The US Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act and WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provide us with powerful tools to reduce the death and disease caused by the use of tobacco products. One tool that can contribute substantially toward this goal is the authority to establish performance standards for tobacco products. Conjointly with reducing levels of nicotine in cigarettes, performance and quality control standards need to be established for non-combusted tobacco products. Performance standards and incentives should be provided so that tobacco companies are compelled to manufacture and market products with very low or almost non-existent toxicity (eg, nicotine-only products).


Background: The predictive power of extubation failure diagnosed by decrease in central venous oxygen saturation(ΔScvO2) varies by studies. Here we summarized the diagnostic value of extubation failure tested by ΔScvO2. Methods: A comprehensive online search was performed to select potentially eligible studies that evaluated the predictive power of extubation failure tested by ΔScvO2. A manual search was also performed to identify additional studies. Data were extracted to calculate the pooled sensitivity, speci�city, positive likelihood ratio (LR),negative LR, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) to evaluate the predictive power of extubation failure. Results: Overall, �ve studies including 353 patients were included in this review, of whom 105 (30%) were extubation failure. The cutoff values of ΔScvO2 varied across studies, ranging from 3.8% to 5.4%. Heterogeneity between studies was assessed with an overall Q = 0.007, I 2 = 0%, and P = 0.498. The pooled sensitivity and speci�city for the overall population were 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74-0.90) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.83-0.92), respectively. The pooled positive LR and negative LR were 7.2 (95%CI: 4.6-11.2) and 0.19 (95%CI: 0.12-0.31), respectively. The DOR was 38 (95% CI: 17–86). Overall, the pooled AUROC was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90–0.94). Conclusions: The ΔScvO2 performed well in predicting extubation failure in adult mechanical ventilation patients.Further studies with a larger data set and well-designed models are required to con�rm the diagnostic accuracy and utility of ScvO2 in predicting extubation outcomes in mechanical ventilation patients.


One of the program to improve the health of pregnant women is by holding Class of pregnant women, it'smeans to learn together about the health of pregnant women. In 2015 from 20 public health centers in Pekanbaru there are only 3.7 percent of pregnant women's classes, which should reach 80 percent of pregnant women's classes. This happens because many classes of pregnant women are formed by public health center but no mothers are participating in the class. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the utilization of the class of pregnant women. The design of this study is cross sectional with a large sample of 211 people. Sampling method used systematically random sampling. Data analysis was done by univariat and bivariate. The resultsr research was obtained by mothers who do not use the class of pregnant women as much as 163 people (77 percent). The result of bivariate analysis showed that P value less than 0,001 (OR: 10,6, C.I.95 percent: 3,864 to 29,124) meaning that there is a significant correlation between Support by Husband and Utilization of Maternal Class. The conclusion in this research that there is a relationship between support by husband with the utilization of pregnant mother class.
Keyword:Support by Husben, Utilization, Pregnant.


Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effects of Dong-qi acupuncture on piriformis for herniated intervertebral disc(HIVD) of lumbar spine patients with piriformis muscles tenderness. Methods : This research was carried out on the 60 inpatients who received treatment for their HIVD of lumbar spine from January 1 to May 31, 2014 in DaeJeon Jaseng Hospital of Korean Medicine. We divided them into two groups ; group A(n=30) : common treatment on HIVD of L-spine without Dong-qi acupuncture on piriformis(acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, herb medication, Chuna and physiotherapy), and group B(n=30) : common treatment on HIVD of L-spine with Dong-qi acupuncture on piriformis. We evaluated the treatment effect of each group on tenderness(checked by Algometer pressure), and with a numeric rating scale(NRS), and oswestry disability index(ODI). The evaluations of tenderness were performed 8 times : admission day, and on the 3rd, 6th, 9th, 12th, 15th, 18th and 21st day after admission. The evaluations of NRS and ODI were performed 3 times : admission day, and on the 12th and 21st day after admission. The statistical significance was evaluated by SPSS 18.0 for Windows. Results : In group B, tenderness was significantly decreased compared with group A. The difference of tenderness from admission day to the 12th day showed significant reduction compared with group A. Conclusions : Dong-qi acupuncture is more effective in reducing piriformis muscle tenderness in the early stages of treatment. We expect that patients who receive Dong-qi acupuncture will be satisfied with Korean medical treatment and trust their doctor.


Specimens of bone marrow trephine biopsy (BMT) are transported and fixed in acetic acid–zinc–formalin fixative, decalcified in 10% formic acid–5% formaldehyde and processed with other specimens to paraffin-wax embedding. Sections, 1-μm-thick, are cut by experienced histotechnologists and used for haematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa, reticulin silver and other histological stains. Further, all immunohistochemical procedures used in the laboratory, including double immunostaining, can be used on these sections with no or minimal modifications. About 10 000 BMT specimens have been analysed using this procedure since 1997 and diseases involving the bone marrow have been classified successfully. More recently, standardised polymerase chain reaction-based analysis and mRNA in situ hybridisation studies have been conducted. Excellent morphology with good antigen, DNA and RNA preservation is offered by the Hammersmith Protocol.


It is well documented that the sales price of farmland at the urban fringe is strongly affected by the development of the city. The divergence between sales (market) price and use value (income-capitalized value) indicates the potential conversion of land from farming to urban uses. The magnitude of this price (value) difference is believed to be associated with a number of urban factors. This study empirically examines the price differences in a spatial context. I-Lan, a city that has in recent years seen a surge of purchase in farmland, mostly at the urban fringe, is examined as a case study. A total of 2397 pieces of farmland transacted from year 2000 to 2005 are analyzed. The price difference between sales price and use value is largely explained by factors such as the distance to the employment centres, the accessibility to the major transportation node, the site suitability for urban use, among others. Moreover, the price differences diminish drasti cally with the distance from the city centre. Using the price difference at the city centre as the benchmark, price differences are reduced by approximately two-thirds at the 10 km (6 miles) from the city centre. The price differences have become insignificant at the location of 30 km (19 miles) from the city centre. The empirical findings confirm that the farmland prices are significantly affected by the urban factors. The price of farmland, particularly for those located within 10 km from the city, is scarcely explainable by farming revenue. Farmlands close to the city are priced as an urban site with the expectation of land conversion in the near future.


Automatic digital video classification is emerging as an important problem in the fields of video analysis and multimedia database. In this paper the decision tree method is used for automatic video classification. Video clips are first segmented into shots, then features of the video clips are generated, and a video features database is created at the same time. After that, the decision tree method is used to classify the videos as different genres and a set of decision rules are produced. The discovered decision rules are used to predicate the genre of a new video. The experimental results show that the decision tree method is promising for video genre recognition.


Percutaneous nephrostomy is a critical procedure for establishing surgical pathways from the skin to the renal collecting system. The drainage tube involved in the procedure rarely deviates into the renal vein. Herein, we report three cases in which the related drainage tube was mistakenly inserted into the renal vein and inferior vena cava after the renal vein was injured during percutaneous nephrostomy. In the three cases, the nephrostomy tube and double-J tube were gradually withdrawn from the renal pelvis or renal calyces under computed tomography (CT) monitoring. In case 1, the fistula tube was not completely withdrawn in time into the renal, causing multiple thromboses in the vein. The fistula was successfully withdrawn from the vena cava after the filter was placed. Finally, the stones were cleared in two cases and one case was discharged without complications after substantial renal function recovery. A safe and reliable approach is to gradually withdraw, within a short timeframe and under CT monitoring, an ectopic renal vein or inferior vena cava drainage tube into the renal pelvis. Removal of the catheter to the renal pelvis or calyces within 3 days can reduce thrombotic complications.


Herein, we report the fabrication and characterization of phenyl hydrazine sensor based on ytterbium (Yb) doped ZnO flowers composed of nanorods prepared by simple hydrothermal process. The as-synthesized nanomaterial was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) attached with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) and Raman-scattering spectroscopy which revealed the large-quantity synthesis, well-crystallinity and wurtzite hexagonal crystal structure of Yb-doped ZnO flowers. The fabricated phenyl hydrazine chemical sensor, by employing Yb-doped ZnO flowers as an electron mediator, exhibited sensitivity of ∼34.2 µA·mM-1 ·cm-2, detection limit of 24 mM and linear dynamic range of 0.25-4.0 mM. The presented work demonstrates that the Yb-doped ZnO nanomaterials are promising electron mediator which can be used for the fabrication of chemical sensors to detect various hazardous and toxic chemicals as phenyl hydrazine.


OBJECTIVE
The current study extends the authors' earlier examination of suicide-bereaved (SB) children from the Grief Research Study, a longitudinal study of childhood bereavement after parental death, by examining the children's family history of psychopathology and family environment before and after death.

METHOD
Twenty-six SB children, aged 5 to 17 years, and their 15 surviving parents were compared with 332 children bereaved from parental death not caused by suicide (NSB) and their 201 surviving parents in interviews 1, 6, 13, and 25 months after the death.

RESULTS
Suicide completers evidenced more psychopathology than parents who died from reasons other than suicide. Contrary to expectations, surviving SB parents were not more impaired than NSB parents. Before the death, SB families were less stable than NSB families and relationships with the decreased SB parent were compromised. However, no differences were detected between groups in children's relationships with their surviving parents. Likewise, few differences were found in social support or changes in religious beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS
SB children generally come from families with a history of psychopathology and substantial family disruption. However, surviving SB parents do not exhibit higher rates of psychopathology than other bereaved parents and many have positive relationships with their children.


The role of the electron-positron enhancement factor epsilon (p) in investigations of the electronic structure of metallic materials by positron annihilation is emphasised. A calculation of this function, performed according to a self-consistent extension of the Kahana formalism, is presented. The merits of this approach in comparison with the traditional approach comprise inclusion of the effect of electron-electron correlations and the achievement of full self-consistency between the potential assumed in the Bethe-Goldstone equation and the screening charge distribution around a positron, obtained from its solutions. In this way the low-density divergence of the annihilation rate lambda is removed-in this region it approaches the averaged free-positronium value. The annihilation parameters obtained in this work are in reasonable agreement with experimental results.


This paper proposes a microfounded general equilibrium model of the U.S. and European economies suitable for analyzing the transmission of monetary and fiscal policy shocks between the U.S. and Europe. The focus is on understanding the determinants of transatlantic economic interdependence. A positive analysis of the consequences of policy changes in the U.S. and Europe is made and results about the transmission of such shocks are obtained. In the model, consumer preferences in the U.S. and Europe are biased in favor of goods produced in the continent where agents reside. Hence, PPP does not hold across the Atlantic, except in steady state. However, this is not sufficient to cause overshooting of the dollar exchange rate following policy shocks. U.S. current-account surplus can be achieved by means of a monetary expansion, a persistent increase in government spending, and/or higher long-run distortionary taxes relative to Europe.


The paper proposes a bond graph approach to model based fault detection and isolation (FDI) that uses residual sinks. These elements couple a reference model of a process engineering system to a bond graph model of the system that is subject to disturbances caused by faults. In this paper it is assumed that two faults do not appear simultaneously. The underlying mathematical model is a Differential Algebraic Equations (DAE) system. The approach is illustrated by means of the often used hydraulic two tanks system. Keywords— Bond Graph models for fault detection and isolation, analytical redundancy relations, residual sinks, DAE systems.


Lung cancer is the worldwide leading cause of cancer deaths. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents about 15% of lung cancers with a poor 5-year survival rate. SCLC can manifest as a paraneoplastic syndrome, which can include unexplained gastrointestinal dysmotility symptoms. The awareness of these presenting symptoms and recognition that serum markers, such as anti-Hu antibodies, mediate the paraneoplastic neuromuscular aspects of SCLC are highlighted in this case report of a patient with anti-Hu antibodies presenting with gastroparesis, pseudoachalasia, and impaired intestinal motility.


relationship problems between staff and patients. The chapter entitled "¿ Suicide an other Disruptive States― tackles not only assessment of suicide risk, but also the management ofthe problems oftreatment refusal, treat ment demands, sexual provocation and violence. More useful tips on this topic are to be found in the chapters on brief psychotherapy and on †̃¿ borderline' patients by James Groves. The book also has very obvious shortcomings. Wise and humanitarian, it is also dogmatically psycho dynamic. Wittily idiosyncratic, it tends towards the anecdotal and in parts, such as the chapter entitled "¿ Limbic Music―it is frankly, if charmingly, eccentric. Finally, despite the new edition, this book is becoming dated. For example, it makes no mention of cognitive behavioural therapy and has little to say about AIDS. Should you buy it? If you already own the second edition the third will offer only minor updating and revision. But if you have not read any edition of this book, would you have taken the surgeon's referral in your stride, and solved the problem by teaching the patient to do his own rectal examination?


Cadmium (Cd) is an important industrial and environmental pollutant, and the kidney is the primary organ to be affected. To elucidate the effects of Cd on cell proliferation, an epithelial cell line (A6) originally derived from the distal part of the Xenopus laevis kidney was cultured in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The effects of Cd (added as CdCl2) on cellular growth and differentiation from single cells to confluent epithelia were investigated by visual inspection and by measurement of the degree to which living cells covered a unit area. Over a concentration range from 5 to 50μM, Cd did not affect the settling and adherence of single cells to the bottom of the culture well. The addition of 5μM Cd for 4 days did not affect the ability of the A6 cells to develop confluent epithelia, measured as the area covered by adherent living epithelial cells (99 ± 4% of the control value). However, 10μM Cd did effectively inhibit development of confluent epithelia to 13 ± 5% compared to control. Visual inspection of adherent cells exposed to 50μM Cd for 7 days revealed no increase in cell number or in cell death, which indicated the induction of cell cycle arrest. Flow cytometric analysis showed that treatment of cells with Cd (0.4mM) for 24 hours induced a significant increase in the proportion of G1 phase cells from 58.6 ± 3.9 to 80.6 ± 3.7%, and a corresponding reduction in the proportion of cells in both the S and G2 phases from 24.0 ± 3.6 to 13.4 ± 3.3% and 17.2 ± 1.7 to 5.8 ± 2.1%, respectively. This study showed that Cd stopped cell proliferation in a very narrow concentration range, between 5 and 10μM, and cell cycle analysis indicated that Cd arrested the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle.


This paper provides a detailed analysis of various implementations of digital tries, including the «ternary search tries» of Bentley and Sedgewick. The methods employed combine symbolic uses of generating functions, Poisson models, and Mellin transforms. Theoretical results are matched against real-life data and justify the claim that ternary search tries are a highly efficient dynamic dictionary structure for strings and textual data.


To determine how the dormancy-breaking agent hydrogen cyanamide (HC) advances budbreak in peach (Prunus persica), this study compared the transcriptome of buds of low-chill 'TropicBeauty' peach trees treated with 1% (v/v) HC and that of nontreated trees at 3 and 7 days after treatment (DAT), respectively, using an RNA sequencing analysis. The peak of total budbreak occurred 6 weeks earlier in the HC-treated trees (at 32 DAT) than the nontreated trees (at 74 DAT). There were 1312 and 1095 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 3 and 7 DAT, respectively. At 3 DAT, DEGs related to oxidative stress, including the response to hypoxia, lipid oxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic process, were upregulated in HC-treated buds. Additionally, DEGs encoding enzymes for ROS scavenging and the pentose phosphate pathway were upregulated at 3 DAT but they were not differently expressed at 7 DAT, indicating a temporary demand for defense mechanisms against HC-triggered oxidative stress. Upregulation of DEGs for cell division and development at 7 DAT, which were downregulated at 3 DAT, suggests that cell activity was initially suppressed but was enhanced within 7 DAT. At 7 DAT, DEGs related to cell wall degradation and modification were upregulated, which was possibly responsible for the burst of buds. The results of this study strongly suggest that HC induces transient oxidative stress shortly after application, leading to the release of bud dormancy and, subsequently, causing an increase in cell activity and cell wall loosening, thereby accelerating budbreak in peach.


To test a recently proposed dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes, participants (N = 328) assumed they had experienced a mildly or moderately problematic situation. They then evaluated supportive messages varying in person centeredness, purportedly provided by either an acquaintance or a friend. Participants' perceived support availability (PSA) was also assessed. As predicted, the recipient factor (PSA) individually and in conjunction with the contextual factor (problem severity) moderated the effect of the message factor (message person centeredness) on helpfulness evaluations. Modest support was observed for the hypothesis that the source factor (friend vs. acquaintance) influences evaluations when messages are processed less extensively. Implications for the dual-process theory of supportive communication outcomes are discussed.


In this paper we present a modification of the Benjamini and Hochberg false discovery rate controlling procedure for testing non-positive dependent test statistics. The new testing procedure makes use of the same series of linearly increasing critical values. Yet, in the new procedure the set of p-values is divided into subsets of positively dependent p-values, and each subset of p-values is separately sorted and compared to the series of critical values. In the first part of the paper we introduce the new testing methodology, discuss the technical issues needed to apply the new approach, and apply it to data from a genetic experiment. In the second part of the paper we discuss pairwise comparisons. We introduce FDR controlling procedures for testing pairwise comparisons.We apply these procedures to an example extensively studied in the statistical literature, and to test pairwise comparisons in gene expression data. We also use the new testing procedure to prove that the Simes procedure can, in some cases, be used to test all pairwise comparisons. The control over the FDR has proven to be a successful alternative to control over the family wise error rate in the analysis of large data sets; the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure has also made the application of the Simes procedure to test the complete null hypothesis unnecessary. Our main message in this paper is that a more conservative approach may be needed for testing nonpositively dependent test statistics: apply the Simes procedure to test the complete null hypothesis; if the complete null hypothesis is rejected apply the new testing approach to determine which of the null hypotheses are false. It will probably yield less discoveries, however it ensures control over the FDR. © 2007 Published by Elsevier B.V.


A base-mediated cascade amidination/N-alkylation reaction of amines by alcohols has been developed. For the first time, nitriles have been identified as an efficient and benign water acceptor reagent in N-alkylation. Notably, the procedure tolerates a series of functional groups, such as methoxyl, halo, vinyl and hetero groups, providing a convenient method to construct different substituted diamino compounds, 15N labeled amine and could be scaled up to 1 mol scale offering 138.7 g of the desired product in good yield in one-pot. Mechanistic studies provided strong evidence for the amidination of amines with nitriles facilitated by t-BuOK.


: The Scots pine communities are common forest types in Central Europe, however, the general model of changes resulting from cyclical management practices is still unclear. The aim of this paper is to present the changes in species diversity during the development of managed Scots pine stands and to distinguish main stages of vegetation succession. The examined stands were divided into six age classes: ≤ 10 years old, 11–20, 21–40, 41–60, 61–80, 81–120 years old. Data from our study suggest a division of the stands into three main stages of succession on oligotrophic (low nutrient) sites. The first stage is associated with the youngest stands before the canopy formation (< 10 years), the second stage with young closed-canopy stands (11–40 years) and the third stage with the maturing, pre-mature and mature stands (> 40 years). The first stage was characterised by the highest value of the Shannon index, the highest number of vascular plant species, the highest cover of lichens but the lowest cover of bryophytes. There was a group of non-forest cryptogams, exclusive for that stage. In the second stage, there was a significant decline in the Shannon index, the cover of bryophytes increased and the cover of lichens decreased. Cladonia species were characteristic of that succession stage. The third stage was characterised by the lowest species richness, moreover, the cover of bryo-phytes was highest and the cover of lichens was lowest. Common coniferous forest species were characteristic of the final stage before clear-cutting. Generally, after stand removal the communities indicated higher species diversity than previous forest communities. The final forest plant associations were not determined solely by late-successional species. Forest management appeared to substantially influence changes in diversity and the course of succession.


Percutaneous Patent Foramen Ovate PFO/Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) closure has become an increasingly simplified procedure over the past decade. The main advantages of a percutaneous approach include avoidance of surgery, short procedure time and hospital stay. Device embolization is seen rarely but it can be fatal. We report this complication following a percutaneous PFO closure in a 44-year-old man. The device was embolized into the distal part of the right pulmonary artery. We removed the device surgically and closed the PFO/ASD.


Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) is progressively being considered in the mix of customary surveillance tools for oil and gas producing assets. Its applications are beyond monitoring of wells for production and reservoir optimization, including detection of well integrity risks and other well completion failures. However, while DFOS can uniquely yield time-dependent spatially distributed measurements, these are yet to be routinely used in formation evaluation and production logging workflows. The large volumes and complexity of time- and depth-dependent data produced by DFOS often require the usage of Digital Signal Processing (DSP) to reduce the amount of stored data and data-driven techniques such as machine learning (ML) for analysis. Distributed sensing data is sampled at high rates; up to 10,000 samples per second and depth for Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), and one sample per minute and depth for distributed temperature sensing (DTS). The high sampling rate in time, across hundreds or thousands of meters, creates a big data problem. Consequently, managing and transferring data acquired in the field to an expert analyst is extremely challenging. Even when these data management challenges are overcome, the amount of data itself is still not suitable for manual analysis. Starting from edge computing for feature extraction, we illustrate the principles of using DSP and ML to effectively handle the challenges of analyzing time-dependent distributed data from DFOS. Results enable integration of DFOS with customary formation evaluation and production surveillance workflows. Feature extraction, a crucial DSP step used to generate inputs to ML, reduces data size by orders of magnitude while ML models analyse continuous data streams from the field. We derive thermal features from DTS data effectively characterizing Joule Thomson effects. Moreover, we combine DTS thermal features with acoustic features from DAS in supervised ML for multiphase downhole inflow predictions. In so doing, we have successfully applied ML on DFOS for real-time detection of sand production, production and injection profiling, and well integrity surveillance. With use cases in a range of well completion types and well operating conditions, we demonstrate an endto- end system of DFOS that effectively integrates DAS and DTS into routine analysis techniques for Formation Evaluation Specialists and Production Petrophysicists.


Usher syndrome type I (USH1) is characterized by congenital deafness, vestibular areflexia, and progressive retinal degeneration with age. The protein-truncating p.Arg245* founder variant of PCDH15 has an ~2% carrier frequency among Ashkenazi Jews, accounting for nearly 60% of their USH1 cases. Here, longitudinal ocular phenotyping in thirteen USH1F individuals harboring the p.Arg245* variant revealed progressive retinal degeneration, leading to severe loss of vision with macular atrophy by the sixth decade. Half of the affected individuals met either the visual acuity or visual field loss definition for legal blindness by the middle of their fifth decade of life. Mice homozygous for p.Arg250* (Pcdh15R250X; equivalent to human p.Arg245*) also have early visual deficits evaluated using electroretinography. Light-dependent translocation of phototransduction cascade proteins, arrestin and transducin, was found to be impaired in Pcdh15R250X mice. Retinal pigment epithelium-(RPE) specific visual retinoid cycle proteins, RPE65 which converts all-trans retinoids to 11-cis retinoids and CRALBP that transports retinoids, and key retinoid levels were also reduced in Pcdh15R250X mice, suggesting a dual role for protocadherin-15 in photoreceptors and RPE. Administration of exogenous 9-cis retinal, an analog of the naturally occurring 11-cis retinal, improved ERG amplitudes in these mutant mice, suggesting a basis for a clinical trial of exogenous FDA approved retinoids to preserve vision in USH1F patients. Summary In a preclinical setting studying exogenous retinoids using a novel Usher syndrome mouse model, we describe a potential therapy to treat PCDH15-mediated visual dysfunction.


The development of Biotechnology has the benefit of health, agriculture, environment, industry, and so on. Biotechnology provides solutions to environmental problems, hunger, agricultural damage, and other problems that affect the quality of natural resources and human resources. This paper will review the research conducted on the urgency of Biotechnology in the subject of environmental knowledge. This work takes the form of a survey involving 18 lecturers at the University. Data for this study were collected using a questionnaire. The results showed that 45% strongly agreed; 50% agreed, and 5% did not agree to have interested in Biotechnology. Biotechnology has an urgency on the research theme of Higher Education with a percentage of 45% agreed and 55% strongly agreed. Biotechnology has a necessity for the subjects of environmental knowledge with a rate of 28% strongly agreed and 72 agreed. Environmentally topics in every department in the University are ecological education,environmental physics, geography for conservation and rehabilitation of land, humans and the environment, and environmental knowledge. The environmental content of courses in higher education is put on environmental damage and its prevention, biodiversity, renewable energy, and environmental education subjects


Unfortunately there is still a marked tendency on the part of many surgeons to overlook completely, or ignore until too late, those signs and symptoms which are indications for surgery in injuries of the spine and spinal cord. All too frequently the general attitude is that a cord injury is an utterly hopeless problem, and it is useless to do anything about it. As a result, those individuals who might have had a chance of recovery actually do become "hopeless cases".

The early indications for surgery in spinal-cord injuries are usually given as:

1. A history of progression of neurological signs.

2. Compound fractures of the spine, particularly in those cases with spinal-fluid leaks.

3. Marked encroachment of bony fragments upon the spinal canal, as exhibited in the roentgenograms.

4. With a lumbar-puncture needle in place, evidence of complete blockage of the spinal fluid on jugular compression.

To these it is believed a fifth should be added:

5. Evidence of blockage of a column of pantopaque upon myelographic examination in those cases which, in spite of a negative Queckenstedt test, have a definite sensory level.

The first two indications listed require no discussion, but the last three should be commented upon. It should be emphasized that, at operation, 30 or 40 per cent. more damage to the vertebrae may be noted than can be visualized in the roentgenogram.

As shown in Case 2, if one relies merely upon a positive jugular-compression test as an indication that operation should be performed, extruded discs may be missed. It is obvious that this test will be negative as long as a subarachnoid space of the diameter of a No. 20 needle is still present. The validity of the test is good for that moment during which the procedure is being performed. It is known that oedema may gradually develop in the injured cord or cauda equina hours or even a few days after this initial test has been performed; and, unless the procedure is repeated several times, a true surgical lesion may be overlooked. For this reason it is advocated that early pantopaque myelography be performed in these lesions where there is no block to jugular compression, and yet a good sensory level is present.

A word of caution is offered to those doing myelography on these individuals. In order to prevent further damage to the injured cord, the patient should be anchored securely to a board on the x-ray tilt table, with a firm supporting yolk at the shoulders and adjustable ankle supports. This enables tilting of the patient into an almost vertical head-down position, without compression of the vertebral column or the spinal cord.

It would seem unnecessary to emphasize these criteria, but only too rarely are they followed. In all of the cases reported here, operation was performed much later than it should have been, and the degree of disability has, at least theoretically, been increased proportionately. These cases should be regarded as surgical emergencies. After early accurate diagnosis, operation should be performed immediately by a competent surgeon, for the elements of the central nervous system do not, in general, withstand prolonged compression without the occurrence of irreversible anatomical changes.


For many older individuals, the decision to undergo treatment for cancer is viewed as a tradeoff between loss of function and extension of life: a decision that often is complicated by concomitant issues such as comorbid medical conditions, frailty, functional declines, family dynamics, and social and psychological issues. This poses several challenges and affords opportunities for healthcare professionals conducting research with older cancer patients who are undergoing treatment. The current article presents a summary of a roundtable discussion of the issues that face older individuals with cancer during the treatment phase of a cancer diagnosis. The issues covered include the importance of conducting thorough assessments, addressing methodological issues, differentiating age from cohort issues, reducing patient and healthcare provider misperceptions, and taking a multidisciplinary approach to care. To address the aforementioned issues, future research directions in the treatment phase of the cancer continuum should include encouraging transdisciplinary work; increasing age‐related, behaviorally focused research that also is sensitive to differentiating age and cohort effects; understanding the impact of comorbidity; and separating out the influences of age, comorbidity, and performance status. Cancer 2008;113(12 suppl):3512–18. © 2008 American Cancer Society.


Among emerging zoonotic pathogens, mosquito-borne viruses (MBVs) circulate between vertebrate animals and mosquitoes and represent a serious threat to humans via spillover from enzootic cycles to the human community. Active surveillance of MBVs in their vectors is therefore essential to better understand and prevent spillover and emergence, especially at the human–animal interface. In this study, we assessed the presence of MBVs using molecular and phylogenetic methods in mosquitoes collected along an ecological gradient ranging from rural urbanized areas to highland forest areas in northern Thailand. We have detected the presence of insect specific flaviviruses in our samples, and the presence of the emerging zoonotic Tembusu virus (TMUV). Reported for the first time in 1955 in Malaysia, TMUV remained for a long time in the shadow of other flaviviruses such as dengue virus or the Japanese encephalitis virus. In this study, we identified two new TMUV strains belonging to cluster 3, which seems to be endemic in rural areas of Thailand and highlighted the genetic specificities of this Thai cluster. Our results show the active circulation of this emerging flavivirus in Thailand and the need for continuous investigation on this poorly known but threatening virus in Asia.


Stunting is a condition of growing failure from children under five (infants under five years) which results in children being too short for their age as a result of chronic malnutrition. In Pekanbaru City from Nutritional Status Monitoring data in 3 (three) consecutive years, the prevalence of stunting was increased by 17.7%, 23.9%, and 27.7%. The aim is to analyze how the relationship between maternal factors is the cause of the occurrence of having stunting children in the Harapan Raya City Health Center in Pekanbaru in 2019. This research is a quantitative research with cross sectional design and sharpened with qualitative research with case study designs in the Harapan Raya Community Health Center working area in June 2019 with a sample of 187 toddlers and sample selection by purposive sampling. Data collection using questionnaires, interview guidelines, and observation lists. Based on the study of the frequency of occurrence of having a stunting toddler is 52.4% and a multivariate analysis with a multiple factor predictive logistic regression test concludes the Hb value of Mother in Pregnancy (p value = 0.002), Maternal Behavior in Parenting Feeding Patterns (p value = 0.016 ), and Exclusive breastfeeding (p value = 0.001) is an independent variable that is significantly related to the risk of occurrence of having a stunting toddler and a confounding variable on the risk of having a stunting toddler namely child distance and maternal parity. For Puskesmas, it is expected to provide information regarding stunting issues in the working area of Harapan Raya Health Center by conducting cross-program collaboration in KIA, GIZI, and Promkes. Keywords   :  Stunting Toddler Children, Mother Hb Value, Exclusive Breastfeeding, Toddler Child Feeding Behavior, Harapan Raya Health Center Working


Abstract The purpose of this paper is to highlight the three articles included in a special focus of Drugs: Education, Prevention, and Policy that address environmental change strategies targeting drug abuse prevention. We define environmental change strategies and their effectiveness in public health domains such as alcohol abuse, smoking, and obesity. We then discuss the three articles, each of which addresses different aspects of how environmental change strategies might be best implemented and measured. The first paper by Agley et al. (2014) examines the challenges of implementing an evidence-based practice, specifically screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment to address drug abuse in primary care settings. The second paper by Kreiner et al. looks at encouraging providers to implement safe prescribing practices for controlled substances and to translate work being done in the medical community to the prevention specialist domain. The third paper by Quinlan et al. conducts a review of the literature on environmental change strategies targeting nonmedical use of marijuana and provides results showing the most and least effective of these interventions. This special focus is intended to build the evidence base for effective environmental change strategies to prevent drug abuse, generate critical analyses, and spur future research that will help improve the implementation and evaluation of such interventions.


Castrate-resistant prostate cancer represents a significant clinical challenge. Currently, the standard treatment for patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer is chemotherapy, after which patients only receive symptomatic treatment. The available results of phase II clinical trials of sorafenib in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer indicate that, despite a relatively short progression-free survival, the treatment may be associated with good outcomes in terms of overall survival and maintenance of a good quality of life. The study presents the authors' critical opinions and observations about the usefulness of sorafenib in patients with prostate cancer.


Groundwater resources in Arsanjan plain provide water for agriculture, industry, and human consumption. Continued agricultural development in this area needs to additional groundwater resources for, particularly during of drought periods, and effects on the quantity and quality of ground water available. The purpose of this study is to evaluate water level changes in the aquifer of Arsanjan plain in the Fars province in order to determine the areas of greatest depletion and the causes of depletion. In this plain, farmers and other users are pumping groundwater faster than its natural replenishment rate, causing a continuous drop in groundwater tables and depletion of this resource. In this research variation of groundwater level, their effects and ways to help control groundwater levels in aquifer of the Arsanjan plains were evaluated .Excessive exploitation of groundwater in this aquifer caused the groundwater levels fall too fast or to unacceptable levels. The average drawdown of the groundwater level in this plain were 19.66 meters during 1996 to 2003. Keywords—Aquifer , ground water depletion, water table


W. Edwards Deming was revered as a technical genius in the areas of mathematics, statistics, and statistical variation. Though largely known for his professional achievements, the core of Deming was his quality of character. He was raised by his parents under austere conditions in the heartland of the USA. The values ingrained in him by his parents included spiritual beliefs, a love of learning, devotion to family, commit‐ment to friends, and a strong work ethic. With an intense loyalty and love for his wife and children, he balanced his life so that family remained a priority. An accomplished writer of music, a grammarian, and a person with spiritual interests, Deming was much more than a public figure recognized as an icon of the "quality" movement.


Background and Purpose: Governments and policy makers continue to look to entrepreneurship as a vehicle to economic development. This is informed by the perception shared by governments and policy makers that entrepreneurship is a good thing and we ought to have more of it. Thus a wave of policies has emerged in the UK and elsewhere which advocates for an increase in the level of enterprise activity. Our understanding of how and when governments intervene to assist entrepreneurs, and indeed which, if any, specific entrepreneurs should receive assistance in some shape or form, still has substantial knowledge gaps. The review aims to contribute to the building of this knowledge. Methodology: The systematic review methodology was followed to examine the entrepreneurship literature. Quantitatively, the data was examined using basic descriptive statistics and content analysis. Qualitatively, the data was analyzed based on an inductive approach in order to identify emerging, frequent, dominant or significant themes that dominate in understanding entrepreneurship. Findings: This review has identified factors which affect entrepreneurial performance, the market failure that result as well as the policy instruments defined in literature that aim to rectify the perceived market failure. Different typologies were identified which illustrate how the different policy instruments are categorised. Further, this review highlights the complex nature of public policy and entrepreneurship and raises the importance of adopting a more coherent "holistic" approach when advocating for intervention in entrepreneurship and public policy.


In this paper, we consider a diffusive mobile molecular communication (MC) system consisting of a pair of mobile transmitter and receiver nano- machines suspended in a fluid medium, where we model the mobility of the nano-machines by Brownian motion. The transmitter and receiver nano-machines exchange information via diffusive signaling molecules. Due to the random movements of the transmitter and receiver nano-machines, the statistics of the channel impulse response (CIR) change over time. We introduce a statistical framework for characterization of the impulse response of time-variant MC channels. In particular, we derive closed-form analytical expressions for the mean and the autocorrelation function of the impulse response of the channel. Given the autocorrelation function, we define the coherence time of the time-variant MC channel as a metric that characterizes the variations of the impulse response. Furthermore, we derive an analytical expression for evaluation of the expected error probability of a simple detector for the considered system. In order to investigate the impact of CIR decorrelation over time, we compare the performances of a detector with perfect channel state information (CSI) knowledge and a detector with outdated CSI knowledge. The accuracy of the proposed analytical expression is verified via particle-based simulation of the Brownian motion.


Prediction markets are economic mechanisms for aggregating information about future events through sequential interactions with traders. The pricing mechanisms in these markets are known to be related to optimization algorithms in machine learning and through these connections we have some understanding of how equilibrium market prices relate to the beliefs of the traders in a market. However, little is known about rates and guarantees for the convergence of these sequential mechanisms, and two recent papers cite this as an important open question.

In this paper we show how some previously studied prediction market trading models can be understood as a natural generalization of randomized coordinate descent which we call randomized subspace descent (RSD). We establish convergence rates for RSD and leverage them to prove rates for the two prediction market models above, answering the open questions. Our results extend beyond standard centralized markets to arbitrary trade networks.


Stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed for the estimation of
Clofazimine in bulk drug and soft gelatin capsules. The chromatographic separation was achieved on ODS C18 column
using mobile phase comprising 10 mM citrate buffer : acetonitrile, in which pH of buffer is adjusted with 1N HCL
solution in ratio of (70:30 v/v), flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and eluents were detected by UV detector at 283 nm. Retention
time of Clofazimine was found to be 5.205 min. Linearity range was found over the concentration range 25-75 μg/ml.
Clofazimine was subjected to various stress conditions i.e. Acid, Base, Oxidative, Thermal and Photolytic degradation.
The degradation peak of formulation of Clofazimine were well resolved from the pure peak. The proposed method were
validated according to the ICH guidelines and it can be suitable for quality control analysis of Clofazimine in soft gelatin
capsule


W e study mechanisms to manage group purchasing among a set of buyers of a given product with a concave purchase cost function. The buyers are cost-sensitive and willing to buy a range of product quantities at different prices. We investigate two types of mechanisms that can be used by a group purchasing organization (GPO): (a) ordering mechanisms where the buyers, without divulging private information, choose their order quantities and pay for them according to a given cost-sharing rule or a fixed price; and (b) bidding mechanisms where the buyers announce their valuations for different quantities and the GPO determines their purchase quantities and cost-shares according to preannounced schemes. Under the choice of appropriate cost-sharing rules, we introduce a sequential joint ordering mechanism and a family of ordering strategies under which some buyers' strategic deviations never worsen other buyers. We propose a class of bidding mechanisms with some desirable properties and show that a Nash equilibrium bid schedule always exists wherein all buyers' profits are at least as high as those under truthful bidding. In our proposed mechanisms, some buyers' strategic deviation from truthful bidding can only make the others better off. Thus, buyers need not worry about strategic behavior of their counterparts. We compare the performances of the system under different mechanisms and show the superiority of our proposed bidding mechanism. We show that the profits generated by our proposed bidding mechanisms under the proportional cost-sharing rule are never dominated by the maximum profits of the first-best fixed price.


Unlike the calculation for bonded-prestressed concrete,strains in prestressed bars caused by outer loads in uknbonded-prestressed concrete can not be obtained by the strain of the concrete in the relevant section.The calculation of the stress is relatively complex.In this paper,on the basis of finite element method,nonlinear full-range analytic model of unbonded-prestressed concrete beams is presented,the calculating program is drawn up,the normal process of bearing capacity,deformation and stress distribution for unbonded prestressed bars and concrete.Analysis results show that the nonlinear F.E.M.model is a applicable with sufficient accuracy for practical use.


Nuclear DNA binding and inhibition of growth of HeLa cells in culture were determined after 24 h incubation with the ruthenium anticancer agents cis-[Cl2(NH3)4Ru]Cl (CCR) and (ImH)trans-[(Im)2Cl4Ru] (ICR) as a function of [Ru], Po2, and added transferrin. Consistent with the "activation-by-reduction" hypothesis, cytotoxicity and DNA binding for both complexes increased under reduced oxygen conditions. Consistent with the "transferrin- transport" hypothesis, inhibition of cell growth also increased with added transferrin for both complexes. Despite their differences in charge, reduction potentials and substitution rates, both complexes behaved remarkably similarly indicating a common mechanism of action for both. Under atmospheric Conditions (Po2 = 159 torr), CCR inhibited HeLa cell growth with IC50 = 3.5 μM, while that for ICR was 2.0 μM. The binding of both complexes to DNA (RuDNA/PDNA) correlated with toxicity and was approximately linear in the concentration of the ruthenium complex in the culture medium, [Ru]. For both complexes, IC50 values decrease and DNA binding increases with decreasing log(Po2). In general, DNA binding at all oxygen pressures for both complexes is in the range of one Ru per 1000-2000 DNA base pairs at [Ru] = IC50.


Biopsy specimens, mostly lymph nodes, removed under aseptic conditions, were emulsified and the homogenate was inoculated in various media, which were incubated aerobically or anaerobically. Only Propionibacterium acnes was isolated in high incidence and the highest concentration of bacteria was 6.5 X 10(5) per g tissue: 28 and 31 out of 40 lymph nodes were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. P.acnes was also isolated from control non-sarcoidosis lymph nodes: 4 and 8 out of 14 were positive on solid and on liquid media, respectively. The highest concentration of bacteria was 1 X 10(4). A bacterial component derived from P. acnes was used for the passive hemagglutination test to estimate antibodies against the bacterium and also for skin test on patients. These results showed only slight differences between patients with sarcoidosis and control patients. No other bacteria or fungi were isolated.


Partial reduplication in Johor and Perak Malay exemplifies nonlocal, dual-edge dependency and subsequent feature-changes: reduplicative prefixes are determined by both left and right edge segments of a base, skipping intermediate segments. The dual-edge dependency and the subsequent feature changes are sufficiently unusual to merit serious investigation in that it provides a challenge to analyses in derivational frameworks. This paper presents a constraint-based account (McCarthy and Prince 1995; McCarthy 1995) which captures both aspects of these Malay reduplications as an interaction between faithfulness and phonotactic constraints. This paper shows that the unusual reduplicative pattern in these dialects can be successfully subsumed in a general pattern of reduplication under a constraint-based framework.


Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon; transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000 years, to the era of the ancient Silk Road trade route. The global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course. Indeed, the emergence and spread of infectious disease are, in a sense, the epitome of globalization. Although some experts mark the fall of the Berlin Wall as the beginning of this new era of globalization, others argue that it is not so new. The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflictions, 13 million people worldwide still die from such diseases every year. On April 16 and 17, 2002, the Forum on Emerging Infections held a working group discussion on the influence of globalization on the emergence and control of infectious diseases. The contents of the unattributed sections are based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control report summarizes the presentations and discussions related to the increasing cross-border and cross-continental movements of people and how this could exacerbate the emergence and global spread of infectious diseases. This report also summarizes the means by which sovereign states and nations must adopt a global public health mind-set and develop a new organizational framework to maximize the opportunities and overcome the challenges created by globalization and build the necessary capacity to respond effectively to emerging infectious disease threats.


The regulation of various biological processes in the plant systems, especially during different adverse climatic conditions are brought about by the change in the expression of different genes which in turn is the result of the binding of specific transcription factors in their respective transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). In plants, basic region/leucine zipper motif ( bZIP ) transcription factors regulate processes including pathogen defense, light and stress signaling, seed maturation and flower development. In this study, an in silico  analysis was done to predict the TFBSs for the bZIP1 gene of rice responses to drought. The AGI code of bZIP1 was utilized for the prediction of TFBSs by performing orthologue search against Arabidopsis  genome in RGAP (Rice Genome Annotation Project) database. Further, TFBSs were identified by AthaMap database, a genome-wide map of TFBSs in Arabidopsis thaliana , and STIFDB2 (Stress Responsive Transcription Factor Database V2.0) database which is a comprehensive collection of biotic and abiotic stress responsive genes in Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa L. The significant TFBSs were analyzed based on the parameters provided by databases and were cross validated. The results revealed that the MYB, HSF and WRKY Transcription Factor families and their respective TFBSs were predicted as functionally significant. These predicted TFBSs would be responsible for the change in expression of bZIP1 gene under water stress. Such information will also help to understand the metabolic, physiological and cellular mechanisms implicated in such processes. These studies could help to engineer the plants for resistance to stress and achieve better yield in crop plants.


Doping is not limited to high-level athletes. Likewise it is not limited to the field of sports activities. The doping phenomenon observed in sports actually reveals an underlying question concerning the notion of sports itself, and more widely, the society's conception of sports. In a high-performance society, which is also a high-risk society, doping behavior is observed in a large number of persons who may or may not participate in sports activities. The motivation is the search for individual success or profit. The fight against doping must therefore focus on individual responsibility and prevention in order to preserve athlete's health and maintain the ethical and educational value of sports activities.


Despite recent declines, economic inequality has been relatively high in Latin America. Institutionally, contemporary inequalities have roots in the continent's colonial past. This essay supports this view by refuting a counter-argument by Jeffrey Williamson. Comparing Latin American to European and North American developments, Williamson attributes relatively high levels of inequality in Latin America to a missed period of globalisation with levelling effects. My analysis, however, suggests that Williamson misses the "levelling effects" of war and crisis. Rather than missing an equalising period of globalisation, Latin America has missed the destructions of two world wars and the Great Recession. Williamson also overlooks the fact that inequalities have been relatively low in Latin America right after independence, mainly due to capital destruction during civil wars. Yet, extractive colonial institutions have persisted and still help explain Latin American inequalities today. According to Mazzuca's analysis of "plebiscitarian superpresidentialism," when commodity prices fall while extractive institutions persist, rent-seeking institutions temporarily generate lower inequalities. Through this lens, recent declines in Latin American inequalities should be seen as a short-lived phenomenon likely to be reversed.


Peptaibols, mainly produced by Trichoderma, play a pivotal role in controlling plant disease caused by fungi, virus, and Gram-positive bacteria. In the current study, we evaluated the control effect of Trichokonins, antimicrobial peptaibols from Trichoderma pseudokoningii SMF2, on soft rot disease of Chinese cabbage caused by a Gram-negative bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum and analyzed the mechanism involved. Trichokonins treatment (0.3 mg L(-1) ) enhanced the resistance of Chinese cabbage against Pcc infection. However, Trichokonins could hardly inhibit the growth of Pcc in vitro, even at high concentration (500 mg L(-1) ). Therefore, the direct effect of Trichokonins on Pcc may not the main reason why Trichokonins could control soft rot of Chinese cabbage. Trichokonin treatment led to an obvious increase in the production of reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical, a significant enhance of the activities of pathogenesis-related enzymes catalase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase, and upregulation of the expression of salicylic acid - responsive pathogenesis-related protein gene acidic PR-1a in Chinese cabbage. These results indicate that Trichokonins induce resistance in Chinese cabbage against Pcc infection through the activation of salicylic acid signaling pathway, which imply the potential of Trichoderma and peptaibols in controlling plant disease caused by Gram-negative bacteria.


Background Sickness absence is highly prevalent and has a complex multifactorial aetiology. A multitude of approaches exist aimed at health, personal, work related and cultural factors. But also the context of legislation has to be addressed when developing, evaluating or implementing preventive interventions. Aims 1) To substantiate the role of legislation in research on the effect of strategies aimed at reducing long term sickness absence; 2) Elaborate on methodological prerequisites for advancing the evidence base of interventions, focussing on (legal) contextual factors. Results Role of legislation can be threefold: 1. Direct, as (part of) intervention 2. Indirect, such as changing definitions of sickness absence, or (early) pensioning. 3. Facilitating/hindering factor in implementation of proven interventions To address the context of legislation, ideally large multinational trials with large sample sizes are needed, requiring substantial resources. An alternative efficient approach might be to combine: 1) Address the impact of contextual (legal) factors by integrating contextual data from (new) trials on the effectiveness of preventive strategies by means of meta regression; 2) Use multi-regional or multi-national databases to compare intervention uptake, outcome and contextual factors in workers (registry data) testing prior hypotheses regarding the impact of legal differences on sickness absence indicators. Conclusion Large potential gains by reducing long term sickness absence and work disability require innovative but methodologically sound approaches, and should consider the impact of the (legal) context. Enhanced access to multinational data-bases and better reporting of contextual and legal factors related to trials (extension of STROBE, CONSORT) are prerequisites.


A vacuum adsorption apparatus is disclosed. The vacuum adsorption apparatus comprises: an adsorption member vacuum-adsorbed by a vacuum chamber formed therein onto a surface-to-be-adsorbed; and an adjustment member coupled to the adsorption member so as to form a vacuum chamber, wherein the adsorption member comprises a first hard part to which the adjustment member is coupled and of which the location may be raised by the adjustment member, a deformation part of which one end is coupled to an end of the first hard part and of which the shape can be changed, and a second hard part coupled to the other end of the deformation part to support the deformation part and located in the outside of the first hard part.


In this work, we evaluated the quasi‐realistic ionosphere forecasting capability by an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) ionosphere and thermosphere data assimilation algorithm. The National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model is used as the background model in the system. The slant total electron contents (TECs) from global International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service ground‐based receivers and from the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate are assimilated into the system, and the ionosphere is then predicted in advance during the quiet interval of 23 to 27 March 2010. The predicted ionosphere vertical TEC (VTEC) and the critical frequency foF2 are validated by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology VTEC and global ionosondes network, respectively. We found that the ionosphere forecast quality could be enhanced by optimizing the thermospheric neutral components via the EnKF method. The ionosphere electron density forecast accuracy can be improved by at least 10% for 24 hr. Furthermore, the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Global Ultraviolet Imager (TIMED/GUVI) [O/N2] observations are used to validate the predicted thermosphere [O/N2]. The validation shows that the [O/N2] optimized by EnKF has better agreement with the TIMED/GUVI observation. This study further demonstrates the validity of EnKF in enhancing the ionospheric forecast capability in addition to our previous observing system simulation experiments by He et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026554).


Fangwen Jiuwei Decoction is a traditional Chinese medicine preparation for the treatment of pneumonia developed by Shenzhen Bao'an Chinese Medicine Hospital, which shows remarkable clinical responses. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the main active compounds are crucial for the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine prescription in clinical application. In this study, we identified nine active compounds essential for the pharmacological effects of Fangwen Jiuwei Decoction based on the analysis of the Network Pharmacology and relevant literature. Moreover, these compounds can interact with several crucial drug targets in pneumonia based on molecular docking. We applied HPLC-MS/MS method was established these nine active ingredients' qualitative and quantitative detections. The possible cleavage pathways of nine active components were determined based on secondary ions mass spectrometry. The results of HPLC-MS/MS were further validated, which show a satisfactory correlation coefficient (r>0.99), recovery rate (≥93.31%), repeatability rate (≤5.62%), stability (≤7.95%), intra-day precision (≤6.68%), and inter-day precision (≤9.78%). The limit of detection was as low as 0.01ng/mL. In this study, we estabilished an HPLC-MS/MS method to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the chemical components in the Fangwen Jiuwei Decoction extract. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Harnessing the benefits of rosemary polyphenols is limited by variability in their physicochemical properties. These limitations may be overcome by encapsulation in systems possessing hydro-lipophilic centers thereby accommodating molecules of different polarities. Proliposomes offer a viable option in this regards, being particles which form liposomal suspension in water. Lyophilized extracts of rosemary was encapsulated in hydrogenatedsoyphosphatidylcholine/cholesterol by solvent replacement method. Spray dried proliposomes were obtained with lactose as carrier. Using Central Composite Design, the effects of lipid, extract and carrier concentrations on response variables including bioactive content and retention, moisture content characteristics, recuperation and redispersibility were evaluated by statistical analysis. Keywords: Polyphenols; antioxidant;  proliposomes; spray drying


Two billion people still consume drinking water contaminated with faeces. To improve this situation, it has been recognised by UNICEF and the WHO that a more rapid approach to detecting faecally contaminated drinking water is necessary. We have previously demonstrated that fluorescence spectroscopy is a significant real-time indicator of the presence/absence and number of faecal indicator bacteria in drinking waters in low-income countries of the tropics. We have also established its potential as an online indicator of faecal contamination of public water supplies in the UK. Outstanding questions remain, however, over the source of the fluorescence and its uniqueness to faecal-indicator bacteria. To address these, we sampled potable groundwater supplies in Kenya, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda across an urbanisation transect from rural Malawi through to the city of Dakar (Senegal) where pollution sources and pressures vary considerably. We report on whether the fluorescence signal in these sources is intracellular or extracellular and, in Senegal and Uganda, the ability of fluorescence spectroscopy to predict total bacteria cells and faecal-indicator bacteria.


Transarterial chemoembolization has proven benefit in the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Commonly reported symptoms following chemoembolization with or without drug-eluting beads include abdominal pain, nausea, and low-grade fever, which typically limited resolve within a few days. A recent study comparing traditional chemoembolization versus chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads demonstrated similar survival between the two techniques, but improved tolerability when the drug-eluting beads were used. This case report describes a patient with unresectable HCC undergoing chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads. The postprocedure course was complicated by interstitial pneumonitis secondary to shunting of the drug-eluting beads containing doxorubicin to both lungs via tumor vasculature. This case highlights the relationship between the number and size of the tumors to be treated, arteriovenous shunting within the liver/tumors, and the size of the embolization particles.


The purpose of this study was to examine the possible beneficial effect of the PercuSurge GuardWire cerebral protection device based on balloon occlusion of the distal internal carotid artery and debris aspiration for patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS). A total of 268 CAS procedures were attempted under cerebral protection using the PercuSurge GuardWire system in 242 patients (194 men; mean age, 71.2 9.4 years; range, 40–91). The lesions were mainly atherosclerotic; 64% were symptomatic. Technical success was 99.3%. All lesions were stented except three postangioplasty restenoses. Prophylactic occlusion during balloon dilatation and stenting was well tolerated in 255 patients (95.9%). Microscopic analysis of the aspirated blood showed different types of particles numbering between 7 and 145 per procedure, with a mean diameter of 250 m (mean, 56–2,652 m). The 30-day stroke and death rate was 2.3%, with four periprocedural complications at < 48 hr (one retinal embolism and three transient ischemic attacks), one intracerebral hemorrhage at 3 days, and one death of cardiac failure at 3 weeks. This technique appears safe and efficient with a low rate of periprocedural embolic events. Protection devices seem indispensable to perform CAS and expand the applicability of the procedure. Randomized studies (surgery vs. CAS with and without cerebral protection) are awaited. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:293–305.


Background Patients with cancer appear to have poor outcomes with COVID-19 infection. Cohort analyses of short-term outcomes of COVID-19 (C19)-infected cancer patients (pts) have reported mortality rates ranging from 10 to 30%. Little is known about the long-term outcomes of cancer pts infected with C19. Here, we present an analysis of long-term outcomes of a cohort of active cancer pts with C19 infection. Methods This was a single center retrospective analysis of active cancer pts who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus between 3/1/20- 9/30/20. Key inclusion criteria included a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test and an active cancer diagnosis within 90 days of a positive C19 test. We examined the rates of hospitalization for C19 infection, readmission, and C19-related mortality at 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-day follow-up. Rates of persistent symptoms and systemic complications of C19 infection were described. Results We identified 81 active cancer pts with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among this cohort, the median age was 55 years (range: 19- 89). 77% (N=62) had solid tumors and 23% (N=19) had a hematologic malignancy. 75% (N=61) were receiving an anti-cancer therapy at the time of C19 diagnosis. Median follow-up time from C19 diagnosis to last follow-up was 4.8 months (range: 0.1-9.0 mos). 32% (N=26) of the cohort required hospitalization for C19-related complications within 30 days of C19 diagnosis. Among those hospitalized, 35% (N=9/26) died from C19-related complications. Of the 17 pts who were discharged, 2 pts required readmission with a median time to readmission of 37 days. For these 2 pts, readmission was due to persistent dyspnea and hypoxia and both were treated for pneumonia with presumed bacterial superinfection. There were no additional hospitalizations for C19-related complications at 60-, 90-, and 120-day follow-up. At 90-day follow-up, 6 pts (7.4%) had been diagnosed with PE/DVT. No long-term cardiac, neurologic, or renal complications were observed. With regards to C19-related mortality, 30-day mortality was 8.6% (N=7) and 90-day mortality was 11.1% (N=9). No further C19-related deaths were observed after 90 days. All pts who died were hospitalized within 30 days of initial C19 diagnosis and remained hospitalized at the time of death. Persistent C19-related symptoms were noted in 8.2% (N=6/73) of the cohort at 60-days and 2.8% (N=2/71) at 90-day follow-up. Dyspnea was the most common symptom. Conclusions Among a cohort of active cancer pts with C19 infection, these data suggest that much of the morbidity and mortality associated with C19 infection appears to occur early, with decreased incidence of late complications beyond 30 days. Cancer pts who do not require hospitalization early in their infection course appear to have a decreased rate of late complications. Readmissions for C19-related complications were low, but this analysis was limited by a low number of pts. Achieving a better understanding of long-term outcomes of C19 pts with cancer will help us to better approach oncologic care as the pandemic continues. Citation Format: Justin Shaya, Angelo Cabal, Pedram Razavi, Rana R. McKay. Long-term outcomes of cancer patients infected with COVID-19 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Meeting: COVID-19 and Cancer; 2021 Feb 3-5. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(6_Suppl):Abstract nr P30.


Since 1978, China has experienced a rapid loss of arable land, leading to centralizing of farmland protection policies. To understand the growing centralization, this paper has used the lens of the interactions among (1) unwillingness to protect farmland among diverse actors, (2) policy failure and (3) policy change. The growing centralization is an adaptive response to the unwillingness to protect farmland from local up to provincial government levels, and its associated policy failure. The article suggests that gradual centralization over the last almost 40 years has gone through three phases: centralization to county-level, centralization to provincial-level, and intensifying technical supervision from central government. In the first phase, the unwillingness to preserve farmland appeared at the levels of the rural household, village and township; in the second phase, county- and prefecture-level governments began to lose willingness to preserve farmland; and, in the third phase, provincial governments' willingness to preserve farmland weakened. The current centralized system has succeeded, for the most part, in addressing the problem of asymmetric information about farmland preservation between central and local governments, but the basic planning problem regarding loss of farmland remains a challenge.


This paper presents a novel hypervisor, developed for aerospace applications using an object oriented approach that embodies time and space partitioning (TSP) on a PowerPC (PPC) core embedded in a FPGA, for the NetworkCentric core avionics [1] - an architecture of cooperating components and managed by a real-time operating system, to implement dependable computing and targeting simplicity. To support Integrated Modular Architecture (IMA) [2] partitioned software architectures, the proposed hypervisor adapted to the aerospace application domain the Popek and Goldberg's [3] fidelity, efficiency and resource control virtualization requirements, and extends them with additional ones like timing determinism, reactivity and improved dependability. A distinctive feature of this hypervisor is its I/O device virtualization approach that guarantees real-time performance and small trusted computing base. The object oriented approach will be particularly useful to customize key components of the hypervisor (with different granularity levels) such as partition scheduling and the communications manager using generative programming techniques (Aspect Oriented Programming (AOP) and template meta-programming).


Tritiated water and 14C-urea were introduced into one knee joint of twenty-one rabbits, and at intervals ranging from one to 360 minutes, articular cartilage from both knees and serum were assayed for retained radioactivity to provide a water or urea clearance for cartilage. By fifteen minutes less than 6 per cent of either isotope remained in the cartilage, and by thirty minutes equilibration with serum had occurred. In vitro incubation of slices of articular cartilage in 3H2O to assess the amount of retained water after vacuum dessication, or after oven drying for four to eighteen hours, showed that about 6 per cent of the retained water remained after mild dehydration (vacuum dessication) and that the amount diminished with harsher treatment but not to zero. The findings indicate that most of the water in the cartilage was mechanically trapped in a complex gel of matrix collagen and prdeoglycan and was freely exchangeable with both the synovial fluid and the blood stream.


Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important root crop providing carbohydrate for more than 200 million people mostly in Africa and to some extent in Asia and Latin America. Cassava production in the tropics is confronted with several problems of which weed is the most significant because it causes yield loss. Weeds affecting cassava adversely by competing for light, nutrients, water and space. This research work is embarked upon with the objectives; i. To identify weed species that infest cassava crop, ii. To estimate the yield loss in cassava caused by weed infestation and competition, iii. To determine the critical periods of weed competition in cassava and, iv. To evaluate the most appropriate and efficient weeds management strategy in cassava. Weed survey was conducted in the cassava fields across west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 55 weed species were identified in the survey; 22 species belonging to 14 families in Selangor, 16 species belonging to 14 families in Johor and 17 species belonging to 15 families in Perak. The additional one (1) species observed in Perak was the spiderwort species of Commelinaceae family. Poaceae (29.1%) and Asteraceae (27.3%) families dominated cassava fields in peninsular Malaysia. Other families were Cyperaceae (9.1%), Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae (5.5% each), Convoluvolaceae, Amaranthaceae and Mimosaceae (3.6% each), Malvaceae, Acanthaceae, Leguminaceae, Boraginceae, Capparidaceae, Portulacaeae and Commelinaceae (1.8% each). Study on the competition between three varieties of cassava- Sri Kanji 2, Sri Pontian and Sri Medan versus weed species showed that cassava yields were significantly reduced in the weedy plot as follows: Sri Medan (79.4% yield loss) > Sri Kanji 2 (74.9.% yield loss) > Sri Pontian (69.7% yield loss). The results of critical periods of weed competition study showed that weed free period in cassava is between 20-170 days after planting at 5% tolerable yield loss and 30-155 days after planting at 10% tolerable yield loss. Study on weed management showed that herbicide treatments are better than mechanical in efficacy and systemic herbicides are better than the contact herbicides. It also showed that diuron is the overall best herbicide for controlling weeds in cassava field.


The JSME Codes and Standards Committee have provided many kinds of crack growth rates of SCC and fatigue cracking as Appendix in the code and the code cases. However each code has been separately investigated and there is no common rule among SCC growth rates or fatigue crack growth rates. The working group (WG) members discussed to construct the common rules for fatigue crack growth. Sensitivity study for loading rise time in PWR environment was investigated with slower rise time. Using the proposed common rule, the subgroup (SG) on Evaluation and Standard will transfer the fatigue crack growth rates in the code cases to the code.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are directly related to third aging‐associated diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Likewise, these irreversible and nonenzymatic products have been reported to be involved in the progression of malignant cancers. In general, aging‐associated diseases and the initiation of cancer have been subjects of interest for several years. Few studies on the role of AGEs in cancer have been performed on cell lines. Moreover, past investigations in the field of glycation biology still lack the knowledge of in vivo and in vitro approaches for cancer cells. Accordingly, we aimed to focus on and establish a link between cancer and glycation with respect to all the possible AGEs. In our study, the levels of carboxymethyllysine (CML) increased by 50.94% in an animal model of glycation, whereas in an animal model of cancer, the contents of CML increased by 45.94% compared with their negative controls. Similarly, fluorescent AGEs were also examined and were found to be increased by 65.3% and 58.63% in the animal models of glycation and cancer, respectively, compared with the control subjects. The protein carbonyl contents were also found to be enhanced in the animal models of glycation and cancer. In our study, the levels of reactive oxygen species were also found to be significantly increased in the in vitro model of cancer cells as compared with the controls. Such an initial breakthrough indicated that AGEs were present in the serum of the animal models of cancer and glycation.


It is well known that malignant laryngeal tumours can extend from their site of origin into tributary lymph nodes, depending on their location and size. Management protocols almost always include concomitant surgical treatment of both the tumour and cervical nodes. When palpable lymph nodes are present, dissection is mandatory but there is no general agreement on the option of choice in clinically N0 patients. Elective neck dissection, following the current indications, is necessary in most cases of N0 laryngeal cancer, but the number of bilateral dissections may be limited. In tumours of only one hemilarynx or extending slightly beyond it, metastatic involvement is more likely to be on the same side as the lesion although there is no absolute certainty that it will be. In these cases, and especially in supraglottic tumours, occult metastatic spread may also penetrate into the contralateral lymph nodes of the neck. The present report deals with the results of a surgical strategy to limit bilateral elective dissection, based on the following criteria. In supraglottic tumours of only one hemilarynx or extending slightly beyond it, the presence of ipsilateral node metastases is highly predictive of a concomitant involvement of the contralateral nodes. In these supraglottic tumours, only in cases with post-operative serial positive histology of the uni-ipsilateral dissected cervical lymph nodes, has contralateral elective neck dissection ("conditional dissection") been performed. "Conditional dissections" led to a reduction of approximately 70% of elective bilateral neck dissections.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop weights of key performance areas (KPAs) and performance indicators for public private partnerships (PPPs) in Bangladesh. Since a variety of PPP arrangements is observable, different performance measurement approaches exist in the literature. However, analysing the relative importance of indicators influencing the performance score of particular projects using the perspective of developing countries remains unexplored.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors' method involves application of the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to develop weights for eight KPAs for which 41 contributing performance indicators have been developed. In total, 68 respondents (62 per cent of the PPP practitioners in Bangladesh) participated in a structured questionnaire survey and their judgements have been found to be consistent, using consistency ratios, a geometric consistency index and one-way ANOVA test.

Findings
"Feasibility analysis", "life cycle evaluation and monitoring" and "optimal risk allocation" are the most significant performance indicators in Bangladesh. "Financing" is the most important KPA, followed by "planning and initiation" and "transparency and accountability". Interestingly, unlike the cost, time and quality measures of the public sector comparator analysis used in most developed countries, a different set of indicators and KPAs are found dominant.

Research limitations/implications
This suggests that performance indicators and their weights may differ for developing countries. Future research could usefully focus on testing this model in different countries and applying it to derive performance scores for individual PPPs.

Originality/value
An application of AHP in determining weights of the performance indicators represents a major contribution to the literature on PPP performance measurement in the developing countries including Bangladesh.


We present a case report of laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy in a patient with duodenal obstruction from unresectable cancer. We performed an side-to-side intracorporeal gastrojejunostomy using endoscopic stapling devices. The patient had no morbidity and he was discharge on fourth postoperative day. Laparoscopic gastric bypass is an alternative to open procedure in well selected cases.


In this paper, we propose two schemes for sensor and relay node placement in environmental sensing applications. The first scheme aims at maximizing the network lifetime by reducing the total energy consumption. The second does so while maintaining fault-tolerance constraints. It guarantees a lower bound on the minimum required number of faulty nodes. Both schemes are based on a 3-D hierarchical architecture, in which nodes are placed on grid vertices to limit the search space. We divide the lifetime of the network into fixed-length rounds and find the placement which reserves more energy in each round to prolong the lifetime. These problems are formulated via Integer Linear Programs (ILPs). An ILP solver is used to find the optimal placement of nodes in addition to multi-hop routing from the sensors to the base-station in both schemes. Extensive simulations and comparisons, assuming practical considerations of signal propagation and connectivity, show that our fault-tolerant scheme introduces a significant lifetime extension as compared to the first one under the same harsh operational conditions.


Abstract We study how occupations evolve across space and time during the development of an economy. Using a data set on more than 200 villages from 8 provinces in China, we examine the main occupations that have characterised China's labour markets since the economic reforms. Our findings reveal a systematic evolutionary pattern of occupational emergence: the evolution of occupations proceeds from traditional and fairly simple forms of subsistence agriculture to modern, more complex manufacturing and service firms. Our findings suggest that rural development in China is being built by a process that can be described by the climbing of a development ladder with each step up the ladder denoting the economy's transition into a more complex occupational regime.


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

Angiogenesis has become a major target in treatment of a varietly of cancers, whereby the major angiogenic growth factor VEGF is currently in focus for therapeutic interventions. Nevertheless, the use of VEGF-targeting drugs has been shown to be of limited efficacy, which might lie in the fact that tumor angiogenesis is not only induced by VEGF, but also by a variety of other factors.

In this study, we report that the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), a GPI-anchored cell surface adhesion molecule, which is shedded by 70% of human cancers, directly binds to endothelial cells, thereby inducing angiogenic endothelial cell behavior in vitro and in vivo:

Overexpressing CEA in endogenous negative renal cell cancer (RCC) cell line or in the sarcoma cell line MethA led to an enhanced tumor angiogenesis and an increase in tumor growth in vivo, effects which were reverted by downregulation of the CEA receptor in endothelial cells via a lentiviral shRNA construct. Furthermore, targeting CEA by CEA mimotope immunized BALB/c mice, led to a breakdown In tumor vascularization, which was reflected by retarded tumor growth. We found that CEA, by binding to its receptor, led to an increase in integrin activation state, leading to enhanced endothelial cell adhesion, followed by amplified adhesion-induced signal transduction, which involved c-src-activation, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and ERK phosphorylation, as well as PI3kinase/Akt activation. As a consequence, pro-angiogenic endothelial cell behavior, such as migration and invasion or proliferation were induced. Whenever integrin beta-3 were blocked, CEA was effect less in endothelial cells.

These results show that the tumor marker CEA might bear hitherto undescribed biological significance in promoting tumor-angiogenesis. Thus, CEA-mediated signaling may offer a potential novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer.

Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2380.


This paper reports experimental and theoretical results for the influence of target excitation and orbital alignment on the charge exchange process for the system H+-Na(3s, 3p). The experimental velocity range covers for the first time the region around and beyond the "matching velocity" of 0.47 a.u. of the Na(3p) state, i.e. the velocity characteristic of the orbital motion of the valence electron. The cross section parameters are found to depend sensitively on collision velocity, with a qualitatively different behaviour below and above the matching velocity. The results for the orbital alignment dependence support the intuitive picture that, when going beyond the matching velocity, electron transfer becomes increasingly favoured when the orbital velocity of the active electron has a component parallel to the collision velocity. Agreement with earlier experimental and theoretical results at lower velocities is good and allows conclusions about the quality of theoretical approximations in the various velocity regimes.


Scientific evidence should guide the selection of practice for individuals with disabilities. Scientific evidence, however, must be trustworthy to move special education toward greater empirical certainty and more effective policies and practices. Transparency, openness, and reproducibility increase the trustworthiness of evidence. We propose that researchers in special education adopt emerging open-science reforms, such as preprints, data and materials sharing, preregistration of studies and analysis plans, and Registered Reports. Adoption of these practices will require shifts in cultural norms, guidelines, and incentives. We discuss how adopting open-science practices can advance the quality of research and, consequently, policy and practice in special education.


This study examined spirituality, personality, and psychosocial growth among 216 students at a small university in Maryland. Results demonstrated that faith maturity predicted unique variance in purpose in life. There was a main effect observed for gender among faith scores, as well as an interaction effect between gender and year in school among faith scores. The findings suggest that a culture that fosters students' spirituality may have positive effects on aspects of well-being. Keywords: spirituality, counseling, emerging adults, psychosocial growth ********** The purpose of this study was to examine relationship models of spiritual development, personality traits, and psychosocial growth in college students as emerging adults. According to Arnett (2000), emerging adulthood refers to a period of great change and formation between the ages of 18 and 25 years, in which more self-determination and less parental or societal constraints appear to motivate individual development. Arnett further stated that during this period, religious attitudes, preferences, and behaviors established in childhood and early adolescence are reexamined and individuals begin making their own choices based on values and interests that may differ from those of their parents. Therefore, it might help to understand these choices by noting the difference between spirituality and religiosity. Spirituality and Religiosity Piedmont (2004) suggested that a distinction needs to be made in the literature between the two concepts--spirituality and religiosity--because they share much in common. According to Miller and Thoresen (1999), "Spirituality is an attribute of an individual, similar to a personality construct, whereas religiosity encompasses more of the beliefs, practices, and rituals of an institutional nature" (p. 6). Furthermore, Miller and Thoresen stated that spirituality is more concerned with how an individual has a personal relationship to larger transcendent realities, such as the universe or God, whereas religiosity is more concerned with how an individual experiences a transcendent being and how this is expressed in a community or social organization. Throughout the present study, the term spirituality is conceptualized in the manner stated by Miller and Thoresen. According to Morgan (2007), the notion that spirituality is a private matter and does not belong in the counseling arena has changed. Most people consider themselves to be spiritual beings; therefore, it makes sense for the counselor to include the role of spirituality in a person's life functioning, coping, and meaning finding (Morgan, 2007). College students search for self-definition and identity as they grapple with who they are and who they hope to become as adults (Arnett, 2000). Emerging Adulthood A portion of the developmental process in emerging adulthood involves experimentation with different or new intellectual and interpersonal behaviors that often pose risks to the psychosocial well-being of the college-age student. According to Arnett (2000), factors that contribute to individuals' successful negotiation of emerging ad Lilt hood include being content with themselves and their lives, being optimistic, and increasing their overall well-being. The transition and adjustment to college life has been an important developmental milestone that involves increased demands for autonomy and responsibility. Arnett stated that successful adaptation to the college environment requires students to develop a workable academic and social schedule, accomplish academic tasks, manage their time, negotiate a new social world, and respond to new stressors and challenges. According to Clinebell (1992), both counseling and pastoral counseling are most effective when the counseling itself is developmentally oriented. Clinebell believed there are many opportunities for growth at each stage of life. Each stage has new problems, frustrations, pain, and losses. …


Such non-chinese people as the rong, di, and hu are often portrayed in the traditional historiography of ancient China as greedy, aggressive, and acquisitive (Sinor 1978; Honey 1990). Chinese writings of the Zhou dynasty (c. 1050–256 b.c.) contain many instances of unflattering statements aimed at foreign peoples: the Zuo zhuan compares the Rong and Di to wolves (ZZ, 1:209); the Zhan guo ce says the state of Qin shares the same attributes as the Rong and Di—the heart of a tiger or wolf, greed, and cruelty (ZGC, 11:869; cf. Crump 1970:436). Foreign peoples were often considered "have-nots" with an insatiable lust for Chinese goods, mainly silk, grains, and, later, tea. This stereotype, which developed in the historical sources along with the process of crystallization of the Chinese ethnocultural identity and codification of the written and oral traditions, was regarded as sufficient to account for otherwise complex social and political phenomena. In the course of time, with the historical development of powerful nomadic states confronting China militarily and politically, the attributes of "greedy" and "ravenous" stuck essentially to those people who "moved in search of grass and water": the pastoral nomads.


The presence of extra centrioles, or centrosome amplification, is a hallmark of cancer cells. Centriole numbers in cancer cell populations appear to be at an equilibrium maintained by centriole overproduction and selection, reminiscent of mutation-selection balance. It is not known if the interaction between centriole overproduction and selection can quantitatively explain the intra- and inter-population heterogeneity in centriole numbers. Here, we define mutation-selection-like models and employ a model selection approach to infer patterns of centriole overproduction and selection in a diverse panel of cell lines. Surprisingly, we infer strong and uniform selection against any number of extra centrioles, in most cell lines. However, we do not detect significant differences in parameter estimates between different cell lines. Finally we assess the accuracy and precision of our inference method and find that it increases non-linearly as a function of the number of sampled cells. We discuss the biological implications of our results and how our methodology can inform future experiments.