Abstract
Many preharvest and postharvest factors and conditions influence the nutritional value and storage life of horticultural commodities. The present study, the response of tomato fruits produced from different growing media, tea waste, tea waste + zeolite (1:1), tea waste + zeolite (3:1), tea waste + zeolite (1:3), zeolite + perlite (1:2) (V/V) in soilless culture to two different storage temperature were investigated. The results showed that keeping quality of fruits such as antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds affected by storage temperature. The response to storage temperature was different among the fruits that produced on different growing media. Fruits weight loss was affected by storage temperature and growing media could not change it. The declining antioxidant capacity and phenolic losses were accelerated at higher temperatures (20°C) and longer storage durations. Fruits produced on tea waste have been showed the highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds after two weeks storage.

Keywords: Tomato, Soilless culture, Quality & antioxidant capacity


In light of the known ability of the BSE agent to cross the animal/human species barrier, the evidence establishing the presence of BSE in goat is especially alarming, as it represents a potential risk of food-born contamination to human consumers of goat milk and meat products. The main objective has been to determine the tissue distribution of BSE after oral exposure of goats while simultaneously generating in dispensable data on genetic susceptibility in the most commonly used production breeds. Our approach integrates the predicted influence of PrP gene polymorphisms on scrapie and BSE susceptibility so that it could potentially be used for the control of field TSE outbreaks in goats. This proposal aims: - at providing data to allow evaluation of human risk associated with BSE passaged in goat; - at providing pathogenesis data and biologic al material from first and second passage BSE in goats; - at evaluating the possibility of BSE self-maintenance in goats by maternal/horizontal transmission; - at validating and improving our ability to detect and discriminate caprine BSE from goat scrapie.


The tower-like structure of ZnO nanocolumns grows normal to alumina substrates via pyrolysis and oxidation of ZnS, and is formed by stacking of ZnO nanocrystals layer upon layer.


Seagrasses export a substantial portion of their primary production, both in particulate and dissolved organic form, but the fate of this export production remains unaccounted for in terms of seagrass carbon sequestration. Here we review available evidence on the fate of seagrass carbon export to conclude that this represents a significant contribution to carbon sequestration, both in sediments outside seagrass meadows and in the deep sea. The evidence presented implies that the contribution of seagrass meadows to carbon sequestration has been underestimated by only including carbon burial within seagrass sediments.


Laterite soils are widespread in tropical Africa and have a large impact on the hydrology of the areas they cover. The permeability of laterite helps determine the partitioning of runoff and interflow and regulates groundwater recharge to underlying bedrock. Groundwater within laterite also forms a widespread source of drinking water, typically from unimproved hang‐dug‐wells. Despite its importance, there is little published information on laterite aquifer properties. In this study, data from a 6 m deep well in Nigeria have been analysed to characterise the hydraulic conductivity of the laterite from repeated pumping tests. Transmissivity measurements from 40 tests spread out across a hydrological year varied from 0.1 to 1000 m2/d. Further interpretation of the data demonstrate a strong non‐linear decrease in horizontal hydraulic conductivity with depth, characterised by an upper horizon of extreme permeability (400 m/d), and a much lower permeability profile beneath (<0.1 m/d). These data are substantiated with observations from other wells throughout the area. This non‐linear permeability structure has several implications: the upper laterite can facilitate rapid lateral throughflow in the wet season, enabling contaminants to be transported significant distances (up to 1 km); natural groundwater levels are restricted to a narrow range for much of the year; and, in the dry season, the lower permeability of the deeper laterite restricts the amount of water which can be abstracted from shallow wells, leading to well failure. The work highlights the need for a wider study to better understand laterite soils and the role they play in regional hydrology. © 2013 Natural Environment Research Council. Hydrological Processes published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.


This study aimed at determining the effect of a variety of plants arrangements on foliar growth and development as well as the productive potential in soybean. The field experiments were performed over two agricultural years (2015/16 and 2016/17) on Argisoil in subtropical environment. The two selected cultivars, viz., BMX Tornado RR and FPS Urano RR were sown in four spatial distribution of the plants such as conventional spacing (0.45 m spacing between rows), reduced spacing (0.225 m spacing between rows), paired spacing (two rows with 0.225 m and 0.45 m spacing from the other rows) and crossed spacing (0.45 m spacing between the rows with crosses of two rows, at a 90° angle). The randomized block design was adopted for the experiments with the treatments in a 2x4 factorial distribution and four replications. The first factor was the cultivar and the second types of plant distribution. The results showed that plant arrangement affected the plant profile regarding the behavior of the ecophysiological variables like plastochron, leaf lifetime and yield distribution. Leaf life in each stratum was caused by the foliar senescence rhythm, explained by a 4th degree polynomial model, revealing two peaks in the senescence rate, one during pre-flowering stage and the other when the grain filling stage was completed. According to the results, we do not recommend changes in conventional spacing.


The electronic transport properties in graphene quantum point contacts are numerically studied. The constriction of the quantum point contact induces the zero-conductance Fano
 resonances in the low-energy single channel transport region near the Dirac point, i.e., perfect reflection. Randomly distributed impurities which alter the resonance energies cause large
 conductance fluctuation comparable to the ensemble averaged dimensionless conductance. Our results identify a further intriguing effect of impurity scattering in the electronic transport
 properites of graphene.


The field experiments were conducted during July to October, 2017, 2018 and 2019 in split plot design was laid out at Zonal Research Station farm, Chianki, Palamu, Jharkhand, India. The cultural practices included two factors i.e. the first factor included conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), raised bed sowing (RBS), the second factor included without mulch (WM), farm waste mulch (FWM), polythene mulch (PM), soil mulch (SM). The rain water use efficiency was higher in raised bed sowing+polythene mulch (5.71 kg ha-1 mm-1) than the other treatments but it was lowest in MT+WM (2.96 kg ha-1 mm-1) over the three years. The high water use efficiency in the year 2019 (5.71 kg ha-1 mm-1) influences the maximum growth and yield (5,169 kg ha-1)of the crop followed by 2018 (4.74 kg ha-1 mm-1) but the minimum yield was found under minimum tillage without mulch in every year. This higher growth leads to higher stover yield and plastic mulch prevents the weeding cost which finally improved the B:C ratio (1.97) by reducing cost of cultivation and improving net return. In conclusion, minimum tillage without mulch is not recommended under dryland condition but raise bed sowing with plastic mulch is a suitable practice among all practices. This shows that raised bed practice prevent the maize crop from excess water condition and plastic mulching is helpful in increasing water use efficiency, controlling weed and maintaining temperature near root zone but no mulch condition degrade the fertile layer of soil by erosion.


CECILY BROWN AND MAUREEN GALLACE: TEACHING COVERT FEMINISM IN PUBLIC SCHOOL Danielle Salyers Old Dominion University, 2020 Director: Dr. Vittorio Colaizzi Feminist art consisting of explicit, provocative, and politically charged imagery is common in the university setting and the wider art world. Although this freedom from inhibition certainly functions as a valuable source of inspiration for those fortunate enough to participate in the institution of higher education, content of this nature potentially works against feminism's goals by excluding the youngest audience at the moment they are forming ideas about gender relations; students at the K-12 level. As a public-school art educator, I am faced with strict censorship policies that make it difficult to include students in the ongoing feminist conversation by sharing iconic feminist artists such as Carolee Schneeman and Lynda Benglis. Given the current political climate in the United States, in which a culture of sexual assault is perpetuated, feminist activism is more visible and necessary that ever. Using Antonio Gramsci's theory of cultural hegemony, I argue that this movement's emergence into mainstream culture as well as the graphic and often divisive content of some of the major artworks associated with it keeps the patriarchal power structure firmly in place through exclusion from public discourse. American painter Maureen Gallace (b.1960) and British painter Cecily Brown (b. 1969), who are known, respectively, for serene landscapes and gestural expressionism that integrates or camouflages figurative elements, have both been criticized for seeming to avoid direct agitation, instead indulging in an excessively conservative and traditionally male-dominated style of painting. Artists like these, who appear to have opted out of overwhelmingly confrontational feminist iconography, are perhaps arguing the most effectively. By eluding controversy through passive resistance, the seemingly mundane is able to evade censorship, disrupt the expectations of polarized perspectives and claim the goals of feminism: autonomy for the woman as both artist and citizen.


Safety studies have identified attention as a recurring cause of incidents and accidents in air traffic control. However, little is known of the precise attentional states that lead to degraded ATC performance. Therefore, we surveyed 150 French en route air traffic controllers on the causes of and impacts on perceived cooperation, safety, and performance of seven degraded attentional states from the literature: task-related and task-unrelated mind wandering, mental overload, inattentional deafness and blindness, attentional entropy, and perseveration. Our findings indicated that task-related and task-unrelated mind wandering were the most prevalent but had the least impact on perceived safety. Conversely, inattentional blindness and attentional entropy were less reported but were considered a significant safety concern, while inattentional deafness affected cooperation. Most states were experienced in workload levels consistent with the literature. However, no other factor such as shift work was identified as a cause of these states. Overall, these findings suggest that "attention" is not a specific enough subject for ATC, as attentional issues can occur in various conditions and have different impacts. As far as safety is concerned, inattentional blindness should be the prime target for further research. Neuroergonomics in particular could help develop dynamic countermeasures to mitigate its impact.


The rapid development of artificial intelligence and large-scale application of algorithmic management has led to significant changes in the work environment. These primarily concern the ways in which work is provided and the conditions under which it is carried out, but they should be viewed much more broadly. Already today, most of the employer's tasks in relation to individual employment relationships can be performed by artificial intelligence. In the near future, this trend will become even more noticeable. Since AI manages employees and de facto exercises control over them in the work process, it seems worthwhile to start a discussion on the subjectivity of AI as an employer. This is all the more important because other branches of law already discuss the subjectivity of AI, while the doctrine of labour law does not address this topic, although it is in the work environment that the impact of AI is most visible.


High plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), which are predictive of a poor prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndromes,1 might reflect an inflammatory pathogenetic component. It is well known, however, that short periods of ischaemia are powerful inflammatory stimuli sufficient to induce the synthesis of acute phase reactants.2 Therefore, the acute phase response in acute coronary syndrome may simply reflect the extent and severity of myocardial ischaemia. To establish whether myocardial ischaemia is an adequate stimulus to induce an increase in CRP, its plasma concentrations were evaluated in a group of patients with chronic stable angina and normal baseline values of CRP in whom myocardial ischaemia was induced by exercise.

Fifteen patients (10 men, mean (SD) age 60 (9) years) with chronic stable angina and reproducible positive exercise testing for myocardial ischaemia participated in this study. No patient had suffered a previous myocardial infarction and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 62 (5)%. All patients had at least one critical stenosis in the proximal two thirds of one major epicardial coronary artery. The control group consisted of nine healthy subjects (six men, mean age 61 (9) years) without evidence of ischaemic heart disease and normal …


The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various pulping conditions and different lignocellulosic feedstocks on the anaerobic treatability of pulping wastewaters. Wastewaters were prepared from lignocellulosic feedstocks commonly used in the forest industry, namely, pine, spruce and birch wood, and wheat straw. The pulping conditions used were representative of those applied in TMP and soda pulping processes.

The anaerobic biodegradability and the methanogenic toxicity of the various wastewaters were evaluated in standardized batch bioassays using anaerobic granular sludge. The acidification of the TMP wastewaters (conversion to CH4 and VFA) ranged from 68 to 87% of the total COD, indicating their high anaerobic biodegradability. TMP wastewaters were non-toxic to methane bacteria at concentrations expected in paper mill wastewaters. No inhibition was observed at 10 g COD/l. In contrast, wastewaters prepared in alkaline conditions were poorly biodegradable (approx. 50% acidification) and they caused severe inhibition of the methanogenic activity. The 50% inhibitory concentrations ranged from 2.1 to 5.4 g COD/l.

Additional experiments showed that wood resin components, poorly solubilized at acidic to neutral pH, but easily extractable in alkali, are responsible for most of the methanogenic toxicity observed in alkaline pulping wastewaters. These results indicated that contact of wood with alkali contributes significantly to increase the methanogenic toxicity of the pulping wastewater.


Optimisation of performance and reduction of costs of structures are major issues in engineering. However, this optimisation requires very accurate numerical models to predict the behaviour of the structures that are currently not available for concrete structures after they start cracking. Since concrete may develop cracks, which contradict the classical solid mechanics assumption of a continuum, the results obtained are in general not satisfactory. The classical theory of solid mechanics is formulated in terms of differential equations relying on the basic assumption of material continuity that does not exist in the cracked material. The presented model is based on the existing peridynamics theory which describes the mechanics of materials by employing integral equations, which are valid during cracking. The discretization of the structure in a set of material particles, correspondent interactions and an explicit scheme of integration based on Verlet method are described. Cracks can form by the breaking of interparticle bonds. The capacity of the model to predict the development of discrete cracks in tensile zones was verified with simple numerical tests. This work can provide the basis for more accurate strategies of predicting concrete structures and similar materials behaviour. The main consequences would be the reduction environmental impacts, cost of construction and also the development of new architectonic concepts along with developments in other industries.


Infrared spectra of a 104 amino-acid protein in the gas phase as a function of its charge state are presented. The spectra contain clearly resolvable bands in the amide I and II spectral regions, as well as a band at 1483 cm(-1), which is not observed in solution phase spectroscopy and is especially prominent for the higher charge states. Compared to solution, the amide I band is blue-shifted and the amide II band red-shifted, as expected for species in an environment with reduced hydrogen bonding. The band positions are suggestive of a mostly alpha-helical structure of the protein and their widths are comparable to those in solution, suggesting a similar conformational distribution.


Strong field ionization provides a unique mean to address complex dynamics of an electron in competing Coulomb and laser fields. Recent streak camera experiment (Kubel, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 119, 183201) analyzed asymmetries in the low-energy region of ejected electron momenta distribution and associated them with multiple rescattering of the electron on the parent ion. In this work we directly confirm the multiple rescattering nature of the asymmetry in the low-energy region. Such electron-ion collisions cannot be described within one-dimensional simulations even taking into account focal-volume averaging. Using time-dependent Schrodinger equation simulation in two dimensions supplemented by the insight from strong field semi-classical approximation we identify the dominant interference features of the complex photoelectron momentum maps and find their traces in the experiment. In particular, the holographic structures remain visible in experimental results averaged over carrier-envelope phase (CEP). In the case of individual momentum maps when CEP or delay between the two pulses is varied, the structures arising due to rescattering events are influenced by interfering electrons ionized at main peaks of the electric field. With an increase of experimental resolution, such structures record the electron dynamics on a sublaser-cycle time scale.


Nonphysiological alkaline reflux after partial gastrectomy may produce a range of gastrointestinal disorders. The Bilitec probe is a fibroptic sensor that, for the first time, makes in vivo measurement of this reflux possible, by assay of spectrophotometric absorption of bilirubin. We studied 20 patients who had undergone partial gastrectomy for benign peptic ulcer disease. Ten patients had Billroth II reconstruction and ten had Roux-en-Y reconstruction. In the Roux-en-Y Group we found almost complete control of symptoms and no objective evidence of alkaline reflux as measured by the Bilitec probe. In the Billroth II group we detected by the fiberoptic sensor significant bile reflux into the stomach remnant. Based on these results we recommend Roux-en-Y gastrojejunostomy as the method of choice for reconstruction after distal gastric resection.


Escherichia coli that are virulent for poultry usually result in a respiratory disease, which is frequently followed by a general infection. Adhesiveness of E. coli to epithelial cells and iron-uptake ability of E. coli could be involved in different steps of the disease. These properties were studied in 59 E. coli strains originating from poultry, with reference to lethality for day-old chicks. Adhesive properties were found in 64% of the lethal strains and in only 23% of the nonlethal strains. The ability to grow in limited iron conditions was strongly correlated with lethality. Fifty-two percent of the lethal E. coli strains, but none of the nonlethal strains, possessed both adhesive and iron-uptake abilities. It is suggested that these two properties play a role in the virulence of E. coli for poultry.


For ships navigating in ice floe fields, ship-ice-wave interactions may affect ship performance and ice impact forces. This is because the added mass and hydrodynamic damping may influence hydromechanics and associated ship-ice interactions. This paper presents an approach to evaluate the cross-coupling added mass and hydrodynamic damping between a passing ship and a free-floating small/medium size ice floe based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM). The influences of added mass and hydrodynamic damping are explored for different wave frequencies and headings. Preliminary results are presented for a regular waves scenario whereby a tanker progressing at low speed is passing by a free-floating ice floe modelled as a round disk in close proximity. Radiation and diffraction potentials of the interacting floating bodies are linearly superimposed to reflect the influence of hydromechanical coupling on responses. Parametric analysis of Response Amplitude Operators (RAOs) indicates that the cross-coupling terms of added mass and hydrodynamic damping are of the same order of magnitude as those of the ice floe but smaller by one or two orders of magnitude than those of the ship. It is concluded that whereas the influence of hydrodynamic interactions primarily influences the motions of the ice floe, hydrodynamic interactions are significant attributes of the ship-ice system dynamics.


Launching into the 21st century, we witness the emerging context and shaping of leadership processes, situated in globally competitive markets, presenting significant challenges that require transformations in the fundamentals of leadership. As Westerns countries come to depict themselves as 'knowledge economies', both private and public sector entities are called on to develop innovative capacity to solve accountability, marketisation, customisation, sustainability and wider stakeholder issues. Consequently the dominant 20th-century image of the individualist 'heroic leader', as the sole guider of appropriate modes of conception and execution, is beginning to be undermined by the realisation that no one individual, or indeed organisation, has all the necessary expertise required to operate in such complex contextual environments. A model of 'postheroic' facilitative operational leadership is thus advocated, to empower employees to contribute their ideas and tacit know-how, through team-based leadership formations, and thereby build the necessary creativity capabilities advantage. This grounded emergent approach appears to offer potential for more diverse representations of leadership; both in terms of operational styles and providing for leadership participants to be drawn from a wider range of backgrounds than is conventionally the case. This paper suggests however, that leadership practitioners are currently struggling to manage this adaptation process adequately. The expectation for them to move from a remote, 'command and control' role (legitimated by a 'scientific objectivist' approach), to engage more facilitative, democratic ('culturally subjectivist') interpretively-informed approaches is surfacing a raft of ontological identity crises and epistemological institutional threats. Hence the paper interrogates the intricate relationship between dominant and emerging alternative ways of 'knowing, seeing and being', in terms of their 'identity politics' underpinnings. Struggles around the dynamic, relationally intersubjective, co-created, social process, underpinnings of postheroic leadership will be shown to be integrally related to an individual's sense of identity and self-worth. Reference to ethnographic empirical studies and middle and senior management educational encounters will be drawn on to bring the issues further to life. Critically reflexive ethnographic modes of learning, in 'community of practice' contexts, will be identified for their enriching and empowering leadership potential. In this regard, the separation between epistemology and ontology will be challenged and reframed for productive purposes. Implications for leaders, in terms of linking increased understanding of the wider contextual change processes and associated impacts on the nature of their daily practice, will be unpacked with the objective of contributing to stimulating emerging leadership locale opportunities.


This paper seeks to empirically answer a fundamental question: which level of government—federal or state—should act to address climate change? To answer this, I develop a spatially and sectorally disaggregated equilibrium model of the US economy that accounts for how heterogeneity in environmental preferences with respect to climate change is likely to impact the distortions that emerge from federal and state decisionmaking. Using an environmental preference parameter that is recovered from my model of federal decisionmaking given the observed cap, permit allocation, and votes for the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 (ACESA), I am able to conduct a positive revealed welfare analysis of federal and state climate policy that reflects policymakers' revealed external costs of climate change. The central result of this analysis is that state policy results in a substantially smaller welfare loss than federal policy, although both policies lead to lower welfare relative to the policy that maximizes national aggregate surplus. Federal policy results from a majority coalition of climate 'believers' who establish an especially stringent cap that reflects their preferences for emissions reductions as well as free permits (green pork), resulting in a cap that is 31.4% lower than the emissions level which maximizes aggregate surplus and a welfare loss of $67.0 billion. State policy, in contrast, results in a smaller cumulative emissions reduction that is 21.4% below the aggregate surplus maximizing emissions level, and has a corresponding welfare loss of $27.3 billion. I then complement this analysis taking the policies from the revealed analysis as given but that instead uses a scientific estimate of the external costs of climate change of $25 per ton CO2e. From the perspective of scientific welfare, the revealed federal climate policy results in a welfare gain of $90.4 billion which is greater than the welfare gain from revealed state policy of $80.1 billion. I also discuss the distributional implications of federal and state policies and show how the choice of allocation rule under federal decisionmaking both critically impacts the likelihood that federal climate policy will pass as well as the distortionary implications of revealed federal policy.


Telomere length (TL) shortens with age but telomere dynamics can relate to fitness components independent of age. Immune function often relates to such fitness components and can also interact with telomeres. Studying the link between TL and immune function may therefore help us understand telomere–fitness associations. We assessed the relationships between erythrocyte TL and four immune indices (haptoglobin, natural antibodies (NAbs), complement activity (CA) and heterophil-lymphocyte (HL) ratio; n = 477–589), from known-aged individuals of a wild passerine (Malurus coronatus). As expected, we find that TL significantly declined with age. To verify whether associations between TL and immune function were independent of parallel age-related changes (e.g. immunosenescence), we statistically controlled for sampling age and used within-subject centring of TL to separate relationships within or between individuals. We found that TL positively predicted CA at the between-individual level (individuals with longer average TL had higher CA), but no other immune indices. By contrast, age predicted the levels of NAbs and HL ratio, allowing inference that respective associations between TL and age with immune indices are independent. Any links existing between TL and fitness are therefore unlikely to be strongly mediated by innate immune function, while TL and immune indices appear independent expressions of individual heterogeneity.


The existing atomized kerosene stove being used in some households in Nigeria does not give room for primary air fuel mixture but secondary one before combustion. This in turn leads to higher specific fuel consumption and ultimately lower thermal efficiency (resulting from low combustion efficiency) of the stove. In order to arrest this situation, there is a need to redesign the existing atomized kerosene stove. To this end, this work improved the existing atomized kerosene stove by making improvement design on its inlet unit through the introduction of primary air inlet in addition to the existing secondary air inlet and pre-mixing chamber at the throat with the limitation that the improvement does not take in to consideration the degree of mixing of air fuel mixture. The work tested the improved and the existing designs, the result of the test show that the improved design has a better thermal efficiency in a way of 70% compare to the existing design with thermal efficiency of 50%. Also the fuel consumption rate (SFC) of the existing design is 0.34 kg of fuel/kg of water evaporated while that of improved design is 0.30 kg of fuel/kg of water evaporated. It was concluded that the improved atomized kerosene stove is more thermally efficient and has an improved fuel consumption rate over the existing stove. Keywords : Improvement design, atomized kerosene stove, combustion efficiency, specific fuel consumption


The tumoricidal activity of C3H mouse alveolar macrophages (AM) was completely abolished by 100 Gy gamma-irradiation, whereas the activities of AM of C57Black/6 (B6) and Balb/c mice were not significantly affected. The viability of AM, determined by both vital staining with crystal violet and by trypan blue exclusion, was decreased markedly by gamma-irradiation only in C3H mouse AM. AM of B6, Balb/c mice and four strains of rat were much more radioresistant than C3H mouse AM with respect to cell viability. On the other hand the effect of irradiation on the colony-forming capacity of AM was essentially the same in three strains of mouse. Morphological examination of irradiated C3H mouse AM and the DNA migration pattern in agarose gel electrophoresis indicated that gamma-irradiation induced high levels of apoptosis in C3H mouse AM. These results suggest that the apoptotic cell death induced by gamma-irradiation at doses that do not affect AM of the other strains of mouse and rat explains the radiosensitivity of C3H mouse AM with respect to cell viability and tumoricidal activity.


The processing of large or near-net shaped parts from g-TiAl alloys is extremely challenging. The forging of large-scale TiAl-parts is hampered by the unavailability of high-quality, chemical homogenous pre-material. However, using an innovative combination of forging and joining large discs of TiAl with excellent mechanical properties can be produced. Metal Injection Moulding (MIM) facilitates the production of near-net shaped parts of high-strength TiAl-alloys with strength comparable to the cast condition.


Knobler and his colleagues [ l ] reported in the February Annals that intracerebral hematomas or hyponatremia may cause arrhythmic downward eye movements with slow downward and fast upward components (inverse bobbing). Their patients had status epilepticus prior to the appearance of these movements; in addition, one had documented hypoxia. I believe that ocular dipping (or inverse bobbing) movements frequently occur after hypoxic encephalopathy 121 and wonder if that was not the cause in the cases presented by Knobler e t al. O n the basis of two patients, one autopsied and another with abnormalities on C T scan, it appears that diffuse cortical and perhaps bilateral basal ganglia dysfunction causes the dipping movements [2]. In contrast to well-studied cases of bobbing in which lesions have been found in the rostra1 pons, there were no brainstem abnormalities in the autopsied patient with ocular dipping 121. The diagnostic value and anatomical significance of both ocular bobbing and dipping are diminished if dipping is considered a variant of bobbing. Like roving eye movements which accompany it, dipping signifies a normal brainstem and a physiologically abnormal cortex. The movements particularly suggest that hypoxia has occurred and therefore may be helpful in the diagnosis of coma. Instances of "atypical bobbing" that have been attributed to metabolic encephalopathy were incompletely described, lacked supportive pathological changes, or were more typical of dipping [3].


Underground mining will cause the ground to deform, leading to the destruction of buildings. Horizontal strain is one of the most important causes of damage to strip foundation buildings. However, related research is insufficient, making the mechanism of building damage caused by horizontal strain unclear and resulting in several difficulties in performing coal mining under villages. In this study, interface slip and soil pressure caused by the horizontal strain of ground transfer between soil and buildings are investigated, and stress concentration in buildings driven by soil movement is considered the primary cause of building damage. The influences of the mechanical parameters of the soil and the geometric parameters of building on stress distribution inside a building are analyzed by establishing a stress distribution model of a building under different ground horizontal strain. Softening the foundation or designing deformation joints inside a building can reduce the influence of horizontal strain on the building. This research can provide an important reference for performing coal mining safely under villages and designing building protection against ground horizontal strain.


Energy and resource security have become critical issues on the economic and strategic agenda in the Asian region as demand and dependence on imported supplies grow. Energy security cuts across many sectors–economic, environmental and national security. Recent increases in energy prices, climate change and a steady escalation in global energy demand –expected to rise by nearly 60% over the next 20 years–have led energy policy-makers across the world to engage in a wide ranging debate over how best to address their country's future energy requirements. Regional powers, most notably China, have responded with nationalistic strategies to secure control over energy and commodity supplies. China is trying to shift its role from a passive recipient to an active innovator of international energy rules; from an onlooker to an active participant in international energy affairs; and from a receiver to a contributor of international energy policy. Major Asian powers are now redefining their foreign policy to meet the growing energy needs. This is most evident from the grand strategy adopted by China since 1991. China is destined to become a significant player in key energyand resource-exporting regions, such as the Middle East, Central Asia, Africa, and Latin America. China's new involvement in these regions could have a powerful impact on the strategic goals of other major power in the world. Asian stability is central to the global prosperity and security; thus, the potential for conflict driven by energy competition and resource insecurity must become a conscious and carefully crafted dimension of energy strategies of all leading players in the region.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model for smartphone brand switching behavior, based on the consumption value theory (functional value, emotional value, social value and epistemic value) and the cognition affect behavior (CAB) model. Two paths – product consumption values and retail service relational benefits – were considered as the cognitive elements to predict brand commitment (affect) and smartphone brand switching behavior. In addition, switching cost was used to measure the moderating effect on the relationship between brand commitment and smartphone brand switching behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
This research examined whether product consumption value and cognitive benefits related to retail services will enhance brand commitment and then further decrease smartphone brand switching behavior. Switching cost was predicted as a moderator in the model. An investigation of consumers who own a particular brand of smartphone (e.g. the top five smartphone brands: Samsung, Apple, HTC, Sony and Asus) was conducted, and 565 valid responses were collected for the structural equation modeling analysis.

Findings
The results demonstrated that emotional value, social value, epistemic value and confidence benefits increased consumer brand commitment and predicted less smartphone brand switching behavior. In addition, switching cost played a significant moderator role in the relationship between brand commitment and brand switching behavior.

Practical implications
A multiple cognitive paths design, with a consumption values aspect and a relational benefits aspect, can elaborate consumer perceptions of product values and service benefits simultaneously, which can lead to a better understanding of the whole picture of the brand services and the key reasons why consumers commit to a brand. Administrators of brand vendors are suggested to improve product innovation and the professionalism of sales services in order to facilitate consumer consumption values, increase their degree of confidence in members of sales staff and, in the meantime, help these administrators gain an understanding of the real reasons for brand switching so as to provide solutions leading to the maintenance of consumer brand commitment through products or services. This is, in turn, likely to increase continued usage intention and reduce the possibility of brand switching.

Originality/value
This study extended the consumption value theory and the CAB model to show that product consumption value and cognitive benefits related to retail services can enhance brand commitment and further decrease smartphone brand switching behavior. The results indicated that brand retailer managers should regularly conduct activities to connect with their customers to induce consumption values and relational benefits and, consequently, increase brand commitment and prevent customer switching behavior.


This chapter explores the nature of mathematical English found in a highly multilingual school in London, UK. Desriptions of mathematical English date back several decades (Halliday, 1978; Pimm, 1987). Monaghan argues that this earlier work would be enhanced by more systematic analysis of the regularities of mathematical English (or any other language for that matter) based on actual examples of language use. The tools for such an analysis have been developed to a high degree of sophistication in corpus linguistics. Monaghan describes how this kind of analysis works and how it can be used in multilingual classrooms. He shows how the results of corpus analysis can inform practice, such as in the development of new resources for multilingual learners of mathematics.


Background: Nowadays adolescents primarily use modern, often web-based technology, such as social media and mobile applications to find the answers on all kinds of questions about their health and healthcare services (Kulyk et al., 2013; van Velsen et al., 2013). National program Sense in the Netherlands provides free public counselling young adults under 25 years and aims at supporting their sexual health. Current program consist of the national website, chat & email services as well as face-to-face consultations and the regional Municipal Health Services. Evaluations among the high-risk adolescents show that the use of the existing tools and services is limited due to the lack of awareness of this free health service and the lack of anonymity. In addition, high-risk adolescents with low education and immigrants have special needs. In order to provide optimal healthcare services for high-risk and hard to reach adolescents, it is important to actively involve youth as potential clients as well as sexual care providers throughout the whole design process of new technology and services.
Topic: Assistive technologies for cognitive support and wellbeing
Objective: The purpose of the Sense eHealth project is to optimize and enhance existing public sexual health counselling services with eHealth technology and social media, as well as to find new forms of eHealth services for hard to reach and high-risks adolescents. This research focuses on finding out which design elements in various modern forms of eHealth technology actually motivate high-risk adolescents? The optimal goal is to promote healthier lifestyle by increasing awareness among high-risk and hard to reach adolescents with various cultural backgrounds.
Methods: A holistic eHealth approach, namely the CeHRes roadmap is used to identify how sexual health can be improved from the perspective of adolescents and different stakeholders, such as public health care professionals, youth experts and non-governmental organizations. The results presented on this poster focus on the contextual inquiry and value specifications phases, which investigate current practices, needs and expectations for enriching sexual healthcare services via eHealth technology and social media. The main stakeholders and users are adolescents and various public healthcare providers.
Nine semi-structured interviews, six focus groups and field observations were conducted with 55 participants. High risk adolescents, sexual care professionals, youth experts as well as designers and technology developers participated in the study. High risk adolescents in focus groups were discussing their impressions and opinions about the existing Sense media, such as a serious game, Facebook page, mobile application and a promotion movie via Youtube. Participants were also asked their opinion about the new design ideas, such as personal virtual coach and a serious game on Facebook. An interview protocol and a demographic questionnaire were used. All interview sessions as well as focus groups were audio recorded with participants' permission. During the data analysis, audio files were fully transcribed, analysed, coded and categorized. In order to validate the coding and avoid bias, two randomly selected audio recordings were also coded and compared by the second coder. In addition, additional analysis was performed on the influence of specific persuasive factors (Oinas-Kukkonen and Harjumaa, 2008) on the use of the various forms of new media.
Results: Young adults are positive towards the use of new forms of eHealth technology for raising awareness about the public sexual care services. Trust in the provided information, anonymity, interactivity and entertaining fun elements are important defining factors for using the new forms of eHealth. Social media are widely used by adolescents and well suited as a promotion channel for the efficient distribution of public eHealth services like Sense to a broad and high-risk group. Due to the lack of anonymity in social networks, they are less suitable for offering support on the sexual domain. Adolescents give preference to mobile versus internet applications due to the anonymity, higher privacy and low-threshold. Combining various advantages of interactive media and social networks in a new anonymous applications on a private platform has a lot of potential in reaching the high-risk adolescents with information on public health services, health lifestyle and wellbeing. The results suggest a stepped blended care approach that is tailored to meet the needs of various user profiles with various types of sexual health questions.
Conclusions: The integration of web based eHealth services like chat, mobile application, email, website with the traditional face-to-face counselling can provide easier access to low-threshold sexual health counselling on-demand for adolescents. The broad range of sexual care services not only promises to increase awareness of various sexual health services among hard to reach high-risk adolescents, but also offers a more cost effective way to provide optimally suited care for every individual client.


The structures and magnetic properties of [K(18-crown-6)](+) (1) and [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2](+) (2) salts of the η(8)-cyclooctatetraenide sandwich complex [Er(COT)2](-) (COT(2-) = cyclooctatetraene dianion) are reported. Despite slight differences in symmetry, both compounds exhibit slow magnetic relaxation under zero applied dc field with relaxation barriers of ∼150 cm(-1) and waist-restricted magnetic hysteresis. Dc relaxation and dilution studies suggest that the drop in the magnetic hysteresis near zero field is influenced by a bulk magnetic avalanche effect coupled with tunneling of the magnetization. Through dilution with [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2][Y(COT)2] (3), these phenomena are substantially quenched, resulting in an open hysteresis loop to 10 K. Importantly, this represents the highest blocking temperature yet observed for a mononuclear complex and the second highest for any single-molecule magnet. A comprehensive comparative analysis of the magnetism of [K(18-crown-6)][Ln(COT)2] (Ln = Sm, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb) reveals slow relaxation only for [K(18-crown-6)][Dy(COT)2] (4) with weak temperature dependence. Collectively, these results highlight the utility of an equatorial ligand field for facilitating slow magnetic relaxation in the prolate Er(III) ion.


—In this paper, we focus on the output regulation problem of a class of gantry crane systems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs) in the presence of unknown constant disturbances. We first design a preliminary state-feedback controller for the system without perturbations and establish the existence of a strict Lyapunov function under the preliminary control law. By employing the forwarding method, we then add an integral action to the preliminary controller and analyze the well-posedness of the resulting closed-loop system, demonstrating its exponential stability. Furthermore, we extend our analysis to consider the system with perturbations, solving the output regulation problem. Finally, we provide numerical simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed strategy.


Wireless sensor networks are one of the emerging areas which have equipped scientists with the capability of developing real-time monitoring systems. This paper discusses the development of a wireless sensor network(WSN) to detect landslides, which includes the design, development and implementation of a WSN for real time monitoring, the development of the algorithms needed that will enable efficient data collection and data aggregation, and the network requirements of the deployed landslide detection system. The actual deployment of the testbed is in the Idukki district of the Southern state of Kerala, India, a region known for its heavy rainfall, steep slopes, and frequent landslides.


U.S. Science PolicyOne year into his 6-year term as director of the National Science Foundation (NSF), Subra Suresh is pushing the 60-year-old basic research agency in new directions. The most visible evidence is a quartet of new initiatives intended to promote entrepreneurship, accelerate the review process, foster international collaborations, and improve conditions for women. On 7 December, Science sat down with Suresh in his Arlington, Virginia, office to talk about these and other issues.


*Corresponding author Email: email@example.com Abstract: The study aims at detecting agricultural landuse change and its prediction by using the Markov model in Tarakanda Upazila of Mymensingh District during 1989-2018 which is one of the most fish farming dominated areas of Bangladesh. Therefore, agricultural landuse is converted to the fish farming sector as well as other sectors. In such a situation the study intends at identifying agricultural landuse shifting to various sectors from 1989 to 2018 and predicting it for the year of 2026 as a future vector of the Markov model. The study was conducted using multispectral data from Landsat imageries. The imageries for the years of 1989, 2000, 2010 and 2018 were collected from Landsat 4-5TM and Landsat 8 OLI-TRIS. Maximum likelihood classification and supervised classification were applied to detect landcovers of the study area. The study showed that in 1989, there was 58.55% of agricultural land, but it stood at 46.65% in 2018. About 11.9% of agricultural land has also decreased during 1989-2018. Therefore, yearly about 0.4% of agricultural land has decreased from 1989 to 2018. The predicted data shows that about 2.96% of agricultural land will be decreased from 2018-2026, hence, about 0.37% of agricultural land will be decreased in the near future in the study area. As a fish farming dominated area, the water body of the Tarakanda Upazila has increased by about 0.18% per year, similarly, other sectors have decreased at 0.21 percent per year. Therefore the landuse change dynamics should be considered seriously for future planning.


Many neurotoxic substances produce toxic effects on the nervous system. Given the neurotoxic substances found in the human body, certain people have been regarded as having a propensity to epileptic seizures. In many situations, the neurotransmission processes of these toxins are similar to the physiopathology of epilepsy. Epileptic models have been developed to induce seizures in animals, allowing researchers to study convulsive seizure mechanisms. Pentylenetetrazol, kainic acid, pilocarpine, penicillin, aluminum, bicuculline, picrotoxine, 4-aminopyridine, strictine, domoic acid, and other compounds fall under this category. However, there are some drugs used in clinical practice that can cause neurotoxicity as well. In this chapter, the predominant substances and drugs involved in epileptogenesis through neurotoxicity effects are reviewed. Throughout this chapter, we attempt to describe the mechanisms documented in the literature, in which epileptic seizures cause neurotoxicity in the brain by themselves, as shown with excitotoxicity mediated by glutamate and ions involved.


Plant growth highly depends on the carbon allocation which results from combined effects of environment, horticultural practices and management. QualiTree has been demonstrated to be a useful model to simulate carbon allocation in peach trees. The objective of this study was to adapt QualiTree to apple trees to simulate carbon economy and organ growth dynamics as well as their within-tree variability. We used MappleT to generate tree architectures corresponding to the 'Fuji' cultivar and to account for the variability among individuals. Architectures were saved into a Multiscale Tree Graph (MTG) that included information on all shoot and fruit locations as well as their initial weights. This information was then used as input for QualiTree. Furthermore, based on the observed shoot polymorphism in apple trees, we modified QualiTree to take into account different classes of shoots (long, medium and short) that are characterized by different growth rates and duration. The light interception sub-model, based on a turbid medium hypothesis, was also modified to allow the usage of user-defined ellipsoids to represent the shape of apple trees. The simulations were compared to 3D digitized trees and measurements previously performed on 'Fuji' apple trees. The model was useful for simulating organ growth and their within tree variability. This modelling approach coupling MAppleT and QualiTree will help provide deeper understanding of complex interactions between growth, architecture and management practices. To reach this objective, further works are needed to integrate into MappleT retroaction loops between carbon allocation and plant architecture dynamics.


At a time where high levels of stress are reported in the veterinary profession, this study explores the challenges that veterinary graduates encounter when they enter general (first opinion) practice. Participants had written reflective accounts of their 'Most Puzzling Cases' for the postgraduate Professional Key Skills module of the Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice, offered by the Royal Veterinary College. Reasons that a case was puzzling, or became challenging, were thematically analysed. Fifteen summaries were analysed. Three core themes were identified: 'clinical reasoning', centred on the limitations of pattern recognition and the methods used to overcome this; the 'veterinary healthcare system', focusing on the need for continuity of care, time pressure and support in the transition to practice; and the 'owner', looking at the broader clinical skills needed to succeed in general practice. Clinical reasoning was raised as an issue; discussion of when pattern recognition is not appropriate and what to do in these cases was common. A lack of experience in general practice case types, and how to best operate in the resource-constrained environment in which they present, is the likely cause of this, suggesting that a greater focus on the primary care paradigm is needed within veterinary education.


Virtual screening has become an essential step in the early drug discovery process. Generally speaking, it consists in using computational techniques for selecting compounds from chemical libraries in order to identify drug-like molecules acting on a biological target of therapeutic interest. In the present study we consider virtual screening as a particular form of the KDD (Knowledge Discovery from Databases) approach. The knowledge to be discovered concerns the way a compound can be considered as a consistent ligand for a given target. The data from which this knowledge has to be discovered derive from diverse sources such as chemical, structural, and biological data related to ligands and their cognate targets. More precisely, we aim to extract filters from chemical libraries and protein-ligand interactions. In this context, the three basic steps of a KDD process have to be implemented. Firstly, a model-driven data integration step is applied to appropriate heterogeneous data found in public databases. This facilitates subsequent extraction of various datasets for mining. In particular and for specific ligand descriptors, it allows transforming a multiple-instance problem into a single-instance one. In a second step, mining algorithms are applied to the datasets and finally the most accurate knowledge units are eventually proposed as new filters. We report here this KDD approach and the experimental results we obtained with a set of ligands of the hormone receptor LXR.


Members of the family Diplozoidae are blood-feeding monogeneans mainly parasitizing on the gills of cyprinid fishes. They may have pathogenic effects on their hosts caused by mechanical damage of gill filaments accompanied by secondary infections, or by induction of hypochromic mycrocytic anemia. The information about blood processing mechanisms in monogeneans of the subclass Heteronchoinea (Polyopisthocotylea) stems from ultrastructural or histochemical analyses. It has been assumed that digestion is intracellular and takes place in a specialized type of gut cells. Only little information exists about the biochemistry of digestion. Therefore we focused on biochemical and molecular characterization of peptidases which can be involved in digestion of blood proteins. The presence of the cysteine class of peptidases, mainly cathepsin L, was approved in samples of excretory/secretory products and in soluble protein extracts from adult Paradiplozoon bliccae and Eudiplozoon nipponicum by using fluorogenic substrates, specific inhibitors and a biotinylated/fluorochrome-labelled affinity probe DCG-04. In the gels after electrophoresis or on blots we observed labelled bands of 35 kDa in the case of both species and 24 kDa for E. nipponicum only. Soluble protein extracts of worms were separated by 2D electrophoresis; detected spots around 35 kDa for P. bliccae and around 35-25 kDa for E. nipponicum were identified by mass spectrometry analyses as cathepsins L. On the basis of transcriptome analyses we have predicted 30 peptidase genes in E. nipponicum, 9 of which may be involved in nutrient digestion. Cathepsin L and cathepsin B of E. nipponicum have been expressed in Pichia pastoris yeast and are being biochemically characterized.


In conventional recycling method, the aluminium scrap undergoes melting process
whereby only 52% of the aluminium are recycled and the others are wasted in terms
of melting loss, dross, extrusion scraps and etc. Other than material loss, the energy
usage needed for conventional process are very high with energy consumption of
6000 kcal/kg and high operation costs due to the large number of operation. This
research focus on one of the least researched direct recycling method that is by cold
compression. Only one optimum chip size was used, that is (4-6) mm x (3.5-4.5) mm
x (1.45-1.55) mm. The chips were cold compressed with a Force (F) of 35, 40 and 45
tons with variable in Holding Time (t = 1, 5 and 10 minutes). The compressed
samples were then placed into the furnace to be sintered at different Temperature (T)
namely, 0°C (no sintering), 500°C and 600°C. Both the mechanical properties
(Ultimate Tensile Strength, UTS and Elongation to Failure, ETF) and the physical
properties (Density, D and Micro-hardness, MH) were then tested. Response surface
methodology (RSM) was then applied to identify the optimal variable parameters for
specific goals. It was found that an increased in the compression force above the
optimum condition will not bring any significant outcome on the compressed
specimen. Whereas, sintering process increases the UTS to maximum of 14.67 MPa
at sintering temperature of 600°C. But at the same time, the specimen that was
sintered at 600°C show low ETF of only 1.23%. As for specimen that were not
sintered (0°C), the lowest recorded UTS is 2.77 MPa but having better microhardness
that was even higher if compared to the reference specimen with microhardness
of 117.10 HV. Even though there is an improvement in mechanical and
physical properties but the microstructure of the sample reveal that there is lack of
bonding in the structure as the chips were more to overlapping each other rather than
inter-locking one another. Further improvement in terms of shear deformation like
hot extrusion is highly recommended to ensure better material bonding and powder
metallurgy may be one of the other ways to strength the recycled chips as powdered
aluminium sintered better than aluminium chips.


Emerging applications such as the metaverse, telesurgery or cloud computing require increasingly complex operational demands on networks (e.g., ultra-reliable low latency). Likewise, the ever-faster traffic dynamics will demand network control mechanisms that can operate at short timescales (e.g., sub-minute). In this context, Traffic Engineering (TE) is a key component to efficiently control network traffic according to some performance goals (e.g., minimize network congestion).This paper presents Routing By Backprop (RBB), a novel TE method based on Graph Neural Networks (GNN) and differentiable programming. Thanks to its internal GNN model, RBB builds an end-to-end differentiable function of the target TE problem (MinMaxLoad). This enables fast TE optimization via gradient descent. In our evaluation, we show the potential of RBB to optimize OSPF-based routing (≈25% of improvement with respect to default OSPF configurations). Moreover, we test the potential of RBB as an initializer of computationally-intensive TE solvers. The experimental results show promising prospects for accelerating this type of solvers and achieving efficient online TE optimization.


Abstract A bibliometric approach using network analytical methods was applied to explore the research trends on acupuncture for neck pain treatment. Publications related to acupuncture for neck pain treatment from 2000 to 2020 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The extracted records were analyzed in terms of publication year, research area, journal title, country, organization, authors, and keywords. The research trends on acupuncture for neck pain treatment were visualized using the VOSviewer program. Analyses of 325 articles revealed that the total number of publications has continually increased over the last 20 years. The most represented research area was integrative complementary medicine. The country producing the most articles was the US, followed by China, England, and the Republic of Korea. By assessing the total link strength of organizations and authors, we identified influential organizations and authors who have contributed to research on acupuncture for neck pain treatment. A network analysis based on the cooccurrence of keywords revealed the following two major study designs: clinical study and research methodology. This study examined the research trends on acupuncture for neck pain treatment using bibliometric methods. Our findings provide useful guidelines for researchers in searching for relevant topics.


Test Methods A total of 1867 new, multiple-use and used (remanufactured and repaired) GMA pallets were randomly sampled from 20 different locations throughout the United States. The pallets were carefully inspected and then tested for strength and stiffness when in racks spanning the stringers (RAS) and spanning the deckboards (RAD). The test spans were 44and 36-inch respectively and a uniform-load applicator was used. Sample pallets were tested for structural durability in the VPI FasTrack which is an accelerated rough handling testing protocol that simulates unit-load material handling practices.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: β propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN) is the most common neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation disorder. Typical radiologic findings are T2 hypointensity in the substantia nigra and globus pallidus, as well as a T1 halolike substantia nigra hyperintense signal surrounding a hypointense central area. However, these findings are often subtle or absent on initial scans, risking diagnostic delay. In this study, we sought to investigate radiologic findings that could aid in the early diagnosis of BPAN. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed in a national referral center, including all pediatric patients with confirmed pathogenic WDR45 mutations and consistent clinical semiology. MR imaging findings were independently reported by 2 pediatric neuroradiologists. RESULTS: Fifteen patients were included in the study, and 27 scans were available for review. The initial neuroimaging study was undertaken at a mean age of 3.2 years. Iron deposition was uncommon in patients younger than 4 years of age. Neuroradiologic features from very early on included dentate, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra swelling, as well as a thin corpus callosum and small pontine volume. Optic nerve thinning was also present in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the key early MR imaging features of BPAN. Iron deposition in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra is not common in children younger than 4 years of age; clinicians should not be deterred from suspecting BPAN in the presence of the findings described in this study and the appropriate clinical context.


The 'second–order' homogenization procedure of Ponte Castañeda is used to propose new estimates of the self–consistent type for the effective behaviour of viscoplastic polycrystals. This is accomplished by means of appropriately generated estimates of the self–consistent type for the relevant 'linear thermoelastic comparison composite', in the homogenization procedure. The resulting nonlinear self–consistent estimates are the only estimates of their type to be exact to second order in the heterogeneity contrast, which, for polycrystals, is determined by the grain anisotropy. In addition, they satisfy the recent bounds of Kohn and Little for two–dimensional power–law polycrystals, which are known to be significantly sharper than the Taylor bound at large grain anisotropy. These two features combined, suggest that the new self–consistent estimates, obtained from the second–order procedure, may be the most accurate to date. Direct comparison with other self–consistent estimates, including the classical incremental and secant estimates, for the special case of power–law creep, appear to corroborate this observation.


Body weight (BW) of dairy cows can be estimated using linear conformation traits (calculated BW; CBW), which are generally recorded only once during a lactation. However, predicted BW (PBW) throughout the lactation would be useful, e.g., at milk-recording dates allowing feed-intake prediction for advisory purposes. Therefore, a 2-step approach was developed to obtain PBW for each milk-recording date. In the first step, a random-regression test-day model was used with CBW as observations to predict PBW. The second step consisted in changing means and (co)variances of prior distributions for the additive genetic random effects of the test-day model by using priors derived from results of the first step to predict again PBW. A total of 25,061 CBW from 24,919 primiparous Holstein cows were computed using equations from literature. Using CBW as observations, PBW was then predicted over the whole lactation for 232,436 dates corresponding to 207,375milk-recording dates and 25,061 classification dates. Results showed that using both steps (the 2-step approach) provided more accurate predictions than using only the first step (the one-step approach). Based on the results of this preliminary study, BW of dairy cows could be predicted throughout the lactation using this procedure. These predictions could be useful in milk-recording systems to compute traits of interest (e.g., feed-intake prediction). The developed novel method is also flexible because actual direct measurements of BW can also be used together with CBW, the prediction model being able to accommodate different levels of accuracies of used BW phenotypes.


The relativistic nuclear recoil corrections of order ( alpha Z)4 m2/M to the energy levels of two- and three-electron multicharged ions are calculated. The calculations are made with the hydrogen-like Dirac wavefunctions and are intended for the ions in the range 10<or approximately=2<or approximately=40. Comparison of the calculated corrections with the uncertainties of experimental values of the transition energies is given.


An overview of the interferons is presented. A description of something of what is known about them is given, including: their genes; their protein structures and characteristics; their mechanisms of actions; and their varied biological effects emphasising particularly their immunomodulatory actions. Finally, a brief summary is made of the current status of human clinical studies that have been conducted with interferons in the oncological and viral fields, mentioning also recent findings in patients who have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).


Background:  Cervical cancer though a preventable disease, still has an estimated mortality of 80% from invasive cervical cancer in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to present an overview of cervical cancer and the various modalities available for screening and prevention of cervical cancer. Methodology: Google search and review of the literature of published works on overview of cervical cancer and its various modalities for screening and prevention were utilised. Results:  The incidence, aetiology, risk factors, clinical features, management and prevention of cervical cancer in Nigeria and as compared worldwide is presented. The reduction in incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in developed countries is related to the fact that cervical cancer screening is well institutionalized. Conclusion:  Cervical cancer is the commonest genital tract malignancy in Nigeria. It is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the HPV. It is preventable! Vaccination against HPV is available worldwide and in Nigeria. It is thus imperative that the general public and medical personnel in particular appreciate the clinical importance of cervical cancer; and effectively outline the modalities for preventing cervical cancer; and thus advocate for institutionalizing cervical cancer screening activities in the Nigerian setting. Keywords:  Cervical cancer; Pap smear; HPV; Nigeria


Objective: The aim of this study is to determine self-perceived competency levels and perspectives of primary care physicians on psychiatry related basic practical skills that are in Turkish National Core Curriculum 2014. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that 4117 primary care physicians participated. An electronic survey form has been sent to primary care physicians who actively work in Turkey to determine the primary care physicians' self-perceived competency levels and the level that a medical student should reach at the graduation, on the psychiatry related basic practical skills that is in National Core Curriculum 2014. The study was carried out between October 1, 2017 and September 1, 2018. Descriptive statistical methods and chi square test were performed during analysis process. Results: Self-perceived competency levels on psychiatry related skills of primary care physicians were between 27,3% and 62,4%. The proportion of incompetent primary care physicians was statistically higher among physicians who has graduated from medical school more than five years ago (p<0.05). Out of nine skills, primary care physicians' perspectives and NCC-2014 levels were consistent. Discussion: Primary care physicians who work in Turkey has low self-perceived levels on psychiatry related basic practical skills in National Core Curriculum 2014. Newly graduated physicians (five years from graduation) perceive themselves less incompetent. National Core Curriculum 2014 levels are compatible with perspectives of primary care physicians. It is suggested that undergraduate medical curricula should be evaluated in terms of psychiatry related basic practical skills.


Critical care nurses work in an environment rich in informative interactions. Although there have been post hoc self-report survey studies of nurses' information seeking, there have been no observational studies of the patterns and content of their on-duty information behavior. This study used participant observation and in-context interviews to describe 50 hours of the observable information behavior of a representative sample of critical care nurses in a 20-bed critical care hospital unit. The researcher used open, in vivo, and axial coding to develop a grounded theory model of their consistent pattern of multimedia interactions. The resulting Nurse's Patient-Chart Cycle describes nurses' activities during the shift as centering on a regular alternation with the patient and the patient's chart (various record systems), clearly bounded with nursing "report" interactions at the beginning and the end of the shift. The nurses' demeanor markedly changed between interactions with the chart and interactions with the patient. Other informative interactions were observed with other health care workers and the patient's family, friends and visitors. The nurses' information seeking was centered on the patient. They mostly sought information from people, the patient record and other digital systems. They acted on or passed on most of the information they found. Some information they recorded for their personal use during the shift. The researcher observed the nurses using mostly patient specific information, but they also used some social and logistic information. They occasionally sought knowledge based information. Barriers to information acquisition included illegible handwriting, difficult navigation of online systems, equipment failure, unavailable people, social protocols and mistakes caused by multi-tasking people working with multiple complex systems. No formal use was observed of standardized nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, or nursing outcomes taxonomies. While the nurses expressed respect for evidence-based practice, there clearly was no time or opportunity for reading research literature (either on paper or online) while on duty. All participants expressed frustration with the amount of redundant data entry required of them. The results of this study have significant implications for the design of clinical information systems and library services for working critical care nurses.


We report on a patient with chronic hepatitis C who developed acute hepatitis B during interferon alpha treatment. However, our patient promptly eliminated HBsAg and had a sustained complete response to interferon, even 6 months after the end of treatment. Acute hepatitis B superinfection in patients with chronic hepatitis C is a rarely observed event. The natural course of these patients is unknown. In our case it may be speculated that alpha-interferon treatment contributed to the prompt elimination of HBsAg from the serum.


The increasing pressure on air traffic management (ATM) system has become a key issue that impedes the development of air transportation. Therefore, a transformation is underway to increase ATM safety, capacity, efficiency and environmental friendliness. As a fundamental element of the transformation, trajectory-based operation (TBO) considers the trajectory during all phases of flight and supports strategic planning to maximize the ATM system capacity. However, it is hard to guarantee the accuracy of trajectory due to the effects of meteorological conditions, airspace adjustments, airport capacity limitations and etc.. Thus, the analysis and modeling of trajectories uncertainty based on real data is proposed to quantify those effects. Firstly, the flight and trajectory data for Chinese airspace within three months are analyzed and the characteristic factors which have great influence on trajectories uncertainty are selected. Then, setting the key characteristic factors as input and the arrival time at the waypoint as output, the supervised learning model is established by SVM and RNN respectively. Finally, the predicted results of the two methods and the real data have been compared, and the accuracy of the core factors and the model have been verified.


A graph is a mathematical structure for modelling the pairwise relations between objects. This thesis studies two types of graphs, namely, similarity-based graphs and evolving graphs.

We look at ways to traverse an evolving graph. In particular, we examine the influence of temporal information on node centrality. In the process, we develop EvolvingGraphs.jl, a software package for analyzing time-dependent networks.

We develop Etymo, a search system for discovering interesting research papers. Etymo utilizes both similarity-based graphs and evolving graphs to build a knowledge graph of research articles in order to help users to track the development of ideas. We construct content similarity-based graphs using the full text of research papers. And we extract key concepts from research papers and exploit the temporal information in research papers to construct a concepts evolving graph.


CONTEXT
Management of cervical lymph nodes metastases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from primary of unknown origin (PUO) is contentious and there is insignificant data from India on this subject.

AIMS
To present experience of management of these patients treated with curative intent at a single institution.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
Retrospective study of patients treated between 1989-1994 in a tertiary referral cancer centre.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighty-nine patients were evaluated in the study period and their survival compared with patients with common sites of primary in the head and neck with comparable node stage.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Kaplan-Meier method.

RESULTS
The clinical stage of the neck nodes at presentation was N1 in 11%, N2a in 28.5%, N2b in 22.5%, N3 in 35% and Nx in 3.4% patients. All patients underwent surgery and 70 patients received more than 40Gy postoperative radiotherapy. Twenty-nine (32.6%) patients had relapse of which 19 (21%) were in the neck. Postoperative radiotherapy did not influence the neck relapse (p=0.72). Primary was detected in 13 patients (14.6%) on subsequent follow up. The overall five and eight-years survival was 55% and 51% respectively. The overall five-year survival was better compared to patients with known primary with comparable node stage.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients with cervical lymph nodes metastases of SCC from PUO have reasonable survival and low rate of development of subsequent primary when treated with surgery and radiotherapy. The overall survival is comparable to that of patients with known primary and hence an attempt at cure should always be made.


Redundancy is the key notion to bring robustness in the highly dynamic environment of the ad hoc network. Traditionally, the reactive MANET routing protocol brings repair process after a route failure, on the contrary, the multipath routing protocol proposes redundancy on a prefailure scheme so that repair of a route is done by on-the fly replacement. Another way to improve the communication resiliency is the multi-homing mechanism managed by the transport level. It is a network access redundancy that establishes multiple network accesses for a same communication. The objective of the paper is to formally prove that the integration of multihoming and multipath improves the communication reliability. At the first, we precise the ad hoc network dependability framework, and analyze the way to integrate the two levels of redundancy, at the second we evaluate the gain in communication reliability.


In this paper we present an efficient edge detection algorithm for the extraction of linear features in both range and intensity image data. The purpose is to simplify the dense datasets and to provide stable features of interest, which are used to recover the positions of the 2D cameras with respect to the geometric model for tasks such as texture mapping. In our algorithm the required features of interest are extracted by an analysis of the mean curvature values. This additionally allows the discrimination of different edge types like crease or step edges. As it will be demonstrated, the algorithm features computational efficiency, high accuracy in the localization of the edge points, easy implementation, and robustness against noise. The algorithm was initially developed for range image segmentation and has been extended to segment intensity images with some modifications. The generality and robustness of the algorithm is illustrated during processing of complex cultural heritage scenes. ∗ Corresponding author


To the Editor:-We report an unusual case of small bowel obstruction in an elderly man. A previously fit, edentulous man of 87 years was recently admitted having suddenly developed expressive dysphasia. He was found to be in heart failure and fast atrial fibrillation. After treatment with digoxin and diuretics his heart failure improved and he returned to sinus rhythm. There was no evidence of myocardial infarction. He remained dysphasic but was soon mobile without aids and self-caring. On the day before his projected date of discharge, he developed vomiting and abdominal pain and was found to have small bowel obstruction. At surgery, the bowel was dilated to 30 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve, where there was an intraluminal cystic obstruction. A proximal enterotomy was performed and an intact grape, the cause of the obstruction, was removed. There was no evidence of any small bowel pathology. Thereafter, he made a satisfactory recovery. Food bolus obstruction occurs rarely in the large bowel, usually with constricting colonic lesions, or in one remarkable case in a man with a normal rectum that was obstructed by an aggregation of 1010 cherry seeds. * However, up to 2% of all cases of small bowel obstruction are due to f ~ o d . ~ , ~ Of the known contrib-


This study reported the ultrastructural changes of acute cerebral ischemia in rats. The pathological changes 120 min and 180 min after ligation of both carotid arteries in 12 rats were observed. The results show the cytotoxic swelling and edema of the neurons and astrocytes, particularly edema of glial processes were more marked than neurons, also perivascular edema was rather severe, but the lesion-of the structure of the vessel was very mild. Swelling and edema of astrocytes and its processes are of importance consideration of the mechanism of acute cerebral ischemia. The latter was briefly discussed.


We determine the extinction law through Cep OB3b, a young cluster of 3000 stars undergoing gas dispersal. The extinction is measured toward 76 background K giants identified with MMT/Hectospec spectra. Color excess ratios were determined toward each of the giants using V and R photometry from the literature, g, r, i, and z photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and J, H, and Ks photometry from the Two Micron All Sky Survey. These color excess ratios were then used to construct the extinction law through the dusty material associated with Cep OB3b. The extinction law through Cep OB3b is intermediate between the RV = 3.1 and RV = 5 laws commonly used for the diffuse atomic interstellar medium and dense molecular clouds, respectively. The dependence of the extinction law on line-of-sight AV is investigated and we find the extinction law becomes shallower for regions with AV > 2.5 mag. We speculate that the intermediate dust law results from dust processing during the dispersal of the molecular cloud by the cluster


Radiofrequency catheter ablation is currently a first-line therapy for most cardiac tachyarrhythmias.
 Fluoroscopy harm for patients and medical staffs in the electrophysiology laboratory has for long-time
 been an issue of concern. For last decades, many measures have risen for zero and near-zero fluoroscopic
 ablation of cardiac arrythmias (green electrophysiology) including new Three-Dimensional Electro-
 Anatomical Mapping (3D-EAM) software, and Intracardiac Echocardiography (ICE) as most popular
 technologies. Recent years, some electrophysiologists innovated existing technologies and successfully
 achieved complete zero fluoroscopy, such as T3D (total three-dimension) and EAM-ICE, which make
 green electrophysiology more widely spread and used. However, fluoroscopy still plays a pivotal role
 in radiofrequency ablation in a wide range. Current methods have both advantages and disadvantages.
 The combination of existing technologies has pointed out a trend of green electrophysiology. All in all,
 the development prospect of green electrophysiology is bright in the future.


This paper describes a complete path of research, which, starting from analysis and restitution 3D, gets to the virtual exploration of Hypogeum Palmieri in Lecce, a monument of Messapian age (4th century BC) currently not visible by tourists, as it is located in the garden of a private home. This project is developed under the DICET, an Italian National Operative Program, that aims to define and produce innovative models, processes, and tools for the sustainable development of a smart territory by capitalizing on its cultural and environmental resources, and marketing their touristic offerings. The instrumental survey of the Palmieri hypogeum was executed using two different methods, laser scanner and digital photogrammetry, in order to get a high metric control of the monument and high-resolution textures for the sculpted friezes. The two different survey methods allowed a perfect porting on different outputs: the 3D real time visit on the web and virtual visit on portable devices. A stereoscopic animation, installed at the museum MUST (Historic Museum of Lecce) Lecce, provides an easy diffusion of the cultural message. The richness of the textures and the resolution of the models has allowed the study of the monument from a morphological and structural point of view. The virtual reconstruction contributes to read an unpublished part of monumental tombs in Messapian age. Thanks to a cinematic approach with a great scientific rigor, the historical competence of an ordinary visitor is now largely formed on information coming from these media, thus creating a great increase in the demand for products with a high technological content and popularising historical re-evocations and reconstructions of the past.


Our research topics deal with communication and persuasion issues related to entrepreneurship. We thus decided to organize our research presentation in two main chapters, the first dedicated to potential and confirmed entrepreneurs as targets of persuasive attempts generated by media (press discourse) and interpersonal (entrepreneurial support and education) sources, the second dedicated to potential and confirmed entrepreneurs as sources of persuasive interpersonal communications directed towards various stakeholders such as business angels, clients, or employees in the context of pitch presentations, business model elaboration and team leadership. A third chapter is dedicated to current and future research projects.


Background: Cardiac arrest in pregnancy is an uncommon but the most challenging clinical scenarios. Nurses are often the first responders in cardiopulmonary arrest of pregnant women in hospital. Hence appropriate training and preparation of nurse is much needed. Objective: The study was intended to determine the effectiveness of simulation based teaching on the knowledge and skill of nurses regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation of pregnant women. Methodology: A pre-experimental study design was undertaken for a period of 6 weeks in a tertiary care center. Fifty subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique. The data collection tools were demographic profile of the nursing personnel, self-administered questionnaire and observational checklist which were prepared by the researcher and validated by experts. A pretest was conducted to assess the knowledge and skill of the subjects regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation of pregnant women using self-administered questionnaire and observational checklist respectively. Subsequently, the researcher provided simulation based teaching. Thereafter a posttest was conducted in a similar manner to pretest. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the findings of the study. Results: This study revealed that the mean age of the nursing personnel was 30.6 ± 6.8 years. The majority of them had General Nursing and Midwifery (84%) as their educational qualification. The mean years of experience were 6.1 ± 4.9 years. There was a statistically significant (p<0.001) increase in knowledge and skill regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of pregnant women among nursing personnel after simulation based teaching.Conclusion: This study identified that simulation based teaching was effective. The investigator strongly recommends to use the simulation based teaching to train the nurses on CPR of pregnant women. CPR of pregnant women should be incorporated in the routine CPR training program.


The objective of this study was to evaluate exhaled nitric oxide concentration (FENO) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH and H2O2 as biochemical markers of pulmonary oxygen toxicity in association with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. FENO, EBC pH and H2O2 were measured during the course of a 4 week HBO, treatment period, and the responses to a single HBO2 exposure at the start and end of the treatment period were assessed. The HBO2 exposure was at a pressure of 240 kPa for 90 min 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Eight patients undergoing HBO2 therapy and eight control subjects participated in the study. There was a reduction in FENO immediately after HBO2 exposure of 33.1 (SD = 7.8) % on Day 1 and 40.7 (SD = 8.9) % on Day 25. EBC pH was reduced after the first exposure only. Baseline F(E)NO and EBC pH and H2O2 measured before the HBO2 exposures did not change throughout the HBO2 treatment period. A single HBO2 exposure induces a significant transient decrease in FENO. Repeated exposures do not appear to induce inflammatory processes in the lung associated with an increase in FENO.


The paper presents a registration of occupancy and the use of (day)light in four buildings representing respectively offices, primary schools, universities, and industry buildings; it was done across Europe in 2020. A self-registration method was used, assisted with light technical measurements outdoors and indoors. In general, occupants consider the visual environment at the workplace when they are coming in or out of the room. It happens mainly at the beginning (adjustment of blinds and switching light on) and at the end of the working day (switching light off). In the primary school building, where users move in-out many times during the day, the adjustment happens more frequently. Also use of projector generates very low general light level; covering windows and switching off the electric light happens accordingly, but the pattern is not consistent. In general, the changes in the electrical lighting use follow the occupancy pattern, not the light levels.


In this study we introduce adjustement terms in the classic translog formulation. We thus obtain a dynamic form of the usual value shares of inputs. Unlike other studies of this type here we consider that quantities, but not values, are rigid. The retained functional form was estimated in five industrial sectors of French economy. The results thus obtained allow an analysis of the evolution over a period of time (1959-1982), as well as a comparison between the different sectors, of the elasticities of substitution in the long and short run.


There are a variety of biomedical materials applied in craniomaxillofacial and dental clinical practice, plastic surgery, otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery. With the increasing investment for the biomedical materials study, considerable progress has been obtained in biomaterials research. But overall, the field of biomaterials in China is still in a backward state. The development of advanced manufacturing technology has put forward new demands for the research of biological materials and has expanded the application, but at present, there are few biomaterials that meet the requirements. The further development of three-dimensional printing technology is beneficial to the preparation of the craniofacial personalized prosthesis, but biomaterials and instruments for clinical use must be accorded with corresponding regulation. To carry out clinical trials, the application must be submited to the Food and Drug Administration Department of the State Council for registration.


The genus Citrobacter includes 13 species and is often found in water, food, land and certain animals. It is part of the normal flora of a small proportion of healthy humans; however, the rates of colonization increase in patients in long-term care institutions and hospitals. Citrobacter koseri is an aerobic Gram-negative bacillus, ubiquitous in nature, opportunistic, that is frequently found in genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts of animals and humans as a saprophyte flora. Citrobacter koseri is one of the most important pathogens, eventually causing epidemics difficult to control. Therefore, the objective of this article is to carry out a microbiological characterization of this pathogen. A transversal descriptive study was conducted in the Surgical Clinical Hospital Lucía Íñiguez Landín of Holguín, which covered the period from January to December 2019. The study universe consisted of all enterobacteriaceae isolated in clinical samples of adult patients admitted during this period and the sample was formed by 219 strains of Citrobacter koseri. Out of the total number of cases, 70 belonged to the intensive care service for a 32.0%. Out of the total number of samples, 139 were isolated in pus samples for a 63.5%. The strains were more resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefuroxime, ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftazidime and to gentamicin. Citrobacter koseri is able to develop multidrug resistance to known antibiotics, acts as opportunistic and can colonize people in community, consequently its dissemination should be controlled.


The Internet is becoming an increasingly important component of political campaigns. This study employed content analysis to apply Functional Theory and Issue Ownership Theory to Obama's and McCain's presidential candidate webpages in the 2008 campaign. Acclaims (92%) were more common than attacks (98%); defenses did not occur in this sample. Policy (82%) was addressed more than character (18%). When discussing policy, these candidates addressed future plans most frequently, followed by general goals and then past deeds; on character, candidates discussed ideals, then personal qualities, and then leadership ability. This study shows that as candidates use the Internet to reach voters, their webpages conform to theoretical expectations.


Background: YAs with T1D have more complications and mental health challenges, and are less engaged in care, than other age groups. Few studies have examined factors predicting engagement in self-management interventions, which may support YAs' T1D care and overall well-being.
 Methods: Using data from a T1D self-management RCT, we analyzed predictors of engagement among those randomized to the intervention who had reached the 6 month endpoint. Engagement was defined as the number of completed intervention sessions. Control variables were measured at baseline. Ordinary least-squares regression was used, entering categories of predictors in separate steps: 1) demographics: age, gender, race/ethnicity, insurance status, parental education; 2) clinical: A1c, duration of T1D, device use; 3) behavioral: medication adherence, diabetes self-management (DSMQ); 4) psychosocial: diabetes distress (DDS), self-efficacy (DES-SF), and autonomous motivation (TSRQ).
 Results: Participants (n=87) were 24 (±4) yrs old, 60% female, 49% Hispanic/Latinx and 43% White, and completed a mean of 9.5 intervention sessions (range: 0-24). In the final model (p=0.0003), engagement was associated with low parental education (parameter estimate -4.1 visits), being uninsured (+3.6 visits), and higher glucose monitoring (-1.1 visits) and physical activity (-0.6 visits) on the DSMQ.
 Discussion: Clinical and psychosocial variables were unrelated to OT visits; to an extent, poorer self-management predicted more visits. Indicators of SES were most predictive: low parental education decreased, and uninsured status increased, number of OT visits. Given that the factors most associated with engagement were indicators of SES, clinicians are encouraged to assess barriers and external factors that may impact access and participation as soon as possible in the therapeutic process, to facilitate engagement in services.

 E.Pyatak: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. J.Sideris: None. D.Fox: None. G.Granados: None. J.Diaz: None. J.Blanchard: None. A.R.Khurana: None. E.Salcedo-rodriguez: None. J.Raymond: None.


The dual effects of larger die sizes and technology scaling, combined with aggressive voltage scaling for power reduction, increase the error rates for on-chip memories. Traditional on-chip memory reliability techniques (e.g., ECC) incur significant power and performance overheads. In this paper, we propose a low-power-and-performance-overhead Embedded RAID (E-RAID) strategy and present Embedded RAIDs-on-Chip (E-RoC), a distributed dynamically managed reliable memory subsystem. E-RoC achieves reliability through redundancy by optimizing RAID-like policies tuned for on-chip distributed memories. We achieve on-chip reliability of memories through the use of distributed dynamic scratch pad allocatable memories (DSPAMs) and their allocation policies. We exploit aggressive voltage scaling to reduce power consumption overheads due to parallel DSP AM accesses, and rely on the E-RoC manager to automatically handle any resulting voltage-scaling-induced errors. Our experimental results on multimedia benchmarks show that E-RoC's fully distributed redundant reliable memory subsystem reduces power consumption by up to 85% and latency up to 61 % over traditional reliability approaches that use parity/cyclic hybrids for error checking and correction.


The partial molar volume (PMV) of the protein chymotrypsin inhibitor 2 (CI2) was calculated by all-atom MD simulation. Denatured CI2 showed almost the same average PMV value as that of native CI2. This is consistent with the phenomenological question of the protein volume paradox. Furthermore, using the surficial Kirkwood-Buff approach, spatial distributions of PMV were analyzed as a function of the distance from the CI2 surface. The profiles of the new R-dependent PMV indicate that, in denatured CI2, the reduction in the solvent electrostatic interaction volume is canceled out mainly by an increment in thermal volume in the vicinity of its surface. In addition, the PMV of the denatured CI2 was found to increase in the region in which the number density of water atoms is minimum. These results provide a direct and detailed picture of the mechanism of the protein volume paradox suggested by Chalikian et al.