The introduction of new immunosuppressive agents and protocols has improved outcomes for renal transplant recipients by decreasing the risk of rejection and by increasing the function and lifespan of the allograft. This article reviews the major changes in the combinations of therapies used: calcineurin inhibitors, target of rapamycin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, non-depleting monoclonal versus depleting monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies for induction and increasing emphasis on protocols for reduction or avoidance of steroids and calcineurin inhibitors. The new agents with novel immunological targets such as anti-CD40 ligand, LEA29Y, FTY720, anti-CD20 (rituximab, Rituxan™, Mabthera™) and anti-CH52 (alemtuzumab, Campath™), which are under development but have yet to survive the rigors of clinical trials are also discussed. In the presence of low early rejection rates, immunosuppressive therapy is setting new goals such as better graft function (glomerular filtration rates), reduction in adverse effects such as hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and drug toxicity and, above all, the prevention of late graft deterioration.


A selection of 15 Chinese painted enameled porcelains from the 18th century (Qing dynasty) was analyzed on-site by mobile Raman and XRF microspectroscopy. The highly prized artifacts are present in the collections of the Musée du Louvre in Paris and Musée Chinois at Fontainebleau Castle in France. In the painted enamels, pigments such as Naples yellow lead pyrochlore, hematite, manganese oxide and carbon and opacifiers such as lead arsenates were detected. The glassy matrices of the enamels mainly belonged to lead-rich and lead-alkali glass types according to the Raman spectra obtained. The glaze and body phases of the porcelain artifacts were also analyzed. The detection of lead arsenate apatite in some of the blue enamels was significant, indicating the use of arsenic-rich European cobalt ores (smalt) and possibly mixing with Asian cobalt. This characteristic phase has also been identified in French soft-paste porcelains and glass decor and high-quality Limoges enamels from the same period. Based on the shape of the Raman scattering background, the presence of colloidal gold (Au° nanoparticles) was identified in red, orange and pink enamels. Different types of Naples yellow pigments were also detected with Sb-rich, Sn-rich and mixed Sb–Sn–(Zn, Fe?) compositions in the yellow enamels. The results were compared to previous data obtained on Chinese cloisonné and painted enameled metalware and Limoges enamels as well as French enameled watches.


Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) has become ubiquitous in the majority of mobile devices that connect wirelessly. With the increase in the number of devices, the probability of congestion also increases in a network. Data channels of the BLE use frequency hopping, but it is not available for advertising channels. The capability of the BLE for providing a wide range of parameters settings ensures the impressive potential for BLE devices to customize their discovery latency. But communication before connection setup is not synchronous and both the scanning devices and the advertising devices are unaware of the timing parameters of each other. This can lead to inefficient advertiser device discovery. To resolve this issue, an algorithm is proposed to reduce the average latency per advertiser experienced due to the increase in the number of BLE devices in a vicinity. It is observed that the average latency has shown improvement in the range of 35% to 55%, depending on different simulated scenarios. Due to this improvement the overall energy consumption is also reduced.


This article develops a hierarchical framework for capture-recapture data that separates the capture process from the demographic processes of interest, such as birth and survival. This allows users to parameterize in terms of meaningful demographic parameters. The framework is very flexible with many of the current capture-recapture models included as special cases. The hierarchical nature of the model allows natural expression of relationships, both between parameters and between parameters and the realization of random variables, such as population size. Previously, many of these relationships, such as density dependence have been unable to be explored using capture-recapture data. Density dependence, where survival and birth rates depend on the population size, is an interesting special case. We fit a density-dependent model to male Gonodontis bidentata data and report evidence of negative density dependence in percapita birth rates and weak evidence of negative density dependence in survival.


Rivara described regulation and legislation as having become part of the Holy Trinity of injury control along with education and product or environmental modification.1 I hope to demonstrate that the kinds of regulation that are effective relate not only to demanding or encouraging behavioural changes but also that they contribute greatly to modification of the product and environment.

Why regulate at all? Free marketers find regulation abhorrent and argue that the market will find the most efficient level of safety, balancing marginal costs and benefits. However, this hypothesis has to be measured against the expectations of society.

### PUBLIC PROTECTION

Safety is often claimed to be a right of the individual. John F Kennedy's four consumer rights, which have served as the basis of the United Nations Consumer Protection Guidelines and the consumer policy of the European Union, include the right to safety. This accepted right is often used as justification in itself for regulatory intervention in the marketplace. However, in many ways the market mechanism may be more efficient than many safety advocates wish to admit. Regulatory intervention is not always necessary, although Asch asserts that government safety regulation may be vastly preferable to a purely private system of safety decisions.2 There are in any event instances where we can talk of a market failure that entirely justifies regulatory action. We can identify three principle cases in relation to injury control issues; these are listed below.

#### (1) Public good and externalities

These present some of the clearest cases of market failure and thus the strongest arguments for collective intervention. Public good relates to consumption by society in general, for example the use of public services and interventions such as safe highway design or enhancements to public buildings. Externalities is a term economists use to describe spillovers, knock-on effects, or side effects. We could describe this …


Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

Overall survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has dramatically changed over past ten years by the introduction of targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it has been reported that more than half of patients eventually relapse after the cessation of TKIs, suggesting that CML cells including leukemic stem cell (LSC) cannot be completely eradicated by TKIs. To this end, the identification of targets expressed in LSC is crucial for developing highly effective therapies for CML. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression of cancer testis antigen KU-MEL9, which was found in melanoma research, in a variety of human cell lines. This gene was highly expressed in several cell lines of hematological malignancies including CML and multiple myeloma (MM). We then investigated the gene expression of KU-MEL9 in bone marrow samples from 20 CML patients by standard RT-PCR method. Gene expression of KU-MEL9 were found in 17 patients (85%), and correlated with the expression of BCR-ABL fusion gene in most of the cases. On the other hand, 6 samples from normal donors didn't express this gene. In 2 CML patients who achieved a molecular remission with imatinib, the expression of KU-MEL9 gene was still observed, although BCR-ABL gene was not detected. It suggested that KU-MEL9 was expressed in residual CML cells including LSC and could be a more sensitive biomarker for CML patients. We also examined the possibility of KU-MEL9 being as a target of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) for immunotherapy to eradicate remaining LSCs after TKI treatment. Although this study had limited number of patient sample, KU-MEL9 may be a useful target for diagnosis and treatment for CML patients.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2682. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2682


Field surveys and aerial photographs were used to measure the rate of migration of a bend of the Brandywine Creek near Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania. Velocities near the bank were measured in the field during high flows and also estimated by solving a form of the St. Venant equations. Engineering properties of the bank soils and the spatial density of trees growing along the bank were also measured. The data indicate that rates of bank migration are linearly related to the magnitude of the near-bank velocity. If the St. Venant equations are used to estimate the near-bank velocity, the data also suggest that erosion rates are proportional to ub - U, where ub is the near-bank velocity and U is the reach-averaged velocity. In addition, rates of bank migration are reduced where the density of silver maples (Acer saccharinum) is high. Boxelder (Acer negundo) and white ash (Fraxinus americana) are also found along the bend, but these species do not noticeably influence rates of bank migration.


This paper presents a distributed expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm over sensor networks. In the E-step of this algorithm, each sensor node independently calculates local sufficient statistics by using local observations. A consensus filter is used to diffuse local sufficient statistics to neighbors and estimate global sufficient statistics in each node. By using this consensus filter, each node can gradually diffuse its local information over the entire network and asymptotically the estimate of global sufficient statistics is obtained. In the M-step of this algorithm, each sensor node uses the estimated global sufficient statistics to update model parameters of the Gaussian mixtures, which can maximize the log-likelihood in the same way as in the standard EM algorithm. Because the consensus filter only requires that each node communicate with its neighbors, the distributed EM algorithm is scalable and robust. It is also shown that the distributed EM algorithm is a stochastic approximation to the standard EM algorithm. Thus, it converges to a local maximum of the log-likelihood. Several simulations of sensor networks are given to verify the proposed algorithm.


Nitric oxide (NO), identified as the mediator of endothelium-dependent relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, is known to cause a number of inflammatory conditions, especially in ischemla/reperfusion injury. This experimental study, using a rabbit epigastric island flap, was designed to investigate whether skin flap ischemia followed by reperfusion-influenced serum NO and c-GMP concentrations in the flap. In addition, we also investigated the premedicated effects of the NO synthase inhibitor and heparin on serum NO and c-GMP concentrations in skin flap ischemia/reperfusion. Serum NO concentration after 15,30,45, and 60 minutes of ischemia followed by reperfusion significantly increased compared with that in nonischemic control and elevated flaps. On the contrary, serum NO concentration was suppressed in L-NAME or aminoguanidine pretreated animals with ischemic group. Administration of heparin increased the serum NO concentration in elevated flaps, but suppressed it in ischemic flaps followed by reperfusion. The changes in serum c-GMP and NO concentrations were related in all of the experimental groups. These results suggest that NO may be derived from vascular endothellal cells and dilate peripheral vessels in compensation for ischemia.


This high-resolution, accurate-mass system, combined with the new SWATH Acquisition 2.0, is for proteomic data challenges for advanced biomarker discovery and systems biology. The solution enables the quantification of thousands of proteins across large sample sets with data completeness and quantitative accuracy and precision. AB SCIEX SWATH Acquisition incorporates a data-independent acquisition strategy and can fragment every detectable peptide in the sample to acquire quantitative MS/MS data. According to AB SCIEX, this approach has been shown to increase the capacity of targeted proteomics experiments by more than 30-fold and reduce study time by as much as 90%. The increased dynamic range of the TripleTOF 6600 System allows deeper interrogation of complex samples, and variable window acquisition and the SWATH 2.0 processing software improve quantitative results. According to AB SCIEX, its BioPharmaView Software automates core workflows with investigative capabilities and fast data acquisition for the characterization of biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies and emerging protein classes at both the intact protein and peptide levels. The software can efficiently analyze and compare batches while monitoring critical quality attributes according to the Food and Drug Administration's well-characterized biotherapeutic product model. More: www.absciex.com


The interaction of a zwitterionic
surfactant with the water treatment protein extracted from Moringa oleifera has been investigated by surface tension and
ultrasonic velocity measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of
zwitterionic surfactant was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.3 mM by both techniques and the partial specific volume ν = 0.78 ± 0.06 cm3/g for the protein was found. There seems to be a mild
interaction between the protein and the surfactant as shown by surface tension
measurements. The ultrasonic velocity was found to decrease in the vicinity of the critical micelle concentration which may be due to micelle aggregates formation and
the protein caused a shift of the surfactant's CMC to a higher concentration.


In Kenya, foliar fertilizers have not found use in tea production despite their numerous advantages as exhibited in other crops. A fertilizer trial test was established in three sites of the major tea growing regions, with 36 plots per site to determine the effects of foliar fertilizer application on tea quality. Two foliar fertilizers were tested; foliar fertilizer 1 (FF1) and foliar fertilizer 2 (FF2), with a positive control of soil fertilizer (SF) and a blank. Two leaves and a bud tea samples were collected every two weeks after each foliar fertilizer application. These were then analyzed for tea quality (total polyphenols, TP), nutrient residues for the different clones and geographical locations. The TP contents for clone TRFK 31/8 were as follows: FF1 = 17.8%, FF2 = 17.9%, SF = 16.56% and Zero = 17.4%. Tukey-Kramer pair wise comparison test results between the foliar fertilizers and SF showed that the FF1 (HSD = 4.78) and FF2 (HSD = 5.27) fertilizers had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of TP content as compared to control SF fertilizer. Nutrients analyzed had average means as follows: N = 4% - 5%, P = 0.25% - 0.28%, K = 1.35% - 1.69%, Ca = 0.3 0.5 ppm, Mg = 0.19 - 0.27 ppm, Mn = 0.05 - 0.13 ppm, Zn = 25 - 40.5 ppm, Cu = 11 - 17 ppm and Fe = 72 - 122 ppm. The nutrient residue levels had non-significantly statistical differences at P < 0.05 level between pairs of zero applied plots and the FF1, FF2 and SF applied plots respectively. It was concluded that the foliar fertilizers increased the TP content in tested tea samples and the nutrients analyzed were all within the dietary reference intake (DRI) levels for SF, FF1 and FF2. Overall, the foliar fertilizer increased the quality of the tested tea samples.


In today's world, where global warming is one of the greatest human challenges, sustainable energy generation is becoming increasingly relevant. The use of green and clean energy sources is the best way to minimize CO2, CO, NOX and other emissions of conventional energy usage. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are more beneficial and an exciting application to set up an eco-friendly green educational campus. In this regard, the potential sites within Tribhuvan University, Institute of Engineering, Purwanchal Campus, Dharan city, Nepal are analysed for grid-tied solar PV power plant installation to meet the 100% energy demand of the campus using energy, economic and environment-friendly analysis. The daily, monthly and annual load and solar irradiance data of past years of the campus have been analysed to estimate the solar PV plant's capacity and system performance using PVSYST V7.0 software analysis tools .The simulation results show that 110 kWp of solar PV power plant will be sufficient for the entire campus to qualify for the first fully green-powered campus in Nepal, which corresponds to fulfill 66.4 MWh/year daytime energy demand out of total 161 MWh/year energy consumption of the campus with a capacity to generate a total of 181.5 MWh/year energy from the designed solar PV system. The result also shows that 115.1 MWh/year of surplus energy produced from the PV power plant can be injected into the utility grid to yield considerable savings in utility cost. On the basis of these results, campus authorities and stakeholders may commit to investing and implementing of this project to ensure that the campus is completely green.


Background Resectability of liver metastasis is important to establish a treatment strategy for colorectal cancer patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of distance from metastasis to the center of the liver on the resectability and patient outcomes after hepatectomy.Methods Clinical data of a total of 124 patients who underwent hepatectomy for colorectal cancer with liver metastasis were retrospectively reviewed. We measured the minimal length from metastasis to the bifurcation of the portal vein at the primary branch of the Glissonean tree and defined it as "Centrality". Predictive effects on positive resection margin and overall survival of centrality were statistically analyzed.Results The value as a predictive factor for the positive resection margin of centrality was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic curve (area under the curve = 0.72, P<0.001) and centrality ≤ 1.5 cm was an independent risk factor the positive resection margin in multivariate analysis. Total number of metastases ≥ 3 and centrality ≤ 1.5 cm were significant risk factors of overall survival after Cox regression analysis. Patients with these two risk factors (n=21) had worse 5-year overall survival (10.7%) than patients with one (n=35, 58.3%) or no risk factor (n=68, 69.2%).Conclusion Centrality was related with the positive resection margin of deeply located liver metastasis. Centrality should be considered to establish the surgical strategy for patients with advanced colorectal cancer with liver metastasis.


This paper aims to elucidate the application of feedback linearization in systems having nonsmooth nonlinearities. With the aid of analytical expressions originating from classical feedback linearization theory, it is demonstrated that for a subset of nonsmooth systems, ubiquitous in the structural dynamics and vibrations community, the theory holds soundly. Numerical simulations on a three-degree-of-freedom aeroservoelastic system are carried out to illustrate the application of feedback linearization for a specific control objective, in the presence of dead-zone and piecewise linear structural nonlinearities in the plant. An in-depth study of the arising zero dynamics, based on a combination of analytical formulations and numerical simulations, reveals that asymptotically stable equilibria exist, paving the way for the application of feedback linearization. The latter is demonstrated successfully through pole placement on the linearized system.


Purpose
This paper aims to evaluate the factors that dictate the design of a mini unmanned aircraft system (UAS).

Design/methodology/approach
This paper analyses various dimensions that dictate the design criteria for a mini UAS.

Findings
Compared to civil applications, design of mini UAS for military application is much more challenging owing to combat restrictions. Topics related to civil applications dominate research in the field of mini UAS, with over 60% of the papers accounting for civil applications. Limited published articles related to military applications are available. While 86% of the in-production mini UAS is primarily meant for military applications, only 9% of the research is devoted to military applications of mini UAS. Most mini UAS, although designed primarily for military applications, are also extensively used for various civil applications. Critical aspects that influence the employment of mini UAS in the tactical battlespace are area of interest, type of operation, type of operational tasks, terrain and network-centric operations. All these factors collectively impact the design of a mini UAS.

Practical implications
According to various studies, mini UAS is the fastest growing segment amongst all classes of UAS. This paper will provide vital inputs to the designers and manufacturers of mini UAS for both military and civil applications.

Social implications
Mini UAS are in the list of "must-have" for modern militaries across the world and is also growing exponentially in the civil domain. Therefore, it is important to understand the critical factors that dictate the design of mini UAS.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, such an analysis is not available in the open domain.


Revolutionary and beneficial as it may be, the ever-increasing platform innovation effectuates regulatory issues that constitute a focal concern of the literature on platform governance. This article discusses, for the first time, the instrumental role of corporate governance in underpinning platform governance. Specifically, a stakeholder perspective provides a catalyst for the chemical combination of platform governance and corporate governance. While the stakeholder theory is not without criticism, the characteristics of online platforms lend extra support to the theory in the platform context. The article identifies several major mechanisms for channelling platform governance through corporate governance, i.e., board representation in an information capacity; independent directors; and stakeholder committees. In contrast, an economic analysis suggests that board representation in a voting capacity is not appropriate for the purpose of platform governance. As an 'obiter dictum', this article also challenges a position that corporate governance, which arose from traditional industrial capitalism, may impede platform innovation, which falls within the paradigm of the modern economy. It is demonstrated that corporate governance even in this traditional, shareholder-oriented formation provides an institutional framework that is conducive to entrepreneurship and innovation. Therefore, the new era of the platform economy highlights, rather than negates, the significance of corporate governance.
Platform governance, online platform, corporate governance, stakeholder theory, shareholder primacy


A 2016 task force convened by multiple societies proposed a new definition of sepsis, termed Sepsis 3. The new clinical diagnosis of sepsis is based on variation points in the Sequential (Sepsis-related) Organ Assessment Score (SOFA) and excluded Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) as a criterion for defining the diagnosis. Although the new definitions have provided improvements in understanding the disease, the main concern generated by Sepsis 3 is the reduced sensitivity to detect cases that might have an unfavorable course, mainly in early conditions. By limiting the diagnosis to organic dysfunction, the new concept tends to select a more severely ill population. In this way, biomarkers to diagnose sepsis may allow early intervention, which can reduce the risk of death. Although lactate is currently the most commonly used biomarker to identify sepsis, other biomarkers may help to enhance lactate's effectiveness and may be used as a tool for staging the disease, prognosis, and response to intervention. The objective of this chapter is to present possible new biomarkers that are clinically relevant.


Hayabusa2 is the second asteroid sample return mission by JAXA. The ion engine system (IES) for Hayabusa2 is based on that developed for Hayabusa with modifications necessary to improve durability, to increase thrust by 20%, and to reflect on lessons learned from Hayabusa mission. Hayabusa2 will rendezvous with a near-earth asteroid 1999 JU3 and will take samples from its surfaces. More scientific instruments than Hayabusa including an impactor to make a crater and landers will be on board thanks to the thrust enhancement of the IES. An improved neutralizer with stronger magnetic field for longer life has been under endurance test in diode mode since August 2012 and has accumulated the operational hours of 25600 h (> mission requirement: 14000 h) by July 2015. The IES flight model was developed within 2.5 years. The spacecraft was launched from Tanegashima Space Center in Kagoshima Prefecture on-board an H-IIA launch vehicle on December 3, 2014.


A methodology was developed to design the front end structure of a car with a short front-end to meet Frontal Impact safety requirements. The methodology is based on CAE tools, and it is to be applied in the early stages of the design process. It includes setting the vehicle target pulse, obtaining the component targets, designing the structural components and sub-systems, and evaluating the vehicle system by Finite Element analysis. The process is based in two CAE tools, an FCRASH Finite Element Hybrid model for the structural analysis, and a MADYMO model for the occupant simulation. The Hybrid model was chosen for the structural analysis in order to allow the upgrade of the CAE model during the different stages of the design process. Modifications of the process are discussed in order to meet different crash requirements.


SUMMARY The sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus), a cyprinid fish native to continental Europe and now established in the UK, is experiencing population decline which appears to be linked to the spread of the invasive Asian cyprinid (Pseudorasbora parva). A population of sunbleak in the UK has previously been identified as infected with S. destruens at low prevalence. Because Sphaerothaecum destruens has, on occasion, caused severe disease in cultured and wild salmonids the aim of this work was to establish laboratory cultures of S. destruens from sunbleak in the UK and use these cultures in challenge experiments to determine if the UK isolate of S. destruens from cyprinid species is a potential threat to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The first isolation and culture of S. destruens in the UK and from a cyprinid species is described. Cultured S. destruens spores from sunbleak are infective to EPC, CHSE and FHM cells, replicating most rapidly in FHM and EPC cells. Spores can be induced to zoosporulate in water forming motile, uni-flagellated zoospores. Challenge experiments indicated the spores are able to replicate and disperse in Atlantic salmon and are associated with increased mortality (up to 90%) when injected intraperitonealy.


Digital library research is mostly focused on the generation of large collections of multimedia resources and state-of-the-art tools for their indexing and retrieval. However, digital libraries should provide more than advanced collection maintenance and retrieval services since the ultimate goal of any (academic) library is to serve the scholarly needs of its users. This paper begins by presenting a case for digital scholarship in which patrons perform all scholarly work electronically. A proposal is then made for patron-augmented digital libraries (PADLs), a class of digital libraries that supports the digital scholarship of its patrons. Finally, a prototype PADL (called Synchrony) providing access to video segments and associated textual transcripts is described. Synchrony allows patrons to search the library for artifacts, create annotations/original compositions, integrate these artifacts to form synchronized mixed text and video presentations and, after suitable review, publish these presentations into the digital library if desired. A study to evaluate the PADL concept and the usability of Synchrony is also discussed. The study revealed that participants were able to use Synchrony for the authoring and publishing of presentations and that attitudes toward PADLs were generally positive.


In Russia, the word "postmodern" has become an ideological battle cry. Opponents of the regime use it to describe the amoral policies of the Kremlin. The apologists of the Kremlin strongly criticise a "postmodern dictatorship" of the West, against which Russia must defend its national or imperial "values". Both interpretations are misunderstandings. What the critics of the Kremlin mean is cynicism. What the apologists of the Kremlin do is cynical. They remove the essence of postmodern thinking that is critical of ideology and use the remaining husk of the term to describe an alleged process of self-destruction in the West and to legitimise their own reactionary project that is presented as being "modern".


Automated Driving Systems (ADS) hold great potential to increase safety, mobility, and equity. However, without public acceptance, none of these promises can be fulfilled. To engender public trust, many entities in the ADS community participate in standards development organizations (SDOs) with the goal of enhancing safety for the entire industry through a collaborative approach. The breadth and depth of the ADS safety standardization landscape is vast and constantly changing, as often is the case for novel technologies in rapid evolution. The pace of development of the ADS industry makes it hard for the public and interested parties to keep track of ongoing SDO efforts, including the topics touched by each standard and the committees addressing each topic, as well as make sense of the wealth of documentation produced. Therefore, the authors present here a simplified framework for abstracting and organizing the current landscape of ADS safety standards into high-level, long term themes. This framework is then utilized to develop and organize associated research questions that have not yet reached widely adopted industry positions, along with identifying potential gaps where further research and standardization is needed.


This study examined the leadership development of MBA students enrolled in an Organizational Behavior course. Students enrolled in either an in-class section or a section that included an intensive, outdoor training component called Leadership on the Edge. Results from Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory (2003) showed that students in the outdoor training section demonstrated greater improvements in leadership practices over the course of the semester. Reflective comments from students in the outdoor section indicated it was a transformative personal experience that is unlikely to be emulated in a classroom. Implications for leadership educators are discussed.


In this paper, we discuss the problem of the identification of radio operating in the steady state. We finish the mathematical model of the radio operating in the steady state, analyze the lack of existing bispectrum characteristics extraction algorithm and the reasons. We propose the improved identification algorithm based on the classic rectangular integral bispectrum algorithm. The mathematical deduction show that this algorithm applies to any order of high order spectral characteristics extraction algorithm. The experiment with measured data has verified the validity and reliability of the new algorithm. Contrary to classic bispectrum identification algorithm and continuous wavelet transform identification algorithm, the identification rate increase from 90% to 98%. Furthermore, the calculation is greatly reduced at the same identification rate.


The androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the steroid receptor superfamily that plays critical roles in the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and in prostate cancer. Actions of AR are controlled by interaction with several classes of coregulators. In this study, we have identified LATS2/KPM as a novel AR-interacting protein. Human LATS1 and LATS2 are tumor suppressors that are homologs of Drosophila warts/lats. The interaction surface of LATS2 is mapped to the central region of the protein, whereas the AR ligand binding domain is sufficient for this interaction. LATS2 functions as a modulator of AR by inhibiting androgen-regulated gene expression. The mechanism of LATS2-mediated repression of AR activity appears to involve the inhibition of AR NH2- and COOH-terminal interaction. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in human prostate carcinoma cells reveal that LATS2 and AR are present in the protein complex that binds at the promoter and enhancer regions of prostate-specific antigen, and overexpression of LATS2 results in a reduction in androgen-induced expression of endogenous prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Immunohistochemistry shows that LATS2 and AR are localized within the prostate epithelium and that LATS2 expression is lower in human prostate tumor samples than in normal prostate. The results suggest that LATS2 may play a role in AR-mediated transcription and contribute to the development of prostate cancer.


Abstract Cretaceous rocks underlie most of the northeast Baffin shelf, are present in Cumberland Sound, and may underlie the southeast Baffin shelf. New palynological, Rock Eval, and vitrinite reflectance analyses of bedrock samples, obtained from the Baffin shelf and Hudson Strait during a shallow core-hole drilling programme undertaken in the 1970s and 1980s, provide a better understanding of the stratigraphy and petroleum potential of the region. The samples from the Buchan Gulf, Scott Inlet, and Home Bay areas on the northeast Baffin shelf, which were originally considered to be of primarily Campanian age, are now considered to be Coniacian to early Campanian. Non-marine Aptian-Albian rocks occur in the Padloping area, farther south along the northeast Baffin shelf, and in Cumberland Sound. Based on Rock Eval and vitrinite reflectance data, the Cretaceous rocks sampled on the Baffin shelf contain gas-prone Type III kerogen and are immature to marginally mature. However, the presence of an oil seep off Scott Inlet indicates that more mature source rocks capable of generating oil exist in the region. Additional shallow cores would further define the biostratigraphic and geochemical aspects of strata on the Baffin shelf.


The resurgence of the Molten-Salt Nuclear Reactors (MSR) creates interesting problems in molten-salt chemistry. As MSRs operate, the composition and physical
properties of salts change because of fission and corrosion. Since Cr is the principal corrosion product and NaCl is a common constituent, we studied the atomic
structure of molten NaCl-CrCl3. We found networks of CrCl3−
6
octahedra and an
intermediate-range order with nonmonotonic temperature behavior in a remarkable
agreement between measurements and ab initio simulations. Even though the corrosion results in minute quantities of dissolved Cr, the speciation of Cr could lead
to changes in molten-salt properties in nuclear and solar salts. In particular, we
found a much lower than expected melting temperature and a broad metastable
liquid-solid coexistence phase. The availability of Cr isotopes with very different
neutron-scattering properties makes Cr an ideal model multi-valent ion for experimental validation of new atomistic models such as neural network interatomic
potentials.


There is a good chance you are reading this because you are planning to be, or already are, a social care practitioner. Yet for many in Irish society, even those entering the field themselves, the meaning of the term 'social care' is not selfevident. A common question directed at social care students and professionals alike is, 'What do you do?' Misconceptions abound and in many cases practitioners are not accorded the recognition or status they deserve, partly as a consequence of a limited understanding of what the term means. This chapter explores the notion of social care itself. Some definitions are examined, phrase by phrase, to see what is involved. A short history of social care in Ireland is provided, placing the current set of institutions and practices in a historical context. Aspects of social care practice are described, such as what qualities practitioners possess; what sort of work is involved; what practitioners do and where they do it; how much they get paid; and the difference between a social care practitioner and a social worker. It is hoped this opening chapter will answer some of the basic questions voiced by students, practitioners and others.


High Protein diets (HP) have been popular for people who want to lose weight since the 1960s. Even though these diets do not harm healthy people in the short term, there is insufficient data to support their safe use and efficiency over a long period. Because of the fact that the proteins in these diets are mainly from animal sources, it induces a higher intake of total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol. It is proven that high protein diets cause both physical and pathological abnormalities in the body. However, there exist very few studies about the effects of high protein nutrition on liver glycogen storage. For this study 40 Swiss albino mice consisting of two groups were used. The first group was fed with 25% High Protein; the other was fed with standard meal. The two groups were fed with respect to their diets for 30 days. At the end of 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th days 5 from each group were killed with cervical dislocation. The livers were removed after perfusion then fixated. The routine paraffin pursuit was applied before cutting into 5 micrometer sections and staining with H-E, PAS and silver. There were major differences in weight loss between the first and the fifteenth days. Glycogen storage was significantly reduced in HP (15) stained with PAS. Hydropic degeneration and regenerative activity was observed in H-E and silver stained HP group. As a result for the high protein diet group, weight loss at the 15th day and a significant decrement in glycogen storage at the 30th day was observed.


ABSTRACT J. P. Guilford's "structure of the intellect" provides a system that explains the intellectual abilities of students and identifies major types of productive thinking. A study was conducted to examine whether one of these types--divergent production, which focuses on responses of an individual's own creations--could be enhanced through the use of an instructional cloze procedure. Subjects were 92 third-grade students from three different schools, equally divided into control and experimental groups. Students in the experimental group received regular reading instruction with the addition of 27 instructional cloze lessons. Students in the control group received regular reading instruction with work in reading centers in lieu of the cloze instruction. A Quasi-Cloze Divergent Production Test was used as pretest and posttest. Results indicated that the divergent production of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group. The findings suggest that the cloze procedure can be an effective technique in increasing the divergent production of third-grade students. (FL)


The filtration of airborne particulates has been studied extensively and removal efficiencies can be adequately predicted from theory or from catalog data. The filtrations of airborne microorganisms, however, has not been specifically addressed by theory and has seen limited empirical study. This paper addresses the variety of factors that may cause microbial filtration efficiency to deviate from predicted values based on particulate size alone. A model is developed to incorporate those factors likely to have significant impact, namely, aspect ratios and lognormal size distributions. This model is then challenged with a database of known airborne pathogens and allergens for which these parameters have been established. Results suggest existing filtration models are accurate within reason for the prediction of filtration efficiencies of airborne bacteria and spores, provided logmean diameters are used. Implications for the use of filtration in health care facilities are discussed.


It has been assumed that substitution of homologous regions of transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) into epidermal growth factor (EGF) can be used to probe ligand-receptor recognition without detrimental effects on ligand characteristics for the human EGF receptor (EGFR). We show that a chimera of murine (m) EGF in which the carboxyl-terminal tail is substituted for that of TGF-α (mEGF/TGF-α44-50) results in complex features that belie this initial simplistic assumption. Comparison of EGF and mEGF/TGF-α44-50 in equilibrium binding assays showed that although the relative binding affinity of the chimera was reduced 80-200-fold, it was more potent than EGF in mitogenesis assays using NR6/HER cells. This superagonist activity could not be attributed to differences in ligand processing or to binding to other members of the c-erbB family. It appeared to be due, in part, to choice of an EGFR-overexpressing target cell where high receptor number compensated for the low affinity of the ligand; it also appeared to be related to the ability of the chimera to activate the EGFR tyrosine kinase. Thus, when EGFR autophosphorylation was measured, mEGF/TGF-α44-50 was more potent than EGF, despite its low affinity. When tested using chicken embryo fibroblasts, substitution of the TGF-α carboxyl-terminal tail into mEGF failed to enhance its binding affinity for chicken EGFRs; however, the chimera was intermediate in potency between TGF-α and mEGF in mitogenesis assays. Our results suggest a contextual requirement for EGFR recognition which is ligand-specific. Further, the unpredictable responses to chimeric ligands underline the complex nature of the processes of ligand recognition, receptor activation, and the ensuing cellular response.


Locally produced type I interferon (IFN-I) enhances the sensitivity of bone marrow B cell to IgM receptor ligation. The establishment of B cell repertoires, on the other hand, seems to involve selective processes that are critically dependent on B cell receptor (BCR) ligation. In order to assess the importance of BCR triggering thresholds on the selection of polyclonal unmanipulated B cell populations, we compared VH gene expression and reactivity repertoires in various B cell compartments of wild-type and IFN-I receptor-deficient mice (IFN-I-R-/-). These analyses demonstrate that increased B cell sensitivity to BCR ligation mediated by IFN-I in the bone marrow (BM) has consequences on the stringency of B cell repertoire selection. Thus, the normal counter-selection of both VH7183 gene family expression and multireactivity was impaired among immature BM B cells from mutant mice. Furthermore, as a result of reduced efficiency of BCR ligation-dependent inhibition of terminal differentiation, IFN-I-R-/- animals produce, in BM and thymus, higher numbers of plasma cells secreting antibodies that are more multireactive than wild-type animals. Finally, mutant serum IgM natural antibodies display a more reactive repertoire than controls, a likely reflection of the BM resident plasma cell repertoire. The present observations demonstrate, therefore, that local modulation of BCR triggering thresholds leads to important modifications in the generation and/or selection of normal B cell populations.


Development of methods for numerical simulation of dike- or dam-break flood is one of essential problems of Fluid Mechanics at the present time. Many numerical methods for solving the 1-D Saint-Venant equations have been proposed. However, the analysis, the evaluation and the selection of appropriate and efficient methods are interest of many research groups and institutions in the world. The purpose of this paper is to introduce and to evaluate four numerical methods for solving the 1-D homogenous Saint-Venant equations in combination with three approaches of processing source terms. The evaluation is based on the test problems, proposed by European Hydraulic Research Laboratories. The Part 1of the paper presents some modern numerical methods for solving the 1-D Saint-Venant equations of general Bow regime, where the Bow may be mixed between sub critical and supercritical. The homogenous part of the system of equations is numerically solved by "shock capturing methods" for conservation laws: the Lax-Friedrichs, the self adjusting hybrid, the Roe's approximation and the Nessyahu-Tedmor methods. The source terms play an important role and are discretized by the pointwise, upwind or mixed approaches. In the second part of this paper the above methods are verified by a set of test problems, covering all of three flow regimes: subcritical, supercritical, transcritical. The results show that the mixed approach of processing source terms is better than the pointwise one. The Roe approximation method with the mixed discretization of source terms is then applied for a preliminary evaluation of the Son La - Hoa Binh dam-break problem.


PURPOSE
To describe the incidence and significance of clonal evolution patterns.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We analyzed 264 patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who developed clonal evolution between 1967 and 1993.

RESULTS
The median survival time following clonal evolution was 19 months. Factors associated with worse survival (P < .01) were as follows: chromosome 17 abnormality or chromosomal translocations other than Ph, high percentage of abnormal metaphases, longer time to clonal evolution, and presence of other accelerated-phase features. A recursive partitioning technique (CART) identified different risk groups. The best group (37 patients; no chromosome 17 abnormality, abnormal metaphases < 16%, and interval to clonal evolution < or = 24 months) had an estimated median survival time of 54 months. The worst two groups included 27 patients with chromosome 17 abnormalities and > or = 36% abnormal metaphases (estimated median survival time, 6 months), and 22 patients with other accelerated features and > or = 16% abnormal metaphases (estimated median survival time, 7 months). The intermediate group had an estimated median survival time that ranged from 13 to 24 months. Prior interferon therapy evaluated within risk groups showed a significant survival advantage only in the intermediate-risk group. A multivariate analysis showed similar results, and identified the following independent poor prognostic variables: chromosome 17 abnormality, percentage of abnormal metaphases (cutoff, 24%), longer time to clonal evolution (cutoff, 24 months), other accelerated-phase features, and no prior interferon therapy. Patients with none, one, two, three, or more of the first four features had median survivals times of 51, 24, 14, and 7 months, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The prognostic significance of clonal evolution in CML is not uniform and is related to the specific abnormality, time to its development, its predominance in metaphases, and the presence of other accelerated features, and it may be modified by specific therapies.


While CMOS technology keeps running towards the physical limit of "nanometer" lengths, many critical design issues have already appeared in today's technologies (65nm and 45nm). Among them, Power and Reliability are the most insidious, because they affect energy efficiency and life-time of digital systems. In this work we establish an important link between these two metrics. More specifically, we show how the most widely adopted leakage-reduction technique, that is power-gating, can go beyond its specific goal (i.e., saving leakage) by providing, per se, an effective solution to mitigate NBTI-induced aging. Based on this important property, we first present an automated methodology that allows a push-button estimation of the aging effects induced by NBTI on logic circuits (in terms of delay degradation) and SRAM memory cells (in terms of Static Noise Margin (SNM) reduction). Second, using an industrial 45nm technology, we quantify the actual capability of power-gating to further reduce the aging of CMOS devices and extend the lifetime of digital circuits.


This study aims to obtain the optimal control algorithm for a full-car model with a variable-damping semi-active suspension, such as a magnetorheological damper, by solving the linear quadratic regulator problem, and then to evaluate the system performance if the control inputs are constrained and delayed, and the vehicle is subjected to measured road inputs. A seven-degree of freedom full-car vehicle model was considered, and the state equations of the system were obtained in bilinear form. An integral performance index involving a weighted combination of the mean squares of average sprung mass acceleration and suspension deflections was defined. Trade-off curves were obtained between the sprung mass acceleration and suspension deflections of the optimally controlled system which is subjected to a measured road profile input. Performance of the optimally controlled system was compared to the performance of the corresponding optimum passive suspension system. For the vehicle parameters and the road input profile considered in this study, a reduction of 6.4% in the average vertical acceleration and 2.8% in the average suspension deflection was achieved by the semi-active suspensions. The response of the system to an initial condition has shown that its transient oscillations are damped out effectively by the semi-active suspension.


The head injured patient typically undergoes a long period of transition, beginning with acute care, moving to a rehabilitation facility, and ending with community re-entry. A key point in the total rehabilitation process is the smooth transition from a hospital- like environment to a home environment. This paper describes the role of the occupational therapist in a transitional living program at a private facility. In this program, various health professionals work with clients in a home-like environment to facilitate community reintegration. The program uses a ''real world laboratory'' to re-train clients in functional daily tasks. The overall structure of the program, types of activities used, and goals of the program are discussed.


The gag-related proteins found in cells trans- formed by avian erythroblastosis virus (AEV) and the avian myelocytomatosis viruses MC29 and CMII have been compared by tryptic peptide fingerprinting. A comparison of the methio- nine-containing tryptic peptides of the AEV 75-kilodalton pro- tein, the CMII 90-kilodalton protein, and the MC29 110-kil- odalton protein with the gag gene product Pr76 of their natu- rally occurring helper leukemia viruses enabled us to distinguish those peptides related to the gag gene from the non-gag-related peptides. The 12 non-gag peptides found in the AEV 75-kil- odalton protein were unique to this protein and not found in the MC29 110-kilodalton or CMII 90-kilodalton proteins. In con- trast, the MC29 110-kilodalton protein shared two methio- nine-containing non-gag tryptic peptides with the CMII 90- kilodalton protein. When these experiments were repeated with (14C)lysine and (14C)arginine as the labeled amino acids, the MC29 110-kilodalton protein and the CMII 90-kilodalton protein were found to share 30 out of approximately 40 non-gag-related peptides. These results demonstrate that viruses with a similar transformation spectrum synthesize related proteins and suggest that the gag-related proteins represent the transforming proteins of the replication-defective avian leukemia viruses.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between CD5+ B cell expression and IgM rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA).

METHODS
CD5+ B cell levels analyzed by flow cytometry and IgM-RF expression determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were compared in children with JRA, children with other collagen vascular diseases, and healthy controls.

RESULTS
Children with polyarticular JRA had expanded populations of CD5+ B cells, and expansion of CD5+ B cells and IgM-RF both correlated with disease activity.

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that an expanded CD5+ B cell population leads to IgM-RF production in patients with polyarticular JRA, as well as patients with RA.


We assess the sources and consequences of the gender pay gap using a combination of theory and measurement. We start by documenting three empirical facts. First, women are more likely than men to work at low-paying employers. Second, for women as for men, pay is not the sole determinant of workers' revealed-preference rankings of employers. Third, both pay and the revealed-preference rank differ between women and men within the same employer. To interpret these facts, we develop an empirical equilibrium search model featuring endogenous gender differences in pay, amenities, and recruiting intensities across employers. The estimated model suggests that compensating differentials explain one fifth of the gender gap, that there are significant output and welfare gains from eliminating gender differences, and that an equal-pay policy fails to close the gender pay gap.


The improved jitter immunity of window residue sampling (WRS) is analyzed in this brief. We build a mathematical model for WRS and compare the signal-to-noise ratio performance with the conventional impulse and integration sampling methods. Simulation results show that WRS has better jitter immunity of approximately 3 dB compared with conventional impulse sampling at the Nyquist input frequency.


Objective: To explore the toxic effect of carbon black nanoparticles on human bronchial epithelial cells, and identify the differentially expressed circular RNA based on the full transcriptome high-throughput sequencing, so as to provide evidence for the development of biomarkers exposed to carbon black nanoparticles and their application on epigenetic toxicology. Methods: In June 2020, 16 HBE cells were treated with carbon black nanoparticles at concentrations of 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml, and 16 HBE cells without any intervention were used as the control group. The cytotoxicity of carbon black nanoparticles was detected by CCK8 and LDH experiments. Real-time quantitative fluorescent PCR (qRT-PCR) and ELISA were used to detect the changes of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-6, IL-8) mRNA and protein levels of carbon black nanoparticles with concentration gradient after 72 h exposure. Western blot analysis was conducted to detect the expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), phosphorylated nuclear factor-κB (P-NF-κB), apoptosis-related speckled protein (ASC) and Caspase-1 associated with nuclear factor-κB. According to high-throughput sequencing results, differentially expressed Circrnas were screened and identified by qRT-PCR, and those with stable differentially expressed circrnas and the strongest association with the NF-κB pathway were selected for ring performance identification. Results: After being exposed to carbon black nanoparticles for 72 h, the activity of 16HBE cells decreased significantly (P<0.05), and the release of lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with control group, mRNA expression levels of IL-6 and IL-8, protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were increased, and protein levels of TLR4, p-NF-κB, ASC and Caspase-1 were significantly up-regulated in 16 HBE cells of different concentrations, with statistical significance (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, a total of 492 differentially expressed circular Rnas (|log2 FC|>1) were detected. Among the 5 differentially expressed (P<0.05) circular Rnas, circ_002642 was selected as the object of subsequent research on circular Rnas, affter 72 hours of exposure to 80 μg/ml CBNPs, 16HBE cells showed signlficantly higher expression of circ_002642 (P<0.05) . Conclusion: Carbon black nanoparticles can induce differentially expressed circular RNAs associated with inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells.


A beatnote, tunable from dc to 1 THz, provided by a dual-frequency laser is used to feed an unitravelling carrier photodiode in order to produce a highly coherent THz signal radiated by a transverse-electromagnetic-horn antenna. The THz signal is detected and analyzed by a subharmonic mixer coupled to an electrical spectrum analyzer. All components involved in this experiment operate at room temperature without phase locking the beatnote. So far, the dynamic range evolves from 58 dB at 282 GHz to 15 dB at 1.026 THz, and the measured linewidth is better than 30 kHz. Linewidth narrowing using a Brillouin fiber laser pumped by the dual-frequency laser leads to a beatnote of 500-Hz linewidth at 1 THz.


This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was aimed at detecting cerebrovascular effects of isradipine and enalapril in patients with moderate hypertension depending on the presence and grade on unilateral stenosis of internal carotid artery (ICA). We evaluated carotid vascular resistance by using Doppler analysis and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by using 133Xe-clearance technique before and after a single 5-mg oral dose of isradipine, enalapril, or placebo. Their effects were randomly and consecutively tested in 73 patients with essential hypertension subdivided into three groups: without carotid occlusive lesions, with moderate (50-75%), and with severe (76-99%) unilateral asymptomatic ICA stenosis. There were no differences in age, gender, and antihypertensive effects of the drugs between these three subgroups. Three major variants of cerebrovascular drug effects were observed: absence of changes (variant I), decrease in carotid vascular resistance with increase in rCBF and elimination of side-to-side asymmetry (variant II), and increase in carotid vascular resistance with further reduction of rCBF ipsilaterally ICA stenosis, and increased side-to-side asymmetry (variant III). Frequency of variant III was significantly higher in patients with severe ICA stenosis. Enalapril produced variant I of cerebrovascular effects in most patients examined; variant III was observed only in 13% of patients with severe ICA stenosis. Isradipine produced variant I of cerebrovascular effects much less frequently than did enalapril. For this drug, variant II was most typical in patients without ICA stenosis and with moderate ICA stenosis. In 43.5% of patients with severe ICA stenosis, however, isradipine produced reduction of cerebral perfusion. Presumably the presence of ICA stenosis, especially >75%, increases the risk of cerebrovascular disorders in antihypertensive therapy. In patients with severe ICA stenosis, treatment with enalapril appears to be safer than that with isradipine.


In order to develop commercial model of 10 ㎾ dish-Stirling solar thermal power system, modification for the exiting facility was taken for a year as a Leading Project in KIER. During the project, solar tracking system, control and monitoring system and high durability reflector were developed and long term operation were performed. The solar tracking system was tested for four months to investigate the degree of precision and adapted to the control system for an actual operation from October in 2009. The sun tracking accuracy of ±4 mrad using modified control system was obtained and the system operated successfully during the experimental period. The monitoring system displays engine pressure, electric generation amounts, generator RPM, receiver temperatures, and etc. from Stirling engine and weather data of Direct Normal Irradiation, Horizontal Global Insolation, wind speed & direction, and atmosphere temperature from weather station. According to the operating results in a clear sky day, electric power of 6,890 W was generated at the DNI value of 850 W/㎡ and the averaged solar-to-electricity efficiency during a whole day reached to 18.99%. From the overall operating results, linear power generation trend could be observed with increasing DNI value. The solar-to-electricity efficiency achieved to19% around the DNI value of 700 W/㎡ and increased to 20% when the DNI value goes up to 900W/㎡.


A common approach to model memristive systems is to include empirical window functions to describe edge effects and nonlinearities in the change of the memristance. We demonstrate that under quite general conditions, each window function can be associated with a sigmoidal curve relating the normalised time‐dependent memristance to the time integral of the input. Conversely, this explicit relation allows us to derive window functions suitable for the mesoscopic modelling of memristive systems from a variety of well‐known sigmoidals. Such sigmoidal curves are defined in terms of measured variables and can thus be extracted from input and output signals of a device and then transformed to its corresponding window. We also introduce a new generalised window function that allows the flexible modelling of asymmetric edge effects in a simple manner. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Glucocorticoid responses in two independently derived lines of rat hepatoma tissue culture cells (HTC and FU5-5) were examined. FU5-5 cells exhibited induction of the enzyme tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) at concentrations of dexamethasone that were approximately 7-fold lower than that required for HTC cells. FU5-5 cells also displayed substantial TAT induction with steroids that were partial agonists, or antagonists, in HTC cells. The increased sensitivity of FU5-5 cells was not, however, due to an increased affinity of FU5-5 cell receptors for dexamethasone, as determined from cell-free and whole cell binding experiments. The differential steroid sensitivity for TAT induction was observed with three other, structurally different glucocorticoids, thus apparently ruling out steroid metabolism in one of the cell lines as a cause. Also, induction of TAT in FU5-5 cells occurred at approximately 9-fold lower steroid concentrations than were required for the induction of glutamine synthetase (GS) in the same cells. Thus, the dose-response curves for TAT induction in HTC cells and for GS induction in FU5-5 cells are closely correlated with the saturation curve for whole cell steroid binding to receptor sites, while the dose-response curve for TAT induction in FU5-5 cells is shifted to lower steroid concentrations. This represents the first report of dissociation of two supposedly primary, glucocorticoid-induced functions and indicates that identical receptor-mediated processes cannot be utilized by FU5-5 cells for the induction of TAT and GS. The involvement of second messengers or different nuclear processes are possible explanations for the unusual behavior of FU5-5 cells during glucocorticoid induction of TAT.


Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a powerful tool for nano-size imaging. The advantage of AFM is that it can get extraordinary high resolution image at atom level. However, AFM obtains the sample topography image through scanning on the top of sample line by line, therefore it takes couples minutes to get an image and this negative point makes it difficult to continuously observe surface change during manipulation. In this paper, a novel approach for compressive sensing based video rate AFM imaging system is proposed. In this method, compressive sensing is used for sampling topography information of sample surface efficiently. Compressive sensing could use fewer measurements for data sensing to recovery the image through image reconstruction algorithm. This technique decreases the scanning time for AFM scanner because of fewer measurements needed. The video rate for this new approach could reach as high as 1.75 seconds per frame.


I will call the relation in which subjects of legal obligation stand, the legal relation. I shall argue that the legal relation is the relation in which two or more agents stand to one another when they are involved in any interaction that triggers the requirement of consistency between their respective freedoms, but submit that such interaction does not, for its instantiation, necessarily presuppose the existence of political institutions.
I will argue, first, that a wide variety of interactions between agents pose the problem of consistency between their respective freedoms. I will model this by saying that such interactions trigger the 'principle of external freedom' (PEF) and offer a detailed explanation of how PEF is triggered.
Most of the remaining of the paper will engage with objections. The view defended here stands in stark contrast with the widespread view, shared by positivist and non-positivist lawyers alike, that the legal relation presupposes institutional facts of political community: a key feature of the legal relation is that it generates obligations (for short: legal obligations), which are enforceable on all those who partake in it. The objection to my model would be that the enforceability of legal obligations rests on a kind of authority that is omnilateral or, in other words, authority that emanates in all those involved in the relation. It is this omnilateral dimension of authority that is captured by the institutional element of political organisation and which my conception misses. In doing so, the objection goes, it misconstrues an essential feature of the legal relation. I will propose to resist an understanding of the legal relation in terms of political organisation in a manner that assumes that the latter pre-exists the former. In fact, my account rides on the suggestion that the legal relation is co-original with the political relation: it is when we are in the legal relation (i.e. when the PEF has been triggered) that we enter the political realm. Or, which is the same thing, what it means for you and I to stand in a political relation is that we instantiate between us the legal relation.
In closing, with an eye to fleshing out my proposal, I will advance an account of the structure of the obligations generated by the legal relation and indicate how the more familiar institutional legal obligations form part of that structure, and what their relation is to the other non-institutional obligations within it.


Description: The study examines dimension of Natural Resource Management (NRM) related activities performed by the rural women of a Union (lowest administrative boundary) in Bangladesh. It tries to picture their needs and views regarding sustainable NRM. It has also find out factors affecting NRM activities of women. It also explores present institutional set up that was helping them to perform NRM activities, important productive activities of women in Bangladesh. This is a study based on both qualitative and quantitative analysis and assessment. Still now, there is a lot of scope to present a more responsive environment for managing their natural resources. It has shown women's education, awareness level, mobility and involvement with NGOs and GOs influence them to make NRM related decisions in their families. The important thing is women's NRM involvement scenario is almost same in all other plain parts of rural Bangladesh.


Cage fish farming is one of the fastest growing food industries, both worldwide and in Turkey. There are growing concerns about the manner of resolving the competing claims for the use of limited coastline and water body space. Matters connected with the siting of fish farming increase the need for the integrated coastal zone planning of aquaculture. This should be undertaken in collusion with other coastal stakeholders and with the cooperation of the government ministries that promote and regulate aquaculture development. In this study the integration and coexistence of fish farms is evaluated in the context of other activities in Izmir Bay. This study shows how different terrestrial and marine activities interact with each other, and that certain areas are subject to layers of multiple usages. One of the major sea users of the Bay, for example, is the fishery sector, which utilizes 850.4 km2 of a total surface area of Izmir's Bay of 960.4 km2. This overlaps with the 113.4 km2 that are used by marine transportation. Military zones encompass 63.1 km2 and fish farming utilizes only 1.23 km2. This study uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to build a spatial database that analyzes conflicting claims for integrating fish farming with other claimants. Clearly planned and properly managed fish farming development should be undertaken within a broader framework of integrated coastal zone management.


Metal-polymer catalysts in the reaction of hydrogenation of benzene have been studied. Salts of nickel, palladium, and H2PtCl6·6H2O were used as metals, which were deposited on polymer carriers, in particular, on polyethylenepolyamine, poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, styrene copolymer with maleic anhyd¬ride, and poly-4-vinylpyridine. A number of polymer complexes were also synthesized, tuned to benzene hydrogenation products and cross-linked with N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, a crosslinking agent. The temperature of the hydrogenation reaction was controlled within 20–600C. Hydrogenation was carried out in an autoclave. It has been established that complexes based on platinum and poly-4-vinylpyridine lead to a high yield of the product of incomplete hydrogenation of benzene, cyclohexene. Also, it has been established that the Pt-poly-2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine complex tuned to benzene and cyclohexene exhibits a higher catalytic activity


The growing body of research shows how to replace classical partial differential equation (PDE) integrators with neural networks. The popular strategy is to generate the input-output pairs with a PDE solver, train the neural network in the regression setting, and use the trained model as a cheap surrogate for the solver. The bottleneck in this scheme is the number of expensive queries of a PDE solver needed to generate the dataset. To alleviate the problem, we propose a computationally cheap augmentation strategy based on general covariance and simple random coordinate transformations. Our approach relies on the fact that physical laws are independent of the coordinate choice, so the change in the coordinate system preserves the type of a parametric PDE and only changes PDE's data (e.g., initial conditions, diffusion coefficient). For tried neural networks and partial differential equations, proposed augmentation improves test error by 23% on average. The worst observed result is a 17% increase in test error for multilayer perceptron, and the best case is a 80% decrease for dilated residual network.


We examined the proximal chemical composition, morphometric parameters and the amount of edible portion in the Chilean ribbed mussel (A. ater) and blue mussel (M. chilensis) collected from sites along the Magellan Strait, mainly near National parks at the Sub-Antarctic Magellan region, Chile. The higher morphometric parameters were obtained from blue mussels sampled in bahia Gente Grande, which is the only site near the coast of Tierra del Fuego island, on the Eastern side of the Strait of Magellan. The higher biometric parameters were obtained from ribbed mussels sampled in Puerto Eden, on the western side of the Strait of Magellan. The fresh meat of both mussels had high moisture content. The highest percentage of biochemical component in both bivalve species was protein, followed by carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, lipids. It is important to note that the ribbed mussel has a greater amount of carbohydrates and energy (Kcal/100 g) than the blue mussels. The differences observed between both specie in biochemical compositions, morphometric parameters and in the amount of fresh meat, may be explained by the biological characteristics of each species. A comparison of our results to parameters in international and national tables of food composition, revealsthat the commercial bivalve organisms examined in this study are of very good nutritional quality.


Galls formed by root-knot nematodes have been studied in several cultivated species focusing on understanding the intimate relationship between parasite and the host plant. Species of Meloidogyne induce the development of a feeding site in the cortex or vascular cylinder of the host plant and are totally dependent on this site formation to complete their life cycle. Therefore, we focused on anatomical, cytological and histochemical changes during the establishment and development of galls and giant cells induced by Meloidogyne javanica in the roots of Glycine max. Seeds of soybean (susceptible cultivar M8372 IPRO) were sown in trays with coconut fibre substrate and the seedlings were removed ten days after the seeds emerged for nematode inoculation. The roots from inoculated and non-inoculated (control) were sampled at different stages of development until 55 days after inoculation. Histological, cytological, histochemical analysis were performed in light and electron microscopy in non-galled tissue and galls induced by M. javanica. The galls showed different shapes and abundance in the roots inoculated by M. javanica. The induction of galls occurs by hypertrophy of the root cortex shortly after the initial infection process. Giant cells were formed 18 days after nematode inoculation. These giant or nourishing cells are multinucleated, and have a dense cytoplasm, a thick wall with invaginations, many mitochondria and small vacuoles. The anatomical sections indicated a disorganisation of the cells of the cortex and vascular cylinder in relation to the control root.


Abstract The conflicts that abound around the world between different groups struggling to control the definition, management, and use of heritage give rise to many issues that need to be foregrounded in scholarly and professional debates. Focusing on UNESCO's World Heritage system, this paper asks: Why and how do nation states avoid respecting heritage rights? What can be and is being done about it? How can we move toward a more rights-based approach to heritage management? The notion that people have rights to access and enjoy their cultural heritage has emerged within the domain of cultural rights, which, in turn, is a component of human rights. Prospects for achieving global recognition of cultural heritage rights have improved recently through interrelated activities being undertaken at the United Nations High Commission for Human Rights, in a Norwegian network of heritage, environmental and rights agencies, and at the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. These advances relate mostly to Indigenous heritage, whereas the cultural heritage of other groups, such as women, children, and youth, or, in many parts of the world, ethnic and racial minorities that are not considered Indigenous peoples, lack comparable recognition and respect.


Previous research has shown that when leaders install a sanctioning system to promote cooperation, the sanction may backfire (i.e., promote defection) when people have behavioral options that allow them to evade those sanctions. In the current experiment we draw attention to the importance of trust and show that sanctions' behavioral effects depend on (a) the trustworthiness of the leader and (b) the general trust that people have in authorities. This study reveals that when there are options to evade the sanction, people with low rather than high general trust in authorities comply less with an untrustworthy leader than with a trustworthy leader. Implications for leadership, trust, and imperfect sanctioning systems are discussed.


The presence of genetic diversity is essential for quality improvement to achieve balanced protein and amino acid levels in sorghum. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity present among selected South African sorghum genotypes for protein and amino acid content and to select candidate lines for breeding or direct production. Fifty nine selected South African sorghum genotypes grown at two localities were analysed for crude protein content using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Nineteen genotypes with high crude protein content from each location were selected and analysed for amino acid profiles using protein hydrolysates. The crude protein content of the genotypes varied from 7.69 to 16.18% across the two sites with a mean of 13.07%. The genotypes that had high crude protein content at both sites were Mammopane, AS16 M1, Macia-SA, AS19, Maseka-a-swere, and AS4. The genotype AS16cyc was the best candidate for high phenylananine content at 5.99%. Overall, the studied lines had great variability in their protein and amino acid profiles. Accessions with high protein content or amino acid values can be used in sorghum breeding programmes to increase grain nutritional quality.


According to enormous amount of data material,from the perspective of the forest park's revenues,profits,market share performance,sustainable power to analysis the situation of tourism competitiveness of forest park.Expanding on the constituent elements and eight key elements of tourism competitiveness of forest park.Around the eight key elements of the forest park,from the perspective of the tourism product development,the government,the forest park business operators to promote the competitiveness of forest park tourism strategy.


Passive velocity field control is a control methodology for fully actuated mechanical systems, in which the motion task is specified behaviorally in terms of a velocity field, and the closed-loop system is passive with respect to a supply rate given by the environment power input. The control law is derived geometrically and the geometric and robustness properties of the closed-loop system are analyzed. It is shown that the closed-loop unforced trajectories are geodesics of a closed-loop connection which is compatible with an inertia metric, and that the velocity of the system converges exponentially to a scaled multiple of the desired velocity field. The robustness property of the system exhibits some strong directional preference. In particular, disturbances that push in the direction of the desired momentum do not adversely affect the performance. Moreover, robustness property also improves with more energy in the system.


The Calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal intracellular messenger that is implicated in the regulation of a great variety of intracellular processes. Among them, there is the meiotic maturation of oocytes from several species and their fertilization. The cell model system chosen for the work of this thesis has been the starfish oocytes. They constitute an exceptional model to study the properties of the dynamic release of Ca2+. First, the cells are large and nearly transparent, making them suitable for imaging experiments after microinjection of fluorescent markers. Immature oocytes extracted from the gonad are arrested at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division. Overcoming the meiotic arrest (maturation), is induced by the application of the maturing hormone 1-Methyladenine (1-MA), whose action involves intracellular Ca2+ transients. During the maturation process, the oocytes develop their ability to be successfully activated by a fertilizing spermatozoon by liberating higher levels of calcium. 1-MA also induces dramatic actin cytoskeleton rearrangements. In the present work, the relevance of the actin cytoskeleton in the modulation of the Ca2+ signals generated by hormonal stimulation and by the sperm has been studied. For this purpose, actin-specific disrupting agents and a specific antibody targeting the actin binding protein depactin have been delivered into living cells by needle microinjection, to study their effects using confocal laser fluorescent microscopy. Thus, the Ca2+ increases induced either by 1-MA, by the fertilizing sperm or by the injection of exogenous InsP3. which is the canonical Ca2+ mobilizer second messenger, have been monitored with video fluorescent microscopy. The results described indicate that actin filaments play direct and indirect roles in modulating the intracellular Ca2+ mobilization induced by the maturation process triggered by 1-MA as well as in the Ca2+ responses induced by the sperm.


This study was conducted in order to determine the insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae in Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Larval and pupal stages of An. gambiae mosquitoes were collected from different points within Umudike, and reared to adult stage in the laboratory. The adults that emerged were tested on four types of WHO bioassay test papers impregnated with recommended diagnostic concentrations of 4% DDT (Organochlorines); 0.1% bendiocarb (Carbamates); 0.25% Primiphos-methyl (Organophosphates); and 0.05% Deltamethrin (Pyrethroids) procured from National Abovirus and Vector Research Institute Enugu. Twenty 10% sugar solution fed female Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes aged 3-5days were used for the bioassay which was replicated four times with two control of same population without insecticide treatment. Knockdown was recorded at five minutes post-exposure, and then at 10 minutes interval for 1 hour and then maintained for 24 hours post-exposure on 10% sugar solution, after which a final mortality was recorded. The Knockdown Times (KDT50 and KDT90) were determined by Probit analysis. An. gambiae was resistant to DDT, primiphos-methyl and Deltamethrin with 24 hours post exposure percentage mortalities of 4.65, 11.85, and 24.83 respectively.In contrary the mosquitoes were susceptible to bendiocarb which killed 98.88% of the mosquitoes 24 hours after exposure. Bendiocarb is hence recommended as the most effective insecticide for the control of Anopheles gambiae in Umudike, while there were need for the investigation of the mechanism behind the resistance displayed by this mosquito. Furthermore, routine surveillance of insecticide susceptibility/resistance in mosquito population is advocated in line with integrated vector control strategy.
Keywords: Insecticide; susceptibility; Anopheles gambiae; Umudike; Abia State; Nigeria


Objective The study is designed to observe the influence of LncRNA LINC00152 on the proliferation of glioma cells and explore the role of Src-YAP signal pathway in the process.Methods U251 and U87 cell were used for in vitro experiments and xenograft studies; transfection method was adopted to build a LINC00152 overexpressing cell strain, and cell viability was determined by MTT assay; cell colony formation ability was measured through colony formation assay, and protein expression was determined by Western blot; YAP protein expression distribution is detected through Immunofluorescence.Key findings LINC00152 overexpressing can enhance the U251 and U87 cell proliferation, the colony formation and the growing ability of subcutaneously transplanted tumor, and it induces YAP nuclear import and down-regulates p-LATS1 and p-YAP protein expression, and up-regulates p-Src protein expression. Src inhibitor 1 can inhibit the changes in protein expression and the cell colony formation of p-LATS1, p-YAP and p-Src, which are induced by overexpression of LINC00152 in U251 and U87 cells.Conclusions LINC00152 promotes cell proliferation of glioma U251 and U87, and the action might be associated with process of activation of Src, inhibition of phosphorylation cascade reaction of LATS1-YAP pathway and final inducing of YAP nuclear import.


Oceanic trenches associated with island arcs generally have small radii of curvature, much less than 45 degrees. A geometric model of subduction is presented that predicts three types of arcs: one in which the subducted plate is subject to lateral extension, a second in which the subducted plate is laterally shortened, and a third in which the subducted plate is not laterally deformed. Parameters of the model are the radius of curvature of the island arc and the dip of the subducted plate. Comparison of island arcs with the model suggests that, at intermediate and deep levels of subduction, most arcs are of the type in which the subducted plate is laterally extended.


A novel type of quasi-resonant DC link (QRDCL) three-phase voltage-sourced inverter circuit topology operating under a commutation principle of the auxiliary high-frequency (HF) transformer-assisted zero voltage switching (ZVS)-PWM is presented. The basic operating principle of this power conversion circuit using auxiliary transformer-assisted QRDCL (TQRDCL) more suitable for CVCF/UPS, power active filter, switched-mode PWM converter, and new energy-interfaced power supplies for utility-interactive interconnection, is presented in this paper. Its operating characteristics are discussed and evaluated in terms of using the computer-aided simulation results. The experimental inverter circuit is tested and examined for CVCF/UPS systems on the basis of the hard switched PWM inverter. This tested equipment is discussed for linear and nonlinear electrical loads under the conditions of large load variations and voltage fluctuations from a practical point of view.<<ETX>>


The aim of this study is to better understand social influence in online social media. Therefore, we propose a method in which we implement, validate and improve an individual behavior model. The behavior model is based on three fundamental behavioral principles of social influence from the literature: 1) liking, 2) social proof and 3) consistency. We have implemented the model using an agent-based modeling approach. The multi-agent model contains the social network structure, individual behavior parameters and the scenario that are obtained from empirical data. The model is validated by comparing the output of the multi-agent simulation with empirical data. We demonstrate the method by evaluating five versions of behavior models applied to the use case of Twitter behavior about a talent show on Dutch television.


In this introduction to a special section of the September 2019 issue of International Affairs, we revisit the main themes and arguments of our article 'Beyond seablindness: a new agenda for maritime security studies', published in this journal in November 2017. We reiterate our call for more scholarly attention to be paid to the maritime environment in international relations and security studies. We argue that the contemporary maritime security agenda should be understood as an interlinked set of challenges of growing global, regional and national significance, and comprising issues of national, environmental, economic and human security. We suggest that maritime security is characterized by four main characteristics, including its interconnected nature, its transnationality, its liminality—in the sense of implicating both land and sea—and its national and institutional cross-jurisdictionality. Each of the five articles in the special section explores aspects of the contemporary maritime security agenda, including themes of geopolitics, international law, interconnectivity, maritime security governance and the changing spatial order at sea.


A soft rot infection of Abelmoschus esculentus , Amaranthus hybridus and Vigna unguiculata was observed in home gardens and Government farms in the 2010 cropping season. This disease caused remarkable yield loss in these crops. Due to residual effects of synthetic chemical control, it became necessary to test the potency of some botanicals on the growth and  sporulation of the fungus as a control measure.  The  procedures involved isolation and identification of the fungus and potency trials of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the  botanicals on the assay fungus. The isolated fungus was confirmed  as Choanephora cucurbitarum . The extracts were obtained from Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Gmelina arborea Roxb, Chromolaena odorata Linnaeus and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Different concentrations of the extracts (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were used. With ethanol extract, there was complete inhibition of growth by all plant extracts and at all concentrations;  and a little growth in aqueous extracts with Azadirachta indica showing the highest inhibitory effect, while C. odorata showed the lowest inhibitory effect on the first day, ( A. indica , 0.1 ± 0.0 ≥ G. arborea, 0.1 ± 0.0 ˃ Z. officinale, 0.2 ± 0.0 ˃ C. odorata, 0.3 ± 0.0). On the last day, the level of inhibition was as follows A. indica , 0.4 ± 0.0 ˃ G. arborea, 0.6 ± 0.0 ˃ Z. officinale, 0.7 ± 0.0 ≥ C. odorata 0.7 ± 0.0. The inhibitory effect increased with increase in the percentage concentration of the extracts. The  potency  was also due in part to the phytochemical constituents of the plant extracts which was observed from the screening test that Saponins, Tannins, Alkaloids, Cardiac glycosides, Flavonoids, Reducing Compounds, Polyphenol, Phlobatannins, Anthraquinones and Hydroxymethyl anthraquinones were either present or absent. Ke words: Botanicals, Cross-River, Phytochemicals, Extract, Susceptibility.


Background: Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at dialysis initiation is increasingly recognized as a key quality indicator (QI) for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Specifically, guidelines recommend assessing deferral of dialysis initiation until symptoms arise or if the eGFR is ≤6 mL/min/1.73 m2. Despite the recognition of the importance of this QI, how eGFR at the time of dialysis initiation is defined, collected, and tracked at dialysis centers across Canada remains unknown. Objectives: To identify how provincial renal programs define eGFR at dialysis initiation, to compare practice across Canadian provinces, and to determine if there is a consistent benchmark for deferred dialysis start. Design: Cross-sectional survey distributed to the medical leads of each provincial renal program, administered from July 2021 to November 2021. Quebec was not included given it did not yet participate in Canadian Organ Replacement Register (CORR) data submission. Setting: The survey was designed and distributed by the Canadian Society of Nephrology Quality Improvement & Implementation Science Committee (CSN-QUIS) Indicator Working Group. Methods: The survey asked respondents on how eGFR is defined, collected, reported, and perceived barriers to QI data collection. The National Senior Renal Leaders Forum helped identify the key provincial medical leads to disseminate the survey for completion. Results: Surveys were distributed to the medical leads of the 9 provincial renal programs that participate in CORR. In total, there were 8 responses. Five provinces submit eGFR for all new dialysis starts and 3 provinces only submit this information for chronic patients. There is variation in determining when a patient with acute kidney injury requiring dialysis is classified as a chronic patient. Four provinces use a 30-day trigger, 3 provinces use a 90-day trigger, and the patient's nephrologist makes this determination in 1 province. The creatinine used for the eGFR at dialysis initiation was the value measured on the first dialysis session (ie, day 0) for 5 provinces; the last outpatient clinic creatinine value in 2 provinces, and 1 province did not have a standard definition. Three provinces did not have a benchmark target for eGFR at dialysis initiation, 1 province had a target of <9.5 mL/min/1.73 m2, 3 provinces had a target of <10 mL/min/1.73 m2, 1 province had a target of <15 mL/min/1.73 m2. All 8 responding provincial medical leads support the establishment of a national benchmark for this measure. Limitations: This survey was restricted to provincial medical leads and therefore is unable to determine practice at individual dialysis sites. The survey was not anonymous, so it may be subject to conformity bias. Conclusions: There is wide variability in how eGFR at dialysis initiation is measured and reported across Canada. Additionally, there is no consensus on a benchmark target for an intent-to-defer dialysis strategy. Standardization of target eGFR at dialysis initiation may facilitate national reporting and quality improvement initiatives.


The aim of this article is to theme the ethic matter in Levinas' philosophy as a reply to the senseless pain. Through the analysis of pain the author reaches the infinity of the responsibility to the Other, shown in his/her face, and consequently in God. The first part of this paper deals with the problem of evil from a phenomenological point of view and its consequences; the second part refers to what Levinas calls the "end of theodicy"- which comes from the historical events of the twentieth century. Finally, in a shortened approach, this paper exposes the coming of God to the idea through the meeting with the Other and the duty of giving an answer for his/her suffering.


The Moran effect for populations separated in space states that the autocorrelations in the population fluctuations equal the autocorrelation in environmental noise, assuming the same linear density regulation in all populations. Here we generalize the Moran effect to include also nonlinear density regulation with spatial heterogeneity in local population dynamics as well as in the effects of environmental covariates by deriving a simple expression for the correlation between the sizes of two populations, using diffusion approximation to the theta‐logistic model. In general, spatial variation in parameters describing the dynamics reduces population synchrony. We also show that the contribution of a covariate to spatial synchrony depends strongly on spatial heterogeneity in the covariate or in its effect on local dynamics. These analyses show exactly how spatial environmental covariation can synchronize fluctuations of spatially segregated populations with no interchange of individuals even if the dynamics are nonlinear.


Focusing on examples of Djuna Barnes's late published poetry—"Quarry" (1969), "Rite of Spring" (1982), and Creatures in an Alphabet (1982)—this article considers the contradictory ways these poems engage with theories of late style. Barnes's late output offers a unique and somewhat ambivalent case study for examining how the privileging of difficulty and discordance are met and informed by the lived realities of aging and longevity. Paying attention to the publication history of each poem, this article first examines Barnes's redrafting process for "Rite of Spring," which has been recently reassessed as a conscious, avant-garde experiment, one this article suggests embraced lateness and continuation as a method. Second, the article considers "Quarry" and Barnes's correspondence with publishers Faber and Faber to examine her attitude toward a seemingly finalized poem. Third, this article turns to Creatures in an Alphabet as an example of a supposedly completed project that was left unendorsed by Barnes and the tensions inherent in trying to read a late style into its material. Overall, I suggest that the revisionary nature of Barnes's poetry and its unfinishing state is a late style process, which represents a formal experiment, a creative experience informed by aging, and an example of the cultural investment critics have made in her late works.


This paper interrogates the existence of several agencies in Nigeria and makes a case for the fusion of all anti-graft agencies in Nigeria as it is in some other developed countries in the world such as Singapore and Hong Kong. The paper further highlights the advantages of such a fusion with a conclusion and recommendations. Keywords: Fusion, Anti-Graft Agencies, Nigeria


The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will explore the entire southern sky over 10 years starting in 2022 with unprecedented depth and time sampling in six filters, ugrizy. Artificial power on the scale of the 3.5 deg LSST field-of-view will contaminate measurements of baryonic acoustic oscillations (BAO), which fall at the same angular scale at redshift z ~ 1. Using the HEALPix framework, we demonstrate the impact of an "un- dithered" survey, in which 17% of each LSST field-of-view is overlapped by neighboring observations, generating a honeycomb pattern of strongly varying survey depth and significant artificial power on BAO angular scales. We find that adopting large dithers (i.e., telescope pointing o sets) of amplitude close to the LSST field-of-view radius reduces artificial structure in the galaxy distribution by a factor of ~10. We propose an observing strategy utilizing large dithers within the main survey and minimal dithers for the LSST Deep Drilling Fields. We show that applying various magnitude cutos can further increase survey uniformity. We find that a magnitude cut of r < 27:3 removes significant spurious power from the angular power spectrum with a minimal reduction in the total number of observed galaxies over the ten-year LSST run. We also determine the effectiveness of the observing strategy for Type Ia SNe and predict that the main survey will contribute ~100,000 Type Ia SNe. We propose a concentrated survey where LSST observes one-third of its main survey area each year, increasing the number of main survey Type Ia SNe by a factor of ~1.5, while still enabling the successful pursuit of other science drivers.