Every year in India, most of the car accidents are occurs and affects on number of lives. Most of the road accidents are occurs due to driver's inattention and fatigue. Drivers require to focus on different circumstances, together with vehicle speed and path, the separation between vehicles, passing vehicles, and potential risky or uncommon events ahead. Also the accident occurs due to the who bring into play cell phones at the same time as driving, drink and drive, etc. Due to this, most of the companies of automobiles tries to make available best Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) to the customer to avoid the accidents. The lane detection approach is one of the method provided by automobile companies in ADAS, in which the vehicle must follows the lane. Therefore, there is less chance to get an accident. The information obtained from the lane is used to alert the driver. Therefore most of the researchers are attracted towards this field. But, due to the varying road circumstances, it is very difficult to detect the lane. The computer apparition and machine learning approaches are presents in most of the articles. In this article, we presents the deep learning scheme for identification of lane. There are two phases are presents in this work. In a first phase the image transformation is done and in second phase lane detection is occurred. At first, the proposed model gets the numerous lane pictures and changes the picture into its relating Bird's eye view picture by using Inverse perspective mapping transformation. The Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) classifier to identify the lane from the bird's eye view image. The Earth WormCrow Search Algorithm (EW-CSA) is designed to help DCNN with the optimal weights. The DCNN classifier gets trained with the view picture from the bird's eye image and the optimal weights are selected through newly developed EW-CSA algorithm. All these algorithms are performed in MATLAB. The simulation results shows that the exact detection of lane of road. Also, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity are calculated and its values are 0.99512, 0.9925, and 0.995 respectively.


OBJECTIVE
The aim: Identification, verification and analysis of clinically effective risks of limb amputation as a basis for the formation of risk-oriented treatment and diagnostic tactics in victims with limb injuries due to modern hostilities.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: This research is based on a study of 1,072 cases of limb damage due to modern hostilities in eastern Ukraine in 2014-2020. All injuries were gunshot (bullet and mine injuries). According to the concept of Clinical Risk Management, Clinical Result Risk was chosen for evaluation and analysis. Risk factors - epidemiological and anatomical signs of damage.

RESULTS
Results: Quantitative indicators of the clinical effective risk of limb loss are generally small and range from minimal to significant values (0.01-0.24). In some cases - up to 0.4 (significant), and are not critical and catastrophic. Of practical importance are only the risk factors associated with the nature of participation in hostilities and the anatomical characteristics of the injury. Among the immediate causes of limb loss, only primary traumatic amputation matters. Damage to vascular and nerve structures is not critical for limb loss. The impact of other risk factors may be reduced or eliminated if adequate care is provided.

CONCLUSION
Conclusions: The risks of limb loss in victims of modern hostilities vary within the qualitative characteristics of the minimum-significant risk. The greatest importance in the clinical implementation of risks are risk factors related to the performance of functional duties of servicemen and anatomical features. he use of risk-based analysis must be taken into account in the formation of standards of medical care and treatment protocols for victims of modern hostilities.


Pancreatic cancer is a dismal disease. The 5-years overall survival ranges from 1% to 5%. Surgery is the only curative treatment available. Survival of selected patients with small lesion (< 2 cm) confined to the pancreas is improved to 19-41%. Presently the major effort is on studies of the cancer development phenomena to improve detection of patients with early lesions. The analysis of oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene activation may enable us to better define and cure this disease. Molecular genetic new tecnquiques performed on pancreatic juice, duodenal juice and stool, probably are the most promising new approach for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. This could be the right path to diagnose pancreatic malignant lesions at a curable stage, and to discriminate patients with a more favourable prognosis candidates to be submitted to adjuvant therapy with a curative intent, and also to discriminate real pancreatic cancer from patients with chronic pancreatitis.


Among the Basidiomycota, matsutake are the most appreciated mushrooms in Japan. Some Tricholoma species belonging to matsutake group are exported from North Africa to Japan. Until the beginning of the 21 st century, the North African 'matsutake' was identified as T. caligatum , which is a circum-Mediterranean species described in 1834. However, recent molecular analyses uncover some North African isolates as T. anatolicum , which is a species described from Turkey in 2003. As a result, the presence of T. caligatum in North Africa remained to be confirmed. We analyzed a recent specimen collected in Algeria from mixed forest and based on molecular and morphological data, we found that it belongs to T. caligatum , indicating the existence of two species in North Africa. Morphological traits and molecular markers are proposed here to easily distinguish these two species from each other. The concept of both the species and their respective geographic distributions are discussed.


Achlorhydria, determined by the augmented histamine test, is the functional expression of the most severe atrophic gastritis and is followed by a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of gastric cancer, as we found 5 cancers in 114 patients after a mean observation period of 8.4 years. The cancers developed from 1 to 17 years after achlorhydria diagnosis--three cases after more than 9 years. The study showed no difference in gastric cancer risk between patients with and without pernicious anaemia. Spontaneous achlorhydria is the late result of atrophic gastritis, which should be regarded the premalignant condition. The development of gastric cancer from pharmacologically reduced acid secretion must be regarded as highly hypothetical, since this is not followed by atrophic gastritis.


The fifth in the new Naxos AudioBooks series "In a Nutshell - The French Revolution" is a short and accessible introduction to one of the most important periods in European history. It brings vividly to life the implacable Robespierre, the frightened Marie Antoinette and the iconic image of the guillotine. But it also demonstrates the key role the Revolution played in the development of European politics.


An antistatic agent comprised of any of the compounds of the general formula: [1] wherein each of R1 to R8 independently is a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted aryl, or an optionally substituted heterocyclic group, provided that mutually neighboring R5 to R8 may be linked with each other to thereby form a ring.


Current language learning is based on the development of metacognition to promote student independence, who is no longer considered to be a passive subject. Students are an active part of their learning process, they reflect and apply their own strategies. In the last decade language teaching has gone through another revolution: the use of the Internet. The net has become a platform for communicating and learning languages independently. Independence does not mean solitude or anonymity. Although language courses are often distance courses or courses in which the student attends classes only part of the time, their participants continue to be people that apart from learning also feel. Feelings influenced by synchronic and asynchronic relationships with fellow class mates and the teacher. But how can this teaching based on the web 2.0 respond in a positive way to the affective needs of second language students? This article analyzes how and why second language students use web tools. From the results we will propose some techniques which unite affective strategies for learning second languages and the tools and ways of working that web 2.0 provides for current second language teaching.


A high-order pregnancy is always a challenge not only for the couple but also for the obstetrician, the pediatricians, the midwives, and the whole stuff of an obstetric clinic. The breakthroughs of infertility treatments have made more couples to postpone the birth of their children until they feel professionally and financially safe, many times after the age of 40. The advanced age of the mother puts extra pressure to the clinician for immediate success, leading to a rise of high-order pregnancies until the introduction of regulations and laws in many countries. The cost of a quadruplet and quintuplet pregnancy can be unbearable, not only financially but also psychologically. The management of such a pregnancy is also challenging since its beginning and to the end. Modern techniques and methods can also be difficult to be implemented on a quadruplet of quintuplet pregnancy because of the fear of losing four or five embryos at once. At the same time, the limited number of cases makes it almost impossible for studies to be made and guidelines to be established for most of the cases.


Introduction: Commercial health insurance companies can cater to the diverse desires of individuals. However, as a consequence, the company will design various products according to public demand with certain terms and conditions in the policy. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the insurance claim decision of the group of PT. SGMW Motor Indonesia at Insurance Broker PT. Cipta Integra Duta 2020.
Methods: This analysis uses independent submission variables that are claimed from completely rejected claims, accepted and claimed claims in their entirety and the dependent variable is insurance membership status, completeness of files, over-limit claims, health insurance benefits, non-original claim documents and resources. analysis of claims and insurance guarantee letters. This research data was obtained from secondary data in the form of claim data from PT SGMW Motor Indonesia for the period of coverage from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2020 as an accumulation of the results of the analysis of claims from the insurer PT. International Services Pacific Cross with a total sample of 7,123. Statistical method using non-parametric comparative test analysis was performed on two variables using the Chi Square method.
Results: The factors that were most related to the decision that were claimed in whole and claimed to be partially accepted were the health insurance benefits factor with a p value of 0.001 and human resource analysis claims with a p value of 0.000.
Discussion: Therefore, it is necessary to improve the quality of human resources for claims analysts who work in the health insurance sector either by training, certification, seminars and periodic socialization, as well as socializing insurance benefits and advocating for insurance companies suspected of fraud in their claims analysis, so that public trust in insurance is needed, can grow.


We present two frequency doublers in 130 nm InP HBT technology. The doublers use digital logic and DC negative feedback to suppress unwanted harmonics. The single-ended output of the lower frequency doubler has -5 dBm output power over 32 GHz to 53 GHz output frequency range. First and third harmonic rejection is higher than 30 dBc. The delay control circuit with the feedback loop enables fourth harmonic rejection higher than 18 dBc. It consumes 0.94 W. The higher frequency doubler has -5 – -8 dBm single-ended output power over 50 to 106 GHz output frequency range with better than 25 dBc first harmonic rejection. It consumes 1.069 W.


Alkaline pretreatment of herbaceous feedstocks such as corn stover prior to mechanical refining and enzymatic saccharification improves downstream sugar yields by removing acetyl moieties from hemicellulose. However, the relationship between transport phenomena and deacetylation kinetics is virtually unknown for such feedstocks and this pretreatment process. Here, we report the development of an experimentally validated reaction–diffusion model for the deacetylation of corn stover. A tissue-specific transport model is used to estimate transport-independent kinetic rate constants for the reactive extraction of acetate, hemicellulose and lignin from corn stover under representative alkaline conditions (5–7 g L−1 NaOH, 10 wt% solids loadings) and at low to mild temperatures (4–70°C) selected to attenuate individual component extraction rates under differential kinetic regimes. The underlying transport model is based on microstructural characteristics of corn stover derived from statistically meaningful geometric particle and pore measurements. These physical descriptors are incorporated into distinct particle models of the three major anatomical fractions (cobs, husks and stalks) alongside an unsorted, aggregate corn stover particle, capturing average Feret lengths of 917–1239 μm and length-to-width aspect ratios of 1.8–2.9 for this highly heterogeneous feedstock. Individual reaction–diffusion models and their resulting particle model ensembles are used to validate and predict anatomically-specific and bulk feedstock performance under kinetic-controlled vs. diffusion-controlled regimes. In general, deacetylation kinetics and mass transfer processes are predicted to compete on similar time and length scales, emphasizing the significance of intraparticle transport phenomena. Critically, we predict that typical corn stover particles as small as ∼2.3 mm in length are entirely diffusion-limited for acetate extraction, with experimental effectiveness factors calculated to be 0.50 for such processes. Debilitatingly low effectiveness factors of 0.021–0.054 are uncovered for cobs—implying that intraparticle mass transfer resistances may impair observable kinetic measurements of this anatomical fraction by up to 98%. These first-reported quantitative maps of reaction vs. diffusion control link fundamental insights into corn stover anatomy, biopolymer composition, practical size reduction thresholds and their kinetic consequences. These results offer a guidepost for industrial deacetylation reactor design, scale-up and feedstock selection, further establishing deacetylation as a viable biorefinery pretreatment for the conversion of lignocellulosics into value-added fuels and chemicals.


Objective: Cocaine dependence is associated with severe medical, psychiatric, and social morbidity, but no pharmacotherapy is approved for its treatment in the United States. The atypical antiepileptic vigabatrin (g-vinyl gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA]) has shown promise in animal studies and open-label trials. The purpose of the present study was to assess the efficacy of vigabatrin for shortterm cocaine abstinence in cocaine-dependent individuals. Method: Participants were treatment seeking parolees who were actively using cocaine and had a history of cocaine dependence. Subjects were randomly assigned to a fixed titration of vigabatrin (N=50) or placebo (N=53) in a 9-week double-blind trial and 4-week follow-up assessment. Cocaine use was determined by directly observed urine toxicology testing twice weekly. The primary endpoint was full abstinence for the last 3 weeks of the trial. Results: Full end-of-trial abstinence was achieved in 14 vigabatrin-treated subjects (28.0% ) versus four subjects in the placebo arm (7.5% ). Twelve subjects in the vigabatrin group and two subjects in the placebo group maintained abstinence through the follow-up period. The retention rate was 62.0% in the vigabatrin arm versus 41.5% in the placebo arm. Among subjects who reported prestudy alcohol use, vigabatrin, relative to placebo, was associated with superior self-reported full end-of-trial abstinence from alcohol (43.5% versus 6.3% ). There were no differences between the two groups in drug craving, depressed mood, anxiety, or Clinical Global Impression scores, and no group differences in adverse effects emerged. Conclusions: This first randomized, dou ble-blind, placebo-controlled trial supports the safety and efficacy of short-term vigabatrin treatment of cocaine dependence.


E-business technology is becoming one of the most important global markets where e-business solutions will have to adapt to new technologies. The main objective in this study was to synthesize existing knowledge in the field of e-business technology acceptance and to understand differences in Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) related causal effect sizes for different e-business contexts. A quantitative meta-analysis of existing empirical research about factors affecting e-business adoption was conducted using 89 published papers that provided empirical data about causal relationships. A moderator analysis was carried out to investigate the moderating effect of four factors: consumer type, device type, continent and respondent type. The results of the study showed a moderating effect for all four proposed factors in almost all TAM-related causal paths. The study also showed that TAM is the most common theory being applied in e-business adoption research.


Introduction the management of phenylketonuria (PKU) is complex. Practical skills and knowledge of individuals taking care of PKU patients are important for treatment compliance. This study investigated parents´ knowledge about PKU and its affecting factors. The study group consisted of 62 parents of PKU patients. Methods data were collected using a ready-made questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, PKU and dietary treatment. Total knowledge score (KS) was calculated by giving 5 points for each correct answer. Results the study included 34 mothers and 28 fathers; 90.3% of patients were diagnosed during the newborn screening program, 6.5% between ages 1 and 2, and 3.2% at age 6 or after. Among all, 38.7% presented to their follow-up appointments with their mothers, 61.3% with both their parents and none with their father alone. Mothers answered all questions more accurately than fathers. Mothers´ and fathers´ mean KSs were 73.97 ± 12.72 and 53.04 ± 22.25, respectively. The highest KS was obtained among parents whose children were 13 years of age or older. Conclusion the presence of another family member, parents´ education level, working status and professional qualifications, previous training on PKU and family´s economic status were the affecting factors. Creating a PKU dietary plan requires knowledge and diligence. Patients and their parents should be periodically informed about the disease and dietary treatment in order to increase their level of knowledge.


Previous studies have shown only modest effects of supramammillary nucleus (SuM) dysfunction on theta frequency and learning in the water maze (WM), with larger effects in other tasks. However, theta recorded from SuM, and used to trigger the production of theta‐like oscillations in the hippocampus, produced reversal of the deficit in WM learning produced by theta blocking. We explored this apparent inconsistency by analyzing the relationship between SuM and hippocampal theta in the control group of this theta‐blocking experiment using coherence, phase analysis, and the directed transfer function. We found little evidence of an influence of SuM on the hippocampus in the bulk of WM learning—with some possibility of SuM becoming involved briefly later in learning. A learning‐related increase in coherence was observed in conjunction with gradual phase reorganization of hippocampal theta in relation to SuM theta. This change in phase dynamics between the two structures was also correlated with a relative increase of the estimated direction of theta propagation from the SuM to the hippocampus. These results are consistent with the previous weak effects of SuM lesions and suggest that the use of SuM as a source to trigger hippocampal theta and recover function is likely to be due to coherence between SuM and some other structure that normally controls hippocampal theta during WM learning. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract Background Kiribati, a remote atoll island country of the Pacific, has serious problems of vitamin A deficiency (VAD). Thus, it is important to identify locally grown acceptable foods that might be promoted to alleviate this problem. Pandanus fruit (Pandanus tectorius) is a well-liked indigenous Kiribati food with many cultivars that have orange/yellow flesh, indicative of carotenoid content. Few have been previously analysed. Aim This study was conducted to identify cultivars of pandanus and other foods that could be promoted to alleviate VAD in Kiribati. Method Ethnography was used to select foods and assess acceptability factors. Pandanus and other foods were analysed for β- and α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene and total carotenoids using high-performance liquid chromatography. Results Of the nine pandanus cultivars investigated there was a great range of provitamin A carotenoid levels (from 62 to 19 086 μg β-carotene/100 g), generally with higher levels in those more deeply coloured. Seven pandanus cultivars, one giant swamp taro (Cyrtosperma chamissonis) cultivar and native fig (Ficus tinctoria) had significant provitamin A carotenoid content, meeting all or half of estimated daily vitamin A requirements within normal consumption patterns. Analyses in different laboratories confirmed high carotenoid levels in pandanus but showed that there are still questions as to how high the levels might be, owing to variation arising from different handling/preparation/analytical techniques. Conclusions These carotenoid-rich acceptable foods should be promoted for alleviating VAD in Kiribati and possibly other Pacific contexts where these foods are important. Further research in the Pacific is needed to identify additional indigenous foods with potential health benefits.


The first gamma-ray burst detections by Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes have been recently announced: GRB 190114C, detected by MAGIC, GRB 180720B and GRB 190829A, observed by H.E.S.S. A dedicated search for neutrinos in space and time coincidence with the gamma-ray emission observed by IACTs has been performed using ANTARES data. The search covers both the prompt and afterglow phases, yielding no neutrinos in coincidence with the three GRBs studied. Constraints on the energetics of the neutrino emission are inferred.


This article takes an interest in gendered memory politics and addresses the dearth of research on gender and commemoration in relation to the genocide in Rwanda. It analyses elite-produced gendered narratives at key sites of commemoration and investigates their affective role in constituting the post-genocide Rwandan state. Through a methodological approach of 'the situated gaze', three central observations are made. First, women are mourned as a specific category of rape victims and mothers. Second, women's experiences of sexual violence are at the same time censored and de-individualized. Third, no other experiences, beyond being a victim, are taken into account. The article finds that the top-down affective memory politics circumscribes the role women played during and after the genocide, and restricts their agency within the present state project of 'national unity and reconciliation'.


I assumed the active Editorship of Personal
Relationships (PR) on June 1, 2005. Since then,
I have recruited six Associate Editors. Susan
Boon (Psychology, University of Calgary,
Canada), Mario Mikulincer (Psychology, Bar-
Ilan University, Israel), and Denise Solomon
(Communication Studies, Pennsylvania State
University, United States) have been serving as
Associate Editors since last summer. Rodney
Cate (Emeritus, Family Studies, University of
Arizona, United States), Catrin Finkenauer
(Social Psychology, Free University, The
Netherlands), and Susan Branje (Adolescent
Development, Utrecht University, The
Netherlands) began serving terms as Associate
Editors in October 2005, December 2005, and
April 2006, respectively. We are currently in the
process of recruiting an additional Associate
Editor. It is possible this position will be filled
by the time this issue of RRN is distributed, but
interested scholars should feel free to express
interest nonetheless.


Purpose
Hospitality and tourism research lags in using experimental designs. This study aims to reveal prestigious scholars' opinions and suggestions on how to effectively design and execute experimental research.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors conducted an open-ended survey on 187 editors and editorial board members from 22 top hospitality and tourism journals. Their answers were coded following an inductive method of coding, and a list of themes and categories was synthesized.

Findings
The results summarize common problems of this method and indicate significant barriers to making experimental studies publishable. The review criteria for experimental studies are presented from four aspects: overall design, stimuli and manipulations, data collection and reporting results.

Research limitations/implications
The results provide valuable suggestions for researchers interested in experimental design in the hospitality and tourism field. The study contributes to a shift toward well-designed and well-executed experimental research in hospitality and tourism.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, the study is the first to survey editorial board members of impactful hospitality and tourism journals to reveal their insights into the experimental methodology. The study makes significant theoretical and methodological contributions by addressing calls to understand common problems and barriers to experimental research in our field.


Preventable environmental causes of cancer, including tobacco smoke and other carcinogens in the diet, workplace, and ambient environment are responsible for the vast majority of human cancers. This paper reviews recent molecular epidemiologic studies that have focused on environmental carcinogenesis and environment-host interactions. Biomarkers such as carcinogen-DNA and carcinogen-protein adducts, mutations in reporter or target genes (e.g., HPRT, GPA, ras, p53), or genetic or acquired susceptibility factors (e.g., polymorphisms in the P450 or glutathione-S-transferase genes and serum levels of antioxidants) have shown significant potential in prevention. They should be useful in early identification of at risk individuals and in designing and monitoring interventions (smoking cessation, exposure reduction, and chemoprevention).


To research on brain function network, we must firstly figure out the structure of the brain. Brain connection diagram can be drawn up on the levels of macro and microscopic scale. This paper applied inner composition alignment (iota) algorithm to construct alpha rhythm brain functional network and visualize the network topology and analysis and the difference between the old and young's brain functional connectivity. The results show that clustering coefficient of the old brain network obviously differs from the young by calculating t testing with spss software, which proved that clustering coefficient of the old alpha rhythm, differs from the young.


For many years, a role for splenic function could not be established. Myths and folklore took the place of fact when it came to the spleen. Currently, splenic function is known to be important enough to justify surgical efforts that repair rather than excise the spleen after traumatic injury. Various repair techniques have been described, including many procedures that are appropriate to severe fragmenting splenic trauma. In a review of the experiences of 48 patients following splenorrhaphy using a variety of repair procedures, satisfactory results were achieved in 16 cases using a polyglycolic acid mesh wrap for splenic envelopment and parenchymal tamponade. There were no treatment failures or intra-abdominal infections associated with this newly described procedure.


tered in the management of injuries in this region. Joseph Imbriglia has covered the problem of rheumatoid disease clearly and with a clear understanding of the difficulties as seen in this particular group. The remainder of the section discusses degenerative arthritis, arthroplasties and arthrodesis and really covers the field extremely well. Dieter Buck-Gramcko's section on congenital and developmental conditions is quite excellent, and the final section on rehabilitation is an extremely good guide to the therapist endeavouring to treat patients with problems at this level. Each chapter has an excellent bibliography. The line drawings and plates are clear and well produced and the index is comprehensive. This book is the first in a series planned by Churchill Livingstone, and at the moment 9 such volumes covering individual areas of hand surgery are planned. The Interphalangeal Joints is the first in this series and will be a must for any surgeon who is undertaking any significant amount ofhand surgery. If the remaining planned volumes are of the same high quality this series will be of a quality to rival the GEM series.


We used the following criteria to determine whether liposomal model membranes are thymus-independent type 1 (TI-1) or type 2 (TI-2) immunogens: a) in vivo response of (CBA/N X BALB/c)F1 male and female mice; b) in vitro response of spleen cells from these mice; c) ontogeny of the response in cultures of (C57BL/6 X DBA/2)F1 male cells obtained from mice of different ages; d) ability of a monoclonal anti-delta antibody to block the in vitro response of C57BL/6 spleen cells. The liposomes were sensitized with N(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-6-N-aminocaproyl)-dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (TNP-Cap-DPPE) and were prepared without and with incorporation of the B cell mitogen, lipid A. On the basis of the above criteria, liposomes prepared without lipid A can be characterized as a TI-2 immunogen and resemble TNP-Ficoll. In contrast, liposomes prepared with lipid A behave like a TI-1 immunogen such as TNP-BA (trinitrophenylated Brucella abortus). Conversion of liposomes from a TI-2 to a TI-1 immunogen by inclusion of lipid A in the bilayers was achieved under conditions of constant TNP-Cap-DPPE epitope density. Increasing the epitope density in liposomes made without lipid A does not result in transformation of immunogen type. These results, which bear on the features that may distinguish TI-1 from TI-2 immunogens, are discussed with regard to the involvement of macrophages and T cells in the response.


In this paper an attempt has been made to discuss the various issues related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in India. In addition, the studies pertaining to the status of CSR in Indian corporate sector have been critically elaborated during pre and post liberalization era. It is also evident that most of the forward looking companies in India have strongly been adopting CSR in their corporate policy to accomplish competitive advantage, profitability and performance in the light of liberalized world. In addition, it provides valuable information to the companies of India and other primary stakeholders about the prospects of development, reputation. In India, the government has been providing due emphasis on the growth of the CSR as a vehicle for transformation of the agrarian economy to the path of industrialization.


Crassostrea gigas oysters cultivated in Marennes-Oleron Bay (France), face seasonal variations in the environment: salinity, turbidity, phytoplanktonic production, and the tidal rhythm of emersion. The oysters are maintained at different depths to reduce competition for space (e.g. by settlement of mussel spat). The physiological responses of two groups of oysters to different periods of emersion were studied using a seasonal sampling strategy: one group was on a flat part of the area, and the effect of emersion was studied in a short time survey (less than three hours emersion at low tide); the other was located in a very narrow place with a steep slope. This group was subdivided into three, according to bathymetric position, to study the long term effect of different periods of emersion. Adenylate energy charge (AEC), total nucleotide concentrations and digestive enzyme activities were recorded in each experiment. The effect of short term emersion on energy charge was dependent on season: energy charge stayed high and stable for three hours after emersion in winter (January), but decreased in May and July. AEC did not differ in the long term among groups subjected to daily emersion at different tidal heights, but growth rates of these groups were different. The decrease of AEC after a short emersion would be an indication of the rate of ATP utilization, and is thought to be related to seasonal differences in the metabolism of oysters. This decrease is compensated at each tide, as in a long term survey no differences were observable. So animals from the same location subjected to different amounts of emersion adapt to maintain their energy charge. The effects of emersion and feeding on growth and AEC are discussed with reference to the activities of digestive enzymes in oysters.


VTM (Vegetation Type Map) plots comprise a huge data set on vegetation composition for many parts of California collected mostly between 1929 and 1935. Historical changes in vegetation have been inferred by sampling these areas many decades later and evaluating the changes in plant dominance. VTM plots can not be precisely relocated, and it has been assumed that errors resulting from this problem are inconsequential or can be eliminated by comparison with a composite of multiple contemporary plots. This study examines that assumption for southern California shrubland landscapes by comparing the differences in species composition between closely positioned VTM-sized plots. Comparing shrub species density in 400-m2 plots separated by 30 m (center to center), I found that all species exhibited considerable differences in density even over this short distance. This patchiness in shrub distribution could lead to major errors in historical reconstructions from VTM plot data. Two methods are proposed for dealing with this problem. One is to collect multiple samples from the vicinity of the VTM plot and use the observed spatial variation to set bounds on the temporal changes required to represent significant historical change. The other is to look at broad landscape changes reflected in the averages observed in a large sampling of sites.


Mutual fund as an investment avenue provides a platform to the investor who do not want to take high risk on their hard earned investment. In India, mutual fund industry is growing rapidly and this industry has emerged as an important segment of financial market of India, especially in channelizing and mobilizing the savings of millions of individuals into the investment in equity and debt instruments. Mutual fund investment is less risky than investing directly in stocks and is therefore a safer option for risk averse investor. A competent fund manager should analyze investor behavior, perception, and attitude and understand their needs and expectations to gear up the performance to meet investor expectations and requirements. Investment in mutual fund is affected by the attitude of investors and hence the objective of the study is to identify the investor's attitude on mutual fund as an investment avenue and the major findings reveal the factors that influence buying behavior of mutual fund investors. The study aims at finding out the attitude of the investors towards investment on mutual funds in Davangere city with 100 respondents who are likely to be an investors.


From Dewey's point of view,art is physical rather than abstract;Art is the unification of form and experience;the unification of means and purpose and the unification of experience and nature.Dewey's art theory has changed the west art concept since Renaissance,deve loping from metaphysics to physics and overturned mysticism art since Middle Ages.


This article analyses two events in 2010, which attempted to reimagine the role of the financial sector in promoting international development. Several strategies for reimagining are identified and described, and mutually reinforcing barriers to reimagining are outlined. The challenges for moving from ideas to action are particularly difficult for a sector that is often impenetrable to those outside of it. The global nature of the sector is also key to the challenge of reimagining, whether proponents for change are inside or outside of it.


Given the increasing dairy and poultry industries, cowdung (CD) and poultry manure (PM) might become alternative sources of nitrogen (N) for rice production in South Asia. A field experiment was conducted during dry season (November-April) in Gazipur, Bangladesh. The experiment aimed to evaluate N use efficiency (NUE) in rice under varying sources of N application. Six treatments—1) N-control; 2) optimum dose of nitrogen (164 kg N ha﹣1) from urea; 3) 50% N from urea and 50% N from CD; 4) 50% N from urea and 50% N from PM; 5) 100% N from CD; and 6) 100% N from PM— were compared. Two mega varieties—BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29—were used as test crops. In BRRI dhan28, the urea treatment had the highest agronomic use efficiency (AUE), utilization efficiency (UE) and partial factor productivity (PFP) followed by urea PM treatment and absolute PM treatment. In BRRI dhan29, the urea PM treatment had the highest AUE followed by absolute urea treatment while the urea PM treatment gave the highest UE and PFP followed by urea treatment and urea CD treatment. The absolute PM treatment gave the highest physiological efficiency (PE) followed by absolute urea treatment in BRRI dhan28. In BRRI dhan29, the absolute PM treatment had the highest PE followed by urea treatment and urea PM treatment. The absolute PM treatment had the highest agro physiological efficiency (APE) both in BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29. Based on this finding, it is concluded that the practice of integrated use of organic and chemical fertilizer has the scope to reduce chemical fertilizer and also contribute to increasing nitrogen use efficiency.


ABSTRACT Aquareovirus, a member of the familyReoviridae, is a large virus with multiple capsid layers surrounding a genome composed of 11 segments of double-stranded RNA. Biochemical studies have shown that treatment with the proteolytic agent trypsin significantly alters the infectivity of the virus. The most infectious stage of the virus is produced by a 5-min treatment with trypsin. However, prolonged trypsin treatment almost completely abolishes the infectivity. We have used three-dimensional electron cryomicroscopy to gain insight into the structural basis of protease-induced alterations in infectivity by examining the structural changes in the virion at various time intervals of trypsin treatment. Our data show that after 5 min of trypsinization, projection-like spikes made of VP7 (35 kDa), associated with the underlying trimeric subunits, are completely removed. Concurrent with the removal of VP7, conformational changes are observed in the trimeric subunit composed of putative VP5 (71 kDa). The removal of VP7 and the accompanied structural changes may expose regions in the putative VP5 important for cell entry processes. Prolonged trypsinization not only entirely removes the outer capsid layer, producing the poorly infectious core particle, but also causes significant conformational changes in the turret protein. These changes result in shortening of the turret and narrowing of its central channel. The turret, as in orthoreoviruses, is likely to play a major role in the capping and translocation of mRNA during transcription, and the observed conformational flexibility in the turret protein may have implications in rendering the particle transcriptionally active or inactive.


Adverse effects on fertility are a significant problem for premenopausal breast cancer patients. Since April 2009, we have been referring young patients for fertility counseling provided by a multidisciplinary team. Here we evaluated the efficacy and safety of our current fertility preservation approach. We retrospectively analyzed the cases of 277 patients < 45 years old at diagnosis, which was made between 2009 and 2016. Seventy-two (26%) patients received fertility counseling. Seventeen (6%) of the 277 patients decided to preserve their fertility before starting adjuvant systemic therapy. Six (35%) patients underwent oocyte cryopreservation, and 11 (65%) married patients opted for embryo cryopreservation. There were no pregnancies among the patients undergoing oocyte cryopreservation, whereas 3 (27%) of the patients who opted for embryo cryopreservation became pregnant. Two (12%) patients stopped endocrine therapy after 2 years in an effort to become pregnant, but their breast cancers recurred. Though the problem of fertility loss for breast cancer patients is important and we should assess the infertility risk for all patients, we should also consider the prognosis. In June 2016, we launched a prospective multicenter cohort study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of fertility preservation in greater detail.


The human fetal immune system is naturally exposed to maternal allogeneic cells, maternal antibodies, and pathogens. As such, it is faced with a considerable challenge with respect to the balance between immune reactivity and tolerance. Here, we show that fetal natural killer (NK) cells differentiate early in utero and are highly responsive to cytokines and antibody-mediated stimulation but respond poorly to HLA class I-negative target cells. Strikingly, expression of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) did not educate fetal NK cells but rendered them hyporesponsive to target cells lacking HLA class I. In addition, fetal NK cells were highly susceptible to TGF-β-mediated suppression, and blocking of TGF-β signaling enhanced fetal NK cell responses to target cells. Our data demonstrate that KIR-mediated hyporesponsiveness and TGF-β-mediated suppression are major factors determining human fetal NK cell hyporesponsiveness to HLA class I-negative target cells and provide a potential mechanism for fetal-maternal tolerance in utero. Finally, our results provide a basis for understanding the role of fetal NK cells in pregnancy complications in which NK cells could be involved, for example, during in utero infections and anti-RhD-induced fetal anemia.


Mediator is a highly conserved protein complex regulating RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription. It also mediates transcriptional signals from several gene-specific transcription factors. In higher eukaryotes the core Mediator comprises 26 subunits organized into three distinct modules; head, middle, and tail. Separate kinase module regulating the activity of the Mediator is formed by MED12, MED13, Cyclin C, and CDK8/19. Mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene on Xq13.1 encodes MED12 protein which links the kinase module to the Mediator core and is required for Cyclin C-dependent CDK8 activity. Somatic mutations in 5′-terminus of MED12 are highly frequent in uterine leiomyomas and in breast fibroadenomas. Similar mutations occur recurrently, although with lower frequencies, also in uterine leiomyosarcomas and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. All the observed mutations have been missense mutations or in-frame insertions and deletions in exons 1 and 2. Functional analyses have indicated that mutations in both exon 1 and exon 2 lead to dissociation of Cyclin C-CDK8/19 from the core Mediator, loss of Mediator-associated CDK kinase activity, and similar global gene expression profiles. Following the initial observation of MED12 mutations in uterine leiomyomas, exome sequencing study by Barbieri and co-workers identified a recurrent MED12 mutation in prostate cancer. Seven mutations were observed in total and strikingly five of these affected the same codon in exon 26 resulting in substitution of leucine 1224 with phenylalanine. The same L1224F mutation has been observed in prostate cancer in sequencing efforts by The Cancer Genome Atlas. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which the mutation causes tumorigenesis in prostate cancer. To identify the possible effects on protein-protein interactions, we generated stable and inducible HEK293 Flp-In cell lines expressing MED12 wild type and L1224F mutant protein and performed affinity purification followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Interactions with other subunits of the Mediator core and the kinase module were further analyzed with immunoprecipitations accompanied with Western blotting. In addition, Mediator-associated CDK kinase activity of the kinase modules with respective protein constructs were measured. Based on these analyzes, L1224F mutation does not interfere the interaction between MED12 and Cyclin C-CDK8/19, and thus does not lead to reduced Mediator-associated CDK kinase activity. Significant decrease was, however, observed in the binding of L1224F mutant versus wild type protein with several other Mediator subunits. These results indicate that prostate cancer-specific MED12 mutation is promoting tumorigenesis through clearly distinct mechanisms than the ones seen in myomagenesis. Citation Format: Kati Kampjarvi, Nam Hee Kim, Min Ju Park, Mikko Turunen, Netta Makinen, Tuomas Heikkinen, Salla Keskitalo, Markku Varjosalo, Thomas G. Boyer, Pia Vahteristo. Functional analysis of prostate cancer-specific MED12 mutation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4961. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4961


Recently, many studies have discussed that MNC subsidiary operations rely not solely on their parent company's knowledge instillation but their own generation from combining local experience and knowledge inflows. And this new knowledge will then trigger further innovation. Our model for this study is aimed at testing the impacts of knowledge inflows/outflows on subsidiaries' innovation, as well as the moderating effect of trust on the above relationship. According to the results of this study, several conclusions were made as followings: (1) For MNC's subsidiaries, not only knowledge inflows from parent firms or peer firms but also knowledge outflows to parent firms or peer firms did have significantly positive impact on subsidiaries' innovation. (2) It was also found that trust did not show significant moderating effects on the interrelationship between knowledge inflows/outflows and MNC's innovation.


Clinical characteristics and therapeutic problems of neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) occurring in the acute stage of severe subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were examined. The relationship between SAH and NPE was studied in 208 patients who arrived at the hospital in the acute stage (within 24 hours after the onset) of severe SAH in the past nine years. NPE was observed in four (6%) of 64 Grade III patients, nine (18%) of 49 Grade IV patients and 20 (21%) of 95 Grade V patients. Higher grade patients tended to be complicated by NPE more frequently. CT findings of these 33 patients with NPE belonged to Fisher's Group 3 or 4 (23 of 110 group-3 patients and 10 of 88 group-4 patients). Concerning ECG abnormalities, depression of ST segment, abnormal T waves, sinus tachycardia, and right bundle-branch block were observed more frequently in the NPE group than in the non-NPE group. In comparison of the age, blood pressure, PaO2, serum electrolyte, WBC, and blood sugar level on admission between the two groups, significantly higher values of diastolic pressure and blood sugar levels were shown in the NPE group than non-NPE group. The mean interval between the onset of SAH and the diagnosis of NPE on chest film was 2.5 hours, while the NPE findings disappeared within three days after the onset of SAH (mean 1.2 days). In all cases, the NPE findings disappeared after a variety of respiratory managements had been carried out.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


SUMMARY 1. We integrated a 20-year ecological data set from a sparsely inhabited, snowmelt-dominated catchment with hydrologic models to predict the effects of hydrologic shifts on stream biofilm. 2. We used a stepwise multiple regression to assess the relationship between hydrology and biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll-a (chl-a) under recent climate conditions. Biofilm AFDM was significantly related to the timing of peak streamflow, and chl-a was significantly related to the timing of median streamflow. We applied these results to output from the variable infiltration capacity hydrologic model, which predicted hydrology under a baseline scenario (+0 C) and a range of warming scenarios expected with climate change (+1, +2 or +3 C). 3. When compared to the baseline, the results indicated that earlier peakflows predicted under warming scenarios may lead to earlier initiation of biofilm growth. This may increase biofilm AFDM during the summer by up to 103% (±29) in the +3 C scenario. Moreover, interannual variability of AFDM was predicted to increase up to 300%. Average chl-a during the summer increased by up to 90% (±15) in the +3 C scenario; however, its response was not significantly different from baseline in most years. 4. Because hydrologic change may alter the temporal dynamics of biofilm growth, it may affect the seasonal dynamics of biofilm quality (i.e. chl-a-to-AFDM ratio). The results indicated that hydrologic shifts may increase biofilm quality during the spring, but may decrease it during the summer. Thus, we provide evidence that predicted hydrologic shifts in snowmelt-dominated streams may alter the quantity and quality of an important basal resource. However, the magnitudes of these predictions are likely to be affected by other environmental changes that are occurring with climate change (e.g. increased wildfire activity and stream warming).


Objective: To analyze the expressions of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) driver genes and their mutation distribution characteristics in the Yunnan-Kweichow plateau, and to provide evidences for personalized molecular targeted therapy of lung cancer in high-incidence areas. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the medical records of patients with NSCLC who underwent combined lung cancer 8 gene detection, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), rat sarcoma viral oncogene (RAS), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), RET proto-oncogene (RET), v-Raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (BRAF), ROS proto-oncogene 1 (ROS1), human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2), and cellular-mesenchymal to epithelial transition factor (MET), from January 2016 to August 2019 in Yunnan Cancer Hospital. Besides, we analyzed the expressions of NSCLC driver genes and their mutation distributions. Results: The positive rate of NSCLC driver genes in Yunnan was 67.05%(1 508/2 249). The mutation rates in Xishuangbanna (76.92%), Yuxi (72.38%), Xuanwei (71.88%), Qujing (71.24%), and Honghe (71.79%) were significantly higher than other areas. The mutation rates of Hui (84.38%), Hani (85.00%), Zhuang (75.00%), Buyi (100%), Manchu (100%), Tujia (100%) and Achang (100%) are significantly higher than the minority national average. Driver gene mutations were related to gender (P<0.001), smoking history (P<0.001), age (P<0.001), pathological type (P<0.001), and whether the Xuanwei area (P=0.027), but not related to the nationality (P=0.748) and family history of lung cancer (P=0.676). The mutation rates of EGFR, RAS, BRAF, HER-2 and MET genes were 44.46%, 10.98%, 1.24%, 0.89% and 0.76%, and the rearrangement rates of ALK, RET and ROS1 genes were 4.67%, 1.29% and 0.89%, respectively.The mutation rate of EGFR in females was 56.67%, which was higher than 33.19% in males (P<0.001). The mutation rate of RAS in males was 12.66%, which was higher than 9.17% in females (P=0.010). The mutation rate of RAS in the Han was 11.49%, which was higher than 7.17% in the minority (P=0.032). The rate of RAS mutation in Xuanwei patients was 24.74%, significantly higher than 8.15% in non-Xuanwei area (P<0.001), and the EGFR mutation rate was 40.63%, which was lower than 45.25% in non-Xuanwei area (P=0.045). The rate of ALK rearrangement in Xuanwei patients was 1.56%, which was significantly lower than 5.31% in the non-Xuanwei area (P<0.001), and no HER-2 mutation patients were detected in Xuanwei area. The mutation rate of EGFR in patients with non-smoking history was 51.10%, significantly higher than 29.70% of patients with smoking history (P<0.001). Meanwhile, the rate of ALK rearrangement with non-smoking history patients was 5.35%, which was also higher than 3.16% of patients with smoking history (P<0.001). The rate of RAS mutation in patients with non-smoking history was 9.34%, lower than 14.63% of patients with smoking history (P=0.008). Conclusions: The positive rate of driven gene expression in NSCLC patients from the Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau is slightly lower than the national average. The rates of EGFR and RAS mutations are similar to the domestic average. The rates of ROS1, ALK and RET genes rearrangements and the rates of BRAF, HER2 and MET gene mutations are slightly lower than the national average. EGFR, RAS and ALK genes in the NSCLC patients from Yunnan-Kweichow Plateau have high positive rates, and display different demographic and clinical characteristics, which are of great significance in the selection of targeted therapy populations.


A tunable gyrotron is used as the radiation source in a far-forward scattering experiment to investigate the density fluctuations associated with the appearance of discrete Alfven wave (DAW) resonances and kinetic Alfven waves (KAWs) in the TORTUS tokamak plasma. A new arrangement of a quasioptical antenna and a Gaussian telescope focuses the gyrotron output into the plasma. Predictions of the scattered amplitude and phase take into account the diffraction and refraction of a Gaussian beam in the plasma. The scattering experiments enable DAW resonances and KAWs to be identified, and their characteristics are in broad agreement with the predictions.


In the midst of the global SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological crisis unfolds another contagion: the eviction epidemic. This essay attends to the work of Moms for Housing, an organization of formerly homeless and marginally housed Black mothers in Oakland, California who have organized to confront dispossession, real-estate speculation, and the privatization of housing. Using Black feminist and queer of color intellectual frameworks as ciphers through which to interpret and properly attribute weight to the organization's activism, the essay argues that Moms for Housing not only offers potential flightlines toward a post-property future—one in which housing is positioned as a basic human right—but also a generative critique of the home as a site of racialized and gendered subject formation. Indeed, through their work, the reconception of kinship formation and territorial formation are understood to be mutually constitutive, abolitionist projects.


Abstract Saliva has been reported as a potential biological fluid for biochemical monitoring. This study investigated salivary markers of exercise intensity, oral mucosal immunity, and redox homeostasis in soccer athletes subjected to an acute high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol characterised by a repeated sprint ability test. Thirty-two professional soccer athletes were recruited and saliva aliquots were collected at rest and immediately after HIIE protocol. When compared with pre-test values we observed that HIIE protocol induced moderate changes for total protein (p = .015; effect size (ES) = 0.51; smallest worthwhile change (SWC)factor = 5.7) and for cortisol levels (p < .0001; ES = 0.49; SWCfactor = 3.9). Lactate levels showed very large changes (p < .000; ES = 1.35; SWCfactor = 10.8), while Ig-A alterations were considered unclear. Besides, transferrin changes were trivial and maintained its levels at rest and after HIIE below the proposed threshold of 0.5 mg/dL. Regarding redox homeostasis we observed unclear effects for TBARs, MDA, GSH, GSSG, CAT, and SOD while uric acid showed large decreases (p = .005; ES = 0.80; SWCfactor = −5.4). HIIE protocol as a physical test conducted in soccer athletes increased salivary concentration of exercise intensity markers, such as lactate, total protein, and cortisol, but did not affect Ig-A levels. Redox homeostasis in saliva seems to be more related with uric acid levels as a possible key factor TBARs homeostasis.


Vitamin B12 in doses of 500 to 3000 µg. was given by mouth or by rectum to patients with megaloblastic anemia due to B12 deficiency and to normal subjects. Its absorption was studied by following the hematologic response and/or the changes in serum and urinary B12 concentrations by microbiologic assay with Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. After oral doses of 1000 to 3000 µg. of B12 there was a definite but variable hematologic response in the thirty-five patients. The serum B12 concentrations, measured in eighteen of these patients, increased in the first twenty-four hours after the dose. The urinary excretion of B12 increased in fifteen out of sixteen patients, but the average amount excreted was only one quarter of that excreted after intramuscular injections producing comparable hematologic responses. The lower urinary excretion after the oral doses was associated with a lower total and uncombined B12 concentration in the serum. In the majority of patients serum B12 concentrations and urinary B12 excretion reached a maximum in the first six hours after the dose. After oral doses of 3000 µg. there was a rise in serum and urinary B12 in three out of four normal subjects. After doses of 500 µg., there was an increase in the serum B12 concentrations of two normal subjects and of one out of two patients with megaloblastic anemia, but there was no change in urinary B12 excretion. After rectal doses of 1000 or 3000 µg. there was evidence of absorption of the vitamin in seven out of eight patients with pernicious anemia.


Lotus corniculatus L. (birdsfoot trefoil) is a perennial legume forage species native to the Mediterranean basin, well adapted to marginal environments. In the present study, the regrowth pattern of two L. corniculatus natural populations from different origins was examined under optimum and limited irrigation. Plants from two semi-arid areas of northern Greece (Macedonia) were selected and transplanted to pots. They were grown under a transparent shelter in two water regimes: (1) irrigation up to field capacity, and (2) limited irrigation (40% of optimum). Plants were harvested at different dates (phenological stages) in spring and left to regrow. The harvested plants grew for 8, 30, 39 and 46 days. The yield, the leaf and stem weight and the number of stems were measured and the leaf weight ratio (LWR) was calculated. The results showed that limited irrigation reduced the yield and the number of stems of both tested populations. There was a greater decrease in stem biomass than of leaves, giving higher LWR under limited irrigation, especially in the 'Drama' population. This decline in yield suggests that this species is suitable for cultivation in semiarid Mediterranean areas under rain-fed conditions.


The standard model of elementary particles (SM) suffers from various problems, such as power-law ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity, exclusion of general relativity (GR), and absence of a dark matter candidate. The LHC experiments, according to which the TeV domain appears to be empty of new particles, started sidelining TeV-scale SUSY and other known cures of the UV sensitivity. In search for a remedy, in this work, it is revealed that affine curvature can emerge in a way restoring gauge symmetries explicitly broken by the UV cutoff. This emergent curvature cures the UV sensitivity and incorporates GR as symmetry-restoring emergent gravity (symmergent gravity, in brief) if a new physics sector (NP) exists to generate the Planck scale and if SM+NP is Fermi-Bose balanced. This setup, carrying fingerprints of trans-Planckian SUSY, predicts that gravity is Einstein (no higher-curvature terms), cosmic/gamma rays can originate from heavy NP scalars, and the UV cutoff might take right value to suppress the cosmological constant (alleviating fine-tuning with SUSY). The NP does not have to couple to the SM. In fact, NP-SM coupling can take any value from zero to ΛSM2/ΛNP2 if the SM is not to jump from ΛSM≈500  GeV to the NP scale ΛNP. The zero coupling, certifying an undetectable NP, agrees with all the collider and dark matter bounds at present. The seesawic bound ΛSM2/ΛNP2, directly verifiable at colliders, implies that (i) dark matter must have a mass ≲ΛSM, (ii) Higgs-curvature coupling must be ≈1.3%, (iii) the SM RGEs must remain nearly as in the SM, and (iv) right-handed neutrinos must have a mass ≲1000  TeV. These signatures serve as a concise testbed for symmergence.


The world is experiencing a historic convergence of increasing demand for natural resources from emerging economies, prices at record levels across various commodity groups, a downward trend in resource supply, serious trends of ecological instability, and the rise of inequality between those who develop and profit from such resources and the communities that host them. As the world convenes in 2012 for the Rio+20 Earth Summit and marks 50 years since the passage of the UN Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, natural resources are once again changing the geopolitical landscape of countries around the world. Three and a half billion people?half of the global population?live in 56 resource-rich and resource-dependent developing countries, representing less than one third of the 193 members of the UN. (?)


Background: L-carnitine seems to be able to prevent complications after heart surgery using Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and the adverse effects of pump usage. This study aimed to evaluates the effects of L-carnitine on cardiac biomarkers and operation characteristics after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Methods and materials: In this randomized triple-blinded, sixty patients undergoing elective CABG surgery were divided into three equal groups to receive 2gr oral L-carnitine (group A), 5gr oral L-carnitine (group B) and placebo (group C) 2 hours before surgery. IL-6, creatinine, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HS–CRP) levels, CK-MB, cardiac troponin and inotrope administration in ICU or after CPB were recorded for all patients at baseline levels and at 8 or 24 hours postoperatively. Results: There was an evidence of a significant difference in CPK-MB level and number of red blood cell packed used in group A was lower than group C (p<0.05). The cardiac troponin level 8 hours after surgery significantly decreased in two treatment groups in comparison to group C (p<0.05). The need for inotropic support after weaning from CPB, in B group was statistically higher than C group (p=0.021). Conclusion: Although L-carnitine adjunct therapy appears not to be associated with IL-6 and HS–CRP levels, it had beneficial effects on cardiac troponin and CPK-MB levels.


Introduction: Local anesthesia is an essential stage for dental procedures, with comfort and no pain. Objectives: In order to observe the local anesthetic tech- nique performed by undergraduate students of PUC-Campinas, held a non- interventional observational study. Methods: For this, filled with 26 forms in which we observed the following issues: local anesthesia, aspiration prior local anesthetic injection time, number of tubes used, students' knowledge about the type of salt used anesthetic, weight and systemic condition of the patient. Results: The results showed that 92.3% of students assessed using topical anesthetic, none prior aspiration, only 3.85% had knowledge about the patient's weight and 69.23% of the students knew which anesthetic salt was being used without consulting in tubete (p <0.0001 Chi-Square for the above results). Conclusion: Concludes that the evaluated graduation students didn't meet properly all necessary steps to achieve a correct local anesthesia technique in children.


The results of the study of rimantadine effectiveness in a viral-bacterial infection in white mice caused by a mixture of influenza A2 virus (10 LD50) and hemolytic streptococcus group A (350 million bacteria). The drug showed no prophylactic or therapeutic effect in the mixed infection, whereas in influenza infection in the animals which served as a positive control rimantadine had marked antiviral activity (P less than 0.001). It is assumed that the lack of the drug effectiveness against the mixed infection is due to the formation in the animals of virus-microbe complexes which are conducive to an increase of infectious virus titers and virus resistance to various treatments.


There have been many studies that have documented the application of crash severity models to explore the relationship between accident severity and its contributing factors. Although a large amount of work has been done on different types of models, no research has been conducted about quantifying the sample size requirements for crash severity modeling. Similar to count data models, small data sets could significantly influence model performance. The objective of this study is therefore to examine the effects of sample size for the three most commonly used crash severity models: multinomial logit, ordered probit and mixed logit models. The study objective is accomplished via a Monte-Carlo approach using simulated and observed crash data. The results of this study are consistent with prior expectations in that small sample sizes significantly affect the development of crash severity models, no matter which type is used. Furthermore, among the three models, the mixed logit model requires the largest sample size, while the ordered probit model requires the lowest sample size. The sample size requirement for the multinomial logit model is located between these two models.


Since 1924, Boliden has been operating nearly 50 mines and 13 concentrators in Sweden and an additional 6 mines in other countries. In the last 10-15 years, substantial effort has been put into reclamation of closed sites. As a general principle, site specific solutions have been developed, aiming at walk away solutions. The techniques used are in most cases combinations of flooding and dry cover, but also innovations such as groundwater saturation have been introduced. Various methods to enhance the integrity of the reclaimed area by establishing sustainable vegetation have been applied. A significant step forward has been taken by using various waste fractions from the municipal society. Without exception, the results have surpassed the forecast. New ecosystems are developing, with a wide variety of species on reclaimed areas and fish populations are establishing in flooded tailings ponds. The challenge for the future will be to develop principles and methods for transferring reclaimed areas back to society. To accomplish such a process, innovative solutions for new land uses will be required. This calls for an approach that reaches beyond the strictly technical considerations. This paper will give a brief review of the principles and the programme for mine site reclamation and the technical considerations involved, focusing on the conditions in Sweden, where the majority of the sites in the reference list are found.


Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a key compound in the energy metabolism of cells and is required to drive vital biochemical reactions. In heterotrophic organisms ATP production is coupled to the degradation of energy-rich organic material taken up from the environment. In the transfer of the environmental energy to cellular processes heterotrophs face a tradeoff, since the conversion of the environmental energy into ATP cannot be both maximally fast and efficient. Here we show how tradeoffs between rate and yield of ATP production arise firstly from thermodynamical principles, and secondly for the ATP production by respiration and fermentation. Using methods derived from game theory and population dynamics we investigate the evolutionary consequences for both tradeoffs. We show that spatially structured environments enable the evolution of efficient pathways with high yield. The strategies of ATP production realized in a population, however, depend on the quantitative properties of the tradeoffs.


We tested the hypothesis that rat soleus muscle fiber growth and changes in myosin phenotype during the postnatal, preweaning period would be largely independent of weight bearing. The hindlimbs of one group of pups were unloaded intermittently from postnatal day 4 to day 21: the pups were isolated from the dam for 5 h during unloading and returned for nursing for 1 h. Control pups were either maintained with the dam as normal or put on an alternating feeding schedule as described above. The enlargement of mass (approximately 3 times), increase in myonuclear number (approximately 1.6 times) and myonuclear domain (approximately 2.6 times), and transformation toward a slow fiber phenotype (from 56 to 70% fibers expressing type I myosin heavy chain) observed in controls were inhibited by hindlimb unloading. These properties were normalized to control levels or higher within 1 mo of reambulation beginning immediately after the unloading period. Therefore, chronic unloading essentially stopped the ontogenetic developmental processes of 1) net increase in DNA available for transcription, 2) increase in amount of cytoplasm sustained by that DNA pool, and 3) normal transition of myosin isoforms that occur in some fibers from birth to weaning. It is concluded that normal ontogenetic development of a postural muscle is highly dependent on the gravitational environment even during the early postnatal period, when full weight-bearing activity is not routine.


In this paper a new Web-based multi-tier model for Distributed Automation Systems is proposed. The presented model is constructed for scalability, flexibility and platform independence. Based on the model, integration of automation and business information systems is attained. The model consists of four tiers: Client tier, Presentation tier, Services tier and Data tier. To achieve reliability and security a functional separation of the services' roles is suggested. The clients' interaction with the system is based on standard HTTP. The Presentation tier is implemented using J2EE technology and acts as point of presence for the services provided by the Services tier. The main application logic of the model is located on the Services tier. The communication between Presentation and Services tiers is based on XML encoded messages. The Data tier incorporates Databases and Controller Networks.


In a previous work we applied a discrete symmetry (2') in order to light fermions acquire mass only at one loop level. This symmetry and the assumption of alignment between fermions and sfermions allow us to avoid FCNC problems. Here a more general hypothesis of flavor mixing in the sfermion sector of MSSM is considered and we show that the s quark is heavier than u,d quarks due to different content of sfermions contributions. Our results are in agreement with the experimental constraint on the values of sfermions masses.


A new color-based image retrieval method is proposed in the paper. The quantization precision of this algorithm is higher than that of supervised method and its efficiency well than unsupervised way. First, through the distance-matrix of color, the sample image is clustered in a self-organizing way, thus its palette can be obtained. Based on the palette, other images in the database are mapped in terms of min-distance. In this way, a uniform histogram according to the same palette can be obtained for each image in the database. Besides, this algorithm also combines the main color area to represent the spatial distribution of color. The experiments show that the method can gain very good experimental results which match human visual percept well.


Water vapor is an important climate variable that to date has been poorly
modelled by Atmospheric General Circulation Models. Unphysical, negative
water vapor concentrations are common and simulations suffer from excessive
'noise'. In consequence, model cloud and precipitation fields are poorly defined
and the calculation of the radiation balance of the model atmosphere is
compromised. These effects are particularly severe in the region of the poles.
Negative water vapor concentrations in spectral models result from spectral
approximation in the horizontal, and centred-difference advection in the vertical.
Investigations in the horizontal domain reveal a mismatch between the features
of the water vapor mixing ratio variable and the features of the approximating
functions: namely, surface water vapor mixing ratio varies from about 20 g/kg
at the Equator to about 0.01 g/kg at the poles, but the spherical harmonic
functions of the spectral approximation fit the field in a least-squares sense.
Overshoots and undershoots are produced in the approximation to the field and
undershoots lead to negatives where the field is close to zero, i.e. over extensive
areas of the polar regions.
Investigations in the vertical domain reveal that centred-differencing
overestimates moisture advection where the water vapor mixing ratio gradients
are strongly negative, and this leads to negative water vapor concentrations,
particularly in the tropics in the region below the hygropause.
A review of various numerical options for improving water vapor simulation
reveals the advantages of flux-limited advection in a finite-difference framework,
and the advantages of choosing relative humidity as the prognostic moisture
variable in a spectral framework.
Implementation of relative humidity as the prognostic moisture variable in a
spectral Atmospheric General Circulation Model confirms the conclusions of
these investigations. The resulting water vapor simulations are free of negative
water vapor concentrations, cloud and precipitation fields are significantly more
coherent, and the simulation of the polar climate is vastly improved. Problems
are encountered with the simulation of the stratosphere and the conservation of
moisture due to the specifics of the model formulation. Recommendations for
overcoming these problems are outlined.


The non-stationary RLS algorithm is used for decision feedback equalization of time varying channels. We consider Markovian time variations of the impulse response of the channel as in radio mobile communications. The non-stationary RLS algorithm has the capacity to learn in real time about time varying model of the channel, so it presents a better tracking capacity than the classical ones. Hence, it is able to improve the bit error rate especially for severe propagation conditions.


"This bulletin deals with the dry-farming methods practiced on grain farms in the Pacific Northwest, where the rainfall is less than 15 to 18 inches annually, but it also contains advice helpful to all farmers of that region who practice summer fallowing. Its purpose is to show the possibility of increasing crop yields in the dry-farming areas by using improved methods and to discuss the practices which have been found most advantageous. ...The highest yields have been secured by plowing in the early spring and giving enough cultivation after plowing to keep the weeds well under control. The purposes of summer fallowing and details of the methods by which it is accomplished are given, and the application of these methods to the cultivation of "blow" soils and "nonblow" soils. Methods are suggested for preventing and stopping the blowing of soils. Attention is given to the saving of man labor by the use of large power units, methods of seeding winter and spring wheat are outlined, and suggestions are made for maintaining the organic matter in the soil." -- p. ii


The task of building general agents that perform well over a wide range of tasks has been an important goal in reinforcement learning since its inception. The problem has been subject of research of a large body of work, with performance frequently measured by observing scores over the wide range of environments contained in the Atari 57 benchmark. Agent57 was the first agent to surpass the human benchmark on all 57 games, but this came at the cost of poor data-efficiency, requiring nearly 80 billion frames of experience to achieve. Taking Agent57 as a starting point, we employ a diverse set of strategies to achieve a 200-fold reduction of experience needed for all games to outperform the human baseline within our novel agent MEME. We investigate a range of instabilities and bottlenecks we encountered while reducing the data regime, and propose effective solutions to build a more robust and efficient agent. We also demonstrate competitive performance with high-performing methods such as Muesli and MuZero. Our contributions aim to achieve faster propagation of learning signals related to rare events, stabilize learning under differing value scales, improve the neural network architecture, and make updates more robust under a rapidly-changing policy.


Background: The largest COVID-19 national lockdown was declared on 25 March 2020 in India with a total shutdown of workplaces and transport sectors. A complete lockdown deemed the entire population of the country to stay wherever they were residing at that point of time with no entry or exit movements being permitted thereafter. This unique situation betwixt a menacing health crisis rolled out a scenario uncustomary to the nation's citizens. The varied responses of the masses to the lockdown need to be captured in order to understand the difficulties and dilemmas faced by them. Hence, this qualitative analysis aimed to capture the immediate challenges and experiences faced by the working population during the first-ever declared nationwide lockdown. Methodology: After obtaining institutional ethical committee clearance, a qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory approach. Using purposive sampling, people representative of the working-class population in Kerala were selected from three districts of the state. Equal representation of males and females were maintained. In-depth interviews were conducted via telephone using an interview guide till data saturation was obtained. The audio recorded data were later transcribed verbatim and translated to English. The transcripts were then manually coded to identify the emerging themes and subthemes and conclusions were drawn after triangulation. Results: The age of the study participants ranged from 32 to 71 years, they were occupied in different vocations and belonged to middle-class families across three districts of Kerala. All of them were aware and were mentally prepared for a national lockdown. They also made arrangements such as purchase of food, drinking water, medicines, etc., for home but also for office as well. Even though most of them were initially excited about the lockdown it was then followed by fear of contracting the disease, worries about loss of work and financial security. The study participants identified the advantages of lockdown as having more time for self & for family, use of the online/digital medium for routine activities and many also appreciated the support provided by the government in the form of food kits and loans. The lockdown was found to have increased the workload especially for women who had to manage not only family but also online work from home. Conclusion: The study was able to capture the different experiences and challenges faced by the middle-class working population. Even though they went through a cascade of initial excitement followed by fear of contracting the disease, it eventually turned into concerns of job and financial insecurities. The united frontline work of various sectors like police, health sector, local self-government, Kudumbashree and voluntary groups collectively aided in building community resilience enabling the southern state of Kerala to overcome the devastating effects of the pandemic and lockdown.


This paper describes the architecture of a fully digital receiver well suited for Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite radio-navigation and other spread-spectrum applications. The unique design of this receiver allows phase coherent measurements to be made across a broad range of frequencies, enabling optimal combination of a set of measurements from signals on different frequencies, for example GPS L1, L2, and L3, GLONASS or ground-based pseudolites. The receiver methodology provides precise absolute positioning measurements by maintaining phase coherency between frequencies of interest by direct L-band digital sampling. A one-bit sampler head is discussed that is suitable for navigation and digital communications applications. Surveillance applications can be accommodated with an expanded, multi-bit sampler. The design is particularly suited for chip set integration leading to a miniaturized and low cost receiver. Design of the receiver's digital front-end provides coherency between the code and carrier phase of the measurements across a 400 MHz bandwidth with down-conversion effected by digital techniques. In addition, it features a software configurable topology that enables filter parameters to be loaded dynamically, allowing rapid change of tracking frequency. The flexible "software receiver" architecture has been developed to allow the receiver to be dynamically reconfigured for different applications. This allows the receiver channels to be used for GPS navigation, ionospheric calibration, attitude determination, or even GLONASS navigation simply through software commands. Sampler performance criteria are discussed as well as test data demonstrating the effect of sampler performance on the receiver correlation loss.<<ETX>>


Objective and methods Migraine patients are characterized by increased amplitude and reduced habituation of contingent negative variation (CNV). Furthermore, the CNV underlies periodic changes during the pain-free interval, being maximal before attack. The periodicity of CNV is related to periodic changes in habituation, probably due to variation of orienting activity during the pain-free interval. CNV and orienting response (OR) were studied in 20 females suffering from migraine without aura and in 12 matched healthy females. The neurophysiological recordings in the group of patients were performed 1–4 days before and 4 days after a migraine attack. The amplitudes and habituation of early and late components and total CNV were calculated. The OR was assessed using the habituation of the skin conductance response (SCR) and alpha blocking (AB). The non-parametric tests were employed for statistical analysis. Results There were no differences between the two groups for habituation of all CNV components and of SCR following an attack. However, the habituation of AB was significantly reduced in migraine. Before attack we observed a significantly reduced habituation of the early and total CNV and of the AB compared to controls and recordings performed after an attack. The habituation of the late component and of SCR remained unchanged. Conclusions The abnormal habituation could be explained by the periodic changes of physiological parameters during the pain-free interval. The impaired habituation of early CNV in migraine is associated with increased orienting activity seen only in the central component (AB) of OR.


OBJECTIVE
Limb graft occlusion (LGO) is a recognised complication after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). We present outcomes of a case series of LGO treated by percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy (PMT).

METHODS
Six male patients (mean age 70.5 ± 7.5 years) presented with LGO after EVAR (n = 4), fenestrated EVAR with an iliac branch device (n = 1), branched EVAR (n = 1). Median time to occlusion was 28.5(IQR 90) weeks; all occlusions were unilateral. The presenting symptom was intermittent claudication (n = 4), chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (n = 1) or acute limb ischaemia (n = 1). PMT was undertaken using the 10F Rotarex Rotational Excisional Atherectomy System (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, USA) with optional stenting/reline of the affected limb.

RESULTS
LGO was cleared in all 6 cases by PMT with limb stenting (n = 4)/limb reline (n = 2)/outflow stenting (n = 2). Post-operatively, novel oral anticoagulant therapy supplemented prior antiplatelet therapy in all cases. Length of stay was 2 (IQR 19) days. All cleared limbs remain patent at median 15 (IQR 185) weeks follow-up.

CONCLUSION
This case series indicates that percutaneous mechanical thrombectomy is associated with high technical success rates and subsequent acceptable ensuing short-to-midterm patency. This approach is a valid alternative to surgical interventions in such cases, and represents our primary approach when LGO is encountered after EVAR.


As an alternative to the more traditional utility-based models. this article proposes and tests a rulebased approach to modeling tourist choice behavior. The CHAID tree-induction algorithm is used to formulate and test tourists' decision rules for the choice of season. The article shows that a set of 100 exclusive and exhaustive decision rules equals the predictive performance of a MNL model involving 255 parameters. Moreover, it is shown that the number of parameters of a MNL model can be reduced without decreasing the predictive performance by using CHAID preprocessed condition states. Overall, however, none of the models clearly outperforms the other models.


Quantitave Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA provides highly sensitive and specific data for detecting CMV as well as monitoring the infection and determining the appropriate antiviral strategy.To determine the clinical application of a recently introduced real-time (RT) PCR assay for CMV DNA quantitation in peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and defining its correlation with the commercial quantitative end-point (EP) PCR method COBAS AMPLICOR CMV Monitor and pp65 antigen test. Sequential PBL samples (n=158) from 32 liver transplanted patients with CMV asymptomatic infection and positive for CMV DNA by EP-PCR were retrospectively analysed with RT-PCR and studied according to pp65 antigen levels. A good correlation was found between RT-PCR and pp65 antigen test (r=0.691) and between the two PCR assays (r=0.761). RT-PCR data were significantly higher in pre-emptive treated patients (those with >20 pp65+positive cells, median value: 3.8 log10 copies/500,000 PBLs) than in not-treated ones (2.9 logs).According to pp65 levels of 0, 1-10, 11-20, 21-50, 51-100 and >100 positive cells/200,000 PBLs, median CMV DNA load by RT-PCR was 2.6, 3.0, 3.6, 4.0. 4.2 and 4.8, log10 copies/ 500,000 PBLs, respectively (EP-PCR CMV DNA levels: 2. 8, 2.9, 3.8, 3.7, 3.9 and 4.0 logs). For samples with >20 pp65+cells, that is above the level at which pre-emptive therapy was started, RT-PCR values were significantly higher than in groups with less than 20 pp65+cells, whereas EP-PCR values did not significantly differ and showed a slower progression rate. Dilutions of DNA from CMV AD169 strain were used to probe RT-PCR reproducibility (between and intra-assay variability < 2%) and sensitivity (100% detection rate at 10 copies/reaction, 28.5% with EP-PCR). A significant improvement is coming from the introduction of RT-PCR to the study of CMV DNA dynamics in differently CMV infected patients due to a more reliable quantitation of CMV DNA for moderate and high DNA level compared to EP-PCR with better sensitivity and specificity. RTPCR gives more precise informations on viral load kinetics for evaluating the infection progress and assessing antiviral response, significantly simplifying and accelerating the process of producing a reliable quantification of CMV DNA for clinical purposes.


*Originally printed in Free Inquiry in Creative Sociology 1990 18(2). It is argued that power is best understood as a moral category rather than as a causal category for purposes of social analysis. Since the exercise of power implies the violation of preferences, it is a moral problem which requires the identification of a responsible party for remedy. If a social analysis does not make responsible actors and relevant moralities manifest, the analysis emasculates the fundamental moral resources available to the party over whom power is exercised. Concepts of power involving closed, substituted, simultaneous, and negotiated moral universes are examined from this perspective.


The importance of the bioactivation of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate was studied. Forty minutes after 1-naphthylisothiocyanate administration to rats, bile was collected over a 2.5-h period; the liver was then excised and homogenized. 1-naphthylisothiocyanate and its metabolites in bile and liver of rats were identified and quantified using coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three main compounds were found in all 1-naphthylisothiocyanate-treated animals. They were identified as 1-naphthyl isocyanate, 1-naphthylamine and the parent compound, 1-naphthylisothiocyanate. When rats were given cycloheximide, which attenuates 1-naphthylisothiocyanate toxicity, 30 min before 1-naphthylisothiocyanate (300 mg/kg), 1-naphthyl isocyanate concentration was significantly lower than in rats receiving only 1-naphthylisothiocyanate. The appearance of 1-naphthylamine was also inhibited by cycloheximide, although not to the same extent as 1-naphthyl isocyanate. On the other hand, phenobarbital, which potentiates 1-naphthylisothiocyanate hepatotoxicity, enhanced 1-naphthyl isocyanate and 1-naphthylamine formation. It is suggested that 1-naphthyl isocyanate, 1-naphthylamine and the highly reactive sulfur released from 1-naphthylisothiocyanate might be involved in the hepatotoxic effect of 1-naphthylisothiocyanate.


: The cardiovascular effects of equipotent (minimum alveolar concentration; MAC) doses of halothane versus halothane plus 25% N2O (H25N2O) in spontaneously breathing dogs do not differe except that nitrous oxide increased mean arterial pressure (AP) and decreased arterial oxygen partial pressure (PAO2). When 75% nitrous oxide was added to halothane anesthesia, AP, mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and left ventricular work (LVW) increased and PAO2 and hemoglobin saturation decreased. Arterial oxygen tensions below 80 torr were common at moderate and deep anesthetic levels of halothane plus 75% N2O (H75N2O). The specific contribution of N2O, hypoxemia, hypercapnia, or temporal recovery (or a combination of these) in producing cardiovascular stimulation were not determined.


[1] We present results of a survey of the nightside ionosphere of Mars as observed by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) on board the Mars Express spacecraft. The occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is studied as a function of solar zenith angle (SZA), magnetic field magnitude, and magnetic field inclination. It is shown that at locations with weak crustal magnetic fields the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere decreases with increasing SZA up to about 125°, suggesting that plasma transport from the dayside plays a crucial role in its formation. However, at locations with strong crustal magnetic fields, the dependence on SZA is no longer apparent and the inclination of magnetic field becomes a crucial parameter: the occurrence rate of the nightside ionosphere is more than 4 times larger at locations with nearly vertical magnetic fields as compared to the locations with nearly horizontal magnetic fields. This indicates that impact ionization by precipitating electrons is the main ionization source at these locations. Observed peak electron densities are less than 2 × 104 cm−3 in the vast majority of cases. Lower estimates of altitudes of peak electron densities are mostly between 100 and 150 km.


This article originally appeared in the March 2014 Alternative Dispute Resolution Committee newsletter.IN Denmark and the rest of Scandinavia, the idea of alternative dispute resolutionsuch as mediation-is still young and full of unutilized potential. Ten years have gone by since the mediator education giving lawyers the opportunity to become certified mediators was first introduced in Denmark. Therefore, it is season for a retrospect of the past decade of mediation in Scandinaviahow has the development been and where can we improve as we go forward?The Development in ScandinaviaSince 2003, Denmark has promoted a mediation education program aiming at educating lawyers to become certified mediators. Mediators are members of the organization Danish Mediation Lawyers and, with the support of the Danish Bar and Law Society, this organization established the Danish Mediation Institute with a view to offer mediation solutions in private and commercial disputes. Since 2003, mediation has also been offered by the Danish Institute of Arbitration.At the time when the education program was first introduced, no Danish lawyers were certified mediators or the like, and the number of commercial disputes settled by mediation was very limited. At that time, meditation was only used in a few family law disputes. Now, according to official sources, roughly 400 lawyers are certified mediators, and 20 disputes were settled by mediation in 2013, as compared to 15 in 2012.These are the official figures provided by the official Danish Mediation Institute. To these figures must be added an unknown number of ad hoc mediation cases which have presumably also taken place.Based on information provided by the official mediation institutes of the two other Scandinavian countries, Sweden and Norway, the situation is the same throughout the rest of Scandinavia.The figures show that development is heading in the right direction. However, as compared to, for instance, the U.S., the number of disputes settled by mediation in Scandinavia is still insignificant and disappointing.Mediation as a Cost-Saving MeansMediation is time-saving and consequently cost-saving. Obviously, no court or arbitration tribunal can compete with a time frame of three months in which most mediation cases are concluded.Contrary to litigation and arbitration, mediation implies resolving the dispute according to the interests and needs of the parties and, therefore, fundamental legal arguments, such as the liability for damages, the lack of notice or the calculation of the claim, lose the spotlight.Mediation can be seen as a compromise solution leaving no winners and no losers. However, since the unchallengeable truth is that time is money, lawyers and their clients ought to make up their minds as to whether winning a case for them means a court approval of their legal arguments or a settlement of the case with an "as much as possible outcome", which the counterparty is willing to accept.If both parties to a dispute would make up their minds on the latter-which I assume will often be the case-mediation could also be seen as leaving two winners. And by choosing mediation, the parties may, following a settlement, continue to do business with each other, which would have been completely compromised by any award or ruling.Costs are of course involved when appointing the mediators and preparing the mediation meeting, but the savings are still very significant as compared to litigation and arbitration as approximately 70% of all mediation cases results in settlements. Only the remaining 30% of all mediation cases proceed to litigation or arbitration and, even then, the case has arguably been trimmed and the essence of the dispute is clearer than before the mediation, and therefore the costs have not been futile.Difference in How We See Disputes?It gives food for thought why, after a decade with all options open for resolving disputes by mediation, we Scandinavians still lag way behind the Americans. …


This paper assessed the model performance accuracies of 3 forecast-based architectures (Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM; Convolutional Neural Network, Conv2D and hybrid ConvLSTM2D) for multivariate inputs to multi-steps wind speed and direction forecasts. These high-level neural network-based architectures were setup with the Keras sequential models trained to learn the historical patterns from the processed weather input datasets. To build these forecast models, the sampled time series weather observations at different station heights were obtained and reshaped for network layer compatibility, while the Adamax algorithm for the network optimization was considered. The trained and evaluated model performances with different input data sequences (normalized/un-normalized) were assessed while the forecast results were also compared with the Actual and Conv1D models. Upon optimal network training, the Conv2D model returned MSE, MAE and RMSE estimated values of 0.82, 4.48 and 0.91 %, respectively; the LSTM model returned 1.03, 4.75 and 1.01 %; while the ConvLSTM2D model returned 2.11, 10.13 and 1.45 %, respectively. Also, Conv2D validated model values of 3.16, 14.73 and 1.77 % were obtained %, respectively; 3.21, 14.98 and 1.82, for the LSTM-based; while ConvLSTM2D model returned 3.27, 15.92 and 1.91 %, respectively. Studied finding results show that better prediction and evaluation could be achieved for all the trained model architectures as compared to the untrained models. Also, from the predicted model results, the Keras sequential models were found to be useful for replicating the time-series historical wind speed and direction based on the well-tuned model hyperparameters as well as the input sequence structure


Biomedical sciences are a lot of sciences applying sections
 of standard science or formal science, or both, to encourage
 data, mediations, or advancement that are helpful in clinical
 consideration or general wellbeing. Such educates as clinical
 microbiology, clinical virology, clinical the investigation of
 sickness transmission, genetic the investigation of infection
 transmission, and biomedical planning are clinical sciences.
 In explaining physiological instruments working in
 hypochondriac cycles, in any case, pathophysiology can be
seen as basic science.