The Gansu zokor (Eospalax cansus) is a subterranean rodent species that is unique to China. These creatures inhabit underground burrows with a hypoxia environment. Metabolic energy patterns in subterranean rodents have become a recent focus of research; however, little is known about brain energy metabolism under conditions of hypoxia in this species. The mammalian (mechanistic) target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) coordinates eukaryotic cell growth and metabolism, and its downstream targets regulate hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under conditions of hypoxia to induce glycolysis. In this study, we compared the metabolic characteristics of hypoxia-tolerant subterranean Gansu zokors under hypoxic conditions with those of hypoxia-intolerant Sprague-Dawley rats with a similar-sized surface area. We exposed Gansu zokors and rats to hypoxia I (44 h at 10.5% O2) or hypoxia II (6 h at 6.5% O2) and then measured the transcriptional levels of mTORC1 downstream targets, the transcriptional and translational levels of glycolysis-related genes, glucose and fructose levels in plasma and brain, and the activity of key glycolysis-associated enzymes. Under hypoxia, we found that hif-1α transcription was upregulated via the mTORC1/eIF4E pathway to drive glycolysis. Furthermore, Gansu zokor brain exhibited enhanced fructose-driven glycolysis under hypoxia through increased expression of the GLUT5 fructose transporter and ketohexokinase (KHK), in addition to increased KHK enzymatic activity, and utilization of fructose; these changes did not occur in rat. However, glucose-driven glycolysis was enhanced in both Gansu zokor and rat under hypoxia II of 6.5% O2 for 6 h. Overall, our results indicate that on the basis of glucose as the main metabolic substrate, fructose is used to accelerate the supply of energy in Gansu zokor, which mirrors the metabolic responses to hypoxia in this species.


In order to exploit parallelism, modern superscalar processors utilize register renaming to solve data dependency problems. The RMT(register mapping table) used in register renaming is said to be one of the most energy consuming components in the processor due to its high access frequency and large area. Multi-port structure of the RMT can gain area exponentially to its port number which can make it unrealistic when implementing high width processors[1]. The RTCA, abbreviation for Renamed Trace Cache Architecture(also known as the anti-dualflow architecture[2]) is an architecture proposed to solve these problem that the RMT brings about. Within this architecture, the path between two dependent operand is explicitly shown in order to solve the dependency that in return can take off the renaming stage of the pipeline. However, extra tags are needed in addition to the trace cache that RCTA uses, which can lead to degradation in performance. In this paper, we evaluate and compare the RCTA to a typical trace cache architecture. It is shown that the increment in trace cache tags can cause an amount of degradation in average fetch IPC. Nevertheless, the shorten pipeline can potentially maintain overall performance.


Using primary and secondary sources, discover more about Atlantic City's unique history and heritage. Bibliography of materials to learn more about Atlantic City History


The antinociceptive effect of clonidine on a response to painful stimulation mediated by supraspinal structures was recorded after s.c. administration of the drug in doses from 50 up to 2000 micrograms/kg. Both low and high doses of clonidine produced antinociception on the pain threshold studied. A careful analysis of the dose-response curve showed, however, that the net effect recorded involved the sum of responses from at least two functional systems or receptor sites. When the dose-response relationship of clonidine-induced antinociception was studied after alpha-1 receptor blockade by means of phenoxybenzamine, it was found that this effect comprised contributions from different neurotransmitter systems. These results are discussed in terms of the possibility that separate adrenergic receptors mediate clonidine antinociception at different levels in the pain transmission. The determinant of the population of receptors being activated after systemic administration of clonidine is the dose given.


Experiments are carried out to establish the relationship between the nature of the flow instability and the inclination angle of the plate. The angular dependence of the Rayleigh number characterizing the onset of instability is also determined. An electrochemical flow visualization technique is utilized to expose the patterns of fluid motion. It is found that for inclination angles of less than 14° (relative to the vertical), waves are the mode of instability. On the other hand, for inclination angles in excess of 17°, the instability is characterized by longitudinal vortices. The range between 14° and 17° is a zone of continuous transition, with the two modes of instability co-existing.


The ability of an exogenous long-chain unsaturated fatty acid (linolenic acid) to induce changes in the circular dichroism (C.D.) spectra of chlorophyllous systems of various levels of organization is demonstrated and attributed to its deaggregating influence. In the case of chlorophyll in solution (CCl(4) or CCl(4)-hexane), deaggregation is by direct action on the chromophore. Evidence is also given for an indirect mechanism when chlorophyll is attached to protein (e.g., in HP-700 complexes); in this case, deaggregation results from a conformational change in the protein. Interpretations are given for the differences in C.D. spectra of nonmembranous and membranous chlorophyll-containing systems. (The latter include "digitonin-isolated" system I particles, subchloroplast particles obtained by means of sonication, and specially prepared intact chloroplasts.)


Changes in electrical resistance (delta R), water (delta H2O), and blood variables (Na+, K+, Cl-, protein [Pr], osmolality [Osmo], hemoglobin [Hb], and hematocrit [Hct]) were monitored during hemodialysis in 20 subjects. Average delta H2O was 1.69 +/- 0.91 liters. Blood, R, and circumferences (C) were measured for the upper limb (UL), lower limb (LL), and total body (TB) before, midway, and at the end of dialysis. Segmental volumes (V) and specific resistivity (rho) were computed. delta Hct and delta Pr were stronger predictors of delta H2O than delta R. Forward stepwise regression analysis using delta R at 5, 50, and 548 kHz, delta Pr, and delta Hct showed that delta Hct and delta Pr alone accounted for 77% of the variance in delta TBW. Adding delta R increased this at most to 81%. Both the UL and LL had significant increases in rho. The volumetric change of the UL was nonsignificant, whereas that of the LL accounted for over one half of the delta H2O. Single frequency bioimpedance cannot be used to monitor dialytic delta H2O unless one accounts for fluid composition changes. Monitoring bioimpedance changes over only a single body segment is also questioned.


Abstract The Mesozoic history of a number of Atlantic borderland sedimentary basins can be related to the early opening history of the southern North Atlantic Ocean. Regional tectonic controls such as plate motion vectors and the pre-existing tectonic grain had an important role in basin development and are expressed as local tectonostratigraphic events. The evolving palaeogeographies for the region are demonstrated in a series of maps based on computer-generated plate reconstructions. The Porcupine Basin, centrally located in the study area, lay close to the intersection of three plate boundaries that separated Eurasia from North America and controlled opening of the Bay of Biscay. The south Porcupine Basin, where there is relatively poor data control, is considered in the context of broader platetectonic controls, which were also responsible for the development of contiguous and better understood basins during Mesozoic time. This approach provides new insight into the structural evolution and likely facies development in the south Porcupine Basin, allowing broad inferences for petroleum prospectivity to be made. Initial Permo-Triassic fault-controlled extension led to continental deposition, which, if associated with aeolian and/or fluvial reservoir rocks, will mostly be too deep to be prospective. Thermal subsidence during Early Jurassic time was associated with flooding and fine-grained clastic deposition with anticipated moderate source rock potential. Regional uplift of the northern Porcupine area during Mid-Jurassic time forced shorelines and shelves southwards and the south Porcupine Basin could contain good reservoir quality sandstones and possible waxy deltaic-type source rocks of this age. In Late Jurassic time, major crustal extension took place with potential for reservoir and source rocks in locally expanded footwall successions. Further extensional faulting occurred in earliest Cretaceous (Neocomian) time with further synrift plays possible at this level. Growth of the Porcupine Median Volcanic Ridge is attributed to Barremian-Aptian time and related to continuing extension associated with a northwesterly arm of a triple junction positioned to the south of the Porcupine area. Strong subsidence of the basin centre during this time will have a significant impact on source rock maturation and flank trap geometries in the south Porcupine Basin.


During 1982 and 1983, two ground‐penetrating radar surveys were carried out in conjunction with archaeological investigations in Canada. The first survey was a detailed, high‐resolution radar survey at the site of a sixteenth century Basque whaling station on the Labrador coast designed to locate the graves of the Basques. The second was a rapid, low‐resolution reconnaissance survey as part of a prehistory impact assessment program at the site of the new National Museum of Man in Hull, Quebec. Both surveys were experimental and were designed to see whether ground‐penetrating radar would be useful for identifying and locating anomalies of archeological significance. Radar was successful in detecting archeological anomalies several meters in size at both locations, and the high‐resolution survey was moderately successful in identifying Basque graves. Ongoing work involves comparing radar results with the archaeological investigations to increase the understanding of how radar can be applied to archaeology a...


In addition to its well known effects on reproductive organs and lactation the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) also influences immune functions. The present investigation was performed in order to clarify the regulatory role of prolactin in autoimmune disease by using the collagen II arthritis model. Groups of virgin female DBA/1 mice were subjected to different short-term treatment protocols (5-10 days) with rat PRL and the drugs bromocriptine (inhibits prolactin secretion) and haloperidol (enhances prolactin secretion). Treatments were performed at different stages of disease development, and effects on clinical scores, anti-collagen II antibody titres as well as agalactosyl IgG levels were recorded. The effects of the treatment protocols on serum PRL levels were assessed by using a radioimmunoassay (RIA) system. Although the accumulated results of the present study indicate that PRL does not fulfil a major role in the regulation of collagen II arthritis, some interesting observations were made. High levels of PRL (PRL injections) made the arthritis worse only if treatment was performed during the induction stage of the disease. Bromocriptine treatment during the immunisation period did not significantly affect the course of arthritis, but treatment at later stages tended to cause exacerbation (significant at the onset period only). These results indicate that PRL has different effects during early and late stages of the development of collagen II-induced arthritis.


CONTEXT
Recent neuroimaging studies have associated activity in the default mode network (DMN) with self-referential and pain processing, both of which are altered in borderline personality disorder (BPD). In patients with BPD, antinociception has been linked to altered activity in brain regions involved in the cognitive and affective evaluation of pain. Findings in healthy subjects indicate that painful stimulation leads to blood oxygenation level-dependent signal decreases and changes in the functional architecture of the DMN.

OBJECTIVES
To connect the previously separate research areas of DMN connectivity and altered pain perception in BPD and to explore DMN connectivity during pain processing in patients with BPD.

DESIGN
Case-control study.

SETTING
University hospital.

PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-five women with BPD, including 23 (92%) with a history of self-harm, and 22 age-matched control subjects.

INTERVENTIONS
Psychophysical assessment and functional magnetic resonance imaging during painful heat vs neutral temperature stimulation.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Connectivity of DMN as assessed via independent component analysis and psychophysiological interaction analysis.

RESULTS
Compared with control subjects, patients with BPD showed less integration of the left retrosplenial cortex and left superior frontal gyrus into the DMN. Higher BPD symptom severity and trait dissociation were associated with an attenuated signal decrease of the DMN in response to painful stimulation. During pain vs neutral, patients with BPD exhibited less posterior cingulate cortex seed region connectivity with the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with BPD showed significant alterations in DMN connectivity, with differences in spatial integrity and temporal characteristics. These alterations may reflect a different cognitive and affective appraisal of pain as less self-relevant and aversive as well as a deficiency in the switching between baseline and task-related processing. This deficiency may be related to everyday difficulties of patients with BPD in regulating their emotions, focusing mindfully on 1 task at a time, and efficiently shifting their attention from one task to another.


The prevalence of fear of movement (kinesiophobia) in persistent pain ranges from 50 to 70%, and it may hinder the subsequent rehabilitation interventions. Therefore, the evaluation of fear of movement/(re)injury plays a crucial role in making clinical treatment decisions conducive to the promotion of rehabilitation and prognosis. In the decision-making process of pain treatment, the assessment of fear of movement/(re)injury is mainly completed by scale/questionnaire. Scale/questionnaire is the most widely used instrument for measuring fear of movement/(re)injury in the decision-making process of pain treatment. At present, the most commonly used scale/questionnaire are the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ), the Kinesiophobia Causes Scale (KCS), the Athlete Fear-Avoidance Questionnaire (AFAQ), and the Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS). In order to provide necessary tools and references for related research and rehabilitation treatment, this descriptive review is designed as an introduction to the background and content, score system, available language versions, variants of the original questionnaire, and psychometric properties of these scales/questionnaries.


This paper investigates how peer review affects an ESL student writer's perception of academic writing in English, a writer who is diagnosed as a weak writer by his ESL writing instructor. The two aims of this paper are to explore whether this ESL writers' underdeveloped sense of academic writing might threaten reciprocity during peer review and how peers deal with it. For this purpose, this paper tracks the changes in the ESL student, Sol's perception of academic writing through peer review, a teacher conference, and his final draft. This paper uses two levels of analysis: dialogic discourse analysis and in-depth analysis of peer and teacher talk. Although emphasis is on Sol, his two peers Icy and Chen and his instructor are also included as participants in order to understand the co-construction of text meaning. The peer review and individual teacher conference were recorded and transcribed, and written materials―first and second drafts and teacher comments―were obtained. The results reveal that peer review provides Sol with a chance to discuss an issue he could not discuss in teacher conferences and as a result, contributes to his better understanding of academic writing in English.


Recommender Systems have become crucial in the modern world, commonly guiding users towards relevant content or products, and having a large influence over the decisions of users and citizens. However, ensuring transparency and user trust in these systems remains a challenge; personalized explanations have emerged as a solution, offering justifications for recommendations. Among the existing approaches for generating personalized explanations, using visual content created by the users is one particularly promising option, showing a potential to maximize transparency and user trust. Existing models for explaining recommendations in this context face limitations: sustainability has been a critical concern, as they often require substantial computational resources, leading to significant carbon emissions comparable to the Recommender Systems where they would be integrated. Moreover, most models employ surrogate learning goals that do not align with the objective of ranking the most effective personalized explanations for a given recommendation, leading to a suboptimal learning process and larger model sizes. To address these limitations, we present BRIE, a novel model designed to tackle the existing challenges by adopting a more adequate learning goal based on Bayesian Pairwise Ranking, enabling it to achieve consistently superior performance than state-of-the-art models in six real-world datasets, while exhibiting remarkable efficiency, emitting up to 75% less CO${_2}$ during training and inference with a model up to 64 times smaller than previous approaches.


Emerging 5G mobile networks are envisioned to become multi-service environments, enabling the dynamic deployment of services with a diverse set of performance requirements, accommodating the needs of mobile network operators, verticals and over-the-top (OTT) service providers. Virtualizing the mobile network in a flexible way is of paramount importance for a cost-effective realization of this vision. While virtualization has been extensively studied in the case of the mobile core, virtualizing the radio access network (RAN) is still at its infancy. In this paper, we present Orion, a novel RAN slicing system that enables the dynamic on-the-fly virtualization of base stations, the flexible customization of slices to meet their respective service needs and which can be used in an end-to-end network slicing setting. Orion guarantees the functional and performance isolation of slices, while allowing for the efficient use of RAN resources among them. We present a concrete prototype implementation of Orion for LTE, with experimental results, considering alternative RAN slicing approaches, indicating its efficiency and highlighting its isolation capabilities. We also present an extension to Orion for accommodating the needs of OTT providers.


The Chinese Himalayas (CH) is highly sensitive to global climate change. The analyses of monthly mean air temperature and monthly precipitation data during the 1971–2007 from 24 meteorological stations show a significant increase of 0.31 °C per decade or about 1.15 °C for annual mean air temperature over the entire region. The temperature rise occurs primarily during the period of 1991–2007, up to 0.73 °C per decade. Climate warming is characterized by all‐year temperature increase in particular during winters with the maximum value of 0.38 °C per decade during the 1971–2007, up to 1.24 °C per decade during 1991–2007. Distributions of annual temperature trends show significant south‐to‐north, low‐to‐high and east‐to‐west warming trends to increase with the latitude and elevation while to decrease with the longitude in the CH, respectively. Annual precipitation increases, but not significantly during the 1971–2007. Seasonal precipitation has no significant trend during the same period, either. Spatial discrepancy of the variations in precipitation is particularly great. It is evident that the climate was significantly warming and drying in the western CH over the past 37 years.


Central to the execution phase of apoptosis are the two closely related caspase-3 and -7. They share common substrate specificity and structure, but differ completely in the sequence of their respective N-terminal regions including their N-peptides, a 23–28 residue segment that are removed during zymogen activation. We show that the N-peptide of caspase-7 plays no role in the fundamental activation or properties of the active protease in vitro. However, the N-peptide modifies the properties of caspase-7 in vivo. In ectopic expression experiments, caspase-7 constructs with no N-peptide are far more lethal than constructs that have an uncleavable peptide. Moreover, the N-peptide of caspase-7 must be removed before efficient activation of the zymogen can occur in vivo. These disparate requirements for the N-peptide argue that it serves to physically sequester the caspase-7 zymogen in a cytosolic location that prevents access by upstream activators (caspase-8, -9, and -10). The N-peptide must first be removed, probably by caspase-3, before efficient conversion and activation of the zymogen can occur in vivo.


Diffusion-ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has become a powerful tool to characterize the molecular weights of polymers. Compared to common characterization techniques, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), DOSY is faster, uses less solvent, and does not require a purified polymer sample. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polystyrene (PS), and polybutadiene (PB) molecular weights were determined by the linear correlation between the logarithm of their diffusion coefficients (D) and the logarithm of their molecular weights based on SEC molecular weights. Here, we emphasize the importance of the preparation needed to generate the calibration curves, which includes choosing the correct pulse sequence, optimizing parameters, and sample preparation. The limitation of the PMMA calibration curve was investigated by increasing the dispersity of PMMA. Additionally, by accounting for viscosity in the Stokes-Einstein equation, a variety of solvents were used to produce a "universal" calibration curve for PMMA to determine molecular weight. Furthermore, we place a spotlight on the increasing importance of DOSY NMR being incorporated into the polymer chemist's toolbox.


In this article I make an ethnographic description of an episode of a strike in which, for several reasons, I was involved. I take advantage of the ethnography to reflect on the meaning of direct action and its role in class struggle. I also revise James Scott's analysis of power relations, for whom subordinate's offstage behaviour concludes when begins overt confrontation. I conclude that direct action, while promotes creativity and freedom for those who exercise it, and generates rejection in dominant groups, constructs in the present time an experience—ephemeral, temporary—of autonomy, which set the grounds for a horizontal model of society.


Relative degrees and zero dynamics are intrinsic system properties associated with a given input-output pair. In the design of output tracking controllers, the relative degree and the stability of the zero dynamics of the control plant are usually assumed to be known in advance, and are determined by analyzing the system dynamic equations. With the help of bond graphs and through physical reasoning, a set of rules are proposed in this paper to determine the relative degree and the stability of the zero dynamics for a class of systems independent of the system dynamic equations. The rules establish a connection between these system properties and the physical structures, and are useful guidelines on the adjustment of relative degrees and zero dynamics for the purpose of control design.


The conditions for a parallel manipulator to be flagged can be simply expressed in terms of linear dependencies between the coordinates of its leg attachments, both on the base and on the platform. These dependencies permit to describe the manipulator singularities in terms of incidences between two flags (hence, the name ldquoflaggedrdquo). Although these linear dependencies might look, at first glance, too restrictive, in this paper, the family of flagged manipulators is shown to contain large subfamilies of six-legged and three-legged manipulators. The main interest of flagged parallel manipulators is that their singularity loci admit a well-behaved decomposition with a unique topology irrespective of the metrics of each particular design. In this paper, this topology is formally derived and all the cells, in the configuration space of the platform, of dimension 6 (nonsingular) and dimension 5 (singular), together with their adjacencies, are worked out in detail.


accounts for most of this. It is more difficult to find alternatives to oil for transport than other end-uses, and less than 2% of all transport fuel use is non-oil based. Although vehicle fuel efficiency has improved dramatically since the first oil shock, especially in the United States, the number of vehicles continues to grow rapidly, and the low levels of vehicle ownership in socialist countries and developing countries suggest that continued growth in vehicle ownership and use can be confidently predicted (2-3). Transport will thus account for an even higher proportion of future oil use. Road fuel prices have fluctuated in the past 15 years, largely reflecting fluctuations in world oil prices (although prices in individual countries have frequently diverged from world price movements). Prices differ significantly across countries; typical prices in Europe are roughly twice those in North America. Recent econometric estimates (4-10) suggest that the long-run price elastic ity o f demand for gasoline may be as high as one, implying that a doubling of the price of gasoline eventually reduces gasoline use by half. The price elasticity for diesel fuel in transport use is probably much lower than that for gasoline, although total middle distillate use may have quite a high price elasticity. Given the difficulty of charging different prices for closely sub stitutable middle distillates such as road diesel, kerosene, and gas oil, the possibly high pri ce elasticity for all middle distillates makes diesel share pricing problems similar to those of gasoline. If the prices of road fuels have an important effect on consumption, then setting the prices matters. The


Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) used to support IP mobility in heterogeneous network such as the universal mobile telecommunications system (or long term evolution system) and 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs). But MIPv6 has well-known packet loss during movement detection and binding update, but it has another packet loss while creating new tunnel and updating routing path. That is, when the home agent sends a binding acknowledgement (BA) message to mobile node after receiving a binding update (BU) message, the new tunneled packets are also sent to MN with the BA message. After receiving the BA message, the MN creates new tunnel and modifies routing information. But while completing these procedures, the MN can not handle new tunneled packets incoming together the BA message. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the dual tunneling mechanism(DTM) to reduce the additional loss using the reception- only tunnel. In this paper, we analyze the packet delay time in overlay and non-overlay network in case of general mobile IPv6 and DTM, and observe the handover experimental result for the 3G LTE-WLAN network.


The shadow price expresses the marginal cost with respect to the variation of constraints, and it is extremely useful in the sensitivity analysis of nonlinear programming models. However, the shadow price may fail to exist in particular parametric programming models, and the informative Lagrange multipliers are proposed to supplement the theory of the shadow price. The traditional analysis of informative Lagrange multipliers is based on the right hand side perturbation model, in which the resource constraints are assumed to be arbitrarily violated, and the variation of resources are measured by the perturbations. In the line of traditional analysis, the minimum norm Lagrange multiplier is proved to be informative since it expresses the rate of cost improvement per unit constraints violation along the steepest descent direction. However, the internal cause of the resource variations is neglected, and the minimum norm Lagrange multiplier may fail to be informative when the perturbations are not only on the right hand side of the constraints. In this paper, we extend the classical constraint violation condition to the generalized constraint violation condition, which captures the characteristic of the problem structure of nonlinear parametric programming models. Based on the generalized constraint violation condition, we provide sufficient conditions for the minimum norm Lagrange multiplier to be informative. Furthermore, we propose a kind of penalty function method to derive the informative LM in fully parametric programming models, which means that the perturbations are not only on the right hand side of the constraints. Finally, we use examples to support our theoretic results.


Abstract The repeated confirmation of the hypothesis of a negativity bias in cognitive psychology invited an assumption that the general asymmetry in the automatic processing of affective information should bear linguistic consequences, for language is inseparable from human cognition and emotion. This paper shows that the lexical semantics of emotive intensifiers in German, English and Chinese can be best explained in a cognitive-affective model of negativity bias. The parallel between a higher sensitivity to potentially threatening events at the neural level and the predominance of emotive intensifiers based on threat-relevant negative emotions at the linguistic level provides further evidence of the embodiment of linguistic conceptualisation. Ultimately, because the negativity bias is a vital component of our adaptive behaviour, the corresponding linguistic behaviour must be viewed as part of our dynamic system of adaptation.


Family medicine is the internationally recognized nomenclature for the academic discipline, knowledge domain, and medical specialty of primary care doctors, working in the community setting. Family medicine is defined as a specialty of medicine which is concerned with providing comprehensive care to individuals and families by integrating biomedical, behavioral, and social sciences in the community setting. The distinction of family medicine lies in the tradition of medical generalism, promoting whole person care, in a life cycle mode; providing optimal preventive, promotive, and curative healthcare services in a wide spectrum of setting from home to hospital. In 2016, 92nd report of the department-related parliamentary standing committee on health and family welfare on the "Functioning of the Medical Council of India" has emphasized the need for postgraduate in family medicine. The committee report has noted that "the medical education system is designed in a way that the concept of family physicians has been ignored. The committee recommends that the Government of India in coordination with State Governments should establish robust PG Programs in Family Medicine and facilitate introduction of Family Medicine discipline in all medical colleges. This will not only minimize the need for frequent referrals to specialist and decrease the load on tertiary care but also provide continuous healthcare for the individuals and families. The successive National Health Policies of Government of India–NHP 2002 and 2017 have emphasized the need of family medicine training in India. The recently enacted National Medical Commission Act 2019 has mandated NMC to promote training in family medicine at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. Therefore, in the background of the stated policies of the Government of India the concept of family doctors, which was earlier neglected should be institutionalized within the mainstream medical education system of India. It is now time to accelerate and upgrade family medicine training and thereby strengthen the concept of comprehensive primary care in India. This white paper presents the review of family medicine training in India and proposes a way forward.


We report the catalyst-free horizontal growth of carbon nanotubes on the Si face of hexagonal silicon carbide (6H-SiC) at temperatures above 1500 °C. These nanotubes are single walled with a very narrow distribution of diameters. Nanotubes tend to follow the atomic structure of the surface, leading to preferential orientation and the development of ordered networks of tubes. Manipulation of nanotubes using atomic force microscopy indicates that the tubes move on the surface at high temperature and are stabilized in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the step edges.


Introduction Efforts to think about, and bring about, world political arrangements that significantly reform, subsume or replace the Westphalian state-centric world order in order to deal with problems that are 'global' in character have been salient and growing features of both the world political scene and theorizing about world politics for at least the last century. Unfortunately, despite the growing number and significance of problems that appear to be in some significant way 'global' in character, political efforts to move beyond, or significantly alter, the state-centric world order to address these problems appear to be largely stymied, even in retreat, and many efforts for international cooperation, institutions and organizations are declining and weakening. There is a widespread sense that problems are growing faster than solutions, producing a 'governance gap.' As this sense of a critical shortfall has grown over the last several decades, it has become increasingly common to refer to the overall enterprise of 'global problem solving' as 'global governance.' This turn to 'global governance' is in part a reflection of the difficulties of global problem solving through other means, and in part related to a growing sense that new ways of 'governance' may be better suited to solving global problems than 'government.' Anything approaching a full assessment of 'global governance' in practice and theory is a vast and difficult undertaking, due to the sheer extent and diversity of contemporary activities that appear to be parts of 'global governance,' as well as the large policy and social science literatures on this topic. This chapter attempts to look at global governance with very wide lenses, looking for some larger patterns and trends across time, space and issue area. The first main claim of this chapter is that 'global governance' is the culmination of two successive broad secular 'descents' regarding the locus or 'level' of authority, away from configurations which are vertical, hierarchical and 'from above,' and toward those which are horizontal, 'republican' and 'from below.' The first 'descent' has occurred over the last five hundred years, as empires came to be replaced with a state-system, and as internally hierarchical states have been progressively 'republicanized.' The second 'descent' has occurred across the last century, in thinking about various forms of 'international government' capable of effectively dealing with new sets of the problems of 'global' scope that are fundamentally related to technological change.


This paper describes deep learning approaches for the Mask and Breathing Sub-Challenges (SCs), which are addressed by the INTERSPEECH 2020 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge. Motivated by outstanding performance of state-of-theart end-to-end (E2E) approaches, we explore and compare effectiveness of different deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures on raw data, log Mel-spectrograms, and Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients. We apply a transfer learning approach to improve model's efficiency and convergence speed. In the Mask SC, we conduct experiments with several pretrained CNN architectures on log-Mel spectrograms, as well as Support Vector Machines on baseline features. For the Breathing SC, we propose an ensemble deep learning system that exploits E2E learning and sequence prediction. The E2E model is based on 1D CNN operating on raw speech signals and is coupled with Long Short-Term Memory layers for sequence modeling. The second model works with log-Mel features and is based on a pretrained 2D CNN model stacked to Gated Recurrent Unit layers. To increase performance of our models in both SCs, we use ensembles of the best deep neural models obtained from N-fold cross-validation on combined challenge training and development datasets. Our results markedly outperform the challenge test set baselines in both SCs.


From the first signs of "atypical" behaviour in her baby, to the late diagnosis of autism and the proposed treatments, a mother describes her daily life with her autistic son. Faced with delays in the diagnosis and treatment, the road to improving the young boy's well-being and support him despite his difficulties has been long and hard.


1. The object of the investigation was to show that the ability of Octopus to detect the plane of polarization of light does not depend upon differential reflexion from its surroundings. 2. Animals were trained to distinguish between light plane polarized in the vertical plane (normal to the iris slit of the intact animal) and in the horizontal plane (parallel to the slit). 3. The statocysts were then removed, abolishing the normally fixed orientation of the eyes with respect to gravity. 4. After the operation the plane of polarization was set at each trial so as to be either normal or parallel to the iris slit. Because the eyes were now disoriented, there was no longer any constant relation between these planes and the fixed reflecting surfaces of the aquarium. 5. The animals, nevertheless, continued to discriminate correctly. It is therefore concluded that detection of the plane of polarization depends upon some intra-ocular mechanism.


Received [1] Precipitation is a highly heterogeneous process with considerable natural variability at scales ranging from a few meters to several hundreds of kilometers. This process is monitored with a variety of sensors (e.g., rain gauges, radars, and satellites) which provide direct or indirect measurements of precipitation at different scales. At the same time, physically based models at the storm, regional, continental, and global scales are used to predict precipitation and rely on the observed data for model verification, model initialization, and data assimilation. Because of the tremendous scale-dependent variability of precipitation fields, merging or comparing observations at different scales, or comparing model outputs at one scale with observations at one or more different scales, is not straightforward. This study explores the use of a recently developed scale-recursive estimation (SRE) framework for the problem of Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (QPF) verification using observations from multiple sensors. SRE can explicitly account for the multiscale variability of precipitation and the scale-dependent uncertainty associated with the model output and the multisensor observations. Special emphasis is placed on the specification of the multiscale structure of precipitation under sparse or noisy data. The results demonstrate the potential of SRE as a powerful tool for assessment of OPFs and also for multisensor data fusion and network design studies.


Series resistance and mobility attenuation parameter are parasitic phenomena that limit the scaling of advanced MOSFETs. In this work, an iterative method is proposed to extract the series resistance and mobility degradation parameter in short channel MOSFETs. It also allows us to extract the surface roughness amplitude. The principle of this method is based on the exponential model of effective mobility and the least squares methods. From these, two analytical equations are obtained to determine the series resistance and the low field mobility as function of the mobility degradation. The mobility attenuation parameter is extracted using an iterative procedure to minimize the root means squared error (RMSE) value. The results obtained by this technique for a single short channel device have shown the good agreement with measurements data at strong inversion.


This paper presents a review of the experimental design of the small-scale single stone column that adopts the unit cell concept. Materials and methods used in experiments along with their effects and implication have been appraised. The reviewed cases showed that clayey soils were often used to construct the host ground. Steel cylindrical tanks were used with diameters ranging from 15 to 60 cm and heights ranging from 20 to 120 cm. For such scale, the used stone size is 2 to 10 mm. Plates load test can be carried out on the entire tank or on the stone column. The load has been imposed at a constant settlement rate of 1 to 1.25 mm/min in order to simulate the stage immediately after construction. The review shows that remoulding and replacement have been often practised for the construction of the host ground and the stone column, respectively.


Wheat is considered as a major staple food crop in the world that fulfil the nutritional requirement of people globally. Since ages, wheat production has been providing nutritional security to people all around the world. But there are several factors that hinders the production of wheat and abiotic stress is one of them. This article is a review of abiotic stress that leads into several physiological, morphological and biochemical alterations in wheat. Abiotic stress is environmental condition that reduces growth and yield of plant below optimum level. Drought, salt, heat, wind is the major abiotic stress that adversely affect plant growth and productivity. These stress alone or in combined form can pose a serious intimidation on the wheat production. Delayed germination, decreased net photosynthetic rate, plant stunting, water and nutrient stress, reduced tillering and number of spikelets, lower grain test weight and low grain yield are the consequences of abiotic stress in wheat. Some of the wheat varieties are found to be highly tolerant to this abiotic stress while some are sensitive to these stresses. Stress resistance superior wheat genotypes with suitable agronomic management and scheduling is found to be the ultimate solution to this abiotic stress.


Inflammation is key element in effector phase of all immune processes and create a cascade system of specific enzyme functions regulated in autocrine way. Humoral antigen-antibody reaction activate the complement system which is responsible for secondary mediatots generation and tissues destruction. Liberated mediators like kinins, leukotriens inflammatory cytokines and activated cell bound metalloproteases in tissues and blood vessels are responsible for oedema of tissues, pain, cell destruction and organ dysfunction. Induction of T cell dependent inflammatory reaction involve antigen dependent activation of T cells which usually is delayed and long lasting. The immune reactions responsible for specific activation induce inflammation.


The spinal cord is at risk of injury during spinal surgery. If intraoperative spinal cord injury is identified early, irreversible impairment or loss of neurological function can be prevented. Different types of spinal cord injury result in damage to different spinal cord regions, which may cause different somatosensory and motor evoked potential signal responses. In this study, we examined electrophysiological and histopathological changes between contusion, distraction, and dislocation spinal cord injuries in a rat model. We found that contusion led to the most severe dorsal white matter injury and caused considerable attenuation of both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials. Dislocation resulted in loss of myelinated axons in the lateral region of the injured spinal cord along the rostrocaudal axis. The amplitude of attenuation in motor evoked potential responses caused by dislocation was greater than that caused by contusion. After distraction injury, extracellular spaces were slightly but not significantly enlarged; somatosensory evoked potential responses slightly decreased and motor evoked potential responses were lost. Correlation analysis showed that histological and electrophysiological findings were significantly correlated and related to injury type. Intraoperative monitoring of both somatosensory and motor evoked potentials has the potential to identify iatrogenic spinal cord injury type during surgery.


This article charts the rise of the 'Alternative for Germany' (Alternative für Deutschland or AfD) from its inception in late 2012 to its unexpectedly strong performance in the 2017 Federal election. In terms of the 'inward' aspect of Euroscepticism, the article considers the impact of the emergence of successively more hardline leaderships in 2015 and 2017, which led to a shift beyond opposition to aspects of the European integration process to a more profound critique of German society and politics. In terms of the 'outward' aspect, it assesses the significance of these developments in the wider debates around Euroscepticism and populism. The article concludes that the AfD's Euroscepticism is now nested within an ideological profile that increasingly conforms to the template of an orthodox European right-wing populist party. It argues that the widely unanticipated level of electoral support for the AfD in the 2017 Federal elections and its status as the main opposition party in the Bundestag is a systemic shock and potential critical juncture in the development of the German party system and the contestation of European integration in the Federal Republic.


Electronic publishing has been gaining ground in recent years and is now a recognized part of the digital world. In the most comprehensive assessment of electronic publishing to date, thirty-one scholars, librarians, and publishers focus specifically on scholarly publishing. They analyze a number of case studies and offer original insights on a range of topics, including the financial costs involved, market forces, appropriate technological standards, licensing issues, intellectual property, copyright and associated user rights, and the changing roles of researchers, publishers, and librarians. The editors begin with an overview of scholarly communication and develop a novel interpretation of the important role that technology now plays. Many of the following chapters are based on actual electronic publishing projects in the sciences, social sciences, and humanities, so the evidence and data are drawn from real-life experiences. Of special value are the attempts to measure costs and patterns of usage of electronic publishing and digital libraries. Electronic publishing has moved well past the experimental stage, and with numerous projects under way this seems an appropriate time to assess its impact on the academic world, from teaching to research to administration.


The 4d electronic structure of ruthenium in the perovskite oxides, La2MRuIVO6 (M = Zn, Mg, and Li) and Ba2YRuVO6, has been investigated by the Ru K-and L-edge XANES and EXAFS analyses. Such X-ray absorption spectroscopic results clarify that the RuIV (d4) and RuV (d3) ions are stabilized in nearly regular Oh site. Comparing the Ru L-edge XANES spectra of perovskites containing isovalent ruthenium, it has been found that the t2g state is mainly influenced by A site cation, whereas the eg is mainly affected by neighboring B site cation. The experimental EXAFS spectra in the range of R < or = approximately 4.5 A are well reproduced by ab-initio calculation based on crystallographic data, which supports the long-range structure presented by Rietveld refinement.


and Alla Heorhiadi In the United States organizational change and development work has a rich history, including the influence of Kurt Lewin, Rensis Likert, Douglas MacGregor, Warren Bennis, the socio-technical tradition of Tavistock, and more recently, work in large scale change, appreciative inquiry and chaos / complexity. In France, a different tradition has evolved, the Socio-Economic Approach to Management (SEAM). This movement, based in the Socio-Economic Institute of Firms and Organizations Research (ISEOR), began in 1973. SEAM shares many of the beliefs and practices of American OD, but adds some premises and practices that make this approach quite distinct. While courses on SEAM are taught at two business schools, Central Michigan University and New Mexico State, the SEAM approach is not widely known in the United States. There have been some articles and books (Boje & Gomez, 2008; Boje & Roslie, 2003; Buono & Savall, 2007) mentioning SEAM but they mostly describe how to do SEAM and are not specifically focused on the value system that underlies this approach. The purpose of this article is to introduce the reader to the SEAM approach, pointing out its values, along with similarities to and differences from traditional OD consulting. In a way, the SEAM approach seems simple. None of the steps is surprising for an American OD practitioner, and some of its management tools share common grounds with the OD tool-kits. A socioeconomic intervention "can be considered a 'machine for negotiating' innovative solutions, with the underlying goal of reducing the dysfunctions experienced by the enterprise" (Savall, 2007, p. 3). Innovative solutions are data driven and these data have accumulated over 35 years of experimenting into a solid database, which is part of why the SEAM intervention has been effective repeatedly. The difference comes from the deeper goals of the intervention, systemic aspect of the consulting team, and the researcher-intervener role of each consultant. SEAM offers a methodical, tested way to assess the hidden costs in an organization. Identifying such costs is not a practice one often finds in other management consulting, although there is the OD consultants' intuitive belief that the hidden costs are very real. Without the SEAM measurement, however, the hidden costs remain hidden, and can be easily shrugged off by managers as soft. SEAM is based on a set of values and a belief system about management that is different from traditional management premises. Traditional management features a fragmented analysis of organizations that is based on financial data without sufficient attention to the persons involved. SEAM, the socio-economic approach, factors both people and finances into analysis. The result is an intervention that works with the whole organizational system. A core belief of SEAM consultants is that organizations do not exist only to make money, they exist to serve society in general and all the employees in particular. Therefore SEAM rejects the idea that employees are human capital, a term that degrades employees Socio-Economic Approach to Management


Travelling routes and foraging areas of many bat species are mainly along edge habitats, such as treelines, hedgerows, forest edges, and canal banks. This thesis deals with the effects of density, configuration, and structural features of edge habitats on the occurrence of bats. Four hypothetical functions of edge habitats for bats were studied: foraging areas, shelter from wind, shelter from avian predators, and acoustical landmarks. Both wind and food abundance were found to affect the occurrence of foraging pipistrelle bats, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, near treelines. Feeding activity of pipistrelle bats was positively related to height, width and foliage density of treelines. The preference by pipistrelle bats of commuting routes leading from the roost to foraging areas was explained by the distribution of potentially good feeding sites at close distance from the roost. The results stress the importance of wind protected areas where bats can feed during windy conditions. Predator avoidance is argued to be a constraint on the movements of commuting bats at relatively high light levels, i.e. at dusk and dawn. Indications that vertical landscape elements play a role in the navigation by bats as acoustical landmarks come from a study where pond bats, Myotis dasycneme, commuting over canals gradually adapted their pulse emissions to the distance to the banks. Practical guidelines are provided to implement the results into the planning, conservation, and management of edge habitats for bats.


This paper quantitatively analyses the role of morphemes with respect to their types of origin. Static quantitative analysis of a given data set is not sufficient for this aim, as language data in general and terminological data in particular have the specific characteristic of being "incomplete" in the sense that many unseen elements are expected in the theoretical population. Thus, the quantitative structure of morphemes in terminology should be analysed dynamically, by observing the growth pattern of morphemes. In order to allow for that, we use binomial interpolation and extrapolation. Results of analyses of the terminologies of six different domains follow, revealing interesting characteristics of the role of morphemes of different types of origin that do not manifest themselves through static quantitative analysis.


Secret sharing of data has certainly not been a trouble-free task with improvements in cloud computing, and a precise consideration on data that is shared offers several advantages to general public as well as individuals. There are a variety of issues that are faced when data is shared with many participants. An assuring applicant that could be used to build a secure and dependable data sharing system is ring signature. Nevertheless, the main disadvantage of ring signature is expensive verification of certificate in typical PKI. Therefore, ID-based ring signature can be used because it removes certificate verification process. This study aims to advance ID-based ring signature. In other words, if a user's secret key has been conceded, then all heretofore created signs comprising the user continue to be effective. This characteristic is mainly significant to a sharing system that has large-scale data because it is practically not possible to request possessors of data to reconfirm their data although a single users' secret key has been conceded. In this study, we develop an ID-based block ring signature system for secret sharing of data.


Background Economic growth has been found to have a concave effect on road deaths. Road deaths increase at lower income levels, but decrease once has exceeded a threshold level. One would expect that, if the inverted U-shaped relationship for road deaths is valid, many road deaths would now be labelled as non-fatal road injuries at higher income levels. Objectives The study's objective is to understand how economic growth affects non-fatal road injuries and what factors underlie this relationship. Methods We apply a fixed effects negative binomial regression analysis on a panel dataset of 91 countries over the period 1963–2009. A number of variables that are related to the development of a country, such as improvements in medical services, democracy, political stability, vehicles per capita, the percentage of population live in urban areas, and adult alcohol consumption rate are included to account for this relationship. Results Results indicate that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between economic growth and non-fatal road injuries. The evidence presented in this study suggests that improvement in regulatory institution quality is accompanied by a lower number of non-fatal road injuries. On the other hand, improvements in medical care and technology, which have a reducing effect on road deaths, are associated with increases in non-fatal road injuries. Significance Results indicate that policies focused on improving the quality of regulatory institutions should be implemented alongside other strategies that are designed to improve medical care and technology, in order to achieve a sustainable improvement in road safety.


The article discusses the intertextual relationship between the poster by Marian Nowiński, Otello Desdemona, and the content of Shakespeare's play, while presenting the most important elements of the plot that are decisive for the portrayal of Desdemona. It also discusses the tradition of female nudes in Western art. This allows to usher out these characteristic features of elements of Desdemona that fashion her into Venus Caelestis and Venus Naturalis. The article focuses on the ambivalence of Nowiński's poster and discusses the significance of the paintings by Titian, Giorgione, and Fuseli in designing the figure of Desdemona as a goddess.


ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the level of self-referenced treatment adherence (TA) and its association with clinical and sociodemographic variables in patients with cystic fibrosis assisted at a reference center, as well as compare the level of self-referenced TA with that presumed by the multidisciplinary team. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included children and adolescents aged between 0-20 years with cystic fibrosis. Adolescents older than 14 years or their guardians, when younger than 14 years old, were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Professionals from the multidisciplinary clinic filled out another form with their impressions of the patients' TA. Clinical and laboratory data were obtained in the medical records. The TA was considered satisfactory if the total adherence index (TAI) was equal or higher than 80%. Results: 53 patients were included with a median age of 112 months. The mean TAI was 83.2%. The mean TAIs for dornase alfa, pancreatic enzymes, continued use of inhaled tobramycin, vitamins supplements, nutritional supplements and dietary orientation was respectively: 86.1; 96.6; 78.6; 88.1; 51.8 and 78%. Children younger than 14 years presented better TA (p=0.021). The correlation between the self-referenced TA and the one presumed by the multidisciplinary team ranged from 0,117 to 0.402, being higher for Psychology and Nutrition professionals. Conclusions: The TAI was high particularly among children younger than 14 years. There was a positive correlation between the self-referenced TA and the one presumed by the Psychology (p=0.032) and the nutrition (p=0.012) professionals.


Although many initiatives have been launched to achieve the ambitious Net Zero 2050 target, Malaysia is still struggling to control carbon emissions, particularly from electricity and heat generation. Fortunately, the potential to generate electricity from biomass in Malaysia reduces reliance on fossil fuels for power generation. Combining biomass gasification with a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) promises sustainable and more efficient performance than the traditional approach. To ensure optimal operation, the biomass-derived fuel should be compatible with the gasification system. A numerical simulation was carried out to gain insight into the feasibility of integrating hybrid gasification (GT) with SOFC based on selected biomass-derived fuels (i) palm oil mill effluent (POME) and (ii) refuse-derived fuel. A detailed anode-based planar SOFC model is developed and adopted into a gasification system that operates with an ideal gas under steady-state conditions. The other components considered in this study are a recuperator, combustor, and high-pressure turbine. A comprehensive energy balance for each stage was prepared to determine the overall performance of the system with higher accuracy. A detailed analysis shows that POME gave better results owing to its higher calorific value, resulting in higher thermal energy production. Reducing the required fuel flow rate has a positive effect on the overall performance compared with increasing the injected air flow rate. Furthermore, reducing the fuel flow rate tends to increase the combined efficiency. The study concludes that the fuel flow rate has a significant impact on the performance of the SOFC-GT hybrid system, particularly on combined efficiency and overall performance.


We propose and demonstrate using a single composite structure distributed Bragg reflector fiber laser (DBR-FL) for simultaneous sensing of refractive index (RI) and temperature. The FL structure consists of a pair of uniform fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) forming the laser cavity. A variable cavity attenuator made by a blazed FBG (BFBG) is written inside the cavity, which varies the optical loss upon changes in the surrounding RI. Simultaneous sensing is realized from the fact that the output power only varies with the surrounding RI, whereas the lasing wavelength with the temperature. The sensitivity of RI measurement of the proposed FL improved by several times in comparison with the passive BFBG sensor.


This article presents the result of investigation on the spatial and temporal changes in water quality of Uluabat Lake. It examines the relationship between water and sediment quality parameters, and assesses the factors affecting eutrophication. Water and sediment quality are examined at 8 stations in the lake between May 2008, and May 2009. Water and sediment quality parameters measured are T, pH, EC, SD, NH4-N, NO3-N, TN, PO4-P, TP. Also DO, alkalinity, hardness, SS, BOD, COD, Chl-a parameters in water and organic matter content in sediment are measured. SS, Chl-a, TP concentrations showed their maximum value in the summer (122.75 mg L-1 , 43.87 mg m-3 and 0.48 mg L-1 respectively), and their minimum value during winter (12 mg L-1, 6.80 mg m-3, 0.076 mg L-1 respectively). TN indicated a maximum concentration in summer (23.23 mg L-1) and a minimum during spring (3.89 mg L-1). This study reveals the importance of relationships between temperature DO and nutrients in water. Effect of pH, relation of temperature, conductivity with all nutrients in the sediment, and the differences between the seasons are designated as statistically significant. Water pollution has measured extremely high in station 8 according to Chl-a, BOD and COD parameters, and station 1 indicates the same situation with respect to nitrogen parameters. The results revealed the importance and the need for strict control of point and non-point pollution loads for the preservation of the Uluabat Lake's water quality. Compliance requirements should be set up for activities that could adversely affect water quality.


Our contribution aims to compare the Belgian public regulation of two biotechnology sectors: biomedicine (red biotechnology) and genetically modified organisms (GMOs, green biotechnology). The question that puzzles us is why GMO policy is more interventionist than the policy regarding assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Through documentary analyses, interviews and reputation approach, we highlight three main categories of explanation. First, the difference in terms of policy networks is of high relevance: a policy community in the field of biomedicine allows a looser regulation than the GMO issue network Second, polity peculiarities -such as the key role of political parties, the federalist structure and the (non) existence of an administrative agency- partly explain the differences between GMO- and ART- policies. Indeed, political parties adopt a more pro-active strategy towards GMO than biomedicine; federalism is implemented in a cooperative way and with a clear share of competencies in the GMO sector, but not in the case of ART; and while a Biosafety Agency ensures a multi-level coordination of GMO issues, such a centralising administration is still lacking for biomedicine. Thirdly, the pressure for harmonisation by the international and the European organisations is stronger in the agro-food and the environmental sector than in the biomedical sector. The generalisations that emerge from this analytical framework can help to formulate biopolicies in other sectors, such as genetic testing.


Cr and Cu offer the best possibilities of increasing the efficiency of Nd glass lasers. Unfortunately Cu must be discounted as it is pumped in the part of the UV which has to be blocked from the glass to prevent solarisation. Cr to Nd transfer is investigated by various methods. The classical method involving measuring lifetimes is shown to be misleading, at least for this pair of ions. A 45% efficient transfer from Cr to Nd was achieved, resulting in a glass of lower threshold and higher slope efficiency than pure Nd glass. A 35% increase in pumping efficiency was achieved.


SUMMARY There is recent evidence of bluetongue (BT) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus infection of cattle in the American tropics, including BT group reactive antibody in Colombian cattle. These observations prompted a study to determine serologically the specific BT and EHD virus types present, and time of infection and to collect Culicoides spp. as potential vectors. A prospective study of BT and EHD virus infection was done on two farms in the Colombian department of Antioquia. Sequential sampling of young cattle indicated acquisition of neutralizing antibody to BT virus serotypes 12, 14 and 17, and EHD virus serotypes 1 and 2. Insect captures showed a high association of Culicoides insignis with infected cattle.


A new polypyrrole derivative 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) phenyl 4-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) butanoate (NPB) was synthesized by chemical method and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. A new copolymer based on NPB and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene(EDOT) was electrochemically synthesized. Cyclic voltammogram and spectroelectrochemical characterization showed that the copolymer film had a well-defined reversible redox process as well as electrochromic behavior. Moreover, the copolymer film exhibited a multicolor electrochromism at different potentials, fast switching time of 0.8 s at 365 nm and an optical contrast of 17% at 1100nm.


OBJECTIVE
The goal of this study was to determine the cause of selected canine urolith formation using less conventional but more advanced analytical methods.

METHODS
A routine laboratory specialising in urinary calculi analysis noticed a special type of core zone in some canine uroliths, which was typically made up of cylindrical holes. Of 4028 canine samples analysed, non-absorbable suture material was detected in 9 (0·22%) cases. A hollow cylindrical central area was found in a further 13 (0·32%) samples. X-ray microtomography (μCT) was utilised in order to reveal the channel structure inside this urolith sample. Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry was used in order to assess the cause of this urinary stone formation.

RESULTS
The diameter of the channel structure corresponded with the diameter of the previously utilised suture material and indicated that this urolith was formed around residual suture material. Further confirmation was provided by the comparative matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionisation - time of flight mass spectrometry chemical analysis. This channel structure is formed by a surgical thread that serves as a base for the urolith growth.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Results of this study confirm the causative role of absorbable suture material in the pathogenesis of hollow channel structures in some canine compound uroliths.


Chronic fatigue is common, is difficult to measure, can be associated with considerable morbidity, and is rarely a subject of controversy. It is probably the most common symptom of illness affecting sufferers of both acute and chronic conditions. However, a growing interest in the health problem presented by fatigue both in clinical practice and research, coupled with a decreasing number of reported studies on fatigue in the last decade, make an updated and systemic review of factors related to fatigue necessary. Therefore the aim of this study was undertaken to investigate correlates of fatigue among patients with chronic airway limitation. Related factors may be described as any internal or external elements which have an effect on the person, family or community and which contribute to the existence, or maintenance of the person's health problem. The study sample compromised 90 patients.


Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western world. The deposition of lipoprotein cholesterol in the arterial wall is a critical early step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These atherogenic lipoproteins are then taken up by macrophages to transform into lipid-loaded foam cells. ATP-binding cassette transporter-Ai (ABCAi) is a membrane-bound protein that mediates efflux of cholesterol from cells, such as macrophages. Tangier disease, which arises due to mutations in the ABCAi gene, is associated with foam cells in a number of tissues and premature atherosclerosis. Proteins in HDL, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE), act as acceptors of cholesterol released from macrophages via the action of ABCAi, and take it to the liver where it can be excreted through the bile system. Increasing the expression of both ABCAi and apoE is therefore considered as a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis. Liver-X-receptors (LXRs) are members of a subfamily of nuclear receptors that are potent activators of ABCAi and apoE expression. Agonists of LXRs inhibit macrophage foam cell formation in vitro and atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. The signalling pathways through which LXR agonists induce the expression of ABCAi and apoE expression in macrophages are not known. The major aim of the studies presented in this thesis was to investigate such signalling pathways using the human macrophage THP-1 cell line as a model system with key findings confirmed in primary cultures. Both natural LXR agonists, such as combinations of 22-(R)-hydroxycholesterol (22-(R)-HC) and 9-cis-retinoic acid (9CRA), and synthetic ligands induced the expression of ABCAi and apoE. Such an induction of ABCAi and apoE expression was attenuated by treatment of the cells with pharmacological inhibitors of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase/stress- activated kinase (JNK/SAPK) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. The action of 22-(R)-HC and 9CRA was associated with activation of JNK/SAPK, its upstream component SEK1/MKK4 and its down-stream target c-Jun along with the key target for PI3K, protein kinase B (PKB). The role of these pathways was confirmed further by analysing the action of expression of dominant negative forms of key proteins on the activation of ABCAi promoter. In addition, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of JNK/SAPK was found to attenuate the induction of apoE expression. The action of these pathways culminated at the level of activator protein-1, a transcription factor that contains c-Jun, and whose binding sites are present in the regulatory regions of both the apoE and ABCAi genes. Finally, a potential cross-talk between the JNK/SAPK and PI3K pathways was identified in which protein kinase C played an important role. In conclusion, the studies presented in this thesis demonstrated, for the first time, an important role for a pathway involving PKB, PKC and JNK/SAPK cascade in the activation of ABCAi and apoE expression by LXR agonists, which has implications to macrophage foam cell formation and atherosclerosis.


The ever growing production and consumption of industrialized foods have increased the concern about supplementation and enrichment of food with vitamins and minerals, attempting the replenishment of the possible losses during their production processes, mainly the hydrosoluble vitamins, more specifically B2 vitamin or riboflavin. A subproduct of vegetal oil refining and the microorganism Candida guilliermondii DM 644 were used as the main substrate. The vitamin B2 was produced by the batch fermentation process using flasks with microorganism suspension, kept in orbital agitation, in the dark at 30°C for 24 hours. Optimization of the riboflavina production was carried out using a fractional factorial design, to evaluate the effects of oil substrate concentration, nitrogen source, pH, orbital agitation velocity, phosphate source, and yeast extract and the possible interactions. The maximum value of riboflavin concentration was 19.12µg/mL. The most important factors for riboflavin production were oil substrate concentration and nitrogen source, while phosphate source and yeast extract did not stimulate riboflavin production. The best conditions to produce riboflavin by C. guilliermondii DM 644 were: oil substrate 10g/L, urea 2.5g/L and pH 5.0. The orbital agitation velocity (200 and 400rpm) did not interfere in the biotechnological process.


Recruitment prediction is a key element for management decisions in many fisheries. A new approach using neural network is developed as a tool to produce a formula for forecasting fish stock recruitment. In order to deal with the local minimum problem in training neural network with back-propagation algorithm and to enhance forecasting precision, neural network's weights are adjusted by optimization algorithm. It is demonstrated that a well trained artificial neural network reveals an extremely fast convergence and a high degree of accuracy in the prediction of fish stock recruitment.


In several states, the universal gender binary has been challenged by the introduction of an official third sex. This article explains that paradigm shift in Germany by analyzing the successful introduction of a third sex category in 2018. Historical legacies of gender variance in the pre-modern and modern states are compared with the contemporary (re-)introduction of a third sex. I show that intersex activists and their transnational advocacy at the United Nations reframed the discourse from medical correction to legal protection. This study offers critical insights into the changing dynamics and meanings of gender, state power, and social movements.


In the Upper Mississippi Valley Croixan strata above the Franconia formation consist of dolomite and dolomitic siltstone and sandstone overlain by massive nondolomitic sandstone. Previous classifications of this succession have employed both faunal and lithologic criteria for discrimination of formations and members. The strata can readily be divided on lithologic characters alone, and such divisions are markedly time-transgressive from shoreward to basinward facies. The terminology adopted represents a return to early lithologic classifications in which the St. Lawrence and Jordan formations are recognized as the dolomitic strata and the massive sandstone, respectively. The St. Lawrence is further divided into the Black Earth member (sandy and silty dolomite) and the Lodi member (dolomitic siltstone and fine-grained silty and dolomitic sandstone). Faunal zones are largely independent of the lithologic units. It is urged that the term Trempealeau, previously employed as a formation name to include all these strata and also as a stage name, be restricted to Trempealeauan Stage.


The concept of clearing or netting, as defined in the glossaries of European Central Bank, has a great impact on the economy of a country influencing the exchanges and the interactions between companies. On short, netting refers to an alternative to the usual way in which the companies make the payments to each other: it is an agreement in which each party sets off amounts it owes against amounts owed to it. Based on the amounts two or more parties owe between them, the payment is substituted by a direct settlement. In this paper we introduce a set of graph algorithms which provide optimal netting solutions for the scale of a country economy. The set of algorithms computes results in an efficient time and is tested on invoice data provided by the Romanian Ministry of Economy. Our results show that classical graph algorithms are still capable of solving very important modern problems.


The Devonian Kess-Kess mounds, cropping out in the Hamar Laghdad Ridge (SE Morocco), provide a useful case-study for understanding the relationships between the microbial metabolic activities and micrite precipitation in an extreme environment. Very fine dark and white wrinkled laminae record microbial activity and the geochemistry of the organic matter allows the  characterization of the source organisms. The biogeochemical characterization of extracted organic matter was performed through the functional group analyses by FT-IR Spectroscopy. FT-IR parameters indicate a marine origin and low thermal evolution for the organic material. The organic matter is characterized by the presence of stretching ?C=C vibrations attributable to alkene and/or unsaturated carboxylic acids. Preliminary analysis with GC-MS provides evidence for an autochthonous (<C22) organic matter source for the free carboxylic acids. The origin of short-chain fatty acids that have a marked even over odd C number predominance is attributable to bacteria and/or algae and they are similar to those recorded in recent (Black Sea) and ancient (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous) methane-seep microbialites. These biogeochemical signatures of microbial carbonate precipitation in an ancient extreme environment may have implications in astrobiological research considering the recent discovery of carbonate deposits on Mars.


CAS IPP and MIT PSFC are collaborating on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), the first tokamak with superconducting toroidal and poloidal magnets and a testbed for technologies proposed for the ITER project. Presented in this paper are RF, disruption and thermal analyses of EAST antennas. All were performed by COMSOL commercial software package Version 5. Analyzed are the I port 4 strap and B port 2 × 2 strap antennas, which are currently installed on EAST. RF analysis over the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) gets insight into the coupling mechanism to optimize antenna plasma coupling. A lossy dielectric model was created which loads the antenna. The Scattering parameters (Sparameter) were extracted. Peak electric field parallel to the magnetic field of the straps, coaxes and other components were determined. Parametric analysis of the operation frequencies on the electric field are also performed. Disruption analysis addresses the impact of the magnetic field and plasma. Temporal currents of poloidal field and plasma as well as the spatial toroidal field were imported into the electromagnetic (EM) model. The structural analysis afterwards determined the stress due to antenna loads generated during the disruption. The loads resulted from the reaction of circulating eddy currents in the antennas with the toroidal and poloidal magnetic fields. Thermal analysis, a fluid - heat transfer - structural multiphysics analysis, performed for the strap and Faraday rod by applying heat loads from the plasma, ripple trapped particles and RF heating for steady state, are also presented. Finally, benefits of a future field-aligned 4 strap antenna were discussed.


HPV-associated anal and oral cancers are increasing. The reason is still unclear although sexual behavior changes in the general population are postulated as one of the factors. The incidence is drastically higher in specific risk groups, such as men who have sex with men, and HIV-1 infected individuals. Interestingly, anal cancer is predominant in women while a higher incidence of oral cancer is found in men. This review gives a brief summary of epidemic, risk factors, mechanisms, diagnosis, and treatment of these two HPV-associated cancers.


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

Macrophages are now known to play multiple roles in the progression and metastasis of many solid tumors. Although tumor-derived cytokines play a role in stimulating cytokine production by the macrophages, the extent of tumor-macrophage cross-talk remains to be explored. We have previously demonstrated that CD154:CD40 interactions are a dominant mechanism of contact-dependent communication between a variety of cell types. We therefore initiated a study of the role of CD154:CD40 interactions in tumor-macrophage interactions. Flow cytometric analysis reveals CD154 expression on 3LLC carcinoma cells. In corroboration of previous studies, co-culture of supernatants of tumor cell cultured with normal macrophages stimulated moderate cytokine production and this was equally effective with both CD40+/+ and CD40-/- macrophages. Co-culture of paraformaldehyde-fixed tumor cells with normal macrophages stimulated cytokine production by the macrophages, indicating that a cell contact dependent mechanism was also involved in the stimulation of macrophages by the tumor cells. Implantation of 3LLC tumors subcutaneously in CD40+/+ and CD40-/- mice resulted in similar growth of the primary tumor mass. However, no lung metastases were detectable in the CD40-/- mice. Bone marrow chimeric mice were generated by reconstituting irradiated CD40+/+ mice with either CD40+/+ or CD40-/- bone marrow. Nine weeks later, the splenic and peripheral blood leukocytes were >94% donor derived. Both recipients of CD40+/+ and CD40-/- bone marrow displayed similar growth of the primary tumor and similar frequency of lung metastases, indicating that CD40 expression by bone marrow derived macrophages was not critical for tumor metastasis. The study demonstrates that ligation of CD40 on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells may play critical roles in tumor progression and metastasis. This research was supported by grants from the Kentucky Lung Cancer Foundation (J.S.) and the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure (R.S.) and by an NRSA T32 Postdoctoral Training Grant (K.R.) and a Ruth Kirschstein T31 Predoctoral Fellowship (C.G.).

Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1342.


Changes in the mobility patterns have evoked concerns about the future availability of certain raw materials necessary to produce alternative drivetrains and related batteries. The goal of this article is to determine if resource use aspects are adequately reflected within life cycle assessment (LCA) case studies of electric vehicles (EV). Overall, 103 LCA studies on electric vehicles from 2009 to 2018 are evaluated regarding their objective, scope, considered impact categories, and assessment methods—with a focus on resource depletion and criticality. The performed analysis shows that only 24 out of 76 EV LCA and 10 out of 27 battery LCA address the issue of resources. The majority of the studies apply one of these methods: CML-IA, ReCiPe, or Eco-Indicator 99. In most studies, EV show higher results for mineral and metal resource depletion than internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV). The batteries analysis shows that lithium, manganese, copper, and nickel are responsible for the highest burdens. Only few publications approach resource criticality. Although this topic is a serious concern for future mobility, it is currently not comprehensively and consistently considered within LCA studies of electric vehicles. Criticality should be included in the analyses in order to derive results on the potential risks associated with certain resources.


Features of an instrument capable of measuring accurately cosmic gamma rays in the gigaelectronvolt energy range are discussed. The main component of this instrument is an electromagnetic calorimeter based on rods of CsI(Tl). The expected energy resolution is about 1% at 3 GeV. The use of such a calorimeter in a spaceborne experiment poses some technical problems. The temperature variation of the scintillation light yield must be accurately known in order to correct the data. The temperature dependence using cosmic ray muons and various radioactive sources is reported. The calibration of individual rods is crucial to achieving the desired resolution. Various methods of performing calibration in space, such as radioactive sources and cosmic rays, are discussed and it is concluded that a calibration procedure utilizing cosmic rays is feasible. Space experiments require stable low-power electronics. Readout electronics are presented, and estimates of noise and rates are given. >


The set of all partial functions over a set under a natural addition, functional composition and functional relation on the, forms a Γ-SO-ring. The concepts of prime bi-ideal, semi prime bi-ideals in ternary Γ-SO-ring are introduced.


In this paper, modeling methods for the structural dynamic analysis employing single reference frame are presented and their modal and transient analysis results are compared. The geometric stiffening effects often occur when structures undergo large overall motion. These effects were considered in several structural previous modeling methods but the role of reference frame has never been scrutinized. In this study, modeling methods employing single reference frame are presented, and their numerical results are compared. The results show that discrepancy between the two modeling methods increases as the eccentricity of the structural system and the magnitude of the large overall motion increase.


Transmission lines are the backbone of electrical power systems and other power utilities as they are used for transmission and distribution of power. Power is distributed to the end user through either overhead cables or underground cables. In the case of underground cables, their propensity to fail in service increases as they age with time. The increase in failure rates and system breakdowns on older underground power cables are now adversely impacting system reliability and many losses involved; therefore, it is readily apparent that necessary action has to be taken to manage the consequences of this trend. At any given length of a cable, its deterioration or indication of failure manifests itself through discrete defects. Identification of the type of defects and their locations along the length of the cables is vital in order to minimize the operating costs by reducing lengthy and expensive patrols to locate the faults, and to speed up repairs and restoration of power in the lines. In this paper, a method that combines wavelets and neuro-fuzzy technique for fault location and identification is proposed. A 100km, 220KV, 50Hz power transmission line model was developed and different faults and locations simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK, and then certain selected features of the wavelet transformed signals were used as inputs for training and development of the Adaptive Network Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS). The results obtained from ANFIS output were compared with the raw values. Comparison of the ANFIS output values and the actual values shows that the percentage error was established to be less than 2.5%. Thus, it can be concluded that the wavelet-ANFIS technique is accurate enough to be used in identifying and locating underground power line faults.


The effects of irrigation and foliar Cultar® on fruit yield and quality of 'Hass' avocados growing in a warm, humid subtropical climate were studied during the growing season of 1993/94. Seven-year-old trees were re-watered to field capacity when tensiometer readings reached 20, 40 or 70 kPa, and fruit growth, yield and quality were assessed. Well-watered trees (20 kPa) had twice the yield of the least watered trees (70 kPa) due mainly to higher fruit numbers and more consistent yield between trees. Fruit quality (size, shelf life, disease and disorders, and fruit minerals concentration) was not affected by irrigation regimes. Seven-year-old 'Hass' trees were either fertilised with 1 kg tree -1 of urea at panicle emergence, foliar sprayed with 2.5 g a.i.L -1 Cultar® at mid-bloom, both urea and Cultar® treatments applied, or untreated. The urea + Cultar® combination increased fruit size, with a greater percentage of fruit in the larger size categories. Cultar® alone increased the days from harvest to maximum ethylene production at 22oC, and fruit calcium concentrations.


Rodent transgenesis and human-assisted reproductive programs involve multistep handling of preimplantation embryos. The efficacy of production and quality of results from conventionally scheduled programs are limited by temporal constraints other than the quality and quantities of embryos per se. The emergence of vitrification, a water ice-free cryopreservation technique, as a reliable way to arrest further growth of preimplantation embryos, provides an option to eliminate the time constraint. In this article, current and potential applications of cryopreservation to facilitate laboratory animal experiments, colony management, and human-assisted reproductive programs are reviewed. Carrier devices developed for vitrification in the last two decades are compared with an emphasis on their physical properties that infer cooling rate of samples and sterility assurance. Biological impacts of improved cryopreservation on preimplantation embryos are also discussed.


Background: Bloodstream infections (BSI) have a high incidence and high mortality in the worldwide. The mortality rate is variable between 20-70%. Therefore, early and timely detection of BSI agent in clinical laboratories is necessary. The aim of this study was to determine an efficient diagnostic tool to septicemia in accompany of blood culture method by Real-time PCR (using panbacterial 23S rRNA gene). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in two analytical and clinical stages in Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from October 2014 to June 2015. In analytical stage, sensitivity (by serial dilution from 10 4 to 1 CFU/ml) and specificity of the primer were evaluated with the Staphylococcus aureus (as Gram positive indicator bacteria) and Escherichia coli (as Gram-negative indicator bacteria), human genome (from Hella cell culture), Candida albicans yeast and Aspergillus fumigatus fungus. In clinical stage, 121 blood samples were collected from patients suspected to sepsis in intensive care unit (ICU) from Hamadan University Hospitals. Finally, the results of Re-al-time PCR and blood culture methods were compared. Results: The Real-time PCR showed a sensitivity ranging from 2 to 10 target copies per reaction to the whole blood for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus respective-ly. The specificity of this method was evaluated and no false positive amplification was identified. 57.85% (70 cases) of the samples were positive by Real-time PCR and 13.22% (16 cases) of the samples were positive by blood culture. However, none of the cases that were positive by blood culture were negative in Real-time PCR. As well as, 44.62% (54 cases) of cases were positive by Real-time PCR but blood culture showed no bacteria in the samples, and 42.15% (51 cases) were negative by both methods. Cor-relation or agreement of Kappa was 0.20, that indicating poor agreement between the two methods. Conclusion: Real-time PCR is more sensitive than blood culture and also, because of high sensitivity of this primer by Real-time PCR, we can use it for screening blood samples from suspected patients of sepsis. Abstract


Danish politicians' interest in using higher education institutions (HEIs) as policy instruments in regional development initiatives has increased significantly in recent years. Recent initiatives include the establishment of regional learning centres and study stations. This article has two overall research objectives. The first objective is to discuss the use of regional learning centres and study stations and to discuss an overall conceptual framework for the establishment and running of physical and virtual learning centres or study stations. The second objective is to discuss the use of seasonal capacity scaling in the educational sector. The discussion is based on a concrete case from a regional area of Denmark supplemented with interviews of both students, teachers and programme managers. Our framework shows that seasonal capacity scaling of educational offerings based on a combined physical and virtual framework may be beneficial when establishing and running learning centres or study stations.


Life satisfaction and self-efficacy are important aspects of stroke rehabilitation. Previous research focuses on Western stroke survivors, neglecting the stroke experience in the Middle East. This research was conducted in Kuwait and entailed both quantitative and qualitative phases to obtain a more comprehensive, clinically relevant understanding of self-efficacy and life satisfaction during stroke rehabilitation in this culture. The aims were to: 1) investigate the relationships between self-efficacy and life satisfaction in female patients affected by stroke (Phase 1); and 2) explore health professionals' views regarding the importance of self-efficacy and possible strategies for enhancing self-efficacy during rehabilitation, through semi-structured interviews (Phase 2). Significant correlations were found between patients' general self-efficacy, and psychosocial adaptation self-efficacy following stroke. Self-efficacy (both general and psychosocial adaptation) showed significant correlations with life satisfaction post-stroke. Health professionals (more than half of whom were physiotherapists) recognised the importance of self-efficacy within stroke rehabilitation and identified five main ways to increase self-efficacy during stroke rehabilitation. These were to: 1) motivate and encourage patients; 2) provide more education about stroke and rehabilitation; 3) identify change; 4) offer a high-quality environment and therapy; and 5) set goals. In conclusion, psychosocial self-efficacy was identified as having a stronger relationship to life satisfaction compared with general self-efficacy within this sample of Kuwaiti female patients. Health professionals suggested various strategies for enhancing self-efficacy and thereby life satisfaction post-stroke during the rehabilitation process in Kuwait. Despite the collectivist culture of Kuwait, the findings indicate that the patient's own confidence and sense of responsibility for progress may be relevant to rehabilitation.


A set of statistical tools is proposed for the optimization of an alternating current-direct current voltage or current transfer step-up scheme. These tools are used to remove standards with level dependence and instabilities and to discard unusual measurements with the aim of minimizing the uncertainties. The method was applied to the new Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Industrial current step-up


The advent of fast, unprecedentedly scalable, yet energy-hungry exascale supercomputers poses a major challenge consisting in sustaining a high performance per watt ratio. While much recent work has explored new approaches to I/O management, aiming to reduce the I/O performance bottleneck exhibited by HPC applications (and hence to improve application performance), there is comparatively little work investigating the impact of I/O management approaches on energy consumption.
 In this work, we explore how much energy a supercomputer consumes while running scientific simulations when adopting various I/O management approaches. We closely examine three radically different I/O schemes including time partitioning, dedicated cores, and dedicated nodes. We implement the three approaches within the Damaris I/O middleware and perform extensive experiments with one of the target HPC applications of the Blue Waters sustained-petaflop supercomputer project: the CM1 atmospheric model. Our experimental results obtained on the French Grid'5000 platform highlight the differences between these three approaches and illustrate in which way various configurations of the application and of the system can impact performance and energy consumption.