Unimolecular fragmentation reactions of peptides in low-energy collision-induced dissociation are reviewed in the mechanistic context of five-membered ring formation. This structure of intermediates or of fragment ions is recognized as a key element that governs unimolecular peptide fragmentation within the structural framework determined by the peptide backbone and its side-chains. A collection of collision-induced dissociation reactions is presented covering (i) b-ion formation, (ii) the fragmentation of N-terminally acylated peptides, (iii) neutral loss of the C-terminal amino acid in alkali or silver cationized peptides, (iv) the fragmentation of isoAsp-containing peptides and (v) the fragmentation of negatively charged Asp- or Glu-containing peptides. It appears that for all possible nucleophile-electrophile interactions leading to a five-membered ring structure an associated unimolecular peptide fragmentation reaction can be observed.


Agricultural land rental markets contribute towards structural change in the farming sector by offering farmers the opportunity to adjust their farm size without committing to a transfer of land ownership. In Irish agriculture, the share of agricultural land being rented is however, among the lowest in Europe. Many Irish farmers continue to produce output and remain in agricultural employment despite persistently negative market returns. This implies that land-use decisions are not solely influenced by market returns. In this paper, we utilize Teagasc National Farm survey data to analyse the agricultural land rental market in Ireland with a newly developed microsimulation model. This model is compared to an equilibrium model of the land rental market. The microsimulation model has a number of advantages over the equilibrium model in addressing path dependency, the interaction between landowners and tenants and the farm size concentration. The model requires some further refinement in simulating the variability of land rental prices between contracts.


The research explores what
and how sound does in certain art practices; it lends an ear to so-called
material-discursive events that come into expression as in/determined sonic
occurrences.

The dissertation has three main objectives. Firstly, it describes sonic art
practice as experimental research and makes a case for curating such practices
as a form of research; it positions this type of research as a contribution to
new forms of knowledge and provides a resource for future research-creations
and evaluation practices. Secondly, it brings together philosophy and art to
elaborate a genuine manner of working with sonic matter (mattering); it
conceptualizes and materializes novel ways of thinking, and creates a case for
writing itself as practice and curating/producing art as theory; that is, it
seeks to practice what it theorizes and vice versa. Thirdly, it advocates a
certain transformation of self that lets us side-step ourselves, intervene and
invent possible worlds or future fabulations. Practicing a process-oriented
exploration complexifies as it advances; it creates resonances between theory
and practice, between audience and sound art, between the written thesis –
inclusive of presented artifacts – and the reader. It wants not to reduce but
foster awareness of the ongoing complexity of life.


Analysis of a planar diode multiplier from 85-170 GHz is described. The doubler uses a waveguide mount with two series pairs of diodes in a balanced structure. Because of the difficulties in conventional scale model measurements, numerical electromagnetic simulation based on the finite element method was chosen for the analysis, using a commercial program. To optimize the diode design, the de-embedded diode terminal impedance was studied, as well as the power balance between the diodes. The analysis showed that the matching of the diode impedance to that of the waveguide is quite sensitive to the diode substrate thickness. Thicknesses from 25-100 /spl mu/m in GaAs were studied as well as 100-/spl mu/m-thick quartz. The accuracy of the theoretical analysis was verified by careful measurements using a slotted line to determine the diode terminal impedance under large signal pump, for frequencies between 80 and 90 GHz. Good agreement between the measured and simulated diode terminal impedance was observed, although full agreement requires the addition of an empirical loss term. Several options are considered for the source of this loss. >


Non-Steroid-Anti-Inflammatory-Drugs (NSAIDs) are the main focal points of linkage between inflammation and cancer. These compounds affect the catalytic conversion of Arachidonic Acid to the main molecules of prostaglandin family. These exchanges are catalyzed by CycloOxygenase isozymes called COX I & II which are constitutive proteins in important organs like liver or kidney and inducible one in inflamed tissues or tumors, respectively. This study discusses on a new mechanistic approach through discovery of 4th generation of NSAIDs. Here utilizing combinations of online databases including DRUG BANK and PUBCHEM in conjunction with computational algorithms like Fast Flexible Docking as in FLEXX software followed by applying new filtering processes including extraction of structural descriptors by means of PASS software. Also, correlation between docking scores and bioactivities were analyzed by SPSS software. However, important molecular substructures were analyzed with Library MCS software for detailed constructional engineering of the compounds. All molecules and substructures were searched for their potential anti inflammatory activity in databases and searching engines such as ISI, GOOGLE and etc. Consequently, new drug candidates were appeared in novel resources in order to synthesize, buy or extract for future in vitro assays.


This research used the SBM model based on undesirable outputs to measure the static environmental efficiency of Western China under carbon emission constraint from 2000 to 2012. The researchers also utilized the Malmquist index to further analyze the change tendency of environmental efficiency. Additionally, Tobit regression analysis was used to study the factors relevant to environmental efficiency. Practical solutions to improve environmental quality in Western China were put forward. The study showed that in Western China, environmental efficiency with carbon emission constraint was significantly lower than that without carbon emission constraint, and the difference could be described as an inverse U-shaped curve which increased at first and then decreased. Guang-xi and Inner Mongolia, the two provinces met the effective environmental efficiency levels all the time under carbon emission constraint. However, the five provinces of Guizhou, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Xinjiang did not. Furthermore, Ningxia had the lowest level of environmental efficiency, with a score between 0.281-0.386. Although the environmental efficiency of most provinces was currently at an ineffective level, the environmental efficiency quality was gradually improving at an average speed of 6.6%. Excessive CO2 emission and a large amount of energy consumption were the primary factors causing environmental inefficiency in Western China, and energy intensity had the most negative impact on the environmental efficiency. The increase of import and export trade reduced the environmental efficiency significantly in Western China, while the increase of foreign direct investment had a positive effect on its environmental efficiency.


A theoretic model based on the concepts of constrained arbitrage and capital mobility is proposed to interpret closed-end fund puzzles. Although a discount for a closed-end fund's price relative to its net asset value is more prevalent, our model never excludes the possibility of a premium, which depends on the relative magnitude of the key parameters for the closed-end fund and its component stocks. Since closed-end funds tend to be more owned by individual investors who are less likely to be active traders due to investor inertia, and investor enthusiasm is usually higher for stocks than for closed-end funds, the aggregated price of component stocks will be more likely higher than the price of the closed-end fund, thus leading to the discount. Our model further shows that a closed-end fund's discount is negatively related to its expected dividends and the interest rate. The above results are reproduced by simulation.


Purpose Trunk muscle weakness in the children with cerebral palsy can lead to postural and alignment : problems, breathing difficulties, and so on. Therefore, children with cerebral palsy can benefit from exercises that strengthen the muscles in their trunks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk muscle strengthening exercise on functional gross movement and balance ability in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Methods We used single group repeated measure design in 8 children(four males, four females; aged 6~12 : years; mean 8.3 years) with diplegia. The functional gross motor outcome measured by using the GMFM and balance ability of all children was measured by pediatric balance scale. All participants were alternately received trunk strengthening exercise and neurodevelopment treatment for 40 minutes twice per week during 8 weeks. Results Significant and clinical meaningful improvement in functional gross motor and balance ability were : shown. Conclusion The results indicate that trunk strengthening exercise has a positive effect on both functional gross : motor and balance ability in children with spastic diaplegic cerebral palsy.


In three types of obesity in the mouse, obese-hyperglycemic syndrome, goldthioglucose obesity and hypothalamic obesity, there is observed an increase in intestinal absorption of glucose when the dose of glucose administered is sufficient. The difference with normal animals is due neither to differences in gastrointestinal weight nor to differences in rate of gastric emptying. This phenomenon appears to be an adaptative result of prolonged hyperphagia.


Causal set non-local wave operators allow both for the definition of an action for causal set theory and the study of deviations from local physics that may have interesting phenomenological consequences. It was previously shown that, in all dimensions, the (unique) minimal discrete operators give averaged continuum non-local operators that reduce to □ − R / 2 in the local limit. Recently, dropping the constraint of minimality, it was shown that there exist an infinite number of discrete operators satisfying basic physical requirements and with the right local limit in flat spacetime. In this work, we consider this entire class of generalized causal set d'Alembertins in curved spacetimes and extend to them the result about the universality of the −R/2 factor. Finally, we comment on the relation of this result to the Einstein equivalence principle.


Finding patterns in data that defy expected behavior is what anomaly detection entails. In many application fields, these incorrect patterns are referred to as contaminants, abnormalities, exceptions, or outliers. The significance of anomaly detection is that it helps to identify irregularities in data across a range of application domains and turns them into valuable information. When the yarn tension signals are inspected, anomaly states in the signals are seen in situations where it malfunctions for whatever reason. This distinction makes it possible to predict whether the twister is malfunctioning. So, a bigger issue is avoided. The employment of Cluster-Based Algorithms, Statistical Method Algorithms, and other techniques to identify anomalies is common in the literature. The yarn tension signals in the twisting machines have been analyzed in this work using independent component analysis, and the problematic signal locations have been identified. The proposed method has been contrasted with other ways, and it has produced the highest success rate.


Vinigrol is a structurally and stereochemically complex natural product that displays various potent pharmacological activities, including the capability to modulate TNF-α. A new and efficient synthetic route toward this natural product has been developed to complete the asymmetric synthesis of (-)-vinigrol and provide over 600 mg of material, manifesting the power of macrocyclic stereocontrol and transannular Diels-Alder reaction.


The collisional quenching rate-coefficient of electronically excited Br(42P1/2) atoms by N2O molecules has been measured using the time-resolved fluorescence technique. The rates of deactivation of N2O(00°1) by N2O, Br2, and inert gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and SF6) have also been measured. By comparing the intensities of Br(42P1/2) and N2O(00°1) emissions, it was possible to determine the rate of Electronic to Vibrational energy transfer from Br(42P1/2) to the (00°1) level in N2O. This rate was found to be (2.45 ± 0.7) × 104 s-1 Torr-1.


Interactions involving hydrogen transfer were studied in a coculture of two hyperthermophilic microorganisms: Thermotoga maritima, an anaerobic heterotroph, and Methanococcus jannaschii, a hydrogenotrophic methanogen. Cell densities of T. maritima increased 10-fold when cocultured with M. jannaschii at 85 degrees C, and the methanogen was able to grow in the absence of externally supplied H(2) and CO(2). The coculture could not be established if the two organisms were physically separated by a dialysis membrane, suggesting the importance of spatial proximity. The significance of spatial proximity was also supported by cell cytometry, where the methanogen was only found in cell sorts at or above 4.5 microm in samples of the coculture in exponential phase. An unstructured mathematical model was used to compare the influence of hydrogen transport and metabolic properties on mesophilic and hyperthermophilic cocultures. Calculations suggest the increases in methanogenesis rates with temperature result from greater interactions between the methanogenic and fermentative organisms, as evidenced by the sharp decline in H(2) concentration in the proximity of a hyperthermophilic methanogen. The experimental and modeling results presented here illustrate the need to consider the interactions within hyperthermophilic consortia when choosing isolation strategies and evaluating biotransformations at elevated temperatures.


Tie2-mediated loss of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (cid:1) in mice causes PDGF receptor- (cid:2) -dependent pulmonary arterial muscularization. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 297: L1082–L1090, 2009. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00199.2009.—Per-oxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)- (cid:1) is reduced in pulmonary arteries (PAs) of patients with PA hypertension (PAH), and we reported that deletion of PPAR (cid:1) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of transgenic mice results in PAH. However, the sequelae of loss of PPAR (cid:1) in PA endothelial cells (ECs) are unknown. Therefore, we bred Tie2-Cre mice with PPAR (cid:1) flox/flox mice to induce EC loss of PPAR (cid:1) (Tie2 PPAR (cid:1) (cid:3) / (cid:3) ), and we assessed PAH by right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), RV hypertrophy (RVH), and muscularized distal PAs in room air (RA), after chronic hypoxia (CH), and after 4 wk of recovery in RA (Rec-RA). The Tie2 PPAR (cid:1) (cid:3) / (cid:3) mice developed spontaneous PAH in RA with increased RVSP, RVH, and muscularized PAs vs. wild type (WT); both genotypes exhibited a similar degree of PAH following chronic hypoxia, but Tie2 PPAR (cid:1) (cid:3) / (cid:3) mice had more residual PAH compared with WT mice after Rec-RA. The Tie2 PPAR (cid:1) (cid:3) / (cid:3) vs. WT mice in RA had increased platelet-derived growth factor receptor- (cid:2) (PDGF-R (cid:2) ) expression and signaling, despite an elevation in the PPAR (cid:1) target apolipoprotein E, an inhibitor of PDGF signaling. Inhibition of PDGF-R (cid:2) signaling with imatinib, however, was sufficient to reverse the PAH observed in the Tie2 PPAR (cid:1) (cid:3) / (cid:3) mice. Thus the disruption of PPAR (cid:1) signaling in EC is sufficient to cause mild PAH and to impair recovery from CH-induced PAH. Inhibition of heightened PDGF-R (cid:2) signaling is sufficient to reverse PAH in this genetic model. formed. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc anal- ysis was used to assess changes in a given genotype related to hypoxia and recovery vs. room air. A P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


This dissertation examines the role that the building of royal mortuary complexes (RMC hereafter) played in the consolidation of the Egyptian state between the reigns of kings Khasekhemwy and Shepseskaf, c. 2,700-2,500 BC. The theoretical basis for this research is inspired by cross-cultural studies that demonstrate (a) that monuments are not only the after-effect of a centralised state system, but may themselves be integrative strategies that contribute more directly to a state's formation and consolidation and (b) that a monument's location and construction materials reflect both logistical and symbolic concerns with salient socio-political scope. The main analysis offered here consists of a sequential, monument-by-monument archaeological assessment of RMC location and construction materials with a particular emphasis on the role of a specialist workforce. This research combines both quantitative and qualitative methods that help flesh out possible logistical and symbolic implications associated with the decisionmaking process behind each RMC. The working and symbolic properties of a whole range of construction materials is determined via careful use of the limited contemporary, and more abundant later, Egyptian documentary sources, as well as demonstrable patterns of material use in the archaeological record. A geoarchaeological analysis of mudbrick provides an important category of additional information on the sourcing of mudbrick and the labour organisation, which has received only limited attention. A locational and materials-based approach brings together a wealth of complementary information pertaining to the functional and symbolic aspects of these monuments, and their wider landscapes that is usually treated separately and selectively. It also provides the tools necessary for addressing the use of mudbrick in architecture during this early period and a well-known shift from mudbrick to stone in RMCs. Overall it provides a more dynamic and holistic framework for understanding the role that monumental building played in this early period of the Egyptian Pharaonic state.


Several difficulties are faced in joining thinner sheets of similar and dissimilar materials from fusion welding processes such as resistance welding and laser welding. Ultrasonic metal welding overcomes many of these difficulties by using high frequency vibration and applied pressure to create a solid-state weld. Ultrasonic metal welding is an effective technique in joining small components, such as in wire bonding, but is also capable of joining thicker sheet, depending on the control of welding conditions. This study presents the design, characterisation and test of a lateral-drive ultrasonic metal welding device. The ultrasonic welding horn is modelled using finite element analysis and its vibration behaviour is characterised experimentally to ensure ultrasonic energy is delivered to the weld coupon. The welding stack and fixtures are then designed and mounted on a test machine to allow a series of experiments to be conducted for various welding and ultrasonic parameters. Weld strength is subsequently analysed using tensile-shear tests. Control of the vibration amplitude profile through the weld cycle is used to enhance weld strength and quality, providing an opportunity to reduce part marking. Optical microscopic examination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the weld quality. The results show how the weld quality is particularly sensitive to the combination of clamping force and vibration amplitude of the welding tip.


SUMMARY: Twenty-nine arginine auxotrophs of Proteus mirabilis strain 13 have been divided into eight groups which represent different biochemical blocks in the arginine biosynthetic pathway. The mutants were classified according to their growth requirements, syntrophism, accumulation of intermediates and enzyme deficiencies. The steps in the pathway are the same as those of Escherichia coli although mutants will not utilize N-α-acetyl-L-ornithine or N-acetyl-L-glutamate. However, these two substances were shown to be intermediates. Ornithine is synthesized via the linear route common to entero-bacteria and not by transacetylation between Nα-acetyl-L-ornithine and L-glutamate as in some other bacteria and yeasts.


The topography of the interaction between histone H1 and the histone octamer has been investigated. Bovine thymus nuclei or enzymatically fragmented chromatin were treated 1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, which catalyzes the formation of covalent bonds between residues of proteins in electrostatic contact. Histone H1-core histone dimers were identified and the segments of molecules participating in crosslinking were elucidated. The results demonstrate that the major histone H1-core histone dimer generated upon carbodiimide crosslinking of intact nuclei, chromatin, or mononucleosomes consists of the segment of histone H1 containing amino acids 74-106 crosslinked to the segment of histone H2A containing amino acids 58-129. Thus, the central globular region of histone H1 intimately contacts the histone octamer. Besides histone H1-H2 dimers, two other histone H1-containing crosslinked products were detected. In these instances, the segments of histone H1 molecules containing amino acids 1-72 were shown to participate in crosslinking. The histone H1 contact points defined here all occur within mononucleosomes and not between nucleosomes. These results permit the formulation of a testable model for the arrangement of histone H1 along polynucleosome chains.


This paper explores the effect of economic growth on income inequality in Iran using annual data over the period 1976-2010. Weighted-average least square (WALS) approach has employed to analyze the effect of economic growth on income inequality. The results indicate that economic growth in Iran is inclined to more inequality. Thus economic growth policy needs to be revised fundamentally. JEL classifications:


SummaryIn the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis the interplay of endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is disturbed. Oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs), important stimulators of atherosclerotic plaque formation in vessels, modify the growth response of both cell types. To compare growth responses of ECs and SMCs of the same vessel with oxLDLs, we developed a method to isolate both cell types from the vessel walls of umbilical cords by enzymatic digestion. The method further allowed the simultaneous isolation of venous and arterial cells from a single umbilical cord. In culture, venous ECs showed an elongated appearance compared with arterial ECs, whereas SMCs of artery and vein did not look different. Smooth muscle cells of both vessel types responded to oxLDLs (60 μg/ml) with an increase in their [3H]-thymidine incorporation into DNA. On the contrary, ECs of artery or vein decreased [3H]-thymidine incorporation and cell number in the presence of oxLDLs (60 μg/ml) of increasing oxidation grade. Thus, human umbilical SMCs and ECs of the same vessel show a disparate growth response toward oxLDLs. But the physiologically more relevant minimal oxLDLs did not decrease proliferation in venous ECs but only in arterial ECs. This difference in tolerance toward minimal oxLDLs should be taken into account while using venous or arterial ECs of umbilical cord for research in atherosclerosis. Further differences of venous and arterial ECs in tolerance toward minimal oxLDLs could be of clinical relevance for coronary artery bypass grafts.


The number of non-profit organizations has grown considerably over the last decades, however management control techniques are not being introduced with the same frequency as in lucrative organizations. The increased competition in this sector has created a growing interest in management control techniques but with little empirical research in the area. With the aim to throw some light over the uses of management control in professional associations we have focused in the associations for economists in Spain as a particular case of a non-lucrative body. Specifically, the paper comprises three surveys addressed to the following sectors: 1) To the 30 Spanish associations of economists. 2) To associations related to the business and/or economics area operating in the United Kingdom. 3) To members of the association of economists in Catalonia (Col.legi d'Economistes de Catalunya). Results indicate that management accounting tools are used exceptionally, many times only the minimum legal requirements. The critical situation of the associations of economists in Spain requires the implementation of information systems, specially taking into account the different specialities of economists and offering to its members, services and products that are not available through profit organizations.


The purpose of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the social media addictions of secondary school, high school and university students. 998 students participated in the study. 476 students from secondary schools, high schools and universities participated in the first application during which the exploratory factor analysis of the scale was conducted. 298 students participated in the second application during which the confirmatory factor analysis was carried out. Test-retest method was used to determine the consistency of the scale with the participation of 224 student. Expert opinion, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, total item correlations, mean differences between upper and lower groups, internal consistency coefficient and test-retest correlation coefficients were calculated within the scope of assessing the validity and reliability of the research. According to the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the scale has a 4-factor structure accounting for 53.16% of the total variance. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) coefficient and the Bartlett's test were found significant respectively at .96 and χ2=12680.88 (p=.00). Internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach's alpha coefficient) was found .93 for the whole scale and at values ranging from .81 to .86 for the sub-factors. Test-retest coefficient was found .94. In conclusion, SMA-SF is a 5-point Likert-type scale consisting of 29 items grouped under 4 factors (virtual tolerance, virtual communication, virtual problem and virtual information). The statistical analysis indicates that the scale is valid and reliable enough to be used in determining the social media addictions of secondary school, high school and university students.


Crystalline nanocellulose was prepared from Semantan bamboo (Gigantochloa scortechinii) via acid hydrolysis and was used to synthesize a nanocomposite of polyaniline/crystalline nanocellulose (PANi/CNC) via in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline in the presence of crystalline nanocellulose. The electrochemical properties of the nanocomposite were studied using a modified PANi/CNC electrode via cyclic voltammetry, and higher current response was observed for the PANi/CNC-modified electrode compared to that for the modified electrode with PANi. The results obtained from EIS displayed lower value of Rct for the PANi/CNCmodified electrode, indicating that the incorporation of CNC into the PANi structure could enhance the electron transfer rate. The characteristic peaks of PANi and CNC were observed in the FTIR spectra of the nanocomposite, indicating the incorporation of CNC inside the nanocomposite structure. Moreover, in the XRD diffractogram, lower crystallinity was observed at the 2 theta values of 22.6 and 16.1 for PANi/CNC compared to that for pure CNC. The FESEM images showed high porosity of the nanostructure with no phase separation, revealing the homogenous polymerization of the monomer on the surface of the crystalline cellulose. Aggregation of PANi particles was observed with the increasing aniline concentration.


Within the framework of finite temperature feld theory this paper discusses the shear viscosity of hot QED plasma through Kubo formula at one-loop skeleton diagram level with a finite chemical potential. The effective widths (damping rates) are introduced to regulate the pinch singularities and then gives a reliable estimation of the shear viscous coefficient. The finite chemical potential contributes positively compared to the pure temperature case. The result agrees with that from the kinetics theory qualitatively.


Identity-based revocation system (IBRS) generates the ciphertext with a revoked identity list such that only the non-revoked identities can use their private keys to decrypt this ciphertext. IBRS can be efficiently applied in some practical applications, such as the pay-TV systems when the number of revoked identities are much less than the non-revoked ones. However, since IBRS is based on identity-based cryptography, it also suffers from the inherent key escrow problem where the private key generator (PKG) has full control of each user's private key. As a consequence, it is hard to judge whether a pirated private key is generated by the PKG or the suspected user. There is no study on IBRS fulfilling accountability in literature to date. In this paper, we introduce the notion of accountable authority IBRS (A-IBRS), which provides accountability in IBRS schemes. In an A-IBRS, the aforementioned problem can be alleviated and resolved. Furthermore, a full black-box A-IBRS can distinguish the creator of a black box between the PKG and the associated user and the dishonest PKG is allowed to access the decryption results of the user private key. We formalize the definition and security models of the full black-box A-IBRS schemes. Then, we present a concrete full black-box A-IBRS scheme with constant-size master public key and private key. Finally, we prove the security of our scheme under the defined security models without random oracle.


Summary

Thermal stability of sarcoplasmic protein and myofibrillar protein extracted from fresh and frozen common carp was comparatively studied. Total sulphydryl content (SH) in sarcoplasmic protein solution from 5-month frozen carp decreased by 19.43% compared with fresh sample. The SDS-PAGE patterns showed that all the bands of sarcoplasmic protein from frozen-stored samples were almost invisible at 80 °C. Myofibrillar protein from fresh sample exhibited lower turbidity and surface hydrophobicity and higher Ca2+-ATPase activity and SH content than frozen-stored sample when heated from 20 to 80 °C. The Ca2+-ATPase activity from fresh (M0), 2 (M2)- and 5 (M5)-month frozen-stored carp was completely lost at 48, 46 and 46 °C, respectively. When heated to 80 °C, the SH content of myofibrillar solutions in M0, M2 and M5 decreased by 26%, 60% and 70%, respectively. Sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins from frozen carp were more susceptible to aggregate during heating treatment.


Electropermeabilization or electroporation is the electrical disruption of a cell's membrane to introduce drugs, DNA/RNA, proteins, or other therapies into the cell. Despite four decades of study, the fundamental science of the process remains poorly understood and controversial. We measured the minimum applied electric field required for permeabilization of suspended spherical cells as a function of the cell radius for three cell lines. Key to this work is our use of optical tweezers to precisely position individual cells and enable well-defined, repeatable measurements on cells in suspension. Our findings call into question fundamental assumptions common to all theoretical treatments that we know of. It is generally expected that, for individual cells from a particular cell line, large cells should be easier to electroporate than small ones: the minimum electric field to cause electropermeabilization should scale inversely with the cell diameter. We found instead that each cell line has its own characteristic field that will, on average, cause permeabilization in cells of that line. Electropermeabilization is a stochastic process: two cells which appear identical may have different permeabilization thresholds. However, for all three cell lines, we found that the minimum permeabilization field for any given cell does not depend on its size.


Multiclass classification problems are most often solved by either training a single centralized classifier on all $K$ classes, or by reducing the problem to multiple binary classification tasks. This paper explores the uncharted region between these two extremes: How can we solve the $K$-class classification problem by combining the predictions of smaller classifiers, each trained on an arbitrary number of classes $R \in \{2, 3, \ldots, K\}$? We present a mathematical framework for answering this question, and derive bounds on the number of classifiers (in terms of $K$ and $R$) needed to accurately predict the true class of an unlabeled sample under both adversarial and stochastic assumptions. By exploiting a connection to the classical set cover problem in combinatorics, we produce an efficient, near-optimal scheme (with respect to the number of classifiers) for designing such configurations of classifiers, which recovers the well-known one-vs.-one strategy as a special case when $R=2$. Experiments with the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets show that our scheme is capable of matching the performance of centralized classifiers in practice. The results suggest that our approach offers a promising direction for solving the problem of data heterogeneity which plagues current federated learning methods.


The great majority of patients with disease of the gall bladder have stones in it, yet there is no doubt that acalculous cholecystitis, though unusual, does exist. In practice the conditions found at operation may range from a perfectly normal gall bladder removed because of suspected biliary disease, through gall bladders with mild histological changes in the wall, to undoubted examples of acute, indeed even gangrenous, cholecystitis in the absence of stones. For some time the poor prognosis of patients submitted to cholecystectomy despite the absence of gross lesions in the gall bladder and with a cholecystogram that was only questionably abnormal cast doubt on whether a definite disease entity was being diagnosed. Thus W. A. Mackey, in a review of 243 such patients," found over one-third had a poor functional result. He concluded that cholecystitis without stone " seems to belong to a region on the border line between functional and organic disease." More recently F. Glenn and H. Mannix2 studied a group of 135 patients who had neither stone nor acute inflammation; these patients were in a series of 3,110 undergoing cholecystectomy. The results were somewhat unhappy; 22 had severe postoperative complications (16.3%) and there were three deaths. Of 121 of the patients followed up, a quarter had no relief from their original symptoms. Careful microscopical examination of the excised specimens showed no difference between those cases with good results and those with no improvement, so that these authors state, " One may well question the actual role of cholecystectomy in the clinical improvement." 'Yet undoubtedly acute cholecystitis, even progressing to frank gangrene and perforation, can occur in the absence of a stone. S. 0. Hoerr and J. B. Hazard,3 in reviewing 14 such cases, define four possible causes. There may be noncalculous obstruction of the cystic duct from fibrosis, kinks, or twists, or from an anomalous cystic artery or tumour. There may be infarction of the wall of the gall bladder due to arteriosclerosis or embolism. There may be reflux of pancreatic juice, producing a chemical cholecystitis. Or there may be bacterial invasion of the gall bladder wall. Typhoid cholecystitis is a good example of the last group. An interesting review of the whole subject of acalculous cholecystitis has recently come from A. M. Munster and J. R. Brown,' of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital, Boston. Out of 541 cholecystectomies 12 cases of acalculous cholecystitis were found (2.2%). There were four examples of acute cholecystitis, three more showed undoubted active chronic disease, and the remaining five had only minimal evidence of mild chronic cholecystitis. Not unexpectedly the patients with acute acalculous cholecystitis did well after surgical operation, whereas of the five with minimal disease two had persistent symptoms and one has been lost to followup. The situation can be summed up as follows. If a patient has typical symptoms and signs of gall-bladder disease in the absence of radiological evidence of stone and with normal appearances on barium-meal examination of the upper gastrointestinal tract, the surgeon may still find himself forced to perform a laparotomy. He may detect some unsuspected lesion-for example, chronic pancreatic disease. He may find tiny stones in the gall bladder which were undetected on x-ray examination, or there may be evidence of acalculous cholecystitis with gross thickening and inflammation of the wall of the gall bladder, adhesions to adjacent viscera, and other signs of disease. In these circumstances cholecystectomy will probably relieve the patient's symptoms. If the gall bladder appears normal, if the aspirated bile is clear, and if stones can still not be felt when the organ has been completely emptied, cholecystectomy is unlikely to be of value and will merely add to the possible risk of the exploratory operation.


If machine failures can be detected preemptively, then maintenance and repairs can be performed more efficiently, reducing production costs. Many machine learning techniques for performing early failure detection using vibration data have been proposed; however, these methods are often power and data-hungry, susceptible to noise, and require large amounts of data preprocessing. Also, training is usually only performed once before inference, so they do not learn and adapt as the machine ages. In this article, we propose a method of performing online, real-time anomaly detection for predictive maintenance using hierarchical temporal memory (HTM). Inspired by the human neocortex, HTMs learn and adapt continuously and are robust to noise. Using the Numenta Anomaly Benchmark, we empirically demonstrate that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms at preemptively detecting real-world cases of bearing failures and simulated 3-D printer failures. Our approach achieves an average score of 64.71, surpassing state-of-the-art deep-learning (49.38) and statistical (61.06) methods.


This study aims to examine a number of behavioral factors from students committing academic fraud in university. The subject of this research is the factors that motivate students to commit academic fraud. The Fraud Pentagon Theory and Gone Theory are used. Behavioral factors include arrogance, pressure, opportunity, rationalization, competence, greed, need, and exposure. The population in this study was the undergraduate students in the Accounting Study Program in the Faculty of Economics and Business at Surakarta Muhammadiyah University who had taken courses in Accounting Information Systems and Auditing. This study uses the convenience sampling method as the sampling technique. There were 110 respondents involved. In this study, the hypothesis is subjected to the multiple linear regression analysis.The results of this study show that the factors related to student academic fraud are mainly arrogance and opportunity. Other behavioral factors namely pressure, rationalization, competence, greed, need, and exposure have no effect on student academic fraud.


I am tempted to ask for a show of hands (but I won't) from those of you whose first memories of a GSA meeting involve seeing John and Mary Lou sitting at a table in front of the doorway to the Paleo Society Short Course. Their presence confirmed without a doubt that you had arrived in the right place in the vast network of monotonous convention center hallways and seemingly identical room numbers. Among my earliest memories of coming to these huge meetings as a graduate student was immense relief at seeing the Pojetas either at the Short Course or the Paleontological Society exhibits booth, which they have both "manned" single-handedly, times two, for many years. They would greet everyone warmly with a smile and a little joke or a useful piece of late-breaking information about the meeting, while very cleverly trying to get each and every person to buy a Short Course volume, or two or three, convincing them that the extra pounds in their luggage on the trip back home would absolutely be worth it when they finally had a chance to sit down and read through the volume. But seriously, and most importantly, the Pojetas' special gift to the Society is their ability to make everyone feel welcome and part of the community of professional paleontologists. Their unwavering support of the society, and service to the society, is legendary, and greatly, greatly appreciated.

The Pojeta Award was established this year, to recognize exceptional professional or public service by individuals or groups in the field of paleontology, for the benefit of the field of paleontology, above and beyond that …


PURPOSE
The current context of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need for home exercise strategies for the relief of neck pain, which, in recent times, has increased. However, there is a gap regarding home exercises that are aimed at reducing neck pain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop, validate and culturally adapt a home exercise protocol for neck pain.

METHODS
This was an observational study conducted in three stages: (1) Developing an online search of databases for articles on neck pain exercises. (2) Validating a panel of 12 physical therapists, using the Delphi technique, and (3) Cultural adaptation, through face-to-face assessment with individuals aged 18-30 years with neck pain (n = 15). This resulted in the production of a final version of the protocol. Consensus on the protocol items (using the five-point Likert scale) was considered when the percent agreement was equal to or greater than 75%. Individuals were also asked about pain intensity during the last week before and after performing the protocol.

RESULTS
A protocol was developed with the principles of neck and scapular stabilization and upper limb movements, for a period of 4 weeks. Nine physical therapists completed two rounds online, and all items in the second version of the protocol presented an agreement of over 75%. The protocol was culturally adapted by the target population, in which 73% of individuals presented pain reduction with a minimally clinically important difference.

CONCLUSION
A 4-week home exercise protocol was created based on the best evidence in the literature, was validated by physical therapists and adapted for the population with neck pain. It proved to be an understandable, useful, practical and convenient tool in the treatment of this disorder and demonstrated an improvement in neck pain.

CLINICALTRIALS
GOV: (NCT04187001).


In recent years, technologies of servers, networks, mobile communications, and other platforms supporting IT have advanced rapidly almost on a daily basis by the technology innovation and the diversification of the customers' demands. Accompanied by the demands for greater functionality and higher performance in these technologies, complexity and scope of product design have been increased in the product development phase compared with several years ago. However, in spite of the increases in sophistication and complexity, the market requires faster time-to-market and higher quality for those ICT products. To complete development within the period required by the market, engineers have to learn related new design methodologies or techniques. In other words, there should be plenty of knowledge in their design to be acquired, shared and utilized for development, also there are some problems of sharing and utilizing in the development organization. The author researched development knowledge in the ICT development company that he belongs to, reports the current situation and problems which were found by the surveying and interviews with engineers, created knowledge growth model in his company, and shows the requirements of practical project development knowledge management system to assist their development productivity improvement.


In this paper, we present our MSR Hackathon 2022 project that replicates an existing Gitter study [2] using GrimoireLab. We compare the previous study's pipeline with our GrimoireLab implementation in terms of speed, data consistency, organization, and the learning curve to get started. We believe our experience with GrimoireLab can help future researchers in making the right choice while implementing their data pipelines over Gitter and Github data.


BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in South China and Southeast Asia. The etiological factor is believed to be the interaction between genetic susceptibility, EBV infection and environmental factors, involved in the multi-step process of carcinogenesis and development of NPC. However, the molecular pathology of NPC is unclear yet. Kruppel-like factor 6(KLF6) is a ubiquitously expressed nuclear transcription factor, which is deleted and/or mutated with high frequency in a subset of prostate cancer. This study was designed to investigate KLF6 mutation in NPC tumors and NPC cell lines.

METHODS
Genomic DNAs from 19 NPC tumor biospies and 3 NPC cell lines were used in mutation detection of KLF6 coding region and splice sites by PCR-sequencing. 100 chromosomes from 50 random healthy individuals were used as control.

RESULTS
In 3 of 19 NPC tissues, 3 different mutations (Glu75Val, Ser136Arg, Arg243 Lys) in KLF6 gene were found by PCR-sequencing. None of the 3 mutations were detected in the 50 random healthy individuals.

CONCLUSION
KLF6 gene may be involved in carcinogenesis of sporadic NPC.


In various applications, thermoelectric active cooling systems can help maintain electronic devices at a desired temperature condition better than passive coolers. Thermoelectric Coolers (TEC) are especially useful when the temperature of a device needs to be precisely controlled. This study proposes a user-friendly graphical method for calculating the steady-state operational point of a TEC based active cooling system, including the heatsink role. The method is simple and intuitive and provides comprehensive information about the cooling system such as its feasibility, required heatsink, the TEC current, temperatures of the cold side and others. The method could help designers to examine and choose a thermoelectric module from catalogues to meet a specific cooling problem. To start using the method, designers need only the experimental TEC data provided by practically all manufacturers of such devices. The experimental results of this study verify the high accuracy of the proposed model and graphical approach.


The concept of integrable boundary value problems for soliton equations on R and R + is extended to bounded regions enclosed by smooth curves. Classes of integrable boundary conditions on a circle for the Toda lattice and its reductions are found.


The exploitation of massive amounts of food and agro-waste represents a severe social, economic, and environmental issue. Under the growing demand for food products that are free of toxic synthetic insecticides, a methanolic extract of spent coffee grounds (SCGs), which represent the main byproduct of coffee production, was applied in the current study as a bioinsecticide against the main pests of the green bean: Spodoptera littoralis, Agrotis ipsilon, Bemisia tabaci, Empoasca fabae, and Aphis craccivora. A deterrent assay, contact bioassay, and lethal concentration analysis were performed to reveal the repellent, antifeedant, and oviposition deterrent effects. Parallel to the above-mentioned bioassays, the phytochemical composition of the methanolic SCG extract was investigated via a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourteen phenolic acids and five flavonoids, in addition to caffeine (alkaloid), were identified in the extract. Cinnamic, rosmarinic, and gallic acids were the predominant phenolics, while apigenin-7-glucoside was the main flavonoid, followed by naringin, catechin, and epicatechin. The extract of SCGs showed an insecticidal effect, with a mortality between 27.5 and 76% compared to the control (7.4%) and based on the concentration of the extract used. In the same trend, the oviposition efficiency revealed different batches of laid eggs (0.67, 2.33, 7.33, and 8.67 batches/jar) for 100, 50, and 25% of the SCG extract and the control. Finally, the major components of the SCG extract were docked into the insecticide acetylcholinesterase enzyme to explore their potential for inhibition, where apigenin-7-glucoside showed a higher binding affinity, followed by catechin, compared to the control (lannate). The obtained findings could be a starting point for developing novel bioinsecticides from SCGs.


Catenary maintains the tension of the catenary using automatic tensioning devices to meet performance require m ents exhibited by the house is generated in accordance with the new external temperature changes. Double spring type autom a tic tensioning device is permanent and does not require the usual maintenance, and a deterioration due to no recognizable ab normalities characteristic of the nature of the internal state has the disadvantage that can not be confirmed. The disassembled for automatic spring-tension capabilities ensure efficient operation and life expectancy of the adjustment device via a check by analyzing the changes in old age determine the remaining lifetime is expected to be available as a basis for maintenance in the future.


Genome resequencing of five Indonesian soybean varieties resulted in a total of 2,597,286 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 257,598 insertions, and 202,157 deletions. Out of those SNPs, only 95,207 (2.15%) were located in the protein-coding region (exon). The objective of this study was to characterize 337 exon-based SNPs unique to the Indonesian soybean varieties. The study was conducted by taking SNP samples located in the exons using criteria of gene fragments containing the SNPs that were sequenced at least five times within each of the soybean varieties. Out of 95,154 gene-based SNPs detected, only 337 SNPs met the criteria. Each of the soybean varieties was genotyped with the 337 SNP loci, and the genotypic data were scored and analyzed. Results showed that 59 SNPs were common to all five soybean genotypes. A total of 43, 41, 25, 32 and 28 SNPs loci were unique to soybean genotype Davros, Grobogan, Malabar, Tambora and B3293, respectively. These unique SNPs can function as DNA fingerprints for each variety. Out of 59 common SNPs, 24 SNPs were mutations that change the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins. These genes with amino acid change may have high economic values such as those controlling soybean adaptation in tropical climate, photoperiod insensitivity, disease and insect resistance genes. Expression analyses of the genes with amino acid change showed variation in the expression pattern across different soybean tissues. Functional genomic analysis is necessary to isolate genes useful for breeding purposes.


Since the 1960s, folkloristic approaches in North America and Europe have been thematised with the keywords of performance and practice, respectively. Although the orientations built around the keywords share a concern for conceptualising folklore as a type of expressive action, significant theoretical differences are apparent. Arising at a similar juncture in the twentieth century in response to social upheaval, they differ in the use of explanation or generalisation with performance often representing singularity (and emergence) of an event and practice signifying the aggregate (and precedence) of folk behaviour. An evaluation of their trajectories into the twenty-first century suggests the more expansive explanatory potential of practice theory in folklore and folklife studies, particularly if the mission of such studies is oriented toward a "mobile ethnography" of everyday life. Although sharing sociological and anthropological theories of practice advanced by Pierre Bourdieu and Anthony Giddens, folkloristic ideas of practice focus on cognitive and cultural rationales underlying repeated, variable behaviour and framed activities.


Models were developed to study splash dispersal of fungal plant pathogens in space and time. The models incorporate the main mechanisms involved in splash dispersal, that is 1. A raindrop hits the thin water film on the crop surface containing spores and spores are dispersed in the splashing rain droplets, and 2. Splashed spores are redistributed in the crop and on the soil surface. A mechanistic random 'jump' model describes the stochastic processes of splash dispersal over a homogeneous surface from a point source. Numerical analysis showed the importance of ground cover and rain intensity as factors determining model output. More spores were splashed in high intensity rains and, simultaneously, more spores were removed from the system. A diffusion approximation was developed for this mechanistic model which could only be considered a reasonable approximation under certain limiting conditions. Based on the two-dimensional version of the mechanistic model an equation was developed for the total number of spores in the area surrounding an inoculum source over time, N(t). In addition, equations for the expected mean, E(r), and mean squared distance, E(r 2), spores travel during a rain event at a given time were developed. Observed data and model predictions showed that both N(t) and E(r 2) increased to a maximum over time and then declined due to spore removal from the system and depletion of spores at the source. Factors influencing the process could be assessed by changing parameter values. Upward displacement of lesions by stem extension and dispersal of fungal conidia by rain-splash are mechanisms contributing to within-crop disease spread. These mechanisms were incorporated into a model based on the interaction between winter oilseed rape and the light leaf spot pathogen ( Pyrenopeziza brassicae ) as an example. Experimental results showed that most conidia were dispersed during a 15 min duration of rainfall. The trajectory of a droplet depended on the impacted plant part, with a mean horizontal travel distance decreasing with increasing incident drop diameter and a maximum splash height which ranged from 0.3 cm when splashed from a flower up to 57 cm for a pod. These results were incorporated into the model. Stem extension was shown to be an important factor influencing vertical disease spread. Rain events contributed to the splash dispersal of conidia to the plant apex and resulting lesions were directed vertically by internode growth. Periods with frequent rain events in a dense crop canopy were most favorable for disease progress. The upward spread of light leaf spot on winter oilseed rape in experiments at the Institute of Arable Crops Research, Harpenden, UK, was similar to that predicted by the model. Finally, an analytical model was proposed to study the influence of crop characteristics and rain properties on the vertical spread of splashed spores. Splash dispersal was concentrated in the upper layers in a crop having a constant or increasing leaf surface area with height. The greatest splash probabilities occurred and most spores were intercepted in the layers just below the apex of a crop having a decreasing leaf surface area with height.


We report a soft template approach based on a custom-designed novel surfactant-cum-dopant for size and shape tuning of polyaniline nanomaterials such as nanofibers and nanotapes via emulsion and dispersion polymerization routes. A new amphiphilic 4-(3-dodecyl-8-enylphenyloxy) butane sulfonic acid was synthesized by ring-opening of butanesultone with renewable resource cardanol. The new amphiphilic dopant forms spherical micelles in water and its critical micelle concentration was determined by dye encapsulation and surface tension methods. In the emulsion route, the amphiphilic dopant complexed with aniline to produce cylindrical micellar aggregates that template exclusively for polyaniline nanofibers. The dispersion of aniline+dopant in water/toluene solvent mixture produces vesicles that selectively template for polyaniline nanotapes. The mechanism of the polyaniline nanomaterials formation was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). DLS of the polymerization templates in water proved the presence of micrometer range aggregates, and TEM images confirmed the shape of the cylindrical and vesicular templates. The polyaniline nanomaterials were found soluble in water and polar organic solvents for structural characterization and composition analysis by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Absorbance spectra of the nanomaterials showed free carrier tail above 900 nm in the near IR region for the delocalization of electrons in the polaron band corresponding to expanded conformation of polyaniline chains. Wide angle X-ray diffraction showed two new peaks at low angle region with d-spacing of 26.5 and 13.6 A corresponding to lamellar ordering of polyaniline chains followed by interdigitations of the amphiphilic dopant in the nanomaterials.


Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) are commonly prescribed rehabilitative therapies. Closed-loop NMES holds the promise to yield more accurate limb control, which could enable new rehabilitative procedures. However, NMES/FES can rapidly fatigue muscle, which limits potential treatments and presents several control challenges. Specifically, the stimulation intensity-force relation changes as the muscle fatigues. Additionally, the delayed response between the application of stimulation and muscle force production, termed electromechanical delay (EMD), may increase with fatigue. This paper quantifies these effects. Specifically, open-loop fatiguing protocols were applied to the quadriceps femoris muscle group of able-bodied individuals under isometric conditions, and the resulting torque was recorded. Short pulse trains were used to measure EMD with a thresholding method while long duration pulse trains were used to induce fatigue, measure EMD with a cross-correlation method, and construct recruitment curves. EMD was found to increase significantly with fatigue, and the control effectiveness (i.e., the linear slope of the recruitment curve) decreased with fatigue. Outcomes of these experiments indicate an opportunity for improved closed-loop NMES/FES control development by considering EMD to be time-varying and by considering the muscle recruitment curve to be a nonlinear, time-varying function of the stimulation input.


This is a retrospective study of 23 infrapatellar tendon ruptures in 22 patients seen at Henry Ford Hospital from 1969 to 1980. Two of the patients had a systemic disease known to predispose to tendon ruptures, while the remainder of the tendon ruptures occurred in otherwise normal individuals as the result of either repetitive or isolated trauma.


A study on the modeling and simulation of interlayer interaction in the multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) system is presented. We use an interlayer Morse potential previously developed from a local density approximation (LDA) treatment of a bilayer of graphite. We have fit this Morse potential to experimental high-pressure compressibility data for graphite and to a more extensive LDA equation of state (EOS) for graphite, and excellent agreement is observed. We employ this potential to treat the interlayer mechanics of MWCNTs, where the MWCNT is so highly deformed that interlayer separation well below approximately 0.34 nm, such as down to approximately 0.26 nm, is occurring. This, to our knowledge, is the first treatment that attempts to account for deformations that have the layers approaching each other at very high local (interlayer) stress levels. Since evaluating the interlayer potential for a large MWCNT system is computationally intensive, a continuum simulation approach is proposed that saves on computational time and thus on cost. Comparisons with experimental results of buckled and highly kinked MWCNTs are presented.


Interface delamination and film fracture induced by residual stress in the thin film were the focus of discussion in the preceding chapter where models were developed within the framework of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Such analyses did not account for the actual separation of the film from its substrate. However, there are delamination processes for which transverse deflection of the film away from the substrate becomes an important consideration in a variety of practical applications. Examples include: – transverse buckling instability of a film in compression, as in the case of a ceramic thermal barrier coating or a diamond-like carbon wear resistant coating on a metallic substrate, as illustrated in Figure 5.1, – the bulging of a segment of a thin film away from the substrate under the influence of an applied pressure, which is a deformation mode of interest for the assessment of residual stress, interface fracture energy and mechanical properties in film–substrate systems and MEMS structures, and – the forcible peeling of a film from its substrate as a means of evaluating the adhesion energy of the interface between the film and the substrate. This chapter deals with the transverse or out-of-plane deflection of a thin film, and it includes quantitative descriptions of the phenomena associated with the buckling, bulging or peeling of a film from its substrate. A common thread throughout the discussion is that system behavior extends beyond the range of geometrically linear deformation.


Electromagnetic waves in the terahertz (THz) frequency range are widely used in spectroscopy, imaging and sensing. However, commercial, table-top systems covering the entire frequency range from 100 GHz to 10 THz are not available today. Fiber-coupled spectrometers, which employ photoconductive antennas as emitters and receivers, show a bandwidth limited to 6.5 THz and some suffer from spectral artifacts above 4 THz. For these systems, we identify THz absorption in the polar substrate of the photoconductive antenna as the main reason for these limitations. To overcome them, we developed photoconductive membrane (PCM) antennas, which consist of a 1.2 µm-thin InGaAs layer bonded on a Si substrate. These antennas combine efficient THz generation and detection in InGaAs with absorption-free THz transmission through a Si substrate. With these devices, we demonstrate a fiber-coupled THz spectrometer with a total bandwidth of 10 THz and an artifact-free spectrum up to 6 THz. The PCM antennas present a promising path toward fiber-coupled, ultrabroadband THz spectrometers.


Watching it all fall apart The control of the shape and size of metal nanoparticles can be very sensitive to the growth conditions of the particles. Ye et al. studied the reverse process: They tracked the dissolution of gold nanoparticles in a redox environment inside a liquid cell within an electron microscope, controlling the particle dissolution with the electron beam. Tracking short-lived particle shapes revealed structures of greater or lesser stability. The findings suggest kinetic routes to particle sizes and shapes that would otherwise be difficult to generate. Science, this issue p. 874 Dissolution pathways and kinetic shapes of gold nanoparticles are observed inside an electron microscope. Chemists have developed mechanistic insight into numerous chemical reactions by thoroughly characterizing nonequilibrium species. Although methods to probe these processes are well established for molecules, analogous techniques for understanding intermediate structures in nanomaterials have been lacking. We monitor the shape evolution of individual anisotropic gold nanostructures as they are oxidatively etched in a graphene liquid cell with a controlled redox environment. Short-lived, nonequilibrium nanocrystals are observed, structurally analyzed, and rationalized through Monte Carlo simulations. Understanding these reaction trajectories provides important fundamental insight connecting high-energy nanocrystal morphologies to the development of kinetically stabilized surface features and demonstrates the importance of developing tools capable of probing short-lived nanoscale species at the single-particle level.


The perineal muscles and fasciae are described and illustrated, and the diaphragma urogenitalis, components of m. sphincter urethrae, and m. ischio-cavernosus are described for the first time in the cow.

The nerves of the pudendal plexus are discussed comparatively with the object of suggesting appropriate names based on their homology to the condition in other animals and man. The rami musculares to m. levator ani and m. coccygeus may originate from nn. sacrales 3 et 4, or n. pudendus, or n. rectalis caudalis. The combination of rami musculares with n. rectalis caudalis was formerly called by veterinary anatomists n. hemorrhoidalis medius, a term which should be abandoned because it is not listed in Nomina anatomica, and because it has also been applied to n. splanchnicus pelvinus in the horse. N. pudendus is large and its rami cutanei supply regio femoris caudalis as well as regio perinealis. It also gives rise to n. perinealis profundus, which supplies the genital muscles. The pudendal nerve ends by dividing into ramus mammarius and n. dorsalis clitoridis. There may be one or two nn. rectales caudales. They supply m. sphincter ani externus and adjacent parts of m. levator ani and the genital muscles.

The distribution of arteria urogenitalis (vaginalis) and a. pudenda interna are described and illustrated.


Bone is remodeled and modeled by the concerted activities of 3 cell types—osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are the cells that produce bone extracellular matrix and are responsible for its mineralization. Osteoblasts also have endocrine activity through secretion of osteocalcin, which regulates fat and energy metabolism. These cells also control the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts. Osteocytes are osteoblasts that have been incorporated into bone matrix and are cells with extensive dendritic processes through which the cells communicate with other osteocytes and with osteoblasts. Mechanical loading is sensitized by the dendritic processes and transferred to biochemical responses involved in control of osteoblast and osteoclast function. Osteocytes also have endocrine activity by releasing fibroblast growth factor 23, which is involved in phosphate secretion in kidneys. Differentiation of osteoclast mononuclear progenitors to mature multinucleated osteoclasts is regulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand, expressed by stromal cells in bone marrow or osteoblasts in bone, as well as by osteocytes. The integrated endo- and paracrine control of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts is important for maintaining bone mass and for control of remodeling and modeling processes in bone, including during orthodontic-induced tooth movement.


Abstract

 Infection control is an essential component of health care. The literature generally suggests that most health professionals' knowledge of infection control principles and standards is poor or, at the very least, inadequate. There is a paucity of research examining paramedic knowledge of infection control principles and standards, particularly in the Australian pre-hospital context. The purpose of this study was to determine paramedic knowledge of standard infection control definitions and principles in an Australian emergency medical system (EMS).
 A confidential and anonymous mail survey was distributed to all paramedics working in a State-wide Australian ambulance service (n=2274) A total of 1258 surveys were returned - a response rate of 55.3%. Only 46.2% (n=581) of the participants identified the correct components of the 'chain of infection'. Correct identification of the definition of 'nosocomial' was made by 27,9% (n=347) of participants. Less than one-fifth (17.2%, n=217) of participants identified 'standards and additional precautions' as the current system of infection control. Less than half (41.6%, n=523) of the sample correctly identified hand washing as the primary' infection control strategy' to prevent cross-infection.
 This study suggests knowledge of fundamental principles and standards of infection control among paramedics is poor in this jurisdiction and recommends the introduction of comprehensive in-service education programmes in infection control. Further research is required to investigate if, and how, these results may be realised in practice.


The saturation permeameter is a device for speedy and accurate measurement of saturation value of magnetic material; that is, for measurement of the limiting value of intrinsic induction (β) characteristic of that material. The permeameter in its present form is of the well-known bar-yoke type, with a magnetizing coil capable of producing a magnetizing force of H = 4500 g. without excessive heating. The permeameter is equipped with a compensating coil whose function is to compensate automatically for the spatial flux enclosed by the potential coil, so that the ballistic deflections indicate the saturation value without further computation or correction. The permeameter is available for accurate measurement of saturation value of such material as is saturated well within the working range of the permeameter, i. e., with a magnetizing force of H = 3000 g., or less, which includes all magnetic material used for electrical engineering purposes except those for permanent magnets and cobalt. The saturation permeameter is also available for approximately correct measurement of B or β, for range of H below the saturation point as far down as H = 200 g. In speed of testing and accuracy of the measured saturation value, this permeameter surpasses all devices for saturation measurement developed heretofore.


It is expensive to measure potential of a high voltage transmissionline by using the ordinary ways like voltage transformers, that is whyit is very important to find a new and a cheap way to measure thispotential. A worked out 3D‐ model finite element is used to estimatecapacitance values of capacitive sensor elements of a tentative nongalvanic voltage sensor for power lines. Appropriate capacitancevalues are one essential input to the algorithm that reconstructs thepower voltages. The sensor is contactless such there is no need forhigh voltage insulation which costs a lot of money. The whole systemcan be moved easily so the measurements can be done in any pointof a line.


This report is based on a qualitative follow-up study to the quantitative impact evaluation study conducted in 2012 to assess the impacts of the formalization campaign on Formalisation, business outcomes, socio-economic outcomes and credit taking behaviour. The present study complements the initial quantitative study by assessing whether the high rate of formalization among the target group clients has had further effects on relevant business and socio- economic indicators2. The initial study found the puzzling result that the large extent of formalization that followed the campaign was accompanied only with small effects on business and socio-economic outcomes. In addition, the present study investigates whether Evangelical Social Action Forum's (ESAF) formalization activities represent a business case that improves the MFIs performance.


Immediately after U.S. President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong Un signed a joint declaration at the end of last week's summit in Singapore, I received a harsh assessment of the meeting from a conservative colleague in South Korea. In his view, the summit was "a total failure. They failed to agree on CVID [complete, verifiable, and irreversible denuclearization]. It is a victory for North Korea." Other experts in Seoul raised concerns about the future of the U.S.–South Korean alliance following Trump's abrupt announcement that South Korean–U.S. "war games" would be suspended, as well as his decision not to raise the issue of human rights with Kim. In this sense, there is a paradoxical similarity between South Korean conservatives' and the American liberal mainstream's criticisms of Trump and his agreement with the North Korean leader.


This paper analysed the resistance to innovation of a stratified sample of 279 staff members of the University of Botswana with the view to determine those factors that act as roadblocks, institutional barriers and boosters to innovation use in the university. Using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and multivariate binary logistic regression techniques, lack of innovation, perceived risks and institutional environment were identified as roadblocks/barriers to innovation use by the older adults (50 years and over). Access to computer and years of internet experience significantly, positively affected innovation use (p 0). Training and motivation were also identified as factors that act as boosters to innovation use. The paper recommends for the designing of intensive training programme for the older adults that is age-specific and which takes into consideration the existing skills in order to motivate them to use the innovations.


The accurate conversion of the torque/twist data obtained from torsion tests into equivalent stress/equivalent strain data is required for reliable formability predictions, particularly at large strains. The first stage in this process is the derivation of the shear stress/shear strain curve from the torque/twist data. A new method is proposed which performs this first operation. It is based on the observation that the radii of cylindrical bars remain straight during testing, and also on the hypothesis that the state of the material at a given radius is not influenced by the state of the surrounding layers. This method appears to reduce significantly the errors inherent in the previous methods. The second stage involves converting the shear stress/strain curve into an equivalent stress/equivalent strain relationship, with due consideration for the very large strains involved. For this purpose, the equivalent strain ∈ e q is calculated from the incremental changes in the strain components during torsion. This analysis leads to the relation ∈ e q = γ/√3 where γ is the shear strain at the radius of interest. This solution is the same as for small deformations, and thus conflicts with the result of Eichinger and Siebel, which is different for large strains. It is also shown that, when the corrected conversions are used, the rate of work hardening calculated from torsion tests is lower than that obtained from uniaxial testing. This discrepancy is attributed to three causes: (a) at low strains, the torsion equivalent stresses calculated using the von Mises relationship are 6.5 percent lower than those obtained from the crystallographically based Bishop and Hill formulation, which is judged to be more accurate; (b) the difference in the textures developed in torsional and tensile deformation leads to Taylor factors that evolve differently with strain, and which cause the tension and torsion equivalent stresses to diverge at large strains, even if the true rates of work hardening (in terms of the critical resolved shear stresses) are the same in the two modes of deformation; (c) there is a possibility that there is less dislocation accumulation at large strains in torsion than in tension because less dislocation intersection is required by the torsion as opposed to the tension end textures. The lower work hardening rates determined in torsion lead in turn to lower forming limit predictions for deformation along other strain paths.


OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study was to assess variables that residency applicants ranked as influential in making residency choices. The secondary objective was to determine if residents were satisfied with their residency choices.

METHODS
A secondary analysis was performed on a cohort database from a stratified, random sampling of 322 emergency medicine (EM) residents collected in 1996-1998 and 2001-2004 from the American Board of Emergency Medicine Longitudinal Study on Emergency Medicine Residents (ABEM LSEMR). Residents rated the importance of 18 items in response to the question, "How much did each of the following factors influence your choice of residency program location?" The degree to which residents' programs met prior expectations and the levels of satisfaction with residency programs were also assessed. All analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS
Three-hundred twenty-two residents participated in the survey. Residents considered the following to be the most important variables: institutional reputation, hospital facilities, program director reputation, and spousal influence. Several geographic and gender differences were noted. Ninety percent (95% confidence interval [CI] = 86% to 93%) of residents surveyed in their final year answered that the residency program met or exceeded expectations. Seventy-nine percent (95% CI = 76% to 82%) of residents identified themselves as "highly satisfied" with their residency choice.

CONCLUSIONS
The most influential factors in residency choice are institutional and residency director reputation and hospital facilities. Personal issues, such as recreational opportunities and spousal opinion, are also important, but are less influential. Significant geographic differences affecting residency choices exist, as do minor gender differences. A majority of residents were highly satisfied overall with their residency choices.


A male infant was admitted because of fever. He was born at 37-weeks' gestation. His mother had experienced acute febrile illness with headache and myalgia. Her illness persisted with onset of active labor pain on day 5, which prompted cesarean section; postoperatively, the hematocrit decreased, requiring transfusion. The infant was well until fever developed at 16 hours after birth. There were petichiae on his face and trunk and the liver was enlarged. Fever subsided on day 5 without evidence of plasma leakage or severe hemorrhage. He made an uneventful recovery after 8 days of illness. Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia were present in the mother and infant. Both were diagnosed as dengue fever. Dengue type 1 was recovered from the infant by polymerase chain reaction. The dengue enzyme-linked immunoassay showed secondary infection in the mother and primary infection in the infant. In dengue-endemic areas, clinicians should be alert to dengue fever/dengue hemorrhagic fever in pregnant women presenting with acute febrile illness, and be prepared for proper management.


The authors examined the prevalence of congenital malformations among births in Benton and Franklin counties, in southeastern Washington State, from 1968 through 1980. The Hanford Site is in this area and serves as a major employer. In addition, various agriculturally and chemically related activities are in the area. Hospital and vital records were used to identify 454 malformation cases among 23,319 births; this yielded a malformation rate of 19.6 per 1,000 births, a rate similar to those reported in other studies. The rates of specific malformations ascertained during the first year of life were compared with combined rates from the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho from the Birth Defects Monitoring Program. Among defects that would be expected to be comparably ascertained, a statistically significant elevated rate of neural tube defects was observed (1.72 per 1,000 births vs. 0.99 per 1,000). Rates of cleft lip were significantly lower in Benton and Franklin counties than in the Birth Defects Monitoring Program (0.59 per 1,000 vs. 1.17 per 1,000). For congenital heart defects, pyloric stenosis, and Down syndrome, which are often not diagnosed in the newborn period, Birth Defects Monitoring Program data did not offer appropriate comparisons. The rates of these defects did not appear to be elevated in relation to rates found in other relevant populations. When rates of neural tube defects were compared with those in populations other than the Birth Defects Monitoring Program, the Benton and Franklin county rates were still considered to be elevated. The increased bicounty rate cannot be explained by employment of the parents at Hanford or by the impact of plant emissions on the local population.


A fifth usage is the generation of basic tracking displays for human factors studies. In many of these studies performance or its degradation is monitored by means of observing tracking ability under the influence of control variations, vehicle dynamics changes, motion inputs, or some other environmental variable. The ability to rapidly set up an existing display device is very helpful in this type of program. It should be emphasized that either signal generator or computer drive can be used.


Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease world-wide, affecting 20-25% of the adult population. In 25% of patients, NAFLD progresses to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk for the development of cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with NASH, liver fibrosis is the main determinant of mortality. Here, we review how interactions between different liver cells culminate in fibrosis development in NASH, focusing on triggers and consequences of hepatocyte-macrophage-hepatic stellate cell (HSC) crosstalk. We will discuss pathways through which stressed and dead hepatocytes instigate the profibrogenic crosstalk with HSC and macrophages including the reactivation of developmental pathways such as TAZ, Notch and hedgehog; how clearance of dead cells in NASH via efferocytosis may affect inflammation and fibrogenesis; and insights into HSC and macrophage heterogeneity revealed by single cell RNA-sequencing. Finally, we will summarize options to therapeutically interrupt this profibrogenic hepatocyte-macrophage-HSC network in NASH.


Changes of polarization of central afferent terminals during evoked locomotion of mesencephalic cats were studied in lumbar spinal cord. Significant part of primary afferent depolarization was shown to be evoked by afferent impulsation; intensity of such impulsation increased during limb flexion and decreased during extension.


Property rights over knowledge and its output--intellectual property rights--are often weak. We treat the strength of property rights as a primitive of the environment. We examine the effects of the strengths of these rights on the structure of contracts and relationships employed by firms in intellectual property transfers. Variation in the adequacy of property rights across industries allows us to identify these effects. Using a unique dataset assembled for this purpose, we find that firms will structure contracts to optimally circumscribe the threat of imitators. In particular, weak property rights are associated with a lower absolute and relative incidence of licensing activity, fewer licensings of prospective technologies, a higher incidence of transfers to related parties and non-exclusive contracts, and more cross-licensings. The results are not explained by unobserved heterogeneity or jointness in a licenser's decisions concerning various contractual features.


Radio frequency detection has been one of the most developed and anticipated technologies in recent years. RFID is an automated framework for identification that uses RFID tags or navigation systems for remote storage and retrieval of data. RFID is perhaps the most exponentially evolved supply chain management technology. They are also used to integrate different processes that are part of daily operations and to optimize transport of goods across the production process. RFID facilitates real-time tracking of production, inventory prices and demand. On the other hand, the RFID solution is actually costly, unstandardized; manufacturers who undertake sequential projects are less in number and are dissatisfied with privacy concerns. This article explores the benefit and drawbacks of these labels in inventory management.


There has been an increase in the occurrence of sudden local flooding of great volume and short duration caused by heavy or excessive rainfall intensity over a small area, which presents the greatest potential danger threat to the natural environment, human life, public health and property, etc. Such flash floods have rapid runoff and debris flow that rises quickly with little or no advance warning to prevent flood damage. This study develops a flash flood index through the average of the same scale relative severity factors quantifying characteristics of hydrographs generated from a rainfall-runoff model for the long-term observed rainfall data in a small ungauged study basin, and presents regression equations between rainfall characteristics and the flash flood index. The aim of this study is to develop flash flood index-duration-frequency relation curves by combining the rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relation and the flash flood index from probability rainfall data in order to evaluate vulnerability to extreme flash floods in design storms. This study is an initial effort to quantify the flash flood severity of design storms for both existing and planned flood control facilities to cope with residual flood risks due to extreme flash floods that have ocurred frequently in recent years.


This paper presents the study that investigated the performance of the glass-grid reinforced trial pavement sections. Considered test section was constructed in 2001 in the city of Warsaw during the full-depth reconstruction. The section was sub-divided into two parts: one subsection had an installation of the glass-grid between asphalt sub-base and asphalt binder course, while the other subsection was the control pavement without the any reinforcement. Performance and effectiveness of the reinforcement was evaluated in in 4-year intervals between 2004 and 2012. The evaluation of data comprised the FWD maximum deflection comparison as well as deflection bowl geometry analysis. Additionally, the Traffic Speed Deflectometer (TSD) device was used to assess the pavement condition in 2013. The bowl geometry analysis was conducted using an unique approach in which the deflection bowl was subdivided into 3-point segments and an arch was circumscribed into each segment. Reinforced sections were characterized by statistically higher values of the arch radiuses than the unreinforced sections which could be considered as the measureable reinforcing effect of glass-grid on the pavement fatigue life. Maximum deflections growth in year-to-year comparison was higher on the unreinforced section as well as more deteriorations were observed on the unreinforced section. The TSD measurements were also compared between two subsections and analyzed in terms of the calculated deflections.


2014 Background: ERCC1 is the lead enzyme in nucleotide excision repair of platinum-induced DNA adducts. The ERCC1 C8092Apolymorphism may lead to an altered capacity to regenerate chemotherapy-damaged normal tissue and greater treatment-related toxicity.

METHODS
Using logistic regression models, we evaluated the ERCC1 C8092Apolymorphism and its association with the occurrence of Grade III or IV toxicity in 147 locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC patients treated first-line with chest radiation and platinum-based chemotherapy.

RESULTS
Median age was 62 yrs; 50% were male; 93% had ECOG PS 0/1; 6% had inoperable early stage disease, 46% were stage IIIA, 39% were stage IIIB, and 9% were stage IV. Forty-two percent received cisplatin and 58% received carboplatin. Thirty-one (21%) patients experienced Grade III/IV GI toxicity (nausea, n=10; vomiting, n=4; esophagitis, n=20). After adjusting for type of platinum agent and PS, patients carrying at least one ERCC1 variant allele (C/A, A/A) were found to have an increased risk of GI toxicity compared to patients with the C/Cgenotype (see table), with similar results in a subgroup analysis on the 125 stage IIIA/B patients. Incidence of Grade III/IV toxicity from all causes was non-significantly increased in patients carrying the variant ERCC1allele (OR=1.84, 95% CI: 0.92-3.65, p=0.08). ERCC1 polymorphism was not associated with Grade III/IV hematologic toxicity (p=0.44).

CONCLUSIONS
Carrying at least one ERCC1 8092Aallele is associated with a greater than two-fold increase in Grade III/IV GI toxicity among NSCLC patients treated with chemoradiation. Supported by NIH grants CA074386, CA71345. [Figure: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.


The purpose of this paper is to construct a generalized r-matrix structure of finite dimensional systems and an approach to obtain the algebro-geometric solutions of integrable nonlinear evolution equations (NLEEs). Our starting point is a generalized Lax matrix instead of usual Lax pair. The generalized r-matrix structure and Hamiltonian functions are presented on the basis of fundamental Poisson bracket. It can be clearly seen that various nonlinear constrained (c-) and restricted (r-) systems, such as the c-AKNS, c-MKdV, c-Toda, r-Toda, c-Levi, etc, are derived from the reduction of this structure. All these nonlinear systems have r-matrices, and are completely integrable in Liouville's sense. Furthermore, our generalized structure is developed to become an approach to obtain the algebro-geometric solutions of integrable NLEEs. Finally, the two typical examples are considered to illustrate this approach: the infinite or periodic Toda lattice equation and the AKNS equation with the condition of decay at infinity or periodic boundary.


Abstract Context. Reintroduction of endangered species potentially places them back in contact with putative factors of historical decline, inadvertently providing the opportunity to evaluate their impact. Aims. To monitor the long-term progress of a population of western barred bandicoot reintroduced to mainland Australia and to assess factors involved in its eventual local extinction. Methods. Bandicoots were reintroduced from offshore Dorre Island to the nearby mainland peninsula of Heirisson Prong in 1995. The narrow neck of the peninsula was fenced to exclude foxes and feral cats from a 1200 ha area, but the area was subject to periodic incursions. There was parallel management of a confined but unsupported population in an in situ 17-ha predator refuge. Bandicoots were assessed for abundance, body condition and reproduction two to four times annually between 1995 and 2010. In addition, perceived threatening processes (drought, disease and the abundance of cats, foxes and rabbits) were monitored. Key results. Bandicoots became well established at the site, spreading to all available habitat. Numbers fluctuated strongly, peaking at ∼250 in 1999 and then declining to apparent local extinction (with subsequent re-establishment from the refuge), and at ∼470 animals in 2006, followed again by extinction. Conclusions. Predation by feral cats was implicated as the primary cause of both free-range extinctions and the eventual elimination of all bandicoots from the predator refuge. Other contributing factors in one or more of the declines were a reduction in reproduction and recruitment in bandicoots during a one-in-100-year drought, the impact of overabundant European rabbits on vegetation used by bandicoots for nesting shelter and brief fox incursions at key times. Implications. Existing methods of control of feral cats are rendered ineffective in the presence of abundant and diverse native fauna and abundant exotic species (particularly European rabbits). In addition, episodic drought in arid Australia intensifies the impact of predation by restricting reproduction of prey species. These factors hamper the attempts of conservation managers to re-establish vulnerable species at sites other than those with the infrastructure and/or management intensity to largely exclude exotic predators (and preferably European rabbits) over the long-term.


Metallic transfer from screwdriver to screw appears to adversely influence the corrosion resistance of the screw. A judicious balance between composition and hardness must be aimed at in selecting a suitable screwdriver. The composition of the driver must be related to that of the screw. Of the screwdrivers tested, one of AISI 420 stainless steel appears to be most suitable for both AISI 316 and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum screws. Its hardness of Rockwell-C 49 to 51 is hard enough for good wear but the driver should certainly be no harder than this if excessive mechanical damage to the screws is to be avoided. About Rockwell-C 40 would appear to be a happy compromise as far as screw corrosion goes.

One may speculate that a cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy screwdriver of greater hardness than the screws made of the same alloy might be the ideal one for handling these screws.

Further radioactive-isotopic experiments have been undertaken to determine the amount of metallic transfer between screwdrivers and screws of various alloys and will be reported shortly.


SUMMARY: Segments of the Klebsiella pneumoniae chromosome, which included the nitrogen fixation (nif) genes, were maintained as covalently closed circular molecules of DNA in Escherichia coli hybrids, C-M9 and C-L4. The R factor, R144
drd
3, which had been used to confer fertility on the donor, was also detected as covalently closed circular DNA of molecular weight (65·4) × 106 daltons according to sedimentation studies and electron microscopy.
The nif genes in hybrid C-M9 were linked to his on a plasmid which had a molecular weight of 9.5 X 106 daltons. A third plasmid in this hybrid had a molecular weight of 118 X 106 daltons. The Nif plasmid in C-M9 was transferred efficiently to other Escherichia coli strains only when R1
drd
19 was present in the donor in addition to R144
drd
3.
Presence of three electrophoretically distinguishable gluconate-6-phosphate dehydrogenases was evidence for duplication of gnd determinants in C-M9. Resistance of both hybrids to the rough-specific phage × 174 suggested that they inherited Klebsiella his-linked rfb genes.
Four plasmids were isolated from hybrid C-L4, one of which was R144
drd3. Two plasmids, one carrying his and nif and another met G, were mobilized by R144
drd3. The molecular weights of the C-L4 plasmids, excluding R144
drd
3, were (105 ± 1) x 106, 46 X 106 and 12 X 106 daltons.


either continuous affirmation of a doctrine or a self conscious "school" committed to that opinion. He does illuminate some of the subsequently scorned byways of English religious thought which were explored by sectarians, enthusiasts and a few intellectuals. Thus the larger conclusion of the study is that historical interpretation of the English Reformation has been too much derived from orthodox points of view and written too much from the perspective of parties which were ultimately victorious. In this way Burns' careful and detailed study makes an important contribution to the subject of religious sub-cultures of Stuart England, a fascinating field recently charted more fully for the Interregnum period by Christopher Hill (though without the scholarly detail of depth and background Burns provides for the mortalist opinion) in The World Turned Upside Down.


We report on the fabrication and electro-optical characterization of SiGeSn multi-quantum well PIN diodes. Two types of PIN diodes, in which two and four quantum wells with well and barrier thicknesses of 10 nm each are sandwiched between B- and Sb-doped Ge-regions, were fabricated as single-mesa devices, using a low-temperature fabrication process. We discuss measurements of the diode characteristics, optical responsivity and room-temperature electroluminescence and compare with theoretical predictions from band structure calculations.


Two problems are addressed: (a) the detection of outliers in (Doppler satellite) observations, and (b) the testing of coordinates in (Doppler satellite) networks. In both problems, confidence regions of the 'out of context' and 'within context' varieties are developed, and it is shown that the latter are in general about 1 1/2 times larger than the former (conventional) confidence regions. On the basis of this comparison, it is speculated that good data and results are being erroneously rejected. Also it is demonstrated, through the use of Bonferroni's inequality, that discarding covariances among residuals and discarding cross-covariances among station coordinates each results in a confidence level being greater than 1 — x, the conventionally chosen level. As a final development, a link is made not only between univariate and multivariate testing for outliers among observations but also between testing in observation space and testing in parameter space. The implications of these developments for Doppler satellite positioning are given.


ABSTRACT The current study explores different routes to civic involvement by identifying how a context-specific dimension of empathy and beliefs of autonomy and dependency might jointly predict different types of giving behaviors (i.e., monetary donations), which in turn should predict civic engagement. The sample consisted of 1,294 participants (656 females) between the ages of 18 to 64 (Mage = 38.44, SD = 14.71), randomly selected from seven different cities in Chile. Even after controlling for gender, age, and the socioeconomic status of participants, results mainly support the role of giving behaviors as drivers of actual engagement in civic life. Monetary donations, in turn, are predicted by higher levels of empathy toward poverty and autonomy-oriented beliefs. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of agentic perspectives on civic participation.