The study aimed at examining factors affecting students' performance in National Secondary Education Examinations in Tanzania, using schools in Temeke District of Dar es Salaam Region as a case study. The study involved five wards; Kigamboni, Mjimwema, Kurasini, Mbagala kuu, and Mbagala. The study was guided by four objectives namely, reasons for differing students' performance in the National Sec-ondary Education Examination, factors affecting the quality of Education, relation-ship between availability of facilities and students' performance and to identify sources of fund that are used by public and private schools to get facilities. The re-searcher employed mixed research approach. Methods employed to collect secondary data were documents collected from secondary school heads while primary data were obtained through Questionnaires, interviews and Observation. The respondents were ninety seven (97), sampling technique were simple random sampling, purposive and stratified. Raw data collected were presented in form of tables and figures. The major findings show that the performance of the students are mostly affected by in-adequate facilities, uses of phone by students, truancy, shortage of qualified teachers, lack of adequate funds in schools, low coverage of curriculum, and Indiscipline stu-dents. Quality education is affected by lack of qualified teachers, and shortage of time for study. Stuff houses and dormitories around the schools related to students' performance as they reduce lateness and missing of lessons. Lastly, sources of fund were school fees, donation, and capitation from the ministry of education. The study recommends to improve quality of education, on teacher student's ratio should be implemented, more qualified teachers should be employed, enough textbooks should be bought with up to date facilities that would aid teaching and learning process.


Epidemiological studies have shown an association between ambient levels of particulate matter (PM) and increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. We hypothesised that PM, when translocated after inhalation, could affect vascular smooth muscle function. Therefore, total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was sampled and investigated for its ability to affect aortic muscle contraction. Both TSP and TSP supernatant (TSP-sup) induced a concentration-dependent relaxation of phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted aortic rings. Relaxation induced by 100 jg/ml TSP was 51.5 t 3.1% of total contraction. At 60 and 100 Hg/ ml, relaxation induced by TSP was significantly higher compared to TSP-sup. Ultrafine TiO2, used as a model to investigate the role of ultrafine particles, did not show an effect. Soluble iron, present in TSP suspensions, seems not to be involved, as chelating with deferoxamine did not affect TSP-induced relaxation. However, TSP effects were inhibited by Trolox, suggesting a role of oxidants. Nudation of aortic rings showed that effects of TSP were only partly endothelium-dependent, while preincubation with LNAME increased TSP-induced relaxation. From these data, we conclude that both the particle core and soluble components of TSP can affect the smooth muscle function, leading to changes in the vascular contractile response.


BACKGROUND
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers correlate with protective immunity to seasonal influenza viruses. However, inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines from Vietnam 2004 strains afford protection without producing high or even detectable HI antibodies.

METHODS
BALB/c mice were immunized twice (at a 3-week interval) with inactivated whole-virus influenza vaccine produced using reverse genetics, with the internal genes of A/PR/8/34 (a high-yield strain) and the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of A/Vietnam/1194/04 (H5N1) virus (NIBRG-14) adjuvanted with alum (5 microg of HA). Either HA- or NA-binding antibodies were absorbed from the immune serum. The protective efficacy of these antibodies was determined by injecting the absorbed serum into severe combined immunodeficiency mice, which were then challenged with highly pathogenic H5N1 virus (A/Vietnam/Jp1203/2004; Japanese isolate of A/Vietnam/1203/2004).

RESULTS
The NIBRG-14 vaccine elicited levels of anti-HA antibodies similar to levels elicited by the H1N1 vaccines, as well as levels of anti-NA antibodies higher than those elicited by the H1N1 vaccines. The absorption of either anti-HA or anti-NA antibody from immune serum samples obtained from NIBRG-14-vaccinated mice significantly reduced the protective efficacy of the serum.

CONCLUSIONS
For NIBRG-14 vaccines to confer protection to vaccinated hosts, both anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies are required. This finding implies that the measurement of both antibody levels may be required for accurate evaluation of vaccine efficacy.


Introduction Increasing efforts are being made globally on capacity building. North–south research partnerships have contributed significantly to enhancing the research capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) over the past few decades; however, a lack of skilled researchers to inform health policy development persists, particularly in LMICs. The EU FP7 funded African/Asian Regional Capacity Development (ARCADE) projects were multi-partner consortia aimed to develop a new generation of highly trained researchers from universities across the globe, focusing on global health-related subjects: health systems and services research and research on social determinants of health. This article aims to outline the successes, challenges and lessons learned from the life course of the projects, focusing on the key outputs and experiences of developing and implementing these two projects together with sub-Saharan African, Asian and European institution partners. Design Sixteen participants from 12 partner institutions were interviewed. The data were analysed using thematic content analysis, which resulted in four themes and three sub-categories. These data were complemented by a review of project reports. Results The results indicated that the ARCADE projects have been successful in developing and delivering courses, and have reached over 920 postgraduate students. Some partners thought the north–south and south–south partnerships that evolved during the project were the main achievement. However, others found there to be a 'north–south divide' in certain aspects. Challenges included technical constraints and quality assurance. Additionally, adapting new teaching and learning methods into current university systems was challenging, combined with not being able to award students with credits for their degrees. Conclusion The ARCADE projects were introduced as an innovative and ambitious project idea, although not designed appropriately for all partner institutions. Some challenges were underestimated from the beginning, and for such future projects, a more structured approach needs to be adopted. ARCADE partners learned that integrating courses into current university systems and awarding students credits are essential.


With the growing popularity of decimal computer arithmetic in scientific, commercial, financial and Internet-based applications, hardware realisation of decimal arithmetic algorithms is gaining more importance. Hardware decimal arithmetic units now serve as an integral part of some recently commercialised general purpose processors, where complex decimal arithmetic operations, such as multiplication, have been realised by rather slow iterative hardware algorithms. However, with the rapid advances in very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, semi- and fully parallel hardware decimal multiplication units are expected to evolve soon. The dominant representation for decimal digits is the binary-coded decimal (BCD) encoding. The BCD-digit multiplier can serve as the key building block of a decimal multiplier, irrespective of the degree of parallelism. A BCD-digit multiplier produces a two-BCD digit product from two input BCD digits. We provide a novel design for the latter, showing some advantages in BCD multiplier implementations.


Motion planning involves decision making among combinatorial maneuver variants in urban driving. A planner must consider uncertainties and associated risks of the maneuver variants, and subsequently select a maneuver alternative. In this paper we present a planning approach that considers the uncertainties in the prediction and, in case of high uncertainty, postpones the combinatorial decision making to a later time within the planning horizon. With our proposed approach, safe but at the same time not overconservative motion is planned.


Background According to the new ASAS criteria, the initial imaging modality for the diagnostics of sacroiliitis remains the conventional radiographic examination, based on the modNY criteria for AS [1,3]. MRI of sacroiliac joints is a second-line method of choice, conducted when the radiographs does not meet the modNY criteria [1,2]. Objectives The study was aimed at a comparative evaluation of SIJ radiographs and MRI in patients with a clinical diagnosis of SpA according to the current ASAS criteria. Methods SIJs radiographs and MRI were conducted in 84 consecutive patients, including 33 males and 51 females, aged 19-55 yrs (mean age: 37 yrs). The patients were referred by a senior rheumatologist, with symptoms of the chronic back pain. The ASAS 2009 criteria for axial SpA were applied [1,2,3]. Results On radiographs, inflammatory lesions of SIJs were found in 53 out of the evaluated 168 joints (32%). In MRI, bone marrow edema (BME) fulfilling ASAS sacroiliitis criteria was found in 48 out of the evaluated 168 joints (29%). BME was accompanied by synovitis in 18 joints (11%), enthesitis in 4 joints (2%), capsulitis in 2 joints (1%), erosions in 24 joints (14%), sclerosis in 85 joints (51%) and fatty transformation of bone marrow in 97 joints (58%). Among 11 patients with sacroiliitis by radiographs according to modNY criteria, 6 were confirmed with inflammatory lesions in MRI (55%, 6/11), further 5 were not confirmed with sacroiliitis features in MRI (45%)(κ =0.1, the agreement of radiographs and MRI was 63%). Among 72 patients without sacroiliitis features by radiographs according to modNY criteria (in i.e. preradiographic stage of the disease), MRI confirmed the lack of inflammatory lesions in 46 cases (64%), in further 26 inflammatory lesions in SIJs were found (36%). Conclusions Our research confirmed MRI to visualize early inflammatory lesions [4,5]. The agreement of radiographic and MR imaging of sacroiliitis was documented in only 63% of cases, including 46 patients in whom both modalities ruled out the presence of inflammatory lesions, and only 6 in whom they both confirmed sacroiliitis features. The comparable number of true positive and negative results by radiographs in patients meeting the modNY criteria questions the validity of taking radiographs in SpA with the purpose of diagnosing inflammation. References Sudoł-Szopińska I, Urbanik A. Diagnostic imaging of sacroiliac joint and the spine in the course of spondyloarthropathies. Pol J Radiol 2013;78(2):43-49. Sieper J, Rudwaleit M, Baraliakos X, et al. The assessment of Spondylo Artritis international Society (ASAS) handbook: a guide to assess spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1-44. Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, etal. The development of Assessment of Spondylo Arthritis International Society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II)): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis, 2009;68:777-783. Lacout A, Rousselin B, Pelage J-P. CT and MRI of spine and sacroiliac involvement in spondyloartropathy. AJR 2008;191:1016-23 Landeve RBM, Tuberge A. Clinical Assessment of outcome research in spondyloarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Res 2009;11:334-339 Disclosure of Interest None declared


Structural characterization of individual nanosized boron-rich nanowires has been carried out through analysing the three-dimensional (3D) electron diffraction intensity distribution. Not only can the cyclic twinning structure of these nanowires be easily determined, the new approach also reveals the heterogeneous strain relaxation within the intact nanowire, through the accurate determination of the orientation relationship between the constituent crystallites. The quantitative analysis of the fine structure in the 3D diffraction dataset indicates that this may be related to the distribution of defects such as stacking faults, microtwins and dislocations. It is envisaged that the non-destructive nature of this approach could open the way for the in situ study of the structural evolution of complex nanomaterials and polycrystalline materials in general.


BACKGROUND
Compression ultrasound is considered the preferred test for the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the leg (DVT). Since sensitivity for distal thrombosis is low-additional tests are required. We developed a protocol of complete compression ultrasound of all venous segments of the leg (CCUS). A retrospective outcome study was performed to get an estimate of the rate of indeterminate results necessitating repeated testing as well as for the clinical safety of CCUS in a cohort of consecutive, unselected patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Case records of all patients referred for clinical suspicion of deep vein thrombosis within a three months period were reviewed. Patients with negative CCUS were followed directly or via the general practitioner in order to know whether an episode of venous thromboembolism had been documented since the initial CCUS.

RESULTS
132 inpatients and 154 outpatients were identified. Clinical probability was high in 50 patients, medium in 142, and low in 94. The first CCUS was negative in 209 cases. Five patients (1.8%) had repeated CCUS within the next 7 days because of incomplete visualisation of the distal veins and turned out to be negative as well. Of all 214 patients with negative CCUS a clinical follow-up information was obtained after 168 +/- 25 days. Five patients had died, none due to pulmonary embolism. In two patients deep vein thrombosis had been documented (0.9% [95% CI: 0.1-3.3%]) 148 and 172 days after CCUS, respectively.

CONCLUSION
CCUS for diagnosis of DVT needs to be repeated in very few cases only. Clinical safety seems to fall into the same range as with combined algorithms and should be tested in a prospective design. Patients with medium and high probability showed a very low incidence of DVT within three months following CCUS; therefore, they may be included in a prospective outcome study.


The chromosomal DNAs of eight medically important Candida species, C. albicans, C. stellatoidea, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr and C. glabrata, were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis under various conditions. The corresponding bands in the gels were assigned by three kinds of DNA probe which hybridized to DNA of all the species: rDNA, TUB2 and PEP4. The best conditions for separating the chromosomal DNAs were investigated and the numbers and molecular sizes of the chromosome bands were determined for each species. The chromosomal DNAs of the species were separated into 5-14 bands ranging in size from 0.5 to 4.5 Mb. Based on the quantification of the chromosome band intensities using a laser fluorescent gel scanner, the chromosome numbers were estimated. The apparent average total number of chromosomes per cell was 16 for C. albicans, 16 for C. stellatoidea, 12 for C. tropicalis, 14 for C. parapsilosis, 8 for C. krusei, 8 for C. guilliermondii, 18 for C.kefyr, and 14 for C. glabrata; the total chromosomal DNA size of each species per cell was calculated at about 31 Mb, 33 Mb, 31 Mb, 26 Mb, 20 Mb, 12 Mb, 29 Mb and 14 Mb, respectively.


In order to characterize the morphology of a triangulated terrain, we define several discrete estimators that mimic mean and Gaussian curvatures in the discrete case. We start from concentrated curvature, a discrete notion of Gaussian curvature for polyhedral surfaces, defined by Troyanov [7]. Since concentrated curvature does not depend on the local geometric shape of the terrain, we introduce Ccurvature that allows us to obtain discrete counterparts of both Gaussian and mean curvature. Finally, we define distortion, which behaves as an approximation of mean curvature. We apply all such measures to the analysis of the morphology of triangulated terrains.


From an evolutionary viewpoint, the molluscan nacre constitutes a fascinating object. This microstructure appeared early, in the Lower Cambrian period, about 530 million years ago, and since then, has been kept unchanged until today. Nacre is restricted to the conchiferan mollusks, where it occurs in t least three main classes, bivalves, gastropods and cephalopods. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether all nacres are built from the same "macromolecular tools", proteins of the nacre matrix. To this end, we studied three new nacre models, the freshwater bivalve Unio pictorum, the cephalopod Nautilus macromphalus, and the gastropod Haliotis asinina, to which we applied a combined biochemical and proteomic characterization of their respective nacre matrices. The results of our approach, that can be defined as "shellomics" (proteomics applied to shell proteins) shed a new light on the macroevolution of nacre matrix proteins and on the in vitro design of nacre-like biomaterials.


We investigate spontaneous symmetry breaking in Lorentz-noninvariant theories. Our general discussion includes relativistic systems at finite density as well as intrinsically nonrelativistic systems. The main result of the paper is a direct proof that nonzero density of a non-Abelian charge in the ground state implies the existence of a Goldstone boson with nonlinear (typically, quadratic) dispersion law. We show that the Goldstone boson dispersion relation may in general be extracted from the current transition amplitude and demonstrate on examples from recent literature, how the calculation of the dispersion relation is utilized by this method. After then, we use the general results to analyze the nonrelativistic degenerate Fermi gas of four fermion species. Because of its internal SU(4) symmetry, this system provides an analog to relativistic two-color quantum chromodynamics with two quark flavors. In the end, we extend our results to pseudo-Goldstone bosons of an explicitly broken symmetry.


In this paper, thin planar bandpass filter structures with elliptic, Chebychev, or notch filter response, using 2-D arrays of metallized rectangular dielectric waveguide type resonators on PCB are presented. Electrode pads on open-end surfaces (OEFs) of the resonator are used as coupling ports to microstrip lines. Because the resonant frequency of rectangular waveguide type resonator is not sensitive to height of the resonator, the filters can be used as a planar or thin filter structure on PCB like other SMD chip devices. A 4-pole elliptic function filter is designed and constructed. The measured frequency responses of the filter agreed well with theoretical predictions.


This article focused on some of the contributions of Emurobome Idolor in the Nigerian music studies. His scholarly contributions cut across different areas of Art Music including Ethnomusicology, Music Composition, Conducting, African Music and Music education in Nigeria. This article identifies and acknowledges the ideological concept of Idolor's Philosophy towards excellence. Also, this article justified and abstracted some musical attributes that he portrayed as a scholar in Nigerian Art music. Empirical method of research was used for this study, through the holistic overview of some of his scholarly publications and two of his art music compositions titled "Glory Hallelujah and Nigeria' Otoro So Owan. Through abstractive analysis of these creative works, younger art composers will learn and acquire divers' compositional techniques that can be used and adopted in promoting African indigenous music.
Key Words: Hard Work, Philosophical Perspective, Art Music and African Music


Abstract. Quantifying forcings from anthropogenic perturbations to
the Earth system (ES) is important for understanding changes in climate
since the pre-industrial (PI) period. Here, we quantify and analyse a wide
range of present-day (PD) anthropogenic effective radiative forcings (ERFs)
with the UK's Earth System Model (ESM), UKESM1, following the protocols
defined by the Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP) and
the Aerosol and Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP). In
particular, quantifying ERFs that include rapid adjustments within a full
ESM enables the role of various chemistry–aerosol–cloud interactions
to be investigated. Global mean ERFs for the PD (year 2014) relative to the PI (year 1850)
period for carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O),
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs), and methane (CH4) are 1.89 ± 0.04, 0.25 ± 0.04, −0.18 ± 0.04, and 0.97 ±  0.04 W m−2, respectively. The total greenhouse gas (GHG) ERF is 2.92 ± 0.04 W m−2. UKESM1 has an aerosol ERF of −1.09 ± 0.04 W m−2. A relatively
strong negative forcing from aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) and a small
negative instantaneous forcing from aerosol–radiation interactions (ARI)
from sulfate and organic carbon (OC) are partially offset by a substantial
forcing from black carbon (BC) absorption. Internal mixing and chemical
interactions imply that neither the forcing from ARI nor ACI is linear,
making the aerosol ERF less than the sum of the individual speciated aerosol
ERFs. Ozone (O3) precursor gases consisting of volatile organic compounds
(VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx), but excluding
CH4, exert a positive radiative forcing due to increases in O3. However, they also lead to oxidant changes, which in turn cause an
indirect aerosol ERF. The net effect is that the ERF from PD–PI changes in
NOx emissions is negligible at 0.03 ± 0.04 W m−2, while the ERF
from changes in VOC and CO emissions is 0.33 ± 0.04 W m−2.
Together, aerosol and O3 precursors (called near-term climate forcers
(NTCFs) in the context of AerChemMIP) exert an ERF of −1.03 ± 0.04 W m−2, mainly due to changes in the cloud radiative effect (CRE). There
is also a negative ERF from land use change (−0.17 ± 0.04 W m−2).
When adjusted from year 1850 to 1700, it is more negative than the range of
previous estimates, and is most likely due to too strong an albedo response.
In combination, the net anthropogenic ERF (1.76 ± 0.04 W m−2) is
consistent with other estimates. By including interactions between GHGs, stratospheric and tropospheric
O3, aerosols, and clouds, this work demonstrates the importance of ES
interactions when quantifying ERFs. It also suggests that rapid adjustments
need to include chemical as well as physical adjustments to fully account
for complex ES interactions.


The study was aimed to investigate the influence of low-frequency magnetic therapy on parameters of lipid metabolism, depending on the severity of reactive and personsal anxiety. Normalization of blood cholesterol levels were observed after treatment in patients with severe anxiety and low baseline cholesterol levels.


ABST RACT The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii was determined in sera from sheep, chickens and turkeys originating from various geographical regions of Israel. Using a modified agglutination test, antibodies to this parasite were found in 8.9% (41/458) of 4-6 month old sheep from Beer Sheva in the south of the country and 65.6% (84/128) mostly older sheep from a central region, about 20 km south-east of Tel-Aviv. In both areas some animals had titers ≥ 1:400. Free-range chickens from two areas in the center of Israel were found to be exposed: 12% of 100 chickens in a region approximately 45 km north-east of Tel-Aviv and 10.5% of 57 chickens in Jerusalem found to be seropositive. Some chickens produced titers ≥ 1:144. Of 45 turkeys tested from a location about 56km south east of Tel-Aviv, 4 (8.8%) had titers ≥ 1:50. This is the first report of T. gondii seroprevalence in turkeys in Israel and the widespread exposure found in these and other domestic animals tested, suggested widespread contamination of the environment with oocysts.


Employing inelastic electron scattering we demonstrate here the determination of the exciton dispersion in a molecular solid. The failure of the applied tight-binding description provides strong evidence for a necessary reconsideration of the traditional, Frenkel-exciton based, understanding of the lowest-lying electronic transitions in organic semiconductors.


# Background

New formulations and administration formats of oxytocin are required to overcome the current barriers to gold standard care for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) in low-resource settings. This study explored the potential acceptability of a heat-stable, inhaled oxytocin product in Ethiopia, a country with a high burden of PPH-related deaths.

# Methods

A qualitative research study design was employed in which focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted with community members, healthcare providers and key informants. Research fields included: contextual acceptability (current attitudes toward PPH, oxytocin and inhaled or injectable medicines); product acceptability (attitudes towards an inhaled oxytocin product); and usage setting acceptability (acceptable settings for product use)

# Results

Acknowledgement of PPH as a significant maternal health issue and recognition of oxytocin as the gold standard of care for prevention will contribute to the contextual acceptability of an inhaled oxytocin product. An oxytocin inhaler was largely considered acceptable for use, with the heat stability viewed as a principal benefit. A non-injectable administration format that could be delivered by an individual with minimal training was also cited as an advantage. Concerns included the feasibility of attaining patient cooperation to inhale the dose correctly during the third stage of labour. While a high need for the product at out of facility deliveries was identified, births attended by a skilled healthcare provider will be the most acceptable setting for use from a health policy perspective.

# Conclusions

An inhaled oxytocin product is likely to be acceptable to relevant stakeholders in Ethiopia. This will facilitate adoption of the product and thereby enable improvements in maternal health outcomes.


Uncoupling Protein 3 (UCP3), largely expressed in skeletal muscle, is modulated by cold, thyroid hormones, leptin, fasting-refeeding and exercise training among other factors in a tissue-specific manner. In brown adipose tissue, there is an increase in UCP3 levels after high-fat feeding and beta3-adrenergic agonist treatment. Controversial effects of these agents have been reported in skeletal muscle. The aim of this experimental trial was to evaluate the effect of high-fat feeding and beta3-adrenergic agent treatment on skeletal muscle UCP3 expression levels. Lean rats were fed a cafeteria diet for 30 days and found to have significantly higher fat stores and body weight than control rats at the end of the experimental period. When cafeteria-diet rats were daily i.p. injected with Tertatolol for 30 days; a decrease in total fat mass and body weight was found. Such an effect was not observed in fa/fa rats. Interestingly, gastrocnemius muscle UCP3 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in cafeteria-diet rats when compared to lean animals. Likewise, mitochondrial O2 consumption in gastrocnemius muscle was also significantly decreased (-31%) in cafeteria-diet rats as compared to the control group. It is suggested that the down-regulation of UCP3 gene expression together with the lower O2 consumption observed in high fat fed rats may be linked to lower fatty oxidation, which would promote triglyceride accumulation.


BACKGROUND. Bone metastasis occurs frequently in advanced prostate cancer (PCa) patients; however, it is not known why this happens. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand EGF is available to early stage PCa; whereas, TGF-a is available when PCa metastasizes. Since the microenvironment of metastases has been shown to play a role in the survival of the tumor, we examined whether the ligands had effects on cell survival and proliferation in early and late PCa. METHODS. We used LNCaP cells as a model of early stage, non-metastatic PCa and the isogenic C4-2B cells as a model of late stage, metastatic PCa. RESULTS. We found that the proliferation factor MAPK and the survival factor AKT were differentially activated in the presence of different ligands. TGF-a induced growth of C4-2B cells and not of the parental LNCaP cells; however, LNCaP cells expressing a constitutively active AKT did proliferate with TGF-a. Therefore, AKT appeared to be the TGF-a-responsive factor for survival of the late stage PCa cells. LNCaP cells exposed to EGF produced more osteoprotegerin (OPG), an inhibitor of bone remodeling, than C4-2B cells with TGF-a, which had increased expression of RANKL, an activator of bone remodeling. In concordance, TGF-a-treated C4-2B conditioned medium was able to differentiate an osteoclast precursor line to a greater extent than EGF-treated C4-2B or TGF-a-treated LNCaP conditioned media. CONCLUSION. The switch in EGFR ligand availability as PCa progresses affects cell survival and contributes to bone remodeling. Prostate 69: 528–537, 2009. # 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


Purpose – The purpose of this study is to provide insights into issues encountered in maintaining library technologies and electronic collections in changing times and on a limited budget with limited personnel. Design/methodology/approach – The study uses real world observations and experiences, data collected from an informal survey, insights gleaned from the professional literature and anecdotal evidence to provide commentary on the questionable methods many libraries employ in providing access to electronic resources. Findings – Libraries spend large sums of money and significant percentages of overall budgets on electronic resources, yet many fail to take the extra step to provide access to the content in these disparate resources via a web scale discovery search service. What is worse is that a large number of libraries still employ the flawed "Databases A-Z" list as a primary means of providing access. Originality/value – This paper is a light-hearted piece on one librarian's observations regarding the inherent flaws in the traditional "Databases A-Z" list. It includes data from an informal survey.


This article discusses the influence of family structure on children's use of mental health services and explores whether a family's dependency on government assistance compensates for the effect of family income on children's use of services. Children in nontraditional families are at greater risk of using mental health services and have more mental health visits. Family participation in government subsidies programs offsets the influence of family income on the use of mental health services.


Objectives: Mori Folium is one of the traditional medicinal herb. It was commonly used for sericulture in the world and has been traditionally administered as natural therapeutic agent for the treatment of filariasis, diabetes and dropsy in East Asia. This study investigated an anti-inflammatory potential of Mori Folium ethanol extract (MFE). Methods: We examined the effects of MFE on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. Results: MFE inhibited production of NO and PGE2 in a dose dependent manner and also decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a. As a plausible molecular mechanism, increased degradation of I-kBa and phosphorylation of I-kBa, NF-kB and MAP kinases by LPS were partly blocked by MFE treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that MFE has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential, which may result from inhibition of NF-kB activation and MAPK phosphorylation, thereby decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.


The acute-phase inflammatory response in the peripheral bloodstream can be an expression of transient cerebral ischaemia in idiopathic sudden deafness. For this, a neurological and otorhinolaryngological examination of each patient, performing tests on audiometry, and tympanometry, haemogram, and cranial magnetic resonance were performed. The acute-phase inflammatory response manifests as an increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio that is detected 48–72 hours after the appearance of sudden deafness. This study shows that there is an acute-phase response in the peripheral bloodstream with an increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as an expression of an inflammatory process that can be caused by transient cerebral ischaemia in sudden deafness. In addition, the increased neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio can rule out a viral origin of sudden deafness, since a viral infection lowers the neutrophil count and increases the lymphocyte count, thus reducing the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. These findings aid in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms involved in sudden deafness and offer better treatment to the patient.


The often poorly exposed Devonian section in southern New Mexico contains complex vertical and lateral ramp-to-basin facies changes that culminate in an elongate trough filled with up to 76 m of black shale. The trough trends east-west for over 350 km, and ranges from a width of ~30 km near Las Cruces to ~100 km near Deming. To the north, Middle-Late Devonian-aged ramp carbonates, sandstones, siltstones, and shales of the Onate (Givetian), Sly Gap (Frasnian), and Contadero (Frasnian-Fammenian) formations crop out in the San Andres and Sacramento mountains. These formations grade southward into the Percha Formation black shale facies. Due to the largely barren nature of the shales, it is difficult to determine exact correlations. The Percha Formation is divided into two members, the black, fissile, barren Ready Pay and the more calcareous and fossiliferous Box. Fossils from the upper Box Member indicate a Fammenian age. South of the trough, the oldest Devonian units comprise the cherty shelf carbonate Canutillo Formation (Middle-Late Devonian), which is both overlain by, and apparently a partial lateral facies equivalent to, the Percha black shales. Existing 1960's vintage isopach and facies maps are updated with more recent outcrop and subsurface data, and integrated with geochemical data and basin analysis models to characterize better the areal extent, volume, richness, and maturity of the black shale facies. Public-domain geochemical data show potential for the Devonian shales in southcentral and southwestern New Mexico to act as source rocks: TOC values locally reach 3.7% and thermal maturities are consistently in the mature to very mature range. Three goals exist for this ongoing project: • Better constraints on formation correlations and facies relationships • Improved characterization of Devonian shales for hydrocarbon source rock potential (richness and maturity trends, kerogen types, and expulsion timing) • Description of the shales for shale gas reservoir potential.


The GHG-CCI project (http://www.esa-ghg-cci.org/) is one of several projects of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI). The goal of the CCI is to generate and deliver data sets of various satellite-derived Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) in line with GCOS (Global Climate Observing System) requirements. The "ECV Greenhouse Gases" (ECV GHG) is the global distribution of important climate relevant gases – namely atmospheric CO2 and CH4 - with a quality sufficient to obtain information on regional CO2 and CH4 sources and sinks. The main goal of GHG-CCI is to generate long-term highly accurate and precise time series of global near-surface-sensitive satellite observations of CO2 and CH4, i.e., XCO2 and XCH4, starting with the launch of ESA's ENVISAT satellite. These products are currently retrieved from SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT (2002-2012) and TANSO-FTS/GOSAT (2009-today) nadir mode observations in the near-infrared/shortwave-infrared spectral region. In addition, other sensors (e.g., IASI and MIPAS) and viewing modes (e.g., SCIAMACHY solar occultation) are also considered and in the future also data from other satellites. The GHG-CCI data products and related documentation are freely available via the GHG-CCI website and yearly updates are foreseen. Here we present an overview about the latest data set (Climate Research Data Package No. 2 (CRDP#2)) and summarize key findings from using satellite CO2 and CH4 retrievals to improve our understanding of the natural and anthropogenic sources and sinks of these important atmospheric greenhouse gases. We also shortly mention ongoing activities related to validation and initial user assessment of CRDP#2 and future plans.


ABSTRACT How do we perceive voices coming from different spatial locations, and how is this affected by emotion? The current study probed the interplay between space and emotion during voice perception. Thirty participants listened to nonverbal vocalizations coming from different locations around the head (left vs. right; front vs. back), and differing in valence (neutral, positive [amusement] or negative [anger]). They were instructed to identify the location of the vocalizations (Experiment 1) and to evaluate their emotional qualities (Experiment 2). Emotion-space interactions were observed, but only in Experiment 1: emotional vocalizations were better localised than neutral ones when they were presented from the back and the right side. In Experiment 2, emotion recognition accuracy was increased for positive vs. negative and neutral vocalizations, and perceived arousal was increased for emotional vs. neutral vocalizations, but this was independent of spatial location. These findings indicate that emotional salience affects how we perceive the spatial location of voices. They additionally suggest that the interaction between spatial ("where") and emotional ("what") properties of the voice differs as a function of task.


Paraneoplastic syndromes are rare initial manifestations of a neoplastic disorder that may precede the actual detection of an overt cancer. These syndromes can generally involve any organic system of the human body with gastroparesis being the commonest manifestation of the paraneoplastic involvement of the neuronal bodies of the gastrointestinal tract in cancer patients. Gastroparesis is the result of an autoimmune destruction of the nerve plexus of the stomach that causes nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as intractable vomiting and abdominal discomfort that interfere with patients' quality of life and are often ascribed to psychological factors. Thus, if not suspected, it easily evades the diagnostic thought especially in those cases where the diagnostic work up has not detected any apparent cause. Consequently, it should always be considered in patients with diagnosed or suspected cancer who complain of unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms. In our report, so as to increase the clinical awareness of this rare clinical entity, we present the case of a 70-year-old Caucasian female who presented in our hospital with severe gastroparesis that was later proven to be associated with an overt small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and we discuss the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of this disorder.


This correspondence studies the influence of noise on the normalized compression distance (NCD), a measure based on the use of compressors to compute the degree of similarity of two files. This influence is approximated by a first order differential equation which gives rise to a complex effect, which explains the fact that the NCD may give values greater than 1, observed by other authors. The model is tested experimentally with good adjustment. Finally, the influence of noise on the clustering of files of different types is explored, finding that the NCD performs well even in the presence of quite high noise levels


On behalf of the Board of the Chemotherapy: Open Access my
co-editors, I am glad to introducethe Volume 08, Issue 2 of the
journal. The journal established in 2012 with 5 issues in that year
has now published 7 volumes and is running the 8 volume. It is time
to have a glance at the journal as truly international and continue
to assiduous to help the journal in climbing up the ranking ladder
with great number of informative and within scope manuscripts.


Most current anti-cancer therapeutic drugs are targeting the proliferation and/or survival of cancer cells while very few drugs are aimed at specifically targeting the dissemination process. Several reports have demonstrated that low-levels or lack of Wnt-5a protein expression in primary breast-, colon-, and prostate cancer tissues correlates with shortened patient recurrence-free survival and overall survival pointing to a biological role of Wnt5a signaling in the dissemination process of cancer cells. The Wnt5a ligand mediates its effects vid interaction with G-protein coupled Frizzled receptors and tyrosine-kinase coupled receptors such as ROR1 and ROR2. Therefore, we developed two peptides, one being a Wnt-5a agonist (Foxy-5) and one being a Wnt-5a antagonist (Box-5). The Foxy-5 is a formylated Wnt5a-derived hexapeptide that mimics the ability of the Wnt-5a molecule to impair cancer cell migration in vitro and significantly reduces the formation of distant metastases in vivo in mouse models of breast- and prostate cancer. In addition, a 4-week toxicology study in rats and dogs with a final dose well exceeding the dose previously used in the mouse models showed no drug-induced toxic reactions.Based on all these pre-clinical data we initiated a clinical phase 1 study with the primary objective to evaluate the safety and tolerability of Foxy-5. All eligible patients are pre-screened for Wnt-5a immunoreactivity in archival tumor tissue and from dose level 7 and onwards only patients with negative or low level Wnt5a expressing metastatic breast-, colon-, or prostate cancer are enrolled in the study. This study has currently recruited cohorts 1-7 without reaching MTD and the final recruitment for the last dose level (dose level 8) is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02020291. This study will be finalized during early fall 2015 and followed by a phase 1b study which will continue dose escalation but with a specific focus on determining the Biological Active Dose (BAD) since Foxy-5 does not possess anti-proliferative activities and is therefore not expected to induce tumor regression. In contrast to breast, colon and prostate cancer, Wnt5a signaling promotes tumor progression in vitro in melanoma and gastric cancer. The antagonistic Wnt5a-derived peptide Box5 possesses the capacity to impair Wnt5a signaling and migration in melanoma cells. We are now performing additional pre-clinical experiments to enable us to test the in vivo effects of Box5 in a melanoma animal model. Future clinical development plans include a phase II study enrolling patients with stage III colorectal cancer and then add Foxy-5 to standard 5FU plus oxaliplatin adjuvant treatment. Citation Format: Tommy Andersson, Lena Axelsson, Purusottam Mohapatra, Chandra Prasad, Peter Grundtvig Soerensen, Morten Mau-Soerensen, Ulrik Lassen, Tine Molvadgaard, Ulla Buhl, Nils Brunner, Dorte Nielsen. Targeting the Wnt-5a signaling pathway as a novel anti-metastatic therapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A116.


Childhood malignancies are relatively poorly studied in terms of tumour/host interaction. Using tissue arrays of childhood cancers, we analysed immunohistochemical staining for CD68, CD3 and FOXP3 to evaluate infiltration of myeloid cells, lymphocytes and regulatory T cells. Staining for phosphorylated STAT3 was performed in a subset. The majority of paediatric tumours demonstrated a marked infiltration of CD68+ myeloid cells but, with the exception of neuroblastoma, most showed only sparse infiltration of CD3+/ FOXP3- cells. There was evidence for activation of STAT3 in pPNET (50%), ependymoma (45%) and undifferentiated sarcoma (38%), but it was rarely activated in other tumours.


We consider the allocation of limited production capacity among several competing agents through auctions. Our focus is on the contribution of flexibility in market good design to effective capacity allocation. The application studied is a capacity allocation problem involving several agents, each with a job, and a facility owner. Each agent generates revenue by purchasing capacity and scheduling its job at the facility. Ascending auctions with various market good designs are compared. We introduce a new market good that provides greater flexibility than those previously considered in the literature. We allow ask prices to depend both on agents' utility functions and on the number of bids at the previous round of the auction, in order to model and resolve resource conflicts. We develop both optimal and heuristic solution procedures for the winner determination problem. Our computational study shows that flexibility in market good design typically increases system value within auctions. A further increase is achieved if each agent is allowed to bid for multiple market goods at each round. On average, the multiple flexible market goods auction provides over 95% of the system value found by centralized planning.


A new porous organic polymer has been prepared via copolymerization of divinyl-functionalized phosphoramidite ligand and tris(4-vinylphenyl)phosphine. The porous polymer was loaded with Rh(acac)CO2 to yield a supported Rh catalyst, which demonstrated good regioselectivity ( l/ b = 6.7-52.8) and high catalytic activity (TON up to 45.3 × 104) in hydroformylation of terminal and internal olefins. Remarkably, the heterogeneous catalyst can be reused at least 10 cycles without losing activity and selectivity in hydroformylation of 1-hexene.


As the demand for alternative fuels to solve environmental problems increases worldwide due to the greenhouse gas problem, this study predicted the demand for liquid hydrogen fuel in aviation to achieve 'zero-emission flight'. The liquid hydrogen fuel models of an aircraft and all aviation sectors were produced based on the prediction of aviation fleet growth through the classification of currently operated aircraft. Using these models, the required amount of liquid hydrogen fuel and the total cost of liquid hydrogen were also calculated when various environmental regulations were satisfied. As a result, it was found to be necessary to convert approximately 66% to 100% of all aircraft from existing aircraft to liquid hydrogen aircraft in 2050, according to regulations. The annual liquid hydrogen cost was 4.7–5.2 times higher in the beginning due to the high production cost, but after 2030, it will be maintained at almost the same price, and it was found that the cost was rather low compared to jet fuel.


Background: Computed tomography (CT) appearance in pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic drugs has various patterns. A diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) pattern on CT images was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with gefitinib-induced lung injury (Endo M, et al. Lung Cancer 2006; 52:135-140). However, the association between the CT findings and clinical outcomes remains unclear in cases of conventional cytotoxic drug-induced pulmonary toxicity (CDPT). Objectives: We aimed to analyze the imaging features of CT in cases of CDPT and to elucidate the relationship between the CT patterns and prognosis. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 28 patients with CDPT at Chiba University Hospital from 2005 to 2015. Results: The CT findings of CDPT were classified into one of five predominant patterns; DAD ( n = 11), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) ( n = 6), eosinophilic pneumonia (EP) ( n = 5), organizing pneumonia (OP) ( n = 4), and chronic interstitial pneumonia (CIP) ( n = 2). The 90-day mortality rate was significantly higher in the patients with a DAD pattern (DAD-group) than the patients without a DAD pattern (non-DAD group) (64% vs 6%, p = 0.0007). Serum levels of LDH, CRP and KL-6 were significantly elevated in the DAD group compared with the non-DAD group ( p = 0.029, 0.032 and 0.023, respectively). Univariate analyses revealed that a DAD pattern on CT images was the only significant factor for 90-day mortality ( p = 0.006). Conclusion: The CT findings with a DAD pattern indicate unfavorable outcomes in patients with CDPT. Classification of the CT patterns of CDPT into DAD or non-DAD seems to be practically useful to predict prognosis.


Colonic pH is important in the regulation of colonic cell growth, control of absorption and secretion, and bile acid degradation, which may be a key step in the development of colon cancer. This study determined the mucosal, luminal, and fecal pH in right and left colons of otherwise healthy patients who underwent colostomies because of trauma. The pH was evaluated while patients consumed a western diet. In addition, the mucosal, luminal, and fecal pH in patients with colostomies carried out for colorectal cancer also was assessed. All patients were blacks--a low-risk group for colorectal cancer. The results showed that mucosal pH was alkaline (pH 8) and was similar on both sides of the colon of healthy colostomates and in colon cancer patients. Luminal pH (7.6) was the same in healthy right colostomates and cancer patients and was significantly lower that mucosal pH. Fecal pH was significantly lower in right colostomates (6.0) than in left (6.5), and in healthy right colostomates compared with colon cancer patients (6.6). In addition, fecal pH was significantly lower than mucosal and luminal pH.


A direct injection diesel engine with large amount of exhaust gas recirculation was used to investigate low temperature diesel combustion. Pilot injection strategy was adopted in low temperature diesel combustion to reduce high carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions. Combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions of low temperature diesel combustion under different pilot injection timings, pilot injection quantities and injection pressures were analyzed. Retarding pilot injection timing, increasing pilot injection quantity and higher injection pressure advanced main combustion timing and increased peak heat release rate of main combustion. As a result of these strategies, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions were reduced. Soot emission was slightly increased with retarded pilot injection timing while the effect of pilot injection on nitrogen oxides emission was negligible under low combustion temperature condition. Spatial distribution of fuel from the spray targeting visualization was also investigated to provide more insight into the reason for the reduction in carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.


Although computing technology has made inroads into home environments, it has yet to instigate a major shift in the design of homes or home activities. The convergence of television and the Internet is lagging behind expectations, and the combination of desktop computers, entertainment consoles, televisions, and cell phones has yet to form a cohesive whole. One possible reason for this lag in progress is that these technologies don't address a coherent need -they merely augment current entertainment and communication practices. We base our research on the premise that the next revolution of technology in the home will arise from devices that help older adults maintain their independence. A coherent suite of technologies will eventually let older adults be proactive about their own healthcare, will aid them in daily activities and help them learn new skills, will create new avenues for social communication, and will help ensure their safety and well being. The Aware Home Research initiative hopes to help older adults "age in place" by creating devices that can assist with daily tasks, offer memory support, and monitor daily activities. However, understanding user needs and attitudes is essential to deploying this technology.


A study on electrochemical hydrodehalogenation of pentachloraphenol in aqueous solutions was conducted on porous titanium loaded Pd cathode and the operational parameters were investigated. Chloride ions and phenol is the main products analyzed by GC-MS. Up to 100% electrochemical hydrodehalogenation can be achieved with more than 90% conversion to phenol. The result showed that current in the circle play the most important role of dehalogenation while the best parameter is 300mA in this study. Compared to current, the effect of pH value and flow rate on the current efficiency and energy consumption of dehalogenation is limited. Complete dehalogenation, high current efficiency, low energy consumption and operational convenience confirm the feasibility of this method.


In software defined networks (SDNs), the controller is a critical resource, yet it is a potential target for attacks as well. The conventional OpenFlow Discovery Protocol (OFPD) used in building the topological view for the controller has vulnerabilities that easily allow attackers to poison the network topology by creating fabricated links with malicious effects. OFDP makes use of the link layer discovery protocol (LLDP) to discover existing links. However, the LLDP is not efficient at fabricated link detection. Existing approaches to mitigating this problem have mostly been passive approaches that depend on observing unexpected behaviour. Examples of such behaviour include link latency and packet patterns to trigger attack alerts. The problem with the existing solutions is that their implementations cause longer link discovery time. This implies that a dense SDN would suffer from huge delays in the link discovery process. In this study, we propose a link fabrication attack (LFA) mitigation approach (LiFAMA), which is an active mitigation approach and one that minimises the link discovery time. The approach uses LLDP packet authentication together with keyed-hash-based message authentication code (HMAC) and a link verification database (PostgreSQL) that stores records of all known and verified links in the network. This approach was implemented in an emulated SDN environment using Mininet and a Python-based open-source OpenFlow (POX) controller. The results show that the approach detects fabricated links in an SDN in real time and helps mitigate them. Additionally, the link discovery time of LiFAMA out-competes that of an existing LFA mitigation approach.


The sea is a source of livelihood for fishermen's families, and with the richness of the sea that exists in Indonesia, it should make the fishermen's family life better than just fit for life, but in fact the living conditions of fishermen's families who inhabit this coast contribute more to the poverty rate. in Indonesia, whereas the available and abundant marine natural resources can open up opportunities and opportunities in managing resources wisely by paying attention to their sustainability. This form of poverty and ignorance is clearly seen in the lack of facilities and infrastructure for fishery production and the low quality of human resources ( coastal women ) caused by low levels of education so that the ability and skills in managing production activities, mastery of technology and management are also low. The purpose of this study is to determine the economic life of fishermen communities and the role of fishermen's wives in improving the family economy. This type of research is a descriptive type of research with a qualitative approach . This research is located in Batu Nampar Selatan Village, Jerowaru District. Where the population of this study were all fishermen's wives in Batu Nampar Selatan Village as many as 726 and the samples taken were 30 people. The sampling technique was using purposive sampling technique. The data collection technique was carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation, while the data analysis used qualitative analysis which was inductive in nature. Based on the findings in the field, it can be reported that the life of the fishermen in Batu Nampar Selatan is classified as poor and underdeveloped, because it can be seen from the people who have a low standard of living, lack of education, and are classified as underdeveloped, uncertain income causes fishermen to always be in poverty and deprivation . Furthermore, the role of fishermen's wives in Batu Nampar Selatan Village has a dual role. The factor that encourages fishermen's wives to participate in earning a living is because their husband's income is not sufficient for their family's daily needs, but even though they can generate income for the family, it does not necessarily change their living conditions because the wife's income can only fulfill their daily needs .


professional methods of political parties. Driver seems to be arguing that the people have unrealistic expectations of the political class. The MPs' expenses scandal of 2009 showed that the public demand a higher standard of behaviour from their politicians than they expect of themselves.The ordinary voter does not appear to appreciate that politics is a messy business, requiring compromises and imperfect deals. Nor do all citizens want to become heavily involved in the political process. It has always been an activity generally reserved for the better educated and wealthier classes, and largely shunned by the unskilled working class. Despite their present woes, Driver passionately makes the case for the continuation of political parties. Nothing better exists for aggregating interests, Driver concludes optimistically: 'Political parties may need reform, but if they didn't exist we'd have to invent them' (p. 215). Understanding British Party Politics is not only an excellent introductory textbook for undergraduate students of British party politics, it is also a timely reminder of why formal political parties still matter, despite all the enormous pressures currently being placed upon them.


Forms of failure in later Beethoven.- In the later style of Beethoven can be seen certain modes of expression which could be understood as a criticism of absolute idealism. The way in which the sonata-form breaks up is what best illustrates the failure of hegemonic subjecti-vity.


patients. This appears to be a reasonable contention. There are some problems in the article, however, which we consider require clarification. Firstly, a zero incidence of some adverse events was reported in the HIH group. We wonder about the reliability of these findings, as the frequency of adverse events reported in the study appears dependent on their being recorded as a spontaneous observation in the medical record by two distinct unblinded groups of observers and then located by retrospective review of the medical records by unblinded researchers. For the adverse event "confusion", Caplan et al indicate that strict definitions of the condition have not been rigorously employed. It is not clear to us whether or not the complications listed in the study were sought in a systematic prospective manner according to predefined diagnostic criteria. It is possible that the presence or absence of complications was more a matter of sensitivity of reporting than an adverse effect of hospitalisation. Secondly, in Table 3 ("Geriatric complications"), the relevance of stating 95% confidence intervals for the occurrence of complications is not clear, as the sample, being highly selected, does not relate to the general population. There is also a problem with the actual numbers provided for the confidence intervals: a confidence interval of a percentage of complications cannot contain a negative value, as zero is the lowest percentage of complications possible. None of the intervals correspond to the confidence intervals obtained from using the Geigy statistical table " 'Exact' confidence limits for p", which would be a suitable method for obtaining confidence intervals for samples of small size. In view of the above, we consider that readers of the study should simply ignore the confidence intervals provided in Table 3.


The nutritional evaluation and diet prescription are laborious and require much time. They need calculations of basic nutritional indices, to precisely diagnose and finally to indicate the proper nutritional recommendations based on demographic, anthropometric, biochemical data and medical history of the patient. Our purpose was to create a new strategic approach to increase the rapid elaboration of nutritional evaluation, calculation of carbohydrate controlled diets and a software implementation. We named the outcome application Nutribase. The application could be used in clinical settings and/or nutritional research environments for calculating the composition of diet in diabetes and other metabolic disturbances, for helping dieticians and nutrition professionals as well as an educational instrument for patients and students. Nutribase (an Access based software) collects data on nutritional and biological parameters related to dietary assessment and treatment of the subjects with metabolic diseases but not only, calculates the body mass index, ideal body weight and metabolic requirements of patients, provides ready-made diet models and recommendations according to the calculated metabolic requirements, diagnosis, provides tables of composition of foods (calories, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), allows an assessment of diet composition per meal, provides a flexible educational instrument for creating or adjusting a diet according to the patients' preferences, is very much time saving in clinical settings and it may be adapted for epidemiological nutritional studies.


Kinanthropometry is the quantitative interface between human structure and function. This interface is examined through the measurement and analysis of age, body size, shape, proportion, composition and maturation as they relate to gross body function. Body structure and body composition play an important role in determining the success of the players. The physique of athletes is suggested to contribute to their performance. The physical fitness of a player is also a decisive determinant of success during competition. This book, therefore, provides information on body structure, body composition and fitness of the female softball players. The softball players are analyzed and compared between elite and non-elite levels. The analysis should help to understand the kinanthropometric characteristics, body structure, body composition and fitness required to female softball players and should be especially useful to coaches, trainers and sport scientists to select young players and also to design training programs.


OBJECTIVE
To predict medication adherence among ethnically different pediatric patients with renal transplants between the ages of 6 and 20 years old, using self-regulation variables including motivation, perceived control and responsibility, and perceived support.

METHODS
Twenty-six African American children and 42 Caucasian children were verbally administered the Self-Regulation of Medication Adherence Battery to assess their (1) motivation to be medication adherent, (2) perceived control of and responsibility for medication adherence, and (3) perceived support of medication adherence from their primary caregiver. Four measures were used to assess medication adherence: self-ratings, nephrologists' ratings, cyclosporine levels, and pill count/refill histories.

RESULTS
For the African American patients, regression analyses revealed that responses to motivation and perceived control questions that focused on self-efficacy were unique predictors of medication adherence as rated by their primary nephrologist. For the Caucasian patients, one motivation question regarding how often they forget to take their medication predicted their self-reported adherence.

CONCLUSIONS
Facilitating their beliefs that they can regularly take their medications may help promote medication adherence among African American children with renal transplants, whereas for Caucasian children, providing cues and reminders to take their medications may help. We discuss implications of the results for multimodal assessment of medication adherence and for ethnic group-specific medication adherence research and interventions.


456 Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are designed or selected to eliminate malignancies by direct infection and lysis of cancer cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate acute effects of virus replication in vivo. Tumor bearing mice were systemically treated with Vesicular Stomatitis Virus or Vaccinia Virus and tumors were excised at various timepoints post infusion. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect areas of virus infection, apoptosis (active caspase 3), cell proliferation (Ki67), immune cell infiltration and fibrin deposition. Tumor blood flow was visualized by detecting intravenously infused fluorescent microspheres or Hoechst dye on tissue sections. We observed that a significant portion of the in vivo tumor killing activity of OVs is not caused by direct cell lysis but rather by indirect killing of uninfected tumor cells. Early, following only limited virus infection, we observed a loss of blood flow to the interior of the tumor that correlated with massive induction of cellular apoptosis in tumor cells while normal tissue was unaffected. Infection induced neutrophil recruitment to the tumor bed as well as extensive hemorrhagic necrosis and blood clot formation in tumor microvessels. Specifically, fibrin deposition was detected in vessels within the tumor core, while vessels in the tumor rim and normal tissue were not clotted. The viable tumor rim observed at 24 h post infection likely repopulates the tumor as an expanded tumor rim surrounding a necrotic core was observed at 14 and 24 days post treatment. Indeed, quantification of Ki67 staining reveals that malignant cells within the tumor rim continue to replicate after virus treatment. Further studies investigated how manipulation of the host response affects the tumor microenvironment after OV therapy. Depletion of neutrophils in mice prior to VSV administration resulted in decreased fibrin deposition, more extensive growth of the virus and elimination of uninfected tumor apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking blood clot formation with heparin treatment during OV therapy also curtailed vascular shutdown in tumors. Together these results indicate that targeted recruitment of neutrophils and the coagulation cascade to infected tumor beds enhances killing of malignant cells in murine tumors. Importantly, preliminary clinical data suggests onset of avascular necrosis in a liver metastasis of a patient treated with vaccinia virus. Finally, we propose that activation of innate immune cells as well as blood coagulation can be used to enhance the effectiveness of OV therapeutics and will influence strategies for therapeutic dosing. Beyond implications in the field of OV therapeutics, the influence of targeted inflammation in the context of other anticancer therapies warrants further investigation.


The functional and molecular sources of behavioral variability in mice are not fully understood. As a consequence, the predominant use of male mice has become a standard in animal reseach, under the assumption that males are less variable than females. Similarly, to homogenize genetic background, neuroscience studies have almost exclusively used the C57BL/6 (B6) strain. Here, we examined individual differences in performance in the context of associative learning. We performed delayed eyeblink conditioning while recording locomotor activity in mice from both sexes in two strains (B6 and B6CBAF1). Further, we used a C-FOS immunostaining approach to explore brain areas involved in eyeblink conditioning across subjects, and correlate them with behavioral performance. We found that B6 male and female mice show comparable variability in this task and that females reach higher learning scores. We found a strong positive correlation across sexes between learning scores and voluntary locomotion. C-FOS immunostainings revealed positive correlations between C-FOS positive cell density and learning in the cerebellar cortex as well as multiple, previously unreported extra-cerebellar areas. We found consistent and comparable correlations in eyeblink performance and C-fos expression in B6 and B6CBAF1 females and males. Taken together, we show that differences in motor behavior and activity across brain areas correlate with learning scores during eyeblink conditioning across strains and sexes.


The phosphate salt form of ruxolitinib, an orally bioavailable Janus-associated kinase (JAK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Ruxolitinib specifically binds to and inhibits protein tyrosine kinases JAK 1 and 2, which may lead to a reduction in inflammation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation. The JAK-STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) pathway plays a key role in the signaling of many cytokines and growth factors and is involved in cellular proliferation, growth, hematopoiesis, and the immune response; JAK kinases may be upregulated in inflammatory diseases, myeloproliferative disorders, and various malignancies.


Phosphorus (P) has been identified as the key constituent defining wetland productivity, structure, and function. Our goal was to investigate the spatial patterns of total P and three labile forms of P (labile organic, inorganic, and microbial biomass P) across a subtropical wetland located in east-central Florida, the Blue Cypress Marsh Conservation Area (BCMCA), and link spatial patterns to ecosystem processes. The wetland received a continual input of nutrients primarily from the south and intermittently from the west and east, respectively, which ceased in the mid-1990s. Since then the marsh system has been undergoing natural succession. We used (i) ordinary kriging to characterize the spatial patterns of total P and labile P forms across the wetland, (ii) local, moving spatial correlations to investigate relationships between total P and labile P forms, and (iii) a clustering technique to link the identified spatial patterns to biogeochemical processes. The spatially explicit analyses revealed patterns of total P and labile P forms as well as changing relationships between variables across the marsh. We were able to distinguish P-enriched areas from unaffected ("natural") areas and intermediate zones that are currently undergoing change as P is mobilized and translocated. We also identified areas that are at risk, showing a shift toward a more P-enriched status. Our results improve our understanding of P and its labile components within a spatially explicit context.


Background: Cripto-1, also known as teratocarcinoma-derived growth factor-1 (TDGF-1), is a member of the EGF-CFC family. Cripto-1 has been found to be overexpressed in different human carcinomas, including breast, colon, lung, cervix, stomach, pancreas, and nasopharynx, while it was absent or very low in normal adult tissue. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Cripto-1 plays an important oncogenic role during carcinogenesis by promoting cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and tumor angiogenesis, as well as inducing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In our previous study, we first demonstrated that Cripto-1 protein was significantly overexpressed in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues than in normal oral mucosa and the exogenous recombinant human Cripto-1 protein induced a significant increase in the cell proliferation and migration of OSCC cell lines (SCC-4 and SCC-25). Our data suggested that Cripto-1 may be involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of OSCC. To validate the value of Cripto-1 as a novel molecular target for OSCC treatment, in the present study, we investigated whether the suppression of endogenous Cripto-1 inhibits the growth and migration of OSCC cells.

Methods: We screened 13 OSCC cell lines to select cell lines with high Cripto-1 expression by RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Among them, KOSCC-33A and HSC4 cell lines were selected and transfected with anti-Cripto-1 siRNA and negative control siRNA. Cell proliferation was evaluated 24h, 48h, and 72h after transfection, and migration assay was also performed 24h and 48h after transfection, with anti-Cripto-1 siRNA and negative control siRNA. Statistical significance was determined using t-test.

Results: The results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that the Cripto-1 mRNA in KOSCC-33A and HSC4 cells were effectively suppressed by anti-Cripto-1 siRNA when compared with cells treated with a negative control siRNA. In the cell proliferation assay, we found that Cripto-1 knock-down induced a significant inhibition of the growth of KOSCC-33A and HSC4 cells (P <0.05). In addition, Cripto-1 knock-down resulted in a significant decrease in the migration of both cell lines (P <0.05).

Conclusion: The present study confirms that Cripto-1 plays an important role in the growth and motility of OSCC cells. Our data also suggest that suppression of Cripto-1 expression may be one of the new strategies for the treatment of OSCC. Further studies are in progress to clarify the signaling pathway underlying the oncogenic effects of Cripto-1 in OSCC.

Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):A184.

Citation Format: Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Ah Cho, Ji-Soo Hong, Eun-Jin Choi, Seong-Doo Hong, Jae-Il Lee, Sam-Pyo Hong, Hye-Jung Yoon. Knock-down of Cripto-1 expression by small interfering RNA inhibits growth and migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A184.


Process studies put movement, change and flow first; to study processually is to consider the world as restless, something underway, becoming and perishing, without end. To understand firms processually is to accept but also – and this is harder perhaps – to absorb this fluidity, to treat a variable as just that, a variable. The resonance with entrepreneurship studies is obvious. If any field is alive to, and fully resonant with, a processual understanding of, for example, the creation of firms, it is entrepreneurship studies. This special issue is an attempt to consider the promise and potential of processual approaches to studying, researching and practising entrepreneurship. The articles in the issue attest to an increasing sensitivity to processual thinking. We argue that appreciating entrepreneurial phenomena processually opens up the field to an understanding of entrepreneurship as organizational creation – not simply the creation of new organizations but also experiments in new organizational form.


A number of the articles in this book deal with different learning styles, on-line activities, information technology and innovative approaches to learning (experiments, simulation games and peer- assisted support schemes)in the discipline of economics. Yet rather than simply describing these new approaches, most of the papers try to evaluate their effectiveness in a rigorous way. The volume is centred on how student learning strategies had changed in an e-world and what educators needed to do to catch students' attention more effectively – hence a major focus was on innovative alternatives to 'chalk and talk'. It is also noted that the broadening of the student body now admitted to universities, and the increased number of institutions granted university status, raised serious challenges to providing effective learning to a student cohort from very different socio- economic and ethnic backgrounds.


The submerged entry nozzle (SEN) has been used to transport the molten steel from tundish to the mould. The main purpose of the SEN usage is both to prevent oxygen and nitrogen pick-up by molten steel and to achieve the desired flow condition in the mould. Therefore, the SEN can be considered as a vital factor for a stable casting process and the steel quality. Furthermore, the steelmaking processes occur at high temperatures around 1873 K so the interaction between the refractory materials of the SEN and molten steel is unavoidable. Therefore, the knowledge of the SEN behaviors during pre-heating and casting is necessary for the design of the steelmaking processes. The internal surfaces of modern SENs are coated with a glass/silicon powder layer to prevent the SEN graphite oxidation during pre-heating. The effects of the interaction between the coating layer and the SEN base refractory materials on clogging were studied in supplement 1. The results of the study indicated the penetration of the formed alkaline-rich glaze into the Alumina/graphite base refractory during pre-heating. More specifically, the alkaline-rich glaze reacts with graphite to form carbon monoxide gas. Thereafter, dissociation of CO at the SEN/molten metal interface takes place. This leads to reoxidation of dissolved REM (Rare Earth Metal), which form the "In Situ" REM oxides at the interface between the SEN and the REM alloyed molten steel. Also, the interaction of the penetrated glaze with alumina in the SEN base refractory materials leads to a formation of a high-viscous alumina-rich glaze during the SEN pre-heating process. This in turn, creates a very uneven surface at the SEN internal surface. The "In Situ" formation of the REM oxides together with the uneven internal surface of the SEN may facilitate the accumulation of the primary inclusions. Supplement 1 revealed the disadvantages of the glass/silicon powder layer. On the other hand the carbon oxidation is a main industrial problem for un-coated Alumina/Graphite Submerged Entry Nozzles (SEN) during pre-heating. This led to the proposal of a new refractory material for the SEN. In supplement 2, the effect of ZrSi2 antioxidant and the coexistence of antioxidant additive and (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder on carbon oxidation were investigated at simulated non-isothermal heating conditions in a controlled atmosphere. Also, the effect of ZrSi2 antioxidant on carbon oxidation was investigated at isothermal temperatures at 1473 K and 1773 K. The specimens' weight losses and temperatures were plotted versus time and compared to each others. The thickness of the oxide areas were measured and also examined using XRD, FEG-SEM and EDS. The coexistence of 8 wt% ZrSi2 and 15 wt% (4B2O3 ·BaO) glass powder of the total alumina/Graphite base refractory materials, presented the most effective resistance to carbon oxidation. The 121% volume expansion due to the Zircon formation during heating and filling up the open pores by (4B2O3 ·BaO) glaze during green body sintering led to an excellent carbon oxidation resistance. In supplement 3, decarburization behaviors of Al2O3-C, ZrO2-C and MgO-C refractory materials constituting a commercial Submerged Entry Nozzle (SEN), have been investigated in different gas atmosphere consisting of CO2, O2 and Ar. The (CO2/O2) ratio values were kept the same as it is in propane combustion flue gas at Air Fuel Ratio (AFR) values equal to 1.5 and 1 for both Air-fuel and Oxygen-fuel combustions. Laboratory experiments were carried out non-isothermally in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K at 15 K/min followed by isothermal heating at 1473 K for 60 min. The decarburization ratio (α) values of the three refractory types were determined by measuring the weight losses of the samples. The results showed that the decarburization ratio (α) values of the MgO-C refractory became 3.1 times higher for oxygen-fuel combustion compared to air-fuel combustion both at AFR equal to 1.5 in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K. The decarburization ratio (α) values for Al2O3-C samples were the same as for the isothermal heating at 1473 K and non-isothermal heating in the temperature range 473 to 1773 K with a 15 K/min heating rate. It substantiates the SEN preheating advantage at higher temperatures for shorter holding times instead of heating at lower temperatures for longer holding times. Jander's diffusion model was proposed for estimating the decarburization rate of Al2O3-C refractory in the SEN. The activation energy for Al2O3-C samples heated at AFR equal to 1.5, for air-fuel and oxygen-fuel combustions were found to be 84.5 KJ/mol and 95.5 KJ/mol respectively during non-isothermal heating in the temperature range 873 K to 1473 K.


I study an auction model in which the auction is followed by bargaining between bidders. Bidders with multi-unit demand bid for an object and then bargain over additional units. In the presence of post-auction interaction between players, equilibrium bidding strategies are sensitive to the amount and nature of information about bidders' valuations revealed by the auction. Standard auctions fail to allocate the good efficiently if some bids are announced. If the post-auction market is small enough, a first-price sealed-bid auction with no revelation of bids achieves efficiency. By choosing an optimal announcement policy the auctioneer can increase expected revenue.


We deal with the design of interleavers in a coded code-division multiple-access (CDMA) scenario, where at the receiver an iterative turbo-like structure to perform multiuser detection is employed. The choice of the interleavers affects both the maximum-likelihood (ML) performance and the impact of the suboptimality of the iterative receiver. First, heuristic criteria of goodness for a set of interleavers, each assigned to a given active user, are introduced and motivated. One of these criteria is based on the intersection between the equivalent codes seen after the interleavers for each user pair. The design rules are valid for any kind of channel code. In particular, when the channel code used by every user is a terminated convolutional code, a very simple design rule, in the subset of congruential interleavers, is specified. The suitability of an interleaver set to iterative decoding is also treated. The analysis leads to a design rule which is shown to have great importance on the performance of a turbo-like receiver. Numerical results assess the validity of the derived design rules by showing that, for iterative multiuser receivers and reasonable block lengths, the suitability to iterative decoding is more important than the performance optimization.


This paper analyzes George J. 6WLJOHU¶V influential contributions to economic ideas, specifically on industrial structures, the functioning of markets, the causes and effects of public regulation, the economics of information, and on the development of ecoQRPLF WKRXJKW 6WLJOHU¶V PRVW LQIOXHQWLDO contribution to economic thought came in his work on information theory. Treating information as a valuable commodity, he explained why prices differ for identical goods. From his work, many other theories have been built to explain economic behavior. A considerable number of works on decision making under uncertainty could not have progressed without an understanding of the role of information. His swing of the pendulum in economic regulation constitutes a great turnabout. He started research, known as public choice, which assumes that government policy makers are driven by self-LQWHUHVW UDWKHU WKDQ SXUH FRQFHUQ IRU WKH SXEOLF¶V ZHOIDUH +LV YLHZs have now become those of the mainstream.


Functional verification is widely acknowledged as the bottleneck in the hardware design cycle. This paper addresses one of the main challenges of simulation based verification (or dynamic verification), by providing a new approach for coverage directed test generation (CDG). This approach is based on Bayesian networks and computer learning techniques. It provides an efficient way for closing a feedback loop from the coverage domain back to a generator that produces new stimuli to the tested design. In this paper, we show how to apply Bayesian networks to the CDG problem. Applying Bayesian networks to the CDG framework has been tested in several experiments, exhibiting encouraging results and indicating that the suggested approach can be used to achieve CDG goals.


Background To explore the stability of a mixture of three drugs including vindesine, etoposide, and epirubicin, assigned to infusion in an EPOCH chemotherapy regimen and provide a basis for clinical use. Methods After mixing the three chemotherapy drugs with 500 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% glucose injection, respectively, they were divided into four groups of test solution. According to the Pharmacopoeia of the people's Republic of China, 2020 Edition, injection fluid should be tested for content, osmolarity, insoluble microparticles and pH, as well as for sterility, bacterial endotoxin and pyrogen, etc. since this experiment focuses on the compatibility of the mixture of the three drugs, sterility and the detection of bacterial endotoxin and pyrogen, etc. were not performed. The test solutions were placed at room temperature, the content was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the pH, osmolarity, and insoluble microparticle changes of the mixed solution were determined. Both imported and domestic epirubicin was used. Results The four groups of test solution have no significant changes in pH, osmolarity, and insoluble microparticles were observed within 48 h, with the contents changing by less than 5%. Compared with the other three groups, the imported epirubicin saline group achieved better results with significant differences in insoluble microparticle detection items of ≥10 and ≥25 µM (P<0.05). Conclusions The stability of the three drugs in 500 mL 0.9% sodium chloride and 5% glucose injection at room temperature was good. Imported epirubicin had some advantages in the number of insoluble microparticles and its pH was more suitable when normal saline was used as a vehicle. To reduce irritation to blood vessels by infusion, it is recommended to choose imported epirubicin with 0.9% sodium chloride mixed deployment.


The sample thickness dependence of the luminescence intensity of xenon, krypton, argon and neon crystals excited by low energy electrons is studied. These experiments allow the surface or bulk location of the centers responsible of the luminescence. We have more specially investigated the self-trapped exciton lines and the atomic type lines emitted by the desorbed neutral atoms in an excited state.


The need for a three-month visit at the outpatient clinic for assessment including uroflowmetry was retrospectively evaluated in 78 patients who underwent transurethral resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy during 1986. One patient died before discharge and six were lost to follow-up. Eleven patients requested appointments earlier than three months, and 10 of these needed further treatment; four were operated on and six were treated with drugs. The remaining 60 patients attended as arranged. Thirty-nine were discharged, but 21 required further treatment. Eleven were operated on, four were given drugs, one had an external catheter because of incontinence, and five needed further visits to the outpatient clinic for other reasons. It was not possible to predict the necessity for follow-up from preoperative symptoms, cystitis, maximum urinary flow (ml/s), blood loss during operation, or length of stay in hospital after operation. We conclude that 35% (95% c.l. 23-48%) of the arranged outpatient visits three months after transurethral resection for benign prostatic hypertrophy are necessary and that the need is not predictable.


In 2005, Ernest McCulloch and James Till published the article "Perspectives on the Properties of Stem Cells," which discusses the various properties and future possibilities for the use of stem cells [5] . Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into several different cell types. In the article published in the journal Nature on 1 October 2005, the authors say they wrote the article to dispel misconceptions about what stem cells [5] are, what they do, address some controversies surrounding stem cells [5] , and discuss potential uses of stem cells [5] . In the article, McCulloch and Till reveal how stem cell research has revolutionized cancer treatment as well as set the stage for future embryonic and adult stem cell research. Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into different types of cells. They are different from other cells in that they are not specialized and can divide and renew themselves over a long span of time. Because stem cells [5] are not specialized, they cannot perform specific functions in the body. However, they have the potential to become specialized cells, such as muscle, blood, and nerve cells [6] . The two main types of stem cells [5] are embryonic stem cells [7] and adult stem cells [8] . Adult stem cells [5] are multipotent, so they give rise to a certain number of varied cell types, but embryonic stem cells [7] are pluripotent and can give rise to any cell type. Adult stem cells [5] are more specialized than embryonic stem cells [7] , and they can remain in a non-specialized state until the body needs to repair or grow new tissue. Embryonic stem cells [5] are stem cells [5] in the undifferentiated cells in an embryo. Embryonic stem cells [5] can replicate many more times than adult stem cells [8] and give rise to more than 200 cell types in the body. several different cell types. In the article published in the journal Nature on 1 October 2005, the authors say they wrote the article to dispel misconceptions about what stem cells are, what they do, address some controversies surrounding stem cells, and discuss potential uses of stem cells. In the article, McCulloch and Till reveal how stem cell research has revolutionized cancer treatment as well as set the stage for future embryonic and adult stem cell research.


Every citizen has a right to express his opinion even in social media. However, some people use social media to express negative meaning, including hate speech. Hate speech may cause hatred and attack both individual and community honor. The expression of hate is associated with the emotion verbs semantically in linguistics. Dealing with linguistics, there are some problems to conduct the research. The purpose is to investigate the emotion verbs of hate used semantically. In this case, emotion verbs of hate used in people's speech through social media which provocate publics, insult each other, mutually hostile, harm and destroy the nation and the state itself.. The method is descriptive to clarify semantically a case study of emotion verbs found in people's speech. The data taken from the social media such as Facebook and Instagram. The results found there are some responses of using emotion verbs of hate. Hate itself may refer to angry, annoyed, disguisted, etc. By the research, it can be concluded that emotion verbs of hate are the term of anger which might refer to violent, raging, irritated, upset, disturbed, offend, and hostile.


This is the first book to do a detailed study of the illustrations in two important fifteenth century novels. Christine de Pizan was one of the few authors of late medieval France involved with all aspects of her manuscripts' production. Her work has received enormous scholarly attention as their subject is nothing less than the history and education of women. This book fills a gap in the scholarship by shifting the attention from their literary content to the imagery chosen to illustrate these two pioneering books on women and their worth. This new focus includes artists of Christine's own choosing to those illustrating "The City" and "The Treasure" after her death throughout the peak of the two works' popularity. The social context and iconographic content of the miniatures accompanying these texts provides a broad, often diverse view of the role and image of the fifteenth century woman. In "The City", the illustrations often focus on intellectual discussion rather than heroic action of women. In "The Treasure", typically the pictures show scenes of stately lectures and well-dressed students, usually nobility, crowded into classroom settings, which illuminates the advances in education for women at that time.


Background: Primary care providers (PCPs) frequently address dermatologic concerns and perform skin examinations during clinical encounters. For PCPs who evaluate concerning skin lesions, dermoscopy (a noninvasive skin visualization technique) has been shown to increase the sensitivity for skin cancer diagnosis compared with unassisted clinical examinations. Because no formal consensus existed on the fundamental knowledge and skills that PCPs should have with respect to dermoscopy for skin cancer detection, the objective of this study was to develop an expert consensus statement on proficiency standards for PCPs learning or using dermoscopy. Methods: A 2-phase modified Delphi method was used to develop 2 proficiency standards. In the study's first phase, a focus group of PCPs and dermatologists generated a list of dermoscopic diagnoses and associated features. In the second phase, a larger panel evaluated the proposed list and determined whether each diagnosis was reflective of a foundational or intermediate proficiency or neither. Results: Of the 35 initial panelists, 5 PCPs were lost to follow-up or withdrew; 30 completed the fifth and last round. The final consensus-based list contained 39 dermoscopic diagnoses and associated features. Conclusions: This consensus statement will inform the development of PCP-targeted dermoscopy training initiatives designed to support early cancer detection.