OBJECTIVE
To compare the early changes in implant stability of Implants with different neck design during the first 3 months of healing in the posterior maxilla.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients were randomized to receive triangular neck implant (test), or round neck implant (control). Resonance frequency analysis (ISQ) measurements were obtained at surgery and at 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 45, 60 and 90 days following implant placement. Non-parametric statistic was used for data analysis.

RESULTS
32 patients were included (17 test, 15 controls). Initial ISQ values of the test implants were high (mean 68.4, SD=8.4), and increased over time (mean 74.4, SD=6.0). Control implants presented a statistically significant higher initial ISQ value at implant placement (mean 76.9, SD=8.7) which was maintained over the healing period (mean 77.6, SD=3.6) with no significant changes between time intervals. After 6 weeks of healing, both implants displayed comparable ISQ values with no differences between the groups. All implants exhibited a decrease in stability on day 2 and 21 post-placement. All round-neck implants used and 82% of the triangular-neck implants showed initial ISQ values above the suggested threshold for immediate loading (>60).

CONCLUSIONS
Implant neck design plays a role in implant primary stability in the posterior maxilla. Both implant show high primary stability, with significantly higher values for the round neck. However, these differences disappeared after 6 weeks of healing. While primary implant stability is partially governed by implant neck design, the role of this result is negligible for the achievement of secondary stability.


A protein fraction was purified to homogeneity from the culture medium of the wall-less (slime) strain of Neurospora crassa (FGSC 1118), which proved to be identical with DNA-uptake-stimulating factor (designated DUSF), which has been described earlier [Schablik, M. and Szabó, G. (1981) FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 10, 395-397]. The quantity of DUSF is measured by the amount of [3H]DNA uptake by Neurospora cells at standard conditions. Its relative molecular mass was 230,000. It has an isoelectric point of pH 5.5. This protein consists of two identical subunits, relative molecular mass 110,000.


We address the problem of scene classification from optical remote sensing (RS) images based on the paradigm of hierarchical metric learning. Ideally, supervised metric learning strategies learn a projection from a set of training data points so as to minimize intraclass variance while maximizing the interclass separability to the class label space. However, standard metric learning techniques do not incorporate the class interaction information in learning the transformation matrix, which is often considered to be a bottleneck while dealing with fine-grained visual categories. As a remedy, we propose to organize the classes in a hierarchical fashion by exploring their visual similarities and subsequently learn separate distance metric transformations for the classes present at the nonleaf nodes of the tree. We employ an iterative maximum-margin clustering strategy to obtain the hierarchical organization of the classes. Experiment results obtained on the large-scale NWPU-RESISC45 and the popular UC-Merced data sets demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed hierarchical metric learning-based RS scene recognition strategy in comparison to the standard approaches.


Free-standing GaN, nearly equal in area to the original 2 inch wafer, was produced from 250–300 µm thick GaN films grown on sapphire by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). The thick films were separated from the growth substrate by laser-induced liftoff, using a pulsed laser to thermally decompose a thin layer of GaN at the film-substrate interface. Sequentially scanned pulses were employed and the liftoff was performed at elevated temperature (>600°C) to relieve postgrowth bowing. After liftoff, the bow is only slight or absent in the resulting free GaN.


Data describing the response of several normal tissues to fractionated irradiation, in terms of a biphasic repair of sub-lethal damage, have now been published. Typical results of such analyses have been taken and applied to a conventional radiotherapy protocol of 60 Gy in 30 daily fractions. The effect of using a four field treatment plan is shown to reduce the biological effect of the radiation schedule by increments dependent upon the time interval between each field in a treatment fraction, with a 10% reduction in the extrapolated dose response (ERD) resulting from a 5 min interfield interval. When applied to tissues having the same repair characteristics as pig skin this reduction in ERD is predicted to result in an approximately 25% reduction in the probability of acute morbidity from a protocol of 60 Gy in 30 fractions. These results imply that the basic LQ model, which is unable to correct for interfield intervals, overestimates the effect on normal tissues of radical clinical protocols, most of which use more than a single field. Increasing the interfield interval could be used to reduce the normal tissue side effects from radical radiotherapy when multiple fields are used.


Focus of this study to explain the importance of socio-technical aspects in the design and implementation of Knowledge Management Systems (KMS). This study was motivated by many failures in the KMS implementation and lack of research in the associated fields between the studies of socio-techno with KMS. The purpose of this study was to find factors in the socio and technical implementation of KMS in a state-owned company. The research method applied in the study is using an interpretative approach by conducting interviews, document review, focus group discussion (FGD) directly to end users. By knowing the Socio-Technical aspects, results of the studyexpected to be able to provide input for planning and to increase the success of knowledge management system implementation.


We introduce the cause of the inefficiency of bivariate glyphs by defining the corresponding error. To recommend efficient and perceptually accurate bivariate-glyph design, we present an empirical study of five bivariate glyphs based on three psychophysics principles: integral-separable dimensions, visual hierarchy, and pre-attentive pop out, to choose one integral pair ($length_y-length_x$), three separable pairs ($length-color$, $length-texture$, $length_y-length_y$), and one redundant pair ($length_y-color/length_x$). Twenty participants performed four tasks requiring: reading numerical values, estimating ratio, comparing two points, and looking for extreme values among a subset of points belonging to the same sub-group. The most surprising result was that $length-texture$ was among the most effective methods, suggesting that local spatial frequency features can lead to global pattern detection that facilitate visual search in complex 3D structure. Our results also reveal the following: $length-color$ bivariate glyphs led to the most accurate answers and the least task execution time, while $length_y-length_x$ (integral) dimensions were among the worst and is not recommended; it achieved high performance only when pop-up color was added.


Abstract As with other types of flexible employment, a growing body of international research has found an association between temporary agency work and comparatively poor occupational safety and health outcomes. Temporary agency work has also been found to pose a serious challenge to regulatory regimes, including the activities of inspectors. Government agencies have responded to these challenges in a number of ways. This study examines a project undertaken in the Australian state of Queensland that sought to identify both particular problems and ways of resolving them. The focus of the project was to identify 'non-regulatory' solutions based on information collected through focus groups of agency and host employer representatives. However, while a number of policy interventions were identified that fitted this approach, the project also found that both agency firms and hosts believed additional regulatory controls were required. This paper assesses these findings in the context of broader research and policy debates about how to deal with the occupational safety and health problems posed by the global shift to more flexible work arrangements.


Subject Areas: Investments. gold mining, securities fraud, securities regulation, financial analysts, emerging markets Case Setting: June 1997, in North America and Indonesia, after the collapse of Bre-X Minerals. Situation: In June 1997, the Canadian financial markets were reeling from the effects of the Bre-X Minerals stock collapse. At one time, Bre-X claimed to have found the largest known gold deposit in the world. The company had been followed and recommended by some of the best known gold analysts in both Canada and the United States. At its peak, the market capitalization of Bre-X reached over C$6 billion, all from a company that had been a penny stock with a market capitalization measured in the thousands just four years earlier. However, in March 1997, rumors that Bre-X had not found any recoverable gold staggered the company's stock. By early May, the rumors were confirmed, revealing one of the largest gold frauds in history. How could it happen? How could a company without a single, independent audit of its gold claim be worth billions? How could so many red flags, clear in hindsight, be ignored? Some began to question whether the investment community, particularly the sell-side analysts, had done adequate due diligence and if not, should they be held accountable for what had happened? This case tells the story of Bre-X minerals, the company behind the largest gold fraud in history. Bre-X is a lesson in hubris. Behind the dramatic story is the subtle but important question of establishing trust in the financial markets. One of the purposes of the case is to get students to think about the validity of their sources of information. How much do students implicitly trust the information providers and the financial regulators when they analyze a company? Stock market frauds, both subtle and blatant, will no doubt continue to occur. Experience is perhaps the best way to avoid the unfortunate results of investing in such a company. It is hoped that the case will give students some exposure to the hard won experience of actual Bre-X investors thus enabling them to avoid similar situations in the future. The case package includes the case with exhibits, a teaching note, a possible 80-minute teaching outline and a list of Bre-X websites.


The condensation of pure steam flowing inside a vertical tube has been extensively studied during the last nine decades. Considerable amount of experimental and analytical efforts can be found due to the significance of this subject in practice. In the present work (Part I), experimental investigations have been performed over a range of pressure (0.1 < P < 0.35 MPa) and internal tube diameter (Di = 10, 20 and 43 mm). A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations have been carried out commercial software Fluent 6.2 [Fluent 6.2, "User's Manual to FLUENT 6.2," Fluent Inc., Lebanon, USA, 2005]. CFD results were used to predict the temperature profiles, pressure drop and the heat transfer coefficient, which was in close agreement with the experimental values. The film characteristics predicted by the CFD simulations have been compared qualitatively with the photographic images. Further, the CFD model developed in Part I extended for the analysis of all the experimental data reported in the published literature. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering


Simple Summary Most colorectal cancers assumedly develop from precursor lesions, i.e., colorectal adenomas (adenoma-carcinoma sequence). Epidemiological and clinical data supporting this hypothesis are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to estimate relative dynamics of colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence for groups of screenees stratified by body mass. We have analyzed 163,129 individuals that underwent screening colonoscopy and calculated adjusted prevalences of colorectal adenomas and colorectal. Based on that data we have found that obese individuals are more likely to develop adenomas, advanced adenomas and early CRC but less likely to progress to advanced CRC. Therefore, this study provides new evidence that obesity paradox exists for colorectal cancer. Abstract Most colorectal cancers (CRC) assumedly develop from precursor lesions, i.e., colorectal adenomas (adenoma-carcinoma sequence). Epidemiological and clinical data supporting this hypothesis are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to estimate relative dynamics of colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence for groups of screenees stratified by BMI (body mass index) based on prevalence data from Polish Colonoscopy Screening Program (PCSP). We performed a cross-sectional analysis of database records of individuals who entered the national opportunistic colonoscopy screening program for CRC in Poland. We calculated prevalence of adenomas and CRCs adjusted for sex, 5-year age group, family history of CRC, smoking, diabetes and use of aspirin, hormonal therapy and proton-pump inhibitors use. Thereafter we calculated estimated transition rate (eTR) with confidence intervals (CIs) defined as adjusted prevalence of more advanced lesion divided by adjusted prevalence of less advanced lesion. All analyzes were stratified according to the BMI categories: normal (BMI 18.0 to <25.0), overweight (BMI 25.0 to <30.0) and obese (BMI ≥ 30.0). Results are reported in the same respective order. After exclusions we performed analyses on 147,385 individuals. We found that prevalence of non-advanced adenomas is increasing with BMI category (12.19%, 13.81%, 14.70%, respectively; p < 0.001). Prevalence of advanced adenomas was increasing with BMI category (5.20%, 5.77%, 6.61%, respectively; p < 0.001). Early CRCs prevalence was the highest for obese individuals (0.55%) and the lowest for overweight individuals (0.44%) with borderline significance (p = 0.055). For advanced CRC we found that prevalence seems to be inversely related to BMI category, however no statistically significant differences were observed (0.35%, 0.31%, 0.28%; p = 0.274). eTR for non-advanced adenoma to advanced adenoma is higher for obese individuals than for overweight individuals with bordering CIs (42.65% vs. 41.81% vs. 44.95%) eTR for advanced adenoma to early CRC is highest for normal individuals, however CIs are overlapping with remaining BMI categories (9.02% vs. 7.67% vs. 8.39%). eTR for early CRC to advanced CRC is lower for obese individuals in comparison to both normal and overweight individuals with marginally overlapping CIs (73.73% vs. 69.90% vs. 50.54%). Obese individuals are more likely to develop adenomas, advanced adenomas and early CRC but less likely to progress to advanced CRC. Therefore, this study provides new evidence that obesity paradox exists for colorectal cancer.


There were isolated 190 kinds of bacteria related to genus enterobacteria, kind of Escherichia. These isolated kinds were researched for having some facts of pathogenicity hemaglutinating ability as by D-mannosy, as by its absence, hematlogic ability, resistance to antibacterial prepirations. As a resalt were apparented that the more of strains have got traitsof pathogenisity and multiple resistance to antibiotics.


ABSTRACT Meese and Rogoff (1983) and subsequent studies find that economic fundamentals are apparently not able to explain exchange rate movements, but we argue that this so-called 'Exchange Rate Disconnect Puzzle' arose because researchers such as Meese and Rogoff (1983) did not use the right fundamentals and because they did not allow for the forward-looking nature of exchange rate determination. Further, because they apparently were not aware that financial markets by themselves could not equalize interest rates across countries, they did not properly appreciate that the exchange rate is strongly influenced by agents' expectations of aggregated differences in local returns. Thus, we believe that the same underlying explanation provided by Ford (2015) and Ford and Horioka (2016a, 2016b) for the Feldstein-Horioka (1980) Puzzle and the PPP Puzzle – namely that financial markets alone cannot achieve net transfers of financial capital and cannot equalize real interest rates across countries – also helps explain why previous attempts to connect changes in the exchange rate to economic fundamentals have not been successful and so can also be said to contribute to solving the Exchange Rate Disconnect Puzzle.


The work described herein aims at finding new potential ligands for the brain imaging of 5-HT(4) receptors (5-HT(4)Rs) using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Starting from the nonsubstituted phenanthridine compound 4a, exhibiting a K(i) value of 51 nM on the 5-HT(4)R, we explored the structure-affinity in this series. We found that substitution in position 4 of the tricycle with a fluorine atom gave the best result. Introduction of an additional nitrogen atom inside the tricyclic framework led to an increase of both the affinity and selectivity for 5-HT(4)R, suggesting the design of the antagonist 4v, exhibiting a high affinity of 0.04 nM. Several iodinated analogues were then synthesized as potential SPECT tracers. The iodinated compound 11d was able to displace the reference radioiodinated 5-HT(4)R antagonist (1-butylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl-8-amino-7-iodo[(123)I]-2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxine-5-carboxylate {[(123)I]1, [(123)I]SB 207710} both in vitro and in vivo in brain. Compound 11d was radiolabeled with [(125)I]iodine, providing a potential SPECT candidate for brain imaging of 5-HT(4)R.


Abstract Petrophysical analyses are undertaken within a framework of ordered geological systems. The recognition of the natural geological ordering through the grouping and partitioning of petrophysical data is known to be a fundamental requirement of successful petrophysical interpretations. The mathematical basis and examples of the use of a variety of techniques of value in partitioning data are reviewed. Beginning with the simple use of curve discrimination on conventional crossplots, the discussion proceeds by covering increasingly complex but relatively well-known methods including discriminant function analysis, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, and goes on to include multi-dimensional scaling, 'pigeon-holing', fuzzy clustering, characteristic analysis, projection pursuit and neural networks. The discussion highlights some of the benefits, and some of the pitfalls, of each technique through the included examples. The discussion encourages the use of exploratory data analysis techniques in the processing and interpretation of petrophysical data and provides a reference framework from which can follow further evaluation of the value of the techniques in circumstances particular to the interested reader


Objectives: We describe and analyze the clinical characteristics and outcomes for all persons suffering COPD who were hospitalized with laboratory confirmed pH1N1 infection in Spain in 2009. Methods: This is an observational retrospective study using hospitalization data collected by the Spanish National Hospital Discharge Database. We selected all admissions with diagnosis ICD-9-CM code 488.1 (pH1N1). Discharges were grouped, according to the presence or not of COPD. The outcome variables analyzed were in-hospital mortality (IHM), length of hospital stay (LOS), and costs. Results: The total number of persons hospitalized with pH1N1 was 11,499. Of those, 9.44% suffered COPD. The most common underlying medical conditions among COPD patients included diabetes (18.60%) and obesity (9.94%). COPD was associated to a significantly higher IHM (3.04% vs. 2.40%, p Conclusions: Among individuals hospitalized in 2009 with pH1N1 infection in Spain the prevalence of COPD was 9.44%. The most common underlying medical conditions among COPD patients included diabetes and obesity. Suffering COPD increased the risk of IHM in subjects admitted to Spanish hospitals due to pH1N1 in 2009, after adjusting for other covariates.


Organizations are investing significant amounts of resources in both internal and external web-based applications. Many of these applications must be used by either employees of the organization or by e-customers of the organization. One of the key components of any web-based application is its interface, and a key criteria in utilization of these web-based applications is the website's usability. This study investigated five criteria that have been suggested to impact an individual's assessment of a website's usability. Utilizing a multi-criteria decision making approach, we were able to assess the relative importance of these criteria as they apply to website usability. Our findings suggest that, similar to the technology adoption literature, ease of use and navigation are two critical components in determining website usability. This study also investigated the impact of specific individual differences (gender, computer anxiety, innovativeness, and computer self-efficacy).


"Political Stylistics" draws together ideas about society and language from a range of theorists including Pratt, Bourdieu, Goody and Watt and Bakhtin, to establish a political stylistics: a way of studying the formal properties of texts based on the principle that all linguistic production operates within the intricate network of power relations that structure the social realm. On a practical level, this methodology is used to analyze the representation of popular French and jargon in three literary works where it extends beyond the speech of the characters and enters the narrative: Zola's "L'Assommoir" , Celine's "Journey to the End of Night", and Queneau's "Zazie dans le Metro". The book is articulated on three axes: the trajectory of the French working class from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century; the trajectory of popular language from social margin to literary centre; and the evolution of the novel from naturalism, through modernism, to post-modernism. The stylistic analyses, considered alongside an investigation of the way these novels were received in the press, serve to demonstrate various strategies of containment. This book should be of interest to advanced students and teachers of linguistics, particularly sociolinguistics and students of French and English literature.


What, in the eyes of the law, is cable broadband? The regulation of cable-based platforms for high-speed Internet access has become one of the most controversial subjects in communications law. A trilogy of judicial decisions on the statutory status of cable broadband forced the Federal Communications Commission to confront this question. High-speed Internet access over cable is neither a "cable service" nor a "telecommunications service" under the Communications Act, but rather an "information service." From a statutory patchwork including the Clayton Act, the "advanced telecommunications capability" provision of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, and longstanding grants of rulemaking authority, the Commission may require operators of cable broadband facilities to offer their customers a choice of Internet service providers. This Article concludes that the Commission should exercise its power to impose open access requirements for cable broadband.


In this work, we present a concrete framework, based on web services-oriented architecture, for integrating small programmable objects in the web of things. Functionality and data gathered by the Small Programmable Objects (SPO) are exposed using Web Services. Based on this, by exploiting XML encoding, SPO can be comprehensible by any web application. The architecture proposed is focused in providing secure and efficient interoperability between SPO and the web. Additionally, the proposed architecture provides management capabilities for deploying, maintaining and operating SPO applications across multiple networks. We present the multilayer architecture of our system and its implementation, which uses a combination of Java Standard and Micro Editions. Finally, we present a case study presenting our implementation. In this application we use SunSPOTs, which are wireless network motes developed by Sun Microsystems.


Bradykinesia is one of the major clinical symptoms of Parkinson`s disease (PD) for which treatment is sought. In most mouse models of PD, decreased locomotor activity can be reflected in an open field behavioral test. Therefore the open field test provides a useful tool to study the clinic symptoms of PD patients. Our previous work demonstrated that 100 Hz electro-acupuncture (EA) stimulation at ZUSANLI and SANYINJIAO protected the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system of C57BL/6 mice from MPTP toxicity, indicating that acupuncture might be an effective therapy for PD sufferers. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 100 Hz EA stimulation on the spontaneous locomotor activity in MPTP injured mice. Here we found that, in MPTP treated mice, the total movements significantly decreased and the movement time, velocity and distance dramatically increased, although the dopaminergic nigrostriatal system was devastated, revealed by immunohistochemistry and HPLC-ECD. After 12 sessions of 100 Hz EA stimulation, the total movements elevated and the movement time, velocity and distance decreased, in MPTP mice. 100 Hz EA increased striatal dopamine content in MPTP mice by 35.9%, but decreased its striatal dopamine turnover. We assumed that the injury of other regions in the brain, such as the A11 group in diencephalon, might be involved in the hypermotility in MPTP mice. The effects of 100 Hz EA on spontaneous locomotor activity in MPTP mice might not relate with the striatal dopamine, but with its neuroprotective and regulatory effects on motor circuits in the brain. Our study suggests that EA might be a promising treatment for neurological disorders including PD.


Interdisciplinary subjects have always had a remarkable contribution in developing urban design concepts and theories. Among these contexts, cinema as a medium which broadcasts features of our cities and urban environments can have a significant role, but this instructional field is neglected among Iranian scholars. Thus, to fulfill this gap, it is essential to clarify the interrelations of cities and cinema in Iran. Iranian cinema, particularly after the revolution, received so many international awards in festivals. These prominent works have various urban sequences that can be a valuable source for urban designers and city policymakers. Consequently, the civic movies from these impressive works are selected and studied by the use of qualitative methods and content analysis. These analyses have been conducted in two distinctive sections. First, the repetition of cities, Urbanscape, and city aspects which were implied by Kevin Lynch had been inspected. Second, the role of cities and urbanscapes analyzed by the adoption of Carmona's dimensions. This paper indicates that Tehran has had the most presence in the movies, while few films have been captured in some coastal cities and some pictured in places with a special traditional architecture such as Bandar Lengeh. Within the city aspects, paths and districts have the most repetition while landmarks and nodes have the least depiction. It is conceded that the portrayed physical attributes of cities can be categorized into three parts which cover old and traditional environments, new and modern environments and outskirt suburban areas. Furthermore, from the social-perceptual point of view, Tehran because of its urban and civic issues is generally related with disorders and negative meanings, while other cities because of their nostalgic and traditional urban style are more respected within the society. According to the researches, urban facades and visual aspects in Tehran are usually not acceptable, while coastal environments and traditional designs sound more appropriate. As mentioned, the captured environments of Iranian cities are narrowed to some particular areas, which expresses the insufficient number of picturesque settings in urban environments. Therefore, this study can also perform as a tool for evaluating the enrichment of Iranian urban spaces.


ABSTRACT This study examined physicochemical parameters to assess their effectiveness as stability and maturity indicators during the process of composting pig manure and fungus residue at different ratios. The results showed that composting mixtures with all ratios of pig manure to fungus residue maintained a temperature exceeding 50 °C for more than 10 days during composting and met the requirement for pathogen destruction. The treatment containing mainly pig manure showed higher nitrogen loss and a shorter thermophilic phase and maturity time than the treatment containing mainly fungus residue. The germination index (GI) values indicated that compost maturity was achieved in the final compost with initial ratios of pig manure to fungus residue of 9:1–7:3 (GIs of 101.4%, 91.2%, and 81.3%); the ratio of 6:4 did not reach compost maturity (GI of 63.8%) and had an inhibitory effect on seed germination. The results of this study suggest that a ratio of pig manure to fungus residue of approximately 8:2 can be considered suitable for the efficient and quality composting of pig manure and fungus residue. Implications: Co-composting of pig manure and edible fungi residue with appropriate proportion can effectively reduce the risk of environmental pollution caused by agricultural wastes, as well as achieve a safer and high-quality organic fertilizer, which can be used to improve physical and chemical properties of the soil, increase crop yields, and promote agricultural sustainable development. Therefore, technique of co-composting of pig manure and edible fungi residue has a wide prospect of application in practical production all over the world.


We know a lot about the potential functions of mycorrhizas, but whether or not these are realized in the field where plants simultaneously experience a range of biotic interactions and fluctuating abiotic conditions is more or less unknown. In this Viewpoint, we present findings from a literature survey of papers on mycorrhizal function published in New Phytologist during the past 30 years. This survey showed that most functional studies are still conducted under controlled conditions, target mostly arbuscular and ectomycorrhizas, and focus on nutrient and carbon dynamics of the symbiosis. We also share discussions from a workshop, 'In situ mycorrhizal function: how do we get relevant data from a messy world?', held at the 9th International Conference on Mycorrhiza (ICOM9) in August 2017. In this workshop, we examined possibilities and limitations of old and new techniques for field research, and participants expressed the need to learn more about fungal traits and how they may relate to function. We argue that moving mycorrhizal experiments into the field will allow us not only to quantify realized functions, but also to revisit old paradigms and possibly discover new functions.


Semiconducting single wall carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) are promising room-temperature telecom-band nano-emitters that could be integrated in silicon photonic circuits for the realization of on-chip optical sources. We report here the integration of a large quantity of s-SWCNTs as an active cladding layer on top of silicon micro/nano cavities. The gathered results show that the luminescence of the SCNTs can be efficiently coupled into the considered photonic crystal cavity modes, which exhibits a clear spectral narrowing as a function of the pump power. These results constitute an important step towards the realization of a carbon nanotube optical source integrated into the silicon platform.


We present a multiwavelength study from molecular and continuum observations of the cometary globule CG5 in the HII region IC1848. CG5 is associated with the luminous IRAS point source 02252+6120 (L= 1100 L ) and shows evidence for an energetic outflow and ongoing star formation (a cluster of low-mass stars has formed inside the cloud). CG5 is presently undergoing a second episode of photo-ionisation from a cluster of O stars in the nebula, characterised by a shock at the surface of the cloud; the shock was detected in several millimeter lines (CO, CS) and in the thermal continuum dust emission. Photoionisation conditions at the surface of the globule were estimated from measurements of the VLA free-free continuum emission. A virial analysis suggests that CG5 is probably permeated by a static magnetic field of strength ≈ 125 μG and is subject to an outer pressure 4 times as large as its inner pressure. It is in a globally magnetically subcritical state whereas its core is close to virial equilibrium. Photo-ionisation is found to play a key role in the evolution of CG5 because a) it confines the molecular gas and contains the gas dispersal favored by the energy injection from the outflow while evaporating the superficial layers at the same time , b) the overpressure of the compressed gas ahead of the ionisation front is sufficient to trigger the collapse of initially (sub)critical condensations inside the cloud and initiate star formation. We find that the outflow contains enough momentum to have contributed to this star-formation process. In addition, the energy of the outflow is sufficient to sustain turbulence in the cloud and maintain it in a magnetically subcritical state, i.e. it tends to stabilize the cloud against collapse and regulate star formation.


Summary
This study examined a contextual predictor of abusive supervision. Specifically, we hypothesized that job goals that are judged by supervisors to be exceedingly difficult to attain is a predictor of subordinate-rated abusive supervisory behavior. Drawing on the cognitive theory of stress, we hypothesized that exceedingly difficult job goals assigned to supervisors predict abusive behavior directed at their subordinates, as mediated by the supervisors' hindrance stress and emotions (e.g., anger and anxiety). We collected data from employees and their immediate supervisors to test this theoretical model (N = 215 matched pairs). The results of this multisource field study provided support for the hypothesized relationships. In particular, assigned job goals that were appraised by supervisors as exceedingly difficult to attain predicted their hindrance stress. Also, hindrance stress was positively related to anger and anxiety, which in turn predicted abusive supervision. Theoretically, these findings contribute to research on goal setting, stress, and abusive supervision. In addition, these findings are practically important in that they provide suggestions on how to minimize abusive supervision in organizations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract. Vegetation is an important component in global ecosystems, affecting the
physical, hydrological and biogeochemical properties of the land
surface. Accordingly, the way vegetation is parameterized strongly influences
predictions of future climate by Earth system models. To capture future
spatial and temporal changes in vegetation cover and its feedbacks to the
climate system, dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) are included as
important components of land surface models. Variation in the predicted
vegetation cover from DGVMs therefore has large impacts on modelled radiative
and non-radiative properties, especially over high-latitude regions. DGVMs are
mostly evaluated by remotely sensed products and less often by other vegetation
products or by in situ field observations. In this study, we evaluate the
performance of three methods for spatial representation of present-day
vegetation cover with respect to prediction of plant functional type (PFT)
profiles – one based upon distribution models (DMs), one that uses a remote
sensing (RS) dataset and a DGVM (CLM4.5BGCDV; Community Land Model 4.5 Bio-Geo-Chemical cycles and Dynamical Vegetation). While DGVMs predict PFT
profiles based on physiological and ecological processes, a DM relies on
statistical correlations between a set of predictors and the modelled target,
and the RS dataset is based on classification of spectral reflectance patterns
of satellite images. PFT profiles obtained from an independently collected
field-based vegetation dataset from Norway were used for the evaluation. We
found that RS-based PFT profiles matched the reference dataset best, closely
followed by DM, whereas predictions from DGVMs often deviated strongly from the
reference. DGVM predictions overestimated the area covered by boreal
needleleaf evergreen trees and bare ground at the expense of boreal broadleaf
deciduous trees and shrubs. Based on environmental predictors identified by DM
as important, three new environmental variables (e.g. minimum temperature in
May, snow water equivalent in October and precipitation seasonality) were
selected as the threshold for the establishment of these high-latitude
PFTs. We performed a series of sensitivity experiments to investigate if these
thresholds improve the performance of the DGVM method. Based on our results, we
suggest implementation of one of these novel PFT-specific thresholds (i.e.
precipitation seasonality) in the DGVM method. The results highlight the potential of
using PFT-specific thresholds obtained by DM in development of DGVMs in
broader regions. Also, we emphasize the potential of establishing DMs as a
reliable method for providing PFT distributions for evaluation of DGVMs
alongside RS.


Importance
Otosclerosis can be managed through surgical treatment, such as stapedectomy, or through hearing amplification with hearing aids. To our knowledge, there has been no cost-effectiveness analysis of these 2 treatment methods.

Objective
To determine the cost-effectiveness of stapedectomy vs hearing aid use for the treatment of otosclerosis.

Design and Setting
In this cost-effectiveness analysis, a decision tree was built to model the treatment choices for otosclerosis. The tree was run as a Markov model of a case patient aged 30 years. The model spanned the patient's lifetime to determine total costs of management of otosclerosis with stapedectomy or hearing aids. Cost-effectiveness was measured using an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, with a willingness to pay of $50 000 per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) considered cost-effective. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed for all variables. A 2-way sensitivity analysis was performed for the cost of stapedectomy vs the cost of hearing aids. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the likelihood that stapedectomy would be cost-effective across a range of model inputs.

Interventions
Stapedectomy vs hearing aid use.

Main Outcomes and Measures
The primary objective of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of stapedectomy vs hearing aids in the treatment of otosclerosis. The secondary objectives were to determine which factors are associated with the cost-effectiveness of the interventions.

Results
Stapedectomy had an estimated lifetime cost of $19 417.95, while hearing aids had an average lifetime cost of $16 439.94. Stapedectomy also had a benefit of 16.58 QALYs, and hearing aids had a benefit of 15.82 QALYs. Stapedectomy increases lifetime costs by $2978.01, with a benefit of 0.76 QALYs compared with hearing aids. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio for stapedectomy is $3918.43 per QALY. The model was sensitive to the cost of stapedectomy and the cost of stapedectomy revision surgery. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that stapedectomy was cost-effective compared with hearing aids 99.98% of the time.

Conclusions and Relevance
Stapedectomy appears to be a cost-effective option for treating otosclerosis compared with hearing aid use, from the patient perspective.


The results of our research on the electro-optical control of MMICs are shown in this paper. Two different devices have been investigated: a GaAs chip monolithic amplifier at S band, and an AlGaAs chip MMIC voltage controlled oscillator at Ku. The possibilities of optical control of the amplifier are evidenced as follows: if the amplifier operates with the same biasing, the gain can be optically controlled from a condition of almost isolation,, up to an active condition, which gives a range of optical control of about 15 dB and provides an improvement of the input and output matching in a range of 12dB and 6dB, respectively. The possibilities of optical control of the VCO by illumination of the PHEMT transistor are demonstrated through measurements of the oscillation output power and frequency. An optical control range of 8dB of oscillation output power and up to 400MHz of oscillation frequency has been obtained. This optical control suggests an interesting control of gain and matching for other microwave FET based active devices.


We develop the complete theory for the collective plasmon modes of an interacting electron system in the presence of explicit mass (or velocity) anisotropy in the corresponding non-interacting situation, with the effective Fermi velocity being different along different axes. Such effective mass anisotropy is common in solid state materials (e.g. Silicon or Germanium), where the Fermi surface is often not spherical. We find that the plasmon dispersion itself develops significant anisotropy in such systems, and the commonly used isotropic approximation of using a density of states or optical effective mass does not work for the anisotropic system. We predict a qualitatively new phenomenon in anisotropic systems with no corresponding isotropic analog, where the plasmon mode along one direction decays into electron-hole pairs through Landau damping while the mode remains undamped and stable along a different direction.


Fecal analysis was used to determine the relationships between white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus couesi[Coues and Yarrow]) and cattle diets (Beef Master, Hereford and criollo), in Durango, Mexico. Deer preferred shrub and tree species (85% of the diet), whereas cattle preferred grasses (61%). Although diets varied seasonally, as did forage availability and quality, the same selective forage pattern was maintained throughout the year. There was a significant difference in the use of different plant groups between the 2 herbivores. The diet overlap index (50.51%) suggested competition during the wet season, but forage was abundant (628 kg/ha dry weight biomass compared with 380 kg/ha in the dry season), thus reducing potential conflicts. Deer and cattle can simultaneously forage in this ares without detriment to either species. The vegetation can maintain a stable composition under higher utilization levels when used by 2 herbivores with different forage patterns than when used by only 1 herbivore.


Purpose To compare the efficacy and tolerance of piroxicam 0.5% ophthalmic solution and diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution in controlling inflammation after phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Setting Ophthalmological Department, San Donà di Piave Hospital, Venice, Italy. Materials and Methods Forty consecutive patients – 18 men and 22 women – between 55 and 85 years of age (mean age, 75.1 ± 7.12 years) who were scheduled for cataract extraction with phacoemulsification and IOL implantation were randomized to receive 0.5% piroxicam ophthalmic solution (piroxicam group, 20 patients) or 0.1% diclofenac sodium ophthalmic solution (diclofenac group, 20 patients) for 1 month postoperatively. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements and slit-lamp bio-microscopy for the evaluation of corneal edema, Descemet membrane folds, Tyndall, and cells in the anterior chamber were carried out in all patients 1 day, 4 days, and 1 month postoperatively. Subjective symptoms after the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ophthalmic solution instillation were assessed using a questionnaire. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups in postoperative IOP, BCVA, anterior chamber flare and cell levels, corneal edema, or Descemet membrane folds. Ocular discomfort, evaluated as burning or stinging sensation after NSAID ophthalmic solution instillation, was significantly more frequent and intense in the diclofenac-treated eyes. Two eyes in the diclofenac group had a mild transient punctate keratitis. Conclusions These results suggest that piroxicam is as effective as diclofenac sodium in preventing inflammation after cataract surgery with IOL implantation, and its better tolerance and safety can provide higher patient compliance.


Congenital disorder of glycosylation Ic is caused by mutations in the hALG6 gene that encodes an alpha-1,3 glucosyltransferase. This enzyme is required for the addition of the first glucose residue to the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor for N-linked glycosylation. Here we describe the biochemical and molecular analysis of a patient with three mutations in the hALG6 gene. The maternal allele has an intronic G --> A mutation resulting in skipping of exon3 (IVS3 + 5G > A). This produces a nonfunctional enzyme as shown by its inability to restore normal glycosylation in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking a functional ALG6. The paternal allele has two mutations. One is a deletion of three bases (895-897delATA) leading to an in-frame deletion of isoleucine 299 (delI299) located in a transmembrane domain. The second mutation on the same allele 911T > C causes a F304S change. When expressed in the ALG6 deficient yeast strain, this allele restores glycosylation but the mRNA is unstable or inefficiently transcribed, contributing to the impaired glycosylation in the patient.


501 inhaled insulin (INH) is a novel liquid formulation of human insulin for inhalation with faster onset of action than s.c. insulin lispro (LIS). This randomized, replicated cross-over trial investigated the variability of INH vs. LIS during 10-hour glucose clamps in non-smoking subjects with T1D. Fourteen subjects (age [mean±SD] 32.5±7.9 years, BMI 26.5±2.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.5±0.8 %) received 2 single doses of 92.2 IU INH via the Afina inhaler (n=13 completing subjects) and 2 injections of an equivalent 12 U LIS dose (n=12). The inhalations were performed by the subjects after a brief training on the correct inhalation technique; injections were given by trained staff. Repeated dosing of INH by the same subject resulted in reproducible insulin absorption and insulin action, with lower or similar variability vs. LIS (Table 1). The response to INH between subjects was more variable than for LIS. The 13.8±8.1% mean relative biopotency of INH was consistent with previous findings. INH was well tolerated, adverse events (8 with INH, 13 with LIS) were mild to moderate in severity. No cough and no acute changes in spirometry were observed with any inhalation. In conclusion, the intra-individual response to self-administration of 501 inhaled insulin is as reproducible as that of s.c. insulin lispro injected by experienced staff. This is a clinically meaningful outcome and enables individual dose titration of 501 insulin in future treatment. Disclosure E. Zijlstra: Employee; Self; Profil. Speaker's Bureau; Self; Aerami Therapeutics, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S. G. Andersen: Employee; Self; Profil Institute for Clinical Research. L. Plum-Moerschel: Other Relationship; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S. M. Rhodes: None. R. Patton: None. B. Bueche: None. M. Kuo: None. T.H. Le: None. B.J. Stedman: None. J.S. Patton: Board Member; Self; Dance Biopharm Holdings, Inc.


Banks have expanded the scope of competition to an e-environment with online banking. The commercial banks in India are introducing online banking to their customers in order to retain their customers from the competition given by foreign banks. Even though, these are so many empirical studies related online banking service quality and customers satisfaction. Hence, the present study has an attempt to fill up the research gap. The findings of the study reveals that the online customers service quality, online information system quality and banking service product quality are significantly and positively influencing thecustomer satisfaction.


Among the several groups of copepods that are teleost parasites, the siphonostomatoid family Caligidae is by far the most widespread and diverse. With more than 108 nominal species, the caligid genus Lepeophtheirus von Nordmann is one of the most speciose. There are no reports of this genus in Costa Rican waters. A new species of Lepeophtheirus is herein described based on female specimens collected from plankton samples in waters off Bahía Wafer, isla del Coco, an oceanic island in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The new species, L. alvaroi sp. nov., has some affinities with other congeners bearing a relatively short abdomen, a wider than long genital complex and a 3-segmented exopod of leg 4. it differs from most of these species by the presence of an unbranched maxillular process and by the relative lengths of the terminal claws of leg 4, with two equally long elements. it is most closely related to two other Eastern Pacific species: L. dissimulatus Wilson, 1905 and L. clarionensis Shiino, 1959. it differs from these species by the proportions and shape of the genital complex, the shape of the sternal furca, the relative length of the maxillar segments, the absence of a pectiniform process on the distal maxillar segment, the length of leg 4 and the armature of leg 5. The new species represents the first Lepeophtheirus described from Costa Rican waters of the Pacific. The low diversity of this genus in this tropical region is explained by its tendency to prefer hosts from temperate latitudes. Until further evidence is found, the host of this Lepeophtheirus species remains unknown. Citation: Suárez-Morales, E. & R. Gasca. 2012. A new Lepeophtheirus (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Caligidae) from isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica, Eastern Tropical Pacific. Rev. Biol. Trop. 60 (Suppl. 3): 235-242. Epub 2012 Dec 01.


Unknown bridge foundations pose a significant safety risk due to stream scour and erosion. Records from older structures may be non-existent, incomplete or incorrect. We evaluate 2D and 3D electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) as a means to reliably identify the depth of unknown bridge foundations. A survey procedure is described for mixed terrain/water environments in the presence of rough terrain. Some electrodes are installed on the stream banks while others are adapted for underwater use. Tests were conducted at five field sites, including three roadway bridges, a geotechnical test site and a railway bridge, containing drilled shafts and spread footings of both known and unknown depth extent. The 2D data acquisition was carried out in the dipole-dipole configuration. The 2D ERI method resolved the shape and depth extent of the larger bridge foundations but, with less accuracy, the shape and depth extent of the smaller foundations. The 3D ERI method is timeconsuming and does not add sufficient additional value over 2D ERI to become a practical tool for unknown bridge foundation investigations. The 2D ERI method is a cost-effective geophysical method that is relatively easy to use by bridge engineers.


The fatty acids in lipid mixtures are adsorbed on dehydrated hydroxy-charged ion exchange resin, the other lipids are removed by washing with solvent, and the adsorbed fatty acids are released with quaternary ammonium base for counting. All manipulations are carried out directly in scintillation vials.


Breast cancer is an individually unique, multi-faceted and chameleonic disease, an eternal challenge for the new era of high-integrated precision diagnostic and personalized oncomedicine. Besides traditional single-omics fields (such as genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics) and multi-omics contributions (proteogenomics, proteotranscriptomics or reproductomics), several new "-omics" approaches and exciting proteomics subfields are contributing to basic and advanced understanding of these "multiple diseases termed breast cancer": phenomics/cellomics, connectomics and interactomics, secretomics, matrisomics, exosomics, angiomics, chaperomics and epichaperomics, phosphoproteomics, ubiquitinomics, metalloproteomics, terminomics, degradomics and metadegradomics, adhesomics, stressomics, microbiomics, immunomics, salivaomics, materiomics and other biomics. Throughout the extremely complex neoplastic process, a Breast Cancer Cell Continuum Concept (BCCCC) has been modeled in this review as a spatio-temporal and holistic approach, as long as the breast cancer represents a complex cascade comprising successively integrated populations of heterogeneous tumor and cancer-associated cells, that reflect the carcinoma's progression from a "driving mutation" and formation of the breast primary tumor, toward the distant secondary tumors in different tissues and organs, via circulating tumor cell populations. This BCCCC is widely sustained by a Breast Cancer Proteomic Continuum Concept (BCPCC), where each phenotype of neoplastic and tumor-associated cells is characterized by a changing and adaptive proteomic profile detected in solid and liquid minimal invasive biopsies by complex proteomics approaches. Such a profile is created, beginning with the proteomic landscape of different neoplastic cell populations and cancer-associated cells, followed by subsequent analysis of protein biomarkers involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and intravasation, circulating tumor cell proteomics, and, finally, by protein biomarkers that highlight the extravasation and distant metastatic invasion. Proteomics technologies are producing important data in breast cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers discovery and validation, are detecting genetic aberrations at the proteome level, describing functional and regulatory pathways and emphasizing specific protein and peptide profiles in human tissues, biological fluids, cell lines and animal models. Also, proteomics can identify different breast cancer subtypes and specific protein and proteoform expression, can assess the efficacy of cancer therapies at cellular and tissular level and can even identify new therapeutic target proteins in clinical studies.


The purpose of this paper is to specify and estimate an aggregate import demand function for Mexico, and to discuss the implications of the results. Estimation is based on quarterly data for real imports, real GDP and relative prices over the period 1940-2009. In our empirical analysis of the aggregate import demand function for Mexico, cointegration and error correction technique have been used. This analysis suggests that a cointegrating relationship exists between these variables. In our study we got more than one cointegrating relationship among these variables. More than one cointegrating relationship means more stability in the system. We also found that a structural change happen after 1982 so we estimated two demand functions one for each period. Our econometric estimates of the aggregate import demand function for Mexico suggest that import demand in the second period is overwhelming dominated by GDP and weekly affected by relative prices. This turns fiscal and monetary policies infective to regulate the business cycle.


The phase diagram of electron-doped pnictides is studied varying the temperature, electronic density, and isotropic in-plane quenched disorder strength and dilution by means of computational techniques applied to a three-orbital (xz,yz,xy) spin-fermion model with lattice degrees of freedom. In experiments, chemical doping introduces disorder but in theoretical studies the relationship between electronic doping and the randomly located dopants, with their associated quenched disorder, is difficult to address. Moreover, in this publication, the use of computational techniques allows us to study independently the effects of electronic doping, regulated by a global chemical potential, and impurity disorder at randomly selected sites. Surprisingly, our Monte Carlo simulations reveal that the fast reduction with doping of the N eel TN and the structural TS transition temperatures, and the concomitant stabilization of a robust nematic state, is primarily controlled in our model by the magnetic dilution associated with the in-plane isotropic disorder introduced by Fe substitution. In the doping range studied, changes in the Fermi surface produced by electron doping affect only slightly both critical temperatures. Our results also suggest that the specific material-dependent phase diagrams experimentally observed could be explained as a consequence of the variation in disorder profiles introduced by the different dopants.more » Finally, our findings are also compatible with neutron scattering and scanning tunneling microscopy, unveiling a patchy network of locally magnetically ordered clusters with anisotropic shapes, even though the quenched disorder is locally isotropic. Our study reveals a remarkable and unexpected degree of complexity in pnictides: the fragile tendency to nematicity intrinsic of translational invariant electronic systems needs to be supplemented by quenched disorder and dilution to stabilize the robust nematic phase experimentally found in electron-doped 122 compounds.« less


Space and space-time are depicted as physical objects, which are perceived, observed and studied via studuing various physical phenomena. These studies generated theories of physical and geometic phenomena and constitute a kind of integral knowledge which includes differential geometry, classical mechanics and mathematical physics. This book exposes an attempt to represent this knowledge as a whole. Differential geometry is outlined from ground level to Gauss-Bonnet-Chern theorem, classical physical theories, including general relativity are exposed in the same manner. Besides, the book exposes the author''s results on gravitational field of rotating material disk in general relativity, laws of motion of spinning particle, electromagnetic wave propagation in curved space-time and new non- relativistic limit of general relativity, other than Newtonian theory.


The South China Sea dispute is complicated in terms of its nature, the sovereignty issues of the islands, delimitation issues, resources utilization as well as other matters concerning security (both traditional and non-traditional). In order to solve the dispute, cooperation is one of the main considerations. However, the practice has not been realized. In order to solve the dispute and promote cooperation in the South China Sea region, the author suggests that conserving and managing fishery resources could be established as a starting point. There are a great number of management means, institutions, and international instruments (such as conventions, treaties and arrangements), which have been developed to protect fish stocks. Nonetheless, these policies should be practiced in an integrated mechanism at the national, regional, and international levels, so that the policy objectives could be accomplished. The South China Sea, the East China Sea, and Yellow Sea comprise a large marine ecosystem (LME) in East Asia. In other words, any change of the marine ecosystem could create a serious impact on other maritime areas. This paper suggests that a regional fisheries management organization is needed in order to conserve and manage the fishery resources in the South China Sea, which could also influence other maritime areas. Furthermore, it is also the purpose of this paper that such a model could contribute the solution to the dispute in the South China Sea.


Abstract Objective: The objective of the research is to estimate the cost of ecosystem service value (ESV) due to the Rohingya refugee influx in Ukhiya and Teknaf upazilas of Bangladesh. Methods: Artificial neural network (ANN) supervised classification technique was used to estimate land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics between 2017 (ie, before the Rohingya refugee influx) and 2021. The ESV changes between 2017 and 2021 were assessed using the benefit transfer approach. Results: According to the findings, the forest lost 54.88 km2 (9.58%) because of the refugee influx during the study. Around 47.26 km2 (8.25%) of settlement was increased due to the need to provide shelter for Rohingya refugees in camp areas. Due to the increase in Rohingya refugee settlements, the total ESV increased from US $310.13 million in 2017 to US $332.94 million in 2021. Because of the disappearance of forest areas, the ESV for raw materials and biodiversity fell by 13.58% and 14.57%, respectively. Conclusion: Natural resource conservation for long-term development will benefit from the findings of this study.


An experimental rig for grid-connected Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based wind turbine is presented. The experimental rig was developed for educational and research purposes at the University Duisburg Essen. The goal here is to give an overview of the structure, control and operation of the developed DFIG system. Independent control of active and reactive power of the generator is achieved by applying voltage-oriented control schemes. In the laboratory set up, a 9kW slip ring induction generator is used. The generator is driven by a torque-controlled squirrel cage induction motor. The control program of the wind turbine emulator generates the torque reference value for the drive. The commissioning procedure through the PC user interface is described. The performance of the developed rig is demonstrated through experimental results during nominal load operation.


Satellite images are often used in several areas of research. Resolution is the major issue when concern with these types of images. In this project we propose a novel method to improve the resolution of the satellite images based on discrete wavelet transform and interpolation. 2D-DWT decomposes the satellite image into LL, LH, HL, HL sub bands. The LL band preserves the information of image, remaining sub bands preserves edges information. In proposed method, the high frequency subbands (LH,HL,HH) and the input low resolution sub band(LL) have been interpolated using bicubic interpolation, followed by adding all these sub bands to generate a new improved resolution image by using IDWT. In order to get sharp image an intermediate stage has been used. The proposed method has been tested on images of earth taken from artificial satellite like Himalayas, Coloba-Mumbai, NE coast etc. The quantitative (RMSE and PSNR) results show the superiority of the proposed method over existing methods.


Two cases of hepatic adenoma and one of focal nodular hyperplasia presumably associated with the use of oral contraceptives, are reported. Special reference is made to their clinical presentation, which may be totally asymptomatic. Liver-function tests are of little diagnostic value, but valuable information may be obtained from both liver scanning and hepatic angiography. Histologic differences and clinical similarities between hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver are discussed.


The paper describes the gradual transformation of the structures, process and content of the adult training at the Society of Analytical Psychology (SAP) from 1997 when the potential for individuation had gone awry through lack of a culturally relevant and coherent programme until 2005 when trainees' professional and personal individuation could be enhanced by a process and a curriculum representing fairly the interests and beliefs of the range of different approaches to Jungian psychology that are to be found in the SAP. The process has taken eight years to complete and in the paper, the authors, two successive Directors of Training, describe the persistent resistances to necessary change from within their Society, focusing in particular on the key role of the founder member; the privileging of the internal world at the expense of significant external factors; a confusion of roles among members between volunteers and professionals and last, but by no means least, the contamination of the educative task and the creation of a training community by fantasies of the mother/infant couple.


The aims of this research are, (ⅰ) to consider Kuhn's concept of how scientific revolution takes place based on individual elements or tenets of Nature of Science (NOS), and (ⅱ) to explore the inter-relationships within the individual elements or tenets of nature of science (NOS), based on the dimensions of scientific knowledge in science learning, this study suggests that instruction according to our Explicit Integrated NOS Map should include the tenets of NOS. The aspects of NOS that have been emphasized in recent science education reform documents disagree with the received views of common science. Additionally, it is valuable to introduce students at the primary level to some of the ideas developed by Kuhn. Key aspects of NOS are, in fact, good applications to the history of science through Kuhn's philosophy. And it shows that these perspectives of the history of science are well applied to Einstein's special theory of relativity. Therefore, an Explicit Integrated NOS Flow Map could be a promising means of understanding the NOS tenets and an explicit and reflective tool for science teachers to enhance scientific teaching and learning.


Abstract The temporal evolution of γ′(L12)-precipitates in Ni-5.2 Al-14.2 Cr at.% and Ni-9.5 Al-8.6 Cr-2.0 Re at.% alloys are studied utilizing three-dimensional atom-probe microscopy. For the times investigated (0.0833 to 1024 h), these alloys exhibit a high number density (1022 –1024 m–3 ) of spheroidal γ′-precipitates, 0.45 –30 nm in radius. For the Ni 5.2 Al-14.2 Cr at.% alloy, nucleation, growth, and coarsening of the γ′-precipitates is observed during the isothermal transformation at 873 K. Precipitate coalescence is present, and its influence on the power-law dependencies of the number density and mean radius during coarsening is discussed and compared to classical models. For Ni-9.5 Al-8.6 Cr-2.0 Re at.%, phase separation occurs during the initial quench leading to a highly interconnected γ′-nanostructure. The temporal evolution of the elemental partitioning behavior at 1073 K between the γ-matrix and γ′-precipitates is studied in detail.


Ambrose Bierce, 1842-1913?, has become renowned in the Civil War world for his sharp-witted and cynical short stories that frequently feature ghastly death and the terrible irony of survival. His life has become somewhat of a caricature, used by historians such as Mark Snell and Gerald Linderman to demonstrate the utter disillusionment of the common soldier and the retreat into hibernation in an attempt to escape the trauma experienced during the war. This view of Bierce fails to capture the complexity of the man and his war experience. Rather than a skeptical realist, Bierce demonstrates the characteristics of a jaded romantic. [excerpt]


Transition of care occurs within the developmental context of emerging adulthood (EA; 18-24 years), in which diabetes self-management is challenged as an individual learns to cope with diabetes and develop their independence. With the goal of helping providers individualize support as patients begin adult care, we conducted a qualitative study with 33 emerging adults with type 1 diabetes (51% female, age 20.6±0.3 years, diabetes duration 12±1 years). Individual semi-structured interviews allowed participants to depict their lived experiences with diabetes. We employed a narrative approach to the analysis of interview transcripts and constant comparison was used to identify similarities and differences in narrative typology and thematic content. We identified that participants' accounts of living with diabetes could be grouped into three broad categories: Ingrained (n=14), Intrusive (n=12) and Inconspicuous (n=7). We interpreted these accounts as different "lenses" through which individuals perceive their diabetes during EA. Participants conveying an Ingrained lens perceived diabetes to be comfortably settled within their daily lives and described self-confidence for management. Participants conveying an Intrusive lens perceived diabetes as disrupting their daily living and described moral sensitivity towards management (i.e., being seen as a 'good' or 'bad' self-manager). Participants conveying an Inconspicuous lens told stories that demonstrated their efforts to minimize their diabetes and described disregard for management. HbA1c levels were lower in participants conveying an Ingrained lens (HbA1c (%), Ingrained 7.4±0.2, Intrusive 9.3±0.5 (p Disclosure B. Markowitz: None. C. Pritlove: None. G. Mukerji: None. J.V. Lavery: None. J.A. Parsons: None. A. Advani: Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH. Other Relationship; Self; Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH.


This dissertation deals with the construction of Life Tables by cause of death and gender of the Greek population during the year of 2014 which serve to elaborate the study of mortality.
The analysis is based on vital registration data of the years 2013, 2014 and 2015 that were obtained from the Hellenic Statistical Authority and more specifically deaths by gender, five-year age group and causes of death. The causes of death are grouped into 6 categories Microbial - Parasitic Diseases, Neoplasms, Respiratory Diseases, Circulatory System Diseases, Violent Actions - Accidents and finally Other Diseases. In addition, this analysis uses estimations for the population of Greece in the middle of 2014 by gender and five-year age group.
Abridged survival tables have been constructed for 5-years age groups by gender for all causes of death, or 2014. Survival functions are calculated based on demographic methods used for the construction of Life Tables. Subsequently, Life Tables by cause of death are constructed for the 6 above-mentioned categories.
Finally, charts and tables of life expectancies, probabilities of dying and of surviving are presented, along with conclusions regarding how causes of death differ among them for men and women in Greece in 2014.


A number of socio-economic phenomena that are intensifying nowadays, in particular an increase in competition and customer expectations, forces enterprises to seek new sources of innovation, including process (technological) ones to ensure their ability to compete effectively. It turns out that they are increasingly transferring them from their environment, and the success of this undertaking is dependent on their absorptive capacities. Therefore, the main goal of this article was to identify the key absorptive capacities that are endogenous determinants of the effectiveness of the process of the absorption of process innovations in the activity of Poland's financial companies. The empirical part of the article was written on the basis of an online survey carried out in 2015-2016. It was sent to the heads of 155 commercial financial sector companies registered in Poland, namely all banks, property and life insurance companies, investment funds and universal fund management companies. In total, 111 entities filled in the online survey questionnaire. In the conducted study an attempt was made to assess the direction and strength of dependence between the level of development of specific absorptive capacities of financial companies and the scale of the effects achieved as a result of the absorption of process innovations. Personal and organizational absorptive capacities of financial companies in Poland remain in a positive and strong linear relationship with their effectiveness achieved in the scope of the absorption of process innovations. The results identified the key absorptive capacities that determine the effects obtained in the process of absorbing technological innovations, taking into account the specific conditions prevailing in the service sector.


The coherent anisotropy and the magnetostriction constants /spl lambda//sub s/ were studied in amorphous RF sputtered (Co/sub 93/Zr/sub 7/)/sub 100-x/(RE)/sub x/ (RE=rare earth) thin films for a large variety of magnetic rare earth, and the concentration range 0/spl les/x/spl les/3. During the deposition magnetic field of 700 Oe was applied in the film plane. For RE=Nd, Pr, Dy and Tb substitutions, a well defined in-plane uniaxial anisotropy is formed. K/sub u/ and /spl lambda//sub s/ both increase linearly with increasing RE content, the absolute values being related to the substitutional RE element. The magnitude of K/sub u/ correlates nicely with that of /spl lambda//sub s/, in agreement with a theoretical computation based on a single-ion anisotropy model for rare-earth atoms. When RE=Sm a more heterogeneous local magnetic structure forms as revealed by a biaxial anisotropy and the correlation between K/sub u/ and /spl lambda//sub s/ is no more observed. >


In males engaged in doing physical and mental work a morphometric study with due consideration given to their condition of nurishment (in a group of practically healthy only), smoking habits and heteditary-familial history with respect to cardio-vascular diseases, was undertaken. Use was made of the autopsy materials obtaned in studying the epidemiology of atherosclerosis in some cities of the USSR. In persons doing brain work, well nourished, with long-standing smoking habits and adverse hereditary-familial history the intensity of atherosclerosis in the aorta and coronary arteries was more pronounced that in individuals doing manual work and exposed to the same risk factors. This gives reason to believe that the occupational factors does influence the development of atherosclerosis (above all in the coronary arteries) to a greater degree than the other ones, mentioned above.


In this paper, a training data selection method for multilayer neural networks (MLNNs) in online training is proposed. Purpose of the reduction in training data is reducing the computation complexity of the training and saving the memory to store the data without losing generalization performance. This method uses a pairing method, which selects the nearest neighbor data by finding the nearest data in the different classes. The network is trained by the selected data. Since the selected data located along data class boundary, the trained network can guarantee generalization performance. Efficiency of this method for the online training is evaluated by computer simulation.


Objectives Heart development is a strictly regulated process, and many gene families contribute to regulating genetic network to achieve this program. The homeobox genes are such a family encodes transcription factors, and it contains two closely related members, Shox and Shox2. During the embryonic cardiac development, Shox2 is restrictedly expressed in the sinoatrial node (SAN) and the sinus valves. Analyses of Shox2 knockout mouse models have demonstrated that Shox2 plays a crucial role during the SAN formation and the pacemaking system development. This study objective was to examine the ability of canine mesenchymal stromal cells (cMSCs) transfected with the mouse Shox2 gene to deliver a biological pacemaker. Methods We used lentivirus vectorto integrate the mouse Shox2 gene into the genome of cMSCs and were able to achieve stable expression of the Shox2 gene permanently. The cMSCs were randomised into two groups: the Shox2 group transfected with LV-Shox2- EGFP-cMSCs, and the control group transfected with LV-EGFP-cMSCs. Then all the positively transduced cMSCs were cultured with the new born rat myocardial cell lysate. After co-cultivation for seven days, we investigated the morphological changes of these transfected cMSCs. At the same time, the expression of cardiomyogenic markers Shox2 and HCN4 were determined by quantitative RT-PCR, Western Blot and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, the kinetics characters of If like current channels were detected by whole-cellpatch clamp. Results Shox2 and HCN4 proteins were highly expressed in experimental group compared with the control group. Ahyperpolarization-activated inward current was recorded by whole-cell patchclamp in cMSCs transfected with Shox2 gene. The If current recorded from the experimental group was sensitive to extracellular Cs+. Meanwhile, this current couldn't be observed in control cells under the same conditions. Conclusions These results demonstrate that cMSCs modified by successful transfection with Shox2 can differentiate so as to develop spontaneous mechanical activity in vitro. Shox2 plays an essential role in the pacemaker development through the promotion of HCN4.


..................................................................................................................................... 3 Résumé ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction................................................................................................................................ 6 An Overview of Labour Market Trends .................................................................................. 10 The Skill Premium: Skill-biased Technological Change ..................................................... 10 Job Polarisation: Routine-Biased Technological Change .................................................... 12 The Labour Share of Income: Capital-Biased Technological Change .................................... 14 Creative Destruction in Labour Markets ................................................................................. 15 Deindustrialisation: The Rise of the Service Economy ....................................................... 15 The Changing Composition of the Workforce ........................................................................ 16 Technology or Globalisation? .............................................................................................. 17 Premature Deindustrialisation .............................................................................................. 18 Job Destruction: The Expanding Scope of Automation .......................................................... 20 Job Creation: New Tasks, Occupations, and Industries ........................................................... 23 Skill Requirements in the Digital Economy ............................................................................ 28 Challenges for Policy ............................................................................................................... 31 Inequality, Skill Shortages, and Social Mobility .................................................................. 31 Institutions and Technology Adoption: Cross-Country Differences .................................... 34 Labour Market Policies for Inclusive Growth ......................................................................... 35 Human Capital and Regional Development ............................................................................ 37 Conclusions.............................................................................................................................. 43 References................................................................................................................................ 44


Medical schools in Romania enroll a high number of students and invest in them serious amounts of money to prepare them afterwards in the residency. Once these residents become specialists, they are left to seek out jobs for themselves. However, the job offer is scarce in the public sector, even though there is a real national defi cit of doctors, especially in the rural areas. For this reason, young doctors are forced to seek jobs in private practice or to go abroad. The following survey aims to see the perspectives of the students and young doctors regarding the future jobs they will have and possible solutions to correct the paradox between having too many unemployed doctors in contrast to having a poor national coverage with medical personnel.


In this paper we exploit natural sentential descriptions of RGB-D scenes in order to improve 3D semantic parsing. Importantly, in doing so, we reason about which particular object each noun/pronoun is referring to in the image. This allows us to utilize visual information in order to disambiguate the so-called coreference resolution problem that arises in text. Towards this goal, we propose a structure prediction model that exploits potentials computed from text and RGB-D imagery to reason about the class of the 3D objects, the scene type, as well as to align the nouns/pronouns with the referred visual objects. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on the challenging NYU-RGBD v2 dataset, which we enrich with natural lingual descriptions. We show that our approach significantly improves 3D detection and scene classification accuracy, and is able to reliably estimate the text-to-image alignment. Furthermore, by using textual and visual information, we are also able to successfully deal with coreference in text, improving upon the state-of-the-art Stanford coreference system [15].


The author analyses the problems faced by Continental Europe's legal systems as a result of the appearance of the so-called new religious movements. He is of the opinion that the expected change towards the achievement of full legal neutrality regarding the religious phenomena cannot be based on the sole assumption that each and every religion deserves protection. In fact, he considers that any system of equality should be aimed at protecting the legitimate expression of the individual's free will; that is to say, neither a particular religion nor all of them, but the person considered as a citizen, regardless of whether he believes or not.


1. The elements of a crime 2. Causation 3. Omissions 4. Fault 5. Proof 6. Intoxication 7. The mental element in statutory offences: strict liability 8. Parties to offences 9. Vicarious liability and liability of corporations 10. Mental abnormality 11. General defences 12. Incitement 13. Conspiracy 14. Attempt 15. Impossibility and preliminary offences 16. Murder 17. Manslaughter 18. Non-fatal offences against the person 19. Sexual offences 20. Theft and robbery 21. Offences involving deception 22. Making off without payment 23. Temporary deprivation offences 24. Blackmail 25. Burglary and related offences 26. Handling stolen goods 27. Offences of damage to property Index


The molecular signatures of epigenetic regulation and chromatin architecture are emerging as pivotal regulators of mitochondrial function. Recent studies unveiled a complex intersection among environmental factors, epigenetic signals, and mitochondrial metabolism, ultimately leading to alterations of vascular phenotype and increased cardiovascular risk. Changing environmental conditions over the lifetime induce covalent and post-translational chemical modification of the chromatin template which sensitize the genome to establish new transcriptional programs and, hence, diverse functional states. On the other hand, metabolic alterations occurring in mitochondria affect the availability of substrates for chromatin-modifying enzymes, thus leading to maladaptive epigenetic signatures altering chromatin accessibility and gene transcription. Indeed, several components of the epigenetic machinery require intermediates of cellular metabolism (ATP, AcCoA, NADH, α-ketoglutarate) for enzymatic function. In the present review, we describe the emerging role of epigenetic modifications as fine tuners of gene transcription in mitochondrial dysfunction and vascular disease. Specifically, the following aspects are described in detail: (i) mitochondria and vascular function, (ii) mitochondrial ROS, (iii) epigenetic regulation of mitochondrial function; (iv) the role of mitochondrial metabolites as key effectors for chromatin-modifying enzymes; (v) epigenetic therapies. Understanding epigenetic routes may pave the way for new approaches to develop personalized therapies to prevent mitochondrial insufficiency and its complications.


To intensively analyze and examine the changes in palatability of cooked rice and structural properties of rice grains influenced by increased nitrogen topdressing during the panicle formation and ripening stage, a series of experiments were carried out using three japonica rice cultivars with contrasting rice quality characteristics. The protein content of brown rice increased maximally up to 35~47% of that in standard N6 plot with the increase in nitrogen topdressing fertilizer during 20 days before heading to 10 days after flowering. The high-yielding rice cultivars showing poor palatability of cooked rice revealed larger increase in protein content of rice grains by increased nitrogen topdressing. Under the same nitrogen level of 15 ㎏ per 10a with nitrogen topdressing at 3 ㎏/10a, high-yielding rice cultivars, Yumehikari and Reihou showed the significant increase in protein content of brown rice when topdressing was applied at 10 days after flowering as compared with when it was applied at 30 days after transplanting. Although the variation in amylose content of milled rice as affected by nitrogen topdressing level was relatively small, it decreased within 1% with the opposite tendency against increased protein content of brown rice by increased nitrogen topdressing. The total score of sensory evaluation was higher in the order of Hinohikari < Yumehikari < Reihou in panel test. It decreased significantly by increased amounts of nitrogen topdressing during 20 days before heading to 10 days after flowering when nitrogen level was higher than 12 ㎏/10a. The more poor palatable rice cultivar in panel test revealed the larger decreasing in total score of sensory evaluation by higher nitrogen topdressing rates. All sensory evaluation components were largely affected by the change in protein content of brown rice rather than amylose content of milled rice. The influence of protein content to palatability of cooked rice was larger in poor-palatable rice than in high-palatable rice. The protein content decreased drastically from outer layer to inner layer of rice grains, while the amylose content increased on the contrary. The high-palatable rice exhibited higher distribution of protein content on bran layer but lower distribution of protein content on the layer of polished rice as compared with the poor-palatable rice. Especially, the high-palatable rice showed also significantly lower distribution of amylose content on the outer layer of polished rice as compared with the poorpalatable rice.


This paper presents a method to measure the similarity of assigned jobs in the gravure printing operation based on the chromaticity and color sequence, and order the jobs accordingly. The proposed dispatching rule can be used to fulfill diverse manufacturing site requirements because the parameters can be adjusted to prioritize chromaticity and color sequence. In general, dispatching rules either ignore the job-changing time or require that the time be clearly defined. However, in the gravure printing operation targeted in this study, it is difficult to apply the general dispatching rule because of the difficulties in quantifying the job-changing time. Therefore, we propose a method for generalizing assignment rules of the job planner, allocating relative similarity among assigned jobs, and determining the sequence of jobs accordingly. Chromaticity priority is determined by the arrangement of the color assignments in the printing operation; color sequence priority is determined by the addition, deletion, or change in a specific color sequence. Finally, the job similarity is determined by the dot product of the chromaticity and color sequence priorities. Implementation of the proposed dispatching rule at an actual manufacturing site showed the planner present the same job order as that obtained using the proposed rule. Therefore, this rule is expected to be useful in industrial sites where clear quantification of the job-changing time is not possible.


In Korea, 2.3 GHz frequency band is allocated for a new mobile data service called the portable Internet service and assigned to 3-operators. So, it is important to investigate the effect of the adjacent channel interference caused by the other operators. In this paper, the effect of adjacent channel interference between operators is evaluated, taking into account the nonlinearity of RF components. The amplifiers are employed the polynomial based model and confirmed its spectrum spreading phenomenon due to their nonlinearity. Also the portable Internet service system are implemented in the physical layer to evaluate the interference effects of the other operators with the varying width of the guard band and relative power between operators


Research shows that in current primary education, highly gifted children are not given the chance to flourish. This is caused by primary teachers not knowing enough about giftedness and as a consequence not having the skills to help them to function optimally. As this leads to possible underachievement by highly gifted children and possible difficulties later in life, this problem should be solved as soon as possible. A potential way of doing this is by developing a serious game to help teachers gain knowledge and learn skills to improve their signaling of highly gifted children and also improve how they subsequently deal with them. Through interviews with both experienced teachers and highly gifted children themselves, information was collected on the knowledge and skills that should be incorporated in the game. Results show that it is very important for teachers to know about the different features of giftedness so they can timely recognize it. They should also know there are different types of gifted children. Furthermore, they should know about the feelings gifted children experience. When it comes to skills, the teachers should have the qualities and flexibility to adjust their lessons to fit and challenge the highly gifted child and they should develop a feel for signaling gifted children through gaining experience. Next to that they should obtain a set of concrete skills such as giving the child room for growth, good communication with parents, adjusting their approach to every child and daring to admit their own vulnerabilities. The data also showed that even experienced teachers sometimes still have difficulties dealing with highly gifted children and those difficulties could be emphasized in the game.


High time-resolution, real-time CCD differential photometric observations were carried out for a multiperiodic δ Scuti type variable, HR 2107 (1 Mon) from Feb. 1994 to Jan. 1995. Johnson's V band photometric data of total 6 nights were obtained with the Automatized Differential Photometry System (ADPS) which is attached to the 24-inch Cassegrain telescope of Mt. Sobaek Observing Station. In order to determine pulsation frequencies we have been applied the power spectrum analysis in the frequency domain. For the frequencies determined from the power spectrum analysis, we again applied linear least squares fitting to the observed light curves and found best-fit amplitudes and phases for all input frequencies. From the analysis we detected 4 pulsation frequencies for HR 2107: f₁=7.390 c/d, f₂= 7.445 c/d, f₃=14.770 c/d, and f₄=14.825 c/d. From the comparison of the detected frequencies and amplitudes with those of Desikachary (1974), we have found that the pulsation frequencies of HR 2107 did not show any meaningful change. However, the amplitudes of all pulsation frequencies show significant difference with those of Desikachary (1974). This fact may suggest that the amplitudes of the pulsations have been changed during the past twenty years.


Aims. We perform a systematic combined photometric and kinematic analysis of a sample of globular clusters under different relaxation conditions, based on their core relaxation time (as listed in available catalogs), by means of two well-known families of spherical stellar dynamical models. Systems characterized by shorter relaxation time scales are expected to be better described by isotropic King models, while less relaxed systems might be interpreted by means of non-truncated, radially-biased anisotropic f (ν) models, originally designed to represent stellar systems produced by a violent relaxation formation process and applied here for the first time to the study of globular clusters. Methods. The comparison between dynamical models and observations is performed by fitting simultaneously surface brightness and velocity dispersion profiles. For each globular cluster, the best-fit model in each family is identified, along with a full error analysis on the relevant parameters. Detailed structural properties and mass-to-light ratios are also explicitly derived. Results. We find that King models usually offer a good representation of the observed photometric profiles, but often lead to less satisfactory fits to the kinematic profiles, independently of the relaxation condition of the systems. For some less relaxed clusters, f (ν) models provide a good description of both observed profiles. Some derived structural characteristics, such as the total mass or the half-mass radius, turn out to be significantly model-dependent. The analysis confirms that, to answer some important dynamical questions that bear on the formation and evolution of globular clusters, it would be highly desirable to acquire larger numbers of accurate kinematic data-points, well distributed over the cluster field.


Norwegian protected areas have historically been managed by central, expertise bureaucracy; however, a governance change in 2010 decentralized and delegated the right to manage protected areas to locally elected politicians and elected Sami representatives in newly established National Park Boards. We explore how this new governance change affects adaptive capacity within the reindeer industry, as the reindeer herders are now participating with other users in decision-making processes related to large tracts of protected areas in which they have pasture access. Aspects within adaptive capacity and resilience thinking are useful as complementary dimensions to a social-ecological system framework (Ostrom 2007) in exploring the dynamics of complex adaptive social-ecological systems. The National Park Board provides a novel example of adaptive governance that can foster resilient livelihoods for various groups of actors that depend on protected areas. Data for this paper were gathered primarily through observation in National Park Board meetings, focus groups, and qualitative interviews with reindeer herders and other key stakeholders. We have identified certain aspects of the national park governance that may serve as sources of resilience and adaptive capacity for the natural system and pastoral people that rely on using these areas. The regional National Park Board is as such a critical mechanism that provides an action arena for participation and conflict resolution. However, desired outcomes such as coproduction of knowledge, social learning, and increased adaptive capacity within reindeer husbandry have not been actualized at this time. The challenge with limited scope of action in the National Park Board and a mismatch between what is important for the herders and what is addressed in the National Park Board become important for the success of this management model.


Perturbation analysis and Weyl's inequality are used to determine second order statistics of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an estimated covariance matrix that arises in an adaptive array processor. An expression for excess mean square error which is caused by the eigenvalue errors is derived. This expression shows that small eigenvalues of the underlying true covariance matrix result in large contributions to the excess mean square error. Closely spaced eigenvalues can cause large errors in eigenvector determination.


As we all know, every human being has LAD (Language Acquisition Device), which helps to learn, to understand and to speak a language. We all human being learn or understand at least one language by birth, which we call mother tongue or first language and it comes with feelings inside us automatic. If we think something in our mother tongue, then we can describe it very easily, without any hesitation. To speak or to understand mother tongue, there is no need to learn or study properly, it comes from inside. But while learning a second language or foreign language we face many challenges, like: mother tongue influence, social background, cultural background, pronunciation, medium language and teaching methods too.
In this article I want to focus on some problematic points of French Language. Learner coming from Hindi Speaking background, which they have faced during whole learning periods. Some points vary person to person, but some points are same and some points change with time. At every learning phase there are different problems. For beginners there are some other problems and another side for next level learners there are some other problems. These problems vary not only with learning phase but also vary with age groups, because teenagers learn more than their experience-literally, so they have different types of problems and other side adults learn not only in class room rather they learn with their experiences too, so they have some other types of problems.
Every language has its own grammatical rules to frame the sentences. Speaking part of French Language is a bit complicated; because it is totally different from other language. In this article we will read about some logical differences and barriers, which are affecting capacity of Indian learners.


Agnosies visualles is a characteristic early stage symptom of Alzheimer's disease, which is a primary degenerative disease, and has been named the disease of the century. Elucidation of the mechanism of this symptom, which causes a dysfunction in the posterior association cortex at the center of the parietal lobe, is important for the understanding of the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. So the authors investigated eye and head movements, using newly developed technology. The results showed that in Alzheimer's disease, there is little head movement compared to eye movement, and there seems to be a general dysfunction in the disorganized coordination system. And these results indicate a problem in the coordinate axes, confusion in the input information, abnormality in the integration, and a disorder in the parallel processing mechanism.