily average variation and vertical distribution in PBL of concentration are consistent with the former observation results.


Generic programming plays an essential role in C++ software through the use
 of templates. However, both the creation and use of template libraries is
 hindered by the fact that the language does not allow programmers to specify
 constraints on generic types. To date, no proposal to update the language to
 provide concepts has survived the committee process. Until that time comes,
 as a form of early support, this paper introduces SimpleConcepts, an
 extension to C++11 that provides support for concepts, sets of constraints on
 generic types. SimpleConcepts features are parsed according to an island
 grammar and source-to-source translation is used to lower concepts to pure
 C++11 code.


The interplay between heart failure and cancer represents a double-edged sword. Whereas cardiac remodeling promotes cancer progression, tumor growth suppresses cardiac hypertrophy and reduces fibrosis deposition. Whether these two opposing interactions are connected awaits to be determined. In addition, it is not known whether cancer affects solely the heart, or if other organs are affected as well. To explore the dual interaction between heart failure and cancer, we studied the human genetic disease Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) using the MDX mouse model. We analyzed fibrosis and cardiac function as well as molecular parameters by multiple methods in the heart, diaphragm, lungs, skeletal muscles, and tumors derived from MDX and control mice. Surprisingly, cardiac dysfunction in MDX mice failed to promote murine cancer cell growth. In contrast, tumor-bearing MDX mice displayed reduced fibrosis in the heart and skeletal and diaphragm muscles, resulting in improved cardiac function. The latter is at least partially mediated via M2 macrophage recruitment to the heart and diaphragm muscles. Collectively, our data support the notion that the effect of heart failure on tumor promotion is independent of the improved cardiac function in tumor-bearing mice. Reduced fibrosis in tumor-bearing MDX mice stems from the suppression of new fibrosis synthesis and the removal of existing fibrosis. These findings offer potential therapeutic strategies for DMD patients, fibrotic diseases, and cardiac dysfunction.


Abstract A force transducer based on measurement of mean strain in a body has been developed. The transducer can be made stiff and compact and is therefore suitable for measurement of impact forces as well as static forces. An experimental test of a simple first prototype was performed using both static and impact loads with different distributions over the load-carrying area of the transducer. The results of the experiments show that the requirement of insensitivity to differences in load distribution is acceptably fulfilled. Improvements are expected to be possible if the transducer is made in a more accurate way.


The accession of Georg Ludwig as Elector of Hanover in 1698 brought significant changes to the musical establishment of the electoral court. Unable to subsidise the Italian opera introduced by his father Ernst August, Georg Ludwig's musical patronage focused on his group of instrumentalists, which increased in number during his reign. These musicians continued to be employed there following the elector's departure for London in 1714 when he became King George I of Great Britain. Records in the Hauptstaatsarchiv Hannover provide a clear picture of the musical personnel of the Hanover court during the reign of Georg Ludwig and his successors, as well as the movement of musicians between their posts there and in other establishments. Yet despite the valuable details presented in archival sources, these records are not as informative about the works performed by Hanover musicians during this period. This paper will build on previous scholarship by considering the range of repertoire available to musicians in Hanover during the first half of the eighteenth century and will demonstrate the continuing popularity of Handel's music there.


Along with its painful economic costs, the financial crisis of 2008 raised concerns over the future of international policy making. As in recessions past, new policy initiatives emerged, approaches that placed greater importance on protecting national interests than promoting international economic cooperation. Whether in fiscal or monetary policies, the control of currencies and capital flows, the regulation of finance, or the implementation of protectionist policies and barriers to trade, there has been an almost worldwide trend toward the prioritizing of national economic security. But what are the underlying economic causes of this trend, and what can economic research reveal about the possible consequences? Prompted by these questions, Robert C. Feenstra and Alan M. Taylor have brought together top researchers with policy makers and practitioners whose contributions consider the ways in which the global economic order might address the challenges of globalization that have arisen over the last two decades and that have been intensified by the recent crisis. Chapters in this volume consider the critical linkages between issues, including exchange rates, global imbalances, and financial regulation, and plumb the political and economic outcomes of past policies for what they might tell us about the future of the global economic cooperation.


This is a report on psychoanalytic group psychotherapy with a group of obese women over a limited period of time. Obesity is perhaps the most common way of reacting to difficulties and has been extensively studied by many disciplines. The role of obesity in cardiovascular disease, digestive difficulties, joint pains, and other disorders, has been widely discussed. The relative ineffectiveness of most outpatient nonpsychiatric treatment for obesity has recently been documented. 13 It has been established that different types of obesity seem to be associated with different kinds of psychiatric illnesses. 9 One report of a psychotherapy experience with a 13-year-old obese girl concluded that obesity can have its dynamic roots on each level of psychosexual development. 6 Group psychotherapy has been used to treat obesity in groups which appreared to be psychiatrically normal. One therapy group conducted by a psychologist involved 15 group sessions


In a hybrid modular multilevel converter (MMC), capacitor voltage balance between the Full-Bridge Sub-Modules (FBSMs) and Half-Bridge Sub-Modules (HBSMs) is only possible when the arm currents are bipolar. For a grid-connected MMC, operating at unity power factor, this is typically only achievable when the modulation index is less than 2. Previous control methodologies, based on open-loop feed-forward compensating currents, have been proposed to operate an MMC with a higher modulation index. However, these solutions do not minimize the compensating currents; they cannot compensate entirely for both the variations in the operating conditions and the parameters typically encountered in a real implementation; and they do not consider the actual capacitor voltage imbalance between the FBSM and HBSMs. In this paper, a new nested closed-loop control algorithm based on an outer voltage control loop with an inner current loop is proposed and experimentally validated. Feed-forward currents are still utilised in the inner loop, but they are calculated using a new optimising algorithm which minimises the required compensating currents. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first work where explicit algebraic equations to calculate these compensating currents are provided. Experimental results to validate the approach, obtained with an 18-cell hybrid MMC, are presented and discussed in the paper.


We present a simple model to explain the transition from oscillatory to smooth crack propagation in brittle metallic glasses. We demonstrate that the smooth fracture propagation that is characteristic for higher temperature or higher crack opening velocities (for type 1 crack propagation) becomes unstable and oscillatory behavior is being observed. The characteristic feature size of the crack propagation may be at the nanometer scale and grows as the opening velocity decreases.


This study aims to determine changes in employee performance after Covid 19 slowly began to change from a pandemic to an endemic regarding compassion, employee involvement, job satisfaction, and commitment. The sample used in this study was 200 employees working in the Jakarta area. The research data was collected through a questionnaire distributed in a Google Form. The sampling technique used the Non-Probability Sampling Analysis Model with the Purposive Sampling technique. The data processing method is quantitative and associative with survey and SEM methods. This study shows that employee engagement has an effect on employee job satisfaction and work commitment. Compassion has an effect on employee job satisfaction. Job satisfaction affects employee performance. However, on the other hand, compassion has no effect on employee performance and work commitment. Employee engagement has no effect on performance. Work commitment has no effect on employee performance.


This paper will evaluate the current state of cooperation between banks and insurance companies as well as internal integration of bancassurance products in financial groups Erste Group Bank and UniCredit Group. The evaluation is performed as of May 1, 2016. There shall be selected six countries which are part of the region Central and Eastern Europe, namely the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Hungary, Romania, Croatia and Serbia. This paper aims at ascertaining whether or not there are similarities in how bancassurance functions in selected financial groups and countries. This paper shall apply a qualitative research approach. Bancassurance shall be analyzed, compared and evaluated from the viewpoint of integration of financial groups as well as of bancassurance products. A critical analysis of literature available will frame the field of bancassurance models of cooperation and bancassurance functioning. This review will provide a theoretical base for evaluating the level of cooperation between banks and insurance companies and for evaluation an internal integration of bancassurance products. The theoretical base shall be compared with the current bancassurance practice within financial groups and countries. To evaluate bancassurance practice, this paper shall use data available on web sites, financial and annual reports of financial institutions. The qualitative research shall contain a detailed analysis, sorting and comparing of set theoretical bases. Finally, this paper shall ascertain which characteristics are similar and which are different in integration of financial groups and bancassurance products.


Due to excess nutrient loading, loss of submersed macrophytes is a worldwide phenomenon in shallow lakes. Phosphorus is known to contribute significantly to macrophyte recession, but the role of nitrogen has received increasing attention. Our understanding of how high nitrogen concentrations affect the growth of submersed macrophytes, particularly under natural conditions, is still limited. In this study, we conducted experiments with canopy-forming Potamogeton crispus in 10 ponds subjected to substantial differences in nitrogen loading (five targeted total nitrogen concentrations: control, 2, 10, 20, and 100 mg L-1) and compared the results with those of our earlier published experiments with rosette-forming Vallisneria natans performed 1 year before. Canopy-forming P. crispus was more tolerant than rosette-forming V. natans to exposure to high NH4 concentrations. This is probably because canopy-forming species reach the water surface where there is sufficient light for production of carbohydrates, thereby allowing the plants to partly overcome high NH4 stress. Both the canopy-forming P. crispus and the rosette-forming V. natans showed clear declining trends with increasing chlorophyll a in the water. Accordingly, shading by phytoplankton might be of key importance for the decline in submersed macrophytes in this experiment. Both experiments revealed free amino acids (FAA) to be a useful indicator of physiological stress by high ammonium but is not a reliable indicator of macrophyte growth.


Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are common in the elderly population. Obstructive sleep apnea that may cause significant changes in the cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid and T-tau and/or P-tau protein levels is often identified as a risk factor for development of AD. Although the underlying mechanisms of AD are still not fully understood, a hypothesis associating OSA with AD has been already proposed. In this systematic mini-review, we first discuss the recent findings supporting the association of OSA with an increased risk of AD and then provide evidence suggesting the positive effect of OSA treatment on a reduced risk of AD.


Historically, news organizations located in the heart of confl ict zones have been an important player in informing the public and shaping its understanding of particular issues. To advance research relating to international confl ict coverage the current study analyzed how Georgian, Russian, and American media framed the 2008 war in Georgia. By examining coverage in Izvestia and Resonance as well as Th e New York Times — which is an important example of how the confl ict was presented to the American public — this paper elucidates likely determinants of the type of news and events that are prioritized by media producers proximal to the region of confl ict. We fi nd the similarities in confl ict reporting are as interesting as their diff erences.


Approximately 16,000 children, from two months to five years of age, were vaccinated with the capsular polysaccharide of either Haemophilus influenzae type b or group C Neisseria meningitidis. Immunizations were carried out in a double-masked, randomized manner; the doses of immunogens used were 10 microgram of H. influenzae type b polysaccharide and 25 micron g of the group CN. meningitidis polysaccharide. Immunogenicity of the two vaccines was measured in single, random specimens of blood taken from vaccinees of all ages at various intervals after immunization. A positive effect on formation of serum antibody was observed in children of all ages vaccinated with N. meningitidis polysaccharide, but increased levels of serum antibody to H. influenzae type b were observed only in recipients of that vaccine who were three years of age or older. No untoward reactions to either vaccine were noted, and both vaccines retained their original molecular size after storage for three years. Too few cases of disease have been studied for a definitive assessment of vaccine efficacy; however, a slightly protective effect against meningitis was observed for the H. influenzae type b vaccine in infants up to one year of age.


(NOTE: Each chapter includes a list of Important Terms and Symbols and Review Exercises.)I. A LIBRARY OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS. 1. A Beginning Library of Elementary Functions. Functions. Elementary Functions: Graphs and Transformations. Linear Functions and Straight Lines. Quadratic Functions. Group Activity 1: Introduction to Regression Analysis. Group Activity 2: Mathematical Modeling in Business.2. Additional Elementary Functions. Polynomial and Rational Functions. Exponential Functions. Logarithmic Functions. Group Activity 1: Comparing the Growth of Exponential and Polynomial. Functions, and Logarithmic and Root Functions. Group Activity 2: Comparing Regression Models.II. Calculus. 3. The Derivative. Introduction to Limits. Limits and Continuity. The Derivative. Derivative of Constants, Power Forms, and Sums. Derivatives of Products and Quotients. Chain Rule: Power Form. Marginal Analysis in Business & Economics. Group Activity 1: Minimal Average Cost. Group Activity 2: Numerical Differentiation on a Graphing Utility.4. Graphing and Optimization. First Derivative and Graphs. Second Derivative and Graphs. Curve Sketching Techniques: Unified & Extended. Optimization Absolute Maxima and Minima. Group Activity 1: Maximizing Profit. Group Activity 2: Minimizing Construction Costs.5. Additional Derivative Topics. The Constant e and Continuous Compound Interest. Derivatives of Logarithmic and Exponential Functions. Chain Rule: General Form. Implicit Differentiation. Related Rates. Group Activity 1: Elasticity of Demand. Group Activity 2: Point of Diminishing Returns.6. Integration. Antiderivative and Indefinite Integrals. Integration by Substitution. Differential Equations Growth and Decay. Geometric-Numeric Introduction to the Definite Integral. Definite Integral as a Limit of a Sum Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. Integration Formulas and Properties. Group Activity 1: Simpson's Rule. Group Activity 2: Bell-Shaped Curves.7. Additional Integration Topics. Area Between Curves. Applications in Business and Economics. Integration by Parts. Integration Using Tables. Group Activity 1: Analysis of Income Concentration from Raw Data. Group Activity 2: Grain Exchange.8. Multivariable Calculus. Functions of Several Variables. Partial Derivatives. Maxima and Minima. Maxima and Minima Using Lagrange Multipliers. Method of Least Squares. Double Integrals Over Rectangular Regions. Group Activity 1: City Planning. Group Activity 2: Numerical Integration of Multivariable Functions.9. Differential Equations. Basic Concepts. Separation of Variables. First-Order Linear Differential Equations. Group Activity 1: Torricelli's Law. Group Activity 2: Euler's Method.10. Taylor Polynomials and Infinite Series. Taylor Polynomials. Taylor Series. Operations on Taylor Series. Approximations Using Taylor Series. Group Activity 1: L'Hopital's Rule. Group Activity 2: Taylor Series Solutions to Differential Equations.11. Probability and Calculus. Improper Integrals. Continuous Random Variables. Expected Value, Standard Deviation, and Median. Special Probability Distributions. Group Activity 1: Beta Distributions. Group Activity 2: Chi-Square Distributions.12. Trigonometric Functions. Trigonometric Functions Review. Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions. Integration of Trigonometric Functions. Group Activity 1: Seasonal Business Cycles. Group Activity 2: Heating Degree Days.APPENDICES. A. Basic Algebra Review. Self-Test on Basic Algebra. Sets. Algebra and Real Numbers. Operations on Polynomials. Factoring Polynomials. Operations on Rational Expressions. Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation. Rational Exponents and Radicals. Linear Equations and Inequalities in One Variable. Quadratic Equations.B. Special Topics. Sequences, Series, and Summation Notation. Arithmetic and Geometric Sequences. The Binomial Theorem. Increments and Differentials. L'Hopital's Rule. Double Integrals Over More General Regions. Interpolating Polynomials and Divided Differences.C. Tables. Basic Geometric Formulas. Integration Formulas. Area Under the Standard Normal Curve.Answers. Index. Library of Elementary Functions. Application Index.


Despite the introduction of new mechanical techniques for revascularization, pharmacologic therapy continues to be the mainstay of antianginal therapy. The conventional antianginal medications, which include nitrates, beta blockers, and calcium channel blockers, act to correct the imbalance between myocardial supply and demand by increasing coronary blood flow, reducing myocardial oxygen requirements, or both. All three are appropriate for the management of angina caused by a fixed coronary obstruction, but nitrates and calcium channel blockers, which not only reduce demand but also increase supply, are preferred in cases of angina believed to involve a significant increase in vasomotor tone. Because of the different yet complementary mechanisms of action of the three classes of anti‐ischemic drags, use of these agents in combination is a rational approach to the treatment of angina unresponsive to monotherapy. Such combinations have been shown to enhance the therapeutic response achieved with single‐agent therapy. In addition, the pharmacologic action of one of the components of the combination regimen may serve to offset side effects typically associated with the other.


Background and Purpose: Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic arteriopathy most often affecting the carotid and renal arteries. In the United States Registry for FMD, 41.7% of patients experienced an aneurysm and/or dissection by the time of entry into the Registry. We sought to determine the occurrence of neurovascular events after FMD diagnosis and any changes on cervical artery imaging that may be attributable to FMD. Methods: Patients followed at the Mount Sinai Medical Center (US Registry for FMD enrollment center) with confirmed FMD and > 1 cervical artery imaging study (at least ± 6 months from the baseline carotid duplex ultrasound [CDU]) between the years 2003 and 2015 were included. Medical records and cervical artery imaging ([CDU], magnetic resonance angiogram [MRA], and computed tomography angiogram [CTA]) were reviewed. New arterial dissection, aneurysm, transient ischemic attack, stroke, or new FMD findings were recorded. Results: Among 146 FMD patients with complete information, 52 (35.6%) had an aneurysm and 52 (35.6%) had a dissection. Mean clinical follow-up was 35.3 ± 25.3 months (range 5–153 months); patients underwent 4 ± 2.7 CDU (range 1–17); 86.3% had ≥1 neck MRA or CTA. After FMD diagnosis, 3 patients (2%) experienced a new carotid artery dissection; 1 patient experienced a stroke due to concomitant atherosclerosis. No new aneurysms occurred. In patients with cervical artery FMD, imaging findings remained stable throughout follow-up. No patient developed new cervical artery FMD findings on follow-up imaging. Conclusions: No new cervical artery FMD or aneurysm was observed on subsequent imaging. New carotid dissection was uncommon over a mean follow-up period of 35.3 ± 25.3 months and was the only non-atherosclerotic vascular event observed after FMD diagnosis.


The content of 4 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin (DHB), bergamottin, isoimperatorin and epoxybergamottin of six pomelos produced in China were detected by High-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection and their safety of related medicines was evaluated by inhibition of medium concentration (IC50) of cytochrome oxidases CYP450-like. The results showed that the total content of the four furanocoumarins in these pomelo juices from high to low in order was Guanximi pomelo > Liangping pomelo > Pinghemi pomelo > grapefruit > Huyou > Shatian pomelo. The concentration of isoimperatorin in grapefruit, DHB, bergamottinand and isoimperatorin in Liangping, bergamottin and epoxybergamottin in Pinghemi and all the four furanocoumarins in Guanximi were exceeded the corresponding IC50; although Huyou and Shatian contained some furanocoumarins, they did not exceed IC50. Therefore, when taking drugs metabolised by CYP450-like enzymes, Guanximi, Liangping, Pinghemi, and grapefruit should be avoided to consume, but it is relatively safe to eat Huyou and Shatian.


Background Vascular complications are important causes of cerebral infarction in tuberculous meningitis (TBM).Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) is a non-invasive tool that can provide real-time information about cerebral hemodynamics. However, the literature on the role of TCD in the diagnosis or monitoring of vasculopathy associated with TBM is scarce. We explored the role of TCD in the diagnosis and monitoring of TBM-related vasculopathy of the major intracranial arteries. Methods Consecutive patients with TBM admitted to our tertiary center between 2011 and 2015 were included. All patients underwent TCD evaluation within 2 weeks of hospitalisation and it was repeated 2 weeks later. Mean flow velocity (Vmean) and pulsatility index (PI) were recorded. Flow velocities obtained from the submandibular internal carotid artery were also measured to calculate the Lindegaard ratio. A correlation was made between the patients who demonstrated vasculopathy on TCD, and patients with confirmed focal narrowing on computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to assess the clinical outcome at three and six months. Results A total of 36 patients were recruited. Focally elevated flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were observed in 11 (30.6%) patients, bilaterally in 6 of them. The Lindegaard ratio was elevated (>3) in 10 (90.9%) of them, which occurred as early as the fourth day of hospitalization and persisted as long as four months. Eighty percent of patients with TBM vasculopathy by TCD criteria, also had narrowing on CTA or MRA. Ten patients (27.8%) achieved good outcome (mRS 0–2) at 3 months, which increased to 13 (36.1%) at 6 months. Conclusion A considerable proportion of patients with TBM develops intracranial vasculopathy, which can be reliably diagnosed and monitored using TCD.


This report sets out the findings of a review of existing survey-based investigations of public knowledge, interest and attitudes to biomedical science among adult populations (18+) throughout the world since 1980. The review of research conducted with adults aimed to: determine what survey research has been done to date internationally in this area critically assess the approaches and questions used inform the development of the Wellcome Monitor survey. The survey was conducted between January and March 2009.


A correlation-based algebraic transition model that relies on local flow information is proposed. The model is qualified as an algebraic model, or a zero-equation model since it includes an intermittency function in place of an intermittency equation that is found in one- or two-equation models. The basic idea behind the model is that, instead of deriving new equations for intermittency transport, existing transport terms of the Spalart–Allmaras (S-A) turbulence model can be used. To this end, the production term of the S-A model is multiplied with the proposed intermittency function γBC; thereby the turbulence production is damped until it satisfies some turbulence onset requirements. The proposed formulation also depends on local information that uses empirical correlations to detect the transition onset using less equations and less calibration constants than other higher order models. The model is first validated against some widely-used zero and variable pressure gradient flat plate test cases with quite successful results. Second, the model is employed for some low Reynolds number airfoil cases with very promising results. Third, the model is applied for a turbine cascade case with success. Finally, two different three-dimensional wing flow cases were calculated under transonic and low subsonic flow conditions. To this end, the DLR-F5 wing subject to a transonic Mach number of 0.82 and the low-speed NREL wind turbine flow case are simulated and good agreement with experiments are observed. The results indicate that the proposed model may become an alternative for other models as it uses less computational resources with equivalent or higher accuracy characteristics that is quite advantageous for the computational fluid dynamics design in industry.


Context. The NO cycle takes place in the deepest layer of a H-burning core or shell, when the temperature exceeds T � 30 × 10 6 K. The O depletion observed in some globular cluster giant stars, always associated with a Na enhancement, may be due to either a deep mixing during the red giant branch (RGB) phase of the star or to the pollution of the primordial gas by an early population of massive asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, whose chemical composition was modified by the hot bottom burning. In both cases, the NO cycle is responsible for the O depletion. Aims. The activation of this cycle depends on the rate of the 15 N(p, γ) 16 O reaction. A precise evaluation of this reaction rate at temperatures as low as experienced in H-burning zones in stellar interiors is mandatory to understand the observed O abundances. Methods. We present a new measurement of the 15 N(p, γ) 16 O reaction performed at LUNA covering for the first time the center of mass energy range 70−370 keV, which corresponds to stellar temperatures between 65 × 10 6 K and 780 × 10 6 K. This range includes the 15 N(p, γ) 16 O Gamow-peak energy of explosive H-burning taking place in the external layer of a nova and the one of the hot bottom burning (HBB) nucleosynthesis occurring in massive AGB stars. Results. With the present data, we are also able to confirm the result of the previous R-matrix extrapolation. In particular, in the temperature range of astrophysical interest, the new rate is about a factor of 2 smaller than reported in the widely adopted compilation of reaction rates (NACRE or CF88) and the uncertainty is now reduced down to the 10% level.


To realize trajectory prediction, most previous methods adopt the parameter-based approach, which encodes all the seen past-future instance pairs into model parameters. However, in this way, the model parameters come from all seen instances, which means a huge amount of irrelevant seen instances might also involve in predicting the current situation, disturbing the performance. To provide a more explicit link between the current situation and the seen instances, we imitate the mechanism of retrospective memory in neuropsychology and propose MemoNet, an instance-based approach that predicts the movement intentions of agents by looking for similar scenarios in the training data. In MemoNet, we design a pair of memory banks to explicitly store representative instances in the training set, acting as prefrontal cortex in the neural system, and a trainable memory addresser to adaptively search a current situation with similar instances in the memory bank, acting like basal ganglia. During prediction, MemoNet recalls previous memory by using the memory addresser to index related instances in the memory bank. We further propose a two-step trajectory prediction system, where the first step is to leverage MemoNet to predict the destination and the second step is to fulfill the whole trajectory according to the predicted destinations. Experiments show that the proposed MemoNet improves the FDE by 20.3%/10.2%/28.3%from the previous best method on SDD/ETH-UCY/NBA datasets. Experiments also show that our MemoNet has the ability to trace back to specific instances during prediction, promoting more interpretability.


Transition metal complexes of Cu(II), Ni(II), Co(II) with a Schiff base Ligand (R,Z)-2-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylideneamino)-5-guanidinopentanoic acid (HMA-GPA) was synthesized by the condensation of 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and LArginine. These were characterized by elemental analysis IR, UV, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductivity measurements. The IR spectra of the Ligand HMA-GPA and the metal complexes suggest that the Ligand coordinates the metal ion through azomethine nitrogen, carboxylate Oxygen and Oxygen of the phenolic -OH group. The electronic absorption spectra and magnetic data indicate the Cu(II), Ni(II)complexes to be square planar and Co(II) complex to be octahedral. The metal complexes and the ligand were subjected to antimicrobial studies by Kirby Bayer Disc-diffusion method and found to have significant activity against the selected bacterial and fungal strains under study.


Agiovlasitis S, Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Ranadive SM, Lee M, Mojtahedi MC, Fernhall B: Effects of paraplegia on cardiac autonomic regulation during static exercise. Objectives:The aim of this study was to examine whether autonomic modulation of heart rate as measured by heart rate variability and heart rate complexity at rest and during static handgrip exercise differs between individuals with and without paraplegia. This study also examined the relationships between heart rate complexity and heart rate variability parameters. Design:Heart rate variability and complexity were evaluated in 20 individuals with paraplegia and in 20 individuals without paraplegia during 3 mins of rest and 2 mins of static handgrip exercise at 30% of maximum isometric strength. Spectral decomposition of heart rate variability was used to obtain total power, power in low-frequency and high-frequency ranges, and the ratio of low- to high-frequency power. Heart rate complexity was quantified with sample entropy, a measure of irregularity of the beat-to-beat time series. Results:Sample entropy was lower (P < 0.05) at rest and during exercise in participants with paraplegia. Total, high-, and low-frequency powers as well as the ratio of low- to high-frequency power did not differ between groups. Sample entropy did not significantly correlate with low- and high-frequency powers or their ratio. Conclusions:Individuals with paraplegia show lower heart rate complexity at rest and during static exercise. This finding may have implications for cardiovascular morbidity in persons with paraplegia. Heart rate complexity may provide unique information regarding cardiac autonomic modulation, different from that provided by traditional heart rate variability measures.


The extraction of structural object metrics from a next generation remote sensing modality, namely waveform light detection and ranging (LiDAR), has garnered increasing interest from the remote sensing research community. However, a number of challenges need to be addressed before structural or 3D vegetation modeling can be accomplished. These include proper processing of complex, often off-nadir waveform signals, extraction of relevant waveform parameters that relate to vegetation structure, and from a quantitative modeling perspective, 3D rendering of a vegetation object from LiDAR waveforms. Three corresponding, broad research objectives therefore were addressed in this dissertation.
Firstly, the raw incoming LiDAR waveform typically exhibits a stretched, misaligned, and relatively distorted character. A robust signal preprocessing chain for LiDAR waveform calibration, which includes noise reduction, deconvolution, waveform registration, and angular rectification is presented. This preprocessing chain was validated using both simulated waveform data of high fidelity 3D vegetation models, which were derived via the Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) modeling environment and real small-footprint waveform LiDAR data, collected by the Carnegie Airborne Observatory (CAO) in a savanna region of South Africa. Results showed that the preprocessing approach significantly increased our ability to recover the temporal signal resolution, and resulted in improved waveform-based vegetation biomass estimation.
Secondly, a model for savanna vegetation biomass was derived using the resultant processed waveform data and by decoding the waveform in terms of feature metrics for woody and herbaceous biomass estimation. The results confirmed that small-footprint waveform LiDAR data have significant potential in the case of this application.
Finally, a 3D image clustering-based waveform LiDAR inversion model was developed for 1st order (principal branch level) 3D tree reconstruction in both leaf-off and leaf-on conditions. These outputs not only contribute to the visualization of complex tree structures, but also benefit efforts related to the quantification of vegetation structure for natural resource applications from waveform LiDAR data.


Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have the advantages of high theoretical capacity and energy density, which are considered as promising for future energy storage. Besides, the high gravimetric energy density makes Li–S batteries more suitable as power sources for apparatuses such as high-altitude drones and space vehicles. For these applications, the batteries should have a low self-discharge and a wide temperature range. Herein, we introduce carbon nanofibers with MnS sulfiphilic sites as flexible interlayers into Li–S batteries, reducing the shuttle effect and accelerating the reaction kinetics through physical inhibition, chemical adsorption and conversion that promote synergy. The self-discharge of the cell is significantly weakened. The voltage is maintained at 2.37 V during 150 hours resting after 20 cycles. For a sulfur loading of 2 mg cm−2, the capacity is as high as 714 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles at 1C at room temperature. Besides, the operating temperature of the cell is broadened. At 55 °C and 0 °C, the capacity can be stabilized at 894 mA h g−1 and 853 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5C, respectively. This work can gain wide research interest toward lithium–sulfur batteries for applications in extreme environments.


A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay is described for the determination of six phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in orange juice packaged in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bottle. Samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges and separated by a C₁₈ column. The calibration curves were all linear with a correlation coefficient r > 0.9900. The limits of detection for the assay ranged from 2.6 to 13.8 ng/mL. Expressed as the within- and between-day coefficient of variation (CV), precision was 1.4-13.4% and 1.9-13.3%, respectively, and relative errors were 7.6-12.8% and -9.0-14.2%, respectively. The recovery ranged from 76.8 to 112.3% with the CV from 0.3 to 11.3%. The proposed methodology was applied for studing the migration of the selected PAEs into orange juice packaged in PVC bottle. Di-ethyl phthalate (DEP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) were detected in the orange juice without the other four PAEs. Concentrations would increase with the storage time and reach up to 0.385 μg/mL and 0.662 μg/mL, respectively, when the expiration date arrived. The level of DEHP was about 110 times higher than the limiting one in drink water (6 ppb) regulated by U.S. EPA. Results suggest that PVC plasticized by DEHP should not be used as the packaging material for orange juice.


Ethanol pharmacokinetics were determined following oral ethanol, 0.5 gm per kg, in nine normal women and 10 normal men, and related to total body water measured by 3H‐water dilution and body fat determined anthropometrically. Ethanol pharmacokinetics were similar in the females throughout the menstrual cycle. No variation was seen in mean peak blood ethanol concentration or elimination rate in the midfollicular (Days 8 to 10) and midluteal (Days 22 to 24) phases. Mean peak blood ethanol values were significantly higher in females (88 ± 3 mg per 100 ml) than in males (75 ± 4 mg per 100 ml) (p < 0.05), and the mean area under the ethanol concentration‐time curve was significantly greater in females (241 ± 12 mg hr per 100 ml) than in males (177 ± 11 mg hr per 100 ml) (p < 0.001). There was no significant sex difference in mean ethanol elimination rates. The mean apparent volume of distribution of ethanol in female (0.59 ± 0.02 liter per kg) was less than in males (0.73 ± 0.02 liter per kg) (p < 0.001). Both apparent volume of distribution of ethanol and area under curve were significantly correlated with total body water suggesting that the sex differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics were due to sex differences in body water content. The sex differences in ethanol pharmacokinetics may partly explain reports of male‐female differences in the natural history of certain ethanol‐related disorders.


British author Heather Smith has spent a lifetime working with children, especially children experiencing divorce and its aftermath. The theme underlying her work is that children's thoughts and feelings should be heard, valued, and considered throughout the divorce process. She describes divorce as a process rather than an event, and the value she places on young hearts during this upheaval is of greatest worth to the reader. However, Children, Feelings and Divorce is weakened by attempting too broad a scope and diverse an audience. Because it also speaks directly to parents, educators, lawyers, and others who work with children affected by divorce, the information provided specifically for mental health professionals is too minimal and shallow, and would be strengthened by more research references and a greater depth of information. The first four chapters are a general primer on divorce. They are followed by a large section on domestic violence that (only occasionally) is linked to divorce issues and circumstances. This makes it appear misplaced in this volume. There are also two chapters devoted to divorce and mediation practices in England. Although they pose useful questions about the future of all children coping with divorce, they have greater relevance to those in Great Britain. The book is at its best when specifically addressing behaviors that contribute to a "good divorce." Above all, Smith stresses that parents must put parental responsibilities before personal needs, and make children aware that they are united in their concern over their well-being. She also recommends parents allow children comfortable contact with both parents, as well as the extended family. Other suggestions include fostering honest communication between parents and children throughout the divorce process, respecting children's feelings and answering their questions, and carefully considering the timing of life changes (and introducing them gradually). She also reminds parents to afford teenagers flexibility with their social needs and to recognize that teenagers going through divorce are still dealing with typical developmental issues in addition to the divorce process. Finally, Smith feels stepparents should be generally supportive and available, but not active in child rearing. The book also provides professionals an excellent chapter on running groups for children of divorce. It is a clear, basic, step-by-step guide for practitioners, which includes techniques, scripts, and examples of children's experiences. The final chapter speaks directly to the children themselves and is, in its way, the heart of the book. However, I question its inclusion in a professional volume for practitioners. It would probably be better served as a pamphlet or a short children's book. In the end, this book can be mined for useful information by any of the audiences Smith addresses. However, the broad range attempted by the author does not allow in-depth examination of the issues for any one type of reader in particular— especially mental health professionals


Ecological aspects of sorbents use to improve the efficiency of Abstract Nowadays, polluted soils are one of the primary environmental problems. Due to a large number of oil-contaminated lands, new methods are being developed more and more actively, as well as a combination of various existing methods for disposing of oil spills. In this paper, bioremediation with the use of adsorption is considered to reduce toxicity and accelerate the processes of microbial destruction of hydrocarbons. There is a large selection of sorbents based on carbon, mineral, and natural materials. The effectiveness of a particular sorbent will vary depending on the application region, weather and climate conditions, soil type, and the type and properties of the oil. In this work, peat was tested as an organic sorbent (S1), vermiculite as a mineral sorbent (S2), and sorbent based on carbon (S3). The sorbents were added to the soils contaminated by oil, evaluating the pH, humidity, and phytotoxicity of the soils. The results showed that the soils treated with sorbents maintained the neutral pH, increased the humidity, and decreased the phytotoxicity of the soil. The sorbent efficiency was S3> S2> S1.


Spectra in the visible and near ultraviolet wavelength region (200-600 nm) have been recorded during collisions between five times ionized nitrogen ions (produced by an ECR-ion source) and a neutral lithium gas target. Besides the collisional aspects which will be presented elsewhere, the experiments yielded numerous interesting features from a spectroscopic point of view which we present here. Many previously unknown lines show up in our spectra, strong ones amongst them. Most lines can be classified as transitions between 1s2nl configurations in the N V term system produced by a single electron capture process. We also observed transitions between configurations 1s2s(3S)nl with high n and l values. These are populated if an electron is captured by metastable N5+ ions which are known to be produced in an ECR ion source. From line intensities we estimated a fraction of about 5% metastable ions in the N5+ beam. Some new lines in N IV with configurations 1s22s(2S)nl and 1s22p(2P)nl were identified. Those configurations were produced when two electrons were captured by a N5+ projectile.


Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome often responds to immunosuppressive treatment. Nevertheless, this syndrome - and the drugs used to treat it - remain important causes of patient morbidity. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by minimal change disease or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), diseases that primarily affect the podocytes. In spite of decades of research, the underlying causes of both diseases remain incompletely understood. There is, however, a large body of observational and experimental data linking the immune system with both minimal change disease and FSGS, including associations with systemic infections and hematologic malignancies. Perhaps most compellingly, many different immunomodulatory drugs are effective for treating idiopathic nephrotic syndrome, including biologic agents that have well defined immune targets. In fact, the unexpected efficacy of targeted therapeutic agents has provided important new insights into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Given the large number of drugs that are available to deplete or block specific cells and molecules within the immune system, a better understanding of the immunologic causes of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome may lead to better diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.


Self-assembly of coordination frameworks exhibiting original architectures is an active area of research. Generally, such assemblies are constructed from organic spacers and transition metals of different geometrical structures. Herein, we report a novel class of supramolecular coordination assemblies with organometallic linkers based on metalated quinonoid and thioquinonoid complexes that serve as spacers. The organometallic ligands are stable and have the general formula [Cp*M(eta(4)-benzoquinone)] (o- and p-benzoquinone, Cp*=C(5)Me(5), M=Rh, Ir) and [Cp*Ir(eta(4)-thiobenzoquinone)] (o- and p-thiobenzoquinone). These units bind through both oxygen or sulfur atoms to metal ions of different coordination geometry, such as Cu(I), Ag(I), and Pt(II), to generate supramolecular coordination networks, with the metalated quinonoid or thioquinonoid linkers acting as backbones and the metal centers as nodes. This novel family of supramolecular assemblies exhibits short pi-pi and MM interactions. These results illustrate successfully the role of the organometallic linkers to produce an impressive range of novel supramolecular architectures that hold promise for the development of functional materials.


Europe is facing unprecedented challenges, from globalisation to migratory flows, changing family structures, ageing populations, inequality and social exclusion, unemployment, and so on. To meet these challenges, we need to modernise EU social protection systems by expanding the social investment dimension of social spending, while taking advantage of technological advancements and multi-stakeholder partnerships to drive change in the welfare system. Within this context, this chapter focuses on the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) enabled social enterprises for promoting social investment. First, we outline the social enterprise landscape in Europe, going beyond fuzzy concepts to highlight the key characteristics of social enterprises that make them important for social change. Second, we outline key ways in which social enterprises are using ICT in their activities to achieve varied socio-economic goals: from using social media to scale up, to improving organisational management, and expanding service offerings in healthcare, education, the labour market, and other social fields. Our analysis is based on findings from our study on the role of social enterprises in delivering ICT enabled social innovation initiatives promoting social investment approaches, carried out by the authors in the framework of the European Commission's ICT-Enabled Social Innovation (IESI) project. (See https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/iesi.) We find that ICT-enabled social enterprises are particularly important for social investment, given their ability to combine technological and social innovation, and their focus on meeting community-specific needs that can be scaled up. We encourage research and policy commitments to further test and validate how social enterprises can catalyse public-private partnerships for the delivery of public goods to safeguard our Social Europe.


Data-driven turbulence models have been created for a k-ε RANS model based on PIV data in a jet in crossflow. In the simpler of two implementations, the nominal value of the model coefficient Cµ was replaced with an optimized value calibrated to the PIV results. Despite being based on only four flow cases of a canonical configuration, the optimized model demonstrated superior performance over 48 flow cases of increasing complexity. A second, more sophisticated data-driven model has been created by mapping a spatially variable Cµ to flow state variables using machine learning of experimentally measured flow field properties of the turbulence. This second model has been implemented in a production RANS code but requires further improvements before it can return results deviating from either the nominal or calibrated Cµ models.


George Sturt (1863–1927) was a British wheelwright and writer who usually wrote under the pen-name George Bourne. A native of Surrey, he inherited his father's workshop in the rural village of Bourne, near Farnborough, in 1891 and began to record the daily lives and recollections of his rural family and acquaintances. This volume, first published in 1912, contains Sturt's description and analysis of social changes he saw taking place in the village where he lived. At the time of publication, Sturt's village was being transformed from a rural agricultural community into a 'residential centre' populated by wealthy outsiders from London. Sturt sensitively and perceptively describes these changes, and analyses their impact on the rural society, community and economy by comparing the contemporary situation to the 'old' rural society. This volume provides valuable insights into changes and social tensions in rural Late Victorian society and economy.


The conventional prediction of milling stability has been extensively studied based on the assumptions that the milling process dynamics is time invariant. However, nominal cutting parameters cannot guarantee the stability of milling process at the shop floor level since there exists many uncertain factors in a practical manufacturing environment. This paper proposes a novel numerical method to estimate the upper and lower bounds of Lobe diagram, which is used to predict the milling stability in a robust way by taking into account the uncertain parameters of milling system. Time finite element method, a milling stability theory is adopted as the conventional deterministic model. The uncertain dynamics parameters are dealt with by the non-probabilistic model in which the parameters with uncertainties are assumed to be bounded and there is no need for probabilistic distribution densities functions. By doing so, interval instead of deterministic stability Lobe is obtained, which guarantees the stability of milling process in an uncertain milling environment. In the simulations, the upper and lower bounds of Lobe diagram obtained by the changes of modal parameters of spindle-tool system and cutting coefficients are given, respectively. The simulation results show that the proposed method is effective and can obtain satisfying bounds of Lobe diagrams. The proposed method is helpful for researchers at shop floor to making decision on machining parameters selection.


Regulating secondary bonds in organic compounds is one of the important routes to design practical materials with excellent performances. However, controlling the molecular arrangement and spatial configuration by changing the limited substituent groups is still very challenging. Herein, two indolium-based (C19H20NO)+ crystals, centric OHI-CBS and acentric OHI-T, were synthesized and grown using an evaporation method. An intriguing structural change from the centrosymmetric (P21/c) to noncentrosymmetric (Cc) space group was obtained by a simple substitution of the chloro group by the methyl group. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions make the main contribution to molecular spatial alignment. Meanwhile, the OHI-T crystal exhibits prominent nonlinearity of about 0.7 times that of the benchmark OH1 crystal, a large band gap (2.47 eV), a wide transparency range (504–2100 nm), and remarkably efficient output energy in the 0.1–20 THz region, making it a potential nonlinear optical medium for THz-wave generation. This work realizes rational crystal structural regulation through simple molecular substitution and provides a feasible design strategy for other organic optoelectronic functional materials.


. The operational speed of the trains is intended to be significantly increased forthcoming; which consequently questions the safety level of the current design concepts concerning different performance limits. Thus, the reliability of the simply supported single-span bridges is assessed in the current article adopting the first-order reliability method (FORM) approach. In this regard, the dynamic response of the aimed bridges is investigated under the passage of a series of moving loads using available closed-form so-lutions in the literature. Hereof, axle load, car body/train configuration, flexural rigidity, damping, mass and model uncertainties are considered as random variables; while train-track-bridge interactions are neglected and the procedure is repeated for a wide range of span lengths and train velocities. Then, the safety index corresponding to each case is evaluated by considering running safety as the limit state function; where, the bridge deck vertical acceleration is taken as the capacity of the system. The outcomes are presented as average probability of exceeding the limit state versus train speed and categorized based on span lengths.


Treatment of cultured bovine articular chondrocytes with 100 microM orthovanadate, in the absence of serum, results in the production of a single major tyrosine phosphorylated protein with an apparent molecular mass of 36 kDa (p36). Chondrocytes were found to contain proteins reactive with anti-lipocortin 1, 2, and 5 antibodies. p36 comigrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gels with lipocortin 2, but not with other members of the lipocortin family. The distribution of p36 between the particulate and soluble cell fractions was also similar to that of lipocortin 2. p36 that was purified on an anti-phosphotyrosine immunoaffinity column cross-reacted with anti-lipocortin 2 antibodies. Similarly, lipocortin 2 purified on an anti-lipocortin 2 immunoaffinity column reacted with anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies. Furthermore, cyanogen bromide cleavage fragments of purified lipocortin 2 and p36 were similar. These data demonstrate that the major constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated protein, in chondrocytes, is lipocortin 2. Tyrosine phosphorylated p36 required SDS buffers for extraction due to a loss of the tyrosine phosphate group under other solubilization conditions using Triton X-100 or sodium cholate. This study provides a system for the study of the effects of tyrosine phosphorylation on lipocortin 2 function. What role lipocortin 2 plays in chondrocyte biology remains to be determined.


The PV modules are wired together into electrical circuits or array to provide the necessary voltage and/or current. Since shading conditions cause high loss in performance, oversizing of the system is always a costly alternative. Based on the advanced modeling of cells, the concept of interconnected modules are analyzed under normal and fault condition. The interconnected array is simulated and tested under different insolation levels to evaluate the performance under faulty conditions by numerical methods. The power loss is compared within transition and after fault clearing regions. The simulation is done using MATLAB and experimental verification is included.


Stochastic approaches for effective power distribution network optimization are proposed. Considering node voltages obtained using dynamic voltage drop analysis as sample variables, multi-variate regression is conducted to optimize clock timing metrics, such as clock skew or jitter. Aggregate correlation coefficient (ACC) which quantifies connectivity between different chip regions is defined in order to find a possible insufficiency in wire connections of a power distribution network. Based on the ACC, we also propose a procedure using linear regression to find the most effective region for improving clock timing metrics. By using the proposed procedure, effective fixing point were obtained two orders faster than by using brute force circuit simulation.


Sputum transportation from county-level to prefecture-level is an ideal strategy to cover the shortage of the laboratory capability in the resource-poor setting. Here, we firstly evaluated the feasibility of sputum transportation system in China by analyzing the culture and molecular diagnosis results from 1982 smear-positive patients with different delay in processing for culture. In this study, the total contamination rate was 2.32% and the total smear positive/culture negative (S+/C-) rate was 7.57%. We found that sputum specimens refrigerated for no more than 7 d before mycobacterial detection did not affect culture significantly. In addition, the invalid result rates among 0-3 d, 3-7 d, and 7+ d group were 3.63%, 3.14%, and 12.48%, respectively. Statistic analysis revealed that molecular diagnostic results while the invalid result rate of genechip for the specimen with more than 7 d delay was significantly higher (P<0.001). The refrigerators equipped in county laboratories, transport at low temperature and frequent transport services once a week will ensure the feasibility of sputum transportation system in China.


A typical syndrome of short and crooked neck together with muscular hytoplasia of the legs occurs with low incidence in chicken embryos following injection into the egg at 24 hours of incubation of the antimalarial drug chloroquine; but treatment at later stages does not have similar effects. When, however chloroquine was used in addition to carbachol or neostigmine at 96 hours of incubation the malformations caused by the two cholinomimetic compounds, i.e., carbachol and neostigmine, occurred with greatly increased frequency and tended also to be exaggerated in expression. Chlorguanide, another antimalarial drug, when used as additive, reduced the teratogenic effects of such compounds as decamethonium and neostigmine. It appears that the neuromuscular pathways to teratogenicity are for carbachol and neostigmine and for chloroquine clearly related, if at different levels of expressivity.


Purpose
Current domestic and international research predominantly examines the past experiences of people seeking asylum and the negative influences such experiences have on health and well-being. However, few studies address the future needs of people seeking asylum, as they transition from Direct Provision. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by exploring the perspectives of women seeking asylum in Ireland on the skills they think they will need, as they transition from Direct Provision to life in Ireland.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative methodology using a community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach was used, to collect data collaboratively and sensitively with a vulnerable population group. Convenience sampling was used to recruit six women seeking asylum in Ireland, to participate in focus groups and semi-structured interviews. Data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings
Women seeking asylum identified four themes of skills for doing, skills for being, skills for becoming and skills for belonging that are necessary for life in Ireland after Direct Provision. Barriers and opportunities to develop these skills were documented as sub-themes. The skills identified under these themes and sub-themes included work, education, driving, childcare, social integration, money management, home management, health management and leisure.

Originality/value
Using participatory methodologies, future research should further explore the skills required for transition from Direct Provision, to continue to raise awareness of the potential for occupational injustice and the role occupational therapists could play in this transitional period.


Civil rights fee-shifting statutes were designed to enable plaintiffs to attract competent attorneys to litigate and ultimately vindicate violations of federal civil rights laws. In the years following the enactment of the Attorneys' Fees Awards Act of 1976, the Supreme Court has decided a number of cases that would seem to affect attorney compensations in civil rights cases. In a series of interviews with civil rights practitioners, Professor Julie Davies has explored the effects of some key decisions as well as other factors that influence the viability of civil rights practice. In her Article, she presents the results of her survey and identifies the ways in which the practices of the survey participants are affected by the doctrines she studies. She argues that the cases affecting fees, in conjunction with other factors, have undermined the incentives of attorneys in the study to represent certain types of plaintiffs or to litigate under particular civil rights statutes. She finds these results utterly inconsistent with the premise of fee-shifting legislation and urges serious consideration of the need for reforms to prevent further erosion of federal civil rights protection.


The level of the (log of) the exchange rate seems to have strong forecasting power for dollar exchange rates against major currencies post-2000 at medium- to long-run horizons of 12-, 36- and 60-months. We find that this is true using conventional asymptotic statistics correcting for serial correlation biases. But correcting for small-sample bias using simulation methods, we find little evidence to reject a random walk. This small sample bias arises because of near-spurious correlation when the predictor variable is persistent and the horizon for exchange rate forecasts is long. Similar problems of spurious correlation may arise when other persistent variables are used to forecast changes in the exchange rate. We find, in fact, using asymptotic statistics, the level of the exchange rate provides better forecasts than economic measures of "global risk", and the measures of global risk do not improve the (possibly spurious) forecasting power of the level of the exchange rate.


The duality theory of the Monge--Kantorovich transport problem is analyzed in a general setting. The spaces $X, Y$ are assumed to be polish and equipped with Borel probability measures $\mu$ and $\nu$. The transport cost function $c:X\times Y \to [0,\infty]$ is assumed to be Borel. Our main result states that in this setting there is no duality gap, provided the optimal transport problem is formulated in a suitably relaxed way. The relaxed transport problem is defined as the limiting cost of the partial transport of masses $1-\varepsilon$ from $(X,\mu)$ to $(Y, \nu)$, as $\varepsilon >0$ tends to zero.
The classical duality theorems of H.\ Kellerer, where $c$ is lower semi-continuous or uniformly bounded, quickly follow from these general results.


ABSTRACT In this article, Jansen attempts to demonstrate that addressing the religious practices of Jews and Muslims from the perspective of a religio-secular framework in today's European context underestimates the complexity of semiotic relations between Muslims, Jews and other Europeans. She discusses this complexity in terms of 'intercultural semiotics' between the three groups. In particular, she focuses on what she calls 'mirroring relations', drawing on an expression from Yirmiyahu Yovel about a 'crooked, passion-laden mirror' characterizing the ways in which modern Europeans imagined their Jewish neighbours in early twentieth-century Europe. In order to further explain this, Jansen analyses a passage from Marcel Proust's novel In Search of Lost Time, which concerns a group of people in late nineteenth-century France, following the Dreyfus Affair, who are perceived by the narrator as Jewish. Thereafter, drawing on Gil Hochberg's notion of the 're-membering' of the Semite, Jansen analyses semiotic mirroring in the work Projet Deburkanisation (2017) by the Belgian author Rachida Lamrabet, which she reads as a contemporary meta-reflection, involving Muslims, on the mirroring relations between Jews and other Europeans first discussed via her reading of Proust.


OBJECTIVES
In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, biofilm formation is controlled by a cell-to-cell signalling circuit relying on the secretion of 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL. Previous studies suggested that C4-HSL plays no significant role in biofilm formation. However the wild-type PAO1 strain PAO-BI, used as a control in these studies is itself impaired in the production of C4-HSL. We wondered therefore whether the role of C4-HSL in biofilm formation might have been underestimated, and whether azithromycin inhibits biofilm formation by interfering with cell-to-cell signalling.

METHODS
We used isogenic mutants of wild-type PAO1 strains PAO-BI and PT5 in a static biofilm model. Biofilm formation was quantified using Crystal Violet staining and exopolysaccharide measurements.

RESULTS
Wild-type strain PAO-BI, as a result of its reduced C4-HSL secretion, produced 40% less biofilm compared with the wild-type PAO1 strain PT5. Using isogenic mutants of strain PT5 we have shown that whereas a lasI mutant (deficient in 3-oxo-C12-HSL) produced similar amounts of biofilm to the wild-type, a rhlI mutant (deficient in C4-HSL) produced 70% less biofilm. In the latter strain, biofilm formation could be restored by addition of exogenous C4-HSL. Azithromycin, known to reduce the production of both 3-oxo-C12-HSL and C4-HSL, inhibited biofilm formation of wild-type PT5 by 45%. This inhibition could be reversed by the addition of both cell-to-cell signals.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that C4-HSL also plays a significant role in biofilm formation. Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of using cell-to-cell signalling blocking agents such as azithromycin to interfere with biofilm formation.


We present new spectroscopic data for 26 stars in the recently discovered Canes Venatici I (CVn I) dwarf spheroidal galaxy, obtained with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph North (GMOS-N) on the Gemini North telescope. We use these data to investigate the recent claim of the presence of two dynamically inconsistent stellar populations in this system. While we find no evidence for kinematically distinct subpopulations in our sample, we also show that the available kinematic data set in CVnI is likely too small to draw robust conclusions about its subpopulations. We are, however, able to obtain a mass estimate for CVn I that is consistent with all available data, including previously published data. We discuss possible differences between our sample and the earlier data set, and study the general detectability of subpopulations in small kinematic samples. We conclude that, in the absence of additional supporting observational evidence (e.g. metallicity gradients), subpopulations in small kinematic samples (typically fewer than 100 stars) should be treated with caution, as their identification depends on multiple parameters and rarely produces a signal at a high confidence level. It is therefore essential to explicitly determine the statistical significance of any suggested subpopulation.


Abstract Quality-control mechanisms in spermatogenesis are important to eliminate injured or abnormal cells, thereby protecting the organism from abnormal development in the next generation. The processes of spermatogenesis are highly sensitive to high temperatures; however, the mechanisms by which injured germ cells are eliminated remain unclear. Here, we found that heat shock proteins are not induced in male germ cells in response to thermal stress, although heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1) is activated. Using HSF1-null mice, we showed that apoptosis of pachytene spermatocytes was markedly inhibited in testes with a single exposure to heat and in the cryptorchid testes, indicating that HSF1 promotes apoptotic cell death of pachytene spermatocytes exposed to thermal stress. In marked contrast, HSF1 acts as a cell-survival factor of more immature germ cells, probably including spermatogonia, in testes exposed to high temperatures. These results demonstrate that HSF1 has two opposite roles in male germ cells independent of the activation of heat shock genes.


In this article, bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) algorithm is developed for single side optimal bidding strategy in an electricity market. Optimal bidding strategy is one of the important functions in the electricity market along with forecasting of the electricity price and the profit based unit commitment. The prime objective of generating company (Genco) is to maximize their profit when they participate in the bidding process. The BFO algorithm has been used to maximize the probability density function (pdf). In the second stage the BFO algorithm is again applied to maximize the profit of the suppliers. The Proposed algorithm is developed in MATLAB (Version, 2019) and tested on standard test case available in the literature. Also, the simulation results are presented and compared. It is noticed that the proposed method yields the best results in terms of profit.


To determine if children construe the fairness of societal practices as dependent on the implicit contract or definition of a situation, first (M = 6.8 years), third (M = 8.8 years), and fifth (M = 11.0 years) graders were questioned about 3 situations: one emphasizing learning or mastery, a contest, and a test. For each situation, they judged the fairness, alterability of fairness, effectiveness, and harmfulness of 3 teaching or coaching practices: having more able individuals help the less able, having individuals compete publicly, and having them perform independently. Children judged the fairness and effectiveness of each practice differently for each situation. They also recognized that unfair practices could become fair with participant consensus or over time, and that the potential of a practice to cause harm differed depending upon the context. These results were comparable for educational and athletic activities. In these respects, children's conceptions of the fairness of societal practices resemble those of philosophers who advocate pluralistic conceptions of justice.


This paper aims to examine how trade union members perceive opportunities for online engagement and what the differences are between traditional and online audiences. The empirical work is based on a survey of members of a Greek union in the banking sector. The findings outline the characteristics of an audience that is likely to support information sharing and networking activities on the web. For this audience, traditional levels of loyalty and union participation were not strongly related with perceptions about the union's online presence. Instead, Internet skills and experiences had a dominant effect. The implications of this study suggest that trade unions have to actively seek knowledge about the characteristics of their new audience and adapt communications strategies accordingly.


Background To date, there are very few comparative US studies and none in DC that distinguish between US-born and foreign-born black women to examine and compare their perceptions of HIV risk. This qualitative study, therefore, analyzes African American and East African women's perceptions of HIV risk in the Washington DC Metropolitan area, which has the highest AIDS rate in the United States. Methods Forty in-depth, semistructured interviews and 10 cognitive interviews were conducted among a sample of 25 African American women and 25 East African born women between October 2012 and March 2013 to examine perceptions regarding HIV risk. The in-depth semistructured interviews were preceded by the cognitive interviews and accompanying survey. Study protocol was reviewed and approved by the American University Institutional Review Board. Results Adopting Boerma and Weir's Proximate Determinants conceptual framework to interpret the data, the results of the study demonstrate that African American and East African immigrant women have divergent perceptions of HIV risk. Although African American women ascribe HIV risk to individual-level behaviors and choices such as unprotected sex, East African women attribute HIV risk to conditions of poverty and survival. Conclusions Study findings suggest that addressing HIV prevention and education among black women in DC will require distinct and targeted strategies that are culturally and community-centered to resonate with these different audiences.


but it is not thought to be warranted by the facts. Intrathecal penicillin for neurosyphilis possesses no advantage over the intramuscular route and a few unpleasant mishaps have apparently fallen to the lot of some workers. Other chapters concern the pharmacology of penicillin, penicillin in experimental syphilis, and the effects of the drug in latent, cardiovascular, ocular, congenital, prenatal, and neuro-syphilis. Dr. Moore himself says that several years must yet elapse before we can evaluate the eventual place of penicillin in the treatment of early syphilis, let alone the later manifestations. Meanwhile the opportunity to study the extensive data in this valuable book has given the profession breathingspace and an interval for digestion. One learns, almost with relief that, while streptomycin has some effect on the organisms of syphilis, it is many times less than that of penicillin G and is unlikely to be of value in the treatment of the disease. R. R. WILLCOX


We propose a new way of implementing transport protocols. Instead of building the whole sender/receiver functionality as one piece, the sender functionality is split into three modules: data transmission, congestion control and error detection/recovery. This enables us to better examine the interactions between error detection and congestion control, and to introduce updates/changes to these modules independently. We present a re-implementation of TCP using this modular design technique and subsequently show the interactions between different congestion control and error detection strategies over a lossy link. The investigation enabled by our modular design aims at improvement of TCP performance over wireless links.


With the advent of the fifth-generation mobile communication technology era, mobile technology will further change tourism. However, studies on mobile technology in tourism from the perspective of bibliometrics and visualization are limited. This research aimed to systematically, comprehensively, and objectively analyze the current research status and potential future research directions in this field through a visual bibliometric analysis of mobile technology research in tourism. This study used CiteSpace software to analyze 803 related journal papers from the Web of Science Core Collection and provided insights into the research of mobile technology in tourism from the aspects of research trends, research areas, top journals, author/institution/country or region collaboration networks, research keywords, and research foundations. The study can help related personnel in academia and industry to fully understand the research of mobile technology in tourism and provides valuable references for related research fields on bibliometric and visualized analysis.


An in-situ preparation technique was used for preparation of equimass samples (chitosan/poly vinyl alcohol, CS/PVA) embedded with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). X-ray diffraction scans (XRD) showed the appearance of two new peaks with increasing silver content. XRD showed that the intensity of the peak 2q = 18.6° slightly decreased after adding AgNPs indicating that strong interaction occurred between PVA and CS and an increase in the amorphous phase in the polymeric matrices. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) showed the main characteristic bands corresponding to the polymeric constituents (CS/PVA). The UV/vis. absorption spectra and XRD scans revealed the presence of the semi-crystalline nature of the polymeric composites. The obtained polymer nano-composites were also examined for their antibacterial effect against Gram +Ve, Gram -Ve and spore forming bacteria. The nano-composite samples showed better film properties than that of the pristine polymer blends without silver nanoparticles.


The CeCu oxide catalyst CC450 was prepared by citric acid complex method and the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) reaction system was established with bisphenol A (BPA) as the target pollutant. By means of characterization, this research investigated the phase structure, surface morphology, reducibility, surface element composition, and valence of the catalyst before and after reuse. The effects of catalyst dosage and pH on the removal efficiency of BPA were also investigated. Five reuse experiments were carried out to investigate the reusability of the catalyst. In addition, this research delved into the changes of pH value, hydroxyl radical concentration, and ultraviolet-visible spectra of BPA in CWPO reaction system. The possible intermediate products were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The catalytic mechanism and degradation pathway were also discussed. The results showed that after reaction of 65 min, the removal of BPA and total organic carbon (TOC) could reach 87.6% and 77.9%, respectively. The catalyst showed strong pH adaptability and had high removal efficiency of BPA in the range of pH 1.6–7.9. After five reuses, the removal of BPA remained above 86.7%, with the structure of the catalyst remaining stable to a large extent. With the reaction proceeding, the pH value of the reaction solution increased, the concentration of OH radicals decreased, and the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of BPA shifted to the short wavelength direction, that is, the blue shift direction. The catalysts degraded BPA rapidly in CWPO reaction system and the C–C bond or O–H bond in BPA could be destroyed in a very short time. Also, there may have been two main degradation paths of phenol and ketone.


The present study aimed to synthesize and characterize diopside (CaMgSi2O6) and wollastonite (CaSiO3) nano-bioceramics via a combination of mechano-chemical and calcination processes. In vitro biomineralization and cell responses of wollastonite and diopside were performed on simulated body fluid (SBF) and MG-63 osteoblast cells. Results revealed proper tissue biomineralization of wollastonite and diopside through the generation of an apatite-like layer on the surface of nano-bioceramics. Cell responses of wollastonite and diopside eventuated non-cytotoxicity by MG-63 osteoblast cells, and their viability and cell proliferation were confirmed. Alizarin red staining of diopside and wollastonite evidenced great bioactivity and tissue biomineralization, and the ALP enzyme of diopside and wollastonite was enhanced in contact with the MG-63 osteoblast cells. Regarding the existence of Mg2+ in the calcium-silicate network and the stability network, diopside illustrated high biological and cell responses in comparison to wollastonite, and both of them were suggested as bioactive and biocompatible nano-bioceramics for biomedical applications.


This contribution consists of a critical review of the literature about the articulation of two traditionally separated theoretical fields: social representations and commitment. Besides consulting various works and communications, a bibliographic search was carried out (between February and December, 2016) on various databases using the keywords "commitment" and "social representation," in the singular and in the plural, in French and in English. Articles published in English or in French, that explicitly made reference to both terms, were included. The relations between commitment and social representations are approached according to two approaches or complementary lines. The first line follows the role of commitment in the representational dynamics: how can commitment transform the representations? This articulation gathers most of the work on the topic. The second line envisages the social representations as determinants of commitment procedures: how can these representations influence the effects of commitment procedures? This literature review will identify unexploited tracks, as well as research perspectives for both areas of research.


The term Old Norse usually denotes the (written) languages used in Iceland until 1540 and in Norway until 1370. Old Norse was a weakly normalised language with a wide variety of forms. The scholarly study of Old Norse has long traditions and several dictionaries have been published. The Dictionary of Old Norse Prose (ONP) is a current major initiative but so far covering only letters A-E. J.Fritzner's dictionary, FRI, (1883–1896,1974) and F.Jonsson's Lexicon Poeticum, LP, (1931) still remain the major dictionaries.The dictionary group of the Medieval Nordic Text Archive (Menota) has as one of its main objectives to establish a framework for linking the disparate Old Norse lexicographic resources. The fragmented state corresponds closely to the state of the New Norwegian lexicography 10 years ago. Thus it was a natural choice to try to apply the methods and tools to Old Norse developed for the Norwegian Dictionary 2014 project (NO2014), the so called Meta Dictionary, a tool for systematizing lexicographical material for weakly normalised languages. In its basic form the Meta Dictionary is an electronic form thesaurus linking realizations of the lemmas. In this pilot project we have focused on the letter B and merged the headword lists of ONP, FRI, LP and a word list based on five lemmatised texts and 200 lemmatised charters. The process and the structure of the resulting Meta Dictionary are divided in three levels of normalisation. All the original forms are kept and made searchable. 1. Normalisation: The first step towards merging was simply to ensure one common system for normalised spelling. 2. Citation form: The wordlists follow different principles in choice of the form of the cited headword, e.g. nom.sg versus nom.pl. Consequently we had to make sure that all the wordlists use the same forms. 3. Meta level, further merging of related word forms: The last step is to connect the multitude of related word forms, both between and within lists, in meta lemmas. Such related forms can be nouns differing in gender, or small differences in word formation. We also briefly discuss the linking of the medieval material to the modern dictionary projects, like NO2014. We conclude that such a linking at least for Norwegian will involve considerable manual processing. The realization of an Old Norse Meta Dictionary should also rely on a close cooperation with the ONP project.


PT X is the largest steel industry in Indonesia. During the production process, still have large quantities of waste defect. The purpose of this research is to determine the waste that occurs in the production process, determine the characteristics of deformity or critical to quality (CTQ), determine the sigma value, determine the factors that caused the failure of the production process, and determine the proposed improvement to minimize the failure of the production process. The most dominant types of defects are serrated edge, wavy edge, poor cleanliness, pick up, edge crack, ripple edge, and bad weld. The sigma value of cold rolled coil product is 4, 131 which is included into the industry average of USA (± 4σ). Factors that caused cold rolled coil production process failed based on criteria severity, occurrence, detection, and expected costs by Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (F-AHP) is material imported from outside with a total weight of 0.087. Proposed improvements done to minimize failure in cold rolled coil production processes are doing trial for products from HSM factory to test or know the slab specifications related to the chemical constituents of steelmaking and adjusting the format (such as thickness, length, width) and steel specifications to corresponding.


Published data on Japanese leukemia patients with a preleukemic hematological disorder were assessed. The reexamined cases were from the "Japona Centra Revuo Medicina" reported during the period from 1952 to 1971. Among preleukemic hematological disorders, hypoplastic anemia was the most frequently reported (41 of 62 cases). These "hypoplastic preleukemia" patients were rather elderly and terminated mostly in atypical myelocytic leukemia. The chief hematological feature of the hypoplastic preleukemia cases was the coexistence of a relative erythroid hyperplasia and a slight increase of myeloblasts in the bone marrow that was unusual in hypoplastic anemia. The presence of pancytopenia and hypocellular marrow with a relative erythroid hyperplasia combined with a slight increase of myeloblasts probably indicates hypoplastic preleukemia that terminates later in acute leukemia.