As research delves ever deeper into the causes and progression of cancers, complex relationships between noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and tumorigenesis have been revealed. One such RNA is human satellite II (HSATII). While HSATII exists across multiple human chromosomes and comprises large portions of pericentromeric heterochromatin, it is transcriptionally silent in healthy cells. However, HSATII expression is aberrantly upregulated in many tumors, suggesting an etiological or exacerbatory role for the RNA transcripts. In cancerous cells, many aspects of cellular function are dysregulated, complicating the assessment of the specific effects of HSATII RNA. To investigate the role of HSATII RNA expression in cancer progression, a constitutive expression construct was previously designed for insertion into healthy Tig-1 fibroblast cells, generating cell lines that stably express HSATII over multiple generations. This project refines stable line generation and expression behavior by redesigning the expression construct to incorporate three new functionalities: 1) leveraging CRISPR-Cas9 editing enables targeted, sequence-specific genomic integration, 2) Golden Gate cloning facilitates the insertion of different/multiple HSATII sequence variants, and 3) a Tet-on promoter system produces inducible and controlled temporal expression of HSATII. An intermediary plasmid containing RFP as a marker for successful cloning was designed to expedite and simplify Golden Gate cloning. In the future, stable lines generated with this novel construct have the potential to more accurately parallel endogenous HSATII expression in cancers and offer high sequential, spatial, and temporal resolution for interrogating the role of HSATII ncRNA in tumorigenesis.


Background: Each year, there are over a million new cases of cancer in India, which causes many untimely deaths and increases the economic burden to households. By focusing on preventative measures and finding socioeconomic and behavioral contributors to cancer, steps can be taken to help alleviate this burden. This study aims to find the effect living in a joint family can have on being diagnosed with cancer in rural India. Methods: The study estimates the effect living in a joint family, along with other demographic information, has on being diagnosed with cancer using a logit estimation model. The data for the study was collected from a survey was conducted on the households of the Handiganur village (N=251) comprising of several demographic, social, and medical questions. Results: The study found that living in a joint family lowers the odds of having cancer. The results indicate that living in a joint family reduces the probability of being diagnosed by 7.23 percentage points and is significant at a 5% level. Furthermore, among the other tested variables, eating habit is negatively significant at 5% level, suggesting that if a person eats 3 to 4 times a day his or her likelihood of suffering from cancer will be lowered by 6.55 percentage points. Access to public wells and drinking alcohol both increase the likelihood of being diagnosed with cancer by 7.90 (p<0.1) percentage points and 11.90 (p<0.05) percentage points respectively. Conclusions: The negative effect of joint family could be due to two possible reasons. The first is that there is in fact a biological reason. The second reason for this result could be a false negative, as it could be because people in joint families are not getting the necessary check-ups required to diagnose cancer.


It is first discussed that electric engineering theory and technical question which tan δ increase and the level of insulation decrease are led to microorganism in transformer oil. The microorganism is successful separated from the oil with self-made optional nutrient medium. The conclusion is show that the stranger ability of biological oxidization is existed in oil and the charged bacteria and polarity in metabolic process directly affect on the characteristic of insulation.


We report the high thermoelectric performance of p-type polycrystalline SnSe obtained below the phase transition temperature by harnessing Pb doping and introducing Sn vacancies. The enhanced carrier concentration induced by Pb doping and introducing Sn vacancies contributes to enhancements of electrical conductivity and power factor of polycrystalline SnSe. We demonstrate that the lattice anharmonicity is strengthened by Pb substitution and Sn vacancies through forming weaker bonds. We find that Pb substitution introduces huge stress field in the interior of the SnSe grains. The thermal conductivity can be greatly reduced by lattice anharmonicity strengthening and applying huge stress field. The lattice thermal conductivity is reduced to as low as 0.18 W m-1 K-1 in the Sn0.92Pb0.03Se sample at 773 K. As a result, a remarkable high ZT of ∼1.4 was achieved at 773 K in the Sn0.93Pb0.02Se sample through lattice anharmonicity strengthening and strain engineering.


The paper outlines a way of gaining fresh perspectives on the functions of 'quality of life' (QOL) conceptions in the health sector. The first objective is to spotlight a seldom considered issue. The paper describes different uses of the QOL concept and different links between the categories of QOL and risk in the works of three UK health regulators: NICE, the CQC, and the GMC. It is suggested that closer investigations of the diversity of applications of QOL and associated risk conceptions in health regulation can throw new light on their role in contemporary health systems. The second objective is to provide signposts for critical examinations of this issue. The paper draws attention to three contextual factors – knowledge selection, value dimensions, and decisions on participation – which seem to shape, and may therefore elucidate, health regulators' various operationalisations of QOL conceptions and connections between QOL and risk ideas.


The sensing behavior of a thin film composed of metal-free 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (p-hydroxy phenyl) porphyrin and zinc phthalocyanine complex towards m-xylene, styrene, and HCl vapors in a homemade planar optical waveguide (POWG), was studied at room temperature. The thin film was deposited on the surface of potassium ion-exchanged glass substrate, using vacuum spin-coating method, and a semiconductor laser light (532 nm) as the guiding light. Opto-chemical changes of the film exposing with hydrochloric gas, m-xylene, and styrene vapor, were analyzed firstly with UV-Vis spectroscopy. The fabricated POWG shows good correlation between gas exposure response and absorbance change within the gas concentration range 10–1500 ppm. The limit of detection calculated from the logarithmic calibration curve was proved to be 11.47, 21.08, and 14.07 ppm, for HCl gas, m-xylene, and styrene vapors, respectively. It is interesting to find that the film can be recovered to the initial state with trimethylamine vapors after m-xylene, styrene exposures as well as HCl exposure. The gas-film interaction mechanism was discussed considering protonation and π-π stacking with planar aromatic analyte molecules.


This paper presents a design and an experimental implementation of the three phase three wires shunt active power filter (SAPF) based on a hybrid fuzzy-neural controller for harmonics and reactive power correction. A direct line current control strategy is used to control the filter. Fuzzy logic controller has been modified and improved by artificial neural network system (ANN) to improve the DC voltage regulation loop of the capacitor and to get better performances. It hybridizes between the advantages of neural networks in noise rejection and the fast concept of fuzzy logic. First a fuzzy logic controller has been used to regulate the voltage of the capacitor and then an artificial neural network has been learned on the previous fuzzy controller and implemented in Vdc controller of the SAPF. Simulations have been performed to verify the robustness of the proposed HFNC controller. Finally, a real time manipulation is led via an experimental bench built on dSPACE 1103. The real time results prove that the proposed hybrid controller improved the performance of the filter under different disturbances and parameters variations.


Current research on the built environment and medical choice focuses mainly on the construction and optimization of medical service systems from the perspective of supply. There is a lack of in-depth research on medical choice from the perspective of patient demand. Based on the medical choice behaviour of patients with chronic diseases, this article identifies the spatial distribution and heterogeneity characteristics of medical choice and evaluates the balance between medical supply and demand in each block. On this basis, we explored the mechanism of patient preferences for different levels of medical facilities by considering the patient's socioeconomic background, medical resource evaluation, and other built environment features of the neighbourhood by referring to patient questionnaires. In addition to socioeconomic characteristics, the results show that public transportation convenience, medical accessibility, and medical institution conditions also have significant influences on patient preferences, and the impact on low-income patients is more remarkable. The conclusions of the study provide a reference for the promotion and optimization of the functions of urban medical resources and the guidance of relevant public health policies.


In the preface to publisher John Murray's 1858 two-volume Handbook for Travellers in Syria and Palestine, one of the first guidebooks specifically for British tourists to the Holy Land, author J. L. Porter claims that his objective is not just to provide a geographical summary or to outline travelers' routes, but, more importantly, to link his descriptions with the "sacred dramas" of the Bible so that the tourist "may see with his 'mind's eye' each scene played over and over again" (xi). In such a spirit, this Murray guidebook tells both the well-known stories of the Bible and the more mundane particulars of finding interesting places and dealing with local middle-eastern people. The Handbook weaves together traditions of pilgrimage, the journey to a spiritual center, with tourism. In other words, it seeks to balance the pilgrim's desire for divine revelation with the tourist's interest in physical comfort and gentle visual stimulation. It incongruously pairs a conviction of the value of Christian self-sacrifice and hardship with a desire for bourgeois leisure. With a sly humility, Porter notes in his Preface: "The Bible is the best Handbook for Palestine; the present work is only intended to be a companion to it" (xi). As second to the Bible, this travel guide aspired to bring the English traveler's spiritual journey to the Holy Land into harmony with the secular pleasure of sightseeing.


Development of the adrenal cortex, a vital endocrine organ, originates in the adrenogonadal primordium, a common progenitor for both the adrenocortical and gonadal lineages in rodents. In contrast, we find that in humans and cynomolgus monkeys, the adrenocortical lineage originates in a temporally and spatially distinct fashion from the gonadal lineage, arising earlier and more anteriorly within the coelomic epithelium. The adrenal primordium arises from adrenogenic coelomic epithelium via an epithelial-to- mesenchymal-like transition, which then progresses into the steroidogenic fetal zone via both direct and indirect routes. Notably, we find that adrenocortical and gonadal lineages exhibit distinct HOX codes, suggesting distinct anterior-posterior regionalization. Together, our assessment of the early divergence of these lineages provides a molecular framework for understanding human adrenal and gonadal disorders. One Sentence Summary Specification of the adrenal cortex occurs in adrenogenic coelomic epithelium independent of gonadogenesis in humans and cynomolgus monkeys


Paul Paulus is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Arlington. Paul Paulus's research interests revolve around Group Creativity: On the one hand, creative processes are often conceptualized as individual-level phenomena. On the other hand, complex problems in innovation management often need the collaboration of various experts to create novel solutions. Interestingly, although common sense suggests that individuals are more creative in a group context, research indicates that this is oftentimes not the case. The question on how to structure creative processes in groups in such a way that groups can actually benefit from their creative potential is therefore crucial. Paul Paulus has spent much of his academic career addressing this intriguing question. He and his research team have discovered many factors that influence group creativity and have been able to demonstrate conditions under which group interaction enhances creativity. For the past eight years he has been working with a multidisciplinary team to better understand the cognitive, neural and social factors that underlie the group creative process (Paulus et al., ). They are presently funded on a three year project to investigate innovation processes in networks.


The estates of the Hungarian-Croatian Kingdom, as it is well known, took an active role in the struggles of the Thirty years' War (1618‒1648) on the Habsburg dynasty's side. At the request of the monarch, many aristocrats and wealthy noblemen, who had been trained in the so-called small wars (German Kleinkriege) practised along the Ottoman border, raised especially light cavalry units and conducted them to the territory of the Holy Roman Empire. Nicholas VII. Zrínyi/Zrinski (1620‒1664) the Croatian-Slavonian ban-to-be (1647–1664) himself recruited cavalry companies in three successive years (1642–1644), at the head of which he fought in Bohemia and Moravia against the Swedes as well as in upper Hungary against the troops of George I. Rákóczi, the Prince of Transylvania (1630–1648). Moreover, he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Croatian-type cavalry two times. The present gap-fi lling paper primarily aims to clear the chronology of Zrínyi's field operations in these years. It also reveals his probable motives, the characteristics of the negotiations with the imperial high command as well as the gathering of the troops. The case study will enable us to draw conclusions about the military entrepreneurship of this kind, giving an impetus to the research of this neglected field of early modern military history.


PT. ASEANTEX Mojokerto is a textile industry company manufacturing woven sarongs. PT. ASEANTEX has sub companies around Mojokerto. The company is currently having difficulty in determining strategy for the demand service of export and domestic markets that are always fluctuating. Based on the problem above, the company wants to deal with the problem by using simulation programs including production and market demand (export and domestic). The simulation program uses some statistical tests and random number generator that are adjusted to the theory used. Results of the simulation program are expected to help solve problems of PT. ASEANTEX management, so the profit gained will be higher.
From 4 strategies that are implememted, there are some strategies that have the same model but have different
service, and from the different revenue, it can be used to make decisions


Novel is a long story that is written in prose. It has elements such as plot, point of view, character, characterization, conflict, setting, and theme. This analysis stressed on the Saman's social conflicts, the cause of Saman's social conflict, and the end of Saman's social conflict in Ayu Utami's novel "SAMAN" which is very interesting and challenging.
In this study, the writer used descriptive qualitative research design in which it was only purposed to describe and interpret what exist in the novel. Meanwhile, the technique used in this study was library research. Moreover, the writer employed objective approach because the writer just analyzed what exist in the novel without correlating the author's background. Later, the object of the study was Ayu Utami's novel.
After analyzing the problems, the writer concludes that there are four social conflicts faced by Saman with several people: a) Saman's social conflict with Upi's family , b) Saman's social conflict with company, c) Saman's social conflict with Upi, d) Saman social conflict with villagers.
The causes of social conflict faced by Saman there were as follows: a) saman could not bear to see Upi's suffering lived in uncomfortable place. b) Saman and company because the company was losing their money in the rubber plantation and they had handled over the plantation to a new company that wanted to turn it into a palm oil plantation, but on the other hand, the rubber plantation that Saman handled had been profitable. c) Saman tried to build a new cage for Upi and Saman approached Upi's cage. d) Saman and Villager because the people of Lumbukrantau and surrounding must sign the agreement and cut down their rubber trees.
The ends of Saman's social conflicts were as follows: a) Saman built a cage for Upi. b) Saman warned the villager not to sign a blank piece of paper. c) Saman made statue for Upi. d) Saman wanted the company to issue a copy of the agreement to every household had and he also wanted to do their negotiations directly with the company.


A 10-year-old boy incurred penetrating trauma to his left eye by a small piece of wood. Immediate lens aspiration and repair of his corneal laceration were performed. The patient, however, demonstrated "persistent severe uveitis." On the fourth day following his injury, an uncomplicated pars plana vitrectomy was performed in combination with intracameral injection of gentamicin, cefazolin, and dexamethasone. Cultures of the vitrectomy specimen demonstrated Serratia rubidae. Postvitrectomy treatment with parenteral gentamicin, cefazolin, prednisone, and oral trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole resulted in a complete cure of the endophthalmitis and retention of good visual function. This patient represents the first reported case of Serratia rubidae endophthalmitis.


Construction waste mainly consists of concrete aggregates of various size. Improper handling of concrete waste would be a major environmental problem whereas its recycling would be both economically useful and environmentally friendly. Bigger concrete aggregates are crushed and converted to medium and fine particles to make them recyclable. An apparatus to separate the concrete aggregates by their size is thus needed for their effective recycling. In this work, segregation of concrete particles in air flows from a newly designed rotary separator having three stages of blades is simulated using a commercial software, ANSYS-CFX. Both 2-D and 3-D models with 360, 240 and 180 blades in each stage are considered. Fundamental mechanism of separation of particles(pase) and the effect of design parameters such as particle size, rotor speed, air flow rate etc. on the performance of the separator are investigated. Critical size of particles that can be separated by the developed separator is also presented in this work. Simulation results are overall in good agreement with data predicted from the theoretical model previously reported in the companion paper.


Russia Abstract. The article is devoted to studying the problem of emotional burnout syndrome in teachers. The development of burnout syndrome in teachers is influenced by organizational and individual factors. Organizational factors include the conditions of the material environment, the content of work, and socio-psychological conditions of activity. The group of individual factors that affect the development of emotional burnout syndrome in teachers includes socio-demographic (age, experience, gender) and personal characteristics. According to the authors, emotional burnout is a link between a person and the environment. And the task of participants in the educational process is timely work to prevent the impact of potential "provocateurs" of burnout


Air foil bearings (AFBs) are introduced as promising bearings for oil-free turbomachinery applications. AFBs provide reliable operation at high speed and high temperature with negligible power loss. Hybrid air foil bearing (HAFB) technology utilizes the radial injection of externally pressurized air into the traditional hydrodynamic AFB's film thickness through orifices attached to the top foil. Previous studies have reported enhancement in the rotordynamic stability of HAFBs compared to traditional hydrodynamic AFBs. HAFBs have several orifices distributed in the circumferential direction. In this study, the effect of the circumferential location of radial injection on the rotordynamic performance of the rotor-HAFB is studied. Analytical and experimental evaluations of the rotordynamic performance of a rotor supported by two single-pad HAFBs are presented. Parametric studies are conducted using three sets of single-pad HAFBs. The circumferential locations of orifices are different for each set. The presented simulation analyses consist of time-domain orbit simulation and frequency-domain modal analysis. Imbalance responses of rotor-HAFB were measured with various orifice locations and the results agree well with predictions. Comparison of the rotordynamic performance of HAFBs with different orifice configurations demonstrates substantial improvement in rotordynamic stability as well as enhancement in the stiffness and damping coefficients of HAFBs by choosing the best circumferential location for radial injection to control rotor eccentricity and attitude angle.


OBJECTIVE
Normalized creatinine generation rate (CGRn) can be computed for a variety of dialysis schedules using a recently described kinetic modeling program. However, the availability of estimating equations might facilitate broader study of this metric. We developed equations to estimate CGRn based on modeling and then tested them against modeled CGRn values in the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial baseline (3/week) dataset.

DESIGN AND METHODS
We used a "what-if" derivation of a previously published variable volume 2-pool creatinine kinetic model to generate predicted predialysis values of serum creatinine that would result from creatinine generation rates of 250-2000 mg/day in patients with creatinine distribution volumes of 20 to 50 L, dialyzed from 60 to 480 min per treatment three times a week. Then, in patients with residual kidney function, we calculated an "anuric expected predialysis serum creatinine value" before applying the same equations. We then compared estimated CGRn values as predicted by this approach with modeled values in patient data from the Frequent Hemodialysis Network Nocturnal Trial.

RESULTS
The estimating equations for CGRn yielded results similar to those obtained with formal modeling, in both anuric patients and those with residual kidney function, with mean percent error of 0.845 ± 6.15 (SD) in anuric patients, and ‒0.29 ± 4.90 in patients with a mean creatinine clearance of 5.44 ± 4.82 mL/min, with R-squared values of 0.96 in both anuric patients and those with residual renal clearance of creatinine.

CONCLUSIONS
In patients dialyzed 3/week, CGRn can be estimated using prediction equations. Use of these equations may facilitate broader investigation of CGRn as a measure of nutritional status and outcome.


Spindle cell lesions of the breast constitute a wide spectrum of benign and malignant proliferations. Myofibroblasts, normal cellular constituents of the mammary intra- and interlobular stroma, compose many of these lesions, which include reactive proliferations and benign or locally aggressive neoplasms. Because of its morphology, low-grade metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma, "fibromatosis-like" is also considered together with spindle cell lesions of the breast. Although certain of the lesions do not occur commonly, they represent diagnostic challenges. This review outlines the morphology of certain spindle cell lesions of the breast including pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia, reactive spindle cell nodule, nodular fasciitis, myofibroblastoma, primary mammary fibromatosis, and low-grade metaplastic spindle cell carcinoma, "fibromatosis-like." The differential diagnosis and diagnostic work-up of these lesions is discussed, and their clinical treatment and prognosis briefly summarized.


The use of domain stability maps for epitaxial perovskite ferroelectric films is illustrated with some examples. The equilibrium domain structure and domain fractions as a function of temperature are predicted for PbTiO3(001) films grown epitaxially on three different substrates: MgO(001), KTaO3(001), and SrTiO3(001). Misfit dislocation formation at the growth temperature is found to have a profound effect on both the domain selection and relative domain populations. Theoretical predictions are compared with available experimental data.


Objective: Determine the relationship between the testicular arterial resistance index (IR) and spermatogenesis. Material and method: prospective analytical study over a period of 12 months at CHU campus and National Institute of Hygiene of Lome. The parameters studied were anomalies of sperm count, sperm volume, testis volume, and resistance index (RI). The study of the correlation between our variables was done using the Chi square test (χ2). Results: The mean age of men was 36.26 years. Sperm volume was normal in 73% men and abnormal in 27% men. 65% had normal sperm counts, and 35% had abnormal sperm counts. The normal testicular volume was found in 42% men and 58% had an abnormal testicular volume (hypotrophic testis). 51% men had the pathological RI while 49% had a normal RI. There was no statistically significant relationship between testicular volume and sperm count. Also, no statistically significant relationship between RI and testicular volume. But, there was a statistically significant correlation between RI and sperm count. No statistically significant difference between RI and sperm volume. Conclusion: RI can be used with sperm analysis and hormonal studies as part of the clinical evaluation of infertile men. An intratesticular RI greater than 0.6 is associated with decreased total motile sperm.


Most studies on soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are generally made on long term experiments. These studies exhibited generally a positive effect of no-tillage (NT) systems on SOC when comparing with conventional tillage systems (CT) (Bernoux et al. 2006). No more information is given about the dynamics of SOC in a short term. However, it is crucial to know the dynamics of SOC between NT and CT, just after experiment installation because we do not know exactly if CT exhibits directly a depletion of SOC (due to high mineralization of SOC) following the first tillage action. So, this study aimed to know the short term dynamic of SOC in NT and CT systems for Malagasy context.


In 1864, press in the Latin alphabet was banned in Lithuania. This ban lasted until 1904. Despite all the efforts of the tsarist administration, banned books printed in Lithuania Minor and the United States of America reached readers of Lithuania Major. During 40 years, a new generation of Lithuanian books' authors developed. It was caused by the growth and expansion of national movement and the nation's consciousness in the ninth decade of the 19th century. After 1883 when the monthly public political and literary newspaper "Austra" in the Lithuanian language began being published, the number of Lithuanian book authors increased by 4–6 new names every year, while until the appearance of this newspaper this number was only 1–2 and not annually.The basis of the new generation's authors was formed under the new circumstances, i.e after the press ban, by people with secular professions and occupations, not only those who had graduated from universities, institutes or seminaries, but also those who had finished only several classes and were self-educated. Due to the different economic and social conditions, access to education, most authors were from Suvalkija and East Aukstaitija. For this reason, the written language dialect changed. During this period, among the Lithuanian authors also women appeared.


A 76‐year‐old male non‐smoker presented to our institution with cough and haemoptysis. He had been treated for cavitatory pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis of the right upper lobe 10 years previously. Chest radiograph and subsequent computed tomography (CT) of the chest demonstrated a right upper cavity containing a mass suspicious for mycetoma. Flexible bronchoscopy under conscious sedation demonstrated a mass obstructing the anterior segment of the right upper lobe. The abnormality was subsequently removed using a flexible endobronchial cryoprobe. Histopathological analysis demonstrated abundant fungal organisms morphologically consistent with Aspergillus species. Microbiological culture of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from the cavity isolated both Aspergillus fumigatus and Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was commenced on the anti‐fungal drug posaconazole and received a course of flucloxacillin. Three months later, there was no endobronchial obstruction and lavage of the affected cavity again isolated Staphylococcus aureus without Aspergillus species. Repeat thoracic CT and flexible bronchoscopy demonstrated no further re‐occurrence of the mycetoma at 3 months.


The principal manifestations, causes and harms of automatic voltage control (AVC) mismatch in hierarchical and regional large-scale power systems are summarized. Based on the analysis of the essence of AVC mismatch, a game model of volt/var control is presented. The payoff function which consists of the relevant operation indices in a certain control mechanism and includes the control avails and costs was constructed for the AVC game. The payoff model is the function of game mechanism, interesting extents of players towards the related indices and strategy combinations. Iterated Elimination of Dominated Strategies method is adopted to solve the Nash Equilibrium of AVC game. The Nash Equilibriums of two different kinds of game mechanisms are compared and analyzed through a simulation. The results showed that the proposed method for AVC game based on payoff function model is helpful to the amelioration of the AVC mismatch between main grid and subsystem.


The evaluation of public relations programmes has been a topic of keen interest to the public relations community for many years. A number of three level/stage models have been proposed to describe and explain the evaluation process. They have not been successful in terms of practitioner acceptance and have been criticised for being unrealistic and lacking feedback mechanisms. More recently the short-term and continuing models have been developed in response to these criticisms. This paper suggests a Unified Evaluation model which uses an established analysis of the communication/persuasion process as a framework to integrate and unify existing models that describe the public relations evaluation process. The proposed testing of this model in a European, transnational context is then outlined.


Intestinal Obstruction as Cause of Acute Abdomen Intestinal obstruction is one of the most common causes of acute abdomen. Successful therapy depends on the correct diagnostic assessment without delay. 'Ileus disease' describes the development of endogenous alterations generating critical illness including life-threatening decompensation of vital organ systems. The most common causes of small-bowel obstruction are adhesions, whereas obstructing colorectal carcinoma is most frequently the reason for large-bowel obstruction. Vascular intestinal obstruction has to be treated by emergency surgery due to complicating ischemia of the bowel wall. In the postoperative period, the differentiation between prolonged ileus, mechanical and paralytic intestinal obstruction may be difficult. Due to heterogeneous patient populations and variability of causes, therapeutic strategies are not standardized and, therefore, therapy of intestinal obstruction is a surgical challenge in many cases.


Ultrafast vibronic dynamics induced by the interaction of the Frenkel exciton with the coherent molecular vibrations in a layer-structured zinc chlorin aggregates prepared for artificial photosynthesis have been studied by 7.1 fs real-time vibrational spectroscopy with multi-spectrum detection. The fast decay of 100 ± 5fs is ascribed to the relaxation from the higher multi-exciton state (MES) to the one-exciton state, and the slow one of 863 ± 70fs is assigned to the relaxation from Q-exciton state to the dark nonfluorescent charge-transfer (CT) state, respectively. In addition, the wavelength dependences of the exciton-vibration coupling strength are found to follow the zeroth derivative of the transient absorption spectra of the exciton. It could be explained in term of the transition dipole moment modulated by dynamic intensity borrowing between the B transition and the Q transition through the vibronic interactions.


We report precise Doppler measurements of seven subgiants from Keck Observatory. All seven stars show variability in their radial velocities consistent with planet-mass companions in Keplerian orbits. The host stars have masses ranging from 1.1 ≤ M⋆/M⊙ ≤ 1.9, radii 3.4 ≤ R⋆/R⊙ ≤ 6.1, and metallicities -0.21 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ +0.26. The planets are all more massive than Jupiter (MP sin i > 1 MJup) and have semimajor axes a > 1 AU. We present millimagnitude photometry from the T3 0.4 m APT at Fairborn Observatory for five of the targets. Our monitoring shows these stars to be photometrically stable, further strengthening the interpretation of the observed radial velocity variability. The orbital characteristics of the planets thus far discovered around former A-type stars are very different from the properties of planets around dwarf stars of spectral type F, G, and K, and suggests that the formation and migration of planets is a sensitive function of stellar mass. Three of the planetary systems show evidence of long-term, linear trends indicative of additional distant companions. These trends, together with the high planet masses and increased occurrence rate, indicate that A-type stars are very promising targets for direct-imaging surveys.


The optimal duration of maintenance immunosuppressive therapy for patients with lupus nephritis who have achieved clinical remission has not been established. Furthermore, clinical and histologic remissions are often discordant. We postulated that continuing therapy for patients with persistent histologic activity on kidney biopsies done during maintenance and discontinuing therapy only for patients without histologic activity would minimize subsequent lupus nephritis flares. To test this, a cohort of 75 prospectively-followed patients with proliferative lupus nephritis was managed using kidney biopsies performed during maintenance therapy. These patients had been on immunosuppression for at least 42 months, had responded, and had maintained their clinical response for at least 12 months before the kidney biopsy was repeated. Maintenance therapy was withdrawn if the biopsy showed an activity index of zero, but was continued if the biopsy showed an activity index of one or more. A lupus nephritis flare developed in seven patients during the average 50 months from the third biopsy and the final clinic visit for a flare rate of 1.5/year; significantly less than reported flare rates. Baseline clinical parameters (serum creatinine, proteinuria) and serologic parameters (complement C3, C4 and anti-dsDNA) did not predict an activity index of zero on the third biopsy or who would have a lupus nephritis flare. No patients developed end-stage kidney disease. Four patients developed de novo chronic kidney disease. There were no serious adverse events related to biopsy. Thus, at an experienced center, biopsy-informed management of maintenance immunosuppression is safe and may improve the lupus nephritis flare rate compared to conventional clinical management.


The human knee joint has a three dimensional geometry with multiple body articulations that produce complex mechanical responses under loads that occur in everyday life and sports activities. Knowledge of the complex mechanical interactions of these load bearing structures is of help when the treatment of relevant diseases is evaluated and assisting devices are designed.The anterior cruciate ligament in the knee connects the femur to the tibia and is often torn during a sudden twisting motion, resulting in knee instability. The objective of this work is to study the mechanical behavior of the human knee joint in typical everyday activities and evaluate the differences in its response for three different states, intact, injured and reconstructed knee. Three equivalent finite element models were developed. For the reconstructed model a novel repair device developed and patented by the authors was employed.For the verification of the developed models, static load cases presented in a previous modeling work were used. Mechanical stresses calculated for the load cases studied, were very close to results presented in previous experimentally verified work, in both load distribution and maximum calculated load values.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


The aberrant production of precursor IL-1alpha (pre-IL-1alpha) in skin fibroblasts that are derived from systemic sclerosis (SSc) is associated with the induction of IL-6 and procollagen, which contributes to the fibrosis of SSc. However, little is understood about how intracellular pre-IL-1alpha regulates the expression of the other molecules in fibroblasts. We report here that pre-IL-1alpha can form a complex with IL-1alpha-binding proteins that is translocated into the nuclei of fibroblasts. Immunoprecipitation that used anti-human IL-1alpha Ab and (35)S-labeled nuclear extracts of fibroblasts showed three specific bands (approximately equal to 31, 35, and 65 kDa). The 31-kDa molecule was identified as pre-IL-1alpha, and the 35- and 65-kDa molecules might be pre-IL-1alpha-binding proteins. A partial sequencing for the 10 aa from the N-terminals of the molecules showed 100% homology for HAX-1 (HS1-associated protein X-1) and IL-1 receptor type II (IL-1RII). Suppression of the genes of HAX-1 or IL-1RII induced the inhibitory effects of IL-1 signal transduction, including production of IL-6 and procollagen, by fibroblasts. In particular, pre-IL-1alpha was not translocated into the nucleus by an inhibition of HAX-1. These findings reveal that nuclear localization of pre-IL-1alpha depends on the binding to HAX-1 and that biological activities might be elicited by the binding to both HAX-1 and IL-1RII in SSc fibroblasts.


RESUMEN: Western Europe in the fifth and sixth centuries was still undergoing dramatic changes, due primarily to the settlement of «barbarians», particularly in Gaul and Spain, in what were once two of the most prosperous of the Roman Empire. The impact of these newcomers, as research continues to demonstrate, was multivaried 1. The church in the West at this jucture since the time of Constan tine had become the only unified, stable, continuous institution that eased the transition from late antiquity to what is now designated, as the early Middle Ages. The theological controversies that seemingly tore apart the Church in the East had ceased to be a major concern as had those in the West, such as Pelagianism and Priscillianism. One of the great challenges the Church faced in the West was the evangelization of both German and Roman. Most of the germanic tribes had been converted to Arianism; those who were not were still pagan; both adhered to their religious persuasion quite tenaciously. Missionary efforts in Gaul and Spain targeted three distinct groups distinguished primarily by religious preference, not ethnicity. There were Hispano/Gallo-Romans and germanic peoples who were either Arian or pagan, and likewise those who were already converted to orthodoxy but maintained pagan rituals and beliefs as part of their daily religious experience. This latter group included the clergy as well.


This paper demonstrates that multipartite Bell-inequality violations can be fully destroyed in a finite time in three-qubit states coupled to a general XY spin-chain with a three-site interaction environment. The Mermin—Ardehali—Belinksii—Klyshko inequality is used to detect the degree of nonlocality, as measured by the extent of their violations. The effects of system-environment couplings, the size of degrees of freedom of the environment and the strength of the three-site interaction on the Bell-inequality violations are given. The results indicate that the Bell-inequality violations of the tripartite states will be completely destroyed by decoherence under certain conditions for the GHZ state. The decoherence-free subspaces of our model are identified and the entanglement of quantum states is also discussed.


The emergence of Gallium Nitride-based High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) technology has proven to be a significant enabler of next generation RF systems. However, thermal considerations currently prevent exploitation of the full electromagnetic potential of GaN in most applications, limiting HEMT areal power density (W/mm2) to a small fraction of electrically limited performance. GaN on Diamond technology has been developed to reduce near junction thermal resistance in GaN HEMTs. However, optimal implementation of GaN on Diamond requires thorough understanding of thermal transport in GaN, CVD diamond and interfacial layers in GaN on Diamond substrates, which has not been thoroughly previously addressed. To meet this need, our study pursued characterization of constituent thermal properties in GaN on Diamond substrates and temperature measurement of operational GaN on Diamond HEMTs, employing electro-thermal modeling of the HEMT devices to interpret and relate data. Strong agreement was obtained between simulations and HEMT operational temperature measurements made using two independent thermal metrology techniques, enabling confident assessment of peak junction temperature. The results support the potential of GaN on Diamond to enable a 3X increase in HEMT areal dissipation density without significantly increasing operational temperature. Such increases in HEMT power density will enable smaller, higher power density Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs).


—Wood plays a major role in creating multiple invertebrate habitats in small streams and large rivers. In small streams, wood debris dams are instrumental in creating a step and pool profile of habitats, enhancing habitat heterogeneity, retaining organic matter, and changing current velocity. Beavers can convert sections of free-flowing streams into ponds and wetlands by killing trees and building dams. In low-gradient rivers, undercut trees that fall into the main channel (snags) are often the only stable habitat for invertebrates and provide a refuge and food resource for fishes as well. Invertebrates may use or require wood as food, but many species simply occupy wood as habitat. Althoughsome species adapt to the woody environment by gouging and tunneling into the wood surface, others obtain their food from allochthonous and autochthonous resources that accumulate on the wood surfaces or are directly filtered from the water column. In streams of all sizes, accumulations of wood are often the hot spots of invertebrate diversity, and snags in Coastal Plain rivers of the southeastern United States support invertebrate production that is among the highest in lotic systems. The distribution of biomass and production among functional groups on wood varies greatly depending on the type of system. Loose streambed wood is colonized especially by shredders (gougers), and stable snags in larger streams and rivers are dominated by filterers and gatherers. High diversity of snag predators can result in complex food-web pathways, and snag taxa can be the major components of invertebrate drift in low-gradient rivers. Snag sampling is becoming a standard part of bioassessment, particularly in low-gradient systems, because snags are recognized as a major site of invertebrate diversity and production. Re-introduction of wood in streams and rivers is becoming an important aspect of restoration and management strategies around the world, as attempts are made to increase biodiversity and refuges both for fishes and their invertebrate prey.


At present, energy harvesting from the widely existing fluid in the environment is a hot research field. Piezoelectric flags can be used to generate electric energy with the flow excitation for its positive piezoelectric effect. In this paper, the energy harvesting capacity of two piezoelectric flags in tandem arrangement in the uniform flow is analyzed through 2D numerical simulation. Identical vibration frequency and larger vibration amplitude of the downstream flag are found compared with that of the upstream one. Two coupling modes including the in-phase mode and the out-phase mode are identified. The in-phase mode and out-phase mode can be obtained respectively by arranging the distance of two piezoelectric flags at an odd multiples and an even multiples of adjacent vortexes distance. There are 0 phase difference in in-phase mode and π phase difference in out-phase mode of the vibration as well as the output electric current of two flags. Output power of the downstream piezoelectric flag is larger than that of upstream flag and increases with the separation distance until the maximum energy harvesting capacity of piezoelectric flag. The fixed phase difference of coupled two flags and higher power output of downstream piezoelectric flag indicate that reasonable arrangement of multi-piezoelectric flags in tandem arrangement offers an easier approach to collect the obtained electric energy with post-processing circuit of coupled piezoelectric flags, and higher power can be obtained.


We study optimal portfolio choice and labour market participation in a continuous time setting in which agents face health shocks, medical expenses, and random lifetimes. We explore the implications of different forms of health coverage and study their impact on dynamic portfolios and labour supply decisions. We characterize these effects in semi-closed form, providing tools to measure retirement incentives as a function of relevant state variables and health cover arrangements. A calibration of the model matches empirically observed labor market participation patterns and portfolio decisions of US workers during the last phase of their working lives, while offering insights into the interlinkage between labor market participation, health insurance provision and portfolio choice.


Splenic rupture (SR) is a rare adverse event observed in patients treated with G‐CSF as a peripheral hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) mobilizing agent, mostly in myeloma multiple and amiloidosis; to date, to our knowledge, it has not been previously described in plasma‐cell leukemia (PCL). We report a case of a woman with PCL, who presented a SR after PHSC mobilization with Cyclophosphamide+G‐CSF. The spleen removed showed hematopoietic foci and amiloid material. In the course of a second mobilization, 2 months after, the patient died from sepsis. We considered it important to report this case, in order to keep in mind the possibility of SR in patients with malignant gammopathy. J. Clin. Apheresis 25:223–225, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


We study geometry on real gerbes in the spirit of Cheeger-Simons theory. The concepts of adaptations and holonomy forms are introduced for flat connections on real gerbes. Their relations to complex gerbes with connections are presented, as well as results in loop and map spaces.


PURPOSE
The aim of this paper is presentation of a patient with retinal detachment due to airbag hit in a car accident.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
50 years old woman with posttraumatic retinal detachment underwent cerclage and pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation followed.

RESULTS
Final visual acuity of 0.5 was achieved. No postoperative complications were observed.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the complicated preoperative situation, good anatomic and functional results could be achieved. Airbag may be also cause of severe ocular trauma.


CASE REPORT
We describe a fifty year old woman who complained of headache and transient blurring vision in her left eye. Visual acuity was normal and there was no pupillary defect. Ophthalmoscopy revealed left optic disc edema, whereas the right eye was tipified as normal. After discarding an ocular or orbital condition, neuroimaging and lumbar puncture leaded to diagnosis of Pseudotumor Cerebri. Symptoms improved after Acetazolamide treatment and lumbar punctures. A more detailed fundoscopy, as suggested ocular ultrasonography and CT scanner findings, revealed a mild papilledema in the other eye.

DISCUSSION
Unilateral or apparently unilateral papilledema are sometimes signs of intracranial hypertension. Our case report highlights the difficult diagnosis of highly asimmetric papilledemas, and the possible delay of a neurological study.


Existing techniques for measuring available bandwidth measure the available bandwidth at bottlenecks along the path, and most of them do not specify the bottleneck location. In this report, we propose an end-to-end measurement method for the hop-by-hop available bandwidth along a network path. Such a technique can facilitate advanced traffic control, especially in heterogeneous network environments. The proposed method assumes a situation where intermediate routers can record the arrival and departure times of incoming packets as timestamps in the packets themselves. The endhost sends probe packets at various rates and estimates the available bandwidth at each network section using the incoming and outgoing rates of packets calculated from intermediate timestamps, based on statistical processing under a fluid traffic model. We present extensive simulation results for the proposed method and confirm that it can accurately measure the available bandwidth of each section along the network path even when the available bandwidth of the sender-side network is smaller than that of the receiver-side network.


In this study, a revision of the previously published data on hydrogen (2H/1H) and oxygen (18O/16O) stable isotope ratio of precipitation in northern Chile is presented. Using the amount-weighted mean data and the combined standard deviation (related to both the weighted mean calculation and the spectrometric measurement), the equation of the local meteoric line calculated by error-in-variables regression is as follows: Northern Chile EIV-LMWL: δ2H = [(7.93 ± 0.15) δ18O] + [12.3 ± 2.1]. The slope is similar to that obtained by ordinary least square regression or other types of regression methods, whether weighted or not (e.g., reduced major axis or major axis) by the amount of precipitation. However, the error-in-variables regression is more accurate and suitable than ordinary least square regression (and other types of regression models) where statistical assumptions (i.e., no measurement errors in the x-axis) are violated. A generalized interval of δ2H = ±13.1‰ is also proposed to be used with the local meteoric line. This combines the confidence and prediction intervals around the regression line and appears to be a valid tool for distinguishing outliers or water samples with an isotope composition significantly different from local precipitation. The applicative examples for the Pampa del Tamarugal aquifer system, snow samples and the local geothermal waters are discussed.


This letter is concerned with power control for an ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) enabled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) system incorporated with a deep neural network (DNN) based channel estimation. Particularly, a power control problem for the UAV system is formulated to accommodate the URLLC requirement of uplink control and non-payload signal delivery while ensuring the downlink high-speed payload transmission. Solving this problem is challenging due to the requirement of analytically tractable channel models and its non-convexity. To address the challenges, we propose a novel power control algorithm, which builds analytically tractable channel models based on DNN estimation results and explores semidefinite relaxation (SDR) with provable performance guarantees to tackle the non-convexity. Simulation results demonstrate the accuracy of the DNN estimation and verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Heavy metals are bio-accumulated and bio-transferred both by natural and anthropogenic sources. The contamination by heavy metals in plants and water is one of the major issues to be faced throughout the world and requires attention because heavy metals above their normal ranges are extremely threatened to both flora and fauna. Therefore in this study, we have estimated the level of heavy metals in plants and soil. The toxic effects of these metals, even though they do not have any biological role, remain present in some or the other form harmful for the human body. They sometimes act as a pseudo element of the body while at certain times they may even interfere with metabolic processes. Few metals, such as aluminum, can be removed through elimination activities, while some metals get accumulated in the body and food chain, exhibiting a chronic nature. Various public health measures have been undertaken to control, prevent and treat metal toxicity at various levels, such as occupational exposure, environmental factors and accidents. Metal toxicity depends upon the absorbed dose, the route of exposure and duration of exposure, i.e. acute or chronic. This can lead to various disorders and can also result in excessive damage due to oxidative stress induced by free radical formation. This study gives details about some heavy metals and their toxicity mechanisms, along with their health effects. The present study was designed to determine the Nickel (Ni) level in the soil samples collected from the industrial area-SIPCOT Cuddalore. Soil samples were collected from the different region in the vicinity of the industrial area, processed and the Ni content was analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy.


We investigated the acquisition of sluicing, i.e. sentence ellipsis, in Dutch to assess if Dutch preschool children are able to produce and comprehend sluicing sentences in an adult-like way. While other types of ellipsis have been intensively studied in language acquisition, sluicing has received very little attention. So far, one grammaticality judgment study tested sluicing sentences with English children (Wood 2009), but no previous comprehension or production studies have been reported in the literature. To fill this gap, we developed a novel paradigm to test comprehension and production of sluicing. 25 Dutch preschoolers (μ 5;5, range 4;9-6;1) were at ceiling in comprehension, and produced many sluices (67%) as compared to full, non-elliptical sentences (11%). We conclude that Dutch 5-year-olds have no trouble with sluicing. Our conclusions are in line with studies on NP ellipsis (e.g. Wijnen et al. 2004) and VP ellipsis (e.g. Thornton and Wexler 1999; Foley et al. 2003), supporting the view that children at this age are fully able to reconstruct the antecedent of ellipsis, in our case by integrating the sluice in the discourse. This study thus contributes to theories on the acquisition of ellipsis and also to theories about the acquisition of anaphoricity in discourse more in general.


Traditionally, airplane systems have been designed and implemented in a federated fashion with each system providing for its own needs. A typical airplane system could be made up of one or more black boxes each having its own enclosure and providing for its own power conditioning and cooling needs. I/O signal conditioning and computational processing necessary to provide the intended function is also provided on a box-by-box basis. With each new generation of airplanes, the number of systems increased. Driven by market forces the need grew to reduce weight and electrical power to keep the airplane fuel efficient, cost-effective, and competitive. To address this contradiction, the Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) concept was born. Within IMA architectures, avionics functions share common resources. Multiple black boxes are optimized to the minimum IMA resources necessary. This optimization provides the sought-after weight and power savings, and also provides for a much reduced number of parts to be maintained and controlled. These are all beneficial for the airplane manufacturer and airplane operator. However, MIMA architectures present some unique challenges during their development and integration. This will explore some of the more significant of these integration challenges associated with IMA architectures, including: What is the system? For the supplier whose system has been selected to be hosted on the IMA platform, the boundaries can be unclear. What was once a box with circuit cards and substance has been abstracted to a software application. Connection to other systems or to sensorsteffectors was via airplane wiring. Now, complex in-line electronics modules exist that the supplier knows little or nothing about. For the provider of the IMA platform, the system may be defined as a set of available resources (processing, communication, 1/0, etc.) to be shared by the systems to be hosted. To the airplane manufacturer the system is a working suite of avionics. With the LMA approach: "Who is responsible for ensuring that boundaries and expectations are clearly defined and understood so that nothing gets overlooked?" Who is the system integrator? Within the IMA environment the answer changes depending on your perspective. The supplier of a hosted function may be considered responsible for the integration of their system components. The IMA platform provider may believe they are responsible for the platform elements. The airplane manufacturer wants an integrated solution. With the IMA approach: "Who is responsible for ensuring that the whole is equal to the sum of its parts?" How is the integration of an IMA architecture handled? As more and more of the hosted systems are brought together, IMA architectures can present challenges not seen with federated systems. The nature of IMA architectures requires more of the components to be available and working to allow seemingly simple tasks to take place. With the IMA approach: "Who is responsible for ensuring that this integration is planned and executed in the optimum sequence?"


A study on the growth performance and survival rate of planted Shorea macrophylla of different age stands
was conducted at Sampadi Forest Reserve, Sarawak. The objectives of this study were to assess the growth
performance and survival rate of planted S. macrophylla under reforestation activities that were implemented
by Forest Department, Sarawak along with several agencies of Japan as to obtain preliminary data for further
improvement of future reforestation activities in Sarawak. In this study, S. macrophylla planted under line
planting method was selected. Study plots were established in the reforestation areas (planted with S.
macrophylla in the year 1996; SM96, 1997; SM97, 1998; SM98 and 1999; SM99). Diameter at breast height
(DBH), total height, survival rate and light intensity were measured. The findings indicated that the growth
performance in terms of survivability and mean annual increment of diameter (MAID) in SM96 were the
highest and showed better growth as compared to SM97, SM98 and SM99. On the other hand, the mean
annual increment of height (MAIH) in SM97 revealed the greatest height among other plots. The survival
rate of S. macrophylla in SM96, SM97, SM98 and SM99 were 89%, 81%, 77% and 51% respectively.
Substantial growth performance and high survival rate of S. macrophylla implied that microclimate condition
such as competition between planted and existing pioneer species of the study area may have affected the
planted S. macrophylla. Notwithstanding, it is recommended that proper silvicultural technique is crucial to manage the existing pioneer tree species towards the success of this reforestation programme.


Introduction: Immune checkpoint therapy has been successful in many solid tumors andHodgkins lymphoma.The expression and clinical implications of immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment in patients (pts) with AML remain poorly defined.Identification and targeting of immune checkpoints in AMLwill guide the rational selection of specific antibodies for clinical trials. Methods:Between March, 2015 and April 2016 we performed17-colormulti-parameter flow-cytometry (MFC) on bone marrows (BM) aspirate from 74 pts with AML (36 untreated AML, 38 relapsed AML). We evaluated expression of immune receptors (inhibitory receptors: PD1, CTLA4, LAG3, TIM3, and activating receptors GITR, OX40, 41BB, ICOS) on T-cell subsets: CD4 T effector cells [Teff]: CD3+CD4+CD127lo/+Foxp3, CD4 T regulatory cells [Treg]: CD3+CD4+CD127-Foxp3+, and CD8 T cells. AML blasts were assessed for both immune receptors (as above), and ligands (4-1BBL, B7-1, B7-2, ICOSL, PDL-1, PDL-2, OX40L).Eight healthy human BMs were used as control. These analyses were performed on freshly collected BM aspirate by the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center Immunotherapy Platform. Results: A total of 74 pts were evaluated. Our analyses show that T-cell populations are preserved in BM of untreated and relapsed AML patients. In untreated AML BM, median frequency of live CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were 16.5%, 10.4%, and 5.1% respectively. In relapsed AML BM, median frequency of live CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells were 19.2%, 9.5%, and 4.5% respectively. The expression of the8 costimreceptors and 7 ligands varied significantly between individual AML pts. On analysis of all markers PD-1 and OX40 emerged as potential checkpoint receptors of importance in AML.The baseline expression of OX40 and PD-1 on the CD8, Teff, and Treg cells are shown in Figure 1. All T cell subpopulations had significantly higher PD1 expression in relapsed AML (P We compared the T-cell repertoire and checkpoint receptor/ligand expression to baseline clinical characteristics (age, cytogenetics, therapy-related status) and outcomes. Pts with untreated AML with adverse karyotype had a higher expression of PDL2 on AML blasts (P=0.07) in the BM. Pts with untreated AML who responded to induction therapy had a trend to higher Teff live cells (P=0.2), and lower OX40 on CD8 cells (P=0.04) in the BM. In relapsed AML higher T-eff live cells (P=0.04) and higher OX40 expression on CD8 (P=0.009) in BM were associated with improved survival. Conclusions: Total T-cell and T-cell subset populations are preserved in the BM of pts with untreated and relapsed AML and may be manipulated by checkpoint antibodies. Clinically targetable checkpoint receptors, specifically PD1 and OX40 are overexpressed in the BM of pts with AML and may be manipulated to unleash T-cells. Disclosures Daver:BMS: Research Funding; Kiromic: Research Funding; Karyopharm: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sunesis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Otsuka: Consultancy, Honoraria; Ariad: Research Funding. Cortes:ARIAD: Consultancy, Research Funding; BMS: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Teva: Research Funding. Konopleva:Calithera: Research Funding; Cellectis: Research Funding.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to link debates around the international law on human rights and disaster management with the evolving debate around the human right to sanitation, in order to explore the extent to which states are obliged to account for sanitation in their disaster management efforts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on analysis of existing laws and policy relating to human rights, sanitation and disaster management. It further draws upon relevant academic literature.

Findings

The paper concludes that, while limitations exist, states have legal obligations to provide sanitation to persons affected by a disaster. It is further argued that a human rights-based approach to sanitation, if respected, can assist in strengthening disaster management efforts, while focusing on the persons who need it the most.

Research limitations/implications

The analysis in this paper focuses on the obligations of states for people on their territory. Due to space limitations, it does not examine the complex issues relating to enforcement mechanisms available to disaster victims.

Originality/value

This is the first scholarly work directly linking the debates around international human rights law and disaster management, with human rights obligations in relation to sanitation. The clarification of obligation in relation to sanitation can assist in advocacy and planning, as well as in ensuring accountability and responsibility for human rights breaches in the disaster context.


In 2 experiments we investigated whether readers experience comprehension difficulty when they read texts in which local coherence is maintained but global incoherence is introduced. Ss read passages containing an elaborate description of a main character presented early in the text that was inconsistent with actions carried out by the main character later in the text. In Experiment 1, reading times for critical sentences were significantly longer when the earlier description and the critical sentences were inconsistent. In Experiment 2, resolution of global inconsistencies improved memory for the regions of the text that involved the inconsistencies. The results are discussed within a mental model approach to comprehension in which readers attempt to maintain both local and global coherence


Editorial:
Biochemical toxicology for the coroner should encompass a wide ranging analytical screen for drugs and toxic compounds. A multidisciplinary case conference in appropriate complex cases must become the norm to furnish the coroner with expert advice where toxicology is a factor in the cause of death. A networked Institute of Forensic Services in Ireland should be formed to integrate toxicology, chemical pathology and histopathology in the provision of best quality scientific reports for coroners.

In the Coroner's Act 1962 in Ireland, Section 33 sets the statutory arrangements for post-mortem and special examinations. For toxicology, "a coroner may request the minister to arrange - (b) a special examination by way of analysis, test or otherwise by a person appointed by the minister of particular parts or contents of the body or any other relevant substances or things,". In the Coroner's Act (Northern Ireland) 1959, Section 30 reads a "coroner who considers an analysis of any matter or thing of or concerning any dead body to be necessary may direct that such analysis be made by or under the supervision of a registered medical practitioner on the list mentioned in section twenty-six or by or under the supervision of the Director of the Northern Ireland Forensic Science Laboratory and it shall be the duty of such registered medical practitioner or Director (as the case may be) to submit a report of such analysis to the coroner". In the Coroner's Bill 2007 in Ireland, Part 10 concerns post-mortem and special examinations. Section 74, (3) states "Where a registered medical practitioner conducts a post-mortem examination or arranges for the conduct of a special examination.....he or she shall do so under the direction of the coroner."

The Review of the Coroners Service, Report of the Working Party, Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform 2000, identified the long delays in biochemical toxicology analysis time and in the processing of tissue samples from autopsies as impeding the coronial process1. The maintenance of a Centre of Excellence to serve the coronial system was recommended but no such centre exists currently. The problem with the State Laboratory service is its isolation from clinical practice and its role in proving services to many sectors including agriculture. University College Dublin houses the Medical Bureau of Road Safety which also provides analytical services in drug toxicology in relation to driving under the influence of intoxicants. Other than turn-around times for reports, nowhere in the Report are the substantive issues of delineating minimum standards of service provision, in the scale and breath of toxicological screening, clinical governance involving toxicologists, chemical pathologists and biochemists and analytical best practice, mentioned for services in the Republic.

The Report of the Working Party recommended the establishment of a committee to devise coroners' rules. The Rules Committee Report is inadequate in the biochemical toxicology sphere. Toxicology requires interpretative expertise with knowledge of toxicity, pharmacology and internal medicine. Factors which influence the biochemical result include the anatomical site of blood or other matrix sampling, the body storage temperature, the interval since death and movements and position of the body. There is in addition post-mortem redistribution of drugs and ante-mortem drug metabolism which must be considered to minimise interpretative errors2,3. Utilisation of appropriate expertise should be included in any set of coroners' rules to reduce the likelihood of misinterpretation4,5. The degree of diversity of biochemical screening for toxins should be agreed nationally and remain constantly under review in response to local, national and international developments in substance abuse.

A multidisciplinary conference involving toxicology input in relevant cases should be a standard best-practice procedure to advise on the interpretation of the post-mortem findings in complex cases prior to the autopsy pathologist reporting the conclusions to the coroner. Meetings could be arranged both by video conference call and in person. Standard templates for reporting common analytes should be agreed to limit the number of case conferences. This is an important safeguard for the scientific integrity of the coronial process. Because the lawyer coroner is not in a position to specify the extent of analytical screening, the role of the toxicology interpretative and analytical service must be explicitly recognised. The Coroners and Justice Act 2009 in England and Wales specifies that there are training requirements for Medical Examiners in their new system both before and during their period in office6. The Medical Council in Ireland mandates audit as part of the Professional Competence programme in all areas which is a legal requirement since May 2011. These provide the templates for action.

The Coronial Service for Northern Ireland, operating still under the 1959 Act, does not require the reporting pathologist to hold a multidisciplinary meeting when there are positive toxicology results. However, system reform should include a multidisciplinary reporting system. Clinical governance and accreditation of the process should be centred around academic departments in both Irish jurisdictions. A networked Institute of Forensic Toxicology Services is possible in Ireland within current resources. The now routine practice of multidisciplinary case conferences in appropriate cases in hospitals must be brought to the coronial system. This is the surest way to limit interpretative errors and underpin the scientific integrity of the coronial system.

WP Tormey1, P O'Shea2
1Department of Chemical Pathology, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9
2Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Galway University Hospitals, Galway

References
1. Review of the Coroner Service. Report of the Working Party. Department of Justice, Equality and Law Reform. 2000. Histology and toxicology 3.4.4
2. Yarema MC, Becker CE. Key concepts in post-mortem drug redistribution. Clin Toxicol (Phil) 2005;43:235-41
3. Flockhart DA. Drug Interactions: Cytochrome 450 Drug Interaction Table. Indiana University School of Medicine (2007). http://medicine.iupui.edu/clinpharm/ddis/table.aspx. Accessed 27/11/2011
4. Tormey W. Cannabis misinterpretation and misadventure in a coroner's court. Med Sci Law 2012; In press.
5. Tormey WP. Royal College of Pathologists' autopsy guidelines on sudden cardiac death: roles for cannabis, cotinine, NSAIDs and psychology. J Clin Pathol 2012;65:187-8.
6. Coroners and Justice Act 2009. Medical Examiners 19. (4) (C) http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/25/section/19 Accessed 27/11/2011


In Qur'an, at the beginning of some suras and in a number of verses, either directly or indirectly, oaths are given place. The translation of these verses where there are related oaths taking place in numerous various sections of Qur'an and how they should be understood have received the attention of scholars commenting on Qur'an and writing its translation. As a necessity of monotheist belief and its principles, it has been accepted as invalid to vow on some beings apart from Allah himself, his names and titles. However, we can see that Allah has taken an oath on beings in commentary sources and Qur'an translations. Therefore, this paradox has tampered the human mind anyway. This issue has been mentioned in various sources in limited scale, though and some justifications are put forward as answers; yet, they are far from being satisfactory. As a matter of fact, the most obvious different approach and alternative translation of these words, without doubt, can be seen in "The Message of Qur'an" (Translation-Commentary) by Muhammed Esed.


Interest in local food security has increased in the last decade, stemming from concerns surrounding environmental sustainability, agriculture, and community food security. Promotions for consumption of locally produced foods have come from activists, non-governmental organizations, as well as some academic and government research and policy. The goal of this thesis is to develop, map, and model an index of self-sufficiency in the province of British Columbia. To meet this goal, I develop estimates for food production at the local scale by integrating federally gathered agricultural land use and yield data from the Agricultural Census and various surveys. Second, I construct population-level food consumption estimates based on provincial nutrition survey and regional demographics. Third, I construct a self-sufficiency index for each Local Health Area in the province, and develop a predictive model in a Bayesian autoregressive framework. I find that local scale comparable estimates of food production and food consumption can be constructed through data integration, and both datasets exhibit considerable spatial variability throughout the province. The predictive model allows for estimation of regional scale self-sufficiency without reliance on land use or nutrition data and stabilizes mapping of our raw index through neighborhood-based spatial smoothing. The methods developed will be a useful tool for researchers and government officials interested in agriculture, nutrition, and food security, as well as a first step towards more advanced modeling of current local food self-sufficiency and future potential.


BACKGROUND
Barriers to health care service utilization contribute to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among teens. School-based STI screening programs reach adolescents outside of the clinic-based health care model and schools with school-based health centers (SBHCs) may expedite treatment because of their proximity to the population. This study examined whether students who tested positive for STIs in a school-based screening program had differing times to treatment based on treatment location.

METHODS
All positive cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea from the 2012-2013 school year in a Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) and Chicago Public Schools school-based STI screening program were reviewed. Median time to treatment was compared for those treated at an SBHC versus those treated elsewhere (CDPH STI clinic, community health center, private physician).

RESULTS
Overall, 540 students had positive results. The median age was 17 years, 427 had chlamydia (79.1%), 59 had gonorrhea (10.9%), and 54 had dual infections (10.0%); 144 were tested in a school with a SBHC on site (26.7%). Of the 483 students who received treatment (89.4%), those treated at a SBHC had a faster time to treatment compared to CDPH STI clinics (median 17 days versus 28 days, respectively, p < .001).

CONCLUSIONS
For students testing positive in the Chicago school-based STI program, time to treatment is accelerated in locations with SBHCs.


A conceptual lattice design for a very compact superconducting synchrotron dedicated to X-ray lithography is presented. The synchrotron radiation produced in the high field superconducting magnets has a critical wavelength of 10 AA at a beam energy of about 787 MeV. The size and angular divergence of the beam in this lattice can satisfy the future requirements for X-ray lithography: sigma /sub x,y/<or=1 mm and sigma /sub x,y/<or=1 mr. An optimization of these two lithography parameters for this lattice configuration is presented. The design philosophy advocated is as follows: (1) simplify the light source dipole magnet design by removing the radial field gradient; (2) select the largest dipole field strengths where ferric magnets can be constructed efficiently; (3) determine the minimal lattice configuration where the optical source properties for lithography can be satisfied; and (4) design a compact intermediate energy injection system to avoid the problems associated with low-energy injection.<<ETX>>


Our aim was to study the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin II (ANG II) on ovarian steroidogenesis and prostaglandin production of amphibian. Hormonal effects of ACE, ACE inhibitors, synthetic bullfrog angiotensin I (ANG I), and [Val5]ANG II were compared on frog ovaries of postreproductive and prereproductive periods. Very high ACE activity was found in ovary of water frog (Rana esculenta) compared with other frog tissues, and this activity was inhibited by the typical ACE inhibitors, captopril and lisinopril. Frog ovary tissue in postreproductive and prereproductive periods was incubated in vitro in the presence of ACE (2.5 mU/ml), captopril (0.1 mM), lisinopril (0.1 mM), [Val5]ANG II (1 microM), and synthetic bullfrog ANG I (1 microM). Production of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, androgens, and prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha was determined. The data showed a modulation of 17 beta-estradiol, progesterone, and prostaglandin E2 production by ovary ACE; on the other hand, [Val5]ANG II modulated the production of progesterone and prostaglandin F2 alpha, whereas androgen production was not influenced. The present in vitro studies suggest the existence of two pathways independently regulated by ACE and ANG II modulating ovarian steroidogenesis and prostaglandin production.


To the Editor.— A multitude of recent reports on glove-starch granulomata1,2underscore the gravity of this persisting but uncommon surgical problem. Despite the great number of surgical procedures performed each year, the occurrence of starch granulomatous disease is fortunately rare. However, an exploratory laparotomy may be the only recourse to distinguish this surgeon-induced disease from postoperative inflammatory or infectious complications. Surgeons recognize the occurrence and pathogenesis of glove-starch granulomata, and this information is sufficiently widely disseminated. Presently, many surgeons do attempt to remove starch granules from gloves by washing them in water or wiping them with wet towels. Such maneuvers may be futile in preventing this surgical hazard, as glove— starch disease is known to occur when the gloves have been washed before the peritoneal cavity is entered.3As long ago as 1947, it was demonstrated that gloves washed as thoroughly as possible under a single washing with


The construction and optimization of the three dimensional model of construction machinery are presented in this work. The decomposition hierarchical structure model of excavator, a kind of typical construction machinery, is accomplished. The reconstruction method for three views of machine parts is proposed based on rapid 3D surface fitting as well as NURBS composite surface. On the other hand, the optimization of 3D model is addressed in detail. The optimizing process of 3D model of construction machinery is first presented. Then the structure optimizing method and model optimizing method are introduced respectively. The essential principle of scene blocking, structure adjustment and some key technologies of structure optimization are demonstrated. Accounting for model optimization involves deleting redundant polygons, rational use of texture, instantiation LOD and external importing techniques. The study on resuming the object's properties of shape, material and surface provides visual and realistic training objects for the virtual training system.


A 33-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with the chief complaint of a giant perineal mass causing difficulty in walking. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed cystic tumor with a diameter of 13 cm. We performed tumor resection. Histopathological diagnosis of the tumor was epidermal cyst. To our knowledge, this is the sixth case of perineal epidermal cyst reported in Japan.


How does the visual system represent continuity in the constantly changing visual input? A recent proposal is that vision is serially dependent: Stimuli seen a moment ago influence what we perceive in the present. In line with this, recent frameworks suggest that the visual system anticipates whether an object seen at one moment is the same as the one seen a moment ago, binding visual representations across consecutive perceptual episodes. A growing body of work supports this view, revealing signatures of serial dependence in many diverse visual tasks. Yet, the variety of disparate findings and interpretations calls for a more general picture. Here, we survey the main paradigms and results over the past decade. We also focus on the challenge of finding a relationship between serial dependence and the concept of "object identity," taking centuries-long history of research into account. Among the seemingly contrasting findings on serial dependence, we highlight common patterns that may elucidate the nature of this phenomenon and attempt to identify questions that are unanswered.


This study examines the motivational antecedents that might influence on positive behaviors in physical education classes. The sample comprised 1692 pupils ranging in age from 12 to 16 years old (M = 13.34; SD = .76), recruited from 99 school classes in 32 public secondary schools. A complete model of structural regression is tested taking into account the multilevel nature of the data, showing how the perception of basic psychological needs support predicts the types of motivation through the basic psychological needs satisfaction, and the types of motivation predict the positive behaviors. The results emphasize motivational processes as key factors for the development of adaptive behaviors in physical education context.


Recurrent Neural Network models are the state-of-the-art for Named Entity Recognition (NER). We present two innovations to improve the performance of these models. The first innovation is the introduction of residual connections between the Stacked Recurrent Neural Network model to address the degradation problem of deep neural networks. The second innovation is a bias decoding mechanism that allows the trained system to adapt to non-differentiable and externally computed objectives, such as the entity-based F-measure. Our work improves the state-of-the-art results for both Spanish and English languages on the standard train/development/test split of the CoNLL 2003 Shared Task NER dataset.


Currently web services constitute one of the most important topics in the realm of the World Wide Web. Composition of web services lets developers create applications on top of service-oriented computing platforms. Current web services choreography and orchestration proposals, such as BPELAWS, WSCDL, and WSCI, provide notations for describing the message flows in web service interactions. However, such proposals remain at the description level, without providing any kind of formal reasoning mechanisms or tool support for checking the compatibility of web services based on the proposed notations. In this paper, we present our work on compositional construction of web services using the Reo coordination language and constraint automata. Reo is an exogenous coordinational language based on channels. We investigate the possibility of representing the behaviour of web services using constraint automata as black-box components within Reo circuits. We describe the orchestration of web services by the product of corresponding constraint automata, and use Reo circuits for choreography of web services. We investigate the issues of description, orchestration, and choreography of web services at a unifying abstract level, based on constraint automata, which have been used as the semantics of the coordination language Reo, allowing us to derive a natural correspondence relationship between orchestration and choreography.


In this article, we use detailed event study methodology to test the performance of the contrarian strategy after extreme market movements. Our results indicate that the contrarian strategy is profitable after extreme market movements, regardless of the location in the business cycle. In addition, the contrarian strategy return is larger after extreme market upward movements than extreme market downward movements. The returns earned via contrarian strategy are both economically and statistically significant after controlling for the impact of transaction costs, the January effect, and multiple systematic factors.


Incidents of intra-operative awareness can result in severe, long-lasting post-traumatic distress syndrome. Fine tuning "depth of anesthesia" is clearly a desirable objective to prevent underdosing and overdosing. Various EEG derived variables have been used toward this objective with some success, and recent advances in computer technology have made bispectral analysis feasible for implementation in a real-time clinical monitor. Bispectral analysis is a sophisticated tool (capable of detecting inter-frequency phase-coherence) which the authors have applied to characterization of the EEG during anesthesia. In this study artificial neural networks (ANN) were used with bispectral analysis patterns for classification of EEG during propofol anesthesia with intentional "awareness incidents.".


Kay Hymowitz explores the predicament of a generation growing up in a world where adults lavish them with material possessions but don't know how to provide them with the ordinary truths that give life meaning. She takes the measure of a young generation afflicted with a loss of deep connection, civility, and moral clarity, as well as a depleted vision of the human predicament.


A novel process of wafer bonding between InP and a garnet crystal (Gd3Ga5O12, CeY2Fe5O12) based on O2 plasma surface-activation and low temperature heat treatment is presented. The O2 plasma assisted wafer bonding process was found to be very effective in bonding of InP and Gd3Ga5O12, providing good bonding strength and hydrophilicity as well as no voids in the interface, which is crucial for fabrication of an integrated optical waveguide isolator. The isolation ratio of an integrated optical waveguide isolator fabricated by the O2 plasma assisted wafer bonding process was obtained to be 2.9 dB.


Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures that can be used as information carriers for the next-generation information storage and processing. The electric-field controlling of skyrmions in such devices is essential but remains technologically challenging. Here, using the first-principles calculation and the Ginzburg-Landau theory, we propose a reliable process for writing and deleting skyrmions by electric fields, on the platform of a multiferroic heterostructure, particularly the $\text{Cr}_{2}\text{Ge}_{2}\text{Te}_{6} $/$ \text{In}_{2}\text{Se}_{3} $ heterostructure. We show that the electric field controls the electric polarization and indirectly influences the antisymmetric Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) between the magnetic moments. The latter is responsible for the generation and removal of the skyrmion spin textures, and we study this mechanism by the Ginzburg-Landau analysis. We discuss the real-space Berry curvature, topological Hall effects, possible quantum anomalous Hall effect, and other competing magnetic structures. These results represent examples of quantum technology and may have potential applications in future skyrmionics and the device fabrication.


Structural properties are important clues for non-photorealistic representations of digital images. Therefore, image analysis tools have been intensively used either to produce stroke-based renderings or to yield abstractions of images. In this work, we propose to use a hierarchical and geometrical image representation, called a topographic map, made of shapes organized in a tree structure. There are two main advantages of this analysis tool. Firstly, it is able to deal with all scales, so that every shape of the input image is represented. Secondly, it accounts for the inclusion properties within the image. By iteratively performing simple local operations on the shapes (removal, rotation, scaling, replacement...), we are able to generate abstract renderings of digital photographs ranging from geometrical abstraction and painting-like effects to style transfer, using the same framework. In particular, results show that it is possible to create abstract images evoking Malevitchs Suprematist school, while remaining grounded in the structure of digital images, by replacing all the shapes in the tree by simple geometric shapes.


The primary reason for an endodontic failure is the persistence or regrowth of bacteria within the root canal system, and such cases require retreatment. The tooth root development and closure of its apex occurs till 3 years after the eruption. Traumatic injuries during this development period result in endodontic complications. While dealing with a tooth, with an open apex the prime objective was eliminating bacteria from the root canal system with minimum irritation to the periapical tissues and induction of apical closure to produce favorable conditions and to confine the root canal filling within the canal space. Traditionally as supported by literature multiple dressings of calcium hydroxide medicament were advocated to induce apical barrier formation followed by an evolution of the apical artificial barrier technique where the mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was used. Recently introduced Biodentine™ is similar to MTA with its basic composition, which can be used as its substitute. The main difficulty associated while treating teeth with wide-open apices are preventing the overfilling of the restorative materials that serve as an artificial barrier. Use of a matrix overcomes this challenge. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) a matrix of autologous fibrin, embedded with a large quantity of platelet and leukocyte cytokines during centrifugation can be successfully used as an apical membrane. The present case, reports a novel procedure of apexification of endodontically failed central incisor with open apex using PRF as apical membrane and Biodentine™.


In the post-2001 era, many fear that the 'international community' that had been developing in the years after the Cold War is becoming irremediably divided. Challenges to the 'international community' have come from such radically disparate quarters as US unilateralism and Islamicist attacks on 'Western' internationalism. Many worry that such divisions will severely hamper the ability of the international community to intervene in local crises, whether for humanitarian purposes or to stop ethnic conflict. This article challenges the major assumptions upon which this common view is based. First, it rejects the notion that the 'international community' ever had the kind of unity that is retrospectively attributed to it. Secondly, it rejects the notion that such an illusory unity is necessary for the legitimacy of international interventions even of the boldest variety. Rather, by examining recent fears in light of the history of bold international action since World War I, it develops a complex schema for evaluating forms of international legitimacy and forms of critique of that legitimacy. In light of this analysis, it shows how legitimacy can be achieved, even if only provisionally, even under the most fractious international conditions. In particular, it shows how the achievement of such legitimacy depends on distinguishing actions in the name of internationalism from seemingly similar actions that lie in international law's discredited colonial past.


Many algorithms for replicated data concurrency control are based on voting methods. Techniques are developed for optimizing the assignment of votes in an environment where intersite communications costs are nonuniform and individual site reliabilities vary. These techniques apply to all algorithms that are based on voting. Availability is considered as a realistic measure of reliability, and so is incorporated in an optimization model. The optimization model is based on minimizing communications costs subject to a given availability constraint. A semi-exhaustive algorithm is described for solving this model. The algorithm utilizes a signature-based method for identifying equivalent vote combinations and an efficient technique for computing availability. It is compared to an equal vote assignment to estimate the extent of possible savings in communications costs.<<ETX>>


Extratropical cyclones are responsible for a large share of precipitation at mid-latitudes and they profoundly impact the characteristics of the water cycle. In this study, we use the ERA5 reanalysis and a cyclone tracking scheme combined with a Lagrangian diagnostic to identify the sources of moisture precipitating close to the center of 676 deep North Atlantic cyclones in winters 1979 to 2018. Moisture uptakes occur pre-dominantly in originally cold and dry air heated over the North Atlantic, in particular, over the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, whereas more remote sources from land or the subtropics are less important. Analysing the dynamical environment of moisture uptakes, we find that moisture precipitating during the cyclone intensification phase originates in the pre-cyclone environment in the cold sectors of preceding cyclones and the cyclone-anticyclone interaction zone. These moisture sources are linked to the cyclone's ascent regions via the so-called feeder airstream, a north-easterly cyclone-relative flow that arises due to the cyclone propagation exceeding the advection by the low-level background flow. During the decay phase more and more of the moisture originates in the cyclone's own cold sector. Consequently, the residence time of precipitating waters in cyclones is short (median of ≈ 2 days) and transport distances are typically less than the distance travelled by the cyclone itself. These findings emphasize the importance of pre-conditioning by surface fluxes in the pre-cyclone environment for the formation of precipitation in cyclones, and suggest an important role for the hand-over of moisture from one cyclone to the next within a storm track.


We present a neoclassical two-country dynamic trade model in which moderate reductions in trade costs can generate sizable increases in trade volumes over time. In our setup, a fall in trade costs has two effects on the volume of trade. First, for given factor endowments, it raises the degree of specialization of countries, leading to a larger volume of trade in the short run. Second, it raises (lowers) the factor price of each country's abundant (scarce) production factor, leading to diverging paths of relative factor endowments across countries and a rising degree of specialization. This creates an additional effect on the future volume of trade that adds to the static and dynamic effects of future falls in trade costs. A simulation exercise shows that a fall in trade costs over time produces an exponential increase in the trade share of output much in line with the data.


Education in Islamic boarding school has always been an interesting discourse to bestudied, discussed and researched. Islamic traditional educational institute that has beenentrenched in this society is largely managed traditionally. Nevertheless, boarding schoolstill get the recognition and trust from the community, because the boarding school cangrow the values of sincerity, self-sufficient, simplicity, fraternity, brotherhood, and freedom.This research purposes to uncover management of cadre by Presidium System inMaslakul Huda Islamic boarding School Kajen Margoyoso Pati Central Java.The results indicated that the implementation of organizational learning process inMaslakul Huda Islamic Boarding School, Kajen Margoyoso Central Java Pati is alreadyapplying the principles of management of cadre organization. Management of cadre organizationapplied in three forms: (1) cadre planning by presidium system, (2) cadre implementationby presidium system, and (3) cadre evaluation by presidium system. Somedata which are relating the structure and mechanism of organization, work programs, andinfrastructure, can be used as argument reference that management of cadre has been implementedin the whole of the school organizational learning programs. Keyword : management of cadre, Presidium System