We describe the clinical cases of two 17 year-old patients presenting a first psychotic episode in which football was central to their delusional beliefs. These two patients were admitted with a five-month's gap in an inpatient clinic after the intervention of the authorities who conducted them to the emergency room. Football has become the main global mass entertainment phenomenon of the contemporary European society. Therefore, it's not surprising that in the year that Portuguese football had its most glorious moment with the Euro Cup victory, the game took part in the delusional beliefs of two young people presenting their first psychotic episode. With the description of these two clinical cases we intend to emphasise on the relation between socio-cultural features and the content of the delusional beliefs.


Efficient compression of finite-alphabet sources requires variable-length codes (VLCs). However, in the presence of noisy channels, error propagation in the decoding of VLCs severely degrades performance. To address this problem, redundant entropy codes and iterative source-channel decoding have been suggested, but to date, neither performance bounds nor design criteria for the composite system have been available. We calculate performance bounds for the source-channel system by generalizing techniques originally developed for serial concatenated convolutional codes. Using this analysis, we demonstrate the role of a recursive structure for the inner code and the distance properties of the outer code. We use density evolution to study the convergence of our decoders. Finally, we pose the question: Under a fixed rate and complexity constraint, when should we use source-channel decoding (as opposed to separable decoding)? We offer answers in several specific cases. For our analysis and design rules, we use union bounds that are technically valid only above the cutoff rate, but interestingly, the codes designed with union-bound criteria perform well even in low signal-to-noise ratio regions, as shown by our simulations as well as previous works on concatenated codes.


The upgrading of part of the A1 road in south-east Scotland prompted the excavation of eleven archaeological sites. These spanned a period of 5,000 years from the early fourth millenium BC to the early fifth century AD. This volume draws together the results of the excavations and presents the story of human endeavour in the changing landscapes of ancient Lothian. In spite of the chronological range and diversity of the archaeology, evidence has emerged from the excavations for common threads across the millennia: long-held concerns with sustaining life through farming, the symbolic potency of certain objects, and the enduring perceived significance of certain places in the landscape.


Disputes are inherent in social relations, so the role of the legislator is to introduce rules under which they can be resolved. The methods that make it possible to resolve them include ADR methods. Mediation as an alternative form of dispute resolution has been known since antiquity, nowadays its precursor is the United States of America, where at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s alternative methods of conflict resolution were devel-oped. Mediation, next to bargaining and social arbitration, is one of the peaceful methods of solving collective labour disputes. It should be stressed that as a peaceful method of resolving collective disputes, it can be treated as one of the instruments of social dialogue. Dialogue is an inmamental feature of dispute resolution regardless of its ty-pology, and in the case of collective disputes it can be a guarantor of the preservation of social peace. Hence, it is very important to create a legal framework and introduce instruments to increase its effectiveness.


Although recognized 25 years ago, the traditional serrated adenoma (TSA) remains an ongoing source of diagnostic and biological debate. Recent research has greatly improved our understanding of the morphological and molecular aspects of these polyps. In particular, the recognition of ectopic crypt foci (ECFs) in combination with typical cytology and slit-like serrations improves diagnostic reproducibility. Awareness that many TSAs particularly, BRAF mutated TSAs, arise in precursor micro vesicular hyper plastic polyps (MVHPs) and sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs) can aid in making this diagnosis and should not be confused with an SSA with dysplasia (SSAD). At a molecular level, TSAs can be divided into two groups based on their BRAF or KRAS mutation status. The development of overt cytological dysplasia is accompanied by TP53 mutation, Wnt pathway activation and in some cases, silencing of CDKN2A. Importantly, however, mismatch repair enzyme function is retained. Thus, the TSA is an important precursor of aggressive molecular subtypes of colorectal carcinoma.


SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvat Transminase) enzymes are found in liver, heart, muscle and kidney tissue. SGPT has a relatively high specificity for liver damage. Long-term use of birth control pills can cause liver tissue damage. Impaired liver function occurs due to the presence of the hormone progesterone which causes the flow of bile to slow down, and if it lasts a long time, the bile ducts become blocked, so the bile in the blood increases. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of SGPT in the acceptors of contraceptive pills in Ciamis Regency. This research method is a descriptive study. Based on the results of the examination of SGPT levels carried out on 30 family planning pill acceptors in the Ciamis Regency, it was found that 9 people (30%) had high ALT levels and the results were 21 people (70%) had normal SGPT levels.


Understanding patterns of among‐island variation in species richness has long been an important question in ecology and biogeography. However, despite the clear spatial nature of the data used for such investigations, the spatial distribution of the different sampled locations is rarely explicitly considered, which may be critical for statistical and biological reasons. In a recent study, Chown et al. (1998) investigated the relationships between species richness of different indigenous and introduced taxonomic groups and a variety of variables characterizing Southern Ocean islands, and here, we use these data to address spatial issues. As predicted, we found spatial autocorrelation in species richness for terrestrial taxa with high dispersal ability or for terrestrial taxa that had time to disperse locally (introduced land birds and indigenous taxa) but not for taxa that had low opportunity to disperse to nearby islands (introduced plants, insects, and mammals), which suggests that colonization from nearby islands has played an important role in shaping present‐day patterns of among‐island variation in species richness. Interestingly, in several cases, the estimated effect of variables changed when spatial covariance was incorporated. Moreover, the absence of autocorrelation of some variables allowed us to confirm some important results of Chown et al. (1998), notably those involving the potential impact of human presence on the biodiversity of these islands. Overall, our results illustrate the importance of considering spatial structures in ecological studies. This is notably the case when dispersal processes can be expected to explain some of the observed patterns.


Mature CHO cell derived and highly purified rVWF was chemically derivatized by binding of 20 kDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) succinimidyl glutarate, to the primary amino groups in rVWF with covalent bond formation, primarily with lysine residues. PEG conjugates of rVWF were further purified and pharmaceutically formulated for application into hemophilia A knock-out mice. Groups of 6 mice each were treated with respective test and control articles to measure pharmacokinetics. Mice were treated with chemically modified rVWF in combination with recombinant human FVIII (rFVIII, Advate). For control purposes, mice were treated with unmodified rVWF plus rFVIII. Citrated plasma was prepared from their blood and measured for FVIII activity with a chromogenic FVIII assay. Mice received 300 IU/kg rFVIII together with 3.6 mg/kg PEG-rVWF or 1.6 mg/kg unmodified rVWF. FVIII levels were measured at time points 5 minutes and 3, 9, 24 and 32 hours after injection. FVIII levels found 5 minutes after injection were set as 100%. At all time points FVIII levels were substantially higher in the groups co-administered with PEG-rVWF. Mice co-administered with PEG-rVWF showed a FVIII level of 3% at 24 hours which was maintained at 2% after 32 hours, while in the controls treated with rFVIII and unmodified rVWF, FVIII levels were close to the limit of detection at 24 hours (~ 0,6%) and had completely disappeared at 32 hours. Assuming a one compartmental model, a mean half life of 4.4 hrs of rFVIII in the presence of PEG-rVWF and 1.2 hrs in the presence of unmodified rVWF was calculated (Scientist program, MicroMath, Saint Louis, MO, USA). The FVIII AUC was increased by a factor of 2.5 for the group treated with PEG-rVWF (MS EXCEL, trapezoidal model). Our study demonstrates that chemical modification by PEGylation of rVWF can be used to improve the survival of co-administered native rFVIII in the circulation of hemophilic mice.


In the June number I discussed the subject of partial specific performance.'.In cases-of partial specific performance, the defendant, not being able to substantially perform his contract, is obliged by the court to perform as far as he is able. It may be, however, that the defendant is unable to perform his promises even in part. In such a case the only possible obligation the law can fasten on the defaulting party is the payment of money, or the conveyance of other property, as damages for the default. The court of equity is not ordinarily a court in which money damages for breach of contract can be recovered; yet, under certain circumstances, where the defendant cannot perform his contract, equity will retain the bill for the purpose of giving the plaintiff damages. As in such cases the defendant has no right to any relief against the plaintiff, and as the foundation of the plaintiff's rights is a contract, we may regard the action of the court as another exception to the rule that the remedy of specific performance must be mutual, though, of course, strictly speaking, the plaintiff does not obtain what is usually called specific performance. He does, however, obtain relief in equity. The leading case in which we find a court of equity retaining a bill for a specific performance in order to assess damages is Denton v. Stewart,2 a case decided by Lord Kenyon in 1786. There, A. and B. agreed by parole that A. should buy a certain house from B. A. went into possession, but B. brought an action of ejectment. against him and turned him out. The parole agreement could not have been set up


Abstract The quality of a guest's hotel experience is frequently dependent on the consistency with which hotel standards of service are applied. Where the existing systems break down, guests will complain. This should be viewed as an opportunity for the hotel's management. However, some hotel direct guest contact personnel may view guest complaints as causes for panic rather than opportunities for improving the hotel operation. Guests whose complaints were resolved satisfactorily were willing to return back to the hotel. Proficiency in handling their complaints results in greater guest satisfaction and loyalty. The application of the research will be on Hotel Assistant Managers/Guest Relations Agents to investigate whether they are applying the necessary steps and techniques to solve guests' complaints related either to tangible or intangible products in hotels. Results indicate that Hotel Assistant Managers and Guest Relations Agents could improve their effectiveness in handling guests' complaints. Assistant Managers were found in this study to be better at handling complaints than Guest Relations Agents.


Abstract Weed management is an important issue for nursery crop and Christmas tree producers, as well as for those maintaining turfgrass or ornamental species in landscape plantings. PRE and POST herbicides are important weed management tools for these industries. Reports of herbicide-resistant weeds increased from fewer than 100 cases in 1985 to nearly 500 cases globally in 2019, including ones found in turfgrass or ornamental systems. The evolution, persistence, and management of herbicide-resistant weeds are an ongoing educational process. We must keep our stakeholders aware of improved weed control technology and provide them information on resistant weeds. A symposium at the 2019 Weed Science Society of America meeting was conducted with presentations and discussions by invited speakers in relation to current research and potential management strategies for resistant weeds in turfgrass, landscape ornamental, and nursery crops. To prepare for the symposium, a survey was prepared for nursery producers and landscapers on the issues of herbicide-resistant weeds and offsite movement of herbicides used to control herbicide-resistant weeds. Overall, most respondents felt herbicide-resistant weeds are a serious problem and most had personally observed herbicide resistance on properties they maintain. Resistance to glyphosate was the herbicide cited by most respondents, followed by resistance to triazine herbicides. Most felt their weed-control costs had increased because of resistant weeds. Approximately 20% of respondents had their operation affected by drift of herbicides from nearby farm fields, with most reporting no damage from spray or vapor drift, but a few reported greater than 50% of the crop damaged. Nomenclature: Glyphosate


This study investigates the electromigration behavior of eutectic SnPb solder bumps with Ni/Cu UBM, in which the thickness of the Ni and Cu layer is 3 /spl mu/m and 5 /spl mu/m, respectively. It was found that the SnPb solder joints have better electromigration resistance than that of SnAg bumps with thin film UBM. The thermal characteristic of SnPb solder joints under current stressing was measured by infrared technique. The Joule heating effect was less serious due to the wide Al trace of 100 /spl mu/m. Besides, a three-dimensional simulation on current density distribution was performed to examine the current crowding behavior in the joint. The results show that the current crowding occurs at the entrance point of the Al trace, which caused higher formation rate of intermetallic compounds there, and thus open failure occurred.


Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA

Elevated serum levels of the small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family member bone sialoprotein II (BSP) have been related to breast cancer skeletal metastasis. Also, knockdown of BSP was associated with significant anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and anti-clonogenic effects in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, and rats presenting with osteolytic metastases following femoral artery injection of these cells underwent complete remission following BSP knockdown, thus validating BSP as target. In order to follow a translational perspective, we used the IDK-1 rat monoclonal antibody against BSP (Immundiagnostik, Bensheim, Germany) for treating MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo.

MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to IDK-1 for assessing its effect on proliferation and migration. The presence of BSP in the cytosol and on cell membranes was checked by FACS analysis. In addition, the location of BSP was investigated by immunocytochemistry. For in vivo experiments, 1×105 MDA-MB-231luc breast cancer cells were injected into the femoral artery of male nude rats with skeletal lesions developing subsequently in the respective hind leg. A preventive arm based on pretreated rats and / or MDA-MB-231 cells was compared with a treatment arm, in which antibody administration (10 mg/kg/week) started when tumor bearing rats had shown stable tumor growth. The appearance and growth of soft tissue tumors was monitored by luciferin induced light emission and recorded by a Xenogen IVIS 100 imaging system. Concomitant skeletal lesions were detected by CT scans. Tumors as well as skeletal lesions were subjected to pathohistological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining as well as immunohistochemical staining for BSP.

There was no effect of the anti-BSP antibody IDK-1 on the proliferation or migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. In line with this, FACS analysis revealed only low concentrations of BSP in MDA-MB-231 cells growing in vitro. Immunocytochemical staining for BSP showed that this SIBLING protein could be detected only in a minority of the MDA-MB-231 cells. However, when treating nude rats bearing fully established MDA-MB-231 tumors, administration of the IDK-1 antibody caused complete remissions in 80% of treated rats (10mg/kg/week for 6 weeks). When pre-treating the nude rats, however, and / or pre-exposing the MDA-MB-231 cells to IDK-1 in addition to treating the established tumors, the above mentioned effect could not be increased. Interestingly, histological evaluation of serial sections of MDA-MB-231 tumors growing in nude rats showed a very robust expression and vesicular secretion of BSP.

It is concluded, that the in vivo growth of MDA-MB-231 cells is associated with dramatically increased expression and secretion of BSP, which then is a valid target for the anti-BSP antibody, leading to complete remissions of MDA-MB-231 tumors in nude rats.

Citation Format: Michael Zepp, Irina Berger, Heidegard Hilbig, Franz-Paul Armbruster, Martin R. Berger. A rat monoclonal antibody against bone sialoprotein II shows differential activity in MDA-MB-231 cells growing in vitro or in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2474. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2474


This section contains links pertaining to knowledge learned from elders intended to inform and share with others, specifically with scientists.


Chorionicity was prospectively determined in 369 twin pregnancies by ultrasound at 10–14 weeks of gestation. Pregnancies were classified as monochorionic if there was a single placental mass in the absence of the lambda sign at the inter‐twin membrane‐placental junction, and dichorionic if there was a single placental mass but the lambda sign was present, or the placentas were not adjacent to each other. In 81 (22%) cases, the pregnancies were classified as monochorionic and in 288 (78%) as dichorionic. Pregnancy outcome was available in 279 cases and all 63 of these pregnancies classified as monochorionic resulted in the delivery of same‐sex twins. Similarly, all 100 different‐sex pairs were correctly classified as dichorionic. These findings demonstrate the high reliability of ultrasound examination at 10–14 weeks of gestation in determining chorionicity in twin pregnancies. Copyright © 1996 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology


The insolvency procedure is a collective procedure that takes into account the rights of all the creditors at the same time and takes place under the control and supervision of justice. The regulation concerning the insolvency procedures applies to the procedures determined by the debtor's insolvency in which his total or partial discontinuance in the specific activity takes place and in which a liquidator is assigned. This community act does not apply to the insolvency procedures of insurance companies that provide services involving possession of funds or securities of third parties and collective investment organs. The titular of the request opening this procedure can be any creditor that has a certain liquid receivable that corresponds to the threshold established by law in the member state in which the judicial instance in referred to. The international competence of opening an insolvency procedure belongs to the state in which "the center of the debtor's main interests is located" and the applicable law of the procedure is the member state's law in which the procedure was open. In Romania, the law in this context is Law no.85/2006 on insolvency procedure, modified. In solving the possible competence conflicts that can appear related to the opening of the main procedure, "the center of the debtor's main interests" criteria is used, as defined in the Statute. It regulates the opening of a single main procedure and several secondary procedures the latter on the condition that the debtor's headquarter is located in the member state in which the opening of the secondary procedure is requested. Any decision of opening an insolvency procedure issued by a competent instance in a member state is recognized in all the other member states, as soon as it produces its effects (except the cases expressly mentioned in the community act, that has to be strictly interpreted and applied), even if the decision is final or not


To reduce the energy consumption of various information and communication systems, sleeping mechanism design is considered to be a key problem. Prior work has derived optimal single server sleeping policies only for non-bursty, memoryless Poisson arrivals. In this paper, for the first time, we derive the optimal sleep operation for a single server facing bursty traffic arrivals. Specifically, we model job arrivals as a discrete-time interrupted Bernoulli process (IBP) which models bursty traffic arrivals. Key factors including the switching and working energy consumption costs as well as a delay penalty are accounted for in our model. As the arrival process state (busy or quiet) cannot be directly observed by the server, we formulate the problem as a POMDP (partially observable Markov decision process), and show that it can be tractably solved as a belief-MDP by considering the time interval since the last observed arrival t. We prove that the optimal sleeping policy is hysteretic and the numerical results reveal that the optimal policy is a t-based two- threshold policy, where the sleeping thresholds change with t. The simulation results show that our policy outperforms the previously derived Poisson-optimal policy and that the system cost decreases with the burstiness of traffic.


Fusion of skeletal muscle stem/progenitor cells is required for proper development and regeneration, however the significance of this process during adult muscle hypertrophy has not been explored. In response to muscle overload after synergist ablation in mice, we show that myomaker, a muscle specific membrane protein essential for myoblast fusion, is activated mainly in muscle progenitors and not myofibers. We rendered muscle progenitors fusion-incompetent through genetic deletion of myomaker in muscle stem cells and observed a complete reduction of overload-induced hypertrophy. This blunted hypertrophic response was associated with a reduction in Akt and p70s6k signaling and protein synthesis, suggesting a link between myonuclear accretion and activation of pro-hypertrophic pathways. Furthermore, fusion-incompetent muscle exhibited increased fibrosis after muscle overload, indicating a protective role for normal stem cell activity in reducing myofiber strain associated with hypertrophy. These findings reveal an essential contribution of myomaker-mediated stem cell fusion during physiological adult muscle hypertrophy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20007.001


Chitosan conjugated with maleimide (CS-Mal) as a potential precursor for bioconjugation and the example of the application in in situ injectable adhesive gel is proposed. The homogeneous reaction in water/dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (1:1) followed by dialysis in HCl (10 × 10-3 m) is a good condition to obtain CS-Mal. When SH-PEG-SH is applied as the crosslinker, the gel can be obtained in a few seconds without any by-products at room temperature. The gel formation and properties are controllable by simply varying the concentration and the molecular weight of CS, the Mal substitution degree, and the temperature. The gel is injectable and shows adhesive property for soft tissue. Moreover, the gel shows not only biocompatibility to SAOS2 cells but also antimicrobial activity against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. CS-Mal is useful not only for bioconjugation of CS but also for development of biomaterials.


Two parties, A and B, want to sign a contract C over a communication network. To do so, they must simultaneously exchange their commitments to C. Since simultaneous exchange is usually impossible in practice, protocols are needed to approximate simultaneity by exchanging partial commitments in piece-by-piece manner. During such a protocol, one party or another may have a slight advantage; a fair protocol keeps this advantage within acceptable limits. A new protocol is proposed. It is fair in the sense that, at any stage in its execution, the conditional probability that one party cannot commit both parties to the contract given that the other party can, is close to zero. This is true even if A and B have vastly different computing powers and is proved under very weak cryptographic assumptions. >


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify dosing levels of complete decongestive therapy (CDT) with survivors with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (BCRL) and describe factors related to how occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, physical therapists, and physical therapists assistants with advanced lymphedema training determine dosing. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to 598 occupational therapists, occupational therapy assistants, physical therapists, and physical therapists assistants with training in lymphedema. Respondents completed questions regarding demographics, dosing practices, and factors related to dose determination in complete decongestive therapy of survivors with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. Results: 107 surveys were returned (18% response rate). Most of the respondents (95.1%) reported providing less than the recommended daily dosing (7x/wk) of complete decongestive therapy to their survivors with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. The mean dosing of complete decongestive therapy from respondents was approximately half of the recommended daily dosing (M=3.71). A statistically significant Pearson's correlation was noted among frequency of dosing and treatment adherence (r=.275) and frequency of dosing and treatment readiness (r=.242). A multiple regression analysis found adherence accounted for a significant proportion of variability in dosing frequency (R²=.077; F change p Conclusions: A majority of therapists treating survivors with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema in an outpatient setting are not following daily recommended dosing of complete decongestive therapy. Clinicians' dose determination is significantly impacted by their perception of a survivor's readiness and adherence to lymphedema treatment and self-management. Comparative clinical outcomes studies of various therapeutic dosage levels (times per week) and duration (length of delivery) of complete decongestive therapy are imperative for development of best treatment protocols for survivors with Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema. This study serves as a first step toward evidence based planning for complete decongestive therapy treatment of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema.


Abstract.
 Cooperative projects by various national and state agencies in the last 10 years have resulted in the establishment of an effective saltcedar (Tamarisk sp.) biological control agent, the tamarisk beetle (Diorhabda spp.). Three species of tamarisk beetles have been established in different regions of Texas, typically based on their climatic adaptation. The beetles defoliate saltcedar over multiple seasons, weakening and, during 3 to 5 years, eliminating large stands of this invasive plant. Another saltcedar biological control agent, the splendid tamarisk weevil, Coniatus splendidulus F., is also established in the United States from undocumented introductions. Surveys of saltcedar for evidence of biological control in the eastern Texas Panhandle and western Oklahoma during the summer of 2012 following landowner reports of beetle infestations, and previous release efforts along the Canadian River in Texas resulted in new state and county records for Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann), D. elongata (Brullé), and C. splendidulus F. D. carinata × D. elongata hybrids were recorded for the first time in Oklahoma, from five western counties. In Texas, hybrids of D. carinata × D. elongata, D. carinata, D. elongata, and C. splendidulus were recorded from five, 16, one, and three eastern Panhandle counties, respectively. A history of the release efforts for establishment of Diorhabda spp. from 2004–2010 in the Texas Panhandle is included.


Polymyxins (polymyxin B and colistin) are last-line antibiotics against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Polymyxin resistance is increasing worldwide, with resistance most commonly regulated by two-component systems such as PmrAB and PhoPQ. This review discusses the regulatory mechanisms of PhoPQ and PmrAB in mediating polymyxin resistance, from receiving an external stimulus through to activation of genes responsible for lipid A modifications. By analyzing the reported nonsynonymous substitutions in each two-component system, we identified the domains that are critical for polymyxin resistance. Notably, for PmrB 71% of resistance-conferring nonsynonymous mutations occurred in the HAMP (present in histidine kinases, adenylate cyclases, methyl accepting proteins and phosphatase) linker and DHp (dimerization and histidine phosphotransfer) domains. These results enhance our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning polymyxin resistance and may assist with the development of new strategies to minimize resistance emergence.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
Lipid peroxidation/oxidative stress and/or endotoxin-induced cytokine release are implicated in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis. Studies in the literature are experimental in nature and are based on histopathological evaluation and peripheral blood findings. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationships between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

METHODS
Twenty-six patients with an ethanol consumption of less than 20 g/day who were diagnosed ultrasonographically and histopathologically as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and 16 healthy control subjects with normal ultrasonographical findings were included in the study. All viral and autoimmune markers in patient and control groups included in the study were negative. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis samples obtained by fine needle aspiration were evaluated according to Brunt et al. The levels of glutathione, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and malonyldialdehyde in peripheral blood and liver biopsy samples were measured.

RESULTS
Of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 17 (65%) were detected to have mild, 7 (27%) moderate and 2 (8%) severe steatosis; portal inflammation was found in 17 patients (65%) and stage I fibrosis in 21 patients (80%). Minimal lobular inflammation was observed in all patients. In the patient group, the levels of erythrocytic glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase were significantly lower but malonyldialdehyde levels were higher compared to the control group. It was revealed that hepatocytic reduced glutathione, catalase, and malonyldialdehyde levels were not correlated with peripheral blood levels, but there was a positive correlation between liver malonyldialdehyde level and liver reduced glutathione level. Plasma malonyldialdehyde level and liver glutathione had a negative correlation.

CONCLUSIONS
It was discovered that lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity suppression due to its overuse were important in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease pathogenesis, but antioxidant capacity was maintained well at tissue level in the early stages of the disease. Furthermore, it was identified that tissue lipid peroxidation and changes in antioxidant capacity were not reflected in the peripheral blood to the same extent.


With increasing applications of carbon nanomaterials, toxicity of the material itself and the degradation products in biological systems and environment becomes a valid concern. At present, most of the toxicity studies only focus on the bulk property of carbon nanomaterials and the relevant conclusions are ambiguous. To better understand the degradation mechanism and the potential source of toxicity, we separated the oxidation products and studied the "small molecules" and "large particles" respectively in detail. In the first oxidation method, graphene oxide was degraded by Fenton reagent (Fe2+/Fe3+/H2O2) under UV irradiation. Through techniques including mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography, we successfully proposed plausible product structures and discovered several structure patterns of the products. By using atomic force microscopy and fluorimeter, we monitored the morphology transformation of graphene oxide flakes (~ 600 nm × 1 nm) to graphene quantum dots (~ 25 nm × 5 nm), in both aqueous solution and immobilized system. Given the similarity of Fenton reagent chemical oxidation and horseradish peroxidase enzymatic degradation of carbon nanomaterials, our results will help to understand the enzymatic degradation mechanism in biosystem and in the environment and to assess the toxicity at different stages during the degradation process. In the second part, we studied the degradation of SWNTs in both MPO and NaClO systems and further optimization is required to eliminate the ion suppression resulting from the high concentration of salt in these systems.


Most approaches to 3D x-ray imaging geometry calibration use some well-defined calibration phantom containing point markers. The calibration aims at minimizing the so-called re-projection error, i.e., the error between the detected marker locations in the acquired projection image and the projected marker locations based on the phantom model and the current estimate of the imaging geometry. The phantoms that are being employed consist usually of spherical markers arranged in some spatial pattern. One widely used phantom type consists of spherical markers in a helical arrangement. We present a framework that establishes a good intuitive understanding of the calibration problem, and allows to evaluate the performance of different phantom designs. It is based on a linear approximation of the error propagation between parameters of the imaging geometry, a projection alignment error (which is not identical to the re-projection error), and the "backprojection misalignment", which ultimately dictates 3D image quality. This methodology enables us to characterize the statistics of the parameters describing the imaging geometry, based on simple assumptions on "measurement noise", i.e., phantom and pre-processing accuracy. We also characterize the 3D misalignment in the backprojection (which is used in the 3D reconstruction), which directly impacts 3D image quality. In a comparison of different phantom designs -using backprojection misalignment as a metric- a "candy cane" phantom was found to give superior performance. The presented approach gives many useful intuitive insights into the calibration problem and its key properties. It can also be leveraged, e.g., for an easy implementation of a fast and robust calibration algorithm.


A collaborative study of the Smithsonian Institution's ethnology collections has inspired the narration of Alaska Native oral traditions, including Yupik Elder Estelle Oozevaseuk's re-telling (in 2001) of the story of Kukulek village and the St. Lawrence Island famine and epidemic of 1878–80. The loss of at least 1,000 lives and all but two of the island's villages was a devastating event that is well documented in historical sources and archaeology, as well as multiple Yupik accounts. Yupiget have transmitted memories of extreme weather, bad hunting conditions, and a wave of fatal contagion that swept the island. The Kukulek narrative, with origins traceable to the late nineteenth century, provides a spiritual perspective on the disaster's underlying cause, found in the Kukulek people's disrespect toward the animal beings that sustained them. This paper explores the cultural and historical contexts of this narrative, and contrasts it with Western perspectives.


The most natural way of digital X-ray imaging is photon counting as the photon flux in itself is digital. In photon counting, the information in the X-ray flux is used more efficiently as the information carrying low-energy photons are given the same weight as higher energy photons carrying less image information. This is in contrast to all existing X-ray instruments, which are energy-integrating systems where the highest energy photons are given the highest weight. A novel technique for high resolution digital X-ray imaging, using gaseous avalanche detectors for photon counting with high signal-to-noise ratios for single X-ray photons, has been developed. The performance of this detector has been studied and compared to analogue film-screen system by imaging phantoms. Our results show that this technology can improve image quality while decreasing the glandular dose to the patient.


Serial litigants are a well-known phenomenon. This article deals with this phenomenon on two different levels using Israel as a test-case. First, we analyze the burden serial litigants put on the judicial system as a whole, and the institutional responses to that burden, as well as the impact (both positive and negative) such serial litigants have on other people (especially in total institutions). they Second, we analyze the personal motives of serial litigants and identify their common denominators. We then show that serial litigants do not constitute a monolithic group, and suggest that courts have to take the differences between them into account. We compare serial litigants to people who suffer from health-related anxiety and suggest learning from their experience. We further propose the formulation of systemic tools that take into account both the negative and the positive aspects of serial litigants in order to strike a proper balance between the optimal allocation of resources, and the right of access to justice.


This review article delves into the intricate and evolving relationship between coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) and takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM), two intriguing cardiovascular conditions increasingly recognised for their potential interplay. We examine their characteristics, shared pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies. Emerging evidence suggests a link between microvascular dysfunction and the development of TCM, leading to a deeper exploration of their connection. Accurate diagnosis of both conditions becomes essential, as microvascular dysfunction may modify TCM outcomes. We underscore the significance of understanding this connection for improved patient care, emphasising the need for tailored interventions when CMD and TCM coexist. Collaborative research and heightened clinical awareness are advocated to advance our comprehension of this relationship. Through interdisciplinary efforts, we aim to refine diagnostic precision, develop targeted therapies, and enhance patient outcomes in cardiovascular medicine.


The production of synthetic fuels from alternative sources has increased in recent years as a cleaner, more sustainable source of transport fuel is now required. The European Commission has outlined renewable energy targets pertaining to transport fuel which must be met by 2020. In response to these targets Ireland has committed, through the Biofuels Obligation Scheme of 2008, to producing 3% of transport fuels from biofuels by 2010 and 10% by 2020. In order to be suitable for sale in Europe, diesel fuels and biodiesels must meet certain European fuel specifications outlined in the EN 590:2009 standard. The aim of this paper was to prepare blends of varying proportions of synthetic diesel (Cyn-diesel) fuel, produced from the pyrolysis of plastic, vs regular fossil diesel. The flash point (°C) and cold filter plugging point (°C) of these blends as well as of the conventional petroleum diesel fuel were analysed in relation to compliance with the European fuel standard EN 590. The results confirmed that blending of Cyn-diesel with conventional petroleum diesel has a highly significant effect on the properties of the resulting fuel blend. The results show that by increasing the Cyn-diesel content of the blend, the flash point of the blend decreases and the cold filter plugging point increases. Furthermore, comparing the fuel blends to EN 590 specifications has highlighted significant trends. The cold filter plugging points of all of the fuel blends are in compliance with EN 590 specifications. However, only blends of up to, and including, 40% Cyn-diesel are in compliance with EN 590 specifications for flash point. This analysis shows that a blend of 40% Cyn- diesel is in compliance with all of the EN 590 specifications examined, and as such could be placed on the European fuel market (provided that the blend meets the requirements for the other properties in the EN 590 specification). This finding highlights the potential for Cyn-diesel blends to be incorporated into the European and national renewable energy targets.


'I lost my virginity to a twenty-five year-old man. And on a schoolnight, too.' Sex with an older man, parents who don't understand, politics in the playground, blowjobs behind the bike-sheds, skinning up in the schoolyard. It's what happens when you reach a certain age. Just the hormones kicking in. We've all been there...haven't we? "A Certain Age" is a reality behind the problem pages. It's what a just 17 never told you about growing up.


When it rains, it pours. And this is true for Vietnam, particularly when it comes to floods and typhoons. The UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (2007) estimates that 84% of all disaster deaths between 2000 and 2005 are all flood-related. It also reports that the number of floods have increased from 60 to 100 per year between 2004 and 2006. Likewise, IDRC's EEPSEA Director, Dr. Herminia A. Francisco,2 reports the same observation – that Vietnamese people have been living with floods all their lives. These floods will still rise given climate change. In responding to the challenge of changing climate, IDRC conducted case studies in Vietnam, Philippines, Indonesia, China, and Thailand. In the five countries studied, results show that poor communities cope by relocating to designated areas; by accepting food; or by changing livelihood from farming to aquaculture. Government relief efforts usually focus only on giving food. Surveys showed 35% awareness on climate change-realted risks. For poor communities, relocation becomes the last resort - not the first action-because they have no money.


A linear boundary element (BE) model is proposed for the uncoupled simulation of land subsidence due to gas, oil and hot water production over 3-D arbitrarily shaped reservoirs. The present model is based on the theory of the linear poroelasticity and is implemented for a mechanically homogeneous and isotropic half- space. It allows for any arbitrary geometry of the reservoir and for a non-uniform distribution of the pore pressure decline. It may easily be extended to other physical settings for which a vertical surface point load solution is available.-from Authors


The discovery of endothelin created a lot of enthusiasm and paved new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of arterial hypertension. Endothelin plays a significant role in blood pressure regulation through pronounced vasoconstric- tion and modulation of sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys. Endothelin receptor antagonists have been tested in many clinical trials in patients with arterial hypertension, heart failure, pulmonary arterial hypertension, systemic sclero- sis, chronic kidney disease, and diabetic nephropathy. However, the results were usually disappointing, except in pulmo- nary hypertension and scleroderma digital ulcers. The future of ERAs for the treatment of arterial hypertension and chronic kidney disease does not seem bright, and only the combination with other classes of antihypertensive drugs might offer a way out.


Background Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disorder characterized by the development of fibrotic tissue in the retroperitoneum involving the abdominal aorta, iliac arteries and ureters. Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare, non-Langerhans histiocytosis. Symptoms of ECD often resemble retroperitoneal fibrosis. Objectives Evaluation of standard treatment efficacy in 13 consecutive RPF patients. Revision of the diagnosis in patients unresponsive to standard therapy. Methods A retrospective analysis of 13 consecutive RPF patients (10 males and 3 females) treated in our department since 2008 was performed. All patients were treated with tapered dose of steroids combined with an immunosuppressive agent (cyclophosphamide in 4, azathioprine in 9, methotrexate in 6, hydroxychloroquine in 5 patients). Urologic interventions were undertaken as necessary. Results The treatment was effective in 10 patients: reduction of the retroperitoneal mass in computed tomography (CT) and normalization of the laboratory tests, including markers of inflammation and creatinine concentration. No improvement was found in 3 patients. However, in a further diagnostic work-up the diagnosis of RPF was maintained only in one of these 3 patients. In the second pateint an ANCA-asssotiated vasculitus was ultimately diagnosed. The third patient was treated with a combination of steroids and cyclophosphamide without any radiological improvement. However, the revision of CTs revealed the presence of changes typical of Erdheim-Chester disease. Conclusions The standard treatment (based on a combination of steroids and immunosuppressive drugs) is efficient in most partients with RPF. In refractory cases an alternative diagnosis, such as systemic vasculitis or Erdheim-Chester disease, should be taken into account. References Diamond El et al. Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management of Erdheim-Chester disease. Blood. 2014 Jul 24;124(4):483–92. Kermani TA et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: a retrospective review of clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011 Apr;86(4):297–303. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Rationale: Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sub-chronic phencyclidine (scPCP) treatment produces cognitive impairments in rodents and is a thoroughly validated animal model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PFC dopamine in scPCP-induced deficits in a cognitive task of relevance to the disorder, novel object recognition (NOR). Methods: Twelve adult female Lister Hooded rats received scPCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle via the intraperitoneal route twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days washout. In vivo microdialysis was carried out prior to, during and following the NOR task. Results: Vehicle rats successfully discriminated between novel and familiar objects and this was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine in the PFC during the retention trial (p < 0.01). scPCP produced a significant deficit in NOR (p < 0.05 vs. control) and no PFC dopamine increase was observed. Conclusions: These data demonstrate an increase in dopamine during the retention trial in vehicle rats that was not observed in scPCP-treated rats accompanied by cognitive disruption in the scPCP group. This novel finding suggests a mechanism by which cognitive deficits are produced in this animal model and support its use for investigating disorders in which PFC dopamine is central to the pathophysiology.


Perception of effort, defined as "the conscious sensation of hard, heavy and strenuous exercise", is known to regulate endurance performance and human behaviour. Perception of effort has recently been shown to be exacerbated by mental exertion and is also known to be a main feature of fatigue. However, to date, not only its neurophysiology but also how manipulations of perceived exertion might impact endurance performance remain poorly understood. The main aim of this thesis was to investigate how manipulations of perceived exertion might impact endurance performance.
This thesis is divided in two parts: central and peripheral manipulations of perceived exertion. In each part, three experimental chapters aimed to get a better insight in the neurophysiology of perceived exertion and its impact on endurance performance.
In the first part (central manipulations), we firstly investigated the impact of exacerbating perceived exertion via mental exertion involving the response inhibition process on self-paced running endurance performance. This study demonstrated that as with time to exhaustion tests, time trial performance is impaired following mental exertion leading to mental fatigue. Secondly, we investigated whether mental exertion leading to mental fatigue could alter the rate of central fatigue development during constant load whole-body exercise. This study demonstrated that the exacerbated perception of effort in presence of mental fatigue does not reflect an altered rate of central fatigue development, but is likely to be due to i) an impaired central motor command and/or ii) an alteration of the central processing of the corollary discharge. Thirdly, we investigated whether mental exertion could impact the repeatability of maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensors. We found that contrary to submaximal exercise, force production capacity is not altered by mental exertion. Finally, these three studies demonstrated that i) mental exertion negatively impacts submaximal exercise but not maximal exercise and that ii) mental fatigue differs from central fatigue.
In the second part (peripheral manipulation), we firstly developed and tested the reliability of a new endurance exercise model non-limited by the cardiorespiratory system (one leg dynamic exercise), which will be of benefits for future researches aiming to manipulate feedback from group III-IV muscle afferents. Secondly, we described neuromuscular alterations induced by this exercise and tested a new methodology to indirectly measure feedback from group III-IV muscle afferents. This study demonstrated that one leg dynamic exercise induced central and peripheral fatigue and also a decrease in spinal excitability associated with an increase in cortical excitability. Furthermore, this study also suggests that monitoring cardiovascular responses during muscle occlusion might be a suitable tool to indirectly measure feedback from group III-IV muscle afferents. Thirdly, we tested the corollary discharge and afferent feedback model of perceived exertion with electromyostimulation. This study demonstrated for the first time that for the same force output, perception of effort generation is independent of muscle afferents and reflects the magnitude of the central motor command (manipulated by electromyostimulation). All together, these findings provide further evidence in support of the corollary discharge model of perceived exertion, and provide a new exercise model to investigate and manipulate perception of effort.
This thesis, when integrating both experimental parts, provides new insight on how perception of effort regulates endurance performance. Specifically, it demonstrates how muscle fatigue is a contributor of the continuous increase in perception of effort during endurance exercise, but also that other contributors play a role in this increase in perception of effort. Indeed, we demonstrated for the first time that i) perception of effort alterations in the presence of mental fatigue is independent of any alterations of the neuromuscular system, and ii) muscle afferents does not directly impact perception of effort, but may influence it indirectly via their role in motor control.


The polystyrene micro-plastics (Ps-MPs) is one of the leading pollutants found in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. While most of the studies on the morphology and cyto-toxicity of MPs have been based on aquatic organisms, their effects on terrestrial plants are still scarcely known. The present study was an attempt to measure the effect of different sizes (80, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 nm) and concentrations (100 and 400 mg/L) of Ps-MPs on the root length and chromosomes of root tip cells of Allium cepa using A. cepa root chromosomal aberration assay. Large size Ps-MPs (4000 and 8000 nm) showed the highest reduction in A. cepa root length; however, the differences were not significant (at p ≤ 0.05), with respect to negative control (Milli-Q water). The mitotic index showed both significant size- and concentration-dependent decreases, being the lowest (12.06%) in 100 nm at 100 mg/L concentration, with respect to the control (25.05%). The chromosomal abnormality index (CAI) and nuclear abnormality index (NAI) showed significant decreases, with respect to negative control. In addition, the induction of micro-nucleated cells was also observed in Allium root tip cells, when treated with MPs of all sizes, which can predict direct DNA damage to the plant cells. Hence, we conclude that most of the MP sizes caused cyto-toxic and nuclear damage by adversely impacting the spindle formation and induction of micro-nucleated cells in Allium cepa root tip cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that showed the effect of considerable size range of Ps-MP sizes on the root length and cell division in plants.


Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite imagery is a source of data widely employed in the quantification and analysis of an earthquake coseismic displacement. However, due to the signal path along the atmosphere and to other sources, the interferometric phase becomes compromised. In this work, a methodology for the correction of tropospheric and orbital errors in the differential interferogram is presented. This methodology was applied to a couple of Sentinel-1A data. The phenomenon studied was the 11th November 2018 Zeribet el Oued earthquake, Mw. 5.2 (The state of Biskra, South East of Algeria). It was possible to correct both tropospheric and orbital errors, where the dominant one was the tropospheric delay, a displacement error of 4 cm was added to the differential interferogram by this noise source. The correction of orbital error led to a better interpretation of the coseismic displacement.


A low-profile Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna showing dual polarization, low mutual coupling, and acceptable diversity gain is presented by this paper. The antenna introduces the requirements of fifth generation (5G) and the satellite communications. A horizontally (4.8–31 GHz) and vertically polarized (7.6–37 GHz) modified antipodal Vivaldi antennas are simulated, fabricated, and integrated, and then their characteristics are examined. An ultra-wideband (UWB) at working bandwidths of 3.7–3.85 GHz and 5–40 GHz are achieved. Low mutual coupling of less than −22 dB is achieved after loading the antenna with cross-curves, staircase meander line, and integration of the metamaterial elements. The antennas are designed on a denim textile substrate with εr = 1.4 and h = 0.5 mm. A conductive textile called ShieldIt is utilized as conductor with conductivity of 1.8 × 104. After optimizing the proposed UWB-MIMO antenna's characteristics, it is increased to four elements positioned at the four corners of a denim textile substrate to be employed as a UWB-MIMO antenna for handset communications, 5G, Ka and Ku band, and satellite communications (X-band). The proposed eight port UWB-MIMO antenna has a maximum gain of 10.7 dBi, 98% radiation efficiency, less than 0.01 ECC, and acceptable diversity gain. Afterwards, the eight-ports antenna performance is examined on a simulated real voxel hand and chest. Then, it is evaluated and compared on physical hand and chest of body. Evidently, the simulated and measured results show good agreement between them. The proposed UWB-MIMO antenna offers a compact and flexible design, which is suitably wearable for 5G and satellite communications applications.


In unattended or hostile environment like battlefield, sensor nodes may be compromised. If one node is compromised, group key which is shared by all the group members should be rekeyed in real-time and the compromised nodes should be revoked as soon as possible. As there is no such node that can always be trusted in sensor network, a distributed group rekeying scheme with speedy compromised node revocation is proposed in this paper. Based on a novelly constructed authentication polynomial, group rekeying is initiated by local network collaboratively in our scheme. Compared with the existing schemes, the proposed scheme can not only rekey in real-time, but reduce more communication overheads and provide a high level of security at the same time.


INTRODUCTION
Magnetic resonance (MR) venography is considered a reliable imaging modality for the evaluation of intracranial venous system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the normal venous anatomy and its variations in Nepalese population using low field MR technique.

METHODS
One hundred patients with normal MR imaging of brain underwent MR venographic study. MR venograms were performed in 0.35 T MR scanner using a contiguous 2D time-of-flight MR angiographic technique.

RESULTS
The flow gaps in the transverse sinus were seen in 47% of population, of which 91% occurred in the non-dominant side. Right transverse sinus was dominant in 73% population. Flow gap was observed in bilateral transverse sinus in one case, while it was seen in the dominant right transverse sinus in 6.3% population. Inferior sagittal sinus was observed in 11% cases. Internal cerebral vein was seen in 60 cases. Occipital sinus was observed in 4% of the cases. The basal vein of Rosenthal was observed in 34% of the cases, whereas vein of Labbe seen in 8% cases. Unilateralflow gap in the sigmoid sinus was seen in 5 cases.

CONCLUSIONS
MR angiography done at low field MR unit is a reliable tool in cerebral venous sinus assessment, particularly major dural sinuses. The flow gaps in transverse sinus are frequently encountered anatomic variation. Visualization of small veins like inferior sagittal sinus, basal vein of Rosenthal, vein of Labbe, internal cerebral vein was inferior in our study compared to other studies done in high field MR unit.


A case of traumatic kidney rupture with pre-existing renal cell carcinoma in a 38-year-old male is reported. Macrohematuria appeared 48 hours after left precordial trauma in a traffic accident. Initial diagnosis at the emergency clinic was 9th rib fracture of his left chest alone and no other injury was recorded. A large mass in left abdomen was palpable at urologic OPD, however, and X-ray examination revealed a non-visualizing left kidney in IVP. After the ECHO, CT and arteriography findings gave an impression of left kidney rupture. Left nephrectomy accompanied by partial colectomy of descending colon by transperitoneal approach was performed 25 days after initial trauma. This delay was mainly due to disagreement of patient for surgical treatment because there were no subjective symptom except microhematuria and subsiding fever after transfer to the urologic section. En bloc removed specimen showed ruptured kidney with adhesiveness laterally to descending colon and harder core portion was found in midst of renal mass. Coronal slice of the specimen exhibited a renal parenchymal tumor with necrotic spots. Pathologic findings were complete kidney rupture in upper pole and clear cell type renal cell tumor was found in mid and lower pole. Also lymph nodes which obtained from left renal pedicle and para aortic margin proved no metastasis of tumor cell. Post operative clinical course was favourable without any recurrence for 15 months after surgery. Clinical incidence of type I and type II kidney trauma with pre-existing neoplastic change is considerably high, but the kidney ruptured case bearing renal cell carcinoma as a core shape is very rare.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


How does religion impact leadership today? What are the opportunities and pitfalls for society at large? How can we constructively engage with religion?

These questions lie at the core of this project. In order to answer them, we conducted a 18-month study that involved a literature screening, over 30 interviews with religious leaders of secular organizations in Germany, and a workshop with 15 carefully selected leaders from diverse sectors with a Jewish, Christian, and Islamic background.

The result: Religion plays a decisive role for many leaders and organizations, yet is a taboo in much leadership research and practice. Like leadership, it is both deeply personal and profoundly social. Importantly, religion is a double-edged sword that can cause both harm and good in leaders and beyond. We identify four pitfalls and four opportunities. If its pitfalls are overcome and opportunities embraced, it can be an anchor and compass for individuals, organizations, and societies in a complex world. Five ways forward are outlined.


In this paper, a new circuit interconnection scheme of the low-power current-sensing complementary pass-transistor logic (LCSCPTL) is proposed and analyzed. The proposed new circuit scheme using full-swing and non-full-swing output signals to control the NMOS pass transistor logic tree network. Due to the non-full-swing outputs and the current-sensing scheme, the new logic circuit scheme can improve the power dissipation and operation speed. The non-full-swing LCSCPTL is applied to the design of the parallel multiplier. The 4-2 compressors and the conditional carry selection scheme are used in this design to achieve regular layout and improve the operation speed. Moreover, the 1.2 V 8/spl times/8-bit parallel multiplier can be fabricated without changing the conventional 5 V CMOS process. The operation speed of the parallel multiplier is 32 ns for 1.2 V supply voltage.


Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) causes acute vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Genetic variations of the nuclear receptor RAR-related orphan receptor alpha (RORα) have been linked with neovascular AMD, yet its specific role in pathological CNV development is not entirely clear. In this study, we showed that Rora was highly expressed in the mouse choroid compared with the retina, and genetic loss of RORα in Staggerer mice (Rorasg/sg) led to increased expression levels of Vegfr2 and Tnfa in the choroid and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) complex. In a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, RORα expression was highly increased in the choroidal/RPE complex post-laser, and loss of RORα in Rorasg/sg eyes significantly worsened CNV with increased lesion size and vascular leakage, associated with increased levels of VEGFR2 and TNFα proteins. Pharmacological inhibition of RORα also worsened CNV. In addition, both genetic deficiency and inhibition of RORα substantially increased vascular growth in isolated mouse choroidal explants ex vivo. RORα inhibition also promoted angiogenic function of human choroidal endothelial cell culture. Together, our results suggest that RORα negatively regulates pathological CNV development in part by modulating angiogenic response of the choroidal endothelium and inflammatory environment in the choroid/RPE complex.


The West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart), is considered one of the most important pests of mango ( Mangifera indica L.) and hog plums ( Spondias spp.) in Latin America. A better understanding of the role of chemical compounds during the sexual behavior of A. obliqua may be useful to improve the monitoring of this tephritid fruit fly pest. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the attraction of females and males to live calling males and to Super Q extracts of calling males; (2) to measure the female and males antennal responses to extracts from live calling males; (3) and to identify the compounds emitted by A. obliqua males during calling by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Both sexes were attracted to live males and to male extracts. Extracts from males elicited significant antennal responses from both sexes compared to those evoked by the control. GCMS analyses of the volatile extracts showed that calling A. obliqua males consistently emitted 9 compounds, 6 of which are reported for the first time for this fruit fly species. Preliminary bioassays showed that females and males were attracted to ( Z )-3-nonenol and ( Z )-3nonenol + β -farnesene. Further identification of the unknown compounds and their synthesis remain to be performed in order to evaluate their biological activity.


Direct adaptive RBF NN control is presented for a class of discrete-time single-input single-output non-affine nonlinear systems. An implicit function theorem is used to prove the existence and uniqueness of the implicit desired feedback control. Based on the input-output model, RBF neural networks are used to emulate the implicit desired feedback control. The closed-loop is proven to be semi-globally uniformly ultimately bounded if the design parameters are suitably chosen under certain mild conditions. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the direct RBF neural network control.


We propose a method for rapid development of dialogue systems where a Grammatical Framework (GF) grammar is compiled into a complete VoiceXML application. This makes dialogue systems easy to develop, maintain, localize, and port to other platforms, and can improve the linguistic quality of generated system output. We have developed compilers which produce VoiceXML dialogue managers and ECMAScript linearization code from GF grammars. Along with the existing GF speech recognition grammar compiler, this makes it possible to produce a complete mixed-initiative information-seeking dialogue system from a single GF grammar.


Abstruct-A dual-series-based solution is obtained for the scattering of an H-polarized plane wave from a slitted infinite circular cylinder coated with absorbing material from inside or outside. For both cases, numerical results are presented for the radar cross section and comparisons are given for two different realistic absorbing materials. The radar cross-section dependencies are also given for the aspect angle of the scatterer and the thickness of the absorbing layer.


Prior research suggests that set-based design representations can be useful for facilitating collaboration among engineers in a design project. However, existing set-based methods are limited in terms of how the sets are constructed and in their representational capability. The focus of this article is on the problem of modeling the capabilities of a component technology in a way that can be communicated and used in support of system-level decision making. The context is the system definition phases of a systems engineering project, when engineers still are considering various technical concepts. The approach under investigation requires engineers familiar with the component- or subsystem-level technologies to generate a set-based model of their achievable technical attributes, called a technology characterization model (TCM). Systems engineers then use these models to explore system-level alternatives and choose the combination of technologies that are best suited to the design problem. Previously, this approach was shown to be theoretically sound from a decision making perspective under idealized circumstances. This article is an investigation into the practical effectiveness of different TCM representational methods under realistic conditions such as having limited data. A power plant systems engineering problem is used as an example, with TCMs generated for different technical concepts for the condenser component. Samples of valid condenser realizations are used as inputs to the TCM representation methods. Two TCM representation methods are compared based on their solution accuracy and computational effort required: a Kriging-based interpolation and a machine learning technique called support vector domain description (SVDD). The results from this example hold that the SVDD-based method provides the better combination of accuracy and efficiency.


PCR assay using designed primers was evaluated in detecting human malaria infection from whole blood and/or on Whatman filter-paper compared to conventional microscopy. Two DNA extraction methods were used for dried blood-spots; QIAamp mini kit and methanol-fixation/heat-extraction. A total of 118 cases were collected from 4 hospitals at Jazan district. Microscopic examination showed positivity in 66/118 samples (56%). Thin films showed parasitaemia from 1+ to 4+. In PCR assay, 79 samples (70%) were positive for the genus Plasmodium given 153 base pair PCR product. All microscopy positive samples were PCR positive but PCR detected 13 cases missed by microscopy. As for filter-paper spot samples, 68 samples (57.6%) were PCR positive when DNA was extracted by QIAamp mini kit whereas 49 (41.5%) by methanol-fixation/heat-extracion method. PCR sensitivity decreased by using DNA extracted from filter-paper compared to microscopy and whole blood PCR. But the DNA isolated from filter paper detected parasites in many microscopy negative samples.


In hot laboratory plasmas, internal transport barriers (ITBs) have recently been observed, localized in the radial profile `around' rational values of the winding number ω(r) = 1/q(r). Such barriers are obviously related to the perturbed magnetic structure, described by a 1+1/2 Hamiltonian in presence of a perturbation. From the point of view of non-linear Hamiltonian dynamical systems [1], this experimental result appears highly paradoxical since rational q-values generally correspond to the less robust tori. We have studied the appearance of chaos of toroidal magnetic lines by a discrete area-preserving map named `tokamap' [2]. By increasing the perturbation, we have observed in a wide chaotic sea the destruction of the last confining Kolmogorov–Arnold–Moser surfaces, broken and transformed into permeable Cantor sets (Cantori). The flux across a Cantorus has been computed by using refined mathematical techniques due to MacKay, Mather and Aubry. We have proved that the ITB observed in the tokamap is actually composed [3] of two permeable Cantori with `noble' values of ω (in the definition of Percival), each Cantorus forming a partial (permeable) barrier inhibiting the magnetic line motion. More generally, between the dominant chains of rational islands q = m/(m−1), the most resistant barriers between q = (m+2)/(m+1) and (m+1)/m have been checked (Greene, MacKay and Stark) to be localized on the `most irrational' numbers in these Farey intervals, i.e. on the noble numbers N(1,m)≡1+[1/(m+1/G)] (where G is the Golden number), defined by their continuous fraction expansion N(i,m) = [i,m,(1)∞]. In conclusion, the study of the tokamap mapping allowed us to predict on mathematical basis that ITB can occur in tokamak plasmas not only `around' rational magnetic surfaces but more precisely on noble q−values of irrational surfaces, and to localize them by the Fibonacci series of their convergents.


Background There are limited options for men with large benign prostates (>150cc) and bladder outflow obstruction due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Management options include surgery (open or minimal access) and endoscopic procedures. There is a paucity of literature on outcomes for prostates >150cc. Methods In this case series we describe a step-by-step, illustrated, modified extra-peritoneal technique of laparoscopic prostatectomy with preservation of the posterior prostatic urethra. This involves creation of extra-peritoneal space, transverse incision of prostate capsule, progressive adenoma dissection, resection, and closure of the capsule. Results Ten patients underwent this procedure between 2015 and 2019. The mean age was 72.4 years and mean prostate size was 215.5cc. Mean procedure duration was 200 min and there were no intraoperative complications. Most patients were discharged on postoperative day 1. Mean intraoperative blood loss was 120 ml with no patient requiring blood transfusion. At follow up (mean 37 months) no patients had residual symptoms of BPH. Conclusion We describe a novel extraperitoneal laparoscopic technique for benign prostates of >150cc with very good outcomes. The transferability of this technique to centres with laparoscopic expertise at minimal extra cost and future adaptability in the robotic setting are some of the advantages of this technique.


"When you are doing something that is a brand new adventure, breaking new ground, whether it is something like a techno logical breakthrough or simply a way of living that is not what the community can help you with, there is always the danger of too much enthusiasm, of neglecting certain mechan ical details. Then you fall off. 'A danger path this is. ' When you follow the path of your desire and enthusiasm and emotion, keep your mind in control, and don't let it pull you compulsively into disaster. " Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth Through ten years of working with and observing scientists in the bio medical fields, I have found Joseph Campbell's words to be especially applicable to the scientist who decides to embark on an entrepreneurial journey. Joseph Campbell was not a student of entrepreneurship. His scholarship was contained in a series of comprehensive studies of mythology, the captivating stories of mankind's search over the ages for truth, meaning and significance. Still, his advice here contains many of the essential ingredients of successful science-based venturing: the charting of new ground socially, technological breakthroughs, enthusiasm and emotion balanced by careful reasoning, and finally, awareness of the danger of neglecting details. Coming from such a different philosophical and occupational culture into entrepreneurship and business, the scientist faces extraordinary challenges although the rewards of putting together a successful company can be equally satisfying."


This study aimed to investigate the expression and prognostic role of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET, phosphorylated MET, and the ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in patients with lung cancer. This retrospective study included 129 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with available tumor tissue and survival data. MET, pMET, and HGF expression were assessed using immunohistochemistry. MET, pMET, and HGF were more highly expressed in tumor tissue when compared to the adjacent lung parenchyma. A specific localization pattern was also evident: membranous, cytoplasmic, and nuclear patterns of expression were seen for MET, pMET, and HGF. In addition, high expression of two specific forms of phosphorylated MET--cytoplasmic expression of Y1003 and nuclear expression of Y1365--appeared to correlate with a worse overall survival (P = .016; hazard ratio [HR], 1.86; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.12- 3.07; and P = .034; HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.04-2.78, respectively). In summary, MET, pMET, and HGF are highly expressed in both NSCLC and SCLC. Specific forms of pMET may serve as potential biomarkers in lung cancer.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 10% of the global population, including pregnant women. Adverse maternal conditions determine the developmental programming of many diseases later in life. We previously demonstrated that adult rat offspring born to dams with CKD developed hypertension and renal hypertrophy. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a uremic toxin derived from the gut microbiota, has been linked to hypertension. This study assesses the effects of TMAO inhibition by iodomethylcholine (IMC) treatment on offspring hypertension programmed by maternal CKD. Female rats were fed either a control or a 0.5% adenine diet before conception, with or without IMC treatment during pregnancy and lactation. Maternal IMC treatment averted maternal CKD-primed offspring hypertension and renal hypertrophy in 12-week-old offspring. Offspring hypertension is associated with increases in the plasma TMAO concentration and oxidative stress and shifts in gut microbiota. The beneficial effects of IMC are related to a reduction in TMAO; increases in genera Acetatifactor, Bifidobacterium, and Eubacterium; and decreases in genera Phocacecola and Bacteroides. Our findings afford insights into the targeting of the gut microbiota to deplete TMAO production, with therapeutic potential for the prevention of offspring hypertension programmed by maternal CKD, although these results still need further clinical translation.


A phase space coalescence description based on the Wigner-function method for cluster formation in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions is presented. The momentum distributions of nuclear clusters d,t and He are predicted for central Au(11.6AGeV)Au and Si(14.6AGeV)Si reactions in the framework of the RQMD transport approach. Transverse expansion leads to a strong shoulderarm shape and different inverse slope parameters in the transverse spectra of nuclear clusters deviating markedly from thermal distributions. A clear "bounce-off" event shape is seen: the averaged transverse flow velocities in the reaction plane are for clusters larger than for protons. The cluster yields –particularly at low pt at midrapidities– and the in-plane (anti)flow of clusters and pions change if suitably strong baryon potential interactions are included. This allows to study the transient pressure at high density via the event shape analysis of nucleons, nucleon clusters and other hadrons.


Path extracting algorithms are a very important part of timing analysis approach. In this paper we designed and developed several algorithms which can generate the K most critical paths in a non-increasing order of their delays. The effectiveness of these algorithms is shown by some experimental results.


Spontaneous dural carotid-cavernous fistulas are dural vascular malformations that usually run a benign course. We present a case of a spontaneously occurring dural carotid-cavernous fistula complicated by central retinal vein occlusion and iris neovascularization that led to progressive visual failure.


Abstract Process control in industries is becoming more critical due to demands on reducing consumed energy, reducing cost, and improving system efficiency and performance. In this work, a well-developed, model-based controller is introduced and implemented in one of the most common processes in the industry. Model Predictive Controller (MPC) has been studied for ten years, but recently has emerged into small industries as the number of current applications grows. These controllers need a process model in the forms of transfer functions, step response, or state-space. Although obtaining a process model can be a cumbersome task, it is worth having it (the model includes a lot of information about the process). Regarding available resources to build a test station, complexity of the test procedure, involvement in system identification, system study, and comparison to other control algorithms, this work is the first step that must be taken. The first step is limited to a linear single input—single output system. The MPC algorithm is exploited and introduced using coding in two different environments: MATLAB and an embedded system using C code. Results of simulation and real lab measurement will be compared, and limitations and future work are also addressed. Abstract Process control in industries is becoming more critical due to demands on reducing consumed energy, reducing cost, and improving system efficiency and performance. In this work, a well-developed, model-based controller is introduced and implemented in one of the most common processes in the industry. Model Predictive Controller (MPC) has been studied for ten years, but recently has emerged into small industries as the number of current applications grows. These controllers need a process model in the forms of transfer functions, step response, or state-space. Although obtaining a process model can be a cumbersome task, it is worth having it (the model includes a lot of information about the process). Regarding available resources to build a test station, complexity of the test procedure, involvement in system identification, system study, and comparison to other control algorithms, this work is the first step that must be taken. The first step is limited to a linear single input — single output system. The MPC algorithm is exploited and introduced using coding in two different environments: MATLAB and an embedded system using C code. Results of simulation and real lab measurement will be compared, and limitations and future work are also addressed.


Studies of avian nest defense generally explain only a small proportion of the total variation in defense behavior. We explored two potential methodological sources of variation in nest defense in three species of ducks. One common method of quantifying nest defense rests on the assumption that different components of nest defense (e.g. flushing distance, distraction displays) are highly positively correlated. Defense behaviors we observed in this study were weakly related or unrelated to each other. Thus, the assumption of strong positive covariance between components of nest defense was not supported. We also considered the effect of repeated visits to the same nests on nest defense. Females of all three species took less risk defending their nests with repeated visits, and the effect of visit number on nest defense was greater than the effect of increasing value of nests associated with advancing incubation. Ducks appear to be different from other birds in the consistency with which they alter their nest defense in response to repeated nest visits. We propose that this could be a consequence of having nest predators that return to the vicinity of a nest if they were previously unsuccessful finding the nest, thus making repeated nest visits more dangerous to the ducks. By testing this or other hypotheses it should be possible to go beyond understanding the methodological implications of the effect of repeated visits on nest defense, and use this phenomenon to gain insight into the predator-prey interactions that underlie nest defense.


The aim of the study is to compare price competitiveness in Poland and Lithuania based on selected food products and catering services. Special attention was paid to selected parameters characterizing both countries and retail prices of products available under specific brands in selected retail outlets. Secondary and primary studies were carried out for the purpose of the research. Empirical research in the field of price competitiveness of selected food products and catering services was carried out in Poland and Lithuania in May and June of the current year. As a hypermarket, Carrefour was selected in Poland, while in Lithuania - Maxima, and as a supermarket, Carrefour Express (Poland) and IKI (Lithuania). The selection of these stores was made on the basis of retail trade reports in Poland and Lithuania presenting the largest retail chains. Based on our research, it can be pointed out that the products available on the Polish market were mostly characterized by lower prices compared to products present on the Lithuanian market. This indicates their greater price competitiveness.


Three-dimensional graphene (3D-graphene) is used in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) because of its plasmonic nanoresonator structure and good ability to interact with light. However, a thin (3-5 nm) layer of amorphous carbon (AC) inevitably appears as a template layer between the 3D-graphene and object substrate when the 3D-graphene layer is synthesized, weakening the enhancement factor. Herein, two-dimensional graphene (2D-graphene) is employed as a template layer to directly synthesize 3D-graphene on a germanium (Ge) substrate via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition, bypassing the formation of an AC layer. The interaction and photoinduced charge transfer ability of the 3D-graphene/Ge heterojunction with incident light are improved. Moreover, the high density of electronic states close to the Fermi level of the heterojunction induces the adsorbed probe molecules to efficiently couple to the 3D-graphene-based SERS substrate. Our experimental results imply that the lowest concentrations of rhodamine 6G and rhodamine B that can be detected on the 3D/2D-graphene/Ge SERS substrate correspond to 10-10 M; for methylene blue, it is 10-8 M. The detection limits of the 3D/2D-graphene/Ge SERS substrate with respect to 3-hydroxytyramine hydrochloride and melamine (in milk) are both less than 1 ppm. This work may provide a viable and convenient alternative method for preparing 3D-graphene SERS substrates. It also constitutes a new approach to developing SERS substrates with remarkable performance levels.


Novel microcapsule systems containing UV-responsive diazonium groups were fabricated as microcontainers for cargo substance encapsulation by using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. Upon direct exposure to UV light with a wavelength of approximately 380 nm, the diazonium groups of diazoresion (DAR) rapidly reacted with sulfonate or diazo-sulfonate groups of counterpart polyelectrolytes, which converted electrostatic interactions to covalent bonds, demonstrating an effective in situ cross-linking within multilayers via photolysis. Such chemical transition eliminated the paired ionic groups, therefore generating more hydrophobic multilayer shells, offering a unique approach to seal the porous polyelectrolyte capsule shells. Fluorescent molecule rhodamine B (RhB) was consequently studied as a typical example for small molecule encapsulation. Results indicated that the dye was remarkably retained within the microcapsules after UV-triggered capsule shell sealing.


This article stems from a doctoral study about alternative education around the world and the author's personal journey to identify characteristics of the 'ideal school'. The focus here is a case study of one small primary school in Australia, through which it shows that there can be a larger amount of freedom and self-actualisation available to students in the classroom even when a school is governed by teaching a compulsory state curriculum. By sharing the story of this school, the article aims to enable educators to reflect on how they structure classrooms and to offer ideas of educating differently.


Ageing is inevitable in all living organisms and is associated with physical deterioration, disease and eventually death. Dysbiosis, which is the alteration of the gut microbiome, occurs in individuals during ageing, and plenty of studies support that gut dysbiosis is responsible for the progression of different types of age-related diseases. The economic burden of age-linked health issues increases as ageing populations increase. Hence, an improvement in disease prevention or therapeutic approaches is urgently required. In recent years, vitamin E has garnered significant attention as a promising therapeutic approach for delaying the ageing process and potentially impeding the development of age-related disease. Nevertheless, more research is still required to understand how vitamin E affects the gut microbiome and how it relates to age-related diseases. Therefore, we gathered and summarized recent papers in this review that addressed the impact of the gut microbiome on age-related disease, the effect of vitamin E on age-related disease along with the role of vitamin E on the gut microbiome and the relationship with age-related diseases which are caused by ageing. Based on the studies reported, different bacteria brought on various age-related diseases with either increased or decreased relative abundances. Some studies have also reported the positive effects of vitamin E on the gut microbiome as beneficial bacteria and metabolites increase with vitamin E supplementation. This demonstrates how vitamin E is vital as it affects the gut microbiome positively to delay ageing and the progression of age-related diseases. The findings discussed in this review will provide a simplified yet deeper understanding for researchers studying ageing, the gut microbiome and age-related diseases, allowing them to develop new preclinical and clinical studies.


Morbihan disease (MD) is a very rare condition characterized by rosaceous or erythematous lymphedema on the upper twothirds of the face. A definitive management strategy for MD is lacking, and treatment is challenging. Herein, we present a case of persistent bilateral eyelid edema treated by lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) and lymph node-vein bypass surgery. The patient experienced persistent bilateral eyelid edema. Indocyanine green lymphography was performed, and the diagnosis of bilateral facial lymphedema was confirmed. On the right side, a preauricular lymphatic vessel was anastomosed to a vein. On the left side, lymphostomy on the preauricular lymph node was done, with anastomosis to the transected proximal end of the concomitant vein of the transverse facial artery. Furthermore, a preauricular lymphatic vessel was anastomosed to a vein. Eyelid edema decreased and progressively improved on both sides. The outcome of this case suggests that LVA and lymph node-vein bypass surgery are appropriate for treating persistent eyelid edema related to MD.


The length of the sarcomeres, the A- and the 1-filaments and their percentage overlap were measured in the fibres of the biceps brachii muscle from mice of different ages. The sarcomere length with the limb in the fully extended position was found to increase from 2.3 µ in the newborn animal to 2.8 µ in the adult. This increase was due to a decrease in the percentage overlap of the filaments and not to any change in the filament lengths. The sarcomeres at the ends of the fibres were found to be shorter than those in the middle of the muscle, at all ages. When the muscles were stretched beyond their resting length, only about the middle 60 % of the sarcomeres in the young muscles increased in length. Length/tension plots were obtained for young and old muscles and the difference in the shape of these plots could be explained as being due to the non-functional terminal sarcomeres of the young muscles. The maximum tension developed by the young muscles was found to be attained at an initial muscle length about 10 % greater than their length at maximum limb extension. The adult muscles developed maximum tension at their length at maximum limb extension.


Employing the stochastic frontier approach and expansion path measures, this article estimates economies of scale and scope in China's banking sector during the period 1985 to 2002. The objective is to assess whether different ownership types and banking reforms affect economies of scale and scope. The traditional nonfrontier approach and the standard measures are also applied for comparison and completeness. The results indicate the presence of constant returns to scale and significant economies of scope for most joint stock banks throughout the period, and for state-owned banks in the later part of period, following a second set of bank reforms. There is evidence that use of the traditional nonfrontier model biases the measures of scale and scope economies.


Magnetic merging on the dayside magnetopause often occurs at high latitudes. Polar measured fluxes of ac- celerated ions and wave Poynting vectors while skimming the subsolar magnetopause. The measurements indicate that their source was located to the north of the spacecraft, well removed from expected component merging sites. This rep- resents the first use of wave Poynting flux as a merging dis- criminator at the magnetopause. We argue that wave Poynt- ing vectors, like accelerated particle fluxes and the Wal ´ en tests, are necessary, but not sufficient, conditions for iden- tifying merging events. The Polar data are complemented with nearly simultaneous measurements from Cluster in the northern cusp, with correlated observations from the Super- DARN radar, to show that the locations and rates of merging vary. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations are used to place the measurements into a global context. The MHD simulations confirm the existence of a high-latitude merging site and suggest that Polar and SuperDARN observed effects are attributable to both exhaust regions of a temporally vary- ing X-line. A survey of 13 merging events places the location at high latitudes whenever the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle is less than 150 . While inferred high- latitude merging sites favor the antiparallel merging hypoth- esis, our data alone cannot exclude the possible existence of a guide field. Merging can even move away from equatorial latitudes when the IMF has a strong southward component. MHD simulations suggest that this happens when the dipole tilt angle increases or when IMF BX increases the effective dipole tilt.


Loamy sand of agricultural land in an oil producing and processing area was polluted with crude oil and the fouled soil samples were reclaimed using chemical degreasers and detergents. Both treatments showed significant effect on soil properties and crop growth parameters; however recovery level was 67-100% and significantly (p ≤ 0.01) higher than the level of degradation, except in infiltration rate. Soil pH increased by 26% in fouled soil attributable to bacterial biodegradation of crude oil under the anaerobic conditions present in the soil macro and micro-pores, and indicated the tendency of crude oil spills to buffer acidic soil to neutral. Hydraulic conductivity with 45 – 67% reduction from 82.24 cm/day in the control soil to 39.6 cm/day in polluted soil confirmed the blockage of polluted soils micropores by oil films. Crop growth, indicated by root elongation, diminished to 7.4 ± 0.64 cm in polluted soil compared to13.47 ± 6.40 cm in the control soil. Evapotranspiration and leaf mass water decreased by 90% while fertility indicated 33 – 103% increase in total nitrogen, organic carbon and available phosphorus in the polluted soil. The chemical degreaser/detergent emulsion effectively recovered soil properties and plant growth in the reclaimed soil and is recommended for short-duration restoration of crude-oildegraded soil for productive agriculture. @JASEM J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage . December, 2010, Vol. 14 (4) 147 - 154


Two types of rocket-borne probes are described for detecting charged aerosol particles in the ionosphere. The first are flat charge-collecting surfaces on the skin of the rockets that have returned data in four experimental campaigns. The collection surfaces have permanent magnets behind them that shield the probes from electrons. Some of the probes also have an electrical bias to repel light, positive ions. The current that is recorded is thus from heavier charged aerosol particles. This heavy charge carrier current is converted to a charge number density. The second type of probe, under development, is an electrostatic mass analyzer in which different ranges of mass are collected within the payload on surfaces with different bias potentials.


The success of metallurgical processes greatly depends on the particle size of raw materials used. The size requi-rements differ from process to process and the desired sizes may range from tenths of millimeters to tens of centimeters. The desired size can be obtained by crush-
ing or grinding if the input material is too coarse, or agglomeration if the input material is much finer. Agglo-meration is a process of size ,enlargement; btiquetteing, sintering and pelletising being the three common processes used in the metallurgical industries. The requirement of particle size for sintering is much coarser (generally upto 10 mm) against that of pelletising which is generally below 0.1 mm. The briquetting process can accommodate the
size range of both sintering and pelletising.