This study is the first to evaluate the performance benefits of using the recently proposed TCP Splice kernel service in Web proxy servers. Previous studies show that splicing client and server TCP connections in the IP layer improves the throughput of proxy servers like firewalls and content routers by reducing the data transfer overheads. In a Web proxy server, data transfer overheads represent a relatively large fraction of the request processing overheads, in particular when content is not cacheable or the proxy cache is memory-based. The study is conducted with a socket-level implementation of TCP Splice. Compared to IP-level implementations, socket-level implementations make possible the splicing of connections with different TCP characteristics, and improve response times by reducing recovery delay after a packet loss. The experimental evaluation is focused on HTTP request types for which the proxy can fully exploit the TCP Splice service, which are the requests for non-cacheabl.content and SSL tunneling. The experimental testbed includes an emulated WAN environment and benchmark applications for HTTP/1.0 Web client, Web server, and Web proxy running on AIX RS/6000 machines. Our experiments demonstrate that TCP Splice enables reductions in CPU utilization of 10-43% of the CPU, depending on file sizes and request rates. Larger relative reductions are observed when tunneling SSL connections, in particular for small file transfers. Response times are also reduced by up to 1.8sec.


State of the art deep learning techniques are known to be vulnerable to evasion attacks where an adversarial sample is generated from a malign sample and misclassified as benign. Detection of encrypted malware command and control traffic based on TCP/IP flow features can be framed as a learning task and is thus vulnerable to evasion attacks. However, unlike e.g. in image processing where generated adversarial samples can be directly mapped to images, going from flow features to actual TCP/IP packets requires crafting the sequence of packets, with no established approach for such crafting and a limitation on the set of modifiable features that such crafting allows.In this paper we discuss learning and evasion consequences of the gap between generated and crafted adversarial samples. We exemplify with a deep neural network detector trained on a public C2 traffic dataset, white-box adversarial learning, and a proxy-based approach for crafting longer flows. Our results show 1) the high evasion rate obtained by using generated adversarial samples on the detector can be significantly reduced when using crafted adversarial samples; 2) robustness against adversarial samples by model hardening varies according to the crafting approach and corresponding set of modifiable features that the attack allows for; 3) incrementally training hardened models with adversarial samples can produce a level playing field where no detector is best against all attacks and no attack is best against all detectors, in a given set of attacks and detectors. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that level playing field feature set- and iteration-hardening are analyzed in encrypted C2 malware traffic detection.


Psychotropic drugs are costly, imparting pill burden on patients and monitorial burden on health care system due to irrational prescribing. Our aim was to find drug utilization pattern amongst out-patients attending the psychiatry out-patient department of Government Medical College, Nagpur. This was the prospective, cross sectional and observational study over 22 weeks on 515 newly diagnosed psychiatric patients. Results are expressed in percentage (%). Average drugs per prescription were 2.05±0.006 in men and 1.90±0.05 in women. 100% drugs were prescribed by brand names. The cost of drugs per prescription in Indian rupees was 68.33±7.30. Most common drug group prescribed was antidepressant (60.4%). Olanzapine use was highest (26.6%). Irrational co-prescription, antidepressant + BZD (15.5%) was commonest. Women were prescribed more antidepressants (Tricyclics > SSRI) (17.7%, χ=4.26, p<0.039). Less than 45 years accounted for most prescription. The common psychiatric illness was "schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses". None of drug was prescribed by generics. So we are at conclusion that prescription pattern is irrational and this should be intervened by educating prescribers about rational prescribing in psychiatry.


Affine Lie algebras admit nonclassical highest-weight theories through alternative partitions of the root system. Although significant inroads have been made, much of the classical machinery is inapplicable in this broader context, and some fundamental questions remain unanswered. In particular, the structure of the reducible objects in nonclassical theories has not yet been fully understood. This question is addressed here for affine sl(2), which has a unique nonclassical highest-weight theory, termed "imaginary." The reducible Verma modules in the imaginary theory possess an infinite descending series, with all factors isomorphic to a certain canonically associated module, the structure of which depends upon the highest weight. If the highest weight is nonzero, then this factor module is irreducible, and conversely. This article examines the degeneracy of the factor module of highest-weight zero. The intricate structure of this module is understood via a realization in terms of the symmetric functions. The realization permits the description of a family of singular (critical) vectors and the classification of the irreducible subquotients. The irreducible subquotients are characterized as those modules with an action given in terms of exponential functions, in the sense of Billig and Zhao.


The 1840s brought a certain revival both in intellectual life and efforts to modernize
agriculture in the Kingdom of Poland. Count Andrzej Zamoyski (1800–1874)
played an inspiring role here. In all his properties replaced feudal service by rents.
Moreover, even though the villein system was still in place, he was a spokesman for
a transition to this more modern form of managing for the totality of the landed
gentry. On his initiative, the periodical "Roczniki Gospodarstwa Krajowego"
("Polish Farming Annual") came out. "Roczniki" brought in representatives of the
Kingdom's landed gentry supporting actions aimed at economic development and
the promotion of civilization, soon to be called organic work.
Representatives of the landowning party supporting the idea of organic work
were popularly called "klemensowczycy", because of their participation in conventions
held in Andrzej Zamoyski's estate in the village of Klemensów. The leader of
the "klemensowczycy" blazed a trail for Poland's progress of civilization, where he
was characterized by Occidentalism, understood as referring to historical experiences
of the Western world.


The problem of perinatal losses in terms of features and dynamics of the stages of grief experiences, the main forms of psychological assistance in situations of perinatal loss.


In January 2009, the Rochester Institute of Technology's (RIT) Lab for Technological Literacy (LTL) and Department of Interactive Games and Media (IGM) offered a seminar around the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) and Sugar educational platforms. The goals of the seminar were to create games and teaching materials to support 4th grade math curricula while teaching the use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) development tools and processes. Over the three sessions that the seminar was offered, the beginnings of a complete educational ecology began to emerge. Students who had completed the course came back on their own-time to mentor new students and encourage them to continue work on the projects that had emerged in a previous course session. This paper will examine the course content, the factors that came together to form this emerging ecology and the next steps needed to formalize it within the institution.


It has recently been argued that the inability of the interacting boson model (IBA) to reproduce E4 data in the mass region 160<or=A<or=200 is due to the neglect of the L=4 'g' boson in the boson Hamiltonian. The author argues herein that the resolution of the anomaly depends on kinematical, not dynamical, considerations.


The book has been written after five years research about a query. In the presence of so many books of Graphic programming using C/C++.One chapter of book also discussed about the programming structure basics of c/c++ because before starting graphic programming students have to know about the basic things of programming structure. Authors of the book have hand on experience of programming. This book is divided in two main portions. First portion is consist is basic thing and Second portion is based on practical graphic programming. We have extensively used pictures to explain the programming ideas in detail; it helps the beginners to build their basic ideas necessary for programming A most important thing of this book is every code mentioned was tested before writing in book. We have tried our best to make book as easy as possible for the beginners. The purpose of this book is to introduce an easy approach and techniques, for the understandability of Graphic programming using C/C++.


William Wey, fifteenth-century Devon priest, Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Bursar of Eton College, made three pilgrimages between 1456 and 1462 - to Compostella, Rome and the Holy Land. Prompted by his friends to write an account of these pilgrimages, he describes in vivid detail his travels through seas patrolled by Turkish galleys across Europe which at that time was embroiled in turmoil from local conflicts. The complete text of his narrative has never before been translated into modern English. For students of this period, which bridges the medieval and early modern worlds, Wey's account adds a new dimension to the phenomenon of pilgrimage. He himself is an attractive and intriguing person of many talents, practical, adventurous and highly observant, and eminently resourceful. While waiting for the pilgrim galley to sail to Jaffa, for example, Wey spent over a month in Venice and gives a colourful account of that city in its heyday. His biblical knowledge is formidable and his use of sources exact and apposite. He provides practical and homely advice on kit, conduct and currency. He also includes comparative English, Latin, Greek and Hebrew vocabularies, gazetteers of places, roads and distances, and two poems. Medieval pilgrim accounts are relatively rare and The Itineraries provides a fascinating insight into travel, religious faith and the topography of fifteenth-century Europe and beyond.


Compared to an untransformed rat cell line, 3Y1, adenovirus 12-transformed cell lines of 3Y1 were highly sensitive to the cytotoxic action of an imidazole antibiotic, clotrimazole. In contrast, SV40-transformed rat cell lines derived from the 3Y1 cell line showed no appreciable difference in the response to clotrimazole when compared to 3Y1 cells. Clotrimazole-resistant clones, WCT-1 and WCT-2, which were spontaneously isolated from the adenovirus 12-transformed cell line W5, showed 5- to 10-fold higher resistance than did W5; the dose-response curves of clotrimazole-resistant clones were similar to those of the untransformed 3Y1 cells. The growth of 3Y1 cells was blocked in the presence of 1% serum, whereas those of W5, WCT-1, and WCT-2 cells were only slightly affected by the same dose of serum in the medium. The membrane fractions of 3Y1, W5, and WCT-1 cells were found to contain similar cholesterol:phospholipid ratios. The phospholipid composition in the membrane fraction of line WCT-1 was similar to that of line W5 but not to that of line 3Y1. By contrast, the fatty acid composition was specifically altered in clotrimazole-resistant clones; cellular contents and some species of fatty acid such as 16:1, 18:2, and 20:4 in WCT-1 and WCT-2 cells were similar to those of 3Y1 but not to those of W5 cells. Differential sensitivities of various cell lines to clotrimazole are discussed in relation to the lipid composition.


Nonautologous, highly concentrated human fibrinogen and clotting factors were used in the form of fibrin glue to treat three patients with varied surgical problems that were resistant to conventional treatment. Fibrin glue was used to occlude longstanding enterocutaneous fistulae, control liver hemorrhage in an alcoholic patient with coagulopathy, and perform a splenorrhaphy, following a gunshot wound to the spleen. Fibrin glue is effective in establishing hemostasis and sealing tissues; its use is a helpful adjunct in the care of surgical patients.


The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional requirement of digestible lysine for white laying hens in old age. Two hundred eighty-eight Hy Line W-36 laying hens at 60 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design, with six levels of digestible lysine (6.0; 6.6; 7.2; 7.8; 8.4 and 9.0g kg-1) and eight replications with six birds per experimental unit. There was linear effect of lysine levels on lysine intake and efficiency of utilization of lysine. For the production and egg mass, the levels of digestible lysine in the diet from which the plateaus occurred were of 6.57g kg-1 and 7.10g kg-1, respectively. There was quadratic effect of lysine levels on yolk weight, with the estimated level of 7.6g kg-1 of digestible lysine. The digestible lysine requirement of white laying hens from 60 to 76 weeks of age is 7.10g kg-1 in diet, corresponding to daily intake of 690mg bird-1 of digestible lysine.


BACKGROUND
Obesity and associated metabolic disorders are related to impairments of the intestinal barrier.

OBJECTIVE
We examined lactulose:mannitol (Lac:Man) permeability in obese individuals with and without liver steatosis undergoing a weight-reduction program to test whether an effective weight-loss program improves gut barrier function and whether obese patients with or without liver steatosis differ in this function.

DESIGN
Twenty-seven adult, nondiabetic individuals [mean ± SD body mass index (BMI; in kg/m2): 43.7 ± 5.2; 78% with moderate or severe liver steatosis] were included in the follow-up intervention study (n = 13 by month 12). All patients reduced their weight to a mean ± SD BMI of 36.4 ± 5.1 within 12 mo. We assessed barrier functions by the oral Lac:Man and the fecal zonulin tests. Insulin resistance was assessed by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA), and liver steatosis by sonography and the fatty liver index (FLI).

RESULTS
The Lac:Man ratio and circulating interleukin (IL) 6 concentration decreased during intervention from 0.080 (95% CI: 0.073, 0.093) to 0.027 (95% CI: 0.024, 0.034; P < 0.001) and from 4.2 ± 1.4 to 2.8 ± 1.6 pg/mL (P < 0.01), respectively. At study start, the Lac:Man ratio was higher in patients with moderate or severe steatosis than in those without any steatosis (P < 0.001). The Lac:Man ratio tended to correlate with HOMA (ρ = 0.55, P = 0.052), which correlated with FLI (ρ = 0.75, P < 0.01). A multiple-regression analysis led to a final model explaining FLI best through BMI, waist circumference, and the Lac:Man ratio.

CONCLUSIONS
Intestinal permeability is increased in obese patients with steatosis compared with obese patients without. The increased permeability fell to within the previously reported normal range after weight reduction. The data suggest that a leaky gut barrier is linked with liver steatosis and could be a new target for future steatosis therapies. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01344525.


Acquired perforating dermatosis (APD) is a skin disorder occurring in the patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), diabetes mellitus (DM) or both. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical and histopathological features of APD, and evaluate role of scratching in the pathogenesis of APD. Twelves patients with APD associated with CRF and DM were enrolled in the study. In six patients who required hemodialysis, the lesions appeared 2-5 yr (mean 3 yr) after the initiation of dialysis, 18-22 yr (mean 19.3 yr) after the occurrence of DM. The other patients who did not receive hemodialysis noted the lesions 4-17 yr (mean 9.5 yr) after the onset of DM. All patients had an eruption of generally pruritic keratotic papules and nodules, primarily on the extensor surface of the extremities and the trunk. The histologic features of our cases showed a crateriform invagination of the epidermis filled by a parakeratotic plug and basophilic cellular debris. The period of treatment for patients who suffered from severe (7 cases) or very severe (3 cases) on the pruritus intensity was longer than that of patients who had mild pruritus (2 cases). These data showed that scratching appear to play a critical part in the pathogenesis of APD.


The theory and advantages of the cryogenic tunnel concept are briefly reviewed. The unique ability to vary temperature independently of pressure and Mach number allows, in addition to large reductions in model loads and tunnel power, the independent determination of Reynolds number, Mach number, and aeroelastic effects on the aerodynamic characteristics of the model. Various combinations of Reynolds number and dynamic pressure are established to represent accurately flight variations of aeroelastic deformation with altitude changes. The consequences of the thermal and caloric imperfections of the test gas under cryogenic conditions were examined and found to be insignificant for operating pressures up to 5 atm. The characteristics of the Langley pilot transonic cryogenic tunnel are described and the results of initial tunnel operation are presented. Tests of a two-dimensional airfoil at a Mach number of 0.85 show identical pressure distributions for a chord Reynolds number of 8,600,000 obtained first at a stagnation pressure of 4.91 atm at a stagnation temperature of 322.0 K and then at a stagnation pressure of 1.19 atm at a stagnation temperature of 116.5 K.


Technology development in Indonesian gets progress, mainly for automotive industry which release technology by a break in innovation more improve at every their result edition.
It becomes a tradition that Indonesian people just only the lover as the real consumer. We just think of foreign company technology enter and dominate economy and Indonesian culture. The biggest automotive companies in Indonesian are Astra and Indomobil. They are foreign company which have the important role in our country. In the other side without them. We can not enjoy and learn this new technology, even that we abserve more further that the foreign company has opened or available opportunities for employment in Indonesian society.
For the final assignment, the writer just only want to discuss a little the motorcycle technology from Suzuki, that is about electrical matters in Suzuki Shogun 110. The writer has aim to explain more details by making a tool that is called Training Kit include controlling system explaination and electricity which cotent of removal for electricity system in Suzuki Shogun 110 motorcycle, we can furnace and substance system.
The writer expected that this tool and its report can useful as learning materials expecially at Gadjah Mada University. I hope after we learn it, some day we can create from our generation development. So this background make the opposite facts, from consumer become producer.
In making this training kit is used several methods to obtain the accurate data source. The methods used are first, observation directly to the field, interview and library study. The second is planning, the third is making training kit and than analyst and trial.
The result of the study shows that a training kit can be applied as good. It is can understand the working principles of the ignition and charging system Suzuki Shogun 110. Therefore, the it is expected the tool will be useful for students who will learn more on the electricity system, particularly, in the instrument panel and lightning system.


In this paper we report a novel fabrication technique for silicon photonic waveguides with sub-micron dimensions. The technique is based upon the Local Oxidation of Silicon (LOCOS) process widely utilised in the fabrication of microelectronics components. This approach enables waveguides to be fabricated with oxide sidewalls with minimal roughness at the silicon/SiO2 interface. It is also sufficiently flexible to enable the depth of the oxidised sidewall to be varied to control the polarisation performance of the waveguides. We will present preliminary results on submicron waveguide fabrication and loss characteristics (less than 1 dB/cm), as well as effects of varying waveguide width on modal properties of the waveguides. We consider the ease of fabrication, as well as the quality of the devices produced in preliminary experimental fabrication results, and compare the approach to the more conventional requirements of high resolution photolithographically produced waveguides. We also discuss preliminary optical results, as measured by conventional means. Issues such as the origins of loss are discussed in general terms, as are the fabrication characteristics such as waveguide wall roughness and waveguide profile. We will discuss further work that will help to establish the potential of the technique for future applications.


We present stress-minimizing (SM) metric, a new metric of grasp qualities. Unlike previous metrics that ignore the material of target objects, we assume that target objects are made of homogeneous isotopic materials. SM metric measures the maximal resistible external wrenches without causing fracture in the target objects. Therefore, SM metric is useful for robot grasping valuable and fragile objects. In this paper, we analyze the properties of this new metric, propose grasp planning algorithms to generate globally optimal grasps maximizing the SM metric, and compare the performance of the SM metric and a conventional metric. Our experiments show that SM metric is aware of the geometries of target objects while the conventional metric are not. We also show that the computational cost of the SM metric is on par with that of the conventional metric.


Vietnam has experiences fast achievements in teaching English for high school students in long time. One of this study's purposes is to state what are challenges in teaching English and recommendations. Barraket (2005) pointed that the re-orientation of the curriculum toward student-centredness in this case had a positive effect on student performance, learning experience and subject evaluation. In particular, the use of student-centred techniques facilitated a strong social context for learning, and provided students with a common experiential framework from which to explore the technical aspects of the curriculum. By using combination of different qualitative methods, SWOT and PDCA analytical techniques, our research results shown, We make suggestions to I,prove teaching quality: 1. Quality control of teacher input (degrees, teaching experience, trial teaching requirements); 2. Develop a set of standards for teacher quality


Abstract : As the Department of Defense continues to downsize as a result of various budget reduction initiatives, new, efficient methods must be devised and implemented to increase fleet customer service without degrading readiness. The Navy's Inventory Control Point -Mechanicsburg, PA, (NAVICP-M), Point Five FLSIP Plus (.5F+) COSAL inventory model was designed to meet that challenge. This thesis describes the .5F+ model and its impact on readiness. It then compares that model to a private-sector, not-for-profit, inventory control point, the Materials Management Department of the Salinas Valley Memorial Hospital (SVMH). The techniques that each organization uses to distribute scarce resources, maximizing both effectiveness and customer service levels while minimizing costs were analyzed to identify potential crossover defense-related applications. This thesis also analyzes some of the required trade-offs for each inventory management program. The research shows that SVMH has a more efficient inventory management program become of their customer-oriented strategic planning. DOD could increase their customer effectiveness, efficiency, and readiness by adopting a similar approach. (AN)


In this review essay, I consider two recent books that have something to say about liberalism. In Liberalism and Its Discontents, Francis Fukuyama offers a spirited defense of the doctrine. In Prophet of Discontent, Jared Anthony Loggins and Andrew Douglas engage the though of Martin Luther King Jr. in ways that encourage us to move "beyond" liberalism.


Extensive behavioral work has documented the ability of the human visual system to extract summary representations from face ensembles (e.g., the average identity of a crowd of faces). Yet, the nature of such representations, their underlying neural mechanisms, and their temporal dynamics await elucidation. Here, we examine summary representations of facial identity in human adults (of both sexes) with the aid of pattern analyses, as applied to EEG data, along with behavioral testing. Our findings confirm the ability of the visual system to form such representations both explicitly and implicitly (i.e., with or without the use of specific instructions). We show that summary representations, rather than individual ensemble constituents, can be decoded from neural signals elicited by ensemble perception, we describe the properties of such representations by appeal to multidimensional face space constructs, and we visualize their content through neural-based image reconstruction. Further, we show that the temporal profile of ensemble processing diverges systematically from that of single faces consistent with a slower, more gradual accumulation of perceptual information. Thus, our findings reveal the representational basis of ensemble processing, its fine-grained visual content, and its neural dynamics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Humans encounter groups of faces, or ensembles, in a variety of environments. Previous behavioral research has investigated how humans process face ensembles as well as the types of summary representations that can be derived from them, such as average emotion, gender, and identity. However, the neural mechanisms mediating these processes are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ensemble representations, with different facial identity summaries, can be decoded and even visualized from neural data through multivariate analyses. These results provide, to our knowledge, the first detailed investigation into the status and the visual content of neural ensemble representations of faces. Further, the current findings shed light on the temporal dynamics of face ensembles and its relationship with single-face processing.


Furniture, the necessity of human life, could be investigated in terms of historical social life, geographical regions, and technological developments. Furniture, named according to its purpose and place of use, has also been an indicator of the status and taste of consumers. Furniture has shown influences on developments in every field of society throughout history, merging with the concepts of production and consumption and carrying numerous innovations until today. In addition to social developments, furniture has been influenced by cultural impacts. Furniture is used in various places such as homes, restaurants, cafes, and gardens. In this study, wooden tables were selected within the scope of research and were limited to cafes and restaurants as the place of use. The preference for the sizes and shapes of tables changes according to users, design, and capacity of the spaces in Turkey, similar to the world in general. A total of 30 cafes and restaurants from the Turkey/Istanbul/Yeniköy region and the USA/Oklahoma State/Stillwater region were investigated in this study. The shapes, dimensions, table-top materials, foot material, and construction types of the tables in these places were the subject of investigation. It was observed that products with similar functions at a similar type of place have significant differences in terms of design and use of material depending on cultural factors in the case of selected tables. The results obtained in this study support the view that culture has a significant impact on furniture design. In a table sample with highly characteristic similar features and usage function, it was estimated that 33.4% of the samples differed significantly due to cultural impact.


We study a unique network dataset including periodic surveys and electronic logs of dyadic contacts via smartphones. The participants were a sample of freshmen entering university in the Fall 2011. Their opinions on a variety of political and social issues and lists of activities on campus were regularly recorded at the beginning and end of each semester for the first three years of study. We identify a behavioral network defined by call and text data, and a cognitive network based on friendship nominations in ego-network surveys. Both networks are limited to study participants. Since a wide range of attributes on each node were collected in self-reports, we refer to these networks as attribute-rich networks. We study whether student preferences for certain attributes of friends can predict formation and dissolution of edges in both networks. We introduce a method for computing student preferences for different attributes which we use to predict link formation and dissolution. We then rank these attributes according to their importance for making predictions. We find that personal preferences, in particular political views, and preferences for common activities help predict link formation and dissolution in both the behavioral and cognitive networks.


Islam does not know discrimination between woman and men. Islam placed woman as parallel partner of men. Even so there is difference, hence that is effect of especial duties and function burdened by religion to each gender, so that the existing difference do not result which is one sense of belonging of excess for other. Both each other equip and assist to assist in playing the part of its function in life and the life. This article means to study how to domicile woman from political dimension Islam system.


We present the IndicNLP corpus, a large-scale, general-domain corpus containing 2.7 billion words for 10 Indian languages from two language families. We share pre-trained word embeddings trained on these corpora. We create news article category classification datasets for 9 languages to evaluate the embeddings. We show that the IndicNLP embeddings significantly outperform publicly available pre-trained embedding on multiple evaluation tasks. We hope that the availability of the corpus will accelerate Indic NLP research. The resources are available at this https URL.


Graduate students frequently have difficulty defining, developing, and resolving research problems in a manner consistent with the agricultural economics community. We report on a seminar that focuses on professional dialogue to assist graduate students to integrate subject matter courses into independent research proposals. Professional dialogue involves developing arguments to explain and resolve questions where the explanations are supported by warranted evidence and appropriately qualified. The premise of the seminar is that more active problem solvers are developed using professional dialogue to sharpen critical thinking and writing skills.


The present paper contains an account of investigations made with a Wilson chamber on the penetrating radiation emitted by beryllium when the latter is bombarded by the α -particles of polonium. Dr. Chadwick has suggested that this radiation consists of a stream of neutrons of unit mass and maximum velocity 3·3 X 109 cm. per second. The neutrons in their passage through matter collide occasionally with the atomic nuclei and produce recoil atoms of short range and great ionising power. The recoil atoms of nitrogen have been studied in detail by Dr. Feather, using an automatic expansion chamber, and the lengths of the recoil tracks are in agreement with the neutron hypothesis. It is of special interest to examine the interaction of the neutrons with electrons. The impact of a similar neutron of the same velocity with an electron might be expected to communicate to the latter velocities up to a maximum of 6·6 X 109 cm. per second, that is, twice the velocity of the neutron for a direct collision, corresponding to a maximum energy of the recoil electron of approximately 13,000 electron volts. According to the data of Nuttall and Williams such an electron has a range of recoil of 3·4 mm. As, however, the total ionisation in this length of track would be only 350 ion pairs the valve counter and automatic expansion chamber are unsuitable for its detection. Further, as will be shown later, it is impossible to detect with certainty the occurrence of such recoil electrons produced by neutrons unless the individual water drops produced in the expansion chamber are clearly photographed. For such experiments, and to a still greater degree for the experiments described in 4, it is also necessary that there shall be no appreciable background of drops in the chamber. Even in the absence of ionisation such a general distribution of drops is usually produced unless special precautions are taken. The detection of individual ions by the condensation on them of water vapour and the photography of the individual drops thus produced, while avoiding the presence of water drops which are not associated with ions, has been a special study of the writer working under the supervision of Professor C. T. R. Wilson.


Thalamus represents a pivotal structure to study MS-associated neurodegeneration. In this study we investigated the alterations in thalamic microstructure of MS patients by using magnetization transfer saturation (MTsat), T1-relaxometry, and myelin water fraction (MWF). Compared to healthy controls (HCs), MS patients presented significant modifications in the thalamic quantitative MRI metrics, suggesting ongoing microstructural and myelin loss. The thalamic quantitative MRI metrics explored showed variable degrees of association with MS lesion burden, brain atrophic changes, as well as with clinical and cognitive disability.


Purpose: In circumstances of obstetrical crisis, the ideal administration requires the rapidly organized activities of a multidisciplinary and multi-professional group. This review examined the impact of preparation for reconstitution on four explicit capabilities: fearlessness, handling the crisis situation, calculation information, and group correspondence. Techniques Clinical computations were first presented to members. Preparation for six crisis situations (shoulder dystocia, baby blues drainage, preeclampsia, maintenance of essential maternal vital functions, neonatal resuscitation, and employable vaginal delivery) was performed using high and low constancy leisure mannequins. The overall impression of preparation for recreation and the four abilities mentioned above were secretly assessed by a self-report survey with a five-point Likert scale after preparation and at 3 months. Results: From February 2017 to August 2019, 174 standard taipans, having taken more than six one-day courses, participated in the preparation. 156 members legitimately returned the survey after the course (93.8%). The return rate of the survey after 5 months was 38.4%. Members provided higher responses on the Likert scale for the four explicit skills surveys after 3 months compared to after the course. The improvement was significant (p B 0.06) outside the survey for group correspondence. Conclusion: The implementation of the reproduction preparation reinforces the expert competence.


The MRF framework has been recently investigated to estimate T1, T2 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) from a single scan with b-tensor encoding schemes. However, the current human-designed experiment protocol for multi-dimensional MRF is still subject to limited measurement accuracy. Here we propose to adapt the Cramer-Rao Bounds to optimize multi-dimensional MRF scan for simultaneous quantification of relaxation and diffusion. The optimization framework explores all possible combinations of MRF sequence parameters, including flip angles, TRs, b-values, and preparation modules to seek the optimal tissue parameter encoding scheme. The optimized sequence simultaneously improves the measurement precision of T1, T2 and ADC.


Representation Learning in real-world class-imbalanced settings has emerged as a challenging task in the evolution of deep learning. Lack of diversity in visual and structural features for rare classes restricts modern neural networks to learn discriminative feature clusters. This manifests in the form of large inter-class bias between rare object classes and elevated intra-class variance among abundant classes in the dataset. Although deep metric learning approaches have shown promise in this domain, significant improvements need to be made to overcome the challenges associated with class-imbalance in mission critical tasks like autonomous navigation and medical diagnostics. Set-based combinatorial functions like Submodular Information Measures exhibit properties that allow them to simultaneously model diversity and cooperation among feature clusters. In this paper, we introduce the SCoRe (Submodular Combinatorial Representation Learning) framework and propose a family of Submodular Combinatorial Loss functions to overcome these pitfalls in contrastive learning. We also show that existing contrastive learning approaches are either submodular or can be re-formulated to create their submodular counterparts. We conduct experiments on the newly introduced family of combinatorial objectives on two image classification benchmarks - pathologically imbalanced CIFAR-10, subsets of MedMNIST and a real-world road object detection benchmark - India Driving Dataset (IDD). Our experiments clearly show that the newly introduced objectives like Facility Location, Graph-Cut and Log Determinant outperform state-of-the-art metric learners by up to 7.6% for the imbalanced classification tasks and up to 19.4% for object detection tasks.


Bioagents like Tv-1, Th-1, Pl-1 and Pc-1 and two bacterial bioagents (Pf-1, and Bs-1) isolated from healthy rhizosphere of tomato from North Eastern parts of Karnataka (NEK) were maintained and tested their efficacy against wilt complex pathogens of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Meloidogyne incognita). Bioagents are evaluated against Fusarium for their mycelial inhibition under dual culture technique. The per cent inhibition varied from 16.66 to 58.00 with a mean of 32.41. The results obtained were highly significant between the different bioagents tested and also over control. Maximum inhibition of 58.00 per cent was observed in Trichoderma viride followed by T. harzianum (57.77) and Paecilomyces lilacinus (35.55). Least inhibition of 16.66 per cent was observed in Bacillus subtilis followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens (25.55). Efficacy of different bioagents against root knot nematode by using culture filtrates of bioagents at 100, 75, 50 and 25 per cent significantly inhibited the hatching of eggs. The greatest decrease in egg hatching was recorded (8.67) with the bioagent P. lilacinus, T. viride (10.33) and Pochonia chlamydospora (11.00) in treatment concentration interaction (82.66, 79.34 and 78.00 per cent inhibition) over control respectively. Maximum number of juveniles were hatched in control (50.00) followed by 45.03 in Bacillus subtilis at 25 per cent concentration.


Abstract:  The monoterpenoid carvone (1) has been shown to have strong antifeedant effects on Hylobius spp. However, because of the high volatility of carvone, long‐time protection of conifer seedlings in the field using this compound has not been possible. We demonstrate, in several bioassay steps, that less‐volatile, heavier analogues retain their pre‐ingestive feeding inhibition activity in the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis (L.) for a longer time. The first step in the evaluation of the biological activity of 12 carvone analogues was a micro‐assay, a choice test lasting 4 h. Compounds active at 100 nmol/cm2 were further dose–response tested to give the effective dose needed to inhibit feeding by 50% (ED50). Of the 14 compounds tested, including both carvone enantiomers, seven heavier analogues were active at low doses (had low ED50 values). As expected from their lower vapour pressure compared with carvone, the heavier analogues proved more resistant to evaporation before testing. Thus, whereas the effect of 8‐hydroxy‐p‐menth‐en‐6‐one 4 declined after 2 days, some of the compounds with high molar masses, such as the alkylhydroxymenthenones 6 and 8, retained a stable activity for 4 days. The retained activity at 4 days was strongly correlated to molecular mass and boiling point. When tested on natural material (host Pinus sylvestris L. twig sections for 48 h), the heavier analogues showed a rather low activity. Probably, the activity of the more volatile compound carvone (1) is due to a repellent effect (olfactory mode) rather than the deterrent effects (gustatory mode) of the heavier compounds. In agreement with the relatively low activity on twigs in the laboratory, the hydroxymenthenone 4 was not active in the field when tested for 2 months as a 1 : 9 mixture with a polar wax.


Contents oriented networking (CON) is an emerging concept, in which a new networking paradigm based on contents name instead of host address is introduced. For gradual deployment towards CON from legacy Internet, an interworking architecture between CON and Internet is indispensible. In this paper, we introduce the proxy name server (PNS) that performs contents name from/to host address translation for interworking. We first present the PNS structure and detailed interworking operations. Also, further considerations for building better interworking architecture are discussed.


'The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, a potent forgery alleging a Jewish plot to run the world, has proved durable since its turn-of-the-century fabrication by Russian police; this book offers welcome background, context and refutation. The main section is the 1926 effort by Segel, a German Jewish journalist, to expose the fraud; he shows how the infamous text was plagiarized from trash fiction, Machiavelli's speeches and a political satire...Levy adds much in his comprehensive introduction. Unlike most anti-Semitic works, he notes, this has no national context or identity. Thus it has served multiple purposes for different audiences; it was not only publicized by the Nazis, but it also remains influential in the Arab world and eastern Europe and among American right-wingers and black nationalists' - "Publishers Weekly".A strange and repugnant mystery of the twentieth century is the durability of the Protocols, despite repeated exposure as a forgery. Binjamin W. Segel's work was the first full explanation of the shadowy sources for this virulent group libel. Richard S.Levy now adds an examination of the history of the Protocols since its original publication and describes its continuing psychological appeal and political function in the modern world. Richard S. Levy is an associate professor of history at the University of Illinois-Chicago. He is the editor of "Antisemitism in the Modern World: An Anthology of Texts".


To provide a detailed record of a relatively rare thrust surface rupture and examine its active tectonic implications, we have conducted field mapping of the surface rupture associated with the 2005 M w 7.6 Kashmir earthquake. Despite the difficulty arising from massive earthquake-induced landslides along the surface rupture, we found that typical pressure ridges and warps extend northwestward for a distance of ∼70 km, with a northeast-side-up vertical separation of up to ∼7 m. Neither the main frontal thrust nor the main boundary thrust is responsible for the earthquake, but three active faults or fault segments within the Sub-Himalaya, collectively called the Balakot–Bagh fault, compose the causative fault. Although the fault exhibits substantial geomorphic expression of repeated similar surface ruptures, only a part of it had been mapped as active before the earthquake. The location of the hypocenter suggests that the rupture was initiated at a deep portion of the northern–central segment boundary and propagated bilaterally to eventually break all three segments. Our obtained surface rupture traces and the along-strike-slip distribution are both in good agreement with results of prompt analyses of satellite images, indicating that space geodesy can greatly aid in time-consuming field mapping of surface ruptures. Assuming that the extensive fill terrace in the meizoseismal area was abandoned during 10–30 ka, we tentatively estimate the earthquake recurrence interval and shortening rate on the Balakot–Bagh fault to be 1000–3300 yr and 1.4–4.1 mm/yr, respectively. These estimates indicate that the Balakot–Bagh fault is not a main player of Himalayan contraction accommodation. ![Graphic][1] Selected field photographs and ArcGIS files of the mapped surface rupture traces and measured vertical separations are available in the electronic supplement to this article.

 [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif


Abstract. Deltas are increasingly under pressure from human impact and climate change. To deal with these pressures that threat future delta functioning, we need to understand interactions between physical, biological, chemical and social processes in deltas. This requires an integrated approach, in which knowledge on natural system functioning is combined with knowledge on spatial planning, land and water governance and legislative frameworks. In the research focus area Future Deltas of Utrecht University an interdisciplinary team from different research groups therefore works together. This allows developing integrated sustainable and resilient delta management strategies, which is urgently needed to prevent loss of vital delta services.


Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. A promising treatment for this disease is the transplantation of stem cell-derived beta cells. Genetic modifications, however, may be necessary to protect the transplanted cells from persistent autoimmunity. Diabetic mouse models are a useful tool for the preliminary evaluation of strategies to protect transplanted cells from autoimmune attack. Described here is a minimally invasive method for transplanting and imaging cell grafts in an adoptive transfer model of diabetes in mice. In this protocol, cells from the murine pancreatic beta cell line NIT-1 expressing the firefly luciferase transgene luc2 are transplanted subcutaneously into immunodeficient non-obese diabetic (NOD)-severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mice. These mice are simultaneously injected intravenously with splenocytes from spontaneously diabetic NOD mice to transfer autoimmunity. The grafts are imaged at regular intervals via non-invasive bioluminescent imaging to monitor the cell survival. The survival of mutant cells is compared to that of control cells transplanted into the same mouse.


INTRODUCTION DynaCT is a clinical application protocol to create computed tomographic (CT)-like images allowing soft-tissue visualization acquired from an angiography system. A cone beam three-dimensional CT reconstruction is produced from the acquisition of two-dimensional projection images by rotating the c-arm with x-ray source and image receptor around the patient. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical efficacy of DynaCT in the operating room. METHODS DynaCT was performed in 100 patients undergoing cerebral or spinal interventional procedures in the new-concept operating room. Specially designed AXIOM Artis BA (conventional image intensifier system; 55 patients; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) and AXIOM Artis dBA (flat-panel detector; 45 patients; Siemens Medical Solutions) biplane neuroangiographic systems (Siemens Medical Solutions, Germany) were installed in the operating room. The volumetric data set from the AXIOM Artis systems were reconstructed immediately on the three-dimensional workstation in the operating room. We compared DynaCT images with the use of multidetector computed tomography. RESULTS DynaCT was performed successfully in all patients. High-contrast structures, such as bone, calcified lesions, and metallic materials, were visualized on DynaCT as well as in multidetector computed tomography for each group. Although contrast differentiation of soft tissue such as cerebral cortex, muscle, and hematoma on DynaCT were inferior to multidetector CT scans, the images were sufficiently used as intraoperative CT-like images. However, DynaCT images acquired from flat panel detector-based systems were found to be superior to those images acquired from image intensifier-based systems. Striking ring artifacts were exhibited and resulted in major limitations in the image intensifier group. CONCLUSION DynaCT has the potential to be used as a powerful tool for endovascular and neurosurgical procedures and will open new possibilities for neurosurgical management.


The intraovarian insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system constitutes a triad composed of ligands, receptors, and binding proteins. Although conventional radioligand receptor assays have documented the presence of specific receptors for insulin and insulin-like peptides in some rat somatic ovarian cell types, the exact cellular localization and hormonal regulation of the receptors in question remain matters of inquiry. To reevaluate the very presence, cellular localization, and hormonal regulation of the IGF receptor gene family in the rat ovary, solution hybridization/RNase protection assays were used wherein ovarian total RNA (20 micrograms) from immature (21-23 days old) rats was hybridized with 32P-labeled type I IGF receptor, type II IGF/mannose-6-phosphate receptor, and insulin receptor riboprobes. Single protected fragments 261 (type I IGF receptor), 500 (type II IGF/mannose-6-phosphate receptor), and 478 (insulin receptor) bases long were evident in whole ovary, granulosa, and theca-interstitial cells. Hypophysectomy of immature rats led to significant (P less than 0.05) albeit variable decrements in the relative (densitometrically quantified) ovarian abundance of transcripts corresponding to the type I IGF (but not insulin or type II IGF/mannose-6-phosphate) receptor. Treatment of immature hypophysectomized rats with FSH (10 micrograms/rat.day x 2.5 days) resulted in a significant (P less than 0.05) increase (4-fold) in transcripts corresponding to the type I IGF receptor in both whole ovarian material and freshly isolated granulosa cells. Similar (3.7-fold) increments (P less than 0.05) were noted after treatment with a diethylstilbestrol-containing sc silastic implant applied for a total of 5 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Social anxiety disorder is characterized by overwhelming anxiety in everyday situations which are frequently avoided due to a fear of being watched and scrutinized by others or acting in an embarrassing way. Flashbacks are typical symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and their main features are intrusive and vivid images that occur in a waking state. We present a case study of a man diagnosed with social anxiety disorder who had reexperiencing symptoms similar to flashbacks of what he considered "shameful situations". The differential aspects between flashbacks and obsessional imagery are discussed. Reexperiencing symptoms and imagery of social phobia as well as the sociocultural influence over the symptomatology of psychiatric disorders are then highlighted.


In this paper, we present an algorithm to depict motion in comics-like form, with an artistic drawn-like representation of the scene, from a stereo image sequence. The input to the algorithm is a natural scene, along with a user-defined set of parameters that define the tone and stylistic properties of the image to be produced. The algorithm uses a dense disparity map, computed from the input stereo video, to preserve the perspective perception of the stylized image by drawing each stroke in a direction determined by the stereo derived disparity layers. To outline important features in the image, we utilize the contour edges provided by the Edge Combination algorithm. In the next step, we detect motion of the objects in the scene by tracking points that are close to the dominant edges of the Edge Combination image. The extracted dominant structure is further used to obtain a larger variety of styles for visualizing the motion trajectories. The output of the algorithm is a drawn-like form of the original scene with the motion highlighted in imitation of comics produced by hand.


The economic value of preserving high-moisture hay (20-28% moisture, w.b.) was determined using a simulation model of alfalfa growth, harvest, storage, and utilization (DAFOSYM). Hay treatments of three levels of effectiveness (normal, excellent, and ideal) were evaluated for three strategies of use (limited, moderate, and heavy) on three representative farms (commercial hay, 50-cow dairy with a three-cutting hay system, and 100-cow dairy with a four-cutting hay and silage system). Simulation for 26 years of central Michigan weather gave treatment effects on average field-curing time, quantity and quality of hay produced, net returns, and breakeven treatment costs for treating small rectangular bales. A treatment of normal effectiveness (similar to propionic acid) must cost less than $8/t DM ($7.26/ton DM) to be profitable with limited use on any of the farms or less than $4/t DM ($3.63/ton DM) with moderate or heavy use. As the effectiveness of preservation increases, the breakeven cost increases to a maximum of $21/t DM ($19.07/ton DM) for an ideal treatment defined as eliminating all storage loss.


Preservation of genome integrity is of utmost importance for all living organisms. Several fine-tuned mechanisms have evolved to deal with DNA damages, which may arise not just from exogenous damaging agents but also under normal physiological conditions. DNA chemical modifications induced by various effects are highly numerous and diverse. Among these, modified bases often lead to mutations. We focus on the uracil moieties that can occur in the genome via cytosine deamination and thymine replacing misincorporations. The enzyme families involved in preventing the occurrence of the uracil mistake or excising the uracil base from DNA are investigated using a complex toolbox of structural, molecular and cell biology. High-resolution structures combined with in-depth functional analysis are also paired with transgenic models where specific mutations or other perturbations are introduced to assess in vivo structure and function. Models include human cell lines of various genetic origins, as well as Drosophila, zebrafish and mouse transgenic strains.


This work is motivated by the need to develop decentralized P2Papproaches to support learning and teaching activity in virtualuniversities.In this paper, we present the stimulation effects of the SmartBox for e-learning using JXTA-Overlay P2P System. We also show the design  and implementation  of the SmartBox environment that is used for stimulating thelearners motivation to increase the learning efficiency. The SmartBox is integrated with our P2P system as a useful tool formonitoring and controlling learners' activity. We found by experimental results thatthe SmartBox is an effective way to increase the learner's concentration.We also investigated the relation between learner's body movement, concentration, and amount of study.We found that when the learner is solving more exerciseshe has more body movements.This shows that when the number of body movements is hight,the learner's concentration is high.We also consider the feasibility of our P2P platform to integrate different computational end-devices.


Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI) has been operating SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) system with 2kHz repetition rate for satellite precise orbit and spin determination as well as space geodesy. But the SLR system was improved to be capable of laser ranging with high repetition rate, up to 10kHz by developing new operation software and novel range gate generator, called HSLR-10. The HSLR-10 will contribute to the accurate spin rate determination of geodetic satellites and geodetic research due to its largest repetition rate in the world. In this study, the development methodology and configuration of operation software are addressed, and its validation results are also presented.


This research was undertaken to determine abattoir wastes effect on the stream quality along Kollaa stream in Sawaba area of Bolgatanga municipality. The study also determined the microbiological quality and some physicochemical parameters of the stream that takes delivery of untreated waste from the abattoir and the extent of pollution through discharge of waste from abattoir sites into stream water. Three water samples were collected from (effluent discharge point, upstream and downstream) in the stream using sterile containers. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) was determined by calculating the difference in the initial and final dissolved oxygen. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined using dissolved oxygen probe and meter. Total dissolved solids were determined using HM Digital TDS meter. Fecal and total coliform coliforms counts were investigated by using multiple tube fermentation methods. Salmonella and total bacterial count and were determined using standard plate count method and pour plate method. The study results revealed that the stream contained high coliform counts attributable to the release of abattoir waste into the stream. Water samples from effluent discharge point had the highest BOD value of 60.5 mg/L, DO had 1.1 mg/L and TDS had 80 mg/L. Effluent discharge also had fecal coliform count of 80 mpn/100 ml, total coliform count of 500 mpn/100 ml and total bacteria count of 30 cfu/ml x 105. Upstream sample had BOD value of 2.1 mg/L, DO had 0.9 mg/L, TDS had 74 mg/L, fecal coliform count was 20 mpn/100 ml, total coliform count was 80 mpn/100 ml and total bacteria count was 10 cfu/ml × 105. Downstream sample also had BOD value of 2.1 mg/L, DO was 0.6mg/L, TDS was 70 mg/L, fecal coliform counts was 41 mpn/100 ml, total coliform was 70 mpn/100 ml and total bacteria counts was 20 cfu/ml × 105. All samples had no Salmonella count. Presence of the bacterial in the stream made it unwholesome for drinking purposes.

 Key words: Abattoir, pathogens, stream quality, effluent discharge, physical qualities, microbiological quality, upstream, downstream.


There has been relatively little analytical work on processor optimizations for multimedia applications. With the introduction of MMX by Intel, it is clear that this is an area of increasing importance. Building on previous work, the authors propose optimizations for multimedia architectures that support independent parallel execution of instructions within dynamically assembled traces, resulting in dramatic performance improvements. Specifically they propose simplified instruction scheduling and register renaming algorithms due to constraints on trace formation. In addition, they suggest specific instruction pool and trace cache parameters. They constructed a simulator in order to measure the benefits of these processor optimizations for multimedia applications. The simulated machine, which could fetch/decode 2 instructions per cycle, performed better than a superscalar machine that could fetch/decode 8 instructions per cycle. Execution rates as high as 7.3 instructions per cycle were achieved for the benchmarks simulated, assuming 16 instructions per trace.


Over recent years, the structure and rate of water consumption in Poland has exhibited significant changes. In urban areas has been observed a substantial decrease in water demand, whereas in rural areas the general trend has been the opposite. The aim of this work was to investigate the consequences of changes in area of water and sewage management in Bydgoski, Toruński and Włocławski counties, paying special attention to the rate and structure of water consumption. In this study were used data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS). The data included information concerning the length of waterworks system, and the rate and structure of water consumption in individual communes of the investigated counties. In 22 out of 28 examined units was recorded an increase of total and individual water consumption. Selected communes and rural areas have significant differences in rate and structure water consumption. The main cause of these changes are indicated to be an increase in population (migration from cities) accompanied by an expansion of waterworks.


ABSTRACT Government and civil society leaders in African transitional states often use rituals and expressions inspired by tradition to facilitate the integration of ex-combatants and displaced people. In Sierra Leone, the expression 'There's no bad bush to throw away a bad child', conveys a vision of African society as inherently forgiving and inclusive, and of Africans as needing to be amongst their own people. This ideal was perfectly suited for the needs of an impoverished state seeking to ease the strain on cities, and relying on communities' organic capacities to absorb their own people. This research draws on interviews with diverse Sierra Leoneans to examine the assumptions behind this communitarian ideal. It argues that while 'There is no bad bush … ' promotes a form of reconciliation defined as peaceful coexistence, it lacks the elements of justice required for deep reconciliation to occur.


As machine learning (ML) is deployed by many competing service providers, the underlying ML predictors also compete against each other, and it is increasingly important to understand the impacts and biases from such competition. In this paper, we study what happens when the competing predictors can acquire additional labeled data to improve their prediction quality. We introduce a new environment that allows ML predictors to use active learning algorithms to purchase labeled data within their budgets while competing against each other to attract users. Our environment models a critical aspect of data acquisition in competing systems which has not been well-studied before. We found that the overall performance of an ML predictor improves when predictors can purchase additional labeled data. Surprisingly, however, the quality that users experience -- i.e. the accuracy of the predictor selected by each user -- can decrease even as the individual predictors get better. We show that this phenomenon naturally arises due to a trade-off whereby competition pushes each predictor to specialize in a subset of the population while data purchase has the effect of making predictors more uniform. We support our findings with both experiments and theories.


Recent research has raised some doubts about the title of Peter Paul Rubens's double portrait Tiberius and Agrippina, with two ancient Roman heads in profile, in the National Gallery of Art, Washington. A hypothesis for a new title is proposed, based on issues like the complex relationship between the Roman Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus's wife Agrippina the Elder, Rubens's knowledge of the antiques and Roman Julian-Claudian history through Tacitus in particular. The painting is being compared with another double profile portrait painted by Rubens's studio, and with compositional motifs from coins and cameos that may have inspired Rubens for this particular jugate portrait. Specific features of the sitters are taken into account, as we know them from both historical descriptions and objects. Rubens's undertaking with the Frenchman Peiresc to publish engravings of the most famous cameos in Europe substantiates his interest in cameos. Rubens's painting set the standard for the double profile portrait as painterly subject matter.


Abstract.
 Studies examining the effects of human disturbance on avian parental behavior and reproductive success are fundamental to bird conservation. However, many such studies fail to also consider the influence of natural threats, a variable environment, and parental roles. Our work examines interactive relationships of cyclical (time of day, tide, temperature, seasonality) and stochastic (natural/human disturbance) processes with incubation patterns (attendance, bout lengths, recess rates) of the Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani), a shorebird of conservation concern. We used 24-hr-per-day video monitoring of 13 molecularly sexed breeding pairs to systematically examine incubation, revealing previously undocumented information that may inform conservation practices for the genus. Seven of 22 video-monitored nests failed, primarily from egg depredation by nocturnal mammals. Analyses of 3177 hr of video footage indicated a near doubling of incubation-bout lengths at night, corresponding to the increased risk of nighttime egg predation. Females had higher overall nest attendance (54% vs. 42%) and longer mean incubation bouts than did males (88 min vs. 73 min). Uninterrupted incubation bouts were over twice as long as bouts interrupted by disturbance. Incubating males departed nests substantially more frequently because of nest-area disturbances than did females in one but not both years of our study. Our findings suggest that the sexes incubate in different but complementary patterns, facilitating efficient egg care in a dynamic environment with several nest threats. We emphasize the importance of considering natural influences when human threats to shorebird reproductive behavior and success are evaluated.


This paper is primarily concerned with the future prospects for liberal policing in the United Kingdom. It is argued in the paper that despite the formal incorporation of human rights within UK law, policing over the past ten years has become increasingly illiberal. In seeking to address this apparent contradiction it is acknowledged in the paper that there have been a number of high profile examples of human rights legislation being used to restrict and constrain the UK Government's use of, in particular, anti-terror policing techniques. A most recent example is the European Court of Human Rights ruling that the arbitrary use of stop and search powers under section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 was unlawful. Such examples demonstrate that human rights legislation can be effective in highlighting and challenging illiberal police practice. However, I will argue in the paper that there are limits to how far human rights legislation can be used to constrain policing and maintain its liberal traditions. Legislative challenges in general will always take time and are often only achieved retrospectively after the urgent need for illiberal police practices has passed. The case referred to above took over six years before the ruling was made. The paper will argue that a concerted political response to illiberal tends in policing is required alongside legal challenges if liberal policing is to have a future in the UK.


A multivariate calibration method for the characterization of heparin samples based on the analysis of (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data is proposed. Heparin samples under study consisted of two-component or four-component mixtures of heparins from porcine, ovine and bovine mucosae and bovine lung. Although the (1)H NMR spectra of all heparin types were highly overlapping, each origin showed some particular features that could be advantageously used for the quantification of the components. These features mainly concerned the anomeric H, which appeared in the range 5.0-5.7 ppm and the peaks of acetamidomethyl protons at 2.0-2.1 ppm. The determination of the percentage of each heparin class depended on these differences and was carried out using partial least squares regression (PLS) as a calibration method. Prior to the PLS analysis, the spectral data were standardized using the internal standard peak (sodium 4,4-dimethyl-4-silapentanoate- 2,2,3,3- d (4), TSP) as the reference. The quantification of each heparin type in the samples using PLS models built with 4 or 5 components was satisfactory, with an overall prediction error ranging from 3% to 10%.


A three-terminal thermoelectric device based on a p–i–n semiconductor junction is proposed, where the intrinsic region is mounted onto what is typically a bosonic thermal terminal. Remarkably, the figure of merit of the deviceis governed also by the energy distribution of the bosons participating in the transport processes, in addition to the electronic. An enhanced figure of merit can be obtained when the relevant distribution is narrow and the electron–boson coupling is strong (such as for optical phonons). We study the conditions for which the figure of merit of the three-terminal junction can be greater than those of the usual thermoelectrical devices made of the same material. A possible setup with a high figure of merit, based on Bi2Te3/Si superlattices, is proposed.


Forty-six nonlactating beef cows were used to examine effects of dried distiller's grains plus solubles (DG) supplementation strategies to cows fed grass hay during mid- to late gestation on BW, ultrasound body composition characteristics, concentrations of serum NEFA and urea, feeding behavior, and calf birth weight. Cows were assigned to dietary treatments in a completely randomized design: 1) control, where hay was fed each day of the week (CON), 2) both hay and DG fed daily during the week (DG7), 3) hay fed daily but DG fed 3 d of the week (DG3), and 4) hay fed 4 d of the week alternating with DG fed on the remaining 3 d (DGA). Hay was offered ad libitum on days it was fed. The DG were fed at 0.40% of BW when offered daily and 0.93% of BW when offered 3 d per week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday). Feed intake was monitored continuously over the 84-d feeding period. Hay intake and total DMI were reduced (P < 0.05) in DGA compared with DG7 and DG3. Gain and G:F were decreased (P < 0.05) for CON compared with other treatments. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed among treatments for change in BCS, intramuscular fat, rib fat, or rump fat from d 1 to 84. On a day when DG7, DG3, and DGA all received DG (Friday), DGA had reduced (P < 0.05) concentrations of urea compared with DG3 and DG7. On a day when only DG7 received DG (Saturday), urea was greater (P < 0.01) for DG3 and DGA compared with DG7, and concentrations of NEFA were greater (P < 0.01) in CON and DGA compared with DG7. On the second consecutive day when only DG7 received DG (Sunday), concentrations of NEFA were less (P < 0.001) for DG7 compared with other treatments. On days when all cows received hay, DGA spent more time eating (P < 0.05) compared with DG7 and DG3. Cows fed DGA had greater (P < 0.05) hay intake per meal and time per meal compared with other treatments. On days when DG7, DG3, and DGA all received DG, cows in the DG3 and DGA treatments had greater (P < 0.05) number of DG meals, time spent eating, intake per meal, and time per meal but a slower (P < 0.05) rate of DG intake compared with DG7. No differences (P > 0.05) were observed in calf birth weights among treatments. The alternate-day feeding strategy reduced hay and total intake, altered concentrations of serum urea and NEFA, and altered feeding behavior compared with other supplementation methods.


Should we regard Jennifer Lackey's (2007) 'Creationist Teacher' as understanding evolution, even though she does not, given her religious convictions, believe its central claims? We think this question raises a range of important and unexplored questions about the relationship between understanding, factivity and belief. Our aim will be to diagnose this case in a principled way, and in doing so, to make some progress toward appreciating what objectual understanding—i.e., understanding a subject matter or body of information—demands of us. Here is the plan. After some ground clearing in §1, §2 outlines and motivates a plausible working model—moderate factivity—for characterising the sense in which objectual understanding should be regarded as factive. §3 shows how the datum that we can understand false theories can, despite initial suggestions to the contrary, be assimilated straightforwardly within the moderate factivity model. §4 highlights how the inverse kind of case to that explored in §3—viz., a variant of Lackey's creationist teacher case—poses special problems for moderate factivity. With reference to recent work on moral understanding by Hills (2009), §5 proposes a solution to the problem, and §6 attempts to diagnose why it is that we might originally have been led to draw the wrong conclusion.


In the present study, profiling of the cultured Chlorella
vulgaris metabolome was carried out via1H NMR metabolite profiling of 6 different
solvent extracts. The results indicated that the six solvent extracts have
metabolite profiles that are clearly different from each other.

Multivariate data analysis (MVA) reveals that ethyl acetate and
ethanol extracts were well separated from the aqueous extract by PC1 while being
well separated from each other by PC2. The same observations were seen
with chloroform and 50% ethanol extracts. In contrast, the chemical shift signals
for hexane extract clusters in-between that of chloroform and 50% ethanol, indicated
that they have similar chemical profiles. Using partial least square discriminative
analysis (PLS-DA), compounds responsible for the group separation were
identified from the loading plot. Detailed examination of the loading plot shows
that ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts contain significantly higher amounts of
carotenoids, amino acids, vitamins and fatty acids. A total of 35 compounds were
detected from the 6 different solvents upon which the ethanolic and ethyl acetate
extracts were identified to contain more metabolites and in a wider range than
the other organic solvent extracts.

Hence, these two extracts would be more appropriate in metabolite extraction
for analysis and for medicinal purposes. Therefore, NMR spectroscopy,
in compliment with the right choice of solvent for extraction, could be utilized
by relevant industries to evaluate and obtain maximum important metabolites in
a shorter time.

 In addition to possession of high diverse metabolites, the microalgae
C. vulgaris could serve as an important functional food ingredient in the
aquaculture industry and may possibly be considered as a source of biofuel.


It is now established that certain nutrients have a significant effect on cellular metabolism and growth, tissue repair and regeneration, and modulation of host defences. So far, however, potential clinical benefits have been difficult to demonstrate. Nevertheless, the use of nutrients in combinations seems to have promise and may be associated with a reduction in infectious complications and length of hospital stay. Nutritional pharmacology in the future may be able to improve tumour response to chemotherapy and may minimize the metabolic effect of cachexia.


This paper investigates the zero dispersion wavelength and dispersion slope control of hollow-core photonic bandgap fibres (PBGFs) by using a full-vector finite element method. By simulation we found that theoretically the zero dispersion wavelength can be tailored by respectively changing the rounded diameter of air holes, pitch, refractive index, normalized thickness of core rings, and hole diameter to pitch ratio. At the same time the tailoring of dispersion slope can also be realized by changing the rounded diameter of air holes or pitch or normalized thickness of core rings. To illustrate the reasonability of fibre designs, this paper also gives the variance of normalized interface field intensity which measures the scattering loss relatively versus wavelength for different designs. From the viewpoint of loss, varying the rounded diameter and the thickness of core ring could shift zero wavelength but it is difficult to get the required parameters within so tiny range in practical drawing of PBGFs, on the other hand, it is possible in practice to respectively alter the pitch and refractive index to shift zero wavelength. But varying hole diameter to pitch ratio is not worthwhile because they each induce large increase of loss and narrowness of transmission bandwidth. The zero dispersion wavelength can be engineered by respectively varying the rounded diameter of air holes, pitch, refractive index, and normalized thickness of core rings without incurring large loss penalties.


In this study, we examined the endolichenic fungal communities of saxicolous lichens covering the rocks in the Nahal Oren valley, northern Israel. A total of 60 fungal species belonging to 35 genera were isolated from six lichen species collected in the summer and winter on the south-facing slope (SFS) and north-facing slope (NFS) of the valley. We verified that rocks serve as a possible source for the formation of endolichenic communities because communities colonising lichen thalli and the rock surface shared 39% of species and clustered together on the SFS. On the NFS, with a compara-tively favourable microclimate, lichen thalli abundantly harboured typical soil fungi such as Clonostachys rosea and Fusarium spp. in winter and summer, respectively. At the same time, more severe environmental conditions on the SFS facilitated the prevalence of melanised fungi with thick-walled and multicellular spores irrespective of season. The lowest species richness and isolate densities of endolichenic communities were registered in the thalli of Collema cristatum . This decrease, especially expressed in the summer, was probably associated with the antifungal effect of substances produced by its cyanobiont, as well as with the heavy dehydration of thalli during the dry season.


Occult primary breast cancer presenting as axillary metastasis is a very rare entity of breast cancer. Diagnosis and treatment management represent a real challenge in the absence of consensual attitude.  We report 3 cases of occult breast cancer who presented with metastatic nodule in the axilla. Although histology identified a metastatic adenocarcinoma in the lymph nodes, mammography failed to detect the primary tumor. Immunohistochemistry showed that the biopsied lymph nodes were positive for both estrogen and progesterone receptors in all cases, suggesting the breast as the site of the primary tumor. Breast MRI was normal in addition to thoraco-abdomino-pelvic scan. Axillary dissection was performed with breast conservation followed by ipsilateral breast radiotherapy, then adjuvant chemotherapy. They are currently being treated with tamoxifen without evidence of disease with a median follow up of 8 months. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jcgo42w


This study examines teachers' beliefs and their practices of emotional socialization in three child care centers. Interviews with teachers revealed that teachers shared some, but not all, of their beliefs with regard to their role in children's emotional development and views of their own socialization practices. The findings from classroom observations suggest that teachers in child care centers respond to children's emotional expressions using a variety of strategies. Two prevalent strategies include discussing emotions to help children identify emotion-related words and guiding children to understand the causes of emotions. The comparison of teacher interviews and practices revealed that teachers' beliefs regarding emotional socialization were fairly consistent with the results of classroom observation. Implications for a teacher training program focusing on facilitating emotional competence and methods for appropriate emotional socialization are identified.


Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing several businesses across the world, and its implementation in drilling engineering has enhanced the performance of oil and gas companies. This paper reviews and analyzes the successful application of AI techniques to predict wellbore instabilities during drilling operations. First, a summary of the implementation of AI for the prediction of loss circulation, pipe stuck, and mud window is highlighted. Then, the recent innovations and challenges of the AI adoption in major drilling companies is presented. Finally, recommendations are provided to improve the integration of AI in the drilling industry. This analysis gives deep insight into the main publications and recent advances of the application of AI in drilling engineering and is expected to contribute to the further development of the drilling industry.


Temperature gradient was first used to identify the methylation status of the DNA sequence over 10 years ago; however, the initially published protocol was shown to have poor analytical sensitivity. Recent developments in the field of DNA melting technologies, combined with the identification of procedures to overcome the sensitivity issues in the PCR-based methylation detection applications, led to the development of the methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) protocol. This protocol allows for highly sensitive detection of methylation levels in a labor- and cost-efficient fashion. Moreover, it enables investigation of methylation status of imprinted loci as well as identification of heterogeneous methylation. The MS-HRM technology is being increasingly applied in research laboratories and has a potential for future application in diagnostic settings. The focus of this article is to describe the development of the HRM technology for methylation analyses and evaluate the diagnostic applicability of the MS-HRM technology.


In this paper, we address the problem of deriving robust tests for single stuck-open faults in CMOS combinational circuits. We first examine the characteristics of the transition of the two patterns belonging to a two-pattern test. Then, a sufficient and necessary condition for a test to be robust is given. According to the given condition, we propose a new method to derive robust tests. Robustness verification of the derived tests is no longer required when using our approach.


The aim of this review paper is to review the data on tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) as an antimicrobial, antioxidant and acaricidal in poultry production. Tea tree exhibits a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activities with minimal inhibitory concentrations between 0.12 and 4 mg/ml. Its modes of action against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (0.12 to 1.5 mg/ml), Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (0.12 to 1 mg/ml), Aspergillus fumigatus (1.78 mg/ml) and yeast, Candida albicans (0.05 to 0.5 mg/ml) have been investigated using a range of different methods. As an antimicrobial, tea tree has high antifungal, bacteriostatic and germicidal activity (e.g. a decrease of 73.8% in Candida sp.), because of its components such as terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene and 1,8-cineole. Its bioactive compounds such as α-terpinene, α-terpinolene and γ-terpinene show high antioxidant activity when applied in concentrations of 100 and 200 μl/ml, while its essential oils demonstrated free radical scavenging activity of 60 to 80%. Tea trees insecticidal and acaricidal properties have been tested for tick control. The mortality of ticks (Ixodes ricinus) and poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) have been recorded at levels over 60% and 80%, respectively, when used in concentrations of 0.15 to 0.30 mg/cm2 during in vitro testing, and in vivo, when sprayed in poultry houses. When tea tree was used in a form of essential oils as a dietary supplement in concentrations of 50 to 150 mg/kg in broiler chicken diets, a significant increase in daily weight (by around 7%) and decrease in morbidity and mortality were seen. Additionally, when applied in laying hen nutrition, a significant increase in daily egg production has been recorded. Tea tree essential oils when supplemented in poultry diets have high positive effects regarding productivity performance, but this requires further field experiments to clarify standardisation of the material and effective inclusion levels.


The American College of Rheumatology has issued a series of COVID-19 guiding principles for healthcare professionals who treat patients with rheumatic disease. In this quiz, we highlight a few of the key points the organization, and other healthcare experts, have made in recent weeks.


Boukary Sawadogo's new book, Africans in Harlem: An Untold New York Story, is written with clarity and coherence of thoughts, ideas, imagination, and passion. The book offers a uniquely important narrative of Harlem, its "African inhabitants," and how these Africans have contributed to its development as a significant cultural, intellectual, and economic venue within New York city. The author chronicles Harlem's social history from the point of view of an African immigrant, and with the eyes of a keen observer of the African community's creative and socio-cultural contributions to the development of Harlem, and indeed greater New York as a diasporic metropolitan city. Sawadogo, the author of African Film Studies: An Introduction (2019) and West African Screen Media: Comedy, TV Series and Transnationalzation (2019), sketches Harlem's historical popularity as a hub which helped to forge the intellectual platforms of numerous great African writers, politicians, philosophers, thinkers, and activists such as Philip Payton, Madam C.J. Walker, Madam St. Clair, W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, Alain Locke,MalcomX, James Baldwin,OssieDavis (thefilmdirector of Wole Soyinka's Kongi's Harvest [1970]), and the first president of Nigeria, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe. With numerous explications and excellent analyses of theatrical enactments, film productions, literature, and extant archival sources, coupled with serious cinematic analysis of interactive-expanded-art forms, Sawadogo discusses the emergence, history, episteme, challenges, lifestyles, and struggles of Africans inHarlem, beginning at a time when black immigrants were already settling in New York in large numbers, over the course of eight chapters. The author shepherds his readers through the history of African slavery, demonstrating how it can serve as a catalyst for understanding modernmobility andmigration. Additionally, there are chapters on "Black Radical Politics" and its influence on African political stalwarts, the struggle for identity and identity reconstruction in Harlem, and the many challenges faced by Black Africans, such as systemic racism, gentrification,


Abstract Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was grown for 40 days in a rhizocylinder (a growth container which permitted access to rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soil), in two soils of low P status. Soils were fertilized with different rates of ammonium and nitrate and supplemented with 40 mg phosphorus (P) kg−1 and inoculated with either Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) or nonmycorrhizal root inoculum. N-serve (2 mg kg−1) was added to prevent nitrification. At harvest, soil from around the roots was collected at distances of 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 mm from the root core which was 35 mm diameter. Sorghum plants, with and without mycorrhiza, grew larger with than with application. After measuring soil pH, suspensions of the same sample were titrated against 0.01 M HCl or 0.01 M NaOH until soil pH reached the nonplanted pH level. The acid or base requirement for each sample was calculated as mmol H+ or OH− kg−1 soil. The magnitude of liberated acid or base depended on the form and rate of nitrogen and soil type. When the plant root was either uninfected or infected with mycorrhiza, soil pH changes extended up to 5 mm from the root core surface. In both soils, ammonium as an N source resulted in lower soil pH than nitrate. Mycorrhizal (VAM) inoculation did not enhance this difference. In mycorrhizal inoculated soil, P depletion extended up to 20 mm from the root surface. In non-VAM inoculated soil P depletion extended up to 10 mm from the root surface and remained unchanged at greater distances. In the mycorrhizal inoculated soils, the contribution of the 0–5 mm soil zone to P uptake was greater than the core soil, which reflects the hyphal contribution to P supply. Nitrogen (N) applications that caused acidification increased P uptake because of increased demand; there is no direct evidence that the increased uptake was due to acidity increasing the solubility of P although this may have been a minor effect.


This is an anthology of writings which aims to reflect all the various moods of the sea. It covers many aspects of seafaring over hundreds of years including accounts of and by sailors of all kinds and dealing with the exploits of great captains like Anson, Drake, Nelson and Vian as well as Robin Knox Johnston, Bill King and David Lewis. Also well represented is the Golden Age of sail, with its clippers which often covered 2500 miles a week, while their much larger successors sometimes took two months weathering Cape Horn. The author has had a lifelong passion for the sea and is chairman of the panel of judges for the Best Book of the Sea Award. He has written "The Shell Guide to Yacht Navigation" and "The Shell Pilot to the English Channel".


In the present paper we study the central values of additive twists of Maa{\ss} forms $L$-series. In the case of the modular group, we show that the additive twists (when averaged over denominators) are asymptotically normally distributed. This supplements the recent work of Petridis--Risager which settled an averaged version of a conjecture of Mazur--Rubin concerning modular symbols. The methods of the present paper combine dynamical input due to Bettin and the first named author with the new fact that the additive twists define quantum modular forms in the sense of Zagier. This latter property is shown for a general discrete, co-finite group with cusps. Our results also has a number of arithmetic applications; in the case of Hecke congruence groups the quantum modularity implies certain reciprocity relations for twisted moments of twisted ${\rm GL}_2$-automorphic $L$-functions, extending results of Conrey and the second named author. In the case of cuspidal Maa{\ss} forms for the modular group, we also obtain a calculation of certain wide moments of twists of the $L$-function of the Maa{\ss} form.


The goal of modelling biochemical networks is to understand the system's behaviour (dynamics and control) of these networks in terms of the properties of the individual molecules. Most modelling approaches have dealt with either gene expression or cell metabolism. In light of the widespread use of robotic technologies in laboratories and improved computational power, it is now time to incorporate information from all biochemical levels--gene expression, protein interactions and metabolism--into integrated models. Here, we review the literature on modelling gene expression with cell metabolism. At the end we describe some analytic methods to deal with these systems.


From the sound velocity measured using the Brillouin scattering technique, the elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants of a high-quality monodomain tetragonal Rh:BaTiO3 single crystal are determined at room temperature. The elastic constants are in fairly good agreement with those of the BaTiO3 single crystal, measured previously by Brillouin scattering and the low-frequency equivalent circuit methods. However, their electromechanical properties are significantly different. Based on the sound propagation equations and these results, the directional dependence of the compressional modulus and the shear modulus of Rh:BaTiO3 in the (010) plane is investigated. Some properties of sound propagation and electromechanical coupling in the crystal are discussed.


Broadband acoustic transmission enhancement (ATE) is realized for a periodically structured stiff plate without any opening that is conventionally thought to be only capable of supporting narrowband ATE, by introducing locally resonant (LR) elements. This exotic phenomenon is interpreted by analyzing the vibration pattern of the structure-induced LR modes, and is well modeled by a simple "spring-mass" system which reveals the contribution of the LR effect to the important broadband performance. Our findings should help to better understand the physical mechanism of ATE and may have potential impact on ultrasonic applications such as broadband acoustic filters or compact acoustic devices in subwavelength scale.


ABSTRACT Controversy surrounds domestic dog Canis familiaris access to beaches in much of the developed world, where achieving a balance between dog walking and nature conservation, and establishing reasonable compliance with regulations, appear to be highly challenging. We surveyed 434 people who take dogs onto beaches (in coastal central Victoria, Australia), to characterise their use of beaches and attitudes to regulatory controls. Four factors characterised attitudinal dimensions: (1) compliance and support for rules and regulations, (2) perceived dog behaviour and control, (3) rights of dogs and (4) value of dogs compared with wildlife. We hypothesised that residents and non-residents may differ in their attitudes toward dog walking on beaches, and this may also be influenced by their age and sex. Attitudes were broadly similar although slight differences were apparent: residents aged 35–49 years were less supportive of rules and regulations, those aged 18–24 years agreed more strongly that leashing effectively controlled dogs. Males, regardless of their age or residency status, expressed stronger beliefs that dogs were more important than wildlife. This study reveals complex demographic correlates with attitudes to dog walking on beaches, which reveals key stakeholder groups for awareness and education activities.


A galactosidase immunosorbent test for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is described in which the amount of galactosidase adsorbed to a cellulose disc is a hyperbolic function of CEA concentration. Thus, molecules with CEA-like activity can be characterized by mathematical analysis of data obtained from the galactosidase immunosorbent test. By such analysis, CEA-reactive molecules in normal human plasma were distinguished from normal cross-reacting antigen and from authentic CEA. Variation of the amount of antibody-enzyme conjugate used in the galactosidase immunosorbent test permitted CEA-reactive material in plasma of a patient with rectal carcinoma to be antigenically distinguished from the CEA-reactive material in urine of a patient with bladder carcinoma. The galactosidase immunosorbent test is a useful tool for analysis of CEA-reactive molecules.


The penetrating debate on Indian labour laws obstructing the flexibility of the labour market has taken centre stage in the last two decades, post the period of liberalisation of the economy. With the purpose of rationalizing and simplifying labour laws to facilitate `ease of doing business', the Indian government has formulated new labour codes, which is considered the most important step towards reforming labour laws in the past three decades. On the other hand, it is emphatically stressed by the labour unions that the Indian labour market continues to be `flexible' to the advantage of employers, despite the presence of allegedly `constricting labour laws' and any further dilution of extant labour law framework will adversely affect the working class. In this context, this paper discusses the implications of the current shift in the labour-law paradigm in India, brought out by the new labour codes. The paper also highlights the need for duly addressing the most recent insecurities in the labour market, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, while moving towards a new framework of labour governance, as envisaged by the labour codes.


We propose an infrastructure that helps a system administrator to identify a newly published vulnerability on the site hosts and to evaluate the vulnerability's threat with respect to the administrator's security priorities. The infrastructure foundation is the vulnerability semantics, a small set of attributes for vulnerability definition. We demonstrate that with a few attributes it is possible to define the majority of the known vulnerabilities in a way that (i) facilitates their accurate identification, and (ii) enables the administrator to rank the vulnerabilities found according to the organization's security priorities. A large scale experiment demonstrates that our infrastructure can find significant vulnerabilities even in a site with a high security awareness.


Rapid advances in high intensity light emitting diodes (LEDs) have provided sufficient tools to design LED solar simulators to accurately mimic the sun. LEDs offer numerous advantages over lamp-based technology currently used. However, these advantages have not been harnessed because of limitations in creating a solar simulator with the highest rating (AAA) for spectral match, temporal stability, and light uniformity. Oriel's VeraSol is one of the first LED, triple A solar simulators. The VeraSol-LED was compared to the equally rated Oriel Sol3A-xenon lamp solar simulator by measuring the current-voltage (I-V) response and spectral response (SR) for a variety of solar cells. Both simulators effectively mimic the sun; however, the results demonstrate the LED-based simulator produced a more stable, flexible, and accurate match to AM1.5G than the xenon lamp-based simulator with similar marks in the quality of PV cell response.