Hidden Markov models are a well-known probabilistic graphical model for time series of discrete, partially observable stochastic processes. We consider the method to extend the application of hidden Markov models to non-Gaussian continuous distributions by embedding a priori probability distribution of the state space into reproducing kernel Hilbert space. Corresponding regularization techniques are proposed to reduce the tendency to overfitting and computational complexity of the algorithm, i.e. Nystr¨om subsampling and the general regularization family for inversion of feature and kernel matrices. This method may be applied to various statistical inference and learning problems, including classification, prediction, identification, segmentation, and as an online algorithm it may be used for dynamic data mining and data stream mining. We investigate, both theoretically and empirically, the regularization and approximation bounds of the discrete regularization method. Furthermore, we discuss applications of the method to real-world problems, comparing the approach to several state-of-the-art algorithms.


On November 13, 2018, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled in Levola Hengelo BV v. Smilde Foods BV that the taste of food cannot be classified as a "work" as referred to in Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament in order to be eligible for copyright protection. The case concerns Dutch food retailer Levola, which brought suit against a rival company, Smilde, when they began making a spreadable cream cheese dip with fresh herbs similar to their own and argued that Smilde infringed its copyright in the taste of the dip because the rival dip is a reproduction of their work. The Court noted that to be protected by copyright, the taste must be able to be classified as a "work," which requires that the subject matter is an original intellectual creation and that there be an "expression" of the intellectual creation. The Court stated that "copyright protection may be granted to expressions, but not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such," and that "the subject matter protected by copyright must be expressed in a manner which makes it identifiable with sufficient precision and objectivity." The Court held that taste cannot be identified with precision and objectivity and "will be identified essentially on the basis of taste sensations and experiences, which are subjective and variable," and so the taste of a food product cannot be classified as a "work" and is consequently not eligible for copyright protection under the Directive.


Peptide dendrimers are attractive nonviral gene vectors. But a biological barrier for their application in gene delivery is the fast degradation catalyzed by proteasomes. Proteasome inhibitors are efficient at prohibiting the degradation of peptide nonviral vectors, thus enhancing gene transfection efficiency. In this study, Nα-Boc-protected leucine vinyl ester proteasome inhibitor Boc-Leu-Leu-Leu-ve was synthesized by the liquid-phase method and was then immobilized onto poly(l-lysine) dendrimers. Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-AMC was used as fluorimetric substrate and the inhibition capacity of Boc-Leu-Leu-Leu-ve immobilized onto G3 and G6 poly(l-lysine) dendrimers for the chymotrypsin-like activity of ACHN cell proteasome was tested. The results indicated that both Boc-Leu-Leu-Leu-ve peptide and the peptide immobilized on G3 dendrimer showed low inhibition capacity when the concentration was below 0.2 μM. When the inhibitor concentrations were increased to 5.0 μM, however, the percentage inhibition of Boc-Leu-Leu-Leu-ve peptide and the peptide immobilized on G3 dendrimer became about 50% and 25%, and that of peptide immobilized on the G6 dendrimer was 7.5% only. These results indicated that dendritic structure and linker length could be the main factors affecting proteasome inhibition capacity. The cytotoxicity of the dendritic inhibitors was found to be low. Thus, whilst the synthetic production of poly(l-lysine) dendrimers immobilized with peptide inhibitors was successful and these modified dendrimers could work to inhibit proteasome activity, further studies will need to be carried out to improve inhibition capacity.


[iabetic retinopathy is characterized by the proliferation of fibrovascular tissue extending from the retina into the vitreous cavity. MFS is an autosomal dominant disorder of the elastic tissue. Although MFS clearly manifests with multiple ocular problems, there is no reported association between MFS and diabetic retinopathy. Reported here is the case of 32-year-old male with Marfan Syndrome (MFS) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) presented with an accelerated onset of diabetic retinopathy. Our patient developed diabetic retinopathy only 4 years following the diagnosis of type 2 DM, despite excellent glucose control. We suggest that there may be a pathophysiological link between MFS and diabetes involving extracellular matrix components that accelerates and/or augments the retinopathic processes in MFS patients. Specifically, we postulate that increased levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in diabetic retinas facilitate the proteolysis of an already weakened ocular connective tissue in MFS, ultimately leading to early development of ophthalmologic manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy.


which served merely to contradict some specific theory or other'. Such individuals may suspect, or even brush aside, the reasons which Eysenck advances for adopting this policy. Certainly, if the reader were to remain unaware of the existence of contradictory evidence or alternative ideas to those put forward, then the critics might have an important point. As it is, with the main purpose of the Readings being that of providing a set of papers pertaining to a particular viewpoint, presented in a convenient and readable form, and for consumption by the intelligent and sophisticated reader, such objections will have little force. H. R. BEECH.


We show that a bidimensional electronic model can explain both the large values of the critical superconducting temperature Tc and the low values of the coefficient γ = Cv,el/T of the electronic specific heat Cv,el observed in the superconducting copper oxides of mixed valency. It is well known that two dimensional crystals exhibit logarithmic singularities in the electronic density of states. If we assume that the Fermi level lies in one of these singularities, we give an expression for γ and the Pauli susceptibility χp. The calculated values are in agreement with recent experiments. Using the B.C.S. theory, we find that Tc is proportional to exp (−1/√λ) in two-dimensions, where λ is the coupling constant. For a low value of γ, λ is small and exp (−1/√λ) is much larger than the factor exp (− 1/λ) we would have in three-dimensions.


The results of a study of the effect of red light irradiation (660 nm) on the proliferative activity of root meristems and growth reactions of plant seedlings with contrast photoperiodic reactions are presented in this paper. Plants of the family Fabaceae contrasting in the photoperiodic reaction were used as plant material: long-day plants (LDP) of peas (Pisum sativum L.) of the Metsenat variety and short-day plants (SDP) of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) of the Korsak variety. Phytochromes were activated by irradiating the aerial part of the experimental seedlings with monochromatic red light (RL) of 660 nm using an LED matrix for 30 minutes for 5 days. The proliferative activity of meristem cells was determined by analysis of the mitotic index (MI). The growth reaction was studied by linear growth indicators: the total length of the seedling, the length of the aerial part and roots, and the integral indicator of growth and biosynthetic processes – the accumulation of biomass. According to the results of the experiments, it was shown that the mitotic activity of root meristems under the influence of red light on the aerial part in seedlings of the LDP of pea Metsenat decreased slightly – by 8 %, and in the seedlings of the SDP of soybean Korsak increased significantly – by 47 %. The linear growth and accumulation of biomass in the aerial part under the action of RL irradiation in seedlings of pea of the Metsenat variety and soybean of the Korsak variety decreased, and this effect was more pronounced in soybean than in pea. During irradiation of RL the linear root growth and their biomass accumulation in seedlings of LDP pea decreased slightly, while at the same time, these processes in the roots of soybean SDP seedlings were significantly stimulated. Under the influence of RL in pea seedlings, the growth rate did not change in the length of the aerial part, but in the roots increased, while the rate of biomass accumulation by them decreased. In soybean seedlings during RL irradiation, the growth rate of both the aerial part and the roots decreased, the biomass accumulation rate by the aerial part increased, and by the roots – decreased. LDP of pea Metsenat and SDP of soybean Korsak variety differ in the nature of the reaction of growth processes in response to irradiation of RL. The activation of the phytochrome system in the aerial part causes changes in the proliferative activity and growth processes of the roots, which indicate a systemic response of the plant organism to the action of this factor. The relationship of the photoperiodic reaction of plants with the realization of phytochrome signal in the plant by activating or inhibiting the proliferative activity of root meristems and growth reactions is discussed.


Background There is no direct evidence for the role of angiogenesis in liver regeneration in humans. This study aimed to determine whether angiogenesis is involved in the regeneration of transplanted donor grafts in human living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and to examine the impact of donor graft volume on angiogenesis. Methods Clinical data and liver tissue characteristics were analyzed in 4 patients who received adult-to-adult LDLT with dual left lobe grafts from 2 living donors. Liver tissues from transplanted donor grafts were obtained and immunohistochemically examined at 3 to 4 weeks after transplantation using the endothelial marker Ki67+ and CD31+. Results All recipients showed recovery of normal liver function and a significant increase in the volume of engrafted left lobes after transplantation. Immunohistochemistry showed a remarkable increase in Ki67+ single hepatocyte proliferation, implying the role of hepatocytes in liver reconstitution, and a high density of blood vessels and proliferative endothelium, suggesting in vivo angiogenesis. Furthermore, we found that Ki67+ nuclei in CD31+ sinusoidal endothelial cells were higher in recipients with smaller donor grafts than in those with larger donor grafts. Conclusions Our results suggested that angiogenesis is involved in the regeneration of transplanted liver in humans in inverse proportion to the donor graft volume.


The paper Lending an Ear to Mozart's Operas. Stanisław Barańczak's Poetic Translation Experiments examines the issues of intermediality, in particular the relationships between music and literature in mixed creative genres fusing disparate media of expression. The brief study discusses the connections and inter-dependencies between the music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Italian libretti by Lorenzo Da Ponte, their translation by Stanisław Barańczak and his unique quasi-translation ('fonety'). The article presents interdisciplinary interpretations of selected vocal translations (excerpts from the libretti of 'Don Giovanni' and 'The Marriage of Figaro') and 'fonety' – Barańczak's own genre created at the boundary where linguistic witticisms and vocal translation meet. The Italian text by Da Ponte is often treated as quasi una musica – as a sound material free from the referential ballast of language (semantics). Barańczak offers the music lover a new means of aural reception in the buffo style, illuminating a path to discovering anew the artistic potential of musical masterpieces.


Slots in the ground plane of dielectric image lines are investigated using a planar resonator model. An equivalent circuit representation of the slot discontinuity is derived and the launching efficiency of the slot as a mode launcher is discussed. Slots are also demonstrated to be useful in the realization of dielectric image line array antennas.


Geoscientists have revealed the magma plumbing that fed the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the most active volcano in the Pacific Northwest. The emerging picture—one of the most detailed looks yet beneath a volcano—includes a reservoir of magma between 5 and 12 kilometers below the surface and a second, even larger one, between 12 and 40 kilometers down. The two chambers appear to be connected, which could help explain the sequence of events in the 1980 eruption and guide volcanologists monitoring the mountain for signs of renewed activity. The image is one of the first results from a 2014 campaign to understand the guts of the volcano using geophysical methods. Researchers stuck 3500 seismometers in the ground and set off 23 explosive shots around the volcano. Reflections of the energy waves from the shots could be used to distinguish subterranean features.


Evaluation of the customer perceived service quality in a quantifying is the most important part of the service management literature. Over the past decade, SERVQUAL instrument has emerged as perhaps the most popular standardized questionnaire to measure service quality. This paper starts with elaborating the great significance to carry out this instrument in Chinese educational institutions. Based on the brief introduction and related review of SERVQUAL instrument, criteria of it are re-designed in order to be suitable to evaluate the service quality of Chinese higher education. Moreover, the data obtained from the utilization of it are analyzed and then applied in a more effective, comprehensive way. As a result, a new quantifying is provided


Left ventricular (LV) remodeling, including cardiomyocyte necrosis, scar formation, LV geometric changes, and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, contributes to cardiac dysfunction and mortality after myocardial infarction (MI). Although precise cellular signaling mechanisms for LV remodeling are not fully elucidated, G(q) protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, including diacylglycerol (DAG) and PKC, are involved in this process. DAG kinase (DGK) phosphorylates DAG and controls cellular DAG levels, thus acting as a negative regulator of PKC and subsequent cellular signaling. We previously reported that DGK inhibited angiotensin II and phenylephrine-induced activation of the DAG-PKC signaling and subsequent cardiac hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether DGK modifies LV remodeling after MI. Left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of DGKzeta (DGKzeta-TG) and wild-type (WT) mice. LV chamber dilatation (4.12 +/- 0.10 vs. 4.53 +/- 0.32 mm, P < 0.01), reduction of LV systolic function (34.8 +/- 8.3% vs. 28.3 +/- 4.8%, P < 0.01), and increases in LV weight (95 +/- 3.6 vs. 111 +/- 4.1 mg, P < 0.05) and lung weight (160 +/- 15 vs. 221 +/- 25 mg, P < 0.05) at 4 wk after MI were attenuated in DGKzeta-TG mice compared with WT mice. In the noninfarct area, fibrosis fraction (0.51 +/- 0.04, P < 0.01) and upregulation of profibrotic genes, such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (P < 0.01), collagen type I (P < 0.05), and collagen type III (P < 0.01), were blocked in DGKzeta-TG mice. The survival rate at 4 wk after MI was higher in DGKzeta-TG mice than in WT mice (61% vs. 37%, P < 0.01). In conclusion, these results demonstrate the first evidence that DGKzeta suppresses LV structural remodeling and fibrosis and improves survival after MI. DGKzeta may be a potential novel therapeutic target to prevent LV remodeling after MI.


Four cases of hypnogenic paroxysmal dystonia are described. The patients (three males and one female), aged between 12 and 39 were subjected to neurological, physical and psychological examination, and routine lab tests and brain CT scan were carried out within normal limits. One of the patients suffered from diurnal epileptic seizures. Repeated EEG recordings during wakefulness were normal. During polysomnographic and TV recordings the patients showed different types of dystonic fits occurring several times a night, always brief, and starting during NREM sleep. Carbamazepine therapy proved to be relatively effective in three subjects.


Numerous landslide dams have been induced in recent years as a result of frequent earthquakes and extreme climate hazards. Landslide dams present serious threats to lives and properties downstream due to potentially breaching floods from the impounded lakes. To investigate the factors influencing the stability of landslide dams, a large database has been established based on an in-depth investigation of 1,737 landslide dam cases. The effects of triggers, dam materials, and geomorphic characteristics of landslide dams on dam stability are comprehensively analyzed. Various evaluation indexes of landslide dam stability are assessed based on this database, and stability evaluation can be further improved by considering the dam materials. Stability analyses of aftershocks, surges, and artificial engineering measures on landslide dams are summarized. Overtopping and seepage failures are the most common failure modes of landslide dams. The failure processes and mechanisms of landslide dams caused by overtopping and seepage are reviewed from the perspective of model experiments and numerical analyses. Finally, the research gaps are highlighted, and pathways to achieve a more complete understanding of landslide dam stability are suggested. This comprehensive review of the recent advances in stability and failure mechanisms of landslide dams can serve as a key reference for stability prediction and emergency risk mitigation.


Migraine is a neurovascular disorder involving trigeminal ganglion characterized by recurrent episodic headache and rise in levels of Serotonin Gene Related Protein (SGRP) in plasma. SGRP is a neuropeptide present in the central and peripheral nervous system that has diverse functions as primary afferent neurotransmitter which is important in nociception. In this study expression of SGRP studied in neurons of trigeminal ganglion in male wistar albino rats. SGRP is expressed in cytoplasm of neurons mainly in the small sized neurons indicating that small sized neurons are mainly involved in nociception.


Abstract This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses in Wuhan Hospital as front‐line workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic. A descriptive qualitative study of such nurses was conducted from a tertiary hospital in Wuhan. Semi‐structured individual interviews were undertaken with 8 registered nurses who were front‐line health workers in one of the COVID‐19 wards and 3 nursing managers from the response team. Five discrete themes were identified from the narratives of nurses' experiences during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Wuhan: "content of fundamental care," "teamwork," "reciprocity," "nurses' own worries," and "lifelong learning and insights." Nurses in the front line of care during the COVID‐19 pandemic can contribute important information from their hands‐on experience for providing a holistic response to an infectious outbreak like COVID‐19. The concerns nurses raised at both personal and professional levels have implications for nursing education and clinical practice settings, particularly in the time of a pandemic when nurses' well‐being requires attention, and at the same time for considering organizational factors that enable nurses to provide care to patients with confidence. Hospital policies and nursing management need to be ready and adhere to flexible work planning systems and approaches during a pandemic.


It is well known that adults with sleep disturbances frequently exhibit a wide range of neurocognitive decrements, and that these deficits are potentially reversible with effective treatment. However, the consequences of respiratory sleep disturbances on neurocognitive function in children have only recently been evaluated, and suggest a strong causal association between the episodic hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that characterize the disease and the emergence of reduced memory, attention and intelligence as well as a link to problematic and hyperactive behaviours and mood disturbances. This article takes a critical look at the current literature on these issues, reviews the major findings and discusses such findings in conjunction with those derived from pertinent animal models.


Beach ridges in macrotidal environments experience strong multi‐annual to multi‐decennial fluctuations of tidal inundation. The duration of tide flooding directly controls the duration of sediment reworking by waves, and thus the ridge dynamics. Flume modelling was used to investigate the impact of low‐frequency tidal cycles on beach ridge evolution and internal architecture. The experiment was performed using natural bioclastic sediment, constant wave parameters and low‐frequency variations of the mean water level. The morphological response of the beach ridge to water level fluctuations and the preservation of sedimentary structures were monitored by using side‐view and plan‐view photographs. Results were compared with the internal architecture of modern bioclastic beach ridges in a macrotidal chenier plain (Mont St. Michel Bay, France) surveyed with ground‐penetrating radar. The experimentally obtained morphologies and internal structures matched those observed in the field, and the three ridge development stages identified in ground‐penetrating radar profiles (early transgressive, late transgressive and progradational) were modelled successfully. Flume experiments indicate that flat bioclastic shapes play a key role in sediment sorting in the breaker zone, and in sediment layering in the beach and washover fans. Water level controls washover geometry, beach ridge evolution and internal structure. Low water levels allow beach ridge stabilization and sediment accumulation lower on tidal flats. During subsequent water level rise, accumulated sediment becomes available for deposition of new washover units and for bayward extension of the beach ridges. In the field, low‐frequency water level fluctuations are related to the 4·4 year and 18·6 year tidal cycles. Experimental results suggest that these cycles may represent the underlying factor in the evolution of the macrotidal chenier coast at the multi‐decadal to centennial time scale.


Objective: The aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate proniosomal gel formulations as transdermal delivery systems of glimepiride (GM) to improve its therapeutic efficacy. Methods: Proniosomal formulations have been prepared using different types of non-ionic surfactants with cholesterol in different molar ratios. Proniosomal gel; PN 16 (Span 60, Tween 60, Cholesterol; 35:35:30 molar ratio) that exhibits maximum EE % (94.01 ± 0.88) and most prolonged release was chosen for ex-vivo skin permeation and in-vivo hypoglycemic activity studies. Results: Proniosomal gel produced better permeation through rabbit skin than HPMC niosomal gel and HPMC gel. The pharmacokinetic parameters; time of maximum response (T max ), % reduction in blood glucose concentration and area above the blood glucose levels-time curve (AAC) of proniosomal gel were studied. Proniosomal gel showed a controlled release behavior and a significantly higher hypoglycemic activity (65.34 ± 6.54%). Conclusion: It is evident from this study that proniosomal gel can act as an alternative approach for enhancing transdermal delivery of GM. Key words: Glimepiride, Hypoglycemic activity, Nonionic surfactants, Proniosomal gel, Area above the blood glucose levels-time curve.


Music and performance have magical qualities in the river city of Zombay, and when Kaile accepts a gift of a bone flute from a goblin, the tune the instrument plays separates the young girl from her shadow. Kaile's family, convinced that her missing shadow indicates Kaile has lost her soul, bars her from their house and insists she is dead. In order to reclaim her life, Kaile must track down the restless soul to whom the bone originally belonged, a quest that brings her to the musicmakers who hold the city together with their tunes just before the river's flooding threatens all of Zombay. Alexander returns to the world that won him the National Book Award with Goblin Secrets (BCCB 4/12), but Kaile's story has a more whimsical, fairy-tale feel than the steampunk-infused earlier volume, focusing on Zombay's magic and legends as opposed to automatons. His storytelling remains compelling, and Kaile makes a likable heroine, at times admirably noble and at other times understandably frustrated and defiant. Her adventures are just scary enough to keep readers on edge without giving anyone nightmares, and the climactic battle scene is triumphant with a touch of melancholy as Kaile puts to rest the souls of victims of past river floods. Those readers who were intrigued by Zombay in the first installment will be pleased to find that the city seems to have secrets enough for many more books. KQG


Due to their own advanced marginalization within dominant society African American women legislators may be better suited to understand and address the failure of the politics of universalism in general and Black politics as well feminist politics specifically to improve the lives of the most marginalized. Orey et. al (2007) study of African American women Mississippi state legislators found that they are more likely to introduce progressive legislation when compared to their peers. As a result of their own experiences with advanced marginalization and likelihood to campaign progressive legislation, African American women legislators may be more likely than their male counterparts to empathize with other disadvantaged subgroup populations. This paper investigates Black women legislators' willingness to represent disadvantaged subpopulations. I explore the legislators' rhetorical commitment to advocating on behalf of advanced marginalized groups, specifically the Lesbian, Bisexual, Gay, Transgendered and Queer (LGBTQ) community in the context of the Religious Freedom and Protection of Civil Marriage Act. This cross-cutting issue bill is used to measure African American women legislators' commitment to sub-marginalized populations.


Facilitation cascades occur when a habitat-forming species facilitates another habitat-forming species with synergistic effects on biodiversity. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of facilitation cascades in marine environments, describing (1) the geographic distribution of studies documenting facilitation cascades; (2) the range of habitats and organisms involved; (3) the mechanisms underpinning their establishment; and (4) the sources of their spatial and temporal patterns and variability. We synthesize this knowledge to identify ways in which facilitation cascades could be integrated with other ecological theories regarding community assembly and function, and also to explore how they may be integrated into conservation and management strategies. Finally, we identify critical knowledge gaps and future research directions for improving our understanding of the mechanisms regulating the establishment and persistence of facilitation cascades in marine environments.


Abstract An eddy viscosity suitable for use with the spatially averaged Navier-Stokes equation is formulated and compared with Kraichnan's computations of eddy viscosity for use with the truncated spectral equations, in the special case of an energy-constrained inertial spectral range. The formulation is related to Smagorinsky's strain-dependent eddy viscosity. Numerical values of Kolmogorov's constant are established from diverse atmospheric data.


The concept and the simulated device characteristics of ultralow-power and high-performance band-to-band tunneling field-effect transistors employing stepped broken-gap heterobarriers, HetTFETs, are presented. Abrupt switching is defined by the onset of a band overlap. High on-state currents are provided by narrow tunnel barriers defined by crystal growth rather than electrostatics. Sentaurus Device simulations exhibit current roll-offs by approximately 106 over ranges of ~ 15 meV down to a few millielectronvolts, depending on the prototype device structure, and approximately constant above-threshold transconductance values approaching current CMOS-like values.


Destination prediction is an essential task in various mobile applications and up to now many methods have been proposed. However, existing methods usually suffer from the problems of heavy computational burden, data sparsity, and low coverage. Therefore, a novel approach named DestPD is proposed to tackle the aforementioned problems. Differing from an earlier approach that only considers the starting and current location of a partial trip, DestPD first determines the most likely future location and then predicts the destination. It comprises two phases, the offline training and the online prediction. During the offline training, transition probabilities between two locations are obtained via Markov transition matrix multiplication. In order to improve the efficiency of matrix multiplication, we propose two data constructs, Efficient Transition Probability (ETP) and Transition Probabilities with Detours (TPD). They are capable of pinpointing the minimum amount of needed computation. During the online prediction, we design Obligatory Update Point (OUP) and Transition Affected Area (TAA) to accelerate the frequent update of ETP and TPD for recomputing the transition probabilities. Moreover, a new future trajectory prediction approach is devised. It captures the most recent movement based on a query trajectory. It consists of two components: similarity finding through Best Path Notation (BPN) and best node selection. Our novel BPN similarity finding scheme keeps track of the nodes that induces inefficiency and then finds similarity fast based on these nodes. It is particularly suitable for trajectories with overlapping segments. Finally, the destination is predicted by combining transition probabilities and the most probable future location through Bayesian reasoning. The DestPD method is proved to achieve one order of cut in both time and space complexity. Furthermore, the experimental results on real-world and synthetic datasets have shown that DestPD consistently surpasses the state-of-the-art methods in terms of both efficiency (approximately over 100 times faster) and accuracy.


The discovery of the induced magnetic field of Callisto that is a satellite of Jupiter has been interpreted as evidence for a subsurface salty liquid-water ocean, so we consider a layered structure of Callisto, i.e., a rock-metal core, an outer layer of ice and a middle layer of ocean. For the rock-metal core we try to indicate how the temperature, pressure and mass density depend on the depth. Due to motion across the magnetic field of Jupiter in a plasma environment, the ice shell of Callisto must be broken down by electric current.


Udalguri district of Assam, North East India is endemic to malaria. There is a high prevalence of vector-borne diseases in this part of Assam, including malaria. In the present study, an epidemiological assessment was carried out for the period of 2008 to 2017 to understand the prevalence of malaria in the district in accordance with Intensified Malaria Control Project, Government of India. The databases for the study were collected from district NVBDCP unit under the establishment of Joint Director of Health Services, Udalguri. All the data were analyzed using Microsoft excel in statistical method (P≤0.05). The study found that the annual parasite index (API) drastically declined from 14.54 to 1.24 cases per 1000 population during 2008 to 2017. Among all the positive cases, two plasmodium species, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were found to be the major species followed by some mixed infection. The malaria cases caused by P. vivax were more (68.5%) than P. falciparum (31.5%). The disease prevalence by P. vivax cases are significantly decreased from 12.06 cases per 1000 population in 2008 to 0.28 cases per 1000 population in 2017. Similarly the P. falciparum cases also declined from 3.94 cases per 1000 population in 2008 to 0.96 cases per 1000 population in 2017. The decrease of disease prevalence of malaria cases may be because of effective implementation of vector and disease control strategies. The transmission starts from April onwards and reach peak during the month of June & July. LLINs were found to be effective strategies to control & prevent the disease transmission.


Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light source is still the key issue for the industrial application of EUV lithography. For the discharge-produced-plasma EUV source, highly repetitive discharge up to tens of kilohertz is required to achieve the sufficient average radiation power at intermediate focus. Electrical recovery of electrode gaps prior to each discharge influences the EUV emission and determines the repetition rate of the discharge. In this paper, electrical recovery after the main discharge is studied for the laser-assisted-discharge (LAD) tin plasma EUV source through the measurement of the electrical breakdown. The electrical recovery process lasts for a few tens to several hundreds of microseconds, and recovery time is proportional to the discharge shot energy. The measured time-varying hold-off and breakdown voltages can provide a basis for the choice of discharge voltage and corresponding maximum repetition rate. Electrical recovery was explained on the basis of dynamic variation of tin discharge products. It suggests that electrical recovery mainly depends on the diffusion of the tin vapor and its density decaying. Tin droplets do not affect the electrical recovery significantly. Larger discharge energy generates denser tin vapor and causes slower electrical recovery process, which limits the maximum repetition rate of the EUV source. In the LAD EUV source, the relative small shot energy is proper for the high-repetition-rate operation.


Many benefits accrue to an occupation that is described as a "profession," including the ability to influence public debate, such as the current one over health policy in the United States. The label of profession frequently enhances the status, prestige, power, and legitimacy of an occupation, which usually translates into additional resources and power. This article examines the current status of the occupation—hospital administration—with respect to the literature pertaining to the concept of a profession. Hospital administration is assessed in terms of its relation to three common attributes associated with professions: collegial traits, knowledge base, and service orientation. The analysis indicates that there are important obstacles to be overcome before hospital administration can be considered a profession based on these three attributes.


The aim of this study was to estimate economic losses, which are caused by forest inventory errors of tree species proportions and site types. Our study data consisted of ground truth data and four sets of erroneous tree species proportions. They reflect the accuracy of tree species proportions in four remote sensing data sets, namely 1) airborne laser scanning (ALS) with 2D aerial image, 2) 2D aerial image, 3) 3D and 2D aerial image data together and 4) satellite data. Furthermore, our study data consisted of one simulated site type data set. We used the erroneous tree species proportions to optimise the timing of forest harvests and compared that to the true optimum obtained with ground truth data. According to the results, the mean losses of Net Present Value (NPV) because of erroneous tree species proportions at an interest rate of 3% varied from 124.4 € ha to 167.7 € ha. The smallest losses were observed using tree species proportions predicted using ALS data and largest using satellite data. In those stands, respectively, in which tree species proportion errors actually caused economic losses, they were 468 € ha on average with tree species proportions based on ALS data. In turn, site type errors caused only small losses. Based on this study, accurate tree species identification seems to be very important with respect to operational forest inventory.–1–1–1


Introduction
 Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was an oncologic emergency but the introduction of All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) ameliorated the treatment outcomes. A translocation of chromosomes which was once considered most fatal and patients bled till death in the course; is highly curable now, thanks to the dramatic advancement happened in the development of single/combined use of regimens.
 It is reported way back in 2008 that APL cases in India have a varied genetic setup. There is a significant dearth of published articles on APL cases from India. In a developing country, especially like India; where the patient pays for the cancer care 'out of pocket' and also where the GDP spent on health care is less than 5 percent, the management of APL is certainly challenging as the average cost of treatment runs to $2183 (Median per capita income in India is $616). In addition, clinical outcomes are highly influenced by multidrug resistant microbes and several environmental factors. They have critically increased the infection and early death rate.
 Methods
 To discern the clinical outcomes of APL at our center we performed a retrospective record-based study of APL patients. We went through 156 Acute myelocytic leukemia patients over the past 16 years from July 2002 to January 2018 and out of which 19 patients were diagnosed with APL in our tertiary care hospital. Our aim was to determine the clinical outcome, cause of induction death and the current challenges in APL management. We included all the fresh cases diagnosed at our center and we set exclusion criteria as those who denied the treatment due to social/financial constraints and those whom we have lost follow-up.
 Results
 The patients were from the age of 10 years to 67 years (Mean age: 38.5). 31.5 percent of the patients were male and 68.4 percent were female. 47.3 percent of the patients were in the high-risk APL group and 15.7 percent of the patients belonged to the low risk group. The remaining 36.8 percent patients comprised the intermediate risk group. Promyelocytic retinoid acid receptor alpha (PML/RARX) was standard for all patients. For 18 patients we gave ATRA for 45 days and one patient expired during induction due to bleeding (ATRA syndrome). Arsenic was given for 20 days. At the end of induction, we did a bone marrow aspiration and PML/RARA. All 18 patients had complete remission. PML/RARX shows Zero for all 18 patients. 11.1 percent of the patientsexpired and16.66 percent of the patients are alive with disease. 72.2 percent of the patients are alive without disease and until the most recent follow-up; they showed no sign of recurrence.
 Conclusions
 Despite certain noteworthy challenges which must be taken into consideration, our center presents more than 70 percent relapse free survival. In conclusion, if infection control, social support and health security improves, the survival rate can go even higher as a lot of AML patients diagnosed in our hospital and other various centers across India had denied the treatment because of the financial and social constraints. Our finding reveals a good survival rate and must open novel prospects for cost-effective targeted therapies of a much shorter duration in developing countries.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The study investigated differences in morphological, motor and functional abilities between folk and ballet dancers. The sample comprised 51 female subjects: Croatian National Ballet (N=30) and Croatian National Folk Ensemble "LADO" (N=21). The data regarding menstrual cycle, menarche, number of births and smoking habit were collected and the morphological, motor and functional abilities measured. Significant correlations between the amount of fat tissue and number of births were found in both groups. Folk dancers were as tall as ballet dancers but weighted more and had a larger body frame (p<0.001). Ballet dancers were more flexible but there were no differences in absolute maximal oxygen uptake (2.65 vs. 2.35 L/min, p=0.101). Still, as the ballet dancers weighted less, their relative maximal oxygen uptake was significantly higher (37.62 vs. 50.22 mL/kg/min, p<0.001). Also, a high number of 45% of smokers among professional ballet and professional folk dancers was found.


We describe a new method, based on indirect measures of implicit autobiographical memory, that allows evaluation of which of two contrasting autobiographical events (e.g., crimes) is true for a given individual. Participants were requested to classify sentences describing possible autobiographical events by pressing one of two response keys. Responses were faster when sentences related to truly autobiographical events shared the same response key with other sentences reporting true events and slower when sentences related to truly autobiographical events shared the same response key with sentences reporting false events. This method has possible application in forensic settings and as a lie-detection technique.


Objectives This study sought to understand whether UK Foundation doctors perceived the phenomena of ethical erosion and empathy decline during their initial period of clinical practice, and if so, why this occurred. Methods This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews with nine doctors in their first year of clinical practice at Royal Bolton Hospital, UK. Participants were invited to discuss the definition of empathy, how individuals acquire and maintain empathic ability, perceptions of ethical erosion in the self and others, and how clinical experiences have influenced their empathic ability. The interviews were transcribed, and analysed to identify emergent themes. Results Each participant reported a conscious acknowledgement of empathy decline in their own and their colleagues' early clinical experiences as doctors. Stressful working environments, the prioritisation of patients' physical rather than psychological well-being, and the attitudes of senior colleagues were all suggested as possible causes. Some doctors believed that specialties with reduced patient contact had a culture which precluded empathy, and influenced their own practice. In addition, some described how their value judgements of patients had affected their ability to empathise. However, all doctors perceived that empathy skills were desirable in senior clinicians, and some believed that educational interventions may be useful in arresting ethical erosion. Conclusions Newly qualified doctors are aware of ethical erosion in themselves and their colleagues as they begin clinical practice. This has serious implications for patient care. Improving working conditions may reverse this trend. Empathy skills training within undergraduate and postgraduate curricula may be a useful intervention.


One of the effective strategies for attracting the customers' trust and making them loyal is analyzing the effective factors on the customers' satisfaction in banking industry and adopting suitable policies related to these factors. This article focuses on recognizing the effective factors on the satisfaction of Saman bank customers and aims to identify procedures causing an increase in customers' satisfaction. In this research, first the factors related to the quality of traditional services, the quality of internet services, customers' satisfaction, complaint management, customers' mental image of the bank, customers' loyalty and trust have been extracted through conceptual study and review of literature as the effective factors on customers' satisfaction, and the conceptual model of the research has been made based on these factors. Then, 500 questionnaires have been distributed among the customers of Saman bank to evaluate the relationship between the variables and finally, 303 questionnaires have been the base of the research. This study has an applied aim and descriptive-correlational method and it is exactly PLS-SEM regarding the analysis of the data. This research The analysis the result, show the influence of service quality on customers' satisfaction, the effect of their mental image on their loyalty, the effect of their satisfaction on their trust, and the effect of customers' satisfaction on their loyalty. The results of this research provide useful insight for the bank, policy makers and marketing researchers in banking system and help the superior managers increase their customers' satisfaction through such policies.


Background: Bruxism is defined as recurrent masticatory muscle activity. Although there is not an agreed treatment method for bruxism, the application of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) has become a reliable lately. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between the changes in masseter muscle thickness and clenching habits in bruxism patients treated with BT-A. Methods: Twenty-five patients, 23 females and 2 males, diagnosed with possible sleep bruxism were included in the study. The Fonseca Anamnestic Index was applied to the patients to determine their clenching habits and depression levels both before the treatment, and 6 months after it. The masseter muscle thickness was measured using ultrasonography before the treatment and 3 months and 6 months after the treatment. All the patients were injected with a total of 50 U of BT-A, 25 U to each masseter. Results: A statistically significant decrease in masseter muscle thickness was observed in the ultrasonography 3 and 6 months after the BT-A treatment. There was a statistically significant decrease in the Fonseca scores, in which the teeth clenching habits of the patients were evaluated 6 months after the treatment. Although there was a decrease in the depression levels of the patients 6 months after the treatment, this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: When the results of this study were evaluated, it was seen that the BT-A injections are an effective, safe, and side effect-free method in the treatment of bruxism and masseter hypertrophy.


This research work attempts to portray the increasing rate of migration in a particular area of Ilam Municipality. It focuses on the trends and causes of the internal migration in Ilam Municipality of Nepal from different parts of the country which is growing rapidly. It has faced so many challenges of overpopulation. It is considered as the civic duty to solve the existing problem of migration on time otherwise it results into a worsening condition. The appropriate ways for analyzing the causes of migration can be discussed in references with push and pull factors. The main push factor for migration is lack of employment opportunities, education, health and transportation facilities, low agricultural productivity, natural calamities, business failure, transfer of service, and land sold in the place of origin. Similarly, educational facilities, physical facilities, business opportunities, purchase of land, security, presence of relatives, and marriage are the main attractive factors for Internal Migration within Ilam municipality. The major consequences of Internal Migration appear as both in  positive and negative aspects in the destination, origin as well. Some of the positive aspects of migration in the Ilam municipality have a good income from the agricultural product, an increase in business activities, sharing of culture, and feelings of cooperation. In terms of negative aspects of migration in the municipality are deforestation, over  consumption of resources, pollution, fragmentation of land, and an increase in criminal or immoral activities.


A method for the identification and relative quantification of peptides by capillary liquid chromatography ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry (LC-IT-MS/MS) was established. At first, the peptides were automatically identified by correlating the tandem mass spectra with the peptide sequences from a database. After the quantitative information of peptide ions were extracted from the full-scan MS according to the results of database searching, the peak intensities of the identified peptide ions with different charge states were summed together to define the total intensity of the peptide. Then, the peak intensities of the same peptide in the replicate analysis of the same sample were averaged and assigned as the abundance of the peptide. Finally, the abundances of the common peptide in the analysis of different samples were compared. This approach relied on the analytical reproducibility and linearity of signal versus molecular concentration. As a measure of the analytical reproducibility for tryptic peptides sampling, the median of the relative standard deviation of 35% was determined for 50 common peptides from 3 replicate analysis of 200 fmol bovine serum albumin (BSA) digest. The method was further illustrated using digested mixtures of BSA and myoglobin as follows. The BSA digest was gradually diluted while the myoglobin digest was present in the mixtures at constant level. This study revealed that the abundance of the variable BSA peptides increased linearly (trend line r2 > 0.97) with increasing amount from 10 to 1 000 fmol, while the abundances of the constant peptides from myoglobin remained approximately the same. In the present method, chemical derivatization steps are not needed to create an internal standard, as in isotope-coded affinity tag or similar methods. This method provides an alternative approach for differential analysis of peptides in biological samples.


Abstract convexity is an important area of mathematics in recent years and it has very significant applications areas like inequality theory. The Hermite-Hadamard Inequality is one of these applications. In this article, we studied Hermite-Hadamard Inequalities for $\mathbb{B}^{-1}$-convex functions via Hadamard fractional integral.


Avian colony size variation is an evolutionary puzzle in terms of unequal fitness payoffs. We used a long-term marked lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) population, where individual fitness increases with colony size, to test whether subordinates are evicted despotically from the largest colonies. Yearlings were smaller and lighter, were more attacked than expected, and lost most disputes over nest holes with older birds. Agonistic interactions increased with colony size; consequently, most first breeders recruited in colonies smaller than those at which they first tried to settle. As expected when subordination is a transient state, birds dispersed to a larger colony as they got older even after breeding successfully. The population consequences of these behavioral processes were that the relative frequency of yearlings and first breeders decreased with colony size. At the same time, breeding colony size was repeatable within individuals, so we estimated the amount of heritable variation in this trait. Estimates of heritability derived from parent-offspring and fullsib analyses were consistently high ( ) when individuals 2 h p 0.53 reached asymptotic morphological values and presumably overcame subordinate transient states. Age-related dominance asymmetries masked resemblance among relatives in colony size, but both phenomena seem to coexist in this population and explain a considerable proportion of colony size variation.


A low-power cache has become essential in many applications, but cache accesses contribute significantly to a chip's total power consumption. Because most bit values read from the cache are 0's, the authors introduce a dynamic zero-sensitivity (DZS) scheme that reduces average cache power consumption by preventing bitlines from discharging in reading a 0.


HIV is largely transmitted through sexual contact. Engaging in sexual activities and contact with little to no risk of HIV transmission therefore reduces the spread of HIV. AIDSTECH has worked in 45 countries, focusing upon strategies for changing sexual behavior with the goal of checking the spread of HIV. Focus is given to targeted intervention programs designed to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV among people at greatest risk of infection. Programs involve peer education, clinic-based projects, and reaching men at work and in social settings. Condom promotion and distribution, designing effective AIDS education materials, and evaluating the effectiveness of intervention projects are integral to program efforts. Gaining government support for such interventions can be crucial to success at both the national and local levels. AIDSTECH's programs must be replicated, expanded, and sustained in target communities throughout the developing world in order to achieve some measure of success against the HIV/AIDS pandemic.


The alignment problem in the context of large language models must consider the plurality of human values in our world. Whilst there are many resonant and overlapping values amongst the world's cultures, there are also many conflicting, yet equally valid, values. It is important to observe which cultural values a model exhibits, particularly when there is a value conflict between input prompts and generated outputs. We discuss how the co-creation of language and cultural value impacts large language models (LLMs). We explore the constitution of the training data for GPT-3 and compare that to the world's language and internet access demographics, as well as to reported statistical profiles of dominant values in some Nation-states. We stress tested GPT-3 with a range of value-rich texts representing several languages and nations; including some with values orthogonal to dominant US public opinion as reported by the World Values Survey. We observed when values embedded in the input text were mutated in the generated outputs and noted when these conflicting values were more aligned with reported dominant US values. Our discussion of these results uses a moral value pluralism (MVP) lens to better understand these value mutations. Finally, we provide recommendations for how our work may contribute to other current work in the field.


In this paper, a novel method for voiced-unvoiced decision within a pitch tracking algorithm is presented. Voiced-unvoiced decision is required for many applications, including modeling for analysis/synthesis, detection of model changes for segmentation purposes and signal characterization for indexing and recognition applications. The proposed method is based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) and assumes colored Gaussian noise with unknown covariance. Under voiced hypothesis, a harmonic plus noise model is assumed. The derived method is combined with a maximum a-posteriori probability (MAP) scheme to obtain a pitch and voicing tracking algorithm. The performance of the proposed method is tested using several speech databases for different levels of additive noise and phone speech conditions. Results show that the GLRT is robust to speaker and environmental conditions and performs better than existing algorithms.


Bifacial photovoltaics (PV) is predicted to comprise 80% of the silicon PV share within the next ten years. However, bifacial energy yield models are still undergoing validation, and their uncertainty may slow adoption. One of the challenges of single-axis-tracked (SAT) bifacial PV performance modelling is accurately accounting for the effects of racking elements, such as the frame, module supports, and torque tube, on the rear irradiance. In this work, we calculated front and rear irradiances for the center modules of a 2-in-portrait SAT bifacial photovoltaic system from hourly typical meteorological year data for the Bifacial Test Evaluation Center (BiTEC) site in Livermore, California using bifacial_radiance ray tracing software. For every hourly timestamp, we calculated 2D front and rear irradiance maps in three cases: with no racking, absorptive racking, and reflective racking. From these, we calculated three racking effects: shading, reflection, and shading and reflection combined. We also calculated shading and reflection factors as well as rear irradiance non-uniformity for each case. For the PV system modelled, racking reflection is focused in the same areas of the module as racking shading, partially counteracting shading-induced irradiance reduction and irradiance non-uniformity. For example, for a winter day at noon, racking reflection reduces the rear shading factor from -18.4% to -10.8% and the irradiance non-uniformity from 14.8% to 10.8%. The effects of racking, including both shading and reflection, vary by time of day and year. Accounting for these variations, rather than using annual average correction factors, will improve energy yield prediction accuracy for bifacial PV, especially over short time periods.


In Bert J. Griswold's entire journalistic career he never admitted to being a baseball fan, but surely he was. As a daily cartoonist for two Fort Wayne, Indiana, newspapers, he routinely incorporated images of baseball into his work to help explain much broader and, in some respects, more important issues. His illustrations display a keen understanding of the game's role in early twentieth-century culture and show us, nearly a century later, that the game was an integral part of citizens' lives in a midsize industrial Midwestern city. Born in 1873 in Osage, Iowa, Griswold started his career at his hometown newspaper. Following stints in Waterloo, Terre Haute, and Indianapolis, he finally settled at the Fort Wayne News in 1902. "As a cartoonist," his biography reads, "he exercised great and political civic influence, for while pursuing his work with great vigor and success there was a good nature and a wit about it which robbed his cartoons of their sting without lessening their force." (1) Cartoons Magazine explained how other papers often copied his cartoons and editors found his illustrations "far ahead of [Harper's Weekly's] Thomas Nast" and "worthy of [Chicago Tribune's John T.] McCutcheon at his best." (2) After three years with the Fort Wayne Sentinel, Griswold retired from cartooning in 1915 and ran his own advertising agency until his death in 1927. He also published a variety of books, including the Griswold-Phelps Handbook and Guide to Ft. Wayne, Indiana (1913), which presented perhaps the first printed history of Fort Wayne baseball. His monumental Pictorial History of Fort Wayne (1917) and Builders of Greater Fort Wayne (1926) remain staples of local historical research. When Griswold arrived in Fort Wayne, the city already had a rich baseball history. In the 1871 National Association, Fort Wayne fielded the Kekiongas, a venture that lasted less than a full season. In 1883, the city hosted the first game played under lights involving at least one professional team. The local paper thought the technology better suited for horse racing than "ball tossing." (3) The "World Championship" was also decided that year in Fort Wayne at the neutral Swinney Park when Chicago defeated Providence. But for Bert Griswold, baseball meant the Fort Wayne Bilikens of the Central League, a league that, depending on the year, hosted teams from Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia. The city won pennants in 1903, 1904, and 1912. [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] Griswold's cartoons were typically the lone graphic on the paper's cover, printed just below the banner in the sea of headlines that characterized early twentieth-century reporting. He was most talented at caricaturing public figures, commonly drawn with large heads on undersized bodies. Griswold often portrayed the city as a beautiful brunette, and hayseeds illustrated activities deemed uncivilized. Griswold's "dingbat"--a cartoonist's trademark mascot used to communicate additional editorial commentary, which perhaps even acted as Griswold's voice in some cases--was a wide-eyed, floppy-eared rabbit whose name has been lost to history. The cartoonist was effective at communicating emotion through the expressions of his subjects; joy, anger, guilt, melancholy, and, as we shall see, optimism and enthusiasm. The sample of cartoons presented here appeared in the Fort Wayne Sentinel and Fort Wayne News between 1909 and 1914. They are grouped into three themes: cartoons using the national pastime to communicate social and political opinions; cartoons editorializing the behavior of baseball players and fans; and cartoons illustrating baseball fans' commitment, devotion, and passion for the game. BASEBALL CARTOONS COMMUNICATING SOCIAL AND POLITICAL OPINIONS Like many small midwestern cities during the early twentieth century, Fort Wayne experienced unplanned industrial and population growth that filled its factories with transplanted workers, congested streets, and polluted air and water. …


This paper begins by discussing the meaning of precarious work and vulnerable workers in order to place the issue of domestic work within this wider context and its literature. Domestic work can be classified as precarious work because of the nature of the contractual relationships in such employment and domestic workers can meet the definition of vulnerable workers in that there is a high likelihood that they do not have the same levels of employment protection afforded to other workers by law and practice. We then consider issues related to migrant workers and consider domestic work as precarious work and domestic workers as vulnerable workers Key terms: domestic work, vulnerable workers, precarious work, employment law, employment safeguards


Respected YA services consultant Patrick Jones has teamed up with two of today's most popular YA workshop leaders to redesign, update, and expand the "bible" of YA service. Addressing every aspect of library service to teens, the book's twelve chapters cover customer service, collections, booktalking, programming, spaces, promotion, technology, youth involvement, and more. Chapters filled with hundreds of "best practices" culled from the authors' workshop presentations, ready-to-use forms, checklists, and documents - teen secret shopper forms, teen information literacy handouts, reading interest surveys, graphic novel booklists, booktalk evaluations, teen volunteer job descriptions, and much more - make this edition an all-in-one resource. Connecting Young Adults and Libraries, 3rd Edition, contains over 70 per cent new material from previous editions including an all-new glossary for librarians serving teens that helps with understanding adolescent development terms, teen slang, literary definitions, and library terminology. A brand-new technology chapter provides practical, readable explanations of filters, teen Web sites, instant messaging, blogs, online book discussions, virtual author chats, streaming media - as well as suggestions for using these with teens. The collection development tools - including advice for selecting books, magazines, music, movies, videogames and more - have been updated and expanded. Connecting Young Adults and Libraries, Third Edition is a must-have for every librarian serving teens.


The number of de novo mutations in the germline can be expected to increase with age in males, therefore females might decrease mutation load in their progeny by avoiding mating with older males. Here, I propose that female polyandry can be more effective in decreasing the risk of genetic disorders in progeny than pre-copulatory mate choice, particularly if sperm competitiveness declines more steeply with age than other traits affecting chances of males to mate. If faster ageing of spermatogenic tissue causes older males to transfer inadequate numbers of functional sperm, polyandry would also benefit females directly.


A composite non-abelian model $SU(N) \times SU(N)$ is proposed as possible extension of the Yang-Mills symmetry. We obtain the corresponding gauge symmetry of the model and the most general lagrangian invariant by $SU(N) \times SU(N)$. The corresponding Feynman rules of the model are studied. Propagators and vertices are derived in the momentum space. As physical application, instead of considering the color symmetry $SU_{c}(3)$ for $QCD$ , we substitute it by the combination $SU_{c}(3) \times SU_{c}(3)$. It yields a possibility to go beyond $QCD$ symmetry in the sense that quarks are preserved with three colors. This extension provides composite quarks in triplets and sextets multiplets accomplished with the usual massless gluons plus massive gluons. We present a power counting analysis that satisfies the renormalization conditions as well as one studies the structure of radiative corrections to one loop approximation. Unitary condition is verified at tree level. Tachyons are avoided. For end, one extracts a BRST symmetry from lagrangian and Slavnov-Taylor identities.


Greywater disposal in urban informal settlements currently leads to the presence of potentially harmful wastewater in the community. In this paper we describe how HFE contributed to the improved design of a nature-based solution, constructed wetlands, implemented for the channelling and treatment of greywater in an informal settlement. Using observational ethnographic activity analysis in two phases, HFE was used to identify human user interaction issues requiring redesign and to evaluate the effectiveness of the design recommendations. The paper demonstrates the value of HFE to the design team in getting community members to use the constructed wetlands and to provide additional services to the community not envisaged by the design team.


Congenital absence of muscles is a rare occurrence. We are reporting a 2-year 10-month-old African-American girl with congenital unilateral absence of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the calf suspected by clinical examination and confirmed with magnetic resonance imaging.


This paper presents results of a range-independent perturbative inverse approach applied to data from the Shallow Water Experiment 2006. The inversion technique is based on a linearized relationship between sound speed in the sediment and modal eigenvalues. Horizontal wave numbers were estimated from data collected from two distinct source/receiver tracks oriented along and across the shelf. The specific inversion algorithm used is based on qualitative regularization and uses known information about the environment to constrain the solution. Locations of the R reflector and other layering information are used as a priori information for the inversion to emphasize the layered structure of the sediment.


OBJECTIVE
To identify predictive factors for the development of pericardial effusion (PCE) in patients with oesophageal cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT).

METHODS
From March 2006 to November 2012, patients with oesophageal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) using the following criteria were evaluated: radiation dose >50 Gy; heart included in the radiation field; dose-volume histogram (DVH) data available for analysis; no previous thoracic surgery; and no PCE before treatment. The diagnosis of PCE was independently determined by two radiologists. Clinical factors, the percentage of heart volume receiving >5-60 Gy in increments of 5 Gy (V5-60, respectively), maximum heart dose and mean heart dose were analysed.

RESULTS
A total of 143 patients with oesophageal cancer were reviewed retrospectively. The median follow-up by CT was 15 months (range, 2.1-72.6 months) after RT. PCE developed in 55 patients (38.5%) after RT, and the median time to develop PCE was 3.5 months (range, 0.2-9.9 months). On univariate analysis, DVH parameters except for V60 were significantly associated with the development of PCE (p < 0.001). No clinical factor was significantly related to the development of PCE. Recursive partitioning analysis including all DVH parameters as variables showed a V10 cut-off value of 72.8% to be the most influential factor.

CONCLUSION
The present results showed that DVH parameters are strong independent predictive factors for the development of PCE in patients with oesophageal cancer treated with CRT.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
A heart dosage was associated with the development of PCE with radiation and without prophylactic nodal irradiation.


BACKGROUND
The camel is an excellent source of high quality meat and camel meat might be a potential alternative for beef. This study aimed to manipulate the raw camel meat for the production of stable and acceptable emulsion sausage, as well as to study the effect of cooking at different core temperatures on the tenderness, sensory quality and microstructure of produced sausage.

RESULTS
Increasing the cooking temperature of sausages resulted in reduction of the shear force values from 2.67 kgf after cooking at 85 °C to 1.57 kgf after cooking at 105 °C. The sensory scores of sausages have been improved by increasing the cooking core temperature of meat batter. The light and scanning electron microscope micrographs revealed solubilisation of the high quantity of connective tissue of camel meat. High emulsion stability values for the camel meat batter associated with high values of water-holding capacity for raw camel meat and meat batter have been recorded.

CONCLUSION
Stable and acceptable camel meat emulsion can be developed from camel meat. Increasing the cooking core temperature of meat batter improved the quality of produced sausages. Therefore, camel meat emulsion sausages might be a potential alternative for beef particularly in Asian and African countries. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.


We develop a complete Dirac's canonical analysis for an alternative action that yields Maxwell's four-dimensional equations of motion. We study in detail the full symmetries of the action by following all steps of Dirac's method in order to obtain a detailed description of symmetries. Our results indicate that such an action does not have the same symmetries than Maxwell theory, namely, the model is not a gauge theory and the number of physical degrees of freedom are different.


Background Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) played a crucial role in a number of biological processes. lncRNA HAGLROS was demonstrated to facilitate cell proliferation and migration in various cancers. However, the functions and molecular mechanisms of HAGLROS in osteosarcoma remained to be elucidated. Methods qRT-PCR assay was used to detect the relative expression of HAGLROS in osteosarcoma tissue samples and cells. CCK-8 and Transwell assays were performed to assess the effects of HAGLROS on OS cells proliferation and invasion. Luciferase reporter assay verified the interaction between ROCK1 and miR-152. Results In our study, we found that the expression of HAGLROS increased osteosarcoma samples and cell lines compared with normal tissues and cells. HAGLROS knockdown inhibited certain functions of U2OS and SW1353 cells in vitro. Moreover, HAGLROS depletion inhibited tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. Mechanically, we found that HAGLROS sponged miR-152 to promote ROCK1 expression in U2OS and SW1353 cells. Conclusion In summary, our study indicated that HAGLROS could promote osteosarcoma progression by sponging miR-152 to promote ROCK1 expression. The results showed HAGLROS/miR-152/ROCK1 axis might act as a novel therapeutic strategy for osteosarcoma.


Objective: Data from the surveillance program was collected, to analyze the situation of hospitalization and cases of death with recorded causes, in Shenzhen, from 1995 to 2014. Situation of hospitalization and causes of deaths were studied in Shenzhen which had been a fast-developing city with growing number of immigrants so as to provide reference for decision-making on related prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data on hospitalizations and deaths collected from the surveillance program, were classified by both International Classification of Diseases (ICD)- 9 and ICD-10. A database was constructed with methods on related descriptive and trend analysis. Results: Around 6.3 million inpatients were seen in the past two decades in Shenzhen. The top five diseases for hospitalization were pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications, respiratory diseases, injury and poisoning, digestive system diseases and circulatory system diseases, that accounting for 68.4% of all the hospitalization burden. The number of inpatients increased annually, with an 11 times increase during the past two decades. Proportions for pregnancy childbirth and puerperium complications, circulatory system diseases and urinary system diseases all showed increasing (χ(2)=53 806.94, 6 893.95 and 15 383.14, P<0.01), while proportions for injuries and poisoning, respiratory diseases, digestive system diseases showed a declining trend (χ(2)=131 480.09,1 711.84 and 11 367.66, P<0.01). Number of cumulative inpatient deaths exceeded 60 000, with the top five causes as malignant tumor, circulatory system diseases, injury and poisoning, respiratory system diseases and digestive system diseases, that accounting for 82.28% of all the inpatient deaths. Deaths due to circulatory system diseases, injury and poisoning increased and then decreased. Malignant tumor and respiratory diseases-induced deaths showed an increasing trend (χ(2)=1 546.48, 309.55, P<0.01), while induced deaths from disease of the other systems showed slight changes. The overall case fatality rate showed an annual decline (χ(2)=4 378.63, P<0.01), from 2.23% in 1995 to 0.74% in 2014, with mortality attribute to tumor, circulatory system disease decreased significantly. Conclusions: Shenzhen had been under an ageing transition, with relatively young population living in the city. Chronic diseases such as tumor gradually had become the major causes for heavy hospitalization burden on the population of Shenzhen.


This study provides a review, framework and guiding principles for constructing energy consumption reduction disciplines, with examples of application to international industries. It reviews the work of agencies and governments in creating energy efficiency models that help policy makers to assess changes in energy efficiency. A possibility to reduce costs incurred in product manufacturing and energy consumption constitutes energy-efficient consumption at industrial enterprises. The study justifies the performance indicators of industrial enterprises' power supply systems. The estimates produced indicate that the largest portion of the potential energy savings is attributed to implementation of energy-saving projects. The study was performed at a manufacturing plant in South Africa with 489 respondents. It focused on energy usage in the manufacturing sector since this sector has always been the largest contributor to the GDP of South Africa. The results indicated that the proposed framework can not only reduce energy consumption but also increase production.


Abstract Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and computational methods have added a new dimension to metagenomic data analysis i.e. genome-resolved metagenomics. In general terms, it refers to the recovery of draft or high-quality microbial genomes and their taxonomic classification and functional annotation. In recent years, several studies have utilized the genome-resolved metagenome analysis approach and identified previously unknown microbial species from human and environmental metagenomes. In this review, we describe genome-resolved metagenome analysis as a series of four necessary steps: (i) preprocessing of the sequencing reads, (ii) de novo metagenome assembly, (iii) genome binning and (iv) taxonomic and functional analysis of the recovered genomes. For each of these four steps, we discuss the most commonly used tools and the currently available pipelines to guide the scientific community in the recovery and subsequent analyses of genomes from any metagenome sample. Furthermore, we also discuss the tools required for validation of assembly quality as well as for improving quality of the recovered genomes. We also highlight the currently available pipelines that can be used to automate the whole analysis without having advanced bioinformatics knowledge. Finally, we will highlight the most widely adapted and actively maintained tools and pipelines that can be helpful to the scientific community in decision making before they commence the analysis.


This paper presents results from ground‐based remote sensing of optical properties of shallow convective clouds over the Nauru ARM site using the technique developed by McFarlane et al. (2002). Herein, the results of a pilot study are presented with analysis of about six months of cloud data. The effective radius re shows large spatial variability, with the frequency of occurrence relatively narrow near the cloud base, and gradually widening aloft. Available column data for LWC and re allow derivation of the pdf of the optical thickness τ. The pdf shows that clouds with τ in the range 5 to 10 are most frequent, but there is a long tail with clouds up to τ = 100. These results are discussed in the context of traditional observations of cloud microstructure using an instrumented aircraft.


Having a baby is an important life event but it carries a physical, emotional, social and financial toll – especially for women. Women are solely capable of carrying and bearing children, and are often wholly, or mostly, responsible for their own children throughout childhood, and beyond. circumstances. It is for these reasons that we write in defence of a woman's right to choose. However, in recent years this right has been challenged by those who believe that the right to choose perpetuates a eugenic approach to public health. This idea has been promoted, disingenuously, by anti-choice organisations such as LIFE, and the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children, and is also promoted by some watchdog groups such as Human Genetics Alert. More worryingly, the idea has also been put forward by the disability movement.
Elsewhere we, and others, have drawn attention to the conflict which exists between the feminist principle of the right to choose, and the concerns of the disability movement that to permit abortion on the grounds of impairment is tantamount to endorsing an anti-disability eugenics. Many authors have sought to show that this conflict is illusory and that, with careful reasoning, the feminist and disability movements do not necessarily have to be at odds on this important issue.
It is the aim of this article to explore these claims in some detail, and to show that whilst there might be general points of ideological agreement between the two movements, on the issue of abortion, a fundamental and irreconcilable conflict inevitably remains. Consequently, whilst we accept many of the concerns reflected in the position endorsed by the disability movement, we argue in defence of woman's right to choose, whatever the circumstances.


Infrared imaging properties of dusty winds around late-type stars are investigated in detail, employing a self-consistent model that couples the equations of motion and radiative transfer. Because of general scaling properties, the angular profiles of surface brightness are self-similar. In any given star, the profile shape is determined essentially by overall optical depth at each wavelength and it is self-similarly scaled by the size of the dust condensation zone. We find that the mid-IR is the best wavelength range to measure directly the angular size of this zone, and from IRAS data we identify the 15 best candidates for such future observations. We also show that the visibility function at short wavelengths (~ 2 !lm) directly determines the scattering optical depth, and produce theoretical visibility curves for various characteristic wavelengths and the entire parameter range relevant to late-type stars. The infrared emission should display time variability because of cyclical changes in overall optical depth, reflecting luminosityinduced movement of the dust condensation point. Calculations of the wavelength dependence of photometric amplitudes and time variability of envelope sizes are in agreement with observations; envelopes are bigger and bluer at maximum light.


ABSTRACT Thermal cameras are being used increasingly in the bird-ringing community and preliminary reports suggest they have a wide range of relevant applications. However, there has been little quantitative assessment of these methods. In this study we tested the use of a thermal imager to assess the occupancy of enclosed nests, using nest-box populations of small passerines. Based on a thermal image of each nest box, observers were able to predict nest-box occupancy with a combined success rate of 85.9%. The observers were able to identify when nest boxes contained a heat source relating to an active nest but unable to differentiate between warm clutches and live broods. The age of the brood significantly influenced the predictions, reflecting the limited ability of young broods to maintain their body temperatures independently. There were no significant effects from potential confounding variables relating to solar exposure, nest-box design or ambient temperature, although these may have accounted for a small number of incorrect predictions. Overall, it was found that thermal imagers provide an effective, non-invasive and efficient method for monitoring nest-box occupancy, with inferences about suitability for other types of enclosed nest.


OBJECTIVE
To identify the difficulties experienced by medical caregivers of inpatients diagnosed with osteogenesisimperfecta.

METHODS
The descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at a university hospital in western Turkey from April to May, 2012, and comprised relatives providing care to patients who were diagnosed with osteogenesisimperfecta and were being treated in the paediatric endocrinology unit. Data was collected via face-to-face interviews with patient relatives. The 35-itemquestionnaire had 16 open-ended and 19 close-ended questions.

RESULTS
The mean age of the 46 caregivers was 35.52±6.65 years, and 43(93.5%) of them were mothers. All of them said they felt anxious (100%), while 44(95.7%) felt sad/sorrow, 41(89.1%) puzzled, 40(87.0%) nervous, 40(87.0%) frightened, 39(84.8%) disappointed, 29(63%) shocked, and 28(60.9%) depressed when they first heard the diagnosis. Overall, 26(56.5%) experienced physical, 45(97.8%) psychological, 45(97.8%) social, and 35(76.1%) economic changes and difficulties, while 24(52.1%) had no social support. Of all the patient relatives, 38(82.6%) were unable to obtain adequate information about the disorder from the healthcare team.

CONCLUSIONS
Caregivers of patients diagnosed with osteogenesisimperfecta experienced psychological and social difficulties..


Quantifying heat and mass exchanges processes of plant leaves is crucial for detailed understanding of dynamic plant-environment interactions. The two main components of these processes, convective heat transfer, and transpiration, are inevitably coupled as both processes are restricted by the leaf boundary layer. To measure leaf heat capacity and leaf heat transfer coefficient, we thoroughly tested and applied an active thermography method that uses a transient heat pulse to compute τ, the time constant of leaf cooling after release of the pulse. We validated our approach in the laboratory on intact leaves of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and measured τ-changes at different boundary layer conditions.By modeling the leaf heat transfer coefficient with dimensionless numbers, we could demonstrate that τ improves our ability to close the energy budget of plant leaves and that modeling of transpiration requires considerations of convection. Applying our approach to thermal images we obtained spatio-temporal maps of τ, providing observations of local differences in thermal responsiveness of leaf surfaces. We propose that active thermography is an informative methodology to measure leaf heat transfer and derive spatial maps of thermal responsiveness of leaves contributing to improve models of leaf heat transfer processes.


According to recent neurocognitive models of addictions, a vicious combination of altered executive functions (EF) and dysfunctional reward system represents a main determinant of clinical picture. Executive dysfunctions also have a great impact on worsening addiction disorders as well as on treatment outcomes. Thus, detecting executive dysfunctions with sensitive tools is crucial in order to tailor therapeutic and rehabilitative interventions to patients. We here report the testing of the Battery for Executive Functions in Addiction (BFE-A), a novel battery for EF screening.151 patients with Substance-Use Disorder and 56 health participants completed the seven digitized BFE-A subtests tapping on: learning and memory, working memory, cognitive flexibility, focused attention, attention regulation, and inhibitory control. First-level statistical analyses highlighted lower performance of the clinical sample with respect to healthy participants across all the battery subtests, though verbal memory and focused attention proved to be te most impaired functions. Regression analyses, then, revealed that longer abstinence led to greater memory performance and that a longer history of substance abuse specifically led to less efficient information-processing speed. Findings provide support to the evaluation of the BFE-A as a brief but informative screening battery, potentially complementing the diagnostic process in clinical settings.


The stability (or instability) of finite sized magnetic island could play a significant role in disruption avoidance or disruption mitigation dynamics. Especially, various current and pressure profile modifications, such as the current drive and heating caused by electron cyclotron wave, or the radiative cooling and current expulsion caused by the shattered pellet injection could be applied within the island to modify its stability, thus changing the ensuing dynamics. In this study, we calculate the mode structure modification caused by such profile changes within the island using the perturbed equilibrium approach, thus obtain the change of stability criterion Δ′ and assess the corresponding quasi-linear island stability. The positive helical current perturbation is found to always stabilize the island, while the negative one is found to do the opposite, in agreement with previous results. The pressure bump or hole within the island has a more complicated stability impact. In the small island regime, its contribution is monotonic, with pressure bump that tends to stabilize the island while pressure hole destabilizes it. This effect is relatively weak, though, due to the cancellation of the pressure term's odd parity contribution in the second derivatives of the mode structure. In the large island regime, such cancellation is broken due to the island asymmetry, and the pressure contribution to stability is manifested, which is non-monotonic. The stability analysis in this paper helps to more accurately clarify the expected island response in the presence of profile modifications caused by disruption avoidance or mitigation systems.


The study of foaming capacity and stability of the foam, based on egg-white in the presence of fat have shown that fat is the antifoam-ing agent and leads to the foam destruction. Experimental investigations of the egg-white effect on foaming capacity and foam stability in the presence of fat, surfactants (GMS, LACTEM, lecithin's, DATEM, SSL) with different NLB values are presented in the paper.The influence regularities of the surfactant concentration on foaming capacity and foam stability of systems, based on egg-white in the presence of fat were first defined in the paper. It was established that the surfactant concentration determines foaming capacity and stability of egg-white based foam systems, containing a fatty phase. It was determined that nonionic surfactants with low HLB increase foaming capacity and foam stability. The optimal ratio GMS: white was defined, which is 1:12,5. Surfactants with low HLB and presence of charge, namely anionic, amphoteric, lead to desorption of whites from the interphase surface aqueous solution-air that does not allow to obtain the system with the high foaming capacity and foam stability. It was established that reasonable concentration of DATEM and SSL in respect to providing high foaming capacity and stability of foam white systems, containing fat is the concentration up to 0.2 %. The obtained results allow to improve the air-nut semi-finished product technology by increasing stability due to introducing a certain surfactant concentration that allows to manufacture these products using industrial methods in catering establishments and confectionery shops.


Educators and managers that focus on individuals' strengths can see up to 40× more engagement from those individuals than those that do not. StrengthsFinder 2.0 builds a framework to understand and improve those strengths. This resource review will explain the history of the tool, including its origins in positive and strengths psychology. It will break out the assessment as a tool to be used in the classroom, as well as describe activities to educate on topics such as career development, leadership development, employee engagement, and academic excellence. A comparison to other assessments is presented and an evaluation of the tool's versatility and ability to self-assess is given. Finally, further information and a list of free resources are provided in use with StrengthsFinder 2.0.


In this paper we propose four architectures for intrusion-tolerant database systems. While traditional secure database systems rely on prevention controls, an intrusion-tolerant database system can operate through attacks in such a way that the system can continue delivering essential services in the face of attacks. With a focus on attacks by malicious transactions, Architecture I can detect intrusions, and locate and repair the damage caused by the intrusions. Architecture II enhances Architecture I with the ability to isolate attacks so that the database can be immunized from the damage caused by a lot of attacks. Architecture III enhances Architecture I with the ability to dynamically contain the damage in such a way that no damage will leak out during the attack recovery process. Architecture IV enhances Architectures II and III with the ability to adapt the intrusion-tolerance controls to the changing environment so that a stabilized level of trustworthiness can be maintained. Architecture IV enhances Architecture IV with the ability to deliver differential, quantitative QoIA services to customers who have subscribed for these services even in the face of attacks.


The concept of using telepathology as a way of increasing the efficiency of pathologists is not new. There have been many studies attempting to evaluate the role of telepathology diagnosis, predominantly using transmission of still digital images. This study evaluates the potential value of remote diagnosis using robotic microscopy in the setting of a one‐stop breast clinic. A Zeiss Axiopath telepathology system was used. The aim was to identify deficiencies in software and theminimum specifications for the computer hardware and network capability needed for reproducible pathological diagnosis with a view to developing a system that can preclude the need for an on‐site pathologist. Forty‐seven fine needle aspiration smears were diagnosed simultaneously by a pathologist in the breast clinic and by a different pathologist operating a robotic microscope situated in the clinic in a different wing of the hospital from the pathology department. The diagnoses, the time taken for clinic and remote diagnosis, and difficulties in using the system were recorded. Absolute correlation was achieved in 80.9% of cases. There was one false‐positive diagnosis of cancer and no false negatives. The mean time taken for diagnosis per case was 2.39 min in clinic and 10.81 min by remote control robotic microscopy. However, as the pathologist did not have to leave the department, remote diagnosis was overall more economical of pathologists' time. Image quality was generally found to be good and not an obstacle to diagnosis. There were operational and technical problems that made remote diagnosis tedious and lengthy. Although at present the system is not capable of replacing an on‐site pathologist, the results were encouraging and suggest that remote control remote diagnosis has the potential to increase the efficiency of pathologists. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Ten patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (7 females) were examined in order to evaluate whether in vivo-bound platelet-associated immunoglobulins (PAIg) and/or in vitro binding of circulating Ig to normal platelets influences platelet function. With an ELISA technique it was found that 9/10 patients had increased amounts of in vivo PAIgG, 4/10 patients of in vivo PAIgA and 5/10 patients of in vivo PAIgM. There was no correlation between patients platelet aggregability and the presence of in vivo PAIg. Incubation of platelets from a healthy person with plasma from the 10 patients caused in vitro binding of IgG in 7/10 cases, of IgA in 0/10 cases and of IgM in 1/10 cases. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced aggregability of the normal platelets was impaired in 7/10 incubation experiments (no correlation to in vitro PAIg) and unchanged in 3/10 cases. Epinephrine- and collagen-induced platelet aggregability was unchanged in all cases. It is concluded that increased amounts of in vivo and in vitro PAIg seem to occur frequently in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome, but do not influence platelet aggregability.


The author introduces the notion of systolic communication, a general architecture technique for supporting efficient implementation of systolic algorithms. This notion is described and compared to the usual memory-to-memory communication. The Warp systolic array machine is shown to support the systolic communication. A processor array such as Warp that supports the systolic communication will be most effective in executing systolic algorithms, for which data move during computation. This is illustrated by a simple matrix multiplication example. Advantages of the systolic communication are summarized.<<ETX>>


ABSTRACT:This paper examines Ireland's Official Development Assistance (ODA) for the year 2020 with a particular focus on three important issues. First, we examine Ireland's performance in relation to the target of achieving total ODA of at least 0.7 per cent of Gross National Income (GNI), and ODA to least developed countries (LDCs) of 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of GNI by 2030. Second, we document the factors behind a further shift towards multilateral aid over the period as shown by trends in ODA multilateral and bilateral spending. Third, we trace the composition of spending within bilateral and multilateral ODA with a focus on the allocation of spending in the context of gender equality; humanitarian assistance; climate change; and governance.


Abstract We present the first reported measurements of the intensity of a "hotband" transition for the H3+ molecular ion in the northern auroral/polar region of Jupiter. This transition is identified as the R(3, 4+) line of the (2v2(l=0)→v2) hotband, with a wavelength of 3.94895 μm. This is the first time such a transition has been measured outside the laboratory, and the wavelength as measured on Jupiter is within the experimental accuracy of the lab measurement. This detection makes it possible to investigate H3+ transitions that simultaneously originate from different vibrational levels. We use the intensity ratio between this line and the Q(1, 0−) fundamental transition to derive effective vibrational temperatures, column densities, and total emission parameters as a function of position across the auroral/polar region. Effective temperatures range from ∼900 to ∼1250 K; an increase in average temperature during our observing run of ∼100 K is noted. The derived temperatures are toward the high end or in excess of the auroral temperature range that has been reported in the literature to date. The relationship among emission intensity, temperature, and density is shown to be complex. This may reflect the nonthermalization of the vibrational levels at the gas densities prevailing in the jovian thermosphere. An alternative analysis allowing for this effect is presented. But this approach requires thermospheric temperatures to be ∼1500 K at the level that the majority of H3+ is being produced, higher than has previously been proposed.


It is shown that invading species are most likely to establish where levels of competition among the resident species are lowest. Thus, of the higher trophic levels, herbivores are more likely to establish than carnivores or detritivores. Invading plants are most likely to establish in communities where the average level of cover is low. Competition is certainly not the only important process involved in establishment, however. Analysis of invasions by insects released as biocontrol agents against weeds, where exploitation and interference are likely to be negligible, show that the probability of successful establishment is closely related to the insect's intrinsic rate of increase. The main biological causes of failure are generalist predators, with parasites and diseases rather less important. For herbivorous insects, host-plant incompatibility is a major cause of failure in establishment. A general model for the dynamics of an invading species is proposed, which stresses: (a), the importance of distinguishing explicitly between exploitation and interference competition; (b), the potential importance of generalist natural enemies; (c), the role of mutualists; (d), the importance of refuges of various kinds in affecting the probability of establishment. Examples are provided to emphasize how far we still are from real, predictive ability in relation to the likely success of proposed or anticipated invasions.


Mono- and disubstituted 4-CF3 β-lactams at the C-3 position have been obtained stereoselectively under basic conditions. A wide range of function such as alcohols, alkyls, aryls, esters, and double and triple bonds have been introduced.