The lack of optimal physiological properties, bacterial colonization, and auto-osteoinduction, are the foremost issues of orthopedic implantations. In terms of bone healing, many researchers have reported the release of additional growth factors of the implanted biomaterials to accelerate the bone regeneration process. However, the additional growth factor may cause side effects such as contagion, nerve pain, and the formation of ectopic bone. Thus, the design of an osteoconductive scaffold having excellent biocompatibility, appropriate physicomechanical properties, and promoted auto osteoinductivity with antibacterial activity is greatly desired. In this study, 2D rodlike nanohydroxyapatite (nHA) adorned titanium phosphate (TP) with a flowerlike morphology was synthesized by a hydrothermal precipitation reaction. The nanohybrid material (nHA-TP) was incorporated into the synthesized polycaprolactone diol and spermine based thermoplastic polyurethane-urea (PUU) via in situ technique followed by salt leaching to fabricate the macroporous 3D polymer nanohybrid scaffold (PUU/nHA-TP). Structure explication of PUU was performed by NMR spectroscopy. The synthesized nanohybrid scaffold with 1% nHA-TP showed 67% increase of tensile strength and 18% improved modulus compared to the pristine PUU via formation of H-bonding or dative bonds between the metal and the amide linkage of the polyurethane or polyurea. In vitro study showing improved cell viability and proliferation of the seeded cell revealed the superior osteoconductivity of the nanohybrid scaffold. Most importantly, the in vivo experiments revealed a significant amount of bone regeneration in the nanohybrid scaffold implanted tibial site compared to the pristine scaffold without any toxic effect. Introduction of the minute amount of titanium phosphate within the adorned nHA promotes the osteoconductivity significantly by the capability of forming coordinate bonds of the titanium ion. Depending on the mechanical, physicochemical, in vitro characteristics, and in vivo osteoconductivity, the PUU/nHA-TP nanohybrid scaffold has great potential as an alternative biomaterial in bone tissue regeneration application.


Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer, and its incidence has increased dramatically over the years. The murine B16F10 melanoma in syngeneic C57Bl/6 mice has been used as a highly aggressive model to investigate tumor development. Presently, we demonstrate in the B16F10-Nex2 subclone that silencing of SOCS-1, a negative regulator of Jak/Stat pathway, leads to reversal of the tumorigenic phenotype and inhibition of melanoma cell metastasis. SOCS-1 silencing with short hairpin RNA affected tumor growth and cell cycle regulation with arrest at the S phase with large-sized nuclei, reduced cell motility, and decreased melanoma cell invasion through Matrigel. A clonogenic assay showed that SOCS-1 acted as a modulator of resistance to anoikis. In addition, downregulation of SOCS-1 decreased the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (mainly the phosphorylated-R), Ins-Rα, and fibroblast growth factor receptor. In vivo, silencing of SOCS-1 inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth and metastatic development in the lungs. Because SOCS-1 is expressed in most melanoma cell lines and bears a relation with tumor invasion, thickness, and stage of disease, the present results on the effects of SOCS-1 silencing in melanoma suggest that this regulating protein can be a target of cancer therapy.


Conformer models maintain a large number of internal states, the vast majority of which are associated with self-attention layers. With limited memory bandwidth, reading these from memory at each inference step can slow down inference. In this paper, we design an optimized conformer that is small enough to meet on-device restrictions and has fast inference on TPUs. We explore various ideas to improve the execution speed, including replacing lower conformer blocks with convolution-only blocks, strategically downsizing the architecture, and utilizing an RNNAttention-Performer. Our optimized conformer can be readily incorporated into a cascaded-encoder setting, allowing a second-pass decoder to operate on its output and improve the accuracy whenever more resources are available. Altogether, we find that these optimizations can reduce latency by a factor of 6.8x, and come at a reasonable trade-off in quality. With the cascaded second-pass, we show that the recognition accuracy is completely recoverable. Thus, our proposed encoder can double as a strong standalone encoder in on device, and as the first part of a high-performance ASR pipeline.


Social justice depends in part on the existence and knowledge of human rights instruments. It depends also on the motivation for action to promote and protect the rights of all persons. This requires effective human rights education. Although many human rights instruments have been agreed upon, effective human rights education, defined as that which provides the skills and motivation to ensure rights are respected, has been lacking. Rather than the widespread and systematic inclusion of human rights education in schools as called for by UN bodies, for the most part human rights education has been left to efforts by non-governmental organizations. This article, a case study of children's human rights education in England, describes an exception. In Hampshire County Education Authority, schools were re-structured to use the rights described in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child as the overarching framework of all their teaching and functioning. The findings of separate studies over an eight year period that assessed the outcomes of the rights-based schools are summarized here. Over time, children become increasingly respectful of the rights of others, showing positive attitudinal and behavioral changes. The findings over time strongly suggest that schools in which the rights of the child are both explicitly taught and practiced are an effective means of promoting social justice.


Quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are characterized by their localization of perisinusoidal cells and their long cytoplasmic processes, extending both along and around the sinusoids as well as between the hepatocytes. These long cytoplasmic processes, which have numerous vitamin A-containing lipid droplets, are essential for the identification of HSCs in the quiescent phase. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) is another crucial marker for HSCs which may allow a distinction to be made between the HSCs and other fibroblastic liver cells. However, induction of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) is the most reliable marker of stellate cell activation because it is absent from other resident hepatocytes in a normal or injured liver, with the exception of the smooth muscle cells surrounding large vessels where it is present. Desmin has been used as a typical marker for contractile stellate cells in rodent livers; however, its expression is unreliable in humans. Furthermore, HSCs' transdifferentiation to the active phase has been proven to rely on E-cadherin switching to N-cadherin during HSC activation. Significant evidence now exists to consider HSCs as the main matrix-producing cells in the process of the liver fibrosis. Liver injury, regardless of the aetiology, tumour growth and metastases will ultimately lead to activation of HSCs. Several studies have dissected the molecular mechanisms involved in liver fibrosis, most of which are intimately connected to HSCs. As a result, a number of key steps in the process of stellate cell activation and fibrogenesis have been identified as potential therapeutic targets that may be clinically useful in preventing, or treating, liver fibrosis.


The effect of the chemical composition of regenerated cellulose solids on surface energy was studied by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). This was to probe a possible relationship between the ability of the cellulose surface to interact with other phases through van der Waals forces and its bonding potential. A model consisting of amorphous cellulose spheres (beads) was used to eliminate all effects of morphology and geometry. The surface of the beads was modified by chemical reaction of the hydroxyl groups of cellulose. A thin layer of cellulose derivative, such as cellulose trifluoroethoxyacetate (CW-TFEA), cellulose laurate (CW-LA), or directly fluorinated cellulose (CW-F), was produced on the bead surface. The surface properties of the cellulose beads were fully characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption. IGC was performed using the adsorption of two kinds of probes : alkanes to measure the dispersive component of the surface energy (γ S d ), and acid/base probes to quantify the specific adsorption enthalpy (ΔH Sp ). The dispersive component of the surface energy of cellulose was found to depend mostly on the presence and concentration of free hydroxyl groups on the surface. At low degrees of substitution (DS < 1), how these OH groups were replaced by modification, whether by fatty acid type substituents or by fluorine-containing groups, was essentially irrelevant for surface energies. The dispersive component of the surface energy (γ S d ) declined with DS almost irrespective of substituent type. The surface of cellulose was found to be highly acidic, and this was attributed mainly to the presence of hydroxyl groups.


The role of DmsD in the biosynthesis of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) reductase is quite controversial. Several studies have indicated its role as 'proof-reading chaperone', which might function to prevent the translocation of misfolded and non-cofactor containing protein. DmsD is also shown to bind to the signal peptide; however, its possible function as a 'guidance factor' for membrane targeting is ruled out by some experimental evidences. In this computational study, the interactions of DmsD with some other proteins were analyzed. The results of the analysis indicate that rather than playing the role of a chaperone directly, DmsD may influence the recruitment of GroEL, MoeB, and DnaK which can function as a chaperone for protein folding. The results of this analysis were also used together with the findings of available literature to generate a hypothetical model, proposing a possible function of DmsD in the biosynthesis of DMSO reductase.


Background Agency is a pervasive feature of the health care market, with doctors acting as agents for both patients and the health care system. In a context of scarce resources, doctors are required to take opportunity cost into account when prescribing treatments, while cost containment policies cannot overlook their active role in determining health care resource allocation. This paper addresses this issue, investigating the effects of cost containment measures in the market of biosimilar drugs that represent a viable and cost-saving strategy for the reduction of health care expenditure. The analysis focuses on a particular region in Italy, where several timely policies to incentivize biosimilar prescribing were launched. Methods Drugs were identified by the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification system. Information about biosimilar drugs and their originator biological products was extracted from the IMS Health regional database. Drug consumption was expressed in terms of counting units, while expenditure was evaluated in Euro (€). The market penetration of biosimilars was analyzed by year and quarterly. Results In the Campania region of Italy, the effects of cost containment policies, launched between 2009 and 2013, showed the prescription of biosimilars strongly increasing in 2010 until prescribing levels reached and exceeded the market share of the reference biological products in 2012. After a slight reduction, a plateau was observed at the beginning of 2013. At the same time, the use of the originator products had been decreasing until the first quarter of 2011. However, after a 1-year plateau, this trend was reversed, with a new increase in the consumption of the originators observed. Conclusion Results show that the cost containment policies, applied to cut health expenditure "to cure and not to care", did not produce the cultural change necessary to make these policies effective in the long run. Therefore, top-down policies for cost containment are not successful; rather, a bottom-up approach based on consensus among professionals should become the preferred option.


CeO2 /TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures are synthesized via a cost-effective hydrothermal method. The as-prepared nanocomposites consist of CeO2 nanoparticles assembled on the rough surface of TiO2 nanobelts. In comparison with P25 TiO2 colloids, surface-coarsened TiO2 nanobelts, and CeO2 nanoparticles, the CeO2 /TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures exhibit a markedly enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of organic pollutants such as methyl orange (MO) under either UV or visible light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to a novel capture-photodegradation-release mechanism. During the photocatalytic process, MO molecules are captured by CeO2 nanoparticles, degraded by photogenerated free radicals, and then released to the solution. With its high degradation efficiency, broad active light wavelength, and good stability, the CeO2 /TiO2 nanobelt heterostructures represent a new effective photocatalyst that is low-cost, recyclable, and will have wide application in photodegradation of various organic pollutants. The new capture-photodegradation-release mechanism for improved photocatalysis properties is of importance in the rational design and synthesis of new photocatalysts.


: In Nigeria, there has been a continuous decline in farmers access to credit facilities. This study examined the effect of farmers credit on agricultural productivityfrom 1981 to 2016 using data from World Bank Development Index (WDI). The result of the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation shows that agricultural bank credit (β=0.667173, t=5.961095 & P<0.05) exerts a significant positive effect on agricultural output. Bank lending rate (β=1.094792, t=1.295874 & P>0.05) and foreign exchange rate (β=0.124297, t=0.437929 & P>0.05) do not show a significant effect on agricultural output. It was submitted thatbank credit has a significant positive effect on agricultural productivity in Nigeria. Theneed for government to promote savings and bank credit to farmers was recommended .


There has been increasing peer-to-peer networking among intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) with communication capabilities for efficient power system protection, control and monitoring with connections to external networks. This facilitates cyber-attackers' capability to assume control over power system operations that could cause serious blackouts. This paper proposes a new data-object-rule-based (DORB) cyber-security implemented as a pseudo-layer below the DNP3 application layer, a commonly used protocol for power systems communications, to strengthen the power system computer network security. The DORB cyber-security limits effectiveness of cyber-attacks by implementing rule-based cyber-security for the usage of DNP3 function codes, object types, and data sets. Any data transmission that does not conform to the allowed data object usage is blocked from being transmitted or received by the DNP3 devices. The DORB security also incorporates authentication between peers for particular function codes, object types, and data sets, to improve the power system communication security.


— In the paper, we tackle the H 2 Fault Detection Filter (FDF) problem for a Markov Jump Linear System (MJLS) in the discrete-time domain. The main novelty is the synthesis of H 2 FDF for a MJLS in the form of Linear Matrices Inequalities (LMI). We also provide results for the so-called mode-independent case and the design of robust H 2 filter in the sense that the system matrices are uncertain. For the sake of illustrating the suitability of the proposed approaches, a numerical example is presented.


Abstract
 This paper presents a novel application of a Method of Inequality-based Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm (MMGA) to generate an efficient time-effective multi-fleet aircraft routing algorithm in response to the schedule disruption of short-haul flights. It attempts to optimize objective functions involving ground turn-around times, flight connections, flight swaps, total flight delay time and a 30-minute maximum delay time of original schedules. The MMGA approach, which combines a traditional Genetic Algorithm (GA) with a multi-objective optimization method, can address multiple objectives at the same time, then explore the optimal solution. The airline schedule disruption management problem is traditionally solved by Operations Research (OR) techniques that always require a precise mathematical model. However, airline operations involve too many factors that must be considered dynamically, making a precise mathematical model difficult to define. Experimental results based on a real airline flight schedule demonstrate that the proposed method, Multi-objective Optimization Airline Disruption Management by GA, can recover the perturbation efficiently within a very short time. Our results further demonstrate that the application can yield high quality solutions quickly and, consequently, has potential to be employed as a real-time decision support tool for practical complex airline operations.


Rising temperature can affect forests negatively through its impact on insect pests. The present study focused on two invasive alien insect species ( Dryocosmus kuriphilus and Leptoglossus occidentalis ) to understand how rising temperature might affect their damage in Turkish forests. For D. kuriphilus , the timing of chestnut budburst, gall induction and emergence of its introduced parasitoid, Torymus sinensis , were monitored between 2015 and 2019, and each phenological event was compared annually with fluctuations in temperature to observe the parasitoid-host synchrony. For L. occidentalis , cumulative degree days (CDD) were calculated, and the possible number of generations produced in 2020 in different regions of Turkey were predicted. The CDD calculations were repeated under increasing temperature and different pho-toperiod-diapause induction scenarios. Evaluation of the monitoring data on the D. kuriphilus system showed that gall induction occurred at the same time as budburst, whereas T. sinensis emergence was independent from the budburst, and that the parasitoid-host synchrony was disrupted after the abnor-mally warm winter in 2018. The CDD calculations estimated that L. occidentalis produced one to five generations from north to south in 2020. They also suggested a significant increase in the number of generations in the southern Turkey under temperature increase scenarios. Including photoperiod as a time-limiting factor reduced the highest possible number of generations from five to two. In conclusion, rising temperature has a potential to threaten the biocontrol against D. kuriphilus , and it can increase voltinism in L. occidentalis .


Purpose Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are widely studied as radiosensitizers, but their radiosensitization in carbon ion radiotherapy is unsatisfactory. There is a lack of in vivo data on the radiosensitization of AuNPs under carbon ion irradiation. This study focused on the radiosensitization effect of AuNPs in the mouse melanoma cell line B16-F10 in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA)-coated gold (Au) nanoparticles (mAuNPs) formulations were prepared and characterized. To verify the radiosensitization effect of mAuNPs, hydroxyl radicals were generated in aqueous solution, and the detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and clone survival were carried out in vitro. The tumor growth rate (TGR) and survival of mice were analyzed to verify the radiosensitization effect of mAuNPs in vivo. The apoptosis of tumor cells was detected, and the expression of key proteins in the apoptosis pathway was verified by immunohistochemistry. Results The intracellular ROS level in B16-F10 cells was enhanced by mAuNPs under carbon ion irradiation. The sensitization rate of mAuNPs was 1.22 with a 10% cell survival rate. Compared with irradiation alone, the inhibitory effect of mAuNPs combined with carbon ion irradiation on tumor growth was 1.94-fold higher, the survival time of mice was prolonged by 1.75-fold, and the number of apoptotic cells was increased by 1.43-fold. The ratio of key proteins Bax and Bcl2 in the apoptosis pathway was up-regulated, and the expression of caspase-3, a key executor of the apoptosis pathway, was up-regulated. Conclusion In in vivo and in vitro experiments, mAuNPs showed radiosensitivity to carbon ion irradiation. The sensitization effect of mAuNPs on mice tumor may be achieved by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway and increasing tumor tissue apoptosis. To our best knowledge, the present study is the first in vivo evidence for radiosensitization of mAuNPs in tumor-bearing mice exposed to carbon ion irradiation.


We present in this paper results on inferring a signed network (a "web of trust") from interactions on user-generated content in Wikipedia. From a collection of articles in the politics domain and their revision history, we investigate mechanisms by which relationships between Wikipedia contributors - in the form of signed directed links - can be inferred based their interactions. Our study sheds light into principles underlying a signed network that is captured by social interaction. We look into whether this network over Wikipedia contributors represents indeed a plausible configuration of link signs. We assess connections to social theories such as structural balance and status, which have already been considered in online communities. We also evaluate on this network the accuracy of a learned predictor for edge signs. Equipped with learning techniques that have been applied in recent literature on explicit signed networks, we obtain good predictive accuracy. Moreover, by cross training-testing we obtain strong evidence that our network does reveal an implicit signed configuration and that it has similar characteristics to the explicit ones, even though it is inferred from interactions. We also report on an application of the resulting signed network that impacts Wikipedia readers, namely the classification of Wikipedia articles by importance and quality.


Today motorization happens quite fast even faster in many cities in the world. The number of motor vehicles in the world is expected to reach about 1.3 billion by 2020, more than double the current number. In the case of Indonesia, in the past three decades, motorization and urbanization has become a trend in many cities - metropolitan city. Unlike developed countries, most developing countries do not have a mass transit system that adequate to suppress the increase in motorization in urban areas. This research try mapping issues and challenges of public transport plan, implementation and operation in developing countries by literature study's methodology. Finding of this study, at least, there are 5 (five) issues in the relation with public transport in developing countries i.e. sustainability impact issues, multi-faceted actor in the public transport implementation (organization and institutional issues), need of  public transport appraisal in strategic level issues, funding (budget constraint) issues, and competition and regulation issues. Then, there are some challenges of public transport implementation such as problem of political organization, problem of integrated transport planning, continuing need to develop appropriate   pricing and charging devices and financing instruments, the matter of   industrial structure, the issue of  competitive system design, the perceived problem of affordability and problem of strategic choice, particularly in urban areas.


Cell-mediated immune responses are vital to the body's defence against infection and play a key role in tumour immunity. T-cell activation and cytotoxic function is tightly regulated by a series of immune-regulatory receptor–ligand interactions or immune checkpoints. These controls limit immune-mediated damage, particularly in the context of chronic infection. However, prolonged signalling through these axes can lead to progressive loss of T-cell function, termed exhaustion. Understanding of the biology of checkpoints and that exhaustion is reversible has been key to the development of new therapies directed at reversing the dysfunctional status of T-cells, which are dramatically improving outcomes of cancer treatment. Emerging data suggest that immune checkpoint axes are dysregulated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). T-cells from diseased lungs express the key receptor programmed death (PD)1 and demonstrate loss of cytotoxic function. However, the picture is complex with evidence of downregulation of the associated ligand PDL1 on alveolar macrophages. The resulting impact may be excessive T-cell inflammation as a consequence of acute infection, which may contribute to the pattern of exacerbation and lung damage characteristic of COPD. More work is needed to understand these immune controls in COPD before the therapeutic advances seen in lung cancer can be explored. Immune checkpoints are vital controls of cell-mediated immunity and may play a key role in the pathology of COPD http://ow.ly/vLu430bZVhS


This paper discusses fast and accurate methods to solve total variation (TV) models on the graphics processing unit (GPU). We review two prominent models incorporating TV regularization and present different algorithms to solve these models. We mainly concentrate on variational techniques, i.e. algorithms which aim at solving the Euler Lagrange equations associated with the variational model. We then show that particularly these algorithms can be effectively accelerated by implementing them on parallel architectures such as GPUs. For comparison we chose a state-of-the-art method based on discrete optimization techniques. We then present the results of a rigorous performance evaluation including 2D and 3D problems. As a main result we show that the our GPU based algorithms clearly outperform discrete optimization techniques in both speed and maximum problem size.


Scalability is an important performance criterion of parallel computing. However the conventional scalability metrics are not suitable for SMP(symmetric multiprocessor) cluster. How to measure scalability of SMP cluster? This paper proposes a solution to the problem. It first finds out and verifies the reason, nonequivalence of the processor sets and then it adopts the viewpoint of processor set to observe the behaviors of the system correctly and comprehensively instead of using only the number of processors to describe the parallel system. By introducing the concept of performance reference factor, it extends the conventional metrics to fit the SMP cluster architecture. As the experiments indicate, the extended metrics are applicable to the SMP cluster and have high precision.


Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. Low/high-density polyethylene is a vital cause of environmental pollution. It occurs by choking the sewer line through mishandling, thus posing an everlasting ecological threat. Environmental pollution due to the unscrupulous consumption of synthetic polymers derived from petroleum has an adverse impact on the environment since the majority of plastics do not degrade, and the further incineration of synthetic plastics generates CO2 and dioxin. This requires understanding the interactions between materials and microorganisms and the biochemical changes involved. Widespread studies on the biodegradation of plastics have been carried out in order to overcome the environmental problems associated with synthetic plastic waste. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers through microbes viz., bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes. The microbial degradation of plastics is caused by certain enzymatic activities that lead to a chain cleavage of polymers into oligomers and monomers. This review focuses on the biodegradation rate of plastics by fungal and bacterial communities and the mode of action of biodegradation.


This paper is focused on the influence of geometry on the combination of intercell and intracell interferences in the downlink of large CDMA networks. We use an exact representation of the geometry of the downlink channels to define scalable admission and congestion control schemes, namely schemes that allow each base station to decide independently of the others what set of voice users to serve and/or what bit rates to offer to elastic traffic users competing for bandwidth. We then study the load of these schemes when the size of the network tends to infinity using stochastic geometry tools. By load, we mean here the distribution of the number of voice users that each base station can serve and that of the bit rate offered to each elastic traffic user.


Stereoscopic 3D displays plays an very important role in future applications. The proposed technique which takes two images or video frames using a monocular camera as input and transforms them into a stereoscopic which makes nice watching . Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) and Speed Up Robust Features (SURF) are being used for better result. As SURF algorithm is the fastest descriptor it reduces the time for feature detection. Keywords—SIFT,SURF,steroscope.


Access to affordable, reliable, and safe transportation is critical in improving the welfare of individuals in developing countries. Yet, transport data are limited overall, and data that address the different patterns of use by women and men are even scarcer. A few studies have shown, however, that women and men have different transport needs and constraints. Typically, analysis of these topics has been hampered largely by the costs involved in carrying out the large-scale transportation surveys needed to provide such data. The purpose of this paper is to explore household and individual data sources that exist in developing countries to determine whether they can provide insights into transport and gender issues. Most countries carry out household surveys that, although not designed to provide specific transport sector data, may contain useable information for policy makers. Exploiting such household surveys could be a way to improve transport policy for women without massive expenditures. Additionally, unlike dedicated transport surveys, which are done as stand-alone efforts, the surveys that form part of a country's national statistical system are more likely to be repeated, thus ensuring the availability of future data. Finally, the methodology of these surveys is often fairly standardized, which facilitates cross-country comparisons.


Although many types of radiobiological effects have been investigated on the cellular level, little attention has been given to the direct disturbance by ionizing radiation of the distribution of electrolytes between ceils and their surrounding medium. Such disturbances are of considerable fundamental interest and the mammalian erythrocyte is a particularly advantageous material for observing them. When erythrocytes are exposed to high dosage levels, radiation fixation (1) and the conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin (2, 3) are observed. At lower levels the production of radiation hemolysis is the most familiar feature. Early experiments indicated that this was secondary to permeability changes which cause the ceils to swell to ultlmnte rupture after radiation exposure (4--6). Later work by Ting and Zirkle confirmed these changes in defibrinated human blood following exposure to 30,000 r of x-rays and subsequent low temperature storage (7-9). The subsequent work of Buhlmalm, Liechti, and Wilbrandt (10, 11) showed that the effect was greatly magnified by low temperature storage, being considerably smaller when the cells were stored at room temperature or at 38°C. In the course of recent studies of the direct x-ray injury of erythrocytes, we have observed that in freshly drawn heparinized human blood, irradiated and then maintained in vitro at 24 or 38°C. under a properly controlled atmosphere, potassium begins to leave the cells and is almost quantitatively replaced by sodium. Little ff any cellular volume increase occurs for as long as 26 hours after irradiation. Radiation exposure thus produces a disturbance in the cells similar to the "prolytic" changes occurring in erythrocytes which are exposed to low concentrations of certain lysins (12-14). The results suggest that the first evidence of injury is the failure of specific potassium accumulation which precedes the later osmotic failure. The present communication contains observations of this effect and studies of the electrolyte disturbance using isotopicaUy labeled sodium and potassium.


A 15-yr experience with symptomatic pulmonary parenchymal sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids has included 250 patients. Within the past 5 yr 192 patients have been actively studied and these are reported in detail. Varied clinical observations are described. Serial measurements of vital capacity and steady-state carbon monoxide diffusing capacity were performed. All of these patients were sufficiently symptomatic and incapacitated to require treatment. Ninety-one percent were Black, 72% were female, and 72% were in the third and fourth decades. In response to treatment there was overall clinical improvement and an increase in vital capacity in 150 (83%) of 180 patients, although only a temporary increase in 12 of these patients. By contrast, only 82 (46%) showed an increase in carbon monoxide steady-state diffusing capacity and only temporarily in 19 patients. Changes in vital capacity correlate well with changes in symptoms and the radiographic appearance and are of great assistance in assessing the clinical course and need for continued treatment. The diffusing capacity is more difficult to interpret. Continued treatment was required in 74 patients (48%) because of recurrent clinical relapses as treatment was withdrawn. Such relapses were observed in 70% of the patients. Improvement and discontinuation of treatment was achieved in 66 patients (42%). In the 44 in whom there was no observed relapse, 34 were treated for less than 2.5 yr. In the total group, longer periods of treatment, 2.5-10 yr or more, were required in 104 patients (54%). In this series of 192 patients there were 7 deaths, with 22 deaths in the total 15-yr series of 250 patients. Of these, 18 were directly attributed to the sarcoidosis. Clinical improvement coincident with corticosteroid treatment and the frequency of relapse as treatment is withdrawn strongly support the benefits of corticosteroid treatment for symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. When relapses occur and recur, retreatment is necessary and often long-term maintenance doses of prednisone (10-15 mg daily) are required for many years. The relatively infrequent problems related to this treatment are greatly exceeded by the clinical benefits.


DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can be induced endogenously and by exposure to ionizing radiation, and they represent one of the most deleterious forms of DNA damage. To avoid genomic stability arising from DNA DSBs, cells employ DNA damage response (DDR) pathways to detect and promptly repair DNA DSBs. In mammalian cells, the DDR pathway involves a cascade of events of protein recruitments and chromatin modifications near the damaged regions of DNA. An important chromatin modification known to occur during this process is the ubiquitination of histone H2A and H2AX by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF168. Herein, we identified, for the first time, the phosphorylation of serine 97 in RNF168, and we found that the level of this phosphorylation was significantly increased in cultured human cells upon exposure to γ rays or a radiomimetic agent, neocarzinostatin. Additionally, the introduction of S97A or S97D mutation to RNF168 substantially reduced the protein's ubiquitination activity in cells, diminished the efficiency of DNA DSB repair via the non-homologous end-joining pathway, and rendered cells more sensitive toward ionizing radiation. Together, phosphorylation of S97 in RNF168 plays a significant role in the cellular tolerance and repair of DNA DSBs. Thus, our study provided important insights into the post-translational regulation of RNF168 in DNA damage response.


The residence of the Georgian Catholics in Istanbul, the Monastery of the Virgin Mary (turkish: Gürcü Katolik Kilisesi), with its schools, printing house and rich library used to fulfill a great Georgian cultural, educational and scientific function outside of Georgia for more than a century.
The temple was built in 1861 by Father Petre Kharischirashvili in one of the most beautiful districts of Istanbul, Ferikoy (the village of Angels). It is noteworthy, that the most of the fathers serving in the Georgian Monastery of Istanbul were from Samtskhe-Javakheti by origin. Father Petre Tatalashvili was from Samtskhe as well.
During the hundred years (1861-1961) of its existence, Georgian Catholic Monastery of Istanbul acted as a spiritual, cultural, educational and scientific center where many national, educational or scientific activities were performed. Establishment of religious educational institution, Georgian-French schools, printing-houses, the literacy dissemination society among Georgians living in Turkey, library called after Akaki Tsereteli are good examples of cultural and educational activities of the Monastery. The Monastery was the educational center giving Georgian young people the opportunity to get education first in Istanbul and then to Europe. It supported many Georgian scientists and public figures, like Ivane Gvaramadze, Mikheil Tamarashvili, Shalva Vardidze, etc.
The goal of the article is to describe the work of the father Petre Tatalashvili, one of the valuable figures, a secretary of a monastery and the responsible person for the educational processes, later on the last Prior of the Georgian monastery in Istanbul. Accordingly, it aims to introduce him to a broader society based on the preserved notes kept in family and other funds or archives, which have not been used by the scientists widely. We consider, that he deserves to be known by the Georgian society due to his deeds, as he faithfully served to education and cultural advancement of Georgian people for entire his life, under the foreign sky, in the foreign country. He was the defender, the patron, the spiritual confessor of Georgian Catholics.
The research methodology: The research is based on the historical research method: description, comparative-historical method, empirical, causal-historical analysis based on the epistolary and memoir materials preserved in the archive fund of Istanbul Georgian Catholic Monastery


Judicial consideration of family disputes, in which the interests of the child are affected, is particularly difficult, since in its course not only controversial issues between parents and other persons are resolved, but also the fate of the child is determined. The key in expert practice in this matter remains the reluctance or inability of parents to understand the full depth of the traumatic situation in which their child falls, reacting to the emotions and actions of their parents.
In the process of writing the article, general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, grouping and logical generalization were used in order to theoretically study the existing practices and own experience of expert research and to form the key directions of the work of a forensic expert in family conflicts.
The current experiences, feelings and emotions of children who, after the divorce of their parents, remain living with one of them, but constantly suffer from the unsatisfied ambitions of the other parent with whom the child does not live, are considered. In the example of specific children and the family situations in which they found themselves, the negative impact of factors and situations, in particular, questioning of children within the framework of a court session, forcibly depriving a child of the opportunity to choose a place of residence, limiting contacts and meetings with one of the parents on the psychological development of the child, was analyzed, formation of the child's attitude towards himself and the surrounding world, determination of the direction of his social contacts in the future. Established regularities of children's behavioural characteristics, in accordance with modern ideas about the driving forces, sources and conditions for the development of the psyche of the individual – the child's mental development is mediated by communication and interaction with adults, and first of all, with parents. The child's emotions, feelings and attachment to his parents, his real desire to live with one of them, taking into account the child's opinion and inner desire when choosing a place of residence are determined. It is established that a differentiated approach should be used when choosing a place of residence, the child should not experience traumatic experiences and feelings of guilt, choosing one of the parents to whom he feels more attached at the moment.


The most commonly used publication metrics for individual researchers are the total number of publications, the total number of citations, and Hirsch's h-index. Each of these is cumulative, and hence increases throughout a researcher's career, making it less suitable for evaluation of junior researchers or assessing recent impact. Most other author-level measures in the literature share this cumulative property. By contrast, we aim to study noncumulative measures that answer the question "In terms of citation impact, what have you done lately?" We single out six measures from the rather sparse literature, including Hirsch's m-index, a time-scaled version of the h-index. We introduce new measures based on the idea of "citation acceleration." After presenting several axioms for noncumulative measures, we conclude that one of our new measures has much better theoretical justification. We present a small-scale study of its performance on real data and conclude that it shows substantial promise for future use.


The dynamical behavior of a one-dimensional ring array of lasers generated in a class-A degenerate cavity semiconductor laser is numerically investigated. The class-A behavior of the laser is obtained by considering a low-loss vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL), in which a telescope and a mask allow us to control the geometry and the linear nearest-neighbour coupling between the lasers. The behavior of the lasers is simulated using coupled rate equations, taking the influence of the Henry factor into account. It is shown that the ring array of lasers exhibits multistability. Moreover, by comparison with a class-B semiconductor laser, it is proved that the class-A nature of the laser makes it more robust to the increase of the Henry factor when it comes to generating topological charge carrying arrays of lasers, thus opening new perspectives of application for such lasers.


Hypermedia Systems (HS) have deeply modified the methods for organizing and recovering information with respect to most traditional transmission methods; they are radically changing the experiences of reading, communication, comprehension and learning. This work aims at showing the results of a study on the consequences and the relationship between the presence of image and the positive attitudes generated in learning processes within HS multidimensional readings. We set to demonstrate that the presence of images, particularly digital images, has a positive influence on the singular construction of hypermedia narratives; first, from their appeal and then by facilitating the thematic decentering and the access to conceptualization. From these results, we propose guidelines to be applied in didactic HS designs.


Energy homeostasis in the central nervous system largely depends on astrocytes, which provide metabolic support and protection to neurons. Astrocytes also ensure the clearance of extracellular glutamate through high-affinity transporters, which indirectly consume ATP. Considering the role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the control of cell metabolism, we have examined its implication in the adaptation of astrocyte functions in response to a metabolic stress triggered by glucose deprivation. We genetically modified the astrocyte-like C6 cell line to silence AMPK activity by overexpressing a dominant negative mutant of its catalytic subunit. Upon glucose deprivation, we found that C6 cells maintain stable ATP levels and glutamate uptake capacity, highlighting their resilience during metabolic stress. In the same conditions, cells with silenced AMPK activity showed a reduction in motility, metabolic activity, and ATP levels, indicating that their adaptation to stress is compromised. The rate of ATP production remained, however, unchanged by AMPK silencing, suggesting that AMPK mostly influences energy consumption during stress conditions in these cells. Neither AMPK modulation nor prolonged glucose deprivation impaired glutamate uptake. Together, these results indicate that AMPK contributes to the adaptation of astrocyte metabolism triggered by metabolic stress, but not to the regulation of glutamate transport.


The Editors of this book produced a pair of volumes, Optical Fiber Sensors volumes I and II, in 1988 and 1989 respectively. At that time, optical fibre sensing research and development in the UK and elsewhere was consolidating the position achieved during the initial surge of effort which had taken place during the early 1980s. In the intervening years between that time and the appearance of volume III: Components and Subsystems, (and the anticipated appearance later this year of volume IV: Applications, Analysis and Future Trends), the technology has matured considerably, and has focussed on a number of specific areas. The editors are repeating the format of the previous two volumes. Thus volume I was basically a physics text, setting out the principles of the various optical fibre sensing techniques in use or under development at the time. Volume II, on the other hand, gave an overview of the specific sensing systems and applications. In keeping with the current status of the subject, Volume III is perhaps less of a physics text but is still a detailed examination of the sensing technologies that have come to the forefront over the past decade. These include fibre Bragg gratings, evanescent wave techniques, fibre lasers and amplifiers, ODTR techniques in distributed sensing, spectrometric techniques for wavelength decoding and wavelength multiplexing, etc. Like its predecessor, volume I, it deals (as indeed its title implies) in principles, with the components and techniques that form present-day sensing systems and applications, but not with the systems themselves. For this we must await the appearance of volume IV. As examples of how the field has advanced in the intervening years, fibre lasers and amplifiers, the subject of a substantial chapter in volume III, merited only a brief mention in volume I. Fibre Bragg gratings, which have transformed the landscape of optical fibre sensing in the past decade, were not mentioned at all in either volume I or II. Again, volume III considers these in detail. Moreover, a far greater proportion of the techniques described are to be found in commercial systems than was the case in 1988, when many of the systems described were still under development. The editors have drawn heavily on their colleagues at Strathclyde and Southampton Universities as authors of the individual chapters. In spite of the opportunities this must provide for close editorial control, there is some duplication between chapters. Material on fibre Bragg gratings and on fibre lasers and amplifiers appears in several chapters apart from those dedicated specifically to these topics, but they are so intimately linked that perhaps this is unavoidable. I noticed that the book is firmly couched in American English, presumably to satisfy an international readership (which indeed it deserves). However, while one has come to accept `fiber' and `meter' through repeated exposure, the use of `skeptic' in the first line of the preface may perhaps jar some sensibilities. But these are trivial points. The book has come at an opportune time, brings us up to date with the new trends in fibre optic sensing techniques, and paints a picture of a technology greatly matured since the appearance of the earlier two volumes. It should take its place alongside those two books as a standard text for anyone with a serious interest in optical sensing, and we eagerly await the appearance of its companion volume.


Aphid natural enemies include not only predators and parasitoids but also pathogens, of which fungi are the most studied for biological control. While wing formation in aphids is induced by abiotic conditions, it is also affected by biotic interactions with their arthropod natural enemies. Wing induction via interactions with arthropod natural enemies is mediated by the increase in their physical contact when alarmed (pseudo-crowding). Pathogenic fungi do not trigger this alarm behaviour in aphids and, therefore, no pseudo-crowding occurs. 2. We hypothesise that, while pathogenic fungi will stimulate maternally induced wing formation, the mechanism is different and is influenced by pathogen specificity. We tested this hypothesis using two entomopathogenic fungi, Pandora neoaphidis and Beauveria bassiana, an aphid specialist and a generalist respectively, on the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris. 3. We first demonstrate that pea aphids infected with either pathogen and maintained in groups on broad bean plants produced a higher proportion of winged morphs than uninfected control aphids. We then show that, when maintained in isolation, aphids infected with either pathogen also produced higher proportions of winged offspring than control aphids. There was no difference between P. neoaphidis and B. bassiana in their effects on wing induction in either experiment. 4. Unlike the effect of predators and parasitoids on pea aphid wing induction, the effect of pathogens is independent of physical contact with other aphids, suggesting that physiological cues induce wing formation in infected aphids. It is possible that aphids benefit from wing induction by escaping infected patches whilst pathogens may benefit through dispersion. Possible mechanisms of wing induction are discussed.


Drosophila ananassae and its relatives have many advantages as a model of genetic differentiation and speciation. In this report, we examine evolutionary relationships in the ananassae species subgroup using a multi-locus molecular data set, karyotypes, meiotic chromosome configuration, chromosomal inversions, morphological traits, and patterns of reproductive isolation. We describe several new taxa that are the closest known relatives of D. ananassae. Analysis of Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial haplotypes, shared chromosome arrangements, pre-mating isolation, and hybrid male sterility suggests that these taxa represent a recent evolutionary radiation and may experience substantial gene flow. We discuss possible evolutionary histories of these species and give a formal description of one of them as D. parapallidosa Tobari sp. n. The comparative framework established by this study, combined with the recent sequencing of the D. ananassae genome, will facilitate future studies of reproductive isolation, phenotypic variation, and genome evolution in this lineage.


Abstract The chemical evolution of the galena (001) cleavage surface dissolving in oxygen-saturated solutions was investigated by fluid-cell micro-Raman Spectroscopy (μRS) and solution chemistry. In this novel design of μRS apparatus, the solution in the fluid cell is continuously renewed. A fairly thick (several tens to hundreds of nanometers) layer forms at the galena surface in solutions with pH between 1 and 5.8. This surface layer is composed of Pb oxides, sulfates, and metastable species of sulfur. Native sulfur forms at pH 1 and 4.6, but is not a predominant surface species at pH 5.8. Dissolution rates, measured by solution chemistry, decrease with pH and reaction time. The formation of Pb oxides in these experiments at such low pH values contrasts with thermodynamic predictions based on properties at the macroscale (bulk solution). The in situ assessment of surface speciation confirms that sulfur can partially oxidize at the interface, and indicates that this process of sulfur oxidation depends on pH. We propose that sulfur oxidation may take place, at least partially, during the reaction of dissolved molecular oxygen with S atoms at the galena surface, or in the immediate vicinity. After this first step of reaction, oxygen combines with Pb ions to form Pb oxide at the interface.


The role of T cells as pathogenic effector cells in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is well established. Both CD4+ and CD8+ cells can play distinct and highly pathogenic roles mediating diabetogenesis. Other cell types including NK, B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells also play coordinate roles. Ultimately auto-aggressive T cells invade pancreatic islets focusing destructive force on the beta cells that produce insulin. The initial insult may be solely inflammation but nonetheless results in loss of insulin production. This chapter will focus on the different T cell subtypes including a newly described helper T cell subtype, Th40, which is highly pathogenic in T1D. Discussion will include how auto-aggressive T cells can arise and suggest alternative means to control auto-aggressive T cells. The ultimate goal for a successful treatment is to control pathogenic effector cells without causing immune suppression, a feat that has yet to be achieved. Considering new paradigms about diabetogenesis may provide substantive clues towards effectively curing this ravaging disease.


Introduction Liver deaths have increased 5–8 fold in 30 years and the majority are alcohol related. Cirrhosis develops silently and presents late; around 25% of subjects die before they have a chance to stop drinking. Blood tests in routine use do not stage fibrosis and diagnosis often requires a liver biopsy—impractical for the 2 million UK residents drinking at levels that may result in cirrhosis. Newer blood tests detect cirrhosis and progressive fibrosis at an earlier stage and, combined with alcohol screening, could greatly improve detection and management of these patients, reducing morbidity and mortality. Aim Assess feasibility of screening a primary care population for hazardous drinking using the AUDIT questionnaire, practicality of screening heavy alcohol users for liver disease using a non-invasive test and resource implications of assessment and follow-up. Method We offered postal screening to 10 000 adults age 25–55 randomly selected from general practice lists using the AUDIT questionnaire. An offer of liver fibrosis tests was made to those screening positive. Those with marked elevation of fibrosis markers are referred on for liver health checks markers. Participants were followed up after 1 year. Results 10 000 AUDITs were dispatched from 9 primary care sites. Response rate was 3677 (37%) Of these responders 907 were hazardous/harmful drinkers (18.5%), of whom 207 (4.2%) were dependent drinkers. Audit positive subjects were invited to attend a research clinic of whom 290 (32%) attended and were screened using our traffic light algorithm (HA, P3NP, PTS, albumin, INR) of whom 28 (9.6%) were red (cirrhosis/severe fibrosis) and 121 (41%) amber (50% likelihood of progressive fibrosis in a secondary care population). Conclusion Postal screening for hazardous drinking followed by non-invasive liver assessment is feasible in the primary care setting. Ten percent of hazardous drinkers had good evidence of significant liver disease and a half had equivocal serum fibrosis markers, with these results fed back to subjects to encourage behaviour change. Further details and follow-up results will be available.


The electrical behavior of an organic memory device based on a pentacene thin film metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) and transistor structures incorporating a layer of thermally evaporated metallic floating gate is demonstrated. The devices have been realised using thermally evaporated pentacene (semiconductor) and spin-coated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (insulator). The drain and source electrodes have been fabricated by evaporating 50 nm gold, and the gate electrode was made from 50 nm evaporated aluminium on a clean glass substrate. The devices containing the floating gate exhibited clear hysteresis in their electrical characteristics (output and transfer characteristics for transistors and also capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics of MIS structures). Under an appropriate gate bias (2s pulses), the floating gate is charged and discharged, resulting in significant threshold voltage shifts. Pulses of as low as 1 V resulted in a clear write and erase states. The hysteresis in C-V characteristics and shifts in the threshold voltage of the transfer characteristics were attributed to the charging and discharging of the floating gate. The detailed programming and erasing procedures are reported.


This study presents a new configuration of power converter for switched reluctance motor drives. The system allows reduction of the detrimental impact of the commutation processes in motor winding on overall motor performance through enabling reconfiguration of windings connection during operation of motor. Shorter time of commutation, which is the main characteristic of the system, increases the motor average torque particularly in range of operation with high rotational speed. Application of the system in a standard switched reluctance motor-based drive results in extension of range of operation with constant torque and mechanical power as much as two times. The electromechanical characteristics of motor driven from the system are compared with those of the same motor driven from a standard half-bridge converter.


Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a contagious disease and often appears to be Extraordinary Event as it spreads very fast and can cause death. Efforts to prevent DHF can be done by breaking up the life cycle of chemical vectors by utilizing lime leaves (citrus aurantifolia) and galangal rhizomes (Alpinagalanga) which have the potential as natural larvicides because they contain chemical compounds consisting of limonoids, flavonoids and phenols. The City of Kupang is a yearly endemic area of dengue where the case of the disease has increased in the last three years. This study is aimed at determining the effectiveness of the combination of the concentration of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome on the mortality of Aedesaegypti larvae. This type of research is a pure experiment using a completely Randomized Design as the research design. There were three treatments of concentration used, namely 0% concentration, LC50 combination of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome, LC90 combination of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome with a number of repetitions three times. The results of the study, the combination of LC50 of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome was able to cut off the life cycle of 19 larvae (76%), while the combination of LC90 of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome was able to completely cut off the larval life cycle of 25 larvae (100%). The result of the One-Way Anova Test analysis on the treatment of a combination of LC50 and LC90extracts of lime leaves and galangal rhizomes to Aedes Aegypti larvae mortality during 24 hours obtained sig (p) = 0.00 (p <0.05) showed that the combination of LC50 extract lime leaves and galangal rhizome and LC90combination of lime leaf extract and galangal rhizome have the effect of treatment on the number of larvae deaths of Aedesaegypti instar III and IV. The Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) analysis of the three treatment concentrations of Aedesaegypti larvae mortality showed a difference in treatment because a sig (p) = 0.00 (p <0.05) was obtained.


Realistic 3D city modeling using Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) technique experienced a remarkable revolution in aiding urban planning, regulation design, city management, navigation, and emergency responses. This paper focuses on thoroughly examining the advance of automated MLS object extraction techniques over the last five years. Categorized as either on-road or off-road, mainly six objects are included in this paper (road curbs, road markings, pavement cracks, building facades, pole-like objects and trees). MLS extraction techniques applied on typical objects is evaluated according to their method design, degree of automation, precision, and computational efficiency. Recent researches mostly focus on developing accurate object extraction algorithms and most of the reviewed methods can achieve high precision, however, optimizing the trade-off between computational cost and accuracy remains a big challenge. In addition, there is still no general standardized approach to deal with MLS objects extractions to date, most algorithms reviewed in this paper still need some artificial interference to ensure accuracy and efficiency.


The dependency of conversational utterances on themode of dialogue is analyzed. A speech corpus of 800 speakers collected under three different modes, i.e., talking to a human operator, an WOZ system and an ASR system, is used for analysis. Some characteristics such as sentence complexity loudness of the voice and speaking-rate are found to be significantly different among the dialogue modes. Linear regression analysis results also clarify the relative importance of those characteristics on speech recognition accuracy.


The neutrophil is the first line of defense against invading bacteria. Neutrophils are recognized by its granules and characteristic nuclear segmentation. Neutrophils' main functions are to phagocytize and, after fusion of the phagolysosome, subsequently degrade the bacteria. After severe trauma, neutrophil dysfunction can occur. A possible consequence is an increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Part 1 describes heterogeneity within the neutrophil pool in both health and disease. The heterogeneity can be based on receptor expression, cell density, nuclear segmentation, age or their influence on other cells(e.g. T- or cancer cells) (Chapter 2). The term 'subset' refers to neutrophils with similar physical characteristics and can mostly be found in inflammatory conditions. In homeostasis 'subsets' are much less clear. We found that there is indeed heterogeneity between circulating neutrophils, be it in a more gradual form. A process that was named competitive phagocytosis showed that within the circulating neutrophil pool of healthy adults some neutrophils are more able to phagocytize bacteria compared to others in a non-random way (Chapter 3). Another much studied neutrophil 'subset' in disease is the low-density neutrophil, that segregates in the mononuclear layer during density centrifugation. We confirmed the hypothesis that there is a spectrum in neutrophil density in homeostasis which can be related to neutrophil function (bacterial containment, T-cell suppression)(Chapter 4). In Chapter 5 we investigated the accuracy of an automated hematology analyzer in the detection of banded neutrophils after trauma. The automated analyzer was unable to detect banded neutrophils after trauma, were it did accurately detect banded in infection. Suggesting a structural difference between the cells under different conditions. The underlying mechanisms or purpose of this heterogeneity is still not fully understood. In Part 2 the focus is shifted towards infectious complications after trauma, with a special emphasis on fracture-related infections (FRI). Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causative pathogens in FRI and is also known for causing metastatic infections. It is hypothesized that this is due to intracellular survival of the bacterium. Chapter 6 reviews the cellular penetration and efficacy against intracellular S. aureus of the most relevant antibiotics. Bacterial identification in FRI is of paramount importance for choosing effective (antibacterial) treatment. In our hospital a standardized tissue sampling protocol for bacterial identification in FRI was introduced. The protocol consisted of obtaining five or more separate, intra-operative deep tissue samples, avoidance of cross-contamination, and a specific culture protocol. Evaluation of the protocol showed increased awareness of the problem at hand in both surgeons and microbiologists, and increased certainty on causative micro-organisms (Chapter 7). In Chapter 8 & 9 the effect of two different protocols for the treatment of FRI were evaluated. The use of early broad-spectrum antibiotics was safe in terms of emergence of antibiotic resistance. Based on our findings, we recommend starting empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy directly after tissue sampling and surgical debridement. Antibiotic therapy should at least cover infections with the most important causative pathogen (S. aureus) and the presence of a potential biofilm should be considered.


The authors report the third case of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF) associated with a non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The dermatosis occurred after an autologous bone marrow transplantation performed as treatment for the lymphoproliferative disorder. Although EPF was initially described as an idiopathic disease, the association of some cases with immunologic alterations or diseases, such as immunodeficiencies, suggests a possible immunopathologic event in the pathogenesis of EPF.


Abstract Arthropod abundance commonly is used as an index for brood-habitat quality for northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) chicks. However, conventional arthropod sampling techniques may not measure the abundance of arthropods available to chicks. Human-imprinted chicks have been used to jointly measure arthropod abundance and availability; however, no studies have examined potential differences in growth rates and foraging behavior between pen and wild-strain chicks. Likewise, use of internal ligatures has not been tested. We compared growth (g/day) and foraging rates (g/chick/30 minutes) between pen and wild-strain chicks and foraging rates between ligatured and nonligatured chicks. At 9 days post-hatch, pen-strain chicks (LSMEANS=20.315, SE=0.456) weighed more than wild-strain chicks (LSMEANS=17.665, SE=0.556; F1,1013=32.34, P <0.001). Foraging rate did not differ between ligatured (x̄=0.041, SE=0.007) and nonligatured (x̄=0.028, SE=0.004) chicks (t38=−1.69, P=0.100). Pen-strain chicks consumed slightly greater dry biomass than wild-strain chicks, but both consumed similarsized arthropods. Ligatured, commercially produced chicks may serve as a reasonable biological assay for indexing arthropod availability and brood-habitat quality for wild northern bobwhite chicks.


In the presence of widespread and significant individual and social discomfort phenomena registered in today's complex society, the recent pedagogical debate has been focusing on awareness of the importance of recognition and of the work of new educational professions attributable to non-formal education. This article proposes a reflection on the role and competences of the socio-pedagogical professional educator (also in light of the law No. 2656 of June 21, 2016) and his areas of intervention.After analyzing desirable training paths, the article clearly explains the contributiongiven from experimental pedagogy to the construction of educational professions.


A patient-centered approach to defining episodes of care around a hospitalization can provide the basis for creating expanded bundles of services that can be used as the basis of payment. Paying by episodes of care strengthens the incentive to providers to deliver care efficiently. A hospital-based episode of care prospective payment system can be phased in over time by gradually expanding the services and the time period included in the episode. Establishing equitable prospective episode payment amounts requires that the severity of illness of the patient during the hospitalization and the chronic disease burden of the patient be taken into account.


Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health problem in the world and predicted a substantial increase of people with DM in the next years. In Public Health Center, the number of type 2 DM patient visits in 2010 increased compared to that in 2009 i.e 2.078 become 2.354 visits. The main goal of treatment of DM is keeping blood glucose contens within normal limits, an effort that can be done is to take oral hypoglycemic drugs (OHO) regularly. Aim: To know the correlation between the level of adherence to take OHO and blood glucose contens in type 2 DM patients in Umbulharjo II Public Health Center Yogyakarta. Method: This study used cross-sectional design with a population of 45 respondents, using a total sampling techniq. Results: The level of adherence to take OHO showed 31.1% proportion of non-adherent and 68.9% of adherent. Blood glucose contens showed 37.8% proportion of high and 62.2% of normal. From the analytical results obtained OR = 8.571  (CI95%: 2.045 to 35.923) meaning that non-adherent patients to take OHO have 8.6 times higher risk of blood increased glucose contens compared with patients who dutifully take OHO. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the level of adherence to take OHO and blood glucose contens in patients of type 2 DM. Keywords: the level of adherence to take OHO, blood glucose contens, type 2 DM.


The proliferation of bioinformatics in modern biology marks a modern revolution in science that promises to influence science education at all levels. This study analyzed secondary school science standards of 49 U.S. states (Iowa has no science framework) and the District of Columbia for content related to bioinformatics. The bioinformatics content of each state's biology standards was analyzed and categorized into nine areas: Human Genome Project/genomics, forensics, evolution, classification, nucleotide variations, medicine, computer use, agriculture/food technology, and science technology and society/socioscientific issues. Findings indicated a generally low representation of bioinformatics-related content, which varied substantially across the different areas, with Human Genome Project/genomics and computer use being the lowest (8%), and evolution being the highest (64%) among states' science frameworks. This essay concludes with recommendations for reworking/rewording existing standards to facilitate the goal of promoting science literacy among secondary school students.


In the day to day lives of human beings commodity computers are increasingly used to access banking transactions, sending sensitive e-mails, accessing personal and confidential information from remote systems, where it becomes the prime necessity to assure the user that security sensitive operations executes always on secure and trusted state of system. The emergence of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) has added to the security feature of a computer. Much work has been done to ensure the integrity of the system using a TPM. But what happens when the applications running on top of the Trusted System are malicious? The sensitive data provided to such applications becomes vulnerable for exploit. We propose a system which notifies the user if the integrity of an application is violated and stops it. The system makes use of the functionalities of the TPM chip.


Amaurosis fugax, or transient monocular blindness (TMB) from an embolic phenomenon, represents an ophthalmic form of a cerebrovascular transient ischaemic attack (TIA), and it has been associated with an increased risk of hemispheric stroke. In this issue of the BJO , Naylor R et al 1 describe the changes in physician behaviour after instituting a streamlined referral system for TMB patients to a TIA clinic, where optimal medical and rapid surgical treatment (where appropriate) were provided. They did not attempt to measure improved outcomes, taking them as a given based on their assessment of the recent literature, and they recommend that ophthalmologists who diagnose TMB should start immediate antiplatelet and statin therapy in all cases, with referral within the week for medical treatment and surgical consultation for carotid endarterectomy (CEA). In their system, patients waited no longer than 7 days after referral for evaluation and were seen sooner if warranted by risk assessment. They found that ophthalmologists were willing to refer …


: Nitrotriazole radiosensitizer, Sanazole (AK-2123, N- (2'-methoxyethyl) -2- (3"-nitro-1"-triazolyl) acetamide) developed by Kyoto University group was studied by 18 groups of 7 countries on fundamental aspects and clinical studies by 30 groups of 12 countries, and reported its effects on tumor sensitization of conventional cancer radiotherapy. On the other hand, the glucosides of vitamin C (Ascorbic acid glucoside, (AsAG) and water soluble derivative of vitamin-E ( (cid:1) -tocopherol glucoside, TMG) developed by Kyoto University group were studied fundamentally by 4 groups of 4 countries and clinically by 2 groups of 2 countries, and reported their effects on normal tissue protection in cancer treatments. These two studies of tumor sensitization and normal tissue protection were proposed as an advanced strategy of conventional cancer radiotherapy.


ABSTRACT In the time- and frequency-limited model order reduction, a reduced-order approximation of the original high-order model is sought to ensure superior accuracy in some desired time and frequency intervals. We first consider the time-limited -optimal model order reduction problem for bilinear control systems and derive first-order optimality conditions that a local optimum reduced-order model should satisfy. We then propose a heuristic algorithm that generates a reduced-order model, which tends to achieve these optimality conditions. The frequency-limited and the time-limited -pseudo-optimal model reduction problems are also considered wherein we restrict our focus on constructing a reduced-order model that satisfies a subset of the respective optimality conditions for the local optimum. Two new algorithms have been proposed that enforce two out of four optimality conditions on the reduced-order model upon convergence. The algorithms are tested on three numerical examples to validate the theoretical results presented in the paper. The numerical results confirm the efficacy of the proposed algorithms.


Epidemiological studies showed that prevalence of musculoskeletal pain is higher in women than in men (Bracci et al. 2007; Salaffi et al. 2005) and low back pain is the most commonly reported whereas conflicting evidence exists for the association between physical activity and low back pain symptoms (Heneweer et al. 2011; Sitthipornvorakul et al. 2011). In this study, we investigated the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and the role of a non-specific physical activity (PA) intervention in prevention/reduction of pain in the frame of the DAMA Trial. DAMA (n° ISRCTN28492718, funded by Istituto Toscano Tumori and Ministry of Health ) is a 24-month factorial randomized trial in post-menopausal women with high-Mammographic Breast Density (MBD), a risk factor for breast cancer (Masala et al. 2006), aimed to evaluate the ability of a structured intervention based on a moderate-intensity physical exercise and/or specific dietary modification, to reduce MBD. Participants were post-menopausal women, 50-69 yrs, with MBD>50%. Exclusion criteria were: current/recent HRT; current smokers; diabetes and/or other co-morbidities contraindicating dietary and PA intervention. After the baseline visit in which blood and urine samples, anthropometry, dietary and lifestyle information were collected, participants (234 women) were randomized by age- and BMI-stratified blocks, to one of the four arms: dietary intervention, PA intervention, dietary+PA intervention or control. The PA intervention included one hour/week exercise program carried out by exercise specialist, individual and group sessions to explain PA benefits, group walks and at least 1 hour/day of individual moderate PA (i.e. walking, biking, home exercise). The control arm received general advice on healthy diet and PA. To evaluate physical fitness of all participants, at baseline and follow-up (FU), specific visits were performed and a specific questionnaire on pain was self-administered to investigate body site of pain, pain intensity and duration. Baseline and FU pain questionnaires were completed by 210 women (102 randomised to PA intervention*, 108 to control arm§). At baseline pain was reported by 154 women (73%), among them 75% reported back, 29% shoulder and 29% leg pain. After the 24-month intervention a significant effect emerged for low back pain in women randomised to PA intervention, in term of reduced prevalence of women with pain and prevention of new cases (p=0.02 in PA arm, 0.30 in control arm) suggesting also a beneficial effect of non-specific PA.


We present second-harmonic generation experiments in p-doped asymmetrically stepped quantum wells using the emission of a free-electron laser in the wavelength interval between 13 and 18 mu m. The wells are designed such that the three fewest valence-subbands are about equally spaced. We measured the angular and frequency dependence of the second-harmonic signal excited by intense laser irradiation chosen to be nearly resonant with the transitions between the three lowest valence subbands. We see evidence of the optical second-order susceptibility components chi(xxz)((2)), chi(zxx)((2)) and chi(zxy)((2)), chi(xyz)((2)) in the quantum wells and determine their enhancement with respect to chi(xyz)((2)) of bulk GaAs.


ABSTRACT Academics and practitioners alike emphasise that public policy plays a key role to support efforts to reduce disaster risks and to buffer the impacts of natural hazards when they occur. This involves developing public policies to promote disaster risk reduction (DRR). However, the public policy dimension has only recently begun to receive attention in empirical research on DRR. Processes of policy change are discussed, yet less often studied, and more empirical research is needed to advance the understanding of the conditions for DRR policy change. Combining insights from adaptation research and public policy theory, this study investigates the long-term development of DRR policy in Mozambique as perceived by multiple stakeholders. The study identifies barriers and enabling factors influencing the DRR policy process over time. Using data from 37 semi-structured interviews, the study finds six main enabling factors supporting DRR policy change. Among the most important enabling factors are past disasters and broad stakeholder involvement. The study also unveils several barriers to DRR policy change, including resource insufficiency and lack of coordination among stakeholders. The study concludes with suggestions for integrating DRR and policy process research and lessons for policymaking in support of DRR over time.


An algorithm, which calculates the motions of the collimator jaws required to generate a given arbitrary intensity profile, is presented. The intensity profile is assumed to be piecewise linear, i.e., to consist of segments of straight lines. The jaws move unidirectionally and continuously with variable speed during radiation delivery. During each segment, at least one of the jaws is set to move at the maximum permissible speed. The algorithm is equally applicable for multileaf collimators (MLC), where the transmission through the collimator leaves is taken into account. Examples are presented for different intensity profiles with varying degrees of complexity. Typically, the calculation takes less than 10 ms on a VAX 8550 computer.


M n Pittman, associate kean of continuing education at the University of Iowa and author of one of the chaptels in this edited volume, summarizes the current problematic situation in the adult education field: Profmrs of adult education and practitioners of collegiate-level continuing education have separate htorical mts, differing ideologies, and widely divergent vim of the p u p and realities of American education. While they share the same physical and bureaucratic environment4e universitythe realitis of their existence are remarkably different. Each group has developed critical vim of the other. (p. 55) It is this long-standing tension between academics and practitioners that serves as the basis for CMlenge and Change: C r a g a New Era of(lxMwr& in


Summary
Summarizing our observations we can say that about 700.000 people in this hemisphere are affected with "Mal del Pinto o Carate".
The study of 805 people in the pinto area around Arcelia, Guerrero shows that 56.2% of the children of parents affected with Pinto have the same disease, and that healthy parents have Pinto children in a proportion of 43.5%. (Difference in percentages = 12.7 - 2.6).
We report the possibility of obtaining growth of Treponema carateum in cultures of embryonic nervous tissue.
These cultures caused allergic reactions in a Pinto patient but did not produce infections in men.
The distribution of Pinto lesions is shown in groups of 200 patients (figs. 1, 2, 3, 4). The maximum and minimum blood pressures of these cases have a tendency toward low numbers.
The treatment of Pinto with "Mapharsen", administered in 15 injections of 0.04 twice a week gave some results in 96% of the cases. The intensity of the Kahn reaction diminished in the blood serum of 4% of the cases.


In July 1997, shortly after the election of the new Labour government in the UK, the Secretary of State for Health asked Sir Donald Acheson, the recently retired Chief Medical Officer, to head an inquiry into inequalities in health in England and identify priority areas for policies to reduce inequalities.

Sir Donald Acheson's report adopts a broad socioeconomic model of health and inequalities.1 This model places individuals at the centre of many layers of conditions that determine their health, for example, their lifestyle, social and community networks, living conditions, and general socioeconomic conditions. As well as examining physical and mental health, the inquiry team sought evidence of the effects of unemployment, low income, housing, transport, and education.

There are two overarching recommendations. First, that as part of health impact assessments, all policies likely to have a direct or indirect effect on health should be evaluated in terms of their impact on health inequalities. They should be formulated in such …


We propose a new abstraction for pointer analysis that represents reads and writes to memory instead of traditional points-to relations. Compared to points-to graphs, our Assign-Fetch Graph (AFG) leads to concise procedure summaries that can be used in any calling context. Also, its flexibility supports new analysis techniques with different trade-offs between speed and precision.
 For efficiency, we build a summary for each procedure that assumes distinct pointers from the environment are not aliased and restore soundness when the summary is used in a context with aliases.
 We present two pointer analysis techniques based on our AFG. The first takes the flow-insensitive view adopted by many authors; the second considers statement ordering. In addition to being more precise, we find that this "flow-aware" analysis runs faster. We conclude with experimental results showing it is practical.


A chip holding tool for flip-chip mounting (10), having a base (11), and a chip holding platform (15) projecting from the surface (12) of the base (11), and adapted for holding a semiconductor chip on the tip face (16) of said base, wherein the chip holding platform (15) is characterized in being offset from the base (11). Semiconductor chips can thus be flip-chip mounted at a tight pitch using a simple method.


Introduction The GOLD guidelines recommend that the COPD Assessment Test (CAT)1 can be used in guiding and optimising therapy, however there is little evidence on its use in monitoring treatment. Aim We have conducted a 6-month prospective observational study describing the impact of COPD on daily life, following the initiation of maintenance indacaterol, a once-daily long-acting beta-agonist. Method Subjects from 39 UK GP practices (April 2012 to May 2013) with a diagnosis of COPD and were newly-prescribed indacaterol for routine COPD management, either as maintenance mono-therapy or add-on therapy to long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) were recruited. Here we present interim results of completed CAT and a descriptive Daily Life Impact Questionnaire (DLIQ), developed for specifically for the study, at treatment initiation and 6–8 weeks. Further assessments will be made at 6 months, when treatment changes in addition to indacaterol will be recorded. Results One hundred and three subjects (61 males, 42 females), with a mean age of 67 years (range 44–86) and a median baseline FEV1% predicted of 61% (n = 100; IQR 51–70%) were recruited. Median time from diagnosis to indacaterol initiation was 6 months (IQR 0–37). Of the 86 (83.5%) subjects evaluated for change in CAT score, 65 (76%) had a reduction (i.e. improved health status), 18 (21%) increased and 3 (3%) remained the same (Figure 1); with a mean overall change of -4.1 (SD ± 5.6; p < 0.001). Fifty-nine (69%) subjects had a ≥2 point (clinically significant) reduction in CAT score. Ninety-two patients completed the DLIQ; 42 (46%) patients reported an improved ability to perform activities important to them, which had previously been rated as being challenging (e.g. walking, gardening, housework). Conclusion The CAT appears responsive to treatment for COPD with indacaterol when assessed in routine practice and the average size of improvement was large. Alongside this mean improvement, nearly half of patients reported the ability to do more activities that previously they had found difficult. These initial results require further confirmation when full results are available at 6 months. References 1. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J 2009;34:648–54 Abstract P231 Figure 1. The impact of indacaterol (Onbrez®) on the daily lives and health status of patients with COPD: interim results.


High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) are employed to study the interaction between oxygen and potassium on graphite in the coverage range up to 2.5 monolayers and in the temperature range 160-800 K. Annealing gives rise to a succession of different KOx complexes, partially induced by surface segregation of intercalated potassium. A vibrational excitation at 39 meV is attributed to K2O formation, in agreement with a recent interpretation of XPS and HREELS spectra of oxidized single-crystal potassium. Two vibrational excitations at 30-31 meV and 180 meV are tentatively attributed to either KO2 or K2O2. A high-temperature complex, which is an unidentified precursor to CO2 formation/desorption, has a single electron energy loss at 27 meV.


Embryonic stage of development, in conditions of intensive broiler production, is a period in which the dynamics of postnatal development and the productive performance can be affected significantly. Green monochromatic light and thermal conditioning are the most commonly used treatments that have given satisfactory results in postnatal development. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of these treatments on meat quality of broiler chickens. Our study is based on the four experimental groups (control and three different treatments). Each group was incubated in separate incubator with 80 eggs, with controlled incubation parameters (temperature, humidity, ventilation). The control group was incubated under standard conditions (37.8  ̊C, without light). The first treatment consisted of thermal conditioning (raising the temperature to 39,8  ̊C for 3 h on 16th, 17th and 18th day of incubation). Another treatment consisted of lighting a green monochrome light (diffused LED lighting intensity of 0.1 W/m2) from 5th until 14th day of incubation, in the intermittent mode (15 min. light, 15 min. darkness), and from 15th day of incubation under constant light regime. The third treatment was a combination of first two treatments, with the temperature and lighting changed by these regimes. Our results indicate a significantly higher average body weight, protein content in meat, and less progressive loss of moisture (drip loss) in all treated groups. The applied treatments had no effect on mortality, conversion, or the content of fat and ash in meat. The results also indicate a significant synergistic effects achieved by the simultaneous application of both treatments.


Aerosol particles in the atmosphere are important in several aspects. Some major aerosol constituents that are deposited in ecosystems are acidic or fertilisers and some minor or trace constituents are toxic. Aerosol particles are also involved in the earth's radiation balance, both directly by scattering the sunlight and indirectly by influencing the clouds. All these effects are influenced by the interaction between the aerosol particles and water vapour. A tandem differential mobility analyser (TDMA) has been designed to measure hygroscopic growth, i. e. the particle diameter change due to uptake of water at well defined relative humidities below 100 %. Tests of the instrument performance have been made using aerosol particles of pure inorganic salts. Three field experiments have been performed as parts of large fog and cloud experiments. Bimodal hygroscopic growth spectra were found: less-hygroscopic particles containing a few percent and more-hygroscopic particles around 50 % by volume of hygroscopically active material. In general the fraction of less-hygroscopic particles decreases with particle size and it is larger in polluted continental aerosols than in remote background aerosols. This external mixing cannot be fully understood using present views on the formation of aerosols. Evidence for the importance of the external mixing on the cloud nucleating properties of the particles are found in comparisons between hygroscopic growth spectra for the total aerosol, the interstitial aerosol in clouds, and cloud drop residuals. Cloud condensation nuclei spectra, calculated using aerosol particle size distributions and hygroscopic growth spectra, in combination with information on the major inorganic ions are presented. These CCN spectra reveal for instance that the influence of less-hygroscopic particles on the cloud droplets increases with increasing peak supersaturation. The fraction of the particles that were scavenged to cloud drops, as a function of particle size, are presented. A comparison between these result and cloud modelling, using detailed aerosol input, based on particle size distributions and hygroscopically active fractions determined from TDMA data showed good agreement. (Less)


BACKGROUND
The efficacy of Candida sake CPA-1 as a biocontrol agent against several diseases has been studied since it was isolated 20 years ago. However, it was only recently that two suitable and effective film-forming formulations based on potato starch and maltodextrins were developed using the fluidized-bed spray-drying system. The present work aimed to confirm the capability of both novel formulations by testing their resilience on grapes at different temperatures (0, 22, and 30 °C), relative humidities (40% and 85%), and simulated rainfall levels. Another objective was to examine the control of Botrytis cinerea in different hosts.

RESULTS
The CPA-1 cells from both dried formulations survived better than the liquid formulation on grapes stored at 0 and 22 °C regardless of the relative humidity. After simulated rainfall, potato starch formulation achieved significantly higher populations than maltodextrin formulation, although the highest reduction was -1.6 log N N0 -1 . A positive effect of cell establishment prior to the simulated rainfall was shown, and recovered cells from the potato starch formulation were significantly higher after 72 h of cell establishment. Finally, both formulations reduced the incidence and severity of B. cinerea on pears, apples, and tomatoes.

CONCLUSION
The potential of these novel film-forming formulations of C. sake CPA-1 was verified. The resilience of formulated C. sake was better than the commercialized liquid formulation, the adherence of the formulations to the grapes improved after an establishment period prior to rain exposure, and the control of B. cinerea was verified in a wider range of hosts. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.


We discuss rotational anisotropy and rotational accommodation of magnetic-particle tape, phenomena that affect performance during reading and writing in the recording process. We introduce the reduced vector Preisach model (RVPM) to simplify the selection rules and eliminate the rotational correction of the simplified vector Preisach model (SVPM). In order to make the model agree with our measurements, we introduce the RVPM, which eliminates the need for a rotational correction in the SVPM. Using this new model as a basis to characterize the medium, we have measured and computed the angle of magnetization for a magnetic-particle tape rotated in an applied field. Because rotational models must accurately compute the anisotropic characteristics of ellipsoidally magnetizable media, we use an ellipticity factor that accurately computes the two-dimensional magnetization trajectories for small applied fields, and that corrects the orientation error for both isotropic and anisotropic media. We report rotational magnetization measurements that demonstrate vector accommodation for ellipsoidally magnetizable media. The magnetization trajectories show that accommodation is achieved.


The prime aim of the study was to identify, compare and finding the occupational stress and mental health in teachers pursuing in private and government school male and female teachers. Total 200 teachers were randomly selected from various private institutes' school and some government school of Mahesana district of Gujarat offering, out of which 100 were from private school teachers and 100 were from government school teachers. The sample was equally divided in regard to gender also. Occupational stress was measured with the help of occupational stress scale Inventory developed by Dr. Jagdish. The inventory measures the state of mental pleasure, overall well-being and lacking of psychophysiological complaints. The second test was The Teacher's Occupational Stress Scale (JSRA) develop by Sajid Jamal and Abdul Raheem. Work load, (ii) Student Misbehaviour, (iii) Lack of Professional Recognition, (iv) Lack of classroom resources, Mean scores were computed and 't' test was applied to find out the differences between the groups. The results reveal that the government school teachers are more occupational stress than private school teachers and differences between the groups find statistically significant at 0.01 level (t=6.25). Simultaneously the male of government school teachers reported in compare to private school teachers (t=3.79, p<0.01) and furthermore the female of private school teachers are well occupational stress and mental health than the female of government school female teachers (t=5.94, p<0.01). Abstract:


Having a background as a fuqaha scholar with a stream of ar-ra'yu experts, Abu Yusuf is more inclined to his economic thinking by using a qiyas analysis tool which he preceded by conducting an in-depth study of the Koran, the hadith, atsar sahabi, and the practices of the rulers godly person. Therefore, the ideas and ideas of Abu Yusuf felt more accessible and easily accepted. Apart from the various principles of taxation and state accountability for the welfare of the people, Abu Yusuf gave several suggestions on ways to obtain shopping resources for long-term development, such as building bridges and dams and digging large and small channels. This is the main strength of Abu Yusuf's thinking in public financial matters. With his high level of observation and analytical reason, he seeks to decipher financial problems and shows some policies that must be adopted for economic growth and people's welfare.


The transform of a spline-function approximation to continuous data is called a spline transform. In this correspondence, the spline and the discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) are compared as means for numerical computation of the Fourier integral transform. It is shown how the spline transform reduces errors introduced by the discrete transform and alleviates noise problems when the sampling rate is limited due to experimental method or hardware constraints.