YongSoo Shim, M.D.*, Bora Yoon, M.D.†, Yun Jeong Hong, M.D.‡, A-Hyun Cho, M.D.*, Dong-Won Yang, M.D.* Department of Neurology*, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul; Department of Neurology†, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon; ‡Hyoja Geriatric Hospital, Yongin, Korea Background: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been considered as a reliable biomarker of small vessel damages. To evaluate the severity of WMHs, it is vital to develop reliable methods to measure the volume of WMHs. We applied open source software to measure WMH volume in the semi-automated way, and tested the reliability and validity by comparing with the commonly used qualitative rating scale. Methods: Twenty five subjects with variable WMHs were recruited. ANALYZE 10.0 was used for the image processing and volumetric measurement of WMHs. The inhomogeneity and artifacts of signal were corrected with Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit in ANALYZE. For the gold standard of the WMH volumetric measurement, threshold method was applied with consensus of manual editing on each slice of the MRI images by two raters. Histogram of the all slices of the Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) MRI was generated to calculate the optimal voxel intensity of threshold, and the lowest voxel threshold was decided as the mean+1.4 SD. The volumes of WMHs were generated by multiplying the area and the thickness of each slice. Interand intrarater reliability of the semi-automated volumetric and Scheltens'methods, and the association between the individual methods were analyzed. Results: The semi-automated WMH volume at the threshold of 1.4 SD as well as the gold standard volume was well correlated with the Scheltens' visual scale (r= 0.75, p< 0.001). The semi-automated volumetry showed the excellent intra-rater (ICC= 0.9929; 95% CI, 0.98400.9968) and inter-rater reliability (ICC= 0.9830; 95% CI, 0.9620-0.9925), superior to the Scheltens' visual rating scale. Conclusions: The semi-automated volume measurement of the WMHs with Analyze was a valid and a reliable method to quantify subcortical white matter damages of various etiologies. Received: November 15, 2012 Revision received: March 29, 2013 Accepted: March 29, 2013


This report is described mainly about the measuring methods developed and results obtained by the author on the elasticity in water flow and dilute polymeric liquid flow at high strain rates: Jet thrust/reaction was measured for the flow through capillaries or orifices of small size and the elastic stress was calculated and the thrust/reaction was found to decrease significantly both for polymeric liquid flow accompanied with vortices upstream of the orifice and for water flow through micro-orifices. Elongational stress estimated using the measured thrust/reaction was revealed to be correlated with the flow velocity through orifices. This suggests that these fluids posses a property of elastic solid, not of viscoelastic liquid, under the present experimental condition. It was also shown that the pressure drop of the water flow through micro-orifices is much reduced and this was again explained by the elasticity. The model of elastic fluid possessing only elastic property without viscosity was proposed, Bernoulli's theorem was extended to the one including the elastic property, and several experimental phenomena characteristic of viscoelastic fluids were explained by this extended theorem. Additionally, the property of vortices for polymeric liquids was discussed.


In May 1991, the 10 scientific journals of the American Medical Association (AMA) concurrently published multiple articles on a singular subject of great public health importance, "Caring for the Uninsured and Underinsured." 1,2 Following the success of this effort, the editors of the scientific journals of the AMA again have voted to devote substantial pages of all 10 journals to another subject of major importance—violence—to be published on a common date in 1992. The medical, social, and economic effects of violence in our society are staggering. Violent death includes homicide, suicide, and accident. Nonfatal injuries may result from accidents, assaults, and suicide attempts. Assailants and victims may be relatives, friends, or strangers. Violent injuries may be purposeful or an unintended byproduct. We invite you to contribute an original manuscript on any aspect of violence. The manuscript may be an original contribution, a clinical investigation, a brief report, a review, or


The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an educational program in improving the level of knowledge of parents about natural growth indicators in the development of children and determining the indicators which delay development in children from birth to three years old. The sample of the study consisted of 60 volunteers who were randomly and equally assigned to control and experimental groups. The educational program consists of 15 sessions; each session's duration is two hours. The results of the study showed that the level of parents' knowledge of natural growth indicators for children from birth to three years is low. There were differences on the level of knowledge of parents about developmental delay indicators due to the educational program. The study recommended the need for further studies on the importance of raising the level of knowledge of parents about development risk indicators of natural growth of children.

 Key words: Educational program, early normal growth indicators, indicators delaying development of children.


This article focuses on an important aspect of the Report on "The Government's Policy on the Use of Drones For Targeted Killing" published on 10 May 2016 by the Joint Committee on Human Rights of the UK's Parliament. This report highlights on several occasions that 'compliance with international law in the fight against terrorism is of the utmost importance'. However, the treatment by the Committee of the legal framework of the permissibility of the use of force in international law sometimes gives the impression that the Committee, while wisely stressing the need to respect the prohibition of the use of force, interpreted one of the key exceptions to this prohibition, namely self-defence, in such an extensive and permissive way that it undermined its own plea for caution. The main authority used in order to support the far-reaching conclusions of the Report on self-defence is resolution 2249 (2015) of the UNSC adopted on 20 November 2015 after the Paris attacks. A closer analysis, however, does not seem to confirm that resolution 2249 says what the Committee claims that it says. The text of the resolution clearly does not refer to self-defence, even less so to any 'new' and expansive interpretation of this exception. There is a sharp contrast between resolution 2249 and other similar resolutions in the past and especially resolutions 1368 (2001) and 1373 (2001) adopted after the 9/11 attacks where there were express references to self-defence. The context of adoption of resolution 2249 also clearly shows that there was no agreement between UNSC members to refer to self-defence. Only a small minority of the 15 members of the UNSC mentioned self-defence in the UNSC debates and the analysis of their respective positions makes it almost impossible to conclude that these states adhere to all the far-reaching conclusions of the Committee. France for instance did not invoke the theory of pre-emptive or preventive self-defence against ISIL and did not seem to share the theory of the 'unwilling or unable test' used by the US and few other coalition states. More generally, the vast majority of UN members did not seem to endorse the idea that resolution 2249 is a "Grotian moment' of change for the law of self-defence – as claimed by one scholar. The article ends by making a comparison between the expansive interpretation of self-defence proposed by the Committee and the 'Plea against the Abusive Invocation of Self-Defence as a Response to Terrorism' signed by more than 240 international lawyers and professors from 36 countries just a few weeks after the publication of the Report.


A 61-year-old female with a history of secundum atrial septal defect repair and hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia presented with epistaxis. She was found to have atypical atrial flutter with 2:1 atrioventricular conduction. Radiofrequency ablation was planned, but inferior vena cava interruption precluded right atrial (RA) access. The RA was then accessed through both subclavian veins, and activation mapping revealed a dense atriotomy scar in the posterolateral inferior RA. Wavefront propagation proceeded caudally through an area of slow conduction confined by the atriotomy scar. Atypical atrial flutter terminated during a second radiofrequency application to an isthmus confined by 2 regions of dense scar. The arrhythmia did not recur, although the patient later experienced typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. High-output heart failure due to systemic arteriovenous shunt was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and improved markedly with bevacizumab therapy.


OBJECTIVE
To observe the expressions of caspase-8 and caspase-9 mRNA, and explore the changes of apoptosis of bone marrow hematopoietic cells in patients with chronic mountain sickness (CMS).

METHODS
Of 18 CMS patients and 16 controls were enrolled in this study. The apoptotic index (AI) of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) was measured by TUNEL technique, the levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9 mRNA in BMMNC of CMS patients and controls were determined by RT-PCR. Results (1)The AI of BMMNC in patients with CMS (8.51 ± 3.35)% was lower than that in controls (16.00 ± 4.28)% (P < 0.01); (2) The values of caspase-8 and caspase-9 mRNA were (0.28 ± 0.07) and (0.23 ± 0.08) respectively, in CMS patients, which were significantly lower than those of (0.45 ± 0.09) and (0.41 ± 0.09) respectively, in the controls (both P < 0.01); (3) Hemoglobin (Hb) value was negatively correlated with levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9 mRNA (r values were -0.52 and -0.61 respectively, both P < 0.05) in CMS patients. There was a negative correlation between AI and Hb (r value was -0.89, P < 0.01) in CMS patients. However, the significant relationship was not found between AI and level of caspase-8 or caspase-9 mRNA (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The results showed a decrease apoptosis of BMMNCs and reduced levels of caspase-8 and caspase-9 mRNA in CMS patients, the latter might be involved in the change of BMMNCs apoptosis.


Genes T" discusses some practical applications of genetics in agriculture, stock breeding and the choosing of a human partner; "Sopranos and Basses" deals with the action of the sex hormones with particular attention to the changes of adolescence. A glossary and an amusing index complete the book. The material presented is all sound standard knowledge, elementary, though not too much so, and presented in a thoroughly readable fashion. The illustrations are original and informative. Both moralizing and pornography are conspicuously absent. The book is primarily suitable for young unmarried people of a reasonable grade of intelligence; the author's brand of humour and general approach, as well as a good deal of the information, would probably be lost on the less intelligent. Most older people will enjoy it, if they are not too dull, though it is not directly intended for them. This is a refreshing book, which, placed in the right hands, can do much good.


The psychosocial adaptation of an individual with sickle cell anemia is dependent on a number of variables, including the personality structure, family attitudes and behavior, and community responses and resources. Interactions of the individual, family, and community, and areas of stress and crises are analyzed by means of a developmental-maturational approach. Accurate knowledge of the disease, anticipatory guidance and continued (intermittent) counseling by trained health professionals, encourage and facilitate positive adaptations. Unfortunately, in current sickle cell programming, there are features that can have a negative psychosocial impact on individuals with sickle cell trait and anemia, the black population and society at large. These features include inaccurate communication materials; inaccurate diagnosis by physicians; lack of or improper counseling; unproved, unrealistic health care recommendations; and mandatory testing laws.


Summary.  The advent of the Code of Practice for Tissue Banks has led to the requirement for quality systems to be established in all laboratories involved in the production or processing of all cellular tissues to be used therapeutically. The quality system is all‐encompassing from process validations and quality assurance to the standard of facilities and staff training. This seems self‐evident to those working within the transfusion field but is a relatively novel concept to many hospital laboratories preparing transplant products such as bone marrow or peripheral blood derived haematopoietic stem cells. This review places the current guidelines in an historical context and explains many of the central tenets and requirements of the Code of Practice while outlining a process to facilitate preparation for accreditation.


Given the threat of re-identification in our growing digital society, guaranteeing privacy while providing worthwhile data for knowledge discovery has become a difficult problem. A number of heuristic solutions have been proposed that satisfy a privacy-protection property called k-Anonymity. These solutions use generalization (e.g., transform Federal Government and Local Government into a less specific occupation like Government) to ensure that each person in the database looks identical to at least k-1 other people. Without fair justification, it appears as though genetic algorithms have been discounted as viable solutions for privacy protection. This paper aims to falsify this misconception by proposing a new genetic algorithm that represents column orderings as permutations and adopts an ordered greed approach. After experimenting with real census data, we show improvements over previous genetic algorithms for privacy protection. Furthermore, in the interest of fairness, this work serves as an example of how to control experiment conditions when comparing privacy-protection algorithms.


The melanophores associated with contrasting manifestations of ambicoloration in two species, winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides), from the Pleuronectidae are compared microscopically. Winter flounder is a benthic inshore species, whilst Greenland halibut is a deep water species considered to spend the greater part of its life away from the sea floor, although the relatively thick blind-side epidermis associated with a benthic life occurs in both species. Various forms of abnormal ambicoloration occur in some specimens of winter flounder. Melanophores from the flounder blind side are morphologically similar to those from the ocular side in the different forms of ambicoloration, although there are differences in melanophore densities. In Greenland halibut, ambicoloration is a normal characteristic which is considered to be secondarily acquired. The melanophores of the ocular side of Greenland halibut are similar to the melanophores of other Pleuronectidae, whereas those of the blind side are very different in morphology and size.


The sensitivity of detecting of Xylella fastidiosa in ground grape tissue via standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedures is often limited by inhibitory plant compounds. Aliquots of standardized bacterial suspensions in healthy grapevine extracts were used to create a 10-fold dilution series for testing the effect of immunocapture (IC) and nested primers (N) on PCR sensitivity. DNA from X. fastidiosa suspended in grape leaf extract was not amplified by non-IC-PCR using standard and nested methods. The use of dynabeads for the immunomagnetic separation of target bacteria cells in plant extract was shown to reduce the inhibitory effect dramatically and increase sensitivity 10,000-fold over non-IC-PCR methods. The IC procedure with standard PCR primers achieved a sensitivity of 10,000 cells/mL of grape leaf extract. N-PCR primers were also used in combination with the IC procedure and increased sensitivity an additional 1,000-fold over standard PCR primers. The combined IC-N-PCR procedure achieved a maximum sensitivity of 2 cfu/mL of bacteria concentration in grape leaf extract. This method also gave reliable results when samples were taken from X. fastidiosa-infected grapevine plants. A new method was also applied for specific amplification of genomic fragments of the bacteria with nucleic acid deposition on small pieces of charged nylon membrane by spotting crude infected grapevine sap (spot-PCR) in combination with the nested primers. Spot-nested (Sp-N)-PCR was able to achieve the same level of sensitivity as IC-N-PCR with known dilutions of X. fastidiosa in buffer. Sp-N-PCR was able to detect positive and negative controls, but its reliability in sensitivity tests suggests that it needs further study.


Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is typically initiated by an
environmental stressor or a viral infection that weakens pulmonary
defence mechanisms, often allowing bacterial colonisation. As grouphoused
calf rearing systems become more popular, it is expected that
respiratory diseases will become more prevalent during the preweaning
period. Otitis and BRD are frequently concomitant diseases, sharing
common risk factors and similar pathogens. This study aimed
to evaluate the efficacy of two metaphylactic approaches on the
prevention of BRD, otitis and mortality in high-risk, group-housed,
preweaned Holstein heifer calves.
The long-acting antibiotic tildipirosin was administered
subcutaneously at a dose of 1ml per 45 kg bodyweight for each calf
receiving an antibiotic injection. Newborn calves on a dairy farm
were assigned to one of three treatment groups: a control group
where calves received no treatment; a group where calves received one
antibiotic injection at 10 days old; and a group where calves received
two antibiotic injections, the first at 10 days old and the second at
35 days old. All study heifers (n=795) were reared in group pens of
25 calves per pen and fed unrestricted milk from day 1 to day 65.
Statistical models were used to evaluate the effect of treatment on
mortality, BRD and otitis, as well as average daily weight gain.
Metaphylactic treatment with tildipirosin had no effect on the
incidence of BRD alone, otitis alone, mortality or average daily weight
gain in dairy heifers during the preweaning period. When evaluating
the combined incidence of BRD and/or otitis, tildipirosin metaphylaxis
was associated with a significant reduction in disease incidence.
The authors conclude that long-acting antibiotic metaphylaxis
could be used strategically to decrease the combined incidence of BRD
and/or otitis in high-risk, group-housed heifers during the preweaning
period.


In this study, Based on the optimization developed in Um et al. (2009), optimum design method of the alignment when building new lines and renewing existing ones is presented. The object function used for optimization is passenger comfort () which was proposed in BSI (2006). Other aspects of track/vehicle interaction will be treated in boundary conditions. And track/vehicle interaction analysis is peformed using KTX-II model. From the analysis results, it was found that the optimum alignments are affected by the angle (I) between adjacent straight lines and combinations. Also the dynamic analysis confirms well the results from the simplified analysis. However, In the most cases, the values in the dynamic analysis are higher than the simplified values. If both methods are used when optimizing the alignment, it will be possible to design the alignments more rapidly and reliably.


he relevance of the research is due to the need to develop technologies for phytoremediation of the devastated lands in the mining and metallurgical regions of Ukraine and the world. In this regard, the creation of tree plantations adapted to the ecological conditions of such territories is considered by many experts as the most promising option for innovative technologies. However, the development of artificial woodlands requires knowledge of the pedogeochemical characteristics of devastated lands. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative analysis of the macronutrients and heavy metals gross forms content in the soils of the devastated lands of the Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical region. The field studies focused on five contrasting monitoring sites of the Petrovsky dump (Central Kryvorizhzhya), which has a typical age and composition of rocks for the region. Soil sampling, drying, sieving, and sample preparation (sintering in a muffle furnace) were done in accordance with classical techniques. The concentrations of macronutrients (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and phosphorus) and heavy metals (iron, manganese, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium) were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP- MS) X-Series 2 (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA). The analytical part of our research was carried out on the basis of the laboratory of the Institute of Biosciences, Freiberg University of Technology and Mining Academy (Freiberg, Germany). At monitoring sites, significant differences were found in the content of macronutrients gross forms, and their variation relative to the control values as well. Potassium and sodium concentrations generally differed slightly or were close to control levels. The results of determining the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus indicate a significant deficiency or excess of these macronutrients in the soils of the devastated lands. An increased sulfur content was found in the soils of all monitoring sites, in some cases 4 times higher than the control level. The measured content of gross forms of iron, manganese, copper, cadmium and, partially, zinc in the soils of different monitoring sites exceeded the control values by 5.5 – 5.9 times. Thus, the analysis of the research results made it possible to establish that the soils of the devastated lands of the Petrovsky dump are characterized by unfavorable properties for the growth of most species of woody plants.


Upon injury, prolonged inflammation and oxidative stress may cause pathological wound healing and fibrosis, leading to formation of excessive scar tissue. Fibrogenesis can occur in most organs and tissues and may ultimately lead to organ dysfunction and failure. The underlying mechanisms of pathological wound healing still remain unclear, and are considered to be multifactorial, but so far, no efficient anti-fibrotic therapies exist. Extra- and intracellular levels of free heme may be increased in a variety of pathological conditions due to release from hemoproteins. Free heme possesses pro-inflammatory and oxidative properties, and may act as a danger signal. Effects of free heme may be counteracted by heme-binding proteins or by heme degradation. Heme is degraded by heme oxygenase (HO) that exists as two isoforms: inducible HO-1 and constitutively expressed HO-2. HO generates the effector molecules biliverdin/bilirubin, carbon monoxide, and free iron/ferritin. HO deficiency in mouse and man leads to exaggerated inflammation following mild insults, and accumulating epidemiological and preclinical studies support the widely recognized notion of the cytoprotective, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects of the activity of the HO system and its effector molecules. In this review, we address the potential effects of targeted HO-1 induction or administration of HO-effector molecules as therapeutic targets in fibrotic conditions to counteract inflammatory and oxidative insults. This is exemplified by various clinically relevant conditions, such as hypertrophic scarring, chronic inflammatory liver disease, chronic pancreatitis, and chronic graft rejection in transplantation.


E-learning relies on technology: It requires hardware, software, and network infrastructure. Most e-learning environments today are Web-based, i.e., they are accessed via Web browsers (using HTTP) over a TCP/IP network such as the Internet or an intranet (e.g., a university campus network). Thus, in general, e-learning today does not have any special hardware or networking requirements: In theory, only Internet access and a computer capable of running a Web browser is necessary to access Web-based e-learning applications. In practice, however, many applications make use of client-side scripting (using JavaScript, Adobe Flash, or Java Applets) or contain media or documents requiring proprietary software (such as Apple QuickTime or Microsoft Windows Media players for movies, or Microsoft PowerPoint for presentations). This means that a certain amount of computing power must be available and the choice of operating systems may be restricted. An institution offering e-learning also only needs standard server hardware and Internet connectivity, both of which must, of course, be sized aBStraCt


We read with interest the recent study by Dehlin and colleagues1, investigating the validity of a gout diagnosis in primary care. We have also investigated how a primary care diagnosis of gout compares to a primary care diagnostic rule for gout and to classification criteria. Our objective was to determine the proportion of patients with a primary care diagnosis of gout who fulfilled the primary care diagnostic rule by Janssens, et al for acute gouty arthritis2 and the 1977 American Rheumatism Association (ARA) criteria for the classification of acute arthritis of primary gout3.


liver cirrhosis. While the performances of all methods in terms of precision/recall are quite similar, the MB-based ones tend to outperform glasso-based ones and are in turn outperformed by the consensus method.


As well as inadequate understanding of restoration procedure, previous studies showed that post endodontic restoration failures are mostly due to failure in determination of the indication. The purpose of post endodontic restoration is to preserve the functions of the tooth. To achieve that goal understanding of case selection, restoration procedure and operator skill are essential, so that iatrogenic case will be evaded.


This paper contains a list of new AGN candidates identified from the examination of 3500 optical spectra contained in the database of the Southern Sky Redshift Survey Extension (SSRS2). The classification of galaxies was done using standard diagnostics and a total of (5) Seyfert 1, (12) Seyfert 2 and (10) LINERs were found. We also present a list of 60 galaxies for which we could not secure a definite classification, but which might present some level of nuclear activity.


In the last decade, the importance of topographic properties of extracellular environments has been shown to be essential to addressing cell response, especially when replacing damaged tissues with functional constructs obtained in vitro. In the current study, densely packed sub‐micron poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) fibres were electrospun with random and parallel orientations. PC12 pheochromocytoma cells that mimic central dopaminergic neurons and represent a model for neuronal differentiation were cultured on collagen‐coated fibres to evaluate cell response dependence on substrate topography. Cell adhesion, viability and proliferation, as well as dopamine production were evaluated after three days since seeding. Cell differentiation was examined in terms of neurite number, orientation and length 6 days after administration of nerve growth factor (NGF). Results showed that proliferating PC12 cells secreted a higher quantity of dopamine on fibres with respect to control cultures and as a result, a possible use of PHB fibres was considered for cell transplantation in the central nervous system when local production of dopamine is impaired. Differentiated PC12 cells were characterized by highly aligned and longer neurites on parallel PHB fibres with respect to random fibres, thereby demonstrating the suitability of parallel PHB fibres for further studies in peripheral nervous system regeneration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Interleukin 3-dependent murine 32D cells do not detectably express members of the ErbB receptor family and do not proliferate in response to known ligands for these receptors. 32D transfectants were generated expressing human ErbB4 alone (32D.E4) or with ErbB2 (32D.E2/E4). Epidermal growth factor (EGF), neuregulin 1-beta (NRG1-beta), betacellulin (BTC), transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), heparin binding-EGF (HB-EGF), and amphiregulin were analyzed for their ability to mediate mitogenesis in these transfectants. 32D.E4 responded mitogenically to NRG1-beta and BTC. Surprisingly, EGF also induced significant DNA synthesis and TGF-alpha was negligibly mitogenic on 32D.E4 cells, whereas HB-EGF and amphiregulin were inactive. Although coexpression of ErbB2 with ErbB4 in 32D.E2/E4 cells did not significantly alter DNA synthesis in response to NRG1-beta or BTC, it greatly enhanced mitogenesis elicited by EGF and TGF-alpha and unmasked the ability of HB-EGF to induce proliferation. EGF-related ligands that exhibited potent mitogenic activity on 32D.E2/E4 cells at low concentrations induced adherence, morphological alterations, and up-regulation of the Mac-1 integrin and FcgammaRII/III at higher concentrations. While 125I-EGF could be specifically crosslinked to both 32D.E4 and 32D.E2/E4 cells, its crosslinking capacity was greatly enhanced in the cotransfected cells. The ability of the various ligands to mediate proliferation and/or adhesion in the two transfectants correlated with their capacity to induce substrate tyrosine phosphorylation and to initiate and sustain activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. We conclude that the ability of ErbB4 to mediate signal transduction through EGF-like ligands is broader than previously assumed and can be profoundly altered by the concomitant expression of ErbB2.


The Heavy Oil Late Life Energy Recovery (HOLLER) project is the application of geothermal technology in steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wells that are near end of life. While conventional geothermal technology is encumbered by the high cost of drilling deep wells to reach formations with the temperatures required for economic power generation, in situ bitumen producers have access to existing SAGD wells within mature reservoirs that are at shallow depths and high temperatures. The thermal energy from just one SAGD well can produce enough electricity to power thousands of homes for a year and major oilsands producers collectively have thousands of such wells.
 Our goal is to harness this thermal energy using the existing well inventory to create a closed geothermal system using process effluent water (PEW) such as boiler blowdown or tailings pond water as the heat recovery medium. This strategy has the potential to improve SAGD economics through incremental bitumen recovery, the generation of low-carbon base load electricity, and driving down SAGD greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by recovering some of the spent energy. This strategy also provides an option to dispose process water and/or tailings water to accelerate the reclamation of tailings ponds. Suncor's In Situ Technology team applied a stage-gated technology development process to progress HOLLER from Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 0—Idea to TRL 7—Field test. We applied the diverge-converge approach to 30 ideas that were distilled into four recommended commercial solutions. Our de-risking activities include numerical reservoir simulation, chemical process simulation, post-SAGD core and water analysis, laboratory studies for compatibility of various PEW sources with reservoir fluids and rock, core flooding, corrosion studies, facility design, economics, risk and uncertainty analysis, patenting, and testing in the field.
 As a result of the technology development work, we have developed a three-phase strategy to maximize the value of depleted in situ reservoirs: water disposal, energy recovery and permanent closure. This strategy offers synergies between mining and in situ operations, reduction in GHG emissions and environmental liabilities all while generating a net profit for the enterprise. If applied industry-wide, HOLLER technology has the potential of reducing not only the intensity, but also the absolute GHG emissions, while offering unique opportunities for collaboration between the in situ producers and mining operations.
 HOLLER is unique in its potential to retroactively reduce the GHG intensity of bitumen already recovered by thermal methods. It offers low emissions incremental bitumen production, nearly emissions-free power generation, increased efficiency of existing facilities through the direct use of recovered heat – while reducing mine tailings liabilities. HOLLER enhances the oilsands industry's sustainability efforts.


The study focuses on how transnational migration affects the socio-political peripheries of communities. Specifically, we focus on identity construction and on how identities are worked out among second-generation immigrants from Bosnia, whose parents came to the Swedish-language countryside in Finland as refugees in the early 1990s. We analyse the Bosnians' small stories and their use of linguistic traits from the different varieties in the rural community where they have settled. The framework is narrative analysis coupled with Bhabha's notion of identity as a third space and how this is manifested in the way the immigrants position themselves in their small stories and how realizations of their third positionings are related to their attitudes and use of the local dialect. The third position is realised as clusters of experiences and attitudes, suggesting different prototypical identity-constructional positions, three of them being the immigrant (i) as a mediator between the traditional local population and immigrants, expressing solidarity to both groups; (ii) as a generic immigrant, belonging neither to the local population nor to his/her 'own' ethnic group but affiliating with immigrants in general; and (iii) as an identification of oneself as a permanentemigrant aligning oneself with other adolescents in the diaspora. (Less)


When fields lack consensus standards and ground truths for their analytic methods, reproducibility can be more of an ideal than a reality. Such has been the case for functional neuroimaging, where there exists a sprawling space of tools for constructing processing pipelines and drawing interpretations. We provide a critical evaluation of the impact of differences across five independently developed minimal preprocessing pipelines for functional MRI. We show that even when handling identical data, inter-pipeline agreement was only moderate. Critically, this highlights a dependence of downstream analyses on the chosen processing pipeline, and sheds light on a potentially driving factor in prior reports of limited reproducibility across studies. Using a densely sampled test-retest dataset, we show that limitations imposed by inter-pipeline agreement mainly become appreciable when the reliability of the underlying data is high, which is increasingly the case as the field progresses into an era of unprecedented data quality and abundance. We highlight the importance of comparing analytic configurations, as both widely discussed (e.g., global signal regression) and commonly overlooked (e.g., MNI template version) decisions were found to lead to marked variation. We provide recommendations for incorporating tool-based variability in functional neuroimaging analyses and a supporting infrastructure.


Debates on the applicability of the "modern" Western concepts of civil society, pluralism, secularization and democracy, together with Islam, significantly developed since the 1970s in Indonesia, in particular since the emergence of Nurcholish Madjid (hereafter Madjid). By the end of the 1980s, the Paramadina Foundation, which was established in 1986 by Madjid, among others, increasingly attracted higher middle-class individuals who claimed to adopt a progressive and open approach to Islam. Through Paramadina, Madjid, among others, developed his own idea of civil society. He is one of the most obvious champions of "neo-modernism" in Indonesia, as these ideas of both "modernism" and "traditionalism" are combined when they are relevant and suitable for society. The question addressed here is how Madjid interprets the concepts of civil society, pluralism, secularization and democracy as his main discourses? In other words, how does Madjid define and pave the way for Islamic development in Indonesia? What approaches does he use? While the concepts developed in Paramadina are basically inclusivism, pluralism, integralism, tolerance and democracy, on the way to achieving masyarakat madani (the Indonesian translation of civil society as adopted by Madjid), it seems that Madjid falls short of promoting local and global human values, international relations and communication. In fact, he adopts a cultural and nationalistic approach within the framework of Indonesian nationalism, which could lead to cultural crystallisation, particularism, localism and, eventually, atavism. These factors, however, if given a humanistic and global flavour — as set forward by the communication approach to human development — could indeed contribute to the emancipation of local citizens, from a parochial and centralized nationalism adhered to today by many Indonesian leaders. Thus, thinking globally and acting locally could be a liberating force for all.


Background: The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex is the second most common causal agent of dermatophytosis. It comprises five species—T. mentagrophytes, T. interdigitale, T. erinacei, T quinckeanum, and T. benhamie, as well as nine different genotypes of T. mentagrophytes / T. interdigitale—which are morphologically similar; however, their susceptibility to antifungal agents may differ. For targeted therapy and better prognosis, it is important to identify these species at a molecular level. However, since many hospitals lack molecular methods, the actual aetiology of dermatophytosis caused by this complex remains unknown. Objective: To characterize 55 anthropophilic isolates of the T. mentagrophytes complex recovered from a dermatological centre in Yucatán, Mexico. Material and methods: Fifty-five isolates of the T. mentagrophytes complex were obtained from patients with tinea capitis, tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea barbae, and tinea unguium. They were characterized by their colonial and microscopic morphology on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and through the sequencing of a fragment from the region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. Results: All colonies grown on SDA were white. Forty-six isolates formed colonies with a powdery texture, while nine isolates formed colonies with a velvety texture. The micromorphological features were typical of the T. mentagrophytes complex. The molecular analysis revealed that 55 isolates were microorganisms that belonged to the T. mentagrophytes complex, that 46 formed powdery colonies representing T. mentagrophytes, and that the other nine isolates that formed velvety colonies represented T. interdigitale. The latter nine isolates were obtained from patients with tinea pedis, tinea corporis, and tinea unguium. Conclusions: The colony morphology on SDA led to the identification of 46 isolates as T. mentagrophytes and nine isolates as T. interdigitale. At a molecular level, the species identified by their morphology were identified only as T. mentagrophytes complex.


ABSTRACT Adenovirus vectors are widely used as vaccine candidates for a variety of pathogens, including HIV-1. To date, human and chimpanzee adenoviruses have been explored in detail as vaccine vectors. The phylogeny of human and chimpanzee adenoviruses is overlapping, and preexisting humoral and cellular immunity to both are exhibited in human populations worldwide. More distantly related adenoviruses may therefore offer advantages as vaccine vectors. Here we describe the primary isolation and vectorization of three novel adenoviruses from rhesus monkeys. The seroprevalence of these novel rhesus monkey adenovirus vectors was extremely low in sub-Saharan Africa human populations, and these vectors proved to have immunogenicity comparable to that of human and chimpanzee adenovirus vaccine vectors in mice. These rhesus monkey adenoviruses phylogenetically clustered with the poorly described adenovirus species G and robustly stimulated innate immune responses. These novel adenoviruses represent a new class of candidate vaccine vectors. IMPORTANCE Although there have been substantial efforts in the development of vaccine vectors from human and chimpanzee adenoviruses, far less is known about rhesus monkey adenoviruses. In this report, we describe the isolation and vectorization of three novel rhesus monkey adenoviruses. These vectors exhibit virologic and immunologic characteristics that make them attractive as potential candidate vaccine vectors for both HIV-1 and other pathogens.


From the Japanese Zen Garden to Andr Le Notre's Versailles, the history of landscape reveals that every garden embodies a philosophy. Focusing on the metaphysics, aesthetics, and theology of the seventeenth century, Allen Weiss's analysis offers new insight into the major gardens of this period: Vaux-le-Vicomte, Chantilly, and Versailles.From the Meditations of Descartes and Pascal's Penss, to the intrigues of court politics, Weiss reveals how the structure of these gardens reflects sometimes literally the power of Louis XIV, the relationship between God, King, sun, and infinity, and the new science of optics. Weiss's sophisticated yet highly readable text combines contemporary theory with a careful historical reading. He gives us a richer understanding of gardens than allowed in more traditional formal and stylistic analyses."


A kinetic model to describe the anaerobic digestion of olive mill wastewater (OMW) and condensation water from thermally-concentrated OMW has been developed. Two complementary kinetic descriptions, for substrate utilization and methane production, were derived. The model equations accounted for extracellular hydrolysis of complex substrates (OMW) and considered the hydrolysed products as the limiting substrates for cell growth and product formation according to Monod kinetics. Predicted relationships agreed well with experimental data. When extracellular hydrolysis was required and rate limiting, as in the case of the OMW, the equations were reduced to a Contois-type form. However, if no extracellular hydrolysis of the substrate was involved, as in the case of the condensation water from thermally-concentrated OMW, the equations were in the form of a Monod-type relationship. Thus, the equations represented a generalized kinetic expression for anaerobic fermentation relating the Monod and Contois equations, which held in the two extreme cases.


In the present study it was investigated to what extent observers (i) could make rapid yet reliable and valid judgements of the frequency of verbal and nonverbal behaviours of interviewees (liars and truth tellers) and (ii) detect deceit after making these rapid judgements. Five observers watched 52 videoclips of 26 liars and 26 truth tellers. The findings revealed that rapid judgements were reliable and valid. They also revealed that observers were able to detect truths and lies well above the level of chance after making these rapid judgements (74% accuracy rate was found). The implications of these findings for deception researchers and lie detection are discussed.


Finding a coordinate transformation is a fundamental task in diverse fields of mathematical applications. In this thesis, we propose new techniques of computing coordinate transformations for two different applications. In the first applicat.ion, the transformations are computed to generate adaptive meshes that are suitable for solving time-dependent partial differential equations in two or more spatial dimensions. For the second application, the transformations are developed for an elastic image registration. Registration means establishing a coordinate transformation between two or more images taken, for example, at different times or from different viewpoints. The transformations are formulated based on solving the optimal mass transport problem, also known as the Monge-Kantorovich problem. This problem concerns finding the best way of moving a pile of material from one site to another with minimum transportation cost. Two different methods are described to compute the transformations for each application. In the first method, the solution of the problem is obtained as the steady-state solution of a parabolic partial differential equation. The second method is a velocity based method in which a velocity field is obtained using the fluid dynamics formulation of the L 2 Monge-Kantorovich problem. The optimal mass transport approach for computing coordinate transformations has a number of useful features. The existence and uniqueness of the transformation are guaranteed from the Kantorovich theory. Moreover, it can be characterized as the gradient of a convex function, i.e., it is rotation free. A number of theoretical issues for computing these transformations are addressed. Several numerical experiments are presented to show the performance of the proposed approach for both adaptive grid generat.ion and image registration for medical applications.


In humans, the lateral recumbent position has a beneficial effect on haemodynamics. If this effect is substantial in small animals too, there is a risk of misinterpretation in preclinical investigations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the impact of acute changes in body position on haemodynamics in rats. Healthy rats (n= 21) and rats post myocardial infarction (n= 20) were randomly positioned supine, prone, or on the right or left side. In each position, we measured haemodynamic parameters by pressure‐tip catheter and thermodilution. We found that left ventricular contractility (dP/dtmax) was significantly elevated in both lateral positions as compared to the supine position in healthy rats. In healthy rats and following infarction, cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI) were significantly higher in both lateral positions as compared to the supine or prone position. Of importance, if SVI values in the supine position in healthy rats (0.095 ± 0.003 ml (100 g)−1) are compared to SVI values measured in different positions after myocardial infarction, the SVI can be either significantly lower in the supine (0.084 ± 0.003 ml (100 g)−1) or significantly higher in the left lateral position (0.105 ± 0.003 ml (100 g)−1). We conclude that post myocardial infarction and in healthy control rats, important haemodynamic values are increased in lateral positions as compared to prone or supine positions. Analysing haemodynamic data in rats may therefore result in misinterpretation if the body position is inconsistent.


Purpose To compare the surgical outcomes of unilateral lateral rectus recession–medial rectus resection (RR) according to forced duction test (FDT) results with those of conventional RR in intermittent exotropia. Methods A total of 129 patients aged 3 to 10 years with intermittent exotropia who underwent RR between 2006 and 2011 were included. The operator compared the tension of the lateral rectus (LR) between both eyes. When FDT results were asymmetric, RR was performed on the eye with more LR tension. RR was performed on the nondominant eye when FDT results were symmetric. Patients were divided into two groups; one group (n = 64) underwent RR without FDT (RR group) and the other group (n = 65) underwent RR considering FDT results (RR-FDT group). Success, recurrence, reoperation rates and cumulative probabilities of success were evaluated in both groups. Surgical outcome was considered satisfactory if the distance deviation in the primary position was between ≤ 10 PD of exophoria/tropia and ≤ 10 PD of esophoria/tropia. Recurrence was defined as an alignment of > 10 PD of exophoria/tropia, and overcorrection defined as > 10 PD of esophoria/tropia. Reoperation for recurrence was recommended for constant exotropia ≥ 14 PD at distance. Results The total follow-up periods were 4.4±2.3 years in the RR group, and 3.9±2.0 years in the RR-FDT group (P = .310). In the RR group, 50 patients (78.1%) were successful, 13 patients (20.3%) had recurrence, and 1 patient (1.6%) had overcorrection at 2 years after surgery. In the RR-FDT group, 58 patients (89.2%) were successful, 5 patients (7.7%) had recurrence, and 2 patients (3.1%) were overcorrected. The recurrence rate at 2 years after operation was significantly lower in the RR-FDT group (P = .045). Recurrence rates during the follow-up period were 5.6% per person-year in the RR group and 2.7% per person-year in the RR-FDT group. Reoperation for recurrence was performed on 7 patients (10.8%) in the RR-FDT group and 16 patients (25.0%) in the RR group (P = .035). Postoperative sensory outcomes were similar between both groups. Conclusions The forced duction test was useful in reducing the risk of recurrence at 2 years after surgery when RR was performed on the eye with more passive tension of the LR. Intraoperative FDT may be considered to choose which eye to operate on when planning RR in intermittent exotropia.


The effects of dynorphin (1-13) on thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion in rats were studied. Dynorphin (500 micrograms/kg) was injected iv, and the rats were serially decapitated. TRH and TSH, thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The hypothalamic immunoreactive TRH did not change significantly after dynorphin injection. Basal plasma TSH levels significantly decreased in a dose-related manner with a nadir at 40 min after dynorphin injection. The effect of dynorphin on TSH release was partially prevented by naloxone. The plasma TSH response to cold was significantly inhibited by dynorphin. The plasma TSH response to TRH did not differ from that of the control. In the L-DOPA or 5-hydrotryptophan-pretreated group, the inhibitory effect of dynorphin on TSH release was prevented, but not in the haloperidol-or para-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated group. These drugs alone did not affect plasma TSH levels. The plasma T4 and T3 levels did not change significantly after dynorphin injection. The findings suggest that dynorphin acts on the hypothalamus by inhibiting TRH release, which may be modified by amines of the central nervous system.


OBJECTIVES
We assessed the epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States and estimated the percentages of cases occurring among men who have sex with men (MSM).

METHODS
We reviewed US syphilis surveillance data from 1990 through 2003. We estimated the number of cases occurring among MSM by modeling changes in the ratio of syphilis cases among men to cases among women.

RESULTS
During 1990 through 2000, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis decreased 90% overall, declining 90% among men and 89% among women. The overall rate increased 19% between 2000 and 2003, reflecting a 62% increase among men and a 53% decrease among women. In 2003, an estimated 62% of reported cases occurred among MSM.

CONCLUSIONS
Increasing syphilis cases among MSM account for most of the recent overall increase in rates and may be a harbinger of increasing rates of HIV infection among MSM. National efforts are under way to improve monitoring of syphilis trends, better understand factors associated with the observed increases, and improve efforts to prevent syphilis transmission.


Abstract Guenons (tribe Cercopithecini) are the most widely distributed nonhuman primate in the tropical forest belt of Africa and show considerable phenotypic, taxonomic, and ecological diversity. However, genomic information for most species within this group is still lacking. Here, we present a high-quality de novo genome (total 2.90 Gb, contig N50 equal to 22.7 Mb) of the mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona), together with genome resequencing data of 13 individuals sampled across Nigeria. Our results showed differentiation between populations from East and West of the Niger River ∼84 ka and potential ancient introgression in the East population from other mona group species. The PTPRK, FRAS1, BNC2, and EDN3 genes related to pigmentation displayed signals of introgression in the East population. Genomic scans suggest that immunity genes such as AKT3 and IL13 (possibly involved in simian immunodeficiency virus defense), and G6PD, a gene involved in malaria resistance, are under positive natural selection. Our study gives insights into differentiation, natural selection, and introgression in guenons.


Umbilical line blood (UCB) determined multipotent undifferentiated cells are fit for giving ascent hematopoietic, epithelial, endothelial and neural begetter cells. Along these lines recommended to fundamentally enhance join versus-host malady and speak to the particular helpful alternative for a few harmful and non-dangerous illnesses. Late advances in methodologies to separate, grow and abbreviate the planning of UCB foundational microorganisms engraftment have massively enhanced the adequacy of transplantations. Sensory system has restricted regenerative potential in sickness conditions, for example, growth, neurodegeneration, stroke, and a few neural wounds. This audit concentrates on use of UCB determined stem/ancestor cells in previously mentioned obsessive conditions. We have talked about the conceivable endeavors to make utilization of UCB treatments to produce neural cells and tissues with formative and utilitarian similitudes to neuronal cells. What's more, developing utilizations of UCB determined AC133+ (CD133+) endothelial ancestor cells (EPCs) as imaging test, regenerative specialist, and quality conveyance vehicle are specified that will promote enhance the comprehension of utilization of UCB cells in helpful modalities. Be that as it may, protected and successful conventions for cell transplantations are still required for restorative viability.


Interactions with industry hiring new software engineers from undergraduate computer science and engineering programs show, case after case, that universities do not pay enough attention to the practical aspects of software development. Another well-known deficiency of the undergraduate programs is in the area of time-critical, reactive programming. The present paper describes a senior course in a computer science undergraduate program designed to address some of the above problems. The real-time course provides the students not only with the basic concepts of real-time programming, but also provides a vehicle for development of small class projects which address methods, tools and the critical aspects of a modern software development life cycle. The experience with teaching the course may serve as a model for similar offerings in other computer science, computer engineering and software engineering college programs. The paper describes lessons learned and future plans.


The research reported in this article is the re- sult of an innovative teaching project carried out on the virtual campus of the University of Huelva involving the third-year students on practicum in the Social Educa- tion Diploma course. The collaborative learning processes within an asynchronic context of curricular practicals are examined by analysing speech and the depth and breadth of the social networks that emerged. This interpretation enables us to conceive future re- search and experiences to shape quality indicators for these learning methods.


The steady growing innovations in the area of information and communication technology have raised new concepts and possibilities in different life aspects. In the field of further education and professional training, electronic learning and Web-based education are perhaps the most prominent ones. Proponents of this technology claim that e-learning courses are at least as effective as corresponding traditional ones, and therefore sometimes a very good substitute for it. Although there are so many similarities between traditional and e-learning systems, confronting the extended range of e-learning users -with very different prior knowledge of the domain, backgrounds, learning styles, interests and preferences- is no more possible with the "one-size-fits-all" approach. Hence, creation and management of instructional content would be the major hazard in e-learning industry. Contents should be provided considering social, cultural and pedagogical characteristics of the learners. E-learning covers a wide set of applications and processes. With such an extended scope, covering number of available e-learning tools is extensive. Though, in recent years, features and capabilities of authoring tools have been drastically improved. Concepts such as "adapting to the needs of learners" and "personalized content" make authoring tools play a more prominent role in the process of creating learning contents. In this paper, we propose a new pedagogical perspective in web-based learning environments. This perspective explores the most prominent opportunities of the information technology era, in order to ensure a more meaningful learning. Advantages, limitations and particularly deficiencies of e-learning systems are investigated based on this perspective. Also, in order to cover the importance of authoring tools in the performance of e-learning systems, capabilities and limitations of current available authoring tools are comparatively studied. These comparisons are based on criteria such as compatibility with e-learning standards, the amount of time and cost needed for the instructional design and potential features. Outcomes of the study emphasize on the importance of the learning variables such as cognitive, social and affective learners' characteristics, which play a critical role in the design and implementation of web-based learning systems. These outcomes would certainly be of significant help with enhancing the decision making procedure for managers and presidents of learning areas, which may be overwhelmed by all the technology decisions they have to make, the number of choices available, and the terminology they may not be familiar with. These outcomes would basically lead to determining basic factors of learner satisfaction and therefore improving educational performance.


BACKGROUND
This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in Turkish men aged 60 years and older and the factors associated with AAA.

METHODS
Through sixty-two family health centers located in the Kecioren district of Ankara, 239 male volunteers of the target age were recruited for this pilot study. The volunteers were scanned using B-mode ultrasonography. An aorta of 3 cm or larger in outer to outer diameter was accepted as having AAA. The participants were screened for age, height, weight, known diseases and risk factors.

RESULTS
AAA was detected in 11 volunteers (4.6%). A history of smoking increased the risk of AAA (Odds ratio: 12.75; CI 95%, 1.2-134.3). The presence of an aneurysm with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) was statistically significant when compared to volunteers without a history of MI (p=0.007). Similarly, volunteers with a history of coronary angiography had a greater risk of an aneurysm than volunteers without (9.5% and 1.9%, respectively). Also, there was a negative correlation between diabetes, peripheral arterial disease, and aortic diameters.

CONCLUSION
Although AAA has high mortality rates when ruptured, it is a preventable disease. Therefore, it is necessary to know the prevalence of AAA in Turkey. Our findings were compatible with the literature. However, our study was performed as a pilot study, and there is a need for larger studies in our country.


Objective To heighten the awareness of a possible association of sclerosing peritonitis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods and Results Over the course of 17 years (from January 1981 to December 1997), 371 patients were treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) at Rush–Presbyterian–St Lukes Medical Center. The patients were followed on CAPD for an average of 25 ± 21 (SD) months with a median of 19 months (range 0.2 – 115 months). During this time only 2 (0.5%) patients were diagnosed with sclerosing peritonitis, and both had SLE with ongoing evidence of active disease while on CAPD. With a total of 26 SLE patients being treated with CAPD during the observation period, the prevalence of sclerosing peritonitis can be said to be as high as 8% in this patient population. Conclusion These cases suggest that autoimmune diseases, such as SLE, that are well known to cause immune-mediated serositis may represent an additional factor predisposing to the development of sclerosing peritonitis in patients treated with CAPD.


Metastatic liver disease is a challenging and life-threatening situation often with dismal prognosis. Nearly half of the patients with colorectal cancer develop liver metastasis during the course of their diseases. Hepatic resection is the treatment of choice in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. This study was conducted to compare the results of patients undergoing simultaneous liver and colorectal resection for synchronous liver metastasis and of those for whom a colorectal and liver resection was made separately. A retrospective analysis was performed on 1597 patients who underwent surgery because of colorectal cancer between January 1999 and December 2008. The results of the treatment were separately evaluated in case of the 152 patients who had liver metastasis. The proportion of the liver metastasis was 9.52%. The metastases arose in 40.8% from the rectum and in 31.8% from the sigmoid colon. It proved to be inoperable in 109 (71.7%) of the 152 patients who had liver metastasis. Simultaneous liver resection was performed because of synchronous metastasis in 14 (32.6%) cases (Group 1) and two step resection in 29 (67.4%) cases (Group 2). In case of synchronous operations only minor liver surgery was done. The mean size of the metastasis was 2.6 cm in diameter in Group 1 and 4.6 cm in Group 2 (p<0.005). The transfused blood volume was 0.3 U/patient. Only minor complications could be observed in Group 1. The hospitalization was 13.1 days in Group 1 and 11.7 days in Group 2. The mean survival time was 37.3 and 47.9 months (p<0.005). Simultaneous liver resection seems to be a safe procedure on those patients who develop small metastases with a limited number. However, the optimal timing of the liver resection and the identification of patients who will have the greatest benefit in survival still remain obscure.


Abstract. The energy budget of Arctic sea ice is strongly affected by the snow cover. Intensive sampling of snow properties was conducted near Qikiqtarjuaq in Baffin Bay on typical landfast sea ice during two melt seasons in 2015 and 2016. The sampling included stratigraphy, vertical profiles of snow specific surface area (SSA), density and irradiance, and spectral albedo (300–1100 nm). Both years featured four main phases: (I) dry snow cover, (II) surface melting, (III) ripe snowpack, and (IV) melt pond formation. Each phase was characterized by distinctive physical and optical properties. A high SSA value of 49.3 m2 kg−1 was measured during phase I on surface wind slabs together with a corresponding broadband albedo (300–3000 nm) of 0.87. Phase II was marked by alternating episodes of surface melting, which dramatically decreased the SSA below 3 m2 kg−1, and episodes of snowfall re-establishing pre-melt conditions. Albedo was highly time-variable, with minimum broadband values around 0.70. In phase III, continued melting led to a fully ripe snowpack composed of clustered rounded grains. Albedo began to decrease in the visible as snow thickness decreased but remained steady at longer wavelengths. Moreover, significant spatial variability appeared for the first time following snow depth heterogeneity. Spectral albedo was simulated by radiative transfer using measured SSA and density vertical profiles and estimated impurity contents based on limited measurements. Simulations were most of the time within 1 % of measurements in the visible and within 2 % in the infrared. Simulations allowed the calculations of albedo and of the spectral flux at the snow–ice interface. These showed that photosynthetically active radiation fluxes at the bottom of the snowpack durably exceeded 5 W m−2
(∼9.2 µmol m−2 s−1) only when the snowpack thickness started to decrease at the end of phase II.


Helicobacter pylori has adapted to a very specialized niche; namely, the highly acidic, viscous, and somewhat anaerobic gastric mucus of humans. The enzyme urease is essential for colonization of the stomach, as it provides protection against gastric acidity. A spiral morphology as well as sheathed flagella have been claimed to give the bacteria an advantage in colonizing mucus. Wild type strain of H. pylori and its isogenic urease-negative mutant showed a chemotactic response to urea, flurofamide (a potent urease inhibitor), sodium ion, and bicarbonate ion. These chemotactic responses are also observed in the viscous environment. Thus, it appears that H. pylori has chemotactic movement that is independent of urease activity. The chemotactic response was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a potent H+ pump inhibitor, but not by Na+ pump-inhibiting amiloride, suggesting this response is forced by H+-driven flagellar movement. Since urea and sodium bicarbonate are secreted from the gastric epithelial surface, this chemotactic response may contribute to the colonization by H. pylori and the persistence of its infection.


The results of the stomach resection on the occasion of stomach and duodenal ulcer were analyzed. Bioelectric activity of the stomach stump was studied in a comparative aspect, and early recovery of the motor function of the resected stomach after the formation of pyloroimitating gastroduodenal anastomoses was shown. Revealed roentgenologic mechanisms of the evacuator function of the stomach stump let us determine evacuation types for the early postoperative period. The formation of pyloroimitating gastroduodenal anastomoses is functionally advantageous.


In this paper, we propose results of research on the establishment of presence of components in water of the southern cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan such as carbonate hardness, noncarbonate hardness and total hardness, content of free carbonic acid and impurities of different ions of iron (two- and three-valent), sulphate and chlorine ions, pH value. When the research course parameters of heat carrier (water): carbonate hardness, non-carbonate hardness, and the total hardness, content of free carbonic acid ions and HCO3 , pH value, content of two and three valence iron ions, sulphate and chloride-ions in water were established, indicators of corrosion were calculatedby the value, which we concluded about the strength of corrosive effect on steel foundation of pipelines.


The authors present an interesting case of a suckling baby treated for forearm tumour. All the preoperative examinations including the imaging methods are documented, as are the surgical procedures and the final results. The case report is interesting not only because such surgery is infrequent but also due to the unpredictable progress of the final diagnosis statement. Before surgery the tumour was diagnosed as an organising haematoma; based on clinical and radiological signs the diagnosis subsequently rose to rapidly growing haemangioma or vascular malformation causing arm paresis and vascular supply disorder. The diagnosis was changed to angiolipoma during surgery. The final histopathological statement was: infantile fibrosarcoma. Despite the virtue of imaging methods and meticulous clinical examination, the surgical and histopathological findings are not necessarily absolutely identical. Having presented this particular case the authors would like to share their experience.


While prosecuting the investigations recorded in the preceding paper, Mr. Morrison called our attention to an interesting phenomenon, not before publicly recorded. On the north-east of Malham the scar limestone rises abruptly to an altitude of 1,000 feet, forming Cowden Hill. Cowden Hill is ordinarily without a spring, but about once in every five years a body of water rushes out of the foot of the hill and down Finkle Street to the Lister's Arms Inn, with such, violence as to tear away the macadam off the road, in parts, down to the rock. This torrential discharge will continue for seven or eight hours, after which the scene will resume its wonted stillness, and the grass reclothe its denuded slopes.

The Sabbatic River of Syria, which, in the time of Josephus, flowed every Sabbath day, but now flows every third day, is an analogous phenomenon. It reminds us also of the "Gypseys" of the Yorkshire Wolds and the "Nailbournes" of Kent. The writer recently accompanied Professor Judd on a visit to Caterham on the North Downs, where is one of these "Nailbournes," which bears a near resemblance to the Cowden spring, in as much as it flows once in two years. But the Malham intermittent spring possesses one peculiarity which distinguishes it from all those just cited. In all siphon springs—for it is to the action of a natural siphon, of course, that the intermittent discharge is to be attributed—in all such springs the flow of water stops …


To deal with acoustic propagation in non uniform flows, a mixed eulerian-lagrangian approach has been proposed a few decades ago. This approach is extended here to study quasi one-dimensional fluctuations in a nozzle flow. Then it is applied to an over-expanded nozzle in which stands a shock-wave. Forced oscillations of the shock wave caused by the acoustic waves propagating downstream are investigated. The acoustic properties of the shock wave are represented by a linearized model taken from the literature. Analytical and numerical pseudo-ID solutions of the Galbrun equation are obtained and compared with classical small perturbations Euler solutions. The energetic aspect is also investigated through lagrangian equations.


In several array synthesis problems the lack of a common element pattern among different antennas makes the use of classical synthesis methods based on the array factor questionable. A recently introduced approach to array synthesis is exploited to take account in an exact fashion of the mutual coupling between patches for the synthesis of pencil beams by microstrip arrays. Optimality of the approach allows quantifying the advantages of the method with respect to common approaches, which largely compensates in several cases for its additional computational burden.


This study highlights the stereotypical depictions of journalists in film using a narrative analysis of four major Hollywood productions, starting with All the President's Men from 1976 through The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo from 2011. Its purpose is to highlight traits given to journalists in the movies and re-occuring themes in the portrayal of the media and the journalistic occupation. Differences and commonalities between the films are concluded in a discussion of ethics, personalities and the media's self image. The paper can be seen as a contribution to the paradigm in which journalism in the movies is perceived at the moment. It offers a wide explanation to how the image of the journalist is conveyed to the public, an image that differs from how real life journalists go about in daily work life. This is essential, since most people never get to experience journalistic work in reality – but solely from popular culture – which distorts the perception of the media as the fourth estate.


Medicinal gold compounds, a novel class of potential anticancer drugs, are believed to produce their pharmacological effects mainly through direct gold binding to protein targets at the level of solvent exposed cysteine (or selenocysteine) residues. We have explored therein the reactions of a panel of seven representative gold compounds with the cysteine protease cathepsin B according to an established ESI MS approach. Detailed information on the mode of protein binding of these gold compounds is gained; notably, quite distinct patterns of cathepsin B metalation have emerged from these studies. It is shown that panel gold compounds interact preferentially, often exclusively, with the free cysteine located in the active site of the enzyme.


We characterized the composition and conformation of Cryptosporidium parvum ( C. parvum ) oocyst wall surface macromolecules and studied their effect on interactions between C. parvum oocyst and quartz surface. Proteinase K and mixed glycosidases were used to modify C. parvum oocyst surface macromolecules. The peptides released by proteinase K and carbohydrates hydrolyzed by mixed glycosidases were respectively analyzed with liquid chromatography/nanoelectrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and phenol-sulfuric acid assay to determine the composition of C. parvum oocyst wall surface macromolecules. Surface potential and polarity of the untreated and proteinase treated C. parvum oocysts revealed information about the conformation of oocyst wall surface macromolecules. The results illustrated that C. parvum oocyst wall is covered by a fluffy layer of glycoproteins. Adhesion kinetics of untreated and proteinase K treated C. parvum oocysts on quartz surface were studied in a radial stagnation point flow cell over a wide range of ionic strength to investigate the effect of C. parvum oocyst wall surface macromolecules on oocysts-quartz interactions. The adhesion rate coefficient of proteinase K treated C. parvum oocysts significantly decreased compared to that of untreated oocysts. This observation indicated that the fluffy layer on C. parvum oocysts wall leads to weaker van der Waals interaction and stronger steric repulsion.


Abstract Despite the significant financial losses associated with data breaches, little is known about the (in)effectiveness of the tools that firms have to protect their value following a breach. Drawing on cognitive dissonance theory and the research on cue diagnosticity and crisis management, this study examines the relative efficacy of firm reputation and a range of post-breach response strategies. The results indicate that firm reputation is an important asset in protecting firm value. However, only certain response strategies are found to mitigate the negative financial impact of a breach on lower-reputation firms, and response strategies are found to matter less for high-reputation firms. These findings offer practitioners evidence-based guidance for protecting firm value following data breaches and underscore the need for developing more nuanced strategies for managing breaches. The theoretical arguments developed here serve as a conceptual base for examining the efficacy of various data breach response strategies.


This paper subjects Joseph Nye's advocacy of soft power (recently repackaged as 'smart' power) to critical scrutiny, and reflects on the implications for US global leadership. It shows that Nye's position is far from multilateralist, still insisting as it does on hard power supremacy and the need for America to lead. It then argues that the case made is weak, both in theory (because of a misuse of collective action theory) and
in practice (because of the evidence he himself provides that America is unable to provide constructive, co-operative leadership). It concludes that the best contribution that America could make to global stability would be to relinquish the claim to leadership, not only in cases where it is at odds with the international community, or widely seen as itself the source of instability, but particularly in cases where shared perspectives regarding
common goals and approaches do exist.


Hollow eutectic tin-lead solder spheres with diameters from 3.5 to 4.5 mm have been produced directly from the melt. Raw solder placed in a crucible was melted at a temperature of typically about 50 0 C above its melting point. The molten solder was then extruded vertically downward into air at room temperature through the outer nozzle of a coaxial nozzle mounted at the crucible bottom. Capillary instability of the extruded hollow molten solder jet led to the formation of hollow solder spheres. This formation was assisted by a transverse nozzle placed close to the coaxial nozzle, which directed an inert gas past the hollow jet at position where sphere detached. The spheres were then quickly cooled and solidified by water mist prior to collection in a container filled with water. Most of these spheres were completely hermetic and had a relatively smooth surface. Hollow water spheres were also formed as a test of production of hollow solder spheres through the nozzle.


In recent years, there has been increasing in number of research focusing on subjective well-being issues in many countries all over the world. Subjective well-being concerning with people happiness and overall life satisfaction towards their own day-to-day life experience. This systematic review is conducted to explore and highlight the determinants of subjective well-being on 33 articles obtained from academic search engines and online databases which are Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus within a period from September 2017 until January 2018. From the review, it was found that beside personality factors, health and religion, the socio-economic attributes such as income, financial and employment status are the most focusing determinants of subjective well-being among the society.


Abstract This article explores the meaning of solidarity in European Union (EU) law in the context of the energy sector and the ongoing energy crisis. Energy provides a powerful and topical sectoral example of the fundamental role and diverse functions of solidarity in EU law. In its OPAL ruling in 2021, the Court of Justice of the EU established that energy solidarity constitutes a legally binding principle of EU energy law that should inform EU institutions and the Member States in their energy decisions. This article adds to legal scholarship on solidarity in three ways. First, it further develops the understanding of the ambiguous solidarity concept in EU law through the lens of the energy sector. Secondly, it contributes to the emerging body of energy law scholarship that seeks to advance the discipline of energy law by focusing on its doctrine rather than on its substantive developments. Finally, it provides a timely and novel analysis of the EU's recent emergency responses to address the acute energy crisis from the point of view of solidarity.


Community detection and orthogonal group synchronization are both fundamental problems with a variety of important applications in science and engineering. In this work, we consider the joint problem of community detection and orthogonal group synchronization which aims to recover the communities and perform synchronization simultaneously. To this end, we propose a simple algorithm that consists of a spectral decomposition step followed by a blockwise column pivoted QR factorization (CPQR). The proposed algorithm is efficient and scales linearly with the number of edges in the graph. We also leverage the recently developed `leave-one-out' technique to establish a near-optimal guarantee for exact recovery of the cluster memberships and stable recovery of the orthogonal transforms. Numerical experiments demonstrate the efficiency and efficacy of our algorithm and confirm our theoretical characterization of it.


The serrated pathway has recently been proposed as a route for the development of colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability. Hyperplastic polyposis syndrome is a rare syndrome defined by the presence of numerous serrated polyps, with a high risk of developing into colorectal cancer. We present here a case of hyperplastic polyposis syndrome developing into colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability from a serrated polyp. BRAF mutation and the loss of MLH1 protein were observed in the colorectal cancer, but not in the other serrated polyps around the colorectal cancer, suggesting that colorectal cancer with microsatellite instability develops rapidly from a specific serrated polyp with distinct molecular properties.


Acoustic scene classification contains frequently misclassified pairs of classes that share many common acoustic properties. Specific details can provide vital clues for distinguishing such pairs of classes. However, these details are generally not noticeable and are hard to generalize for different data distributions. In this study, we investigate various methods for capturing discriminative information and simultaneously improve the generalization ability. We adopt a max feature map method that replaces conventional non-linear activation functions in deep neural networks; therefore, we apply an element-wise comparison between the different filters of a convolution layer's output. Two data augmentation methods and two deep architecture modules are further explored to reduce overfitting and sustain the system's discriminative power. Various experiments are conducted using the "detection and classification of acoustic scenes and events 2020 task1-a" dataset to validate the proposed methods. Our results show that the proposed system consistently outperforms the baseline, where the proposed system demonstrates an accuracy of 70.4% compared to the baseline at 65.1%.


Kinetic study of the biodegradation petroleum waste by using biocompost was conducted to determine the concentrations of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) decline. It can be seen from the reaction kinetics of biodegradability by calculating the rate constant and reaction order of biodegradation of the petroleum waste. Otherwise it can be seen also from the activity of enzymes involved in the biodegradation namely enzymatic kinetics by measuring the value of Km and Vmax. Research methods are mixing biocompost and petroleum waste, measurement of pH, water content and determining the concentration of TPH at day 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35. The concentrations of TPH before and after biodegradation are 11.23% and 0.54%. The results show biodegradation by using biocompost can decrease the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons up to 95.19% within 35 days. The degradation rate is 0.502% per day while the rate constant is 0.0847 which relevant to the first-order reaction rate. The reaction kinetics of biodegradation by oxygenase enzyme show Vmax and Km value as 0.0834 and -0.9920, respectively.


Photoexcitation of a neutral soliton will create a polaron and a charged soliton. According to a tight-binding model and a nonadiabatic method, we investigate the dynamical process of these two photogenerated charge carriers in an external electric field. It is found that the polaron and the soliton can pass through each other, which excludes the possibility of carrier recombination that usually occurs in existing organic solar cells. The results indicate a more efficient way to realize the optoelectric conversion by photoexciting polymer materials with soliton defects. On the other hand, it is found that solitons take on greater stability than polarons during collision.


Due to special properties of ILs (ionic liquids) like their wide liquid range, good solvating ability, negligible vapour pressure, non-inflammability, environmentfriendly medium, high thermal stability, easy recycling and rate promoters etc. they are used in organic synthesis. Therefore, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of chemists and act as a catalyst and reaction medium in organic reaction with high activity. There is no doubt that ionic liquids have become a major subject of study for modern chemistry. More publications in the field have been observed each year, although there is some evidence that this is beginning to plateau at approximately 3500 papers each year. They have been the subject of several major reviews and books, dealing with different applications and aspects of their behavior. Highly efficient methods are explored for the preparation of six-membered two nitrogen-containing heterocycles with the application of IL as a catalyst and reaction medium from 1893 to 2018.


Medium-resolution ( Delta E approximately=0.1 meV) quasielastic neutron scattering spectra have been measured for partially (CD3OH) and fully deuterated methanol, (CD3OD) in the temperature range between 200 and 300 K. The spectra are analysed in terms of a simplified model which takes into account both coherent and incoherent contributions, and includes translational and rotational motions of the molecular frame as well as the rapid reorientation of the CD3 group. Such a procedure enabled the separation of the translational and rotational contributions to the measured intensity. The apparent lack of saturation of the translational linewidths versus the momentum transfer is finally discussed in terms of a phenomenological stochastic model.


This Practice Parameter reviews the evidence from research and clinical experience and highlights significant advances in the assessment and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder since the previous Parameter was published in 1998. It highlights the importance of early identification of posttraumatic stress disorder, the importance of gathering information from parents and children, and the assessment and treatment of comorbid disorders. It presents evidence to support trauma-focused psychotherapy, medications, and a combination of interventions in a multimodal approach. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 2010;49(4):414 – 430.


Elution efficiency of 99mTc from 99Mo/99mTc generators was examined in dependance on the kind of adsorbent and eluence. The generators contained either pure alumina or alumina modified by addition of silica gel or by adsorption of divalent copper. For elutions, besides pure saline solution (0.9% NaCl), saline modified by addition of 100 μg of ascorbic acid per ml was tested. High and stable 99mTc elution yield ensures only the adsorbent modified by addition of copper (0.2-0.3 mg Cu(II)/g alumina), both in the "dry" and the "wet" mode of the generator operation. It was found that, under the given experimental conditions, ascorbic acid has no significant influence on 99mTc elution efficiency.


Background We examined whether metoclopramide (MCP), a modulator of dopamine and serotonin receptors, alleviated colitis and had synergistic effects when coadministered with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) in an experimental model of colitis. Methods MCP azo-linked to 5-ASA (5-[4-chloro-2-{2-(diethylamino)ethylcarbamoyl}– 1-methoxyphenyl]azosalicylic acid, MCP-azo-ASA) was synthesized, where 5-ASA was used as a colon-targeting carrier and an anti-colitic agent, and the ability of MCP-azo-ASA to target the colon in vitro and in vivo was evaluated. Results Our results indicate that MCP-azo-ASA was cleaved to MCP and 5-ASA in the cecal contents, but not in the contents of the small intestine. Oral gavage with equimolar concentrations of MCP-azo-ASA and sulfasalazine (SSZ, a colon-specific prodrug of 5-ASA widely used clinically) demonstrated that the two prodrugs delivered comparable amounts of 5-ASA to the cecum. MCP was barely detected in the blood after oral gavage with MCP-azo-ASA. In a rat model of 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid hydrate (DNBS)-induced colitis, MCP-azo-ASA alleviated colonic damage in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MCP-azo-ASA reduced the concentrations of inflammatory mediators in the inflamed colon. At low equimolar doses, MCP-azo-ASA, but not SSZ, resulted in significant anti-colitic effects, which indicates that MCP has anti-colitic activity. MCP-azo-ASA had anti-colitic effects equal to those of SSZ at high equimolar doses. Conclusion Thus, our results indicate that MCP-azo-ASA is a colon-specific prodrug of MCP. Targeted delivery of MCP to the colon ameliorated DNBS-induced colitis in rats, and we did not observe any synergistic effects of MCP after co-delivery with 5-ASA.


This study shows the frequency of twin births in maternity wards where a pilot study of the use of child health cards was undertaken during 1998 (Cakovec, Sisak, Sibenik), the months in the year when twin births are more common, their characteristics in terms of the mother's age and parity, gestational age and the sex of the twins. In the three maternity wards mentioned, 3.582 children were born in 1998, of which 38 births were of twins, which is an average of 1.03%. There is no statistically significant difference between the three hospitals in terms of the frequency of twin births (p > 0.05). The most twins were born in May (23.6%). The average age of the mothers who gave birth to twins was 29.5 +/- 10.8 years. In terms of parity, twins were most often (in 55.3% cases) born to women who had already had 2 to 4 babies. In terms of the gestational age of twins, 20 pairs of twins (52.6%) were born at term, 18 pairs (47.4%) were born prematurely, 39 boys were born (51.3%), and 37 girls (48.7%), that is 13 pairs of boy twins, 13 pairs of girl-boy twins and 12 pairs of girls twins. The authors consider that the child health card, along with all its uses relating to the monitoring of the growth and development of children, may also serve in the monitoring of perinatal factors of twin pregnancies.


We have studied the cardiac chronotropic responses to the Valsalva maneuver and to dynamic exercise of twenty chronic chagasic patients with normal left ventricular function and no segmental wall abnormalities by two-dimensional echocardiogram. The absolute increase in heart rate of the patients (Δ = 21.5 ± 10 bpm, M±SD) during the maneuver was significantly diminished when compared to controls (Δ = 31.30 ± 70, M±SD, p = 0.03). The minimum heart rate (58.24 ± 8.90 vs. 62.80 ± 10, p = 0.68) and the absolute decrease in heart rate at the end of the maneuver (Δ = 38.30 ± 13 vs. Δ = 31.47 ± 17, p = 0.10) were not different from controls. The initial heart rate acceleration during dynamic exercise (Δ = 12 ± 7.55 vs. Δ = 19 ± 7.27, M±SD, p = 0.01) was also diminished, but the heart rate recovery during the first ten seconds was more prominent in the sero-positive patients (Median: 14, Interquartile range: (9.75-17.50 vs. 5(0-8.75, p = 0.001). The serum levels of muscarinic cardiac auto-antibodies were significantly higher in the chagasic patients (Median: 34.58, Interquartile Range: 17-46.5, Optical Density) than in controls (Median: 0, Interquartile Range: 0-22.25, p = 0.001) and correlated significantly and directly (r = 0.68, p = 0.002) with early heart rate recovery during dynamic exercise. The results of this investigation indirectly suggest that, the cardiac muscarinic auto-antibodies may have positive agonist effects on parasympathetic heart rate control of chagasic patients.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Invadopodia are actin-based proteolytic structures which facilitate cancer cell invasion and metastasis. While it was previously believed that invadopodia are not required for tumor cell growth, based on studies in monolayer cell culture, more recently we have noted a role for invadopodia proteins in growth in more physiological 3-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrix contexts. From previous work in our lab, the Tks adaptor proteins with 5 (Tks5) and 4 (Tks4) SH3 domains, respectively, were identified as Src kinase substrates and both are essential molecules for functional invadopodia formation in mouse and human cancer cells.

Here, we assess the roles of the Tks adaptors in melanoma tumor growth and invasion both in vivo and in vitro. To address the mechanism as to how the Tks adaptors control tumor growth and invasion, in vitro 3D growth assays in collagen I were performed. Knockdown of either Tks4 or Tks5 in C8161.9 or A375 melanoma cells decreased 3D growth in collagen I, a process that also appeared to be dependent upon metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Interestingly, knockdown of either Tks4 or Tks5 in A375 melanoma cells decreased cell-surface expression of MT1-MMP, a key protease involved in tumor growth and metastasis. In vivo tumor growth and metastasis assays in mice using human and mouse melanoma cells depleted of Tks4 or Tks5 by shRNA revealed roles for the Tks adaptors in both the size and the number of lung metastases. Finally, analysis of a human melanoma tissue array with a Tks5 antibody, and RNAseq data, indicates that Tks5 expression is increased in lymph node and other metastases in comparison to nevi and primary sites.

These data suggest that the Tks adaptors control melanoma tumor growth and invasion by regulating invadopodia formation and perhaps also cell surface expression of MT1-MMP, and thus contribute to melanoma progression.

Citation Format: Shinji Iizuka, Christine M. Gould, Matthew D. Buschman, Diaz Begona, Christopher Abdullah, Sara Courtneidge. Tks adaptor proteins and invadopodia formation in the growth and metastasis of melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3155. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3155


Planning and design methodology of residential areas in ancient time is a comprehensive transition of technology and aesthetics, where imperial palatial projects play an exemplary role. Through the process of the Age of Discovery, European culture infiltrated into China's architectures, especially the royal gardens and palaces in Qing Dynasty. Ideological trends of Renaissance architecture present a diverse phenomenon into Chinese palace design of Yuan Ming Yuan. The Old Summer Palace buildings were analyzed in terms of their components such as column, dome, sculpture and decoration, door and wall, the proportion of elements, etc. The results prove that the cultural phenomenon is a convergence of and technology and aesthetics between European and Chinese.


We have developed a derivation of a system of equations for acoustic waves in a medium with transverse isotropy (TI) in velocity and attenuation. The equations are derived from Cauchy's equation of motion, and the constitutive law is Hooke's generalized law. The anisotropic anelasticity is introduced by combining Thomsen's parameters with standard linear solids. The convolutional term in the constitutive law is eliminated by the method of memory variables. The resulting system of partial differential equations is second order in time for the pseudopressure fields and for the memory variables. We determine the numerical implementation of this system with the finite-difference method, with second-order accuracy in time and fourth-order accuracy in space. Comparison with analytical solutions, and modeling examples, demonstrates that our modeling approach is capable of capturing TI effects in intrinsic attenuation. We compared our modeling approach against an alternative method that implements the constitutive law of an anisotropic visco-acoustic medium, with vertical symmetry, in the frequency domain. Modeling examples using the two methods indicate a good agreement between both implementations, demonstrating a good accuracy of the method introduced herein. We develop a modeling example with realistic geologic complexity demonstrating the usefulness of this system of equations for applications in seismic imaging and inversion.


Increasing prominence of the psychological ownership (PO) construct in management studies raises questions about how PO manifests at the level of the individual. In this article, we unpack the mechanism by which individuals use PO to express aspects of their identity and explore how PO manifestations can display congruence as well as incongruence between layers of self. As a conceptual foundation, we develop a dynamic model of individual identity that differentiates between four layers of self, namely, the "core self," "learned self," "lived self," and "perceived self." We then bring identity and PO literatures together to suggest a framework of PO manifestation and expression viewed through the lens of the four presented layers of self. In exploring our framework, we develop a number of propositions that lay the foundation for future empirical and conceptual work and discuss implications for theory and practice.


Background: Pediatric patients are more vulnerable to the effects of a medication error and may experience a more serious adverse drug reaction than adults. Dosing errors represent the most common medication errors that occur in pediatric prescriptions. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of drug dosing that prescribed for children under 5 years by non paediatric specialist physicians in their outpatient clinic setting. Methods: An observational study was done in a single outpatient pharmacy located in Al - Amria at Baghdad/ Iraq from May to August 2014. 24 prescriptions to children less than 5 years old from non pediatric physicians were included in this study. Each prescription will be carefully examined to collect the following data: age and weight of the patient, diagnosis of the case, the name of the prescribed drugs with their strength, dose, route of administration and frequency of usage. All children were weighted in the pharmacy. Determination of the accuracy of drug dosing for each drug in all prescriptions was based mainly on drug dosing that stated in BNF for children. Results: The percent of correct dosing in the prescriptions of non pediatricians in their outpatient clinics to children below 5 years old is only 31%. Dosing error was more common (90%) in infants than in older children (64.5%). antibiotics were the most common class of drugs that prescribed to children, while the highest percent of dosing error was related to steroid, antipyretic and analgesic prescribing. Conclusion: Dosing error is a common problem in the Rx of non pediatrician in outpatient clinics for preschool children in general and for infants specially.