This research is motivated by the presence of problems of the many employees who left the company at PT Madu B aru Bantul, Yogyakarta. Moreover, according to the pre-survey interviews that have been done, there is a lack of communication between the leaders with employees. Objective of this study was to analyze the influence of organizational commitment, leadership, employee performance, and job satisfaction as intervening variables in PT Madubaru Bantul Yogyakartace. Method of analysis of the data used in this research is descriptive and quantitative. The samples in this study were employees of PT Madubaru amounted to 77 people. Data collection was carried out by using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis method was using classic assumption test, path analylisis, as well as the coefficient of determination. Descriptive analysis shows that organizational commitment, leadership, job satisfaction and employee performance was moderate. Based on the results of multiple linear analysis and test of Sobel test indicates that organizational commitment, leadership, positive influence on employee performance and job satisfaction mediate organizational commitment and leadership on employee performance. The coefficient of determination shows that the work satifaction of PT Madubaru Bantul Yogyakarta are influenced by organizational commitment, leadership and job satisfaction by 32.o%, while the remaining 68,0% are influenced by other variables in which the research did not examined in this study. The coefficient of determination shows that the employees performance of PT Madubaru Bantul Yogyakarta are influenced by organizational commitment, leadership and job satisfaction by 47,7%, while the remaining 52,3% are influenced by other variables in which the research did not examined in this study


Context Reliable information about the occurrence and distribution of threatened forest-dwelling mammals is critical for developing effective conservation plans. To optimise limited resources, advances need to be made to the toolkit available for detecting rare and cryptic fauna. Aims We trialled three bait attractants (peanut butter with oats, live mealworms and black truffle oil) in combination with infrared digital cameras to determine whether detection rates of forest-dwelling native mammals in south-eastern Australia were influenced by: (1) bait type; (2) previous visits by conspecifics; (3) previous visits by Rattus; and (4) duration of bait deployment. Methods Bait attractants were set at 40 camera stations in combination with odourless controls. Over two fortnight-long deployments, 1327 images were captured of 22 mammal and bird species. From these data, detailed statistical analyses were conducted of six mammal genera. Key results Peanut butter with oats was found to be a significantly better attractant than empty bait holders for Antechinus, Isoodon, Perameles and Rattus, but not for Potorous or Pseudocheirus. Truffle oil and mealworms were also significantly better attractants than the control for Rattus but not the other five genera. When Antechinus, Isoodon, Potorous or Rattus were detected at a bait station there was a significant likelihood they had been detected there during the previous 24 h. This was not the case for Perameles or Pseudocheirus. A prior visit by Rattus to a station had no significant influence on the detection probabilities of Antechinus, Isoodon, Perameles, Potorous and Pseudocheirus during the subsequent 24 h. Detection probabilities for Isoodon and Rattus declined significantly during the fortnight-long deployments but trends for the other genera were not significant. Conclusions Peanut butter with oats is an excellent general purpose bait for detecting small to medium-sized mammals. However, scope exists for using other baits to target species. For example, truffle oil baits may reduce by-catch of non-target Rattus in labour intensive cage trapping of bandicoots. Regardless of bait type, longer deployments are necessary to detect Perameles, Potorous or Pseudocheirus than Antechinus, Isoodon or Rattus. Implications Targeted detection of predominantly ground-dwelling mammals may be improved by better understanding the attraction of species to baits and required bait deployment times.


We evaluate a "girl-friendly" primary school program in Burkina Faso using a regression discontinuity design. After 2.5 years, the program increased enrollment by 19 percentage points and increased test scores by 0.41 standard deviations. For those caused to attend school, scores increased by 2.2 standard deviations. Girls' enrollment increased by 5 percentage points more than boys' enrollment, but they experienced the same increase in test scores as boys. The unique characteristics of the schools are responsible for increasing enrollment by 13 percentage points and test scores by 0.35 standard deviations. They account for the entire difference in the treatment effects by gender. (JEL I21, I28, J16, O15)


an original but that can be changed. It is the differences that make a work compelling. We, as observers of art, can view an artist's final works as a type without approaching along a predetermined path. The essays in Late Thoughts facilitate the processes required. In the book, the authors provide historical background, psychological discussion, or photographic plates as needed to illustrate the work and the


The present study uses laboratory experiments to evaluate the reliability of two types of numerical models of sewers systems: - 1-dimensional model based on the extended Saint-Venant equation including the term for curvature of the water surface (the so-called Boussinesq approximation) - 2- and 3-dimensional so-called Volume of Fluid Models (VOF-models) based on the full Navier-Stokes equations (named NS3 and developed by DHI Water & Environment) As a general conclusion, the two numerical models show excellent results when compared with measurements. However, considerable errors occur when inappropriate boundary conditions and grid resolutions are chosen. The paper describes the used physical and numerical models and summarises the results.


Introduction: This study aimed to identify the variables explaining retained activity level for working women with breast cancer; the variables correlating with their performance in daily activities they prioritize; and factors facilitating or restricting their return to work. Method: Sixty working women with breast cancer aged 25 - 65 years completed a personal data questionnaire, the modified Activity Card Sort, the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; and two open- ended questions about facilitators and barriers to work. Results: Activity levels dropped by a quarter following BC treatments. Most women (67%) decreased their weekly working hours, although a third identified work as their highest priority. A higher total retained activity level was explained by fewer limitations on the range of motion (upper extremity), age younger than 45 years, and higher educational attainment. Cognitive limitations and limited range of motion negatively correlated with retained activity level at work. Personal and disease factors, job demands, and environmental factors facilitated or restricted return to work. Conclusion: Interventions should focus on physical and cognitive rehabilitation to regain functioning in the context of work and productive daily activities. Special attention should be paid to the greater needs of younger women.


A new mid-infrared nonlinear optical oxyselenide compound, Sr4Pb1.5Sb5O5Se8, was successfully synthesized by traditional solid-state reaction. It crystallizes in the noncentrosymmetric space group Cm (No. 8) of the monoclinic system. The crystal structure is composed of edge-sharing quasi-2D 2∞[Pb1.5Sb3Se8]4− zigzag layers with Sr2+ ions and anionic 1∞[SbO2.5]2− pseudo-chains separating the adjacent layers. The compound has good thermal stability up to approximately 1000 K which is beneficial for nonlinear optical applications. The sharp down signal of the second harmonic generation (SHG) response measured with a 2.09 μm laser in the reflection mode reveals its nonlinear optical properties. The new compound Sr4Pb1.5Sb5O5Se8 provides some guidance to design new mid-infrared nonlinear optical materials.


This article presents a novel method to improve the measurement sensitivity and reduce impact forces in tapping-mode atomic force microscopy by reshaping the tip trajectory. A tapping drive signal composed of two harmonics is used to generate an oscillating trajectory with a broader valley compared to the typical sinusoidal trajectory. The wide broad valley reduces the velocity of the tip in the vicinity of the sample and allots a greater portion of each period in the vicinity of the sample. Numerical simulations show that this results in decreased impact force and increased sensitivity of the cantilever oscillation to changes in tip-sample offset. Experimental results demonstrate an increase in image sharpness and decrease in tip wear using the bi-harmonic driving signal.


Abstract QQ, the largest virtual community in China, generates relational social capital that facilitates social shopping behaviours across channels. Based on social capital theory, this study assesses how social identification and knowledge creation influence social shopping behaviours; and how purchase motivation and intention from one channel transfer to another. Analysis of data collected from 216 QQ users supports the positive impacts of social identification and knowledge creation on purchase intention for virtual products within a channel, and positive cross-channel relationships between purchase motivations and intentions. This study provides an empirical social shopping model by facilitating the notion of social capital.


2D Echocardiography is an important diagnostic aid for morphological and functional assessment of the heart. The transducer position is varied during an echo exam to elicit important information about the heart function and its anatomy. The knowledge of the transducer viewpoint is important in automatic cardiac echo interpretation to understand the regions being depicted as well as in the quantification of their attributes. In this paper, we address the problem of inferring the transducer viewpoint from the spatio-temporal information in cardiac echo videos. Unlike previous approaches, we exploit motion of the heart within a cardiac cycle in addition to spatial information to discriminate between viewpoints. Specifically, we use an active shape model (ASM) to model shape and texture information in an echo frame. The motion information derived by tracking ASMs through a heart cycle is then projected into the eigen-motion feature space of the viewpoint class for matching. We report comparison with a re-implementation of state-of-the-art view recognition methods in echos on a large database of patients with various cardiac diseases.


•  Here, we examine the influence of source-to-sink carbohydrate (CHO) flow on the development of constitutive and inducible levels of phenylpropenoids in hybrid poplar (Populus nigra × P. deltoides) foliage to determine if secondary metabolic processes in plant modules can be inhibited in a predictable manner by events such as herbivory and the development of new leaves and reproductive structures, which alter the path of phloem-borne resources. •  Phenylpropenoid concentrations were determined for developing foliage after CHO flow, measured as the translocation of 13 C from labeled sources was manipulated. •  Phenylpropenoid metabolism in both unwounded and induced sink leaves was directly and positively linked to rates of CHO import. Alterations in rates of translocation yielded different results, depending on how CHO import was affected: the removal of competing sinks rapidly and dramatically increased leaf phenolic contents, whereas phenolic levels (and their inducibility) tended to be reduced when import was interrupted. •  High and inducible sink strength in developing poplar leaves provides resources for phenolic biosynthesis and, as a result, restrictions or re-directions of CHOs affect the foliar quality. Sink strength and the vascular architecture of plants, which confer upon them a modular nature, can determine the direction and magnitude of defense responses in trees.


Web-based assessments can be used in different phases of education in order to support students and make learning easier and more effective for them. This support can range from the assessment of readiness for a particular educational institution, over methods which improve the learning process itself such as peer assessment, to the assessment of the progress and knowledge level by the use of performance self-assessments. For these assessments, typical tools and methods are provided, which treat all learners in the same way and adapt only a little or, in the most cases, not at all to the individual needs and characteristics of learners. In this paper, we show the potential of adaptive web-based assessment in different learning applications. Adaptive web-based assessment aims at accommodating the individual needs and characteristics of students. We introduce adaptive systems in the area of readiness self-assessment, performance self-assessment, and peer assessment. Discussion is provided on the architecture of these adaptive systems and how these systems incorporate individual differences.


Ion cyclotron heating and current drive at ω≈2ωcH in JET deuterium plasmas with a hydrogen concentration nH/(nD+nH) in the range of 5–15% are analysed, comparing results of numerical computer modelling with experiments. Second harmonic hydrogen damping is found to be maximized by placing the resonance on the low-field side (LFS) of the torus, which minimizes competing direct electron damping and parasitic high-harmonic D damping in the presence of D beams. The shape of the calculated current perturbation and the radial localization of the heating power density for the LFS resonance are consistent with the experimentally observed evolution of the sawtooth period when the resonance layer moves near the q = 1 surface. Since the calculated driven current is dominated by a current of diamagnetic type caused by finite orbit widths of trapped resonating ions, it is not too sensitive to the ICRF phasing. Control of sawteeth with ion cyclotron current drive using the LFS ω≈2ωcH resonance in the present experimental conditions can thus be best obtained by varying the resonance location rather than the ICRF phasing. Due to differences in fast ion orbits, collisional electron heating and fast ion pressure profiles are significantly more peaked for a LFS resonance than for a high-field side (HFS) resonance. For the HFS ω≈2ωcH resonance, an enhanced neutron rate is observed in the presence of D beam ions, which is consistent with parasitic D damping at the ω≈5ωcD resonance in the plasma centre.


Nitric oxide is a key intercellular messenger in the human and animal bodies. The identification of nitric oxide (NO) as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) has driven an enormous effort to further elucidate the chemistry, biology and therapeutic actions of this important molecule. It has found that nitric oxide is involved in many disease states such as such as chronic heart failure, stroke, impotent (erectile dysfunction). The bioactivity of nitric oxide intrinsically linked to its diffusion from its site production to the sites of action. Accurate reliable in real time detection of NO in various biological systems is therefore crucial to understanding its biological role. However, the instability of NO in aqueous solution and its high reactivity with other molecules can cause difficulties for its measurement depending on the detection method employed. Although a variety of methods have been described to measure NO in aqueous environments, it is now generally accepted that electrochemical (amperometric) detection using NO-specific electrodes is the most reliable and sensitive technique available for real-time in situ detection of NO. In 1992 the first commercial NO electrode-based amperometric detection system was developed by WPI. The system has been used successfully for a number of years in a wide range of research applications, both in vitro and in vivo. Recently, many new electrochemical nitric sensors have been invented and commercialized. Here we describe some of the background principles in NO sensors design, methodology and their applications.


This paper proposes a novel method to control the nonlinear aeroelastic response of a wing section using pitch and plunge measurements as input for feedback. The leading and trailing edge control de∞ections are computed using the current pitch and plunge measurements and the flltered states. No pitch and plunge rate measurements are required. The control law is formulated such that the derivative of the candidate Lyapunov function is negative deflnite. Hence the resulting control makes the system asymptotically stable about the equilibrium point.


Increasingly organizations are recognizing the value of establishing close relationships with their customers. Despite this, research has not deeply explored how the intangible aspects of relational exchange such as customer satisfaction, as well as affective commitment, calculative commitment, and trust, combine to determine loyalty in the higher-education sector. This is in part a result of reluctance within the sector to view students as customers of institutional brands. This research uses a structural equation modeling approach and a sample of 474 students to examine, first, the determinants of loyalty within the higher-education sector and, second, the role of relationship strength as a moderator of those determinants. The results indicate that student loyalty was most strongly determined by psychological attachment, and a sense of belonging to the brand. Student satisfaction, while a contributing determinant, alone was insufficient in generating loyalty. The results also indicated that students rejected the notion of loyalty determined by inertia and high switching costs. In addition, trust was not found to be a strong determinant of recommendation or return. Importantly, while relationship strength has been found to determine loyalty in other service contexts, the drivers of loyalty remained the same despite the strength of the relationship that students perceived that they had with their institution. The findings of this study suggest the need for a more comprehensive, involved, and proactive strategy to developing, managing, and maintaining the student-university relationship. The study also encourages the sector to adopt a relationship marketing approach to the management of higher-education services.


The presence of infeasible paths in a program is a source of imprecision in the Worst-Case Execution Time (WCET) analysis. Detecting, expressing and exploiting such paths can improve the WCET estimation or, at least, improve the confidence we have in estimation precision. In this article, we propose an extension of the FFX format to express conflicts over paths and we detail two ways of enhancing the WCET analyses with that information. We demonstrate and compare these techniques on the Malardalen benchmark suite and on C code generated from Esterel.


Kevin Gorman critiques the growth of cognitive behavioural interventions in the Probation Service, arguing for a more "complex, dynamic and holistic" approach towards the development of effective practice.


The title of this collection of papers is somewhat misleading. It is not a comparative study of consumption in the two countries, a topic to which Henri Dunajewski devoted his earlier study, Niveau de vie compare: France-Pologne 1971/1972 (Aix-en-Prpvence: Universite d'Aix Marseille 3, 1975). The book under review presents thirteen theoretical and empirical studies by French and Polish economists and is a result of scholarly cooperation between the University of Aix-Marseille in France and the University of Torun in Poland. The book is divided into four parts: a general theory of consumption, consumption as a function of income and demographic trends, consumption by households, and consumption of leisure. The French members of the team contributed the introduction by the editor and provided some comparative observations on the government attitude toward private consumption in the two countries, two papers in part 1, one on consumption theory and policy and one on the law of constant marginal utility, and two papers in part 4, on analysis of demand for leisure and a study of air travel by German tourists in the Mediterranean. These are high-quality economic studies but clearly they are noncomparative and only indirectly related to the theme of the study. The Poles contributed nine papers, dealing with such divergent topics as theoretical aspects of the democratization of consumption, the life-style of Polish hosueholds (this is a particularly interesting brief essay by Andrzej Tymowski, well known for his pioneering work on social minimum in Poland), and other topics. All these studies provide some interesting information, and most of them include statistics on various aspects of income and expenditure of households and consumption patterns in Poland up to the end of the 1970s. None of the studies included in this collection discusses any of the difficult problems involved in international comparisons of consumption. Perhaps the most interesting general observation that can be made concerns the level of methodological sophistication of French and Polish contributions, which is quite comparable.


ABSTRACT In 'Scorekeeping in a Pornographic Language Game', Rae Langton and Caroline West borrow ideas from David Lewis to attempt to explain how pornography might subordinate and silence women. Pornography is supposed to express certain misogynistic claims implicitly, through presupposition, and to convey them indirectly, through accommodation. I argue that the appeal to accommodation cannot do the sort of work Langton and West want it to do: Their case rests upon an overly simplified model of that phenomenon. I argue further that, once we are clear about why Langton and West's account fails, a different and more plausible account of pornography's influence emerges.


Based on ion trap mass spectrometry, an on-line method is described which provides valuable information on the molecular composition of structurally complex organic aerosols. The investigated aerosols were generated from the gas-phase ozonolysis of various C(10)H(16)-terpenes (alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, 3-carene, sabinene, limonene), and directly introduced into the ion source of the mass spectrometer. Negative ion chemical ionisation at atmospheric pressure (APCI(-)) enabled the detection of multifunctional carboxylic acid products by combining inherent sensitivity and molecular weight information. Sequential low-energy collision-induced product ion fragmentation experiments (MS(n)) were performed in order to elucidate characteristic decomposition pathways of the compounds. Dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and hydroxyketocarboxylic acid products could be clearly distinguished by multistage on-line MS. Furthermore, sabinonic acid and two C(9)-ether compounds were tentatively identified for the first time by applying on-line APCI(-)-MS(n).


good references for learning about the program, but given their second goal, expanding this appendix would make future editions of the book more effective. An obvious comparison for this book is the text by Venables and Ripley (2002), which is an invaluable resource to the S, R, and S-PLUS user community. Although Martinez and Martinez have not achieved the standard set by that book, they have made a very good start, and have positioned themselves to become the Venables and Ripley of the MATLAB user community. Any MATLAB user who is serious about statistics (as they all should be, in my opinion) will want a copy of this book and the software that it describes.


We are developing cadmium zinc telluride detectors with three-dimensional photon positioning capabilities for high-resolution PET imaging. These detectors exhibit high spatial resolution (1 mm), energy resolution (2.5% full width at half maximum for 511 keV photons), and the ability to resolve individual Compton interactions within the detector. Using these measurements, non-coincident single photons can be reconstructed by estimating the incoming direction of the photon using the kinematics of Compton scatter within the detector. In this paper, we investigated image reconstruction methods for combining two different types of measurements: conventional coincidence photon events and non-coincident single photon events. We introduce a new image reconstruction method that uses a Bayesian projector function. Using Monte Carlo simulated data generated by GATE (Geant4), we showed that this new approach has the potential to improve contrast and resolution with comparable signal-to-noise ratio.


In search for the functional counterpart of the alternative Probst and sigmoid bundles, considered as morphological evidence of neuroplasticity in callosal dysgenesis, electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence analysis was combined with high resolution and diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Data of two patients with callosal agenesis, plus two with typical partial dysgenesis with a remnant genu, and one atypical patient with a substantially reduced genu were compared to those of fifteen neurotypic controls. The interhemispheric EEG coherence between homologous nontemporal brain regions corresponded to absence or partial presence of callosal connections. A generalized coherence reduction was observed in complete acallosal patients, as well as coherence preservation in the anterior areas of the two patients with a remnant genu. jThe sigmoid bundles found in three patients with partial dysgenesis correlated with augmented EEG coherence between anterior regions of one hemisphere and posterior regions of the other. These heterologous (crossed) interhemispheric connections were asymmetric in both imaging and EEG patterns, with predominance of the right-anterior-to-left-posterior connections over the mirror ones. The Probst bundles correlated with higher intrahemispheric long-distance coherence in all patients. The significant correlations observed for the delta, theta and alpha bands indicate that these alternative pathways are functional, although the neuropsychological nature of this function is still unknown.


Whole-body vibration (WBV) is receiving increasing interest as an exercise intervention in physiology and rehabilitation. Although there are many commercial and professional WBV platforms to provide controlled vibrations, very few have actually been tested in terms of amplitude (mm), frequency spectra (Hz) and shape of the vibratory motion wave. In this regard a prototype of a novel WBV platform where the vibration amplitude can be set to three values in the frequency range 20-60 Hz is here proposed. The device has been preliminarily characterized by processing the measurement signal from a piezoelectric monoaxial accelerometer mounted in the center of the WBV plate. In particular the accelerometer signal has been processed to evaluate frequency spectrum, waveform shape and displacement. Moreover to evaluate the performance of the prototype, same tests were carried out on an equivalent professional WBV platform, so that data coming from the two platforms have been compared and commented: test results have shown that the vibrations produced by the two WBV plates are very similar, nevertheless it has been found that the prototype works with a maximum error of about 5 % in frequency, that is less than in the other devices, furthermore the greater distortion of the signal is always at the twice of the operating frequency (second harmonic). Further investigations are needed to complete the characterization of the prototype and assess the vibration amplitude is not load dependent.


In this book, Hosier, Lechtman, and Holm examine a selection of axe-like metal artifacts from Ecuador, Peru, and western Mexico from a materials-science research perspective. The initial chapter is devoted to a description of the axe-monies and related objects (naipes, feathers, hides, and insignia). As they note, these artifacts have many traits in common. Generally, they are manufactured from hammered "copper-arsenic alloys (arsenic bronze); occasionally impure copper" (p. 14), and usually possess "mechanical strengthening devices, such as . . . thickened edges" (p. 14). In addition to sharing formal attributes, they also are found in similar contexts; groups of them were placed in burials or caches. The authors note that although the metal objects share these general characteristics, each artifact type is distinctively shaped and readily identifiable. Axe-monies have an axe-like form, and various types are found in Ecuador, northern Peru, and Mexico. In contrast, the related naipes (bow-tie-shaped objects) are only found in a limited area of northern Peru. These forms, plus the elongated "feathers" of Ecuador and Peru are more common than the final two types, "hides" and "insignia," which are both fairly rare. The difficult question of assigning function to these unusual objects is treated in the second chapter, with assistance from pertinent archaeological, ethnohistorical, and historical data. In the final section of the volume, these same resources, plus intensive analyses, are used by the authors to argue that this form of metallurgy originated in Ecuador and diffused to western Mexico. In conclusion, this volume presents new data and summarizes existing metallurgical and related research. Unfortunately, however, its opaque prose lowers the quality of the publication.


industry have not yet been implementing the feed safety system including the feed hygiene practices. Therefore,A study of perceptions, practices and attitudes on hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) in achieving feedsafety compliance of Indonesian stock-feed production has been conducted. This study was carried out usingframe works of study as follows, i.e. Module I, Assessment on existing conditions using methods of survey,observe, interview, plant visit and distribute a questionnaire to medium and large feed industries at 6 provinces,i.e Lampung, Banten, West Java, Center of Java, East Java and South Sulawesi with the number of samples forrespondents about 20 feed industries; They were also asked about the feed hygiene practices in their business,their systems used such as HACCP, and the perceptions and attitudes toward a range of feed hygiene issues;Module II, Identification of potential critical control points; Module III, Evaluation of HACCP programs. Theanalysis was conducted using descriptive analysis method that developed by Hair et al. and to test the differenceusing one-way statistical analysis of variance. The results showed that the HACCP systems were implemented at95% in the large feed industries and 65% in the medium feed industry, respectively (P< 0.005); 30% medium and15% of large feed industry managers stated that their business represented a low-risk to feed safety. Higherlevels of feed hygiene qualifications among the industry managers and higher perceptions among managers ofthe risk of feed safety of the business were also significantly related to use HACCP in sectors (P<0.05). Sixpotential hazards were identified along the process to be controlled as critical control points (CCPs). Total cost forimplementing the system was around 1 billion and 400 millions rupiahs; while the time needed since designing upto fully operating the system with audit results fulfill the prerequisite programs and HACCP requirement was about7 months.


Transforming growth factor- (cid:1) 1 differentially mediates fibronectin and inflammatory cytokine expression in kidney tubular cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 291: F1070–F1077, 2006. published May 23, 2006; growth factor- (cid:1) 1 (TGF- (cid:1) 1 ) is not only an important fibrogenic but also immunomodulatory cytokine in the human kidney. We have recently demonstrated that TGF- (cid:1) 1 induces interleukin-8 (IL-8), macrophage chemoattrac-tant protein-1 (MCP-1), and fibronectin production in renal proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. However, the unique dependence of IL-8, MCP-1, and fibronectin on TGF- (cid:1) 1 expression is unknown. The TGF- (cid:1) 1 gene was effectively silenced in HK-2 cells using small-interference (si) RNA. Basal secretion of IL-8 and MCP-1 decreased (both P (cid:2) 0.05) but, paradoxically, fibronectin


This paper examines the empirical dynamics of countries' technological specialization in six technology fields using distribution dynamics. In all technology fields innovation activities are performed by relatively few countries and the degree of concentration is fairly stable in time. Intra-distribution dynamics is characterized by persistence of within field countries' specialization levels around or below the mean, while high specialization levels revert towards lower values. This strengthens the case for absorptive capacity. Electronics show some distinctive properties: they have the highest degree of geographical concentration and numerous small countries among those specialized; they also are the least mobile technology field. In a Schumpeterian perspective, this is in line with "creative accumulation".


This study is an empirical account of the professional development (PD) practices that constituted part of the work of a group of teachers and school-based administrators working together in a cluster of six schools in southeast Queensland, Australia, during a period of intense educational reform. The data comprise meeting transcripts and interviews with teachers and administrators involved in a reform-oriented professional development initiative over an 18-month period. To analyse these teacher learning practices as teachers' work in this context, the article draws upon Bourdieu's theory of practice, particularly his understanding of the social world as comprising multiple social spaces, or 'fields', each characterised by contestation over the practices of most value. The data reveal the field of teachers' work, in which much of the teacher learning transpired, as influenced by a broader instrumental culture; this culture developed in response to teachers' concerns about how to respond to state educational provision initiatives in a more neoliberal global era. These instrumental logics were evident in superficial compliance with and reflection upon educational reform and the continuation of individualistic, workshop-based PD practices. However, at the same time and in keeping with fields as contested, there is also evidence of teachers' participation in more sustained PD practices – involving teachers actively engaging with the content of educational reform, participating in robust reflection about their practice and collaborating in substantive communities of learners. The findings also suggest the need to explicitly support substantive PD within the field of teachers' work in order to challenge more administrative and instrumental pressures to engage in reform. Such a response will assist in fostering the conditions for the generation of a more truly student-centred, collaborative and reflective habitus amongst teachers.


AIM
This paper is a report of a study to examine nursing assessment of pain across two postoperative units.

BACKGROUND
Postoperative pain management remains problematic. While the nursing unit, as the context, has been described as influencing pain assessment practice, the nature of this influence remains unexplored.

METHOD
The study was conducted in the United States of America on two postoperative units of one teaching hospital in 2003-2004. Bourdieu's approach to ethnography was used. This applies traditional ethnographic techniques in sequential phases designed to illuminate: (1) relative positions of agents in a field of practice, (2) social capital in the field, and (3) the habitus of agents. Multiple data collection techniques appropriate to each phase were employed, including participant observation and individual interviews.

FINDINGS
A predominant pattern of pain assessment existed on each unit. Nurses used assessment criteria from three spheres, i.e. the client's narrative, evident criteria and a reference typology of assessment findings. Nurses used a single sphere as a primary filter through which data were processed. This filter was distinctive for each unit, and consistent with the unique pattern of nursing pain assessment on each unit.

CONCLUSION
Nurses' pain assessment practice is profoundly shaped by the social context of the unit on which practice occurs. Bourdieu's' theory of practice is a useful lens through which to examine the social context of pain assessment practice.


Collectins are a C-lectin family with collagen-like sequences and carbohydrate recognition domains. These proteins can bind to carbohydrate antigens of microorganisms and inhibit their infection by direct neutralization and agglutination, the activation of complement through the lectin pathway, and opsonization by collectin receptors. Here we report the cloning of a cDNA encoding human collectin from liver (CL-L1 (collectin liver 1)) that has typical collectin structural characteristics, consisting of an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain, a collagen-like domain, a neck domain, and a carbohydrate recognition domain. The cDNA has an insert of 831 base pairs coding for a protein of 277 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence shows that this collectin has a unique repeat of four lysine residues in its C-terminal area. Northern blot, Western blot, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that CL-L1 is present mainly in liver as a cytosolic protein and at low levels in placenta. More sensitive analyses by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions showed that most tissues (except skeletal muscle) have CL-L1 mRNA. Zoo-blot analysis indicated that CL-L1 is limited to mammals and birds. A chromosomal localization study indicated that the CL-L1 gene localizes to chromosome 8q23-q24.1, different from chromosome 10 of other human collectin genes. Expression studies of fusion proteins lacking the collagen and N-terminal domains produced in Escherichia coli affirmed that CL-L1 binds mannose weakly. CL-L1 and recombinant CL-L1 fusion proteins do not bind to mannan columns. Analysis of the phylogenetic tree of CL-L1 and other collectins indicated that CL-L1 belongs to a fourth subfamily of collectins following the mannan-binding protein, surfactant protein A, and surfactant protein D subfamilies including bovine conglutinin and collectin-43 (CL-43). These findings indicate that CL-L1 may be involved in different biological functions.


A new series of ligands, containing one (L1H(2)-L4H(2)) or two (L5H(4)-L6H(4)) 1,4,8,11-tetraaza-5,7-dione units and functionalized with a propargyl group on the C atom between the C=O moieties, has been synthesized. Protonation constants for the ligands and formation constants of their Cu(2+) complexes have been determined in water, and the coordination geometry of the complexes existing at various pH values has been investigated by coupled pH-metric and spectrophotometric titrations. Ligands capable of simple uptake of Cu(2+) with the formation of neutral, square-planar complexes containing the -2-charged diamino-diimido donor sets and ligands containing further coordinating groups (quinoline or pyridine) capable of single and double cation translocation have been investigated. The role of the substituents on the amino groups and the structural role played by the propargyl group have been examined as regards Cu(2+) complexation and translocation. In the double-translocating ligand L6H(4), when the two Cu(2+) ions move inside the diamino-diamido donor set, the slim propargyl group allows an unprecedented folding of the whole ligand with apical coordination of one pyridine to form a five-coordinate, square-pyramidal Cu(2+) ion. The crystal and molecular structures of this unusual [L6Cu(2)] complex have been determined by X-ray diffraction. Finally, oxidation of Cu(2+) to Cu(3+) has been studied by cyclic voltammetry in water, which revealed that the redox reaction occurs only when the copper cation is within the diamino-diimido compartment. Moreover, both functionalization of the primary amines with bulky substituents and apical coordination of Cu(2+) make access to the 3+ oxidation state more difficult and disrupt the reversibility of the electrochemical process.


This article describes the design specification of the Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VPCAR) process and the relative benefits of its utilization in a Mars Transit Vehicle application. The VPCAR process is a wastewater treatment technology that combines distillation with high-temperature catalytic oxidation of volatile impurities such as ammonia and organic compounds.


Measurements of electroweak bosons production provide an important test of the Standard Model at the LHC energies
and allow the partonic content of the proton to be constrained. The LHCb forward acceptance is suited for measurements complementary to the other LHC experiments. W and Z bosons are reconstructed in e and mu leptonic final states using data samples collected at energies in the center of mass frame of $\sqrt{s}=7,8,13 ~TeV$ corresponding to integrated
luminosities of $1,2,0.29 fb^{-1}$ respectively. Results on W+ b/c quark and on W/Z+~jets are also presented.


B cell fate specification is associated with the expression of genes encoding components of the B cell antigen receptor and the ordered rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus. Accompanying activation of the early program of B lineage gene expression is the concerted repression of lineage inappropriate genes. EBF is a transcription factor expressed exclusively in the B lineage and evidence is mounting that it is the limiting factor directing the B cell fate choice. To gain insight into mechanisms of EBF directed B cell fate specification, we generated EBF−/− cell lines. The cell surface phenotype, growth factor requirements, gene expression profile, and in vivo functional capabilities of EBF−/− clonal cell lines is consistent with a lymphoid-biased multipotential progenitor. To identify and discriminate novel EBF target genes involved in B cell fate specification, we performed comparative gene expression profiling of EBF−/−, Pax-5−/−, and RAG2−/− cell lines. ANOVA analysis of variance revealed that the EBF−/− lines overexpress several genes associated with early hematopoietic differentiation and stem cell function, notably a subset of HoxA genes. Conversely, the EBF−/− cells are defective in expression of a subset of early B lineage genes including lymphocyte enhancer factor-1, LEF-1. Consistent with the deficiency in LEF-1, EBF−/− lines display elevated levels of fas and increased sensitivity to apoptosis. Taken together, these data suggest novel regulatory circuits involving EBF during B cell fate specification, including inhibition of HoxA genes and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway.


The $r$-neighbour bootstrap process describes an infection process on a graph, where we start with a set of initially infected vertices and an uninfected vertex becomes infected as soon as it has $r$ infected neighbours. An inital set of infected vertices is called percolating if at the end of the bootstrap process all vertices are infected. We give Ore-type conditions that guarantee the existence of a small percolating set of size $l\leq 2r-2$ if the number of vertices $n$ of our graph is sufficiently large: if $l\geq r$ and satisfies $2r \geq l+2 \lfloor \sqrt{2(l-r)+0.25}+2.5 \rfloor-1$ then there exists a percolating set of size $l$ for every graph in which any two non-adjacent vertices $x$ and $y$ satisfy $deg(x)+deg(y) \geq n+4r-2l-2\lfloor\sqrt{2(l-r)+0.25}+2.5 \rfloor-1$ and if $l$ is larger with $l\leq 2r-2$ there exists a percolating set of size $l$ if $deg(x)+deg(y) \geq n+2r-l-2$. Our results extend the work of Gunderson, who showed that a graph with minimum degree $\lfloor n/2 \rfloor+r-3$ has a percolating set of size $r \geq 4$. We also give bounds for arbitrarily large $l$ in the minimum degree setting.


This article considers ideological, pedagogical and constitutive functions of children's picture books, with particular emphasis on the ways in which texts construct children and childhood in economic terms. Through an analysis of Lauren Childs' Hubert Horatio Bartle Bobton-Trent and Anthony Browne's Voices in the Park, the article interrogates the ways in which these texts' depictions of individuals and families function to locate children and childhood as central to notions of individual, family and social economies. Drawing on insights from feminist poststructuralist research concerned with the textual production of gendered subjectivities, I consider how gendered notions of childhood agency and the inevitability of social class location are implicated in the production of subject positions that are defined by the navigation of socioeconomic circumstances. The argument is made that the subjective, relational, and social processes associated with picture book reading map onto and (re)produce discourses of children and childhood as explicitly economic categories.


A numerical method is presented for the computation of externally forced Stokes flows bounded by the plane z=0 and satisfying periodic boundary conditions in the x and y directions. The motivation for this work is the simulation of flows generated by cilia, which are hair-like structures attached to the surface of cells that generate flows through coordinated beating. Large collections of cilia on a surface can be modeled using a doubly-periodic domain. The approach presented here is to derive a regularized version of the fundamental solution of the incompressible Stokes equations in Fourier space for the periodic directions and physical space for the z direction. This analytical expression for û(k,m;z) can then be used to compute the fluid velocity u(x,y,z) via a two-dimensional inverse fast Fourier transform for any fixed value of z. Repeating the computation for multiple values of z leads to the fluid velocity on a uniform grid in physical space. The zero-flow condition at the plane z= 0 is enforced through the use of images. The performance of the method is illustrated by numerical examples of particle transport by nodal cilia, which verify optimal particle transport for parameters consistent with previous studies. The results also show that for two cilia in the periodic box, out-of-phase beating produces considerable more particle transport than in-phase beating. AMS subject classifications: 76D07, 76Z99, 92-08


Working of transportation system depends on characteristics and peculiarities of economy, including security concerns, which is foremostin Africa. The primary objective of the study is to assess accessibility constraints in Nigeria's Northeast region. Road transport is the mostpervasive of all transport modes in Africa and is central for growth of the sub region. Road networks and terrain amongst others estimatedshowed that terrain have been one of the constraints in achieving the objectives of an efficient transportation. Some gains in road networkin some locations had been eroded by increased insurgency and crisis in most locations. This has resulted in shortfalls of supply of goodswithin countries in the region, thus affecting their economies. We recommend that the root cause for increased insurgency and crisis, whichmay be due to implementation of various economic policies in Africa and increase inequality, corruption and lack of functional/truncateddemocracies, should be addressed. The working of African economic cooperation like ECOWAS should be strengthened and implemented.


This study is conducted by using a screening model with an eye to examine the fear of negative evaluation, and social appearance anxiety of sportsmen engaged in futsal. The research was carried out on teams which participated in the Futsal Competitions organized through Turkey University Sports Federation at Physical Education and Sports College of Ahi Evran University between April 01 and 05, 2014. The samples of the study consisted of a total of 145 volunteers of which 62 were females and 83 were males who participated in the competition. "Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale" developed through Leary and adapted to Turkish language by Cetin et al. and "Social Appearance Anxiety Scale" developed by Hart et al. and adapted to Turkish language and validity and reliability works carried out by Dogan were utilized as the research data collection tool. Descriptive statistical methods (n), percentage (%) were utilized to analyze the data frequency for personal information. Chi-square test was employed for evaluation of the scales. Results were assessed at 0.05 significance level. At the end of the research, it was found that women sportsmen have a greater fear of negative evaluation than men while significant correlation was not detected between other variables. The research result also has revealed the fact that sportsmen engaged in futsal had low social appearance anxiety and there was not a significant relationship between variables.

 Key words: Fear of negative evaluation, social appearance anxiety, sportsman.


The overall and distributional effects of farm programs and selected revisions are examined using a mathematical programming sector model. The model incorporates market distortions caused by price supports, target prices, program participation, deficiency payments and marketing loans. Current farm programs are found to increase producer prices, depress consumer prices, and in turn result in excess production and higher consumption and exports. Domestic and foreign consumers as well as domestic producers are subsidized by farm programs. Social deadweight loss occurs as government payments exceed welfare benefits received by consumers and producers. Society as a whole benefits from reductions in program provisions.


ABSTRACT Many amphibious fishes rely on terrestrial locomotion to accomplish essential daily tasks, but it is unknown whether terrestrial exercise improves the locomotor performance of fishes on land. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that terrestrial exercise improves locomotion in amphibious fishes out of water as a result of skeletal muscle remodeling. We compared the jumping performance of Kryptolebias marmoratus before and after an exercise training regimen, and assessed the muscle phenotype of control and exercise-trained fish. We found that exercise-trained fish jumped 41% farther and 48% more times before reaching exhaustion. Furthermore, exercise training resulted in the hypertrophy of red muscle fibers, and an increase in red muscle capillarity and aerobic capacity. Lactate accumulation after jumping indicates that white muscle is also important in powering terrestrial jumps. Overall, skeletal muscle in K. marmoratus is highly responsive to terrestrial exercise, and muscle plasticity may assist in the effective exploitation of terrestrial habitats by amphibious fishes. Summary: Terrestrial exercise training improves the locomotor performance of amphibious fishes on land as a result of skeletal muscle remodeling, which may enhance foraging ability, predator avoidance and dispersal overland.


Co-creative systems have been widely explored in the field of computational creativity. However, existing AI partners of these systems are mostly virtual agents. As sketching on paper with embodied robots could be more engaging for designers' early-stage ideation and collaborative practices, we envision the possibility of Cobbie, a mobile robot that ideates iteratively with designers by generating creative and diverse sketches. To evaluate the differences in co-creativity and user experience between the co-creative robots and virtual agents, we conducted a comparative experiment and analyzed the data collected from quantitative scales, observation, and semi-structured interview. The results reveal that Cobbie is more satisfying in motivating exploration, provoking unexpected ideas and engaging designers in the collaborative ideation process. Based on these findings, we discussed the prospects of co-creative robots for future developments of human-AI collaborative systems.


Introduction. It9s believed that rhinosinusitis (RS) is one of the most desease that has viral etiology. Even though there is a lack of statistical data about what percentage of cases and what kind of virus causes the development of RS. Aims. The purpose of our research was determining the frequency of RS throw out a calendar year and identifying the leading etiological factor and comparing it with the data of circulating of respiratory viruses in the given region. Methods. 316 RS patients were analyzed from January to December 2013 in ENT-department children clinic. For identifying the etiology of RS the aspirate taken from paranasal sinuses was sent for microbiological tests. Results. Patients with RS were 15,6% out of hospitalized. The frequency of RS coinsided with the amount of patients with common cold: maximum in February-March (31%-30,7%), recession in June-August (12,5%- 13,4%-14,4%) and average (16,5% - 23,4%) in other months. Out of 252 punctured sinuses only 141 aspirates were suitable for virological and bacteriological tests. Currently we have received the results of 92 aspirate tests, the other ones are currently being analyzed. In most cases (19,6%) there is a rhinovirus, no tests identified metapneumo- and coronaviruses. Comparing the results of viral and bacteriological research showed the viral RS was determined in 14,1%, bacterial – 33,7%, mixt- 28,3% and undetermined – 23,9%. The most common bacterial agents were Streptococcus pneumonia (29,3%) and Hemophilis influenza (14,1%). Conclusions. The received data of viruses taken from paranasal sinuses coincide with the data of circulation of respiratory viruses in the given region in a certain time period.


Based on an engineering example of intrusion-clearance of diaphragm wall, the mechanism and effect factors of intrusion-clearance are discussed by monitoring data and numerical analysis. The research result shows that the deviation of diaphragm wall, bad quality of improved soil and insufficient outward-moving of diaphragm wall cooperatively lead to intrusion-clearance, and the first has a significant effect. Moreover, dewatering of foundation pit also cause deformation of diaphragm wall, which accounts for more than 25% of the deformation during excavation, but usually despised in construction. The improving effect of reinforced soil attributes more to the deformation of diaphragm wall, especially the area closed to diaphragm wall. Some remedies and precautions are also given in this article, which could provide references of design and construction for similar projects.


Graph processing on GPUs is gaining momentum due to the high throughputs observed compared to traditional CPUs, attributed to the vast number of processing cores on GPUs that can exploit parallelism in graph analytics. This paper discusses a graph data structure for dynamic graph processing on GPUs. Unlike static graphs, dynamic graphs mutate over their lifetime through vertex and/or edge batch updates. The proposed work aims to provide fast batch updates and graph querying without consuming too much GPU memory. Experimental results show improved initialization timings by 1968-1269024%, improved batch edge insert timings by 30-30047%, and improved batch edge delete timings by 50-25262% while consuming less memory when the batch size is large.


Several reports have shown that prolactin (PRL) plays a role in prostatic growth, but few studies considered the role of PRL in the process of prostatic inflammation. Young (45 ± 5 days old) and adult (75 ± 5 days old) male Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected daily with domperidone (4.0 mg.kg-1) to maintain high serum PRL levels. The animals were treated for 15, 30, 45 or 60 days. Blood and prostate samples were collected at the end of each treatment for PRL dosage and histological analysis, respectively. Only young animals treated with DOMP for 15 and 30 days displayed inflammatory infiltrate in the prostate. These results confirm literature data in regards to PRL involvement in inducing prostate inflammation. Moreover, it was concluded that young animals are more susceptible then adults to the PRL action concerning prostate inflammation.


Following the Czernobyl accident, an epidemiologic study was undertaken in which the daily iodine intake was estimated in 15% of the population studied. Iodine excretion was measured in single morning urine specimens. The iodine content was also assessed in the water form wells and in cow-milk at farms in randomly chosen villages in the region of Krynica and Nowy Sacz. On the basis of a 24-hour diet recall, the mass of each food product consumed daily was estimated for 483 persons in the Kraków voivodship (14.4% of the total population) and for 397 persons in the Nowy Sacz voivodship (15.8% of the total population). Using this data, the nutrient content of the daily diet was calculated for each studied individual. Measurements of iodine content in water and cow-milk show relatively lower iodine levels in the Nowy Sacz voivodship. The estimated value of the iodine content in milk (5.5 micrograms/100 g of milk) was considered in the estimates of the chemical composition of the daily diet of the inhabitants of this region. The mean values of the daily energy as well as the protein and calcium consumption in all subpopulations grouped with respect to domicile, age and sex, fell within the recommended daily allowances for these groups. The iodine content, while widely scattered, concentrated around low values. The median values of the iodine content in children of age 3-10 years, age 10-16 years and in adults, were 66%, 48% and 25-40% of the recommended daily allowances, respectively. No particular differences in the food intakes were observed between inhabitants of Kraków and Nowy Sacz voivodships. Nor were significant differences found in the urine iodine excretion in groups of these regions. The low iodine content in the daily food intake may be an essential factor in the ethiology of the increasing number of thyroid goiter.


This paper proposes a methodology to evaluate the economic potential of mining prospects with a 'multi-product' approach. The National Mining Company (ENAMI) is a Chilean producer traditionally engaged in copper, silver and gold production and commercialization. Using this methodology it has been possible to identify other commodities with greater geological, market and technological potential. Prospects studied were valued using economic-mining criteria such as the cut-off grade, marginal cut-off grade and equivalent grade. In this work, thirteen commodities were analyzed and seven of them stand out: molybdenum, lithium, iron, bismuth, tungsten, rare earths (REE) and titanium. For every commodity, it is essential to know the geological characteristics of the prospect, the mining and processing technologies, the purchase point closest to the prospect and the market for these commodities. The sources of information are public bodies specialized in these matters, such as the National Geology and Mining Service, SERNAGEOMIN; the Chilean Copper Commission, COCHILCO. Sixteen ENAMI prospects were valued based on the proposed methodology and six of them presented the greatest economic potential: Salado Norte, Cerro Negro, Pazota, Pastenes, Laura–Laurita and Carmen Sur


Techniques are described for determining the location of the initial center of rotation (COR) of a rectangular bar being pushed or pulled. The initial COR is the point about which the bar first rotates when the pushing or pulling force is applied. This point characterizes the initial motion of the bar. Also investigated is how the location of the initial COR varies with the magnitude of the exerted force. The minimum effort criterion is proved to be able to predict the quasi-static centre of rotation. It is found that the initial COR always lies between the quasi-static and the impulsive CORs and that it will move towards the impulsive COR as the magnitude of the applied force increases. It is shown that there exists a point on an object such that, when the force is applied at that point, the object will start to rotate about a known point.<<ETX>>


The impact and influence on languages is natural, as there is no civilized language in this globe except that it affects or is affected by other languages, However when the issue of the influence of the Dari language is raised in the Arabic language, it often comes to mind that positive aspects and consequences of this influence are affected., There is no doubt that this impact has many positive aspects. Moreover, it also has negative aspects, which made me prepare and write this humble article. The influence of the Dari language at the end of the day leads to a severe rapprochement between the two languages, which makes some speakers of the Arabic language who are familiar with the Dari language, and I have mentioned these mistakes and outlined them in the following points: 1.They make mistakes because they utter abandoned or dead Arabic words and phrases by claiming that they are living words or phrases that prevail today in the Arabic language. 2.They are making mistakes because they did not use the Arabic words that have origins and are used and prevalent in Arabic because they think that the Arabic words and words equivalent to them are used today in Arabic, and the truth is otherwise. 3.They are making mistakes because they do not use authentic Arab words and phrases brazen and prevalent today in Arabic because they think that they are pure words and phrases. 4.Their mistakes because they did not use the daring Arabic words used in Arabic, because they claim that Arabic has Arabic slogans used in that and the truth is the opposite of this. • Their mistakes in not understanding the meanings of some common words between the two languages, which are written with the same letters, vowels, and dwellings in both of them.


Land managers need new tools, such as spatial models, to aid them in their decision-making processes because managing for biodiversity, water quality, or natural disturbance is challenging, and landscapes are complex and dynamic. Spatially explicit population models are helpful to managers because these models consider both species - habitat relationships and the arrangement of habitats in space and time. The visualizations that typically accompany spatially explicit models also permit managers to {open_quotes}see{close_quotes} the effects of alternative management strategies on populations of interest. However, the expense entailed in developing the data bases required for spatially explicit models may limit widespread implementation. In addition, many of the models are developed for one or a few species, and dealing with multiple species in a landscape remains a significant challenge. To be most useful to land managers, spatially explicit population models should be user friendly, easily portable, operate on spatial and temporal scales appropriate to management decisions, and use input and output variables that can be measured affordably. 20 refs.


What is the fate of the material from old excavations? This article aims to generate attention towards this question by discussing the fragmentation of assemblages due to long and disjointed excavation campaigns as well as the eagerness of museums to have representative objects from famous sites. The challenge emerging is the need to explore ways of reinstating objects that may be widely dispersed and entirely decontextualized into our database. The tell at Tószeg-Laposhalom, Hungary, is used as a case study with particular attention to the campaign of 1927. This case is important for several reasons. Tószeg is a key European Bronze Age site. It is also a good example of a site with numerous excavation campaigns and many different teams being involved. Moreover, the 1927 campaign, which is documented through the correspondence between the partners, was V.G. Childe's first excavation, and the data recovered played a key role in his Central European Bronze Age chronology.


In this paper we illustrate the benefits of forging a better alliance among behavioral, economic and statistical approaches to modeling consumer choice behavior. We focus on the problems that arise when building descriptive models of choice in evolving markets, where consumers are likely to have poorly-developed preferences and be influenced by beliefs about future market changes. We illustrate how understanding the actual process that is driving preferences can provide analysts with both better a priori insights into the model structures that are likely to provide the best descriptive account of choices in such settings, as well as how stable these structures are likely to be over time. We show, for example, that analogical reasoning heuristics—a common strategy for making decisions under preference uncertainty—can produce choice patterns that resemble the output of complex nonlinear, non-additive, multi-attribute utility rules. Likewise, because novice consumers are likely to display strong individual differences in the variance of unobserved components of utility, methods that fail to recognize such differences will tend to overstate the actual extent of taste heterogeneity that exists in a population. We also illustrate the benefits of a reverse dialogue, how economic theory can lead behavioral researchers to more parsimonious explanations for apparent anomalies in choice tasks where preferences are uncertain. We show, for example, that some ad-hoc models that have been used to statistically describe the compromise effect in choice can be deduced from first principles of rational risky decision making.


Latent response time analysis of students on an electronic version of the Force and Motion Conceptual Evaluation (FMCE) provides information on student reading patterns and the role of mental models in student reasoning. Regression analysis looked at the dependence of response times on characteristics of questions, such as amount of text and inclusion of graphs. Results indicate that students generally read through the question text and instructions when first presented, but do not systematically read through answer choices and graphs. Comparison of average response times between pre‐ and post‐instructional assessment found a drop in response times when students used Newtonian ideas but no change for responses using the main alternative concept. The average response time for students who answered using a mix of Newtonian and alternative concepts was not different from those using primarily one or the other; questions rarely activated both concepts at the same time.


SIR,-For the reasons given in your columns by Dr. J. G. Bourne' I fully support your campaign to phase out the dental operator/ anaesthetist-provided that those who will be giving the anaesthetics are properly trained for this work. Everyone will agree with the final statement in the 1967 Report on Dental Anaesthesia,2 . . . there is a need for considerable and rapid expansion of refresher course-s . . ."; yet here we are, eight years later, and little or nothing seems to have been done. You refer in your leading article (24 May, p. 408) to Mr. Rodney Swiss's view that, except in -emergency, no dentist should attempt to act as operator and anaesthetist combined, and then go on to state that this was at the heart of my long libel action. That is not true. I brought the action because the Birmingham team of investigators who originated the adverse reports in "Physiological Responses to Intermittent Methohexitone for Conservative Denitistry,"3 stated that they were using my "minimalincremental" technique (their para. 4) when, in my opinion, they were not (their para. 7), and that "several deaths associated with this technique have been reported in the press." They were also credited with giving frightening and differing accounts to lay newspapers and on television before publication in the B.M.Y. That this was the "heart of the action" was made clear by me in your columns long beforehand.4 With well-trained administator, surgeon, and staff, together with adequate facilities, I remain convinced that for simple surgery and conservation this method, properly administered, has a valuable place in dentistry. It can be safe, pleasanit, and by raising the acceptance rate for suitable patients, improve the satus of both dentistry and anaesthesia.-I am, etc.,


1. jackup rig ice class for drilling for oil and gas in a potentially icy conditions on the coastal areas, comprising: a buoyant body having a relatively smooth deck in its upper part and ice arch shape in its lower portion extending downward and inward around the perimeter the housing, the ice arch shape extends from the housing area near deck level and extends downward near the hull bottom; the ice deflector portion extending around the perimeter of the hull bottom for ice direction around the housing And not under the body, at least three supports installed inside the perimeter of the bottom of the floating body, the supports are liftable from the seabed for towing the drilling rig through shallow water, as well as extensions to the seabed and extra extension to lift the housing part or all of the water; climbing system device coupled to each support as the support for lifting from the sea floor to jackup rig ice class could float body due to buoyancy, so do you repulsion poles down to the seabed and pushing up the housing with the partial exit of the water when the floating floe threaten the rig, and completely out of the water when ice is absent; isistemu tension, comprising at least one anchor to create more downward force pressing the support to the seabed, and the resistance to movement which can cause led.2. Jack-up drilling rig according to claim 1, further comprising a fixing mechanism coupled to each support shoe to create


Intel SGX (Software Guard Extension) is a promising TEE (trusted execution environment) technique that can protect programs running in user space from being maliciously accessed by the host operating system. Although it provides hardware access control and memory encryption, the actual effectiveness also depends on the quality of the software. In particular, improper implementation of a code snippet running inside the enclave may still leak private data due to the invalid use of pointers. This paper serves as a first attempt to study the privacy leakage issues of enclave code and proposes a novel static sparse taint analysis approach to detect them. We first summarize five common patterns of leakage code. Based on these patterns, our approach performs forward analysis to recognize all taint sinks and then employs a backward approach to detect leakages. Finally, we have conducted experiments with several open-source enclave programs and found 78 vulnerabilities previously unknown in 13 projects.


We consider the impact of the elastomer network on the nematic structure and fluctuations in isotropic-genesis nematic elastomers, via a phenomenological model that underscores the role of network compliance. The model contains a network-mediated nonlocal interaction as well as a new kind of random field that reflects the memory of the nematic order present at network formation and also encodes local anisotropy due to localized nematogenic polymers. This model enables us to predict regimes of short-ranged oscillatory spatial correlations (thermal and glassy) in the nematic alignment.


A series of Yb3+, Ho3+, Tm3+ doped NaLuF4-based nanostructures and microstructures with controllable crystalline phases and morphologies were designed via adjusting the parameters of the oleic acid-assisted hydrothermal method. It is found that increasing the NH4F content and prolonging the reaction time to conduce the formation of β-NaLuF4 and the possible evolution process was proposed. Besides, the dependence of upconversion emission on sensitizer (Yb3+) concentration and pump power in Yb3+-Ho3+ and Yb3+-Tm3+ codoped β-NaLuF4 was investigated. On this basis, a tunable multicolor was achieved in NaLuF4:Yb3+/Ho3+/Tm3+ microrods. It is worth mentioning that white-light output with the calculated CIE color coordinate of (0.333, 0.330) was realized in the microrods, and the triply doped samples presented an outstanding capacity for color controlling and satisfactory color stability in the white region as well as lower threshold pump power density and lower optimal excitation pump power density for white-emission, which present great potential applications in the field of color display and white light-emitting diodes.


We investigate the basic features of wave propagation in bianisotropic metamaterials characterized by asymmetric magnetoelectric tensors with zero diagonal elements. The wave propagation is described by a biquadratic dispersion relation with two elliptically polarized eigenwaves. In particular, the bianisotropic media may possess a hybrid character of the elliptic and hyperbolic dispersions. For a wave incident from vacuum onto a bianisotropic medium, there exist an ordinary and an inversion critical angle, leading to angular selective transmission. A standard and a complementary type of angular selective transmissions are illustrated with the incidence of Gaussian beams based on Fourier integral formulation.


The article presents the possibilities of a new method of neurophysiological research in forensic psychiatry —  the variance of the amplitude- frequency characteristics of the alpha rhythm of the EEG on the example of a dynamic study of a patient with dissociation of personality identification


Variability in the distribution of natural total Sb and Cd in freshwater sediments leads to difficulties in background value (BV) determination. This study aimed to establish a method to determine BV more accurately by investigating the vertical distribution of Sb and Cd in sediment cores collected from a typical river in alluvial plain in China and revealed the factors that control the variation of Sb and Cd BV, which has not been studied in alluvial freshwater sediment. The results suggested that uncontaminated samples for BV calculation should be determined by statistical analysis as human and natural disturbance led to high variation in contamination depth, from <5 cm to >55 cm. The sequential chemical extraction method showed a considerable amount of non-residual fractions of Sb and Cd, which accounted for 48% and 43% of the total, respectively. Acid extractable Cd (16%) was associated to the limestone geology in the area. Fine particles which governed by sedimentary environment contained more natural Sb and Cd, as strong positive correlation was found between clay content and Sb concentration (r = 0.89, p < 0.01), as well as Cd concentration (r = 0.54, p < 0.01). Based on these findings, a method combined with standard deviation and geochemical method was established to calculate the BV of Sb and Cd, and counter maps were made to cover the variation of BV in the Taipu river sediment. The pollution level has been evaluated by the geoaccumulation index more accurately.


GlnR is the global transcriptional regulator of nitrogen assimilation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Under nitrogen starvation, GlnR controls the transcription of at least nine genes associated with nitrogen metabolism. In this study, we identified a new GlnR target gene, SCO2958, named nnaR (nitrate/nitrite assimilation regulator). In silico analysis of NnaR revealed the presence of two distinct domains: an N-terminal uroporphyrinogen-III synthase (HemD)-like enzymatic domain and a C-terminal DNA binding domain. Complementation experiments with a haemin auxotroph Escherichia coli ΔhemD mutant strain revealed that NnaR has no HemD activity. Physiological studies of an S. coelicolor nnaR : : Tn5062 mutant showed that NnaR is involved in regulating nitrite reduction. By electrophoretic mobility shift assays the functionality of the NnaR DNA binding domain was confirmed, and it was found that NnaR binds in front of the genes narK (putative nitrate extrusion protein), nirB (nitrite reductase), nirA (putative nitrite/sulphite reductase) and nasA (putative nitrate reductase), which are associated with nitrate/nitrite assimilation. Furthermore, a cooperative binding of NnaR together with GlnR to the nirB promoter was observed, suggesting that NnaR may act as a GlnR co-activator.


ABSTRACT Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of commercial soft contact lenses, loaded with vitamin E, as ocular drug delivery systems for simultaneous loading and release of ciprofloxacin (Cipro) and betamethasone (BMZ) in artificial tears. Methods: In this study, we applied vitamin E as a barrier to increase BMZ-Cipro loading into three commercial silicone-based soft contact lenses and control their simultaneous release into the artificial lachrymal fluid. Two different concentrations of vitamin E solution (0.1 and 0.2 g/ml) were used, and various parameters including changes in lens diameter, water content, ultraviolet-visible light (UV-Vis) transmittance, drug-binding properties, and drug release profile were investigated. Results: The obtained results indicated that vitamin E significantly reduced the swelling properties of contact lenses in aqueous media, while it enhanced the lens diameter in both dry and hydrated states. Vitamin E had no significant effects on visible transmittance, while it blocked UV radiation, which could be harmful for the eye surface. Our findings revealed that vitamin E improved the simultaneous loading amount of BMZ-Cipro into soft contact lenses. Additionally, BMZ and Cipro release rates significantly reduced after using vitamin E as a hydrophobic diffusion barrier. After soaking the lenses in 0.1 and 0.2 g/ml of vitamin E solution, BMZ release time increased by 28.8–81.6 and 182.4–201 folds, respectively. Moreover, Cipro release time increased by 12–18 and 1152–2313 folds, respectively. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated the efficacy of vitamin E as a diffusion barrier in developing a controlled drug delivery system for the simultaneous loading of BMZ and Cipro and sustaining their release from soft contact lenses.


Mobile robots are increasingly populating homes, hospitals, shopping malls, factory floors, and other human environments. Human society has social norms that people mutually accept; obeying these norms is an essential signal that someone is participating socially with respect to the rest of the population. For robots to be socially compatible with humans, it is crucial for robots to obey these social norms. In prior work, we demonstrated a Socially-Aware Navigation (SAN) planner, based on Pareto Concavity Elimination Transformation (PaCcET), in a hallway scenario, optimizing two objectives so the robot does not invade the personal space of people. This article extends our PaCcET-based SAN planner to multiple scenarios with more than two objectives. We modified the Robot Operating System's (ROS) navigation stack to include PaCcET in the local planning task. We show that our approach can accommodate multiple Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) scenarios. Using the proposed approach, we achieved successful HRI in multiple scenarios such as hallway interactions, an art gallery, waiting in a queue, and interacting with a group. We implemented our method on a simulated PR2 robot in a 2D simulator (Stage) and a pioneer-3DX mobile robot in the real-world to validate all the scenarios. A comprehensive set of experiments shows that our approach can handle multiple interaction scenarios on both holonomic and non-holonomic robots; hence, it can be a viable option for a Unified Socially-Aware Navigation (USAN).


Background: Electrocardiogram (ECG) is a method of recording the electrical activity of the heart and provides a diagnostic mean for heart-related diseases. An arrhythmia is any irregularity of heartbeat that causes an abnormality in one's heart rhythm. Early detection of arrhythmia has great importance to prevent many diseases. Manual analysis of ECG signal is not sufficient for quickly identifying arrhythmias that may cause sudden deaths. Hence, many studies have been presented to developed computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems to automatically identify arrhythmias.Methods: This paper proposes a novel deep learning approach to identify arrhythmias in ECG signals. The signals are obtained from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database and are categorized according to five arrhythmia types. The proposed approach identifies arrhythmia classes by using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture trained by two-dimensional (2D) ECG beat images. CNN architecture is selected due to high image recognition performance. ECG signals are segmented into heartbeats, then each heartbeat is transformed into a 2D grayscale image. The heartbeat images are used as input for the CNN. Results: The proposed CNN model is compared to other common CNN architectures such as LeNet and ResNet-50 to evaluate the performance of our study. Overall, the proposed study achieved 99.7% test accuracy in the classification of five different ECG arrhythmias.Conclusions: Testing results demonstrate that CNN trained by ECG image representations provide outstanding classification performance of arrhythmic ECG signals and outperforms similar network architectures. Hence, the proposed approach provides a robust method for the classification of ECG arrhythmias.


The imprecise computation technique has been proposed as a way to handle transient overload and to enhance fault tolerance of real-time systems. In a system based on this technique, each time-critical task is designed in such a way that it can produce a usable, approximate result in time whenever a failure or overload prevents it from producing the desired, precise result. This paper describes ways to implement imprecise computations, models to characterize them and algorithms for scheduling them. An imprecise mechanism for the generation and use of approximate results can be integrated in a natural way with a traditional fault-tolerance mechanism. An architectural framework for this integration is described. >


Abstract This paper describes the first phase of a project whose ultimate goal is the implementation of a practical tool to support the work of language learners and translators by automatically identifying multiword expressions (MWEs) and retrieving their translations for any pair of languages. The task of translating multiword expressions is viewed as a two-stage process. The first stage is the extraction of MWEs in each of the languages; the second stage is a matching procedure for the extracted MWEs in each language which proposes the translation equivalents. This project pursues the development of a knowledge-poor approach for any pair of languages which does not depend on translation resources such as dictionaries, translation memories or parallel corpora which can be time consuming to develop or difficult to acquire, being expensive or proprietary. In line with this philosophy, the methodology developed does not rely on any dictionaries or parallel corpora, nor does it use any (bilingual) grammars. The only information comes from comparable corpora, inexpensively compiled. The first proof-of-concept stage of this project covers English and Spanish and focuses on a particular subclass of MWEs: verb-noun expressions (collocations) such as take advantage, make sense, prestar atención and tener derecho. The choice of genre was determined by the fact that newswire is a widespread genre and available in different languages. An additional motivation was the fact that the methodology was developed as language independent with the objective of applying it to and testing it for different languages. The ACCURAT toolkit (Pinnis et al. 2012; Skadina et al. 2012; Su and Babych 2012a) was employed to compile automatically the comparable corpora and documents only above a specific threshold were considered for inclusion. More specifically, only pairs of English and Spanish documents with comparability score (cosine similarity) higher 0.45 were extracted. However, see section 6 which discusses experiments with different comparability scores. Statistical association measures were employed to quantify the strength of the relationship between two words and to propose that a combination of a verb and a noun above a specific threshold would be a (candidate for) multiword expression. This study focused on and compared four popular and established measures along with frequency: Log-likelihood ratio, T-Score, Log Dice and Salience. This project follows the distributional similarity premise which stipulates that translation equivalents share common words in their contexts and this applies also to multiword expressions. The Vector Space Model is traditionally used to represent words with their co-occurrences and to measure similarity. The vector representation for any word is constructed from the statistics of the occurrences of that word with other specific/context words in a corpus of texts. In this study, the word2vec method (Mikolov et al. 2013) was employed. Mikolov et al.'s method utilises patterns of word co-occurrences within a small window to predict similarities among words. Evaluation results are reported for both extracting MWEs and their automatic translation. A finding of the evaluation worth mentioning is that the size of the comparable corpora is more important for the performance of automatic translation of MWEs than the similarity between them as long as the comparable corpora used are of minimal similarity.


AIM
Stem cell research in recent years have been considered the most advanced sort of medical-scientific research and early results have aroused great expectations. Also in dentistry many studies were performed with the final aim of obtaining new bone and new teeth. In this work we describe the state of the art in dental science stem cell research.

METHODS
We have performed a web-based research on MEDLINE within (www.pubmed.gov). We have used "stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth" (24 paper found), "periodontal ligament stem cells" (32 paper found), "stem cell apical papilla" (16 paper found), "dental pulp stem cells" (136 paper found) as keywords for research. For each keyword we have performed a complete review focusing on knowledge upgrade.

RESULTS
For each topic was created a selection of papers in chronological order of publication date so to give a timetable of the development of the research for each niche.

CONCLUSION
Research about stem cell from oral niches began in 2000 and every year papers publicated were more than the precedent. This review analysed about 180 articles most of which in the last 5 years. Dentla pulp from adult as from deciduous teeth seems to be the most valuable font of stem cells due to the pluripotential type of cells.


The better accuracy and efficiency trade-off has been a challenging problem in object detection. In this work, we are dedicated to studying key optimizations and neural network architecture choices for object detection to improve accuracy and efficiency. We investigate the applicability of the anchor-free strategy on lightweight object detection models. We enhance the backbone structure and design the lightweight structure of the neck, which improves the feature extraction ability of the network. We improve label assignment strategy and loss function to make training more stable and efficient. Through these optimizations, we create a new family of real-time object detectors, named PP-PicoDet, which achieves superior performance on object detection for mobile devices. Our models achieve better trade-offs between accuracy and latency compared to other popular models. PicoDet-S with only 0.99M parameters achieves 30.6% mAP, which is an absolute 4.8% improvement in mAP while reducing mobile CPU inference latency by 55% compared to YOLOX-Nano, and is an absolute 7.1% improvement in mAP compared to NanoDet. It reaches 123 FPS (150 FPS using Paddle Lite) on mobile ARM CPU when the input size is 320. PicoDet-L with only 3.3M parameters achieves 40.9% mAP, which is an absolute 3.7% improvement in mAP and 44% faster than YOLOv5s. As shown in Figure 1, our models far outperform the state-of-the-art results for lightweight object detection. Code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/PaddlePaddle/PaddleDetection.


An advanced Compton telescope appears to be the best instrument concept for the next generation gamma-ray space observatory in the MeV range. A first prototype of advanced Compton telescope is being developed to match the constraints of a nano satellite mission, with the scientific objective of measuring gamma-ray burst prompt emission polarization. Our instrumental developments for this project are focusing on the position-sensitive calorimeter module, made of a monolithic inorganic CeBr$_3$ scintillator read by a pixelated photodetector. 3D position reconstruction is obtained by deep-learning algorithms that have been optimized down to an uncertainty of 2 mm for each spatial direction.


Prognostics and Health Management aims at estimating the remaining useful life of a system (RUL) , i.e. the remaining time before a failure occurs. It benefits thereby from an increasing interest: prognostic estimates (and related decision-making processes) enable increasing availability and safety of industrial equipment while reducing costs. However, prognostics is generally based on a prediction step which, in the context of data-driven approaches as considered in this paper, can be hard to achieve because future outcomes are in essence difficult to estimate. Also, a prognostic system must perform sufficient long term estimates, whereas many works focus on short term predictions. Following that, the aim of this paper is to formalize and discuss the connexionist-systems-based approaches to ensure multi-step ahead predictions for prognostics. Five approaches are pointed out: the Iterative, Direct, DirRec, Parallel, and MISMO approaches. Conclusions of the paper are based, on one side, on a literature review; and on the other side, on simulations among 111 time series prediction problems, and among a real engine fault prognostics application. These experiments are performed using the exTS (evolving extended Takagi-Sugeno system). As for comparison purpose, three types of performances measures are used: prediction accuracy, complexity (computational time), and implementation requirements. Results show that all three criteria are never optimized at the same time (same experiment), and best practices for prognostics application are finally pointed out.


An innate ability for language acquisition is the claim that humans are genetically pre-programmed to learn language. Observations such as the uniqueness of the human speech organs, the speed of acquisition of language, the presence of linguistic universals, and the claim that language is unique to humans are all used to support this view. Al-Qur'an not only speaks of language as designed, but presents it as one of the basic realities and attributes of Allah. Man and woman were created with the gift of language. The language is design and states that this "entity" could only be a "miracle of creation," for the purpose of communication by Allah to man and man to man. God created man in His own image with speech as a notable part thereof. The Qur'an cites the complexity of communication ability. Language includes not only speaking but also writing and reading. These conventional abilities were part of Allah's design because of His plan to communicate to man through the written as well as the spoken word


This paper discusses the political history of the Indian princely state of Janjira on the west coast of India. It was ruled by Sidis (Africans) from the early seventeenth century until the merger of princely states immediately after the independence of India in 1947. The Sidi rulers of Janjira were of African origin, having initially entered India as traders and serving in administrative capacities with the medieval Deccan kingdoms. The emphasis of this paper will be on the manner in which the rulers of Janjira were elected by a group of African Sidi chiefs or Sardars from amongst them for almost two centuries, as opposed to relying on hereditary primogeniture as a system of succession, and the implications that such a system had on the history of Janjira.


OBJECTIVE
To compare indicators of postoperative pain and behavior in dogs with and without a low-dose ketamine infusion added to usual perioperative management.

DESIGN
Prospective, randomized, blinded clinical study.

ANIMALS
27 dogs undergoing forelimb amputation.

PROCEDURE
Dogs were anesthetized with glycopyrrolate, morphine, propofol, and isoflurane. Thirteen dogs were treated with ketamine IV, as follows: 0.5 mg/kg (0.23 mg/lb) as a bolus before surgery, 10 microg/kg/min (4.5 microg/lb/min) during surgery, and 2 microg/kg/min (0.9 microg/lb/min) for 18 hours after surgery. Fourteen dogs received the same volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. All dogs received an infusion of fentanyl (1 to 5 microg/kg/h [0.45 to 2.27 pg/lb/h]) for the first 18 hours after surgery. Dogs were evaluated for signs of pain before surgery, at the time of extubation, and 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, and 18 hours after extubation. Owners evaluated their dogs' appetite, activity, and wound soreness on postoperative days 2, 3, and 4.

RESULTS
Dogs that received ketamine infusions had significantly lower pain scores 12 and 18 hours after surgery and were significantly more active on postoperative day 3 than dogs that received saline solution infusions.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that perioperative administration of low doses of ketamine to dogs may augment analgesia and comfort in the postoperative surgical period.


An investigation has been made of the magnitude and the source of degradation of polystyrene in model extrusion experiments. A preformed solid plug of a narrow-distribution, high molecular weight polystyrene (Mw = 2 × 106) was used for each experiment. The extrusions were performed with an Instron capillary rheometer at constant temperatures from 160° to 220°C. The molecular weight changes occurring in the capillary reservoir during the pass of the capillary and in the hot extrudate were evaluated. Molecular weights and distributions were obtained by gel permeation chromatography. A significant degradation was observed in the capillary reservoir. The degree of degradation was independent of polymer flow. The polystyrene near the walls reacted more extensively than that closer to the axis, but a constant degradation was observed along the axis. The molecular weight profile across the capillary reservoir was attributed to a selective thermo-oxidative degradation (160° and 190°C). Changes in molecular weight due to mechanical degradation in the capillary were observed only at 160°C. This reaction was referred to as a mechano-oxidative process, as no degradation could be detected in the absence of oxygen. At 160°C, selective migration of macromolecules (fractionation) during extrusion did not occur to any significant extent, nor could any thermo-oxidative degradation of the extrudate be detected. When a small amount of antioxidant (Ionol) was added to the polystyrene, no selective degradation did occur at the walls of the capillary reservoir during extrusion at 160° and 190°C.


In many applications of federated learning (FL), clients desire models that are personalized using their local data, yet are also robust in the sense that they retain general global knowledge. However, the presence of data heterogeneity across clients induces a fundamental trade-off between personalization (i.e., adaptation to a local distribution) and robustness (i.e., not forgetting previously learned general knowledge). It is critical to understand how to navigate this personalization vs robustness trade-off when designing federated systems, which are increasingly moving towards a paradigm of fine-tuning large foundation models. Due to limited computational and communication capabilities in most federated settings, this foundation model fine-tuning must be done using parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) approaches. While some recent work has studied federated approaches to PEFT, the personalization vs robustness trade-off of federated PEFT has been largely unexplored. In this work, we take a step towards bridging this gap by benchmarking fundamental FL algorithms -- FedAvg and FedSGD plus personalization (via client local fine-tuning) -- applied to one of the most ubiquitous PEFT approaches to large language models (LLMs) -- prompt tuning -- in a multitude of hyperparameter settings under varying levels of data heterogeneity. Our results show that federated-trained prompts can be surprisingly robust when using a small learning rate with many local epochs for personalization, especially when using an adaptive optimizer as the client optimizer during federated training. We also demonstrate that simple approaches such as adding regularization and interpolating two prompts are effective in improving the personalization vs robustness trade-off in computation-limited settings with few local updates allowed for personalization.