This investigation presents a comparative analysis of program offerings in the larger and smaller Regional High Schools of Newfoundland. A basic assumption of the study was that a balanced program of academic, cultural, physical, and social activities is necessary for high school students today; and, that this is a realistic program for the larger and the smaller Regional High Schools of the province. The subject areas investigated were English, mathematics, science, art, music, physical education, and student activities. -- In the conduct of the study the investigator visited the seven largest and the seven smallest Regional High Schools. Data were obtained through interviews with teachers and principals, using an interview schedule adapted from the Evaluative Criteria of the National Study of Secondary School Evaluation, an American organization. The schedule contained almost a thousand checklist items, and 169 criteria evaluations. A median test was applied to each of these evaluative items to determine whether there was any statistical significance between the ratings assigned the larger and the smaller high schools. -- Underlying the whole study was the general hypothesis that the larger schools would be assigned higher ratings on the evaluative instrument than the smaller schools. The findings of the study confirmed the general hypothesis, in that on eighty-two items a significant difference was evident. When large school median evaluations were compared with small school medians the difference appeared more pronounced, as 147 of these ratings favoured the larger schools. The areas showing least difference were art, mathematics, music, and student activities. Greatest differences were evident in the programs for science and physical education. -- The findings lead to one general conclusion: to the extent that higher ratings on the evaluative criteria may indicate superiority of one program over another, the larger Regional High Schools of Newfoundland offer a better program than do the smaller Regional High Schools. -- The most important recommendations arising from the study are: (1) that future consolidation of high schools be such that the schools will be large enough to provide a differentiated and balanced program of studies; and that, where possible, smaller high schools which are presently existing in close proximity to one another be consolidated; (2) that where small schools must continue to exist, the program in these schools be supplemented by all available means of modern educational technology, and by the provision of visiting specialist teachers; (3) since ratings on the study were generally fairly low, research should be carried out by a team of curriculum experts to determine the extent to which Newfoundland high schools are meeting the educational requirements of the province.


The U.S. Department of Defense Law of War Manual ("Manual") has sparked debate on U.S. interpretation of core duties under international humanitarian law ("IHL"), including the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions in attack. The December, 2016 revisions to the Manual have shifted the terrain of that debate. However, the debate persists. This Chapter argues the revised Manual highlights a debate between the Manual's rich examples – which track IHL – and the Manual's doctrinal assertions, which often clash with IHL norms. The Manual's doctrine regarding precautions is flawed in two respects. First, the Manual subsumes precautions under the principle of proportionality, which addresses "excessive" collateral civilian harm. The Manual thus fails to acknowledge that precautions also play a role in the identification and verification of appropriate military targets. Moreover, the Manual asserts that the standard applicable to target identification and verification is mere good faith, not reasonableness. Neither doctrinal move meets the customary duty to employ "constant care" in reducing harm to civilians.
This Chapter asserts that IHL's constant care requirement entails what this Chapter calls "dynamic diligence." Dynamic diligence mandates reasonable care in target identification and verification, as well as in assessment of collateral harm. It also demands ongoing learning from the mistakes that are endemic to the fog of war.
The good news is that U.S. practice, revealed in the Manual's examples, adheres closely to the contours of the dynamic diligence paradigm. For example, the U.S. uses human intelligence, computer modeling, satellite imaging, and legal advice to inform target selection. Moreover, the U.S. compiles no-strike lists that flag objects of historical or cultural importance or protected sites such as hospitals. When U.S. procedures fail to adequately protect civilians, as in the calamitous 2015 attack on a Medecins Sans Frontieres hospital in Kunduz, Afghanistan, the U.S. investigates and integrates "lessons learned" into its tactics, techniques, and procedures.
The Manual's doctrinal assertions thus part company with U.S. practice on precautions and standards governing target identification and verification. Because of this disconnect, the Manual fails to offer sufficient guidance to commanders or the lawyers who advise them. The Manual should heed its own examples, and revise its doctrinal assertions to reflect the dynamic diligence that U.S. practice customarily displays.


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

With improvements in technologies, DNA alterations on a genome-wide scale have been successfully evaluated in several human cancers. To determine frequently novel deletion regions in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) in Taiwan and regions specifically associated with clinicopathologic parameters and prognoses, the 400 polymorphic microsatellite markers from Applied Biosystems PRISM Linkage Mapping Set-MD10 (PE Biosystems, Foster City, CA) were used to examine 63 male primary tumors. To make sure that tumor tissue samples for genome-wide LOH screening consisted >90% tumor cells, LCM was performed on immunostaining slide using a PixCell laser capture microscope (Arcturus Engineering, Mountain View, CA). For increasing reliability of statistical analysis, only when a microsatellite marker was able to provide LOH information in more than 30% (> 19 cases) of the DNA samples was considered to be a successful allelotyping. Based on this criterion, 276 markers were included for the present study. The mean heterozygosity rate in these 276 microsatellite markers was 70.04%. The percentage of LOH among the markers was ranged from 3.85% (marker D20S171) to 65.52% (marker D18S478) with a mean of 33.63% (SD, 12.28%). Twenty-four markers displayed >50% LOH and chromosome regions at 2p21, 2p11.2, 5p15.1, 5q35.1 and 7q21.13 were novel frequent LOH regions not reported previously in OSCC. In this study, we found that markers with a LOH frequency >35% are likely to show LOHs associated with cancer-specific phenotypes. Therefore, only markers with a LOH frequency >35% (121 markers) were used to examine whether there were associations between LOH and the clinicopathologic parameters, including age, anatomic site, tumor stage and risk factors of oral cancer (cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and AQ chewing) and construct minimal deleted region (MDR). Thirty-two MDRs were defined and 10 novel MDRs were noted. A loss of MDR c19r2 (19q13.42-19q13.43) was correlated significantly with cigarette smoking and a loss of MDR c14r1 (14q24.2-14q32.12) and c11r1 (11q13.4-11q25) was associated with disease-free survival. A loss of MDR c14r1 and c11r1 was associated with the magnitude of genomic instability estimated by the proportion of loci showing LOH (PLOH) and the degree of chromosomal derangement estimated by the mean fractional allelic loss (FAL) in a tumor. In conclusion, our comprehensive allelotype analyses have unveiled a few MDRs involved in the development of OSCC in Taiwan. These results provide useful clues for identification of putative tumor suppressor genes by fine mapping of the suspected MDRs.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 802.


Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family member, X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP) is essential for cell survival in variety of cancers. However, the role of XIAP overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is not fully elucidated. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of XIAP protein and its clinico-pathological correlation in a large cohort of Middle Eastern PTC by immuno-histochemistry in a tissue micro-array format followed by in vitro studies using PTC cell lines. XIAP was found to be over-expressed in 25% of PTC and directly associated with older age (p<0.0001) and presence of extra-thyroidal extension (p<0.0001). Interestingly, XIAP was also found to be significantly associated with tall-cell variant (p=0.0013), larger tumor size (p=0.0002) and advanced stage (III and IV) disease (p< 0.0001). XIAP over-expression was also significantly associated with over-expression of oncogenic c-Met (p=0.0010) and anti-apoptotic Bcl-Xl protein (p<0.0001). Finally, PTC with XIAP over-expression showed a significantly poor disease free survival (p=0.0476) of 63.1 months as compared to the PTC's with low XIAP expression (74.0 months). Our in vitro data showed that embelin, a selective inhibitor of XIAP, caused a dose dependent inhibition of cell proliferation in PTC cell lines. Furthermore, we found that embelin induced a dose dependent apoptosis as detected by cell cycle analysis and annexin V/PI dual staining in PTC cells. On further analysis, our data showed that embelin induced a caspase-dependent apoptosis of PTC cells via activation and cleavage of capsases-9 and -3 and cleavage of PARP. In summary, our clinical data highlights the fact that XIAP over-expression in PTC confer a aggressive phenotype with poor outcome. In vitro studies using XIAP inhibitor suggest that this sub-group of PTC with over-expression of XIAP can be therapeutically targeted to induce efficient apoptosis in these cancers.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4781. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4781


In this paper, power system multi input-multi output identification methods that are useful for simultaneous coordinated design of power system stabilizer and thyristor controlled series capacitors controller are presented. The output error and the auto regressive exogenous input structures are used separately to identify the multi input-multi output transfer function of a power system. Different time domain responses and mode comparisons are presented to evaluate the identified models. In order to add more damping to low-frequency oscillations, a coordinated design of controllers is carried out by optimizing suitable objective functions using genetic algorithm. The performances of the actual system and the identified models under the controllers are simulated extensively. A comparison of the results confirms the effectiveness of the proposed power system identification methods.


Cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm for on-demand access to a wast pool of computing resources that provides an alternative to using on-premises resources. This paper discusses the challenges related to using the cloud computing infrastructures for scientific computing. An approach based on Everest platform addressing these challenges is presented along with the prototype integration of Everest with Google Compute Engine. The proposed integration enables Everest users to seamlessly provision and use cloud-based computing resources for running different types of workloads including HPC and HTC applications. In contrast to other efforts, the presented approach also supports building and sharing domain-specific web services that automate execution of applications on dynamically provisioned cloud resources or hybrid infrastructures. c 7 ut rs. lis ls i . . responsibility of the scientifi co mittee of the 6th I ternational Young Scientist co fere ce in HPC and i ulation.


Sensor network scheduling for identification of spatially distributed processes The work treats the problem of fault detection for processes described by partial differential equations as that of maximizing the power of a parametric hypothesis test which checks whether or not system parameters have nominal values. A simple node activation strategy is discussed for the design of a sensor network deployed in a spatial domain that is supposed to be used while detecting changes in the underlying parameters which govern the process evolution. The setting considered relates to a situation where from among a finite set of potential sensor locations only a subset of them can be selected because of the cost constraints. As a suitable performance measure, the Ds-optimality criterion defined on the Fisher information matrix for the estimated parameters is applied. The problem is then formulated as the determination of the density of gauged sites so as to maximize the adopted design criterion, subject to inequality constraints incorporating a maximum allowable sensor density in a given spatial domain. The search for the optimal solution is performed using a simplicial decomposition algorithm. The use of the proposed approach is illustrated by a numerical example involving sensor selection for a two-dimensional diffusion process.


We analyze a matched employer-employee panel data set and find that female leadership has a positive effect on female wages at the top of the distribution, and a negative one at the bottom. Moreover, performance in firms with female leadership increases with the share of female workers. This evidence is consistent with a model where female executives are better equipped at interpreting signals of productivity from female workers. This suggests substantial costs of under-representation of women at the top: for example, if women became CEOs of firms with at least 20% female employment, sales per worker would increase 6.7%. JEL Codes: M5, M12, J7, J16.


Background: The use of immunotherapy to treat lung cancer is becoming increasingly common, highlighting the importance of the immune system in the lung tumor microenvironment. The lungs are host to a variety of immune cell subsets, including eosinophils (Eo), which are a population of innate immune cells that exert cytotoxic effector functions through the release of secretory granules and participate in tissue homeostasis and immunity. Despite the presence of Eo in solid tumors and their prevalence in the lung, the role of Eo in lung cancer is both controversial and largely unexplored. The Bennewith lab has previously found that mice with elevated lung Eo have decreased tumor growth in a model of breast cancer lung metastasis. We hypothesize that Eo play a protective role in lung cancer progression. Methods: In collaboration with Dr. Kelly McNagny (UBC), we used IL-5Tg transgenic mice that overexpress IL-5 and have a systemic expansion of Eo, ddGATA transgenic mice which are Eo-deficient, and ddGATA/IL-5Tg double-transgenic mice (excess IL-5 but no Eo) to study lung cancer. Lewis Lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were injected intravenously (IV) to seed the lungs. After three weeks, we harvested lungs and used flow cytometry to quantify immune cell subsets in the lungs. Additionally, we used clonogenic assays and histology to quantify lung tumor growth. Results: We confirmed that naive ddGATA and ddGATA/IL-5Tg mice have no lung Eo. In contrast, IL-5Tg mice have a 100-fold expansion of Eo in the lungs, and these Eo express higher levels of the Eo activation marker CD11b compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Naive IL-5Tg and ddGATA/IL-5Tg mice had an increased proportion of lung B-1 B cells, as well as an increase in the expression of the apoptosis-inducing cell surface molecule FasL. The absence of Eo in ddGATA mice did not impact lung colonization of LLC cells. Though there was a substantial expansion of Eo in the lungs of IL-5Tg mice compared to WT mice, there was no change in the number of lung-infiltrating Eo three weeks after IL-5Tg and WT mice were injected IV with LLC cells. IL-5Tg mice injected IV with LLC cells had an increase in the total number of lung-infiltrating Bconv and B-1 B cells compared to naive mice, whereas there was no change in B cell subsets between naive and LLC IV injected WT mice. Conclusions: Though Eo may play an antitumorigenic role in the presence of excess IL-5, the absence of Eo in ddGATA mice did not result in an increase in lung tumor burden. This suggests that Eo need to be activated and expanded to exert an antitumorigenic effect, or that the expansion of B cells in IL-5Tg mice is responsible for the decrease in lung tumor growth in IL-5Tg mice relative to WT mice. Illuminating the specific roles Eo and B cells play in lung cancer progression will allow us to better understand the interplay between host immune cells and malignant cells and could reveal new avenues of cancer immunotherapy development. Citation Format: Rachel A. Cederberg, Alvina So, Elizabeth Franks, Jenna Collier, Brennan J. Wadsworth, Michael R. Hughes, Kelly M. McNagny, Kevin L. Bennewith. The role of eosinophils in the lung tumor microenvironment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy; 2018 Nov 27-30; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2020;8(4 Suppl):Abstract nr A75.


A brief background of events leading to the successful implementation of the first ASEAN-India project on marine sciences is provided. Coordinated by India and Singapore, the project, entitled 'Extent of transfer of alien invasive organisms in South/Southeast Asia region by shipping' served to develop regional cooperation and networks to address the issue of alien invasive organisms, provide training for ASEAN scientists, as well as obtain baseline information on pest species for port management in the light of IMO's Ballast Water Management Convention. The project was completed with an international workshop held in Chiangmai, Thailand where some 29 presentations were made by ASEAN and Indian scientists based on the project activities. A total of 23 original articles are included in this volume. A proposal to implement a second phase of the project was formally submitted to the ASEAN-India Cooperation Fund in 2016.


The Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) is one of the most important models in contemporary regeneration research and regenerative medicine. This is the result of the long history of the species as an experimental and laboratory bred animal. One of many research questions investigated in the axolotl is regeneration. The species' astonishing ability to regenerate tissues and entire body parts already became apparent shortly after the first 34 living axolotls had been brought from Mexico to Europe in 1864. In the context of their unclear status as larvae or adults and the mysterious transformation of some animals into an adult form, the Paris zoologist Auguste Duméril cut off the gills of several individuals in an attempt to artificially induce the metamorphosis. This produced the first reports on the animals' regenerative powers and led to sporadic but continuous investigations. But it remained just one of the many phenomena studied in axolotls. Only at the beginning of the 20th century, regeneration became a more prominent aspect in the experimental investigations of axolotls. In experimental embryology, regeneration in axolotls was used in three different ways: it was studied as a phenomenon in its own right: more importantly, it served as a macroscopic model for normal development and, together with other techniques like grafting, became a technical object in the experimental systems of embryologists. In my paper, I will look into how the axolotl became an experimental animal in regeneration research, the role of practices and infrastructures in this process and the ways in which regeneration in the axolotl oscillated between epistemic thing and technical object.


are solely interested in having cost principles in a compact form. The bulk of the book consists of problems widely selected and well classified according to the different elements of cost. Also considerable space is given to the analysis of cost systems coming from the more representative industries. A large selection of forms and material gleaned from different industries adds very materially to the attractiveness of the book. CHARLES REITELL.


The load-reducing effect of nitroglycerin (NTG), a vasodilator, was studied in dogs with heart failure. The chordae tendineae of the mitral valve were transected to induce acute mitral regurgitation (MR) for hemodynamic evaluation. By such surgical treatment, preload indices such as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and left atrial pressure (LAP) increased significantly, and subsequent cardiac dysfunction and heart failure were indicated by another decrease in stroke volume, myocardial contractility, forward flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption. To dogs with artificially established acute MR, 3 micrograms/kg/min of NTG was administered intra-arterially by means of a continuous infusion, that resulted in decrease of LVEDP, LAP and central venous pressure (CVP). Thus, a reduction of preload was determined. Simultaneously, afterload indices such as aortic systolic pressure (Aos), aortic mean pressure (Aom) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) decreased remarkably. Afterload reduction depended on the amount of venous return; therefore, an extra-corporeal circulation system was applied in order to supply a constant venous return before NTG administration. This caused a significant decrease in aortic diastolic pressure (Aod), Aos, Aom, left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and TPR, and an increase in myocardial contractility and cardiac output. This suggested that afterload reduction might be realized by the vasodilatory effect of NTG on the resistance vessels.


In conditions of enhanced motivation trained subjects performed a greater work and untrained ones--a lesser work than under ordinary motivation. The most stable parameters in regard to working to capacity were as follows: heart rate, minute respiratory volume, amount of oxygen consumption, amount of exhaled CO2, energy expenditure, and oxygen pulse. The data obtained show that untrained subjects under ordinary and, particularly, enhanced motivation for working to capacity are able to mobilize a lesser amount of the organism's physiological reserves than trained people.


Cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells were subjected to either laminar fluid shear stress or equi-biaxial stretch. A step equi-biaxial stretch with an area increase of 25% resulted in a negligible increase in endogenous JNK1 kinase activity compared to cells in static condition. In contrast, a sinusoidal stretch with an area change from 0 to 25% resulted in a sustained increase in JNK1 activity up to 12 hr of stretch. Furthermore, the magnitude of activity varied directly with the frequency of oscillatory stretch in the range of 0.01 to 1 Hz. A step change in fluid shear stress from 0 to 16 dyn/cm/sup 2/ resulted in transient JNK1 activation which peaked at 60 min and returned to baseline levels after 12 hr of shear stress. A similar time course of JNK1 activation was observed upon application of shear stress with the amplitude oscillating between 0 and 16 dyn/cm/sup 2/ at a frequency of 1 Hz.


The histology of binocularly and monocularly innervated portions of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was studied after unilateral lid closure and experimental esotropia and exotropia in the Macaca mulatta and the results were compared with behavioral and neurophysiological data. The most severe cell shrinkage occurred in two animals who had one eye sutured during the first week of life; all dorsal and ventral deprived LGN layers, including the monocular segment, were involved. Less severe anomalies and sparing of the monocular segment were encountered in esotropic amblyopic monkeys and the least severe changes were in exotropic animals without amblyopia. The severity of behavioral, neurophysiologic, and histologic changes following unilateral lid suture or experimental strabismus could be correlated in all animals studied. The data indicate that the order of susceptibility of the LGN to reduced or abnormal visual input early in life appears to be: dorsal laminae greater than ventral laminae greater than monocular segment.


Macrophages play pleiotropic, niche-specific roles in all tissues and organs. As immune sentinels, tissue macrophages regulate immune activation and inflammation; in turn, their function is modulated by inflammatory mediators deriving from such activation. Recent papers have established unanticipated roles for interleukin 4 and the alternative activation of tissue macrophages in the organismal response to diverse environmental stressors.


Abstract: A full-duplex uplink/downlink (UL/DL) system having a UL transmitter/receiver (transceiver) pair and a DL transceiver is considered. Both the UL and DL are improved. The DL is enhanced by a novel vector perturbation (VP)-aided singular value decomposition (SVD)-based precoding scheme, which is capable of exploiting the different-quality SVD eigenbeams and substantially reduces the overall average transmit power requirement of the traditional zero-forcing (ZF) precoder. By contrast, the UL is enhanced by a lattice reduction (LR)-aided receiver scheme designed for SVD-based multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU MIMO) UL transmission, when different modulation schemes are employed for different-quality eigenbeams. This new UL scheme avoids the noise-enhancement problem of the classic ZF UL receiver. The authors demonstrate that the proposed VP-aided DL and LR-assisted UL constitute a powerful full-duplex system, which achieves an 15 dB signal to noise ratio (SNR) gain for both SVD-based MU-MIMO DL and UL transmissions over the traditional ZF-aided schemes at a bit error rate (BER) of 1023.


Allopregnant (NFR/N [Swiss-derived] H-2q females x 57/Bl H-2b males) and syngeneically pregnant (NFR/N x NFR/N) mice were subjected to daily injections (10(5) U/mouse/day, from Day 5.5 of gestation) of recombinant rat or mouse interferon-gamma (IFNg) in order to investigate its ability to induce extra-embryonic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression and antipaternal immune reactions if administered during the first part of the gestation period. In addition, a limited number of IFNg-treated embryo-transferred NFR/N mice carrying C57/B1 embryos (representing a complete allogenic pregnancy) were investigated. Mouse and rat IFNg caused the same type of histological and physiological changes, and most of the experiments were performed by using rat IFNg. Several IFNg-treated mice (irrespective of type of mating) showed a drop in weight and a high rate of resorptions at Day 12.5 of gestation. This interference with pregnancy appeared not to be caused by immunological reactions against the feto-placental unit (no leukocyte infiltration and no significant effect on serum levels of antipaternal antibodies in preimmunized allopregnant IFNg-treated mice). Immunohistochemical stainings of cryosectioned tissues at Day 9.5 of pregnancy revealed that IFNg treatment caused a strong induction of MHC class I and class II expression on most cells in the uterus and on several cells in the maternal decidua, while there was a complete absence of detectable MHC class I and class II expression in the extra-embryonic tissues. Characteristic for a Day 12.5 placenta of an IFNg-treated mouse (including embryo-transferred mice) was a strongly MHC class II-induced maternal decidua and a completely MHC class II-negative fetal placenta. The pattern of IFN-induced MHC class I expression was similar to that of class II, with the exception of class I expression on scattered cells within the basal zone. Thus, the present study provides immunohistological evidence that IFNg administered in vivo during the first part of gestation is not capable of inducing MHC expression on murine extra-embryonic cells despite an extremely high expression of MHC molecules on decidual cells in intimate contact with extra-embryonic tissues. It is likely that the resistance to IFNg-mediated induction of MHC expression on extra-embryonic cells is of basic importance for the protection of mammalian semi-allogeneic fetuses.


The behavior of single struck strings in their normal positions was investigated through measurement of the frequencies and amplitudes of their partials as functions of time after striking. Three‐dimensional figures showing partial amplitudes versus time are presented. The frequencies of the partials of the tone were found to be essentially independent of striking force and time after striking, and directly identifiable with the modal frequencies of the string. The higher modal frequencies are progressively sharp with respect to true harmonics of the fundamental; for a particular string the sharpening follows approximately a square law with respect to modal number. The resulting inharmonicity in the tone is least in the two octaves below middle C, rises sharply at the high end and more or less sharply at the low end, depending upon the type of piano. A correlation between inharmonicity and subjective tone quality rating is suggested, and the effect of inharmonicity upon piano tuning is discussed.


The major cause of nonsurgical bleeding after cardiopulmonary bypass is delayed recovery of platelet count and function. Recovery of platelet count and function was compared in 27 patients who were randomized preoperatively to receive after cardiopulmonary bypass either 1 unit of fresh whole blood (15 patients) or 10 units of platelet concentrates (12 patients). Platelet count, bleeding time, platelet aggregation (adenosine diphosphate, collagen, epinephrine, and ristocetin) and platelet thromboxane formation were abnormal after cardiopulmonary bypass in all the patients. The increase of platelet count after 1 unit of fresh whole blood (from 115 +/- 32 X 10(9)/L to 148.5 +/- 36 X 10(9)/L) was similar to that achieved by 4 units of platelets (from 140 +/- 61 X 10(9)/L to 171 +/- 60 X 10(9)/L). The increase was doubled after 10 platelet units (from 140 +/- 61 X 10(9)/L to 209 +/- 55 X 10(9)/L). Bleeding time returned to normal values after fresh whole blood or after 8 platelet units. However, platelet thromboxane formation was higher after 1 unit of fresh whole blood than after 10 platelet units (95 +/- 25 versus 46 +/- 35 ng/ml, p less than 0.05), as was platelet aggregation response to collagen and epinephrine. The 24-hour blood loss was smaller in the fresh whole blood group (560 +/- 420 ml versus 770 +/- 360 ml), although the difference was not statistically significant. The results suggest that the hemostatic effect of 1 unit fresh whole blood after cardiopulmonary bypass is at least equal, if not superior, to the effect of 10 units of platelets.


Predicting the binding structure of bio-complex is essential for understanding its properties, functions, and mechanisms, but is rather difficult due to the huge sampling space involved. A new computational protocol, MDO, for finding the ligand binding structure is proposed. MDO consists of global sampling via MD simulation and clustering of the receptor configurations, local sampling via molecular docking and clustering of the ligand conformations, and binding structure optimization by the ONIOM (QM/QM) method. MDO is tested on 15 protein-ligand complexes with known accurate structures. The success rate of MDO predictions, with RMSD < 2 Å, is found to be 67%, substantially higher than the 40% success rate of conventional methods. The MDO success rate can be increased to 83% if the ONIOM calculations are applied only for the starting poses with ligands inside the binding cavities. The MDO protocol is a promising tool for the structure based drug design.


Unlike in traditional approaches to parallel or distributed processing where normally well structured problems are implemented completely in some programming environment we are faced with the problem of integrating existing heterogeneous software systems. Furthermore, pattern analysis stresses special aspects of communication capabilities. Therefore, we propose a new communication framework dedicated to heterogeneous pattern analysis systems that handles typed structured data, enables completely symmetric interaction, and provides various call semantics. A first prototype evaluating some of the concepts in practical situations is presented.<<ETX>>


The purpose of this study was to analyse the comparison of intensity-modulated radiation therapy quality assurance (IMRT QA) using Gafchromic® EBT3 film, Electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and MapCHECK®2.Pretreatment authentication is the main apprehension in advanced radiation therapy treatment plans such as IMRT.A total of 20 patients were planned on Eclipse treatment planning system using 6 and 15 MV separately.Gamma index of EBT3 film results shows the following average passing rates: 97% for 6 MV and 96·6% for 15 MV using criteria of ±5% of 3 mm, ±3% of 3 mm and ±3% of 2 mm for brain. However, by using ±5% of 3 mm and ±3% of 3 mm criteria, the average passing rates were 95·4% on 6 MV and 95·2% on 15 MV for prostate. For EPID, the results show the average passing rates as 97·8% for 6 MV and 97·2% for 15 MV in for brain. In cases in which ±5% of 3 mm and ±3% of 3 mm were used, the average passing rates were 96·6% for 6 MVand 96·1% for 15 MV for prostate. MapCHECK®2 results show average passing rates of 96·4% for 6 and 96·2% for 15 MV, respectively, for brain using criteria of ±5% of 3 mm, ±3% of 3 mm and ±3% of 2 mm, whereas for ±5% of 3 mm and ±3% of 3 mm the average rates are 95·2% for 6 and 94·7% for 15 MV in prostate.The EPID results are better than the other methods, and hence EPID can be used effectively for IMRT pretreatment verifications.


Choice of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) in transportation systems is becoming more prominent for optimized energy consumption. HEVs are attaining tremendous appreciation due to their eco-friendly performance and assistance in smart grid notion. The variation of energy storage systems in HEV (such as batteries, supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, fuel cells, and so on) with numerous control strategies create variation in HEV types. Therefore, choosing an appropriate control strategy for HEV applications becomes complicated. This paper reflects a comprehensive review of the imperative information of energy storage systems related to HEVs and procurable optimization topologies based on various control strategies and vehicle technologies. The research work classifies different control strategies considering four configurations: fuel cell-battery, battery-ultracapacitor, fuel cell-ultracapacitor, and battery-fuel cell- ultracapacitor. Relative analysis among different control techniques is carried out based on the control aspects and operating conditions to illustrate these techniques' pros and cons. A parametric comparison and a cross-comparison are provided for different hybrid configurations to present a comparative study based on dynamic performance, battery lifetime, energy efficiency, fuel consumption, emission, robustness, and so on. The study also analyzes the experimental platform, the amelioration of driving cycles, mathematical models of each control technique to demonstrate the reliability in practical applications. The presented recapitulation is believed to be a reliable base for the researchers, policymakers, and influencers who continuously develop HEVs with energy-efficient control strategies.


Biological invasion and environmental change pose major threats to ecosystems. While long‐term ecological change is commonly evaluated through sediment cores in lakes, it is generally not feasible for smaller ponds, and spatial resolution is limited. Here, we analyze pond diatom communities collected during Shackleton's Nimrod expedition at Cape Royds, Antarctica, to compare with the same waterbodies a century later. We find historical samples to be almost identical to modern counterparts, and provide no evidence of exotic introductions despite increasing human activity. However, a shift occurred in the pond nearest Shackleton's hut, Pony Lake, which was dominated by Luticola muticopsis a century ago, and was replaced by Craspedostauros laevissimus. Both are endemic species previously and currently present at Cape Royds, and we hypothesize that a shift in conductivity accompanying changing precipitation patterns may be responsible. Collectively, these results provide important data for assessing human and climate impacts among Antarctic lacustrine habitats.


Initial usability testing was used to identify and fix usability concerns within a recently developed absorptive capacity assessment tool. The tool was designed to aid innovation management decision making by helping firms understand their processing of external knowledge within the context of a collaborative innovation network. Part of the recent development of the tool involved the implementation of Simos-Roy-Figueira's revised method for eliciting subjective importance weights. However, the method, as it was applied within the tool, suffered from poor usability that could not be fully addressed. This paper presents a study on the usability of the tool further by conducting additional think-aloud studies to better understand its nature. Five common attributes of usability (efficiency, effectiveness, satisfaction, learnability, and usefulness) were characterized based on the findings from the think-aloud studies in order to develop a list of recommendations for improving usability. The goal of these recommendations is to help future academic developers of decision aid tools to better consider usability in their own work to maximize the impact and dissemination of their research.


The structures of two terpinolene tetrabromides have been determined and their interrelationship studied. A facile bromination of a cyclohexenyl system proceeding through an unstable conformer has been discovered. The incorporation of radioactive bromide into the intramolecular diaxial → diequatorial rearrangement of vicinal dibromides has been studied. Some steroidal vicinal dibromides have been reinvestigated.


In this paper, 3G licensing and deployment in Jordan and the implications for others in the Levantine region is studied. Jordan has the highest mobile penetration rate in the Levantine region of the middle east just following the oil-rich Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It has probably been the first country to incept mobile services and mobile uptake has been so fierce that mobile penetration has exceeded that of fixed line telephony. Jordan also launched GSM services at the end of 2001. An outline of the development of the Jordanian telecommunication sector leading to 3G readiness is highlighted.


Warfarin which was used as an anticoagulant in thrombotic diseases from last few decades were having few drawbacks leads to exigency of new generation anti-coagulation drugs. These drugs were proved to be more effective and overcoming almost all the drawbacks. In this review we would explain these recently developed drugs and their advantages.


Enantiopure N-heterocyclic carbene half-sandwich metal complexes of the general formula [Cp*M(C^C:)I] (M = Rh, Ir; C^C: = NI-NHC; NI-H = Naphthalimide; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) are reported. The rhodium compound was obtained as a single isomer displaying six membered metallacycle and was resolved on chiral column chromatography to the corresponding enantiomers (S)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (S)-2 and (R)-[Cp*Rh(C^C:)I] (R)-2. The iridium congener, however, furnishes a pair of regioisomers, which were resolved into (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-3 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-3 and (S)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (S)-4 and (R)-[Cp*Ir(C^C:)I] (R)-4. These regioisomers differ from each other, only by the size of the metallacycle; five-membered for 3 and six-membered for 4. The molecular structures of (S)-2 and (S)-4 are reported. Moreover, the chiroptical properties of these compounds are presented and discussed. These compounds display exceptional stable configurations at the metal center in solution with enantiomerization barrier ΔG≠ up to 124 kJ/mol. This is because the nature of the naphthalimide-NHC clamp ligand and the iodide ligand contribute to their configuration's robustness. In contrast to related complexes reported in the literature, which are often labile in solution.


BACKGROUND
Fetal smoke exposure may result in developmental adaptations that permanently affect the developing kidney. In this study, the associations of maternal and paternal smoking during pregnancy with childhood kidney size and function were assessed.

STUDY DESIGN
Prospective cohort study from fetal life onward.

SETTING & PARTICIPANTS
This study was conducted in a group of 5,622 children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

PREDICTORS
Maternal and paternal smoking were assessed during pregnancy by questionnaires.

OUTCOMES & MEASUREMENTS
At a median age of 6.0 (5th-95th percentile, 5.6-7.9) years, we measured childhood kidney volumes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin-creatinine ratio.

RESULTS
The confounder model, which included size at birth, shows that compared with children from mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, those from mothers who continued smoking during pregnancy had smaller combined kidney volumes at the age of 6 years. The strongest effect estimate was observed for mothers who smoked 5 or more cigarettes per day during pregnancy (difference for combined kidney volume, -2.80 [95% CI, -5.15 to -0.45] cm(3)). Similarly, continued maternal smoking during pregnancy also was associated with a lower eGFR in childhood (difference, -2.25 [95% CI, -3.70 to -0.79] mL/min/1.73 m(2)). First-trimester-only smoking was associated with a higher risk of increased albumin-creatinine ratio (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.05-2.01). Among mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy, paternal smoking was associated with smaller childhood combined kidney volume (difference, -1.78 [95% CI, -3.48 to -0.07] cm(3)), but not with childhood kidney function measures.

LIMITATIONS
Smoking behavior was measured with questionnaires. Follow-up measurements were available for only 70% of the children.

CONCLUSIONS
Continued maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with smaller combined kidney volume and lower eGFR in school-aged children. Stronger effect estimates for maternal versus paternal smoking suggest that intrauterine adaptive responses may play a role as underlying mechanisms.


OVERVIEW This chapter reviews the major conceptions of opportunities to learn and assessment within the discipline of sociology. The traditional view of schooling as a meritocratic sorting device is contrasted with (1) the view of schooling that asserts schools (either wittingly or unwittingly) serve to reproduce the existing hierarchies of privilege; (2) the point of view that proposes that schools, peers, and families mediate the relations between structural constraints and human action; and (3) a resurgent democratic conception of schooling. In contrast to the meritocratic conception of opportunity to learn (OTL) and assessment that asserts schools provide students with avenues to compete as individuals for valued resources, I present evidence that questions whether students have equal access to valued educational and cultural resources. This leads to defining OTL in terms of establishing the conditions within schools for the open flow of ideas and solving problems that are connected to the "real world." Multiple measures of students' academic performance – especially those such as portfolios and exhibitions – that assess learning in authentic contexts (see Gee, this volume, and Mislevy, this volume) are preferred over standardized tests as assessment tools.


Cycle times are of order of ten weeks in most semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities (wafer fabs). They have to be explicitly considered in production planning. A nonlinear relation between resource workload and cycle time can be observed. In this paper, we study data-driven (DD) production planning formulations. These formulations are based on a set of system states representing the congestion behavior of the wafer fab with work in process (WIP) and resulting output levels. The effects of different WIP-output relations and additional capacity constraints in the DD models are investigated. Moreover, several methods are proposed to obtain representative sets of system states. The performance of the DD variants is compared with the performance of the allocated clearing function (ACF) model using a scaled-down simulation model of a wafer fab. Simulation results demonstrate that under certain experimental conditions, the DD models lead to similar profit and cost values as the ACF model.


For numerical magnetostatic calculations involving superconductors in the perfect Meissner state, we replace the traditional boundary condition of zero normal magnetic field at a superconducting surface by that of zero tangential field at the inside of any such surface.


Genetic studies have identified a family of divergent homeodomain proteins, including the human protooncoprotein Pbx1 and its drosophila homolog extradenticle (Exd), which function as cofactors with a subset of Hox and HOM-C proteins, and are essential for specific target gene expression. Pbx1/Exd binds DNA elements cooperatively with a large subset of Hox/HOM-C proteins containing a conserved pentapeptide motif, usually YPWMR, located just N terminally to their homeodomains. The pentapeptide is essential for cooperative DNA binding with Pbx1. In this study, we identify structural determinants of Pbx1 that are required for cooperative DNA binding with the pentapeptide-containing Hox protein HoxA5. We demonstrate that the homeodomain of Pbx1 contains a surface that binds the pentapeptide motif and that the Pbx1 homeodomain is sufficient for cooperative DNA binding with a Hox protein. A sequence immediately C terminal to the Pbx1 homeodomain, which is highly conserved in Pbx2 and Pbx3 and predicted to form an alpha-helix, enhances monomeric DNA binding by Pbx1 and also contributes to maximal cooperativity with Hox proteins. Binding studies with chimeric HoxA5-Pbx1 fusion proteins suggest that the homeodomains of Pbx1 and HoxA5 are docked on the representative element, TTGATTGAT, in tandem, with Pbx1 recognizing the 5' TTGAT core motif and the Hox protein recognizing the 3' TGAT core. The proposed binding orientation permits Hox proteins to exhibit further binding specificity on the basis of the identity of the four residues 3' to their core binding motif.


As the rush intensifies to find ways to treat and manage COVID-19, one thing is clear: researchers, along with their counterparts in industry and the health services, need unrestricted access to the research literature.

However, after more than 15 years of Open Access (OA) mandates, declarations, and discussions, some 75% of the world's research literature is, on publication, only available to paying subscribers.1

Not only is this lack of access morally unacceptable — as much of this research is funded by the public purse — but it also has serious and damaging consequences. A letter in The New York Times ,2 and signed by the Chief Medical Officer in Liberia, stated that the Ebola epidemic could have been prevented had earlier research been made OA, while a study in Nature Biotechnology reported that a pharmaceutical company suffered a 6-month setback to a drug development programme because a paper was missed in an inaccessible journal.3

Aware of such concerns, and following a global call from science advisors, more than 50 publishers agreed to make all their COVID-19-related content freely available and accessible through PubMed Central (PMC) and Europe PMC. To date, more than 60 000 research articles have been made available through this initiative,4,5 which complements the OA research already published.

Crucially, this content is licensed in ways that support text and data mining and machine learning technologies, allowing researchers and machines to search for and discover new and unexpected connections. One group of scientists have developed a digital coronavirus 'knowledgebase' (https://corona.cansar.icr.ac.uk), which uses AI technology to organise large amounts of COVID-19 data as it becomes available.

Perhaps even more significant than making the COVID-19-related …


It is presently contraindicated to use the antimigraine drug sumatriptan with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, or lithium. Consequently, many patients undergoing these pharmacotherapies for psychiatric disorders may not benefit from the therapeutic effect of sumatriptan in acute migraine attacks. Because sumatriptan does not appear to cross the blood-brain barrier and has a short half-life, it was deemed relatively safe to prescribe sumatriptan with antidepressant treatments. Fourteen patients receiving fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, sertraline, moclobemide, lithium, or buspirone did not experience significant side effects when they took oral sumatriptan for the relief of migraine on a total of 103 episodes. It is concluded that the combined use of sumatriptan with the above-mentioned antidepressant treatments may be safe.


Peptide stapling represents a versatile strategy to generate peptide derivatives with stable helical structures. While a wide range of skeletons have been investigated for cyclizing the side chains of peptides, the stereochemical outcomes from the linkers remain to be better understood. In this study, we incorporated α-amino acids (α-AAs) as bridges to construct side chain-stapled analogs of an interleukin-17A-binding peptide (HAP) and evaluated the impacts of the staples on the peptide's properties. While all AA-derived peptidyl staples drastically increase the enzymatic stability of HAP, our results indicate that compared to the D-amino acid bridges, the L-AA-based staples may generate more significant impacts in increasing the helicity and enhancing the IL-17A-binding affinity of the modified peptide. Using Rosetta modelling and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrate that the chirality (L/D) possessed within the AAs substantially influences the conformation of stapled HAP peptides, providing either stabilizing or destabilizing effects. Based on the computational model, a modification of the stapled HAP leads to the discovery of a peptide with further enhanced helicity, enzymatic stability and IL-17A-inhibiting ability. This systematic study reveals that chiral AAs can serve as modulatory linkers for optimizing the structures and properties of stapled peptides.


The North Gauteng High Court reviewed three different matters decided by magistrate courts: The first case involved a child anonymised as CKM. CKM appeared before the Mankweng Magistrate's Court for the first time on 9 September 2009. He was charged together with two others with assault, for allegedly having hit one FT on 5 September 2009. There were no allegations in the trial court that the complainant had suffered any injuries. CKM was fourteen years old at the time he committed the alleged offence. He pleaded guilty and was convicted as charged. The magistrate sentenced CKM to detention in a reform school, on the strength of the recommendation contained in the probation officer's pre-sentence report.


In this work, antimicrobial effects of the root, stem, leaf and flower parts extracts with ethanol and acetone of Ferulago galbanifera species against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium strains were investigated by using the disc diffusion method. In addition to that, antioxidant activity of F. galbanifera ethanolic extracts was measured using the DPPH method, as well as their total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent technique. To our results, ethanolic extracts of leaf from F. galbanifera were found to have antimicrobial effect against the all microorganisms, whereas the acetonic extracts of leaf has shown antimicrobial effects to some microorganisms other than Staphylococcus epidermidis, E. faecalis, C. albicans species. Extracts obtained from the root and the flower parts of the plant had no antimicrobial effect on the test microorganisms. The antioxidant activity level was found to be in the following order (from the highest to the lowest): flower, leaf, stem and rood; 16.32, 215, 244, 323(μg/mL), respectively. The highest total phenolic content obtained from the parts of the plant F. galbanifere was for the root, while the lowest was for its leaf part.


The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors that affect to return on assets (ROA) at manufacturing companies in 2010-2013. ROA is a dependent variable in this study, as an indicator of profitability. There are seven independent variables used, the average day's inventory, average collection period, average payment period, debt-to-equity ratio, current ratio, size, and growth. Sampling techniques is purposive sampling with certain criteria, ie companies listed on the Stock Exchange 2010-2013 period, so there are seventy- six datas as sample of one hundred fifty two manufacturing companies in Indonesia during the period 2010-2013. The data is processed by using a multiple linear regression equation with odinary least squares method using the SPSS program. The result showed that there is a negative and significant correlation between the average day's inventory, average collection period, and debt to equity ratio to the ROA, while there is a positive and significant relationship between the Size to the ROA.


Reported N(2) complexes of cobalt do not have substantial weakening of the N-N bond. Using diketiminate ligands to enforce three-coordinate geometries, we have synthesized several novel CoNNCo complexes. In formally univalent complexes, cobalt is poorer than iron at weakening the N-N bond, but in formally zerovalent complexes, cobalt and iron give similar N-N weakening. The weakening is due to cobalt-to-N(2) pi-backbonding, and potassium cations pull more electron density into N(2). These results show that the low coordination number of a trigonal-planar geometry is impetus enough to make even the electronegative cobalt weaken the N-N bond of N(2).


BACKGROUND
Patients with chronic HCV infection and superinfection by hepatitis A virus (HAV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) have higher morbidity and mortality when compared with those without HCV infection. Therefore, HAV and HBV active immunization has become mandatory in this population and hence their serological markers must be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection in patients with chronic HCV.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
One thousand chronic HCV patients at the University of Säo Paulo School of Medicine were evaluated for the prevalence of serological markers of HAV and HBV infection.

RESULTS
Anti-HAV IgG was positive in 92.3% of patients. When stratified by age, anti-HAV IgG was found in 61% of patients between 20-29 years, 70% on patients between 30-39 years, 85% on patients between 40-49 years, 94% on patients between 50-59 years, and in 99% on patients over 60 years of age. Anti-HBc IgG was positive in 244 patients (24%). Stratified by age, in 4.3% of patients between 20-29 years, 17% 30-39 years, 21% 40-49 years, 24% 50-59 years, and in 28% of patients over 60 years. Of the 244 anti-HBc IgG positive patients, 0.8% were HBsAg positive, 8.5% were anti-HBc IgG isolated and 16% were also anti-HBs positive.

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the prevalence of anti-HAV IgG was similar to the general Brazilian population. However, anti-HBc IgG was higher in our patients, when compared to general population of Western countries, emphasizing the importance of immunization programs for this population.


The aim of this research would like to see the implementation of accrual accounting basis on Local Government and wanted to investigate whether there is influence of discretionary accruals due to the local government revenue. In theory,  accrual basis of accounting is based on the process of recording the transaction on the aspect of the occurrence of an event, although there is no  an element of receipts or cash disbursements. The government has issued regulations governing the Minister of Home Affair  on the implementation of the implementation of the accrual accounting system of local government. Also from the government has issued Government Regulation No. 71 of 2010 concerning the Government Accounting Standard (PSAP) based on accruals. This study uses a model approach Jones. Reports we examined, among others, the budget realization reports, operations statement (LO), balance sheets and statements of cash flows. Our results indicate that local governments have attempted to apply the accrual in accordance with existing regulations. The impact of the implementation of accrual showed abnormal discreation are worth negative. This indicates that there Decrease income.


A new method, the motif identification neural design (MOTIFIND), has been developed for rapid and sensitive protein family identification. The method is an extension of our previous gene classification artificial neural system and employs new designs to enhance the detection of distant relationships. The new designs include an n-gram term weighting algorithm for extracting local motif patterns, an enhanced n-gram method for extracting residues of long-range correlation, and integrated neural networks for combining global and motif sequence information. The system has been tested and compared with several existing methods using three protein families, the cytochrome c, cytochrome b and flavodoxin. Overall it achieves 100% sensitivity and > 99.6% specificity, an accuracy comparable to BLAST, but at a speed of approximately 20 times faster. The system is much more robust than the PROSITE search which is based on simple signature patterns. MOTIFIND also compares favorably with BLIMPS, the Hidden Markov Model and PROFILESEARCH in detecting fragmentary sequences lacking complete motif regions and in detecting distant relationships, especially for members of under-represented subgroups within a family. MOTIFIND may be generally applicable to other proteins and has the potential to become a full-scale database search and sequence analysis tool.


Bunga terung is a symbol synonymous with the Iban ethnic group in Borneo. This study is aimed to study the significance of bunga terung based on Ferdinand de Saussure's Linguistic Unit comprising of Sign, Signified and Signifier. In Borneo, the bunga terung is worn by Iban men who have attained puberty to signify entry into adulthood. There are varying practices on the sequence of application of the bunga terung between the Iban of Sarawak and Kalimantan. An interesting observation regarding the sequence is the time the bunga terung is received. In Sarawak, the isi ginti (fish hook) tattoo is worn first – pre-puberty, followed by the bunga terung, and the pantang rekung leher (neck tattoo) before other tattoos for the back and the legs. In Kalimantan, the bunga terung is not worn if the Iban male has not gone berjalai. This study discusses two findings; the significance of the bunga terung; and the sequence of its application on the Iban men from Sarawak.


A thermomechanical description of the martenstitic phase transformation and the associated shape memory effect in polycrystalline NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) is presented. The Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions, constraints on the evolution equations for transformation strain find the form of transformation function are obtained naturally through the principle of maximum transformation dissipation. Various transformation functions are investigated and a generalized Drucker-Prager type transformation function is proposed. Numerical results of the model based on different transformation functions are compared with experimental results to determine their accuracy to predict SMA characteristics like tension-compression asymmetry, negative volumetric transformation strain and pressure dependence.


Abstract. Networks and networking are important for building social capacities for natural hazards. However, up to now, it has been an open question which types of networks contribute to capacity building under certain circumstances. The paper focuses on the type of a goal-oriented network. The distinction between goal orientation and goal directedness is used to show the following: goal directedness of networks to build capacities for natural hazards involves intensive and continuous processes of "sensemaking" (Weick, 1995) to specify the network goal. This process of specifying an initial goal statement is important in small and large networks at the regional level. The governance form of a lead organization network facilitates goal specification. The paper illustrates these findings through evidence from two case studies conducted in the Dresden region in Germany.


PURPOSE
A clinical pathway for patients with acute ischemic stroke was implemented in 2014 by one Italian teaching hospital multidisciplinary team. The purpose of this paper is to determine whether this clinical pathway had a positive effect on patient management by comparing performance data.

DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
Volume, process and outcome indicators were analyzed in a pre-post retrospective observational study. Patients' (admitted in 2013 and 2015) medical records with International Classification of Diseases, ICD-9 code 433.x (precerebral artery occlusion and stenosis), 434.x (cerebral artery occlusion) and 435.x (transient cerebral ischemia) and registered correctly according to hospital guidelines were included.

FINDINGS
An increase context-sensitive in-patient numbers with more severe cerebrovascular events and an increase in patient transfers from the Stroke to Neurology Unit within three days (70 percent, p=0.25) were noted. Clinical pathway implementation led to an increase in patient flow from the Emergency Department to dedicated specialized wards such as the Stroke and Neurology Unit (23.7 percent, p<0.001). Results revealed no statistically significant decrease in readmission rates within 30 days (5.7 percent, p=0.85) and no statistically significant differences in 30-day mortality.

RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS
The pre-post retrospective observational study design was considered suitable to evaluate likely changes in patient flow after clinical pathway implementation, even though this design comes with limitations, describing only associations between exposure and outcome.

ORIGINALITY/VALUE
Clinical pathway implementation showed an overall positive effect on patient management and service efficiency owing to the standardized application in time-dependent protocols and multidisciplinary/integrated care implementation, which improved all phases in acute ischemic stroke care.


SUMMARY: At low concentrations (0.03 to 3 μg./109 cells), purified prymnesium toxin lysed penicillin and lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens and protoplasts of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Bacillus subtilis. Intact E. coli and P. fluorescens were unaffected by the toxin (3.3 μg./ml.), but E. coli B was lysed by prymnesium toxin in the presence of EDTA. The activities of selected detergents against spheroplasts and EDTA-treated E. coli B were compared with the action of prymnesium toxin.


Assessment of water quality was conducted from June to December, 2011 in five stations along the stretch of the Benin River between Ajimele and Koko town in attempt to assess and determine the source of anthropogenic activities affecting the river. Twentyfour parameters have been monitored on 5 sampling stations on a monthly-day-trip. Inter station comparisons and locations of significant differences were carried out using parametric ANOVA and Duncan multiple range tests. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Water Quality Index (WQI) were used to establish relationship among water quality parameters and determine the water quality status. First six components of PCA accounted for 90.96% of observed variations and showed similarity between the sampling stations indicating different anthropogenic activities and pollution levels of sampled sites. Factors identified as responsible for variability in the sampling stations are organic pollution, industrial effluent, soil erosion, nutrient loading and human activities, especially in station 4 and 5. WQI for sampling stations 1 and 3 was very poor for drinking (201 - 300) and stations 2, 4 and 5 was unsuitable (> 301) for human consumptions. In the final analysis, this investigation presents the usefulness of PCA and WQI in assessing complex datasets of surface water quality and as well as a call to action for the state and federal ministry of environment to take this issue of water quality degradation in Benin River into consideration, by reducing organic pollution and effluent discharge into the river. An intense and continuous water quality monitoring is highly recommended. © JASEM Keywords : Organic pollution, Industrial effluent, Water Quality Index (WQI), Principal Component Analysis (PCA).


[Objective] The purpose of this research was to popularize the hybrid late japonica rice with middle mature Jiayou 2.[Method] The yield performance and characteristic of Jiayou 2 were observed through tests and demonstration in various places and its cultivation techniques were sum up.[Result] Jiayou 2 showed the characteristic such as early mature,wide adaptability,easy planting,strong high temperature resistance in heading stage,big ear and more grains,high yield,good blast resistance,excellent rice quality and well rice taste,which was examined and approved by Crop Variety Examine and Approve Committee of Zhejiang province.[Conclusion] Jiayou 2 was suitable to be planted as single cropping and continuous cropping rice in some provinces such as Zhejiang,Anhui and Hubei.


In this study, the observed ionospheric storms over Turkey during severe geomagnetic storm occurred in 27 to 28 May 2017 was investigated by using six stations in the TUSAGA-Active GPS network. Dst and Kp indices were used to determine the state of the geomagnetic storm, while ionospheric storms were investigated by means of total electron content. The analysis shows that the negative ionospheric storms have been shown to occur during initial and main phase of this storm. However, a positive ionospheric storm occurred during the return phase of the storm. According to statistical analysis, it can be stated that ionospheric storms weaken as they move from west to east and from south to north. Keywords: Geomagnetic storms, Ionospheric storm, TUSAGA-Active, TEC DOI: 10.7176/JSTR/5-12-33


In this investigation, steady state two – dimensional laminar forced convection heat transfer of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids inside a duct of Rectangular shape has been studied numerically for a wide range of the Reynolds numbers of (Re.=.500 and 10000) with the Power law index (n) of Power law model ranging from (0.1 to 2), and Prandtl number of (Pr =1 and 10). Two types of boundary conditions have been considered. The first, when the side walls are heated with different uniform temperatures and the horizontal walls are insulated. The second, when the bottom wall is heated by applying a uniform heat flux while the other walls at the constant cold temperature. Also, the time independent non-Newtonian fluids under consideration were assumed obey to the Power law model. The numerical results of the values of average Nusselt number have been confirmed by comparing it to similar known previous works using the same boundary conditions. Good agreement was obtained. The results are presented in terms of isotherms and streamlines to show the behavior of the fluid flow and temperature. In addition, some graphs that repesent the relation between average Nusselt number and the parameters mentioned previously are drawn. Also, the results show that the power law index (n) has, for a given Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, a large effect on the heat transfer rate at high Reynolds number. Twelve different correlations to show the dependence of the average Nusselt number on the power law index, the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers has been fund.


In this paper, a stacked ring-patch two layer planar artificial substrate is analyzed numerically and is shown to possess the properties of a high impedance surfaces (HIS). Its properties are evaluated by investigating the surface wave propagation and plane wave reflection characteristics. Its application to reduce the mutual coupling of microstrip antennas is investigated by the FDTD simulations. Experimental measurements using a pair of monopoles are used to confirm the surface waves suppression band. One of the main advantages of the proposed geometry is that it is simple and planar in nature, without the need for any via connections across dielectric layers and thus can be realized by planar technologies. Second one, it exhibits over lapped surface wave suppression and in-phase reflection bands. Also it can be scalable to operate in different frequency range.


An existing ''discrete droplet'' model of liquid sprays has been extended to include a stochastic representation of turbulent dispersion effects. Applications to simple test cases, including the dispersion of single particles, produce reasonable agreement. However, two further applications involving volatile and combusting sprays show that the turbulent dispersion effects are small in comparison to those due to uncertainties about the initial conditions of the spray.


These studies describe about genus Nordotis (Nordotis madaka, N. gigantea, N. discus discus, N. discus hannai) and suggest the taxonomic key. Also, adjustment and suggestion that confused Korean names in the Nordotis species from Korea.


Esophagitis after total gastrectomy has been associated with biliary and pancreatic reflux into the esophagus. The purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of FOY-305 on these factors in the esophagitis. We initially produced esophagitis in rats with total gastrectomy followed by an end-to-side esophago-jejunostomy (Billroth-II). After treatment of FOY-305 on post-operative day 7 in this model, esophageal washout samples were analyzed for increases in activity of trypsin and total bile acid concentration. FOY-305 completely inhibited increases of trypsin activity in 2 and 4 hr, and it significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced bile acid concentration in 4 hr after initiating treatment. In addition, we evaluated the injurious effect of trypsin and sodium taurocholate (Tc-Na) on isolated esophagus of rats by measuring released tyrosine in the medium and used it as an index of the degree of injury. Tc-Na (3-fold of enteral bile acid concentration) inflicted only a slight injurious effect with negligible tyrosine release increases, and it did not show synergistic action when concomitantly used with trypsin. However, trypsin clearly induced increased tyrosine release from the esophageal mucosa, and this effect was significantly (P less than 0.001) inhibited by FOY-305 (50 microM). These results indicate that trypsin is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy, and FOY-305 exerts a therapeutic effect by eliciting an inhibitory action against trypsin activity.


Objective Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is non-invasive and safe, reliable and reproducible and has been robustly demonstrated to be linked to clinical end-points such as hospitalisation and death. CPET provides objective information on exercise capacity. However in practice, CPET data can be difficult to interpret. We examined the validity of standard CPET parameters in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods and results Standard CPETs were prospectively performed in 69 patients (mean age 64) with paroxysmal AF. The ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide elimination (VE/VCO2) measured at the ventilatory threshold (VT) correlated with VE/VCO2 across the test (r = 0.84, p < 0.001) and at its nadir (rho = 0.92, p < 0.001). Peak end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) correlated well with ETCO2 at peak exertion (r = 0.88, p < 0.001) and at rest (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). However, absolute VE/VCO2 and ETCO2 values were significantly different with different measurement methods. Unadjusted peak oxygen uptake (VO2) correlated with VO2 at the VT (rho = 0.94, p < 0.001), and oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES; rho = 0.92, p < 0.001). However, once OUES and VO2peak were indexed against standard reference ranges, they had a lower level of agreement (rho = 0.78, p < 0.001). Alternative formulae for predicting VO2peak returned markedly different results. In 34 of 69 (49%) of patients, the% predicted VO2peak appeared above normal (>100% predicted) in one reference range, but abnormal (<84% predicted) in another. Conclusions In patients with paroxysmal AF, CPET data were sufficiently consistent that peak exercise capacity could be predicted from submaximal measures. However, in this population, reference ranges for VO2peak were markedly inconsistent. Adjusted values for VO2peak and OUES should be interpreted with caution in these patients.


ABSTRACT This study examines how BDSM participants understand sexual experiences. Data are drawn from 32 in-depth, semistructured interviews and discussion-board threads from a large BDSM community Web site. The analysis suggests that many BDSM participants perceive sexual BDSM experiences as not only significantly different from but also better than mainstream or "vanilla" sex. Three primary differentiation mechanisms are identified. First, BDSM participants constructed sex as requiring genital contact, while framing sexual BDSM as creating sexual fulfillment not requiring normative indicators of sexual experiences (e.g., orgasm). Second, participants constructed sexual BDSM as centered on emotional and mental experiences, while perceiving sex as being centered on physical experiences. Third, participants perceived sexual BDSM experiences as facilitating deeper interpersonal connections than those available in sex. Importantly, these mechanisms serve not only a differentiating but also an evaluative function. Most participants in this study reported a strong preference for sexual BDSM over sex.


Louis I. Kahn was not only an architect of powerful buildings; he was also an unconventional teacher and a radical philosopher whose influence on his students was far-reaching. It is through his many former students, especially those in his Master's Class at the University of Pennsylvania, 1960–74, that Kahn's distinctive philosophy of education and unique pedagogy have continued to influence the teaching and making of architecture in the late modern era. Focusing on a neglected area of Kahn scholarship, the author argues that Kahn's legacy as a teacher should be remembered as among his greatest accomplishments. The study examines Kahn's philosophy of education, his unique pedagogy, and his motives for teaching. It draws upon the author's experience as a student in the Master's Class and extensive research at the Louis I. Kahn Collection housed in Penn's Architectural Archives, the comprehensive repository of records relating to Kahn's academic and professional career. It is the first study to be based upon interviews with numerous fellow Master's Class alumni, reflecting the views expressed by Kahn's students about their teacher and the lasting impact of his teaching on their professional lives.


The results of three experiments demonstrate that physically aggressive displays are part of men's cultural script for restoring threatened gender status. In Studies 1 and 2, challenges to men's gender status elicited heightened physically aggressive displays, including punching a pad with greater force and selecting an aggressive boxing activity over a nonaggressive puzzle activity. Study 3 established that a public display of aggressive readiness reduced men's anxiety-related cognitions in the wake of a gender threat. This suggests that aggressive displays may function to downregulate negative affect when manhood has been threatened. The discussion considers past research on gender and physical aggression in light of the authors' thesis that manhood, relative to womanhood, is culturally defined as a precarious status that must be actively, even aggressively, defended.


An in situ method for measuring media lubricant spacing contributions in a hard disk drive by analysis of the magnetic readback signal is presented. Amplitude modulation (AM) is mapped over an area of the disk and the image is scaled into equivalent spacing loss using the known transition length and the Wallace spacing loss equation. The first image acquired is used as a reference for all subsequent measurements. Changes in head to media spacing is created by the removal of a localized area of lubricant in the imaged region on the disk. The area is re- imaged and subtracted from the reference in order to measure the resulting changes in headmedia spacing. Spacing changes from 0,6 nm to 0.7 nm were measured after either a Freon TF or a trifluoroethanol wash.


The Slovak Experience with Transition to Market Economy While in the Western Europe market economy had developed several centuries, in the Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) the transition has been undertaken in a considerably shorter time. Although, the long-term objectives of CEECs were similar, discrepancies arose in each country as regards the priorities, order and pace of the reforms to be undertaken. The paper aims to analyse transition of the Slovak economy during the last two decades and compare the development of Slovakia with the rest of the CEECs and three benchmark Western European countries. The impact of the political cycle and development of main macroeconomic indicators is being analysed. The paper concludes with lessons from Slovakia for political economy and large-scale transformation of institutions.


We study the self-averaging properties and ergodicity of the mean square displacement m(t) of particles diffusing in d dimensional quenched random environments which give rise to subdiffusive average motion. These properties are investigated in terms of the sample to sample fluctuations as measured by the variance of m(t). We find that m(t) is not self-averaging for d<2 due to the inefficient disorder sampling by random motion in a single realization. For d≥2 in contrast, the efficient sampling of heterogeneity by the space random walk renders m(t) self-averaging and thus ergodic. This is remarkable because the average particle motion in d>2 obeys a CTRW, which by itself displays weak ergodicity breaking. This paradox is resolved by the observation that the CTRW as an average model does not reflect the disorder sampling by random motion in a single medium realization.


Machine learning models are becoming pervasive in high-stakes applications. Despite their clear benefits in terms of performance, the models could show discrimination against minority groups and result in fairness issues in a decision-making process, leading to severe negative impacts on the individuals and the society. In recent years, various techniques have been developed to mitigate the unfairness for machine learning models. Among them, in-processing methods have drawn increasing attention from the community, where fairness is directly taken into consideration during model design to induce intrinsically fair models and fundamentally mitigate fairness issues in outputs and representations. In this survey, we review the current progress of in-processing fairness mitigation techniques. Based on where the fairness is achieved in the model, we categorize them into explicit and implicit methods, where the former directly incorporates fairness metrics in training objectives, and the latter focuses on refining latent representation learning. Finally, we conclude the survey with a discussion of the research challenges in this community to motivate future exploration.


The recent advances in computer speed and algorithms for probabilistic inference have led to a resurgence of work on planning under uncertainty. The aim is to design AI planners for environments where there might be incomplete or faulty information, where actions might not always have the same results, and where there might be trade-offs between the different possible outcomes of a plan. Addressing uncertainty in AI, planning algorithms will greatly increase the range of potential applications, but there is plenty of work to be done before we see practical decision-theoretic planning systems. This article outlines some of the challenges that need to be overcome and surveys some of the recent work in the area.


There is an increasing interest in the use of natural additives in food production such as the use of phytogenic feed additives especially for use in swine and poultry. Essential oils are a natural alternative that can be used in animal feed due to their potential health benefits, improved performance and meat production. Oregano essential oil minimises meat downgrading due to transport stress or the modification of the ruminal microor‐ ganisms. This review suggested a promising development of food natural preservative against spoilage microorganisms in food systems by the use of oregano essential oil. The addition of oregano essential oil is a good way of preserving meat and could replace the synthetic antioxidants. Moreover, oregano oil and modified atmosphere packaging exhibit an additive preservation effect in fresh meat. Oregano essential oil is effective for controlling the growth of microorganisms. However, for meat quality, special attention should be put on the optimal oregano essential oil dose and meat handling to control or improve the physical, chemical and sensory properties of meat.


The 1960s saw the construction of 2 major suspension bridges in the United Kingdom. With a span of 1006 m, the Forth Road Bridge was a traditional design, whereas the M48 Severn Bridge at 988 m span was a highly innovative design using a steel box deck for stiffening. After nearly 40 years of heavy use the owners of Forth Road Bridge decided to carry out an internal inspection of their cables, which revealed unexpected results of corrosion, broken wires, and a loss of strength. A review of how these problems were addressed and solved around the world was undertaken and cable dehumidification was seen as the best option. Installation of the Forth dehumidification system is nearing completion and sets a new standard in terms of its method of installation, efficiency, and web-based control system. An inspection of the Severn Bridge cables followed the Forth inspections and somewhat worse results were revealed, which prompted the need to urgently install a cable dehumidification system. A partial system was rapidly designed and installed on the most deteriorated sections of the main cables, followed by a full system on the remainder of the cables. The full system is now commissioned and operating.


The crystal structures of double-decker single-molecule magnets (SMMs) LnPc(2) (Ln = Tb(III) and Dy(III); Pc = phthalocyanine) and non-SMM YPc(2) were determined by using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compounds are isomorphous to each other. The compounds have metal-centers (M(3+) = Tb, Dy, and Y) sandwiched by two Pc ligands via eight isoindole-nitrogen atoms in a square-antiprism fashion. The twist angle between the two Pc ligands is 41.4 degrees. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to investigate the compounds adsorbed on a Au(111) surface, deposited by using thermal evaporation in ultra-high vacuum. Both MPc(2) with eight-lobes and MPc with four-lobes, which has lost one Pc ligand, were observed. In the scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) images of TbPc molecules at 4.8 K, a Kondo peak with a Kondo temperature (T(K)) of approximately 250 K was observed near the Fermi level (V = 0 V). On the other hand, DyPc, YPc and MPc(2) exhibited no Kondo peak. In order to understand the observed Kondo effect, the energy splitting of sublevels in a crystal field should be taken into consideration. As the next step in our studies on the SMM/Kondo effect in Tb-Pc derivatives, we investigated the electronic transport properties of Ln-Pc molecules as the active layer in top- and bottom-contact thin-film organic field effect transistor (OFETs) devices. Tb-Pc molecule devices exhibit p-type semiconducting properties with a hole mobility (mu(H)) of approximately 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). Interestingly, the Dy-Pc based devices exhibited ambipolar semiconducting properties with an electron mobility (mu(e)) of approximately 10(-5) and a hole mobility (mu(H)) of approximately 10(-4) cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). This behavior has important implications for the electronic structure of the molecules.


This research examines the linkages between employees' commitment to organizational change and their perceptions of change success and job satisfaction whilst controlling for their tenure in the organization. The organization
involved had undergone significant structural reform over a number of consecutive years involving thousands of staff. The nature of the change involved a large number of employees moving into new roles so we expected that job
tenure may also influence their perceptions of change success. Using the three-component model of commitment to organizational change, we analyzed the ability of the three commitment to change variables (affective, continuance, and normative) to directly and indirectly explain perceptions of change success in three successive organizational surveys. The data were obtained from a large public sector organization that established as a result of a restructuring and amalgamation of corporate services within a State Government. The number of respondents varied each year from 2549 in the first year, to 2737 in the second year and 2595 in the third year. A structural model was specified using Amos with three models estimated simultaneously in which all parameters were allowed to vary. The strongest predictor of change success across all three years was job satisfaction followed by affective commitment to change. Continuance commitment to change and normative commitment to change were only very weakly related or not related to change success. Tenure was negatively related to change success at all three times. Job satisfaction partially mediated the link between affective commitment to change and change success. The structural model was reasonably stable across the three years and highlights the important role that job satisfaction plays in the process of implementing large-scale organizational change. Other issues to be considered include the potential moderating role of tenure, job level and gender as these have been proposed as moderators of the way employees respond to and cope with organizational change.


Qualitative studies are often used to research phenomena that are difficult to quantify numerically.1,2 These may include concepts, feelings, opinions, interpretations and meanings, or why people behave in a certain way. Although qualitative research is often described in opposition to quantitative research, the approaches are complementary, and many researchers use mixed methods in their projects, combining the strengths of both approaches.2 Many comprehensive texts exist on qualitative research methodology including those with a focus on healthcare related research.2-4 Here we give a brief introduction to the rationale, methods and quality assessment of qualitative research.


A brief outline is given of the geological, geophysical and drilling explorations done by Petroleos Mexicanos in northeastern Mexico. The area under consideration is stratigraphically and structurally part of the geologic province commonly designated as the Coastal Plain or Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. The subsurface stratigraphic sequence and descriptions as given are used for identification purposes by Petroleos Mexicanos without attempting any revision on age or correlation of these formations. A summary is given of the criteria used in the correlation of the well sections with the corresponding sections in other wells. The writer describes briefly the structures drilled or being drilled by Petroleos Mexicanos near the border, presents their seismological maps and cross sections and gives tentative correlations with wells on the American side. Production and completion data of such wells are also given. End_of_Article - Last_Page 2314------------


Water a natural resource, is characterized by multitudes of traits which are distinctively processed by diversified thoughts and beliefs orienting the behaviour-patterns of the people. The present paper highlights the integrated inter-relation between water as a natural sources and human societies. Water works as an essence in human existence and at the sametime it in seen that this particular element of the environment has been specifically moulded by the social-cultural patterns of the people in such a way that it takes the principal role in governing the peoples sacred and secular mode of life-situation. In the perspective of this view-point an attempt has been made here to study the traditional water management system that are still prevalent in Indian villages. This study is engaged to explore the water management pattern in the background of socio-cultural and ritualistic traditions in the caste-oriented villages in Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. Day to day water use by the people and the associated values, norms and taboos open up such a unique dimension which can best be illustrated and analysed through the domain of anthropology of water.


The present research paper examines how Moroccan political public authorities' communication strategies influence Moroccan male and female publics' feedback, and the perception of government's crisis response strategies in light of a new atmosphere, a new condition at the pandemic time of the coronavirus Covid-19. By collecting data from 132 Moroccan internet users via online survey, which was conducted between May and June, 2020, after the declaration of the state of emergency, the present study gathered concrete information and viewpoints regarding Moroccan male and female internet users' feedback about political leaders' communication strategies; trust in different sources and media channels, and perception of the Moroccan political leaders' crisis communication management.  The findings of the study have revealed that younger male and female publics, who got news from social media, had negative views of authority messages, and expressed more negative opinions of the government's crisis response and communication strategies as weeks went by. Therefore, trust in public authorities' decreased as the crisis evolves. Other age group, 60 years or older of the respondents get information about the crisis from institutional political sources and mainstream news media, which have been more aligned with authorities' information at the start of the health crisis. In addition, women have used multiple media platforms, but they have less direct access to information than do men. While some  progress has been made in  women's political use of information and news consumption during the outbreak on social media,  on  the  overall,  the  participation  of  women  in both feedback and news consumption is still very limited in Morocco.


Photoluminescence experiments have been performed on GaAs-GaAlAs quantum well structures with well widths ranging from 40A to 145A. Both the intrinsic and extrinsic transitions have been observed. Relatively strong interface-related luminescence is believed to be due to the presence of more trapped impurities at the interfaces.


This paper examines incentives for exclusive distribution of content in the presence of advertising. A monopoly seller of content - such as televisation rights to popular sports - may contract with one or both of two competing distributors, charging lump-sum fees. When distributors are subscription-funded, exclusive sale to a single buyer is the seller's profit-maximising choice, even when distributors also sell advertising airtime. When distributors are purely advertising-funded, however, non-exclusive contracting may instead be preferred. Advertising revenues accruing directly to the content provider may also generate a preference for non-exclusivity even when selling to subscription-funded distributors. The analysis has implications for the distribution of content to pay TV and free-to-air broadcasters, and for internet distribution of content.


There are some groups who may get the risks of hospital waste disposal. The first group is the patients who come to hospital to get cure and care. It is the most vulnerable group. The second is hospital's employees who have direct contact with the patients as main illness's agents on doing their daily duties. The third group is the visitor or those who accompany the patients; their risk is big as well. The last group is the society, people who live near the hospital, even when the waste siposal is done inappropriately. It causes the decrease of environmental quality which leads to the decline of health quality in the area. Hence, hospital has a responsibility to manage the disposal process of waste correctly and appropriately by conducting sanitation programs in hospital. Jogja Hospital is a Government-owned Hospital run by the Government of city of Jogyakarta. In its daily activities, the hospital produces waste which, if not properly discharged or burned, may cause adverse effect on workers as well as the surrounding area. Jogja hospital has Incinerator, thus simplifying the management such waste. The waste management including the rules, procedures and policymaking need to be explored to investigate the process of waste management of Jogja hospital.


The Earth's temperature has risen 0.76℃ (degree) during last 100 years which Implies a sudden rise, compare with the 4℃ (degrees) rise through out the past 20,000 years. If the volume of GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission continues at the current level, the average temperature of the Earth will rise by 1℃ (degree) by 2030 with the further implication that the temperature of Earth will rise by 2-5℃ (degrees) every 100 years. Therefore, as we are aware that the temperature of the glacial epoch was 8-9℃ (degrees) lower than the present time, we can easily predict that the above temperature rises can be potentially disastrous for human life. Every country in the world recognizes theseriousness of the current climate change and adopted a convention on climate change in June 1992 in Rio. The COP1 was held in March 1995 in Berlin and the COP3 in Dec. 1997 in Kyotowhere the target (2008-2012) was determined andthe advanced nations' reduction target (5.2%, average)was also agreed at this conference. Korea participated in the GHG reduction plan which required the world's nations to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.Ratification of the Kyotoprotocol and the follow-up requirement to introduce an international emissions trading scheme will require severe reductions in GHGs and considerable economic consequences. USAare still refusing to fully ratify the treaty as the emission reductions could severely damage the economies of these countries. In order to estimate the exact CO₂ emission, this study statistically analyzed CO₂emission of each country based on the following variables: level of economic power and scientific development, the industrial system, productivity and energy efficiency.


Summary and Conclusions 1.The adrenal cortices of rats injected chronically with pituitary growth hormone showed an increase in nodularity as compared with the controls. There was no other evidence of stimulation of the adrenal cortices of the experimental rats. 2.The adrenal medullary tissue was increased in amount in all rats injected chronically with growth hormone. The increase was due to cellular hypertrophy and proliferation. 3.In ten of fifteen rats injected chronically with pituitary growth hormone, there were areas of neoplastic cells displacing and invading the adrenal cortex. In three of the rats, the neoplastic medullary tissue had grown through the cortex and was macroscopically visible on the surface of the adrenal gland.


Introduction Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) reduces respiratory morbidity and mortality in premature infants. The goal of this study was to characterise the effects of delivery room SRT on the ductus arteriosus and early neonatal haemodynamics. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in preterm infants of less than 32 weeks' gestation who received SRT within 30 min of birth. Serial echocardiography was performed before and after SRT. Characteristics of the ductus arteriosus, myocardial performance, right ventricular output (RVO) and left ventricular output (LVO) and the ratio of RVO:LVO were measured. Results Sixteen babies, born at 28.3±1.3 weeks' gestation and weighing 1289±224 g, were studied. SRT was associated with an improvement in the arterial oxygen tension:fractional inspired oxygen ratio (p<0.001), increased systolic and decreased diastolic arterial pressure (p<0.05). The ductus arteriosus was patent in all and transductal flow was unrestrictive and exclusively left-to-right after SRT. An increase in transductal diameter (p<0.001), left atrium:aortic ratio (p=0.006) but a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (p=0.02) was identified. Conclusion SRT administration was followed by increased RVO but decreased LVO, resulting in an increased RVO:LVO ratio and an increase in ductal size. Delivery room administration of SRT is associated with major haemodynamic changes. The impact of these changes needs prospective evaluation.