We discuss the accuracy analysis of laser meters based on the Doppler effect and used in the measurement of automobile velocity. Usually, the systematic errors are assessed during calibration and are eliminated by instrumental means. Nevertheless, it is impossible to eliminate random errors. Their analysis is also important for such measurements, and this has been less extensively analyzed in scientific papers. A probabilistic method is used for error analysis assuming that only random errors are present. The accuracy of measurement by Doppler meters depends mostly on parameters of two kinds—laser source stabilization, measuring laser emission frequencies, and the errors in determining the emission speed in the atmosphere. Such analysis shows a value of the random error occurring during the measurement of automobile speed that also can be applied for assessment of other kinds of measurements of moving objects.


Least-squares migration (LSM) problems are often formulated as iterative schemes. At each iteration, traditional LSM methods require solving the wave equation several times to compute the gradient and single scattering (Born) predicted data, which makes LSM computationally expensive. We use a beam approach to overcome this problem, based on the ultra-wide-band phase space beam summation (UWB-PS-BS) method. We use the beams to expand and propagate the measured data. The beams calculation is performed via a small number of Green's functions (GFs). These GFs are calculated once and then stored in the computer's disk memory. Thus, wave equation calculations are avoided within each iteration. We use a beam transformation of shot gathers which can be considered as the data obtained by a pair of source and receiver beams. This data has a physical interpretation. The beam amplitudes extract the medium reflectivity generated from a localized region in subspace at a specific angle (local Snell's law). This data calculation is performed before the iterative scheme. Thus, we may a-priori threshold beams with low amplitude beams, as they contain less essential information. Using the beam propagators spectral locality, we may further reduce the number of beams used to construct the image. In this work, we establish a new local beam-based data domain LSM in the frequency domain (FD). We use the properties described above to reduce the computational complexity of the LSM problem. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed LSM algorithm via numerical examples.


Intratumoral HER2 heterogeneity is a well-described gastric cancer feature and may explain many false-negative results related to this oncogene. An 81-year-old man was diagnosed at our hospital with stage IV gastric cancer with multiple lymph node metastases. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis indicated that the primary tumor was HER2-negative. After a chemotherapy course, we submitted a pretreatment biopsy specimen for comprehensive cancer genome profiling (CGP) to determine the last-line therapy. This revealed HER2 amplification. The specimen was reevaluated using fluorescence in situ hybridization and IHC with deeper-cut specimens, which confirmed that the tumor was indeed HER2-positive. Therefore, the patient was treated with chemotherapy plus trastuzumab, which elicited tumor shrinkage and conferred long-term survival. Our current data underscore the CGP importance, which can provide more accurate tumor profilings and inform subsequent treatment decisions.


We investigated the coping strategies used in everyday life by middle-aged and older cancer survivors in Japan. Sixteen Japanese volunteers participated in one-to-one semi-structured interviews. The interviews focused on the respondents' descriptions of how they felt and what they did after having been diagnosed with cancer. Although having been diagnosed with cancer, many survivors reported having made identifiable positive adjustments in lifestyle and ways of thinking, such as turning to family and friends for psychosocial support, as well as visiting shrines to find spiritual peace. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to social work practice.


\The development of our theory beyond this point, as a practical statistical theory, involves all the complexities of the use, either of Bayes' Law on the one hand, or of those terminological tricks in the theory of likelihood on the other, which seem to avoid the necessity for the use of Bayes' law, but which in reality transfer the responsibility for its use to the working statistician, or the person who ultimately employs his results." Norbert Wiener (1948) To the best of our knowledge, Norbert Wiener never actually applied Bayes' theorem in a published work; yet he perceived the logical necessity of its use as soon as one builds beyond the sampling distributions involved in his own statistical work. From our viewpoint, the necessity for this was established already in Chapter 2. In the present Chapter we are not concerned particularly with any abstract theory or with mathematical techniques; but rather with showing some of the pragmatic consequences of failing to use Bayesian methods in some very simple problems, where the mysteries of innnite sets never arise. These simple problems are just the ones that the \orthodox" school of thought believed that it had solved without using Bayesian methods; but in every case experience with the orthodox solution revealed defects that were corrected at once by use of Bayesian methods. In Chapter 16 we noted that the orthodox objections to Bayesian methods were always ideological in nature, never examining the actual results that they give in real problems, and we expressed astonishment that mathematically competent people would use such arguments. In order to give a fair comparison, we need to adopt the opposite tactic here, and concentrate on examining the pragmatic results. Indeed, since Bayesian methods have been so egregiously misrepresented in the orthodox literature, we must lean over backwards to avoid misrepresenting orthodox methods now; whenever orthodox methods do yield satisfactory results in some problem, we shall want to acknowledge that fact, and we shall not deplore their use merely on ideological grounds (although our educational purpose requires that we explain what the orthodox ideology is). On the other hand, when a common orthodox procedure leads to a result that insults our intelligence, we shall not hesitate to complain about it on pragmatic grounds. The demonstrable facts, which amount to many diierent connrmations of what Cox's theorems led us to expect, are quite suucient to make our point. We …


Volume IVA examines in detail the fields of functional and morphologic neuroanatomy, neuropathology, and neurophysiology, providing a comprehensive basis for the evaluation of findings from advanced neuroimaging techniques. The author and his collaborators on this volume show how innovative concepts in the areas mentioned above can be used to redefine the operability of CNS tumors.


Meningiomas are the most common primary brain tumors accounting for about 30% of all brain tumors. The vast majority of meningiomas are slow-growing and of benign histopathology rendering them curable by surgery alone. Symptomatic lesions depend on the location with signs of mass effect or neurological deficits. Seizures are the presenting symptoms in approximately 30% of cases, which negatively affect quality of life, limit independence, impair cognitive functioning, as well as increase the risk for psychiatric comorbidities including depression. Although surgical resection may offer seizure freedom in 60-90% of meningiomas, seizures persist after surgical resection in approximately 12-19% of patients. Anti-seizure medications (ASMs) are employed in management, however, are limited by adverse neurocognitive side-effects and inefficacy in some patients. The potential predictors of pre- and post-operative seizures in meningioma patients have been identified in the literature. Understanding various factors associated with seizure likelihood in meningioma patients can help guide more effective seizure control and allow for better determination of risk before and after surgery.


This is the remarkable story of tea and its uses from ancient times to the present. The narrative takes the reader from the jungles of Southeast Asia to the splendor of the Tang and Song Dynasties in China, from the tea ceremony aesthetics of medieval Japan to the fabled tea and horse trade of Central Asia, from the advent of Britain's love affair with tea to the tea party that sparked the American Revolution. Throughout the centuries, tea has inspired artists, enhanced religious experience, played a pivotal role in the emergence of world trade, and helped trigger major wars. No other drink has touched the lives of so many people in so many different ways. "The True History of Tea" brings all these disparate strands together in an erudite tale full of quirky facts and unexpected byways, celebrating the common heritage of a beverage we have all come to love.


The potential of passive, multi-static radars as covert sensors for the detection of low flying, stealth air targets are illustrated by multi-static RCS analysis, coverage simulations for low flight levels and measurement results obtained with an experimental passive radar using digital audio broadcast signals (DAB). The measurement sensor is described and future perspectives are pointed out.


A new adaptive orthogonal search (AOS) algorithm is proposed for model subset selection and non-linear system identification. Model structure detection is a key step in any system identification problem. This consists of selecting significant model terms from a redundant dictionary of candidate model terms, and determining the model complexity (model length or model size). The final objective is to produce a parsimonious model that can well capture the inherent dynamics of the underlying system. In the new AOS algorithm, a modified generalized cross-validation criterion, called the adjustable prediction error sum of squares (APRESS), is introduced and incorporated into a forward orthogonal search procedure. The main advantage of the new AOS algorithm is that the mechanism is simple and the implementation is direct and easy, and more importantly it can produce efficient model subsets for most non-linear identification problems.


This study analyzed by simulation using TRNSYS as well as by experiment on the solar district heating system installed for the first time for the district heating system in Bundang. Simulation analysis using TRNSYS focused on the thermal behavior and long-term thermal efficiency of solar system. Experiment carried out for the reliability of simulation system. This solar system where the circuits of two different collectors, flat plate and vacuum tube collector, are connected in series by a collector heat exchanger, and the collection characteristics of each circuit varies. Therefore, these differences must be considered for the system's control. This system uses variable flow rate control in order to obtain always setting temperature of hot water by solar system. Specifically, this is a system that heats returning district heating water (DHW) at approximately 60℃ using a solar collector without a storage tank, up to the setting temperature of approximately 85~95℃ To realize this, a flat plate collector and a vacuum tube collector are used as separate collector loops. The first heating is performed by a flat plate collector loop and the second by a vacuum tube collector loop. In a gross collector area basis, the mean system efficiency, for 4 years, of a flat plate collector is 33.4% and a vacuum tube collector is 41.2%. The yearly total collection energy is 2,342GJ and yearly collection energy per unit area (㎡) is 1.92GJ and 2.37GJ respectively for the flat plate vacuum tube collector. This result is very important on the share of each collector area in this type of solar district heating system.


This paper examines the recent development of an e-research agenda. e-Research is taken as the latest stage of the e-science programme, which – as developed in tandem with web 2.0 tools – has begun to be adopted by researchers. This paper discusses these research infrastructures before current research investigating the relationship between academic researchers and technology is reviewed. The results of a survey undertaken in 2007 within a UK research-led university are presented and analysed in order to answer the questions about the uptake of these technologies by academic researchers and the relationship between the two technological infrastructures. If e-research is to mean enhanced research, it must include web 2.0 developments alongside e-science initiatives, even if this poses problems for institutional support and development.


The purpose of the article is to identify the intonation-content complex of the Sonata for Violin and Piano by the representative of the Odesa School of Composers Serafym Orfeyev in the area of the performer's interpretation of the symbolism of the sonata, comparison of similar works of Ukrainian composers in a specific historic period and identifying the original artistic concept of Orfeyev's work in accordance with his mindset. The scientific novelty is based on the fact that for the first time the work of Orfeyev, which has not yet been the subject of scientific research, is considered, and the significance of the composer's contribution to the development of the instrumental sonata of the XX century is revealed. Methodology. The personal features of the artist's creative preferences are determined through a complex of musical symbolism and reflection of the multiple meaning of the Orthodox church tradition of choral art, mythological information of folk-historical archaism in combination with professional achievements in the development of the chamber sonata genre. Conclusions. Sonata's analysis points to the signs of S. Orfeyev's stylistic search, which was expressed in the spread of the specifics of choral writing, to the comprehension of which (on the example of the works of Mykola Leontovych and Anatolii Lyadov) the composer paid great attention; in instrumental thinking, which was reflected in the saturation of the fabric of the ensemble work with a polyphonic plexus of voices, and especially hidden polyphony. The connection with folk art influences the reproduction of an expressive dynamic picture of a folk holiday. A rather complex synthesis of the dramatic and the lyrical creates a unique, deeply emotional concept of a musical work, which vividly complements the genre of the instrumental sonata with new features in the traditional romantic color.


Social influence is a complex and subtle force that governs the dynamics of social networks. In the past years, a lot of research work has been conducted to understand the spread patterns of social influence. However, most of approaches assume that influence exists between users with active social interactions, but ignore the question of what kind of influence happens between them. As such one interesting and also fundamental question is raised here: "in a social network, could the social connection reflect users'influence from both positive and negative aspects?". To this end, an Opinion Oriented Link Analysis Model (OOLAM) is proposed in this paper to characterize users' influence personae in order to exhibit their distinguishing influence ability in the social network. In particular, three types of influence personae are generalized and the problem of influence persona discovery is formally defined. Within the OOLAM model, two factors, i.e., opinion consistency and opinion creditability, are defined to capture the persona information from public opinion perspective. Extensive experimental studies have been performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach on influence persona analysis using real web data sets.


This article uses Monte Carlo computer simulation to assess two alternative ways to control for population size in regression analysis. Contrary to the claim of some social scientists, regression analyses that use ratio variables to control for size (the "ratio method" of control) are not inherently inferior to those that use a separate control variable (the "component method" of control). The ratio method appears to be inferior only because comparisons of the two methods typically omit one of the terms in the ratio regression equation. When that term is added, the ratio method outperforms the component method under conditions that are often realized in social science research. Critics of ratio variables are correct, however, in claiming that measurement error in population size, the common denominator of the ratio variables, can seriously distort the results of analyses using the ratio method. But even in that circumstance it is not necessarily the case that components should be used rather than ratios because, as the simulations demonstrate, measurement error bias can be as serious for the component method as it is for the ratio method.


Sequence coagulans a Thermophilic Lactic Acid Producer ABSTRACT Bacillus coagulans MA-13 is an efficient lactic acid producer which with-stands high concentrations of the growth inhibitors formed during the pretreatment of lignocellulosic feedstock. This draft genome sequence is expected to pave the way toward the understanding of mechanisms responsible for the robustness of MA-13 during simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. B acillus coagulans MA-13 is a Gram-positive spore-forming moderately thermophilic facultatively anaerobic bacterium isolated from processed bean waste (1). MA-13 ferments lignocellulose-derived hexoses to lactic acid (LA); therefore, it is a suitable candidate for the conversion of lignocellulose to LA, which is a building block for the production of polylactic acid (PLA), i.e., a biodegradable bioplastic (2). Recently, MA-13 was used for the conversion of steam-exploded wheat straw to LA in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) (3, 4). The preexposure to the inhibitor-rich lignocellulosic hydrolysate (5) led to a physiological adaptation of MA-13, which was reflected in an improved fermentation performance during SSF, thus resulting in a more cost-effective process (4). The strain MA-13 was isolated and cultivated as previously described (1) before genomic DNA was extracted using the LETS (lithium, EDTA, Tris, and SDS)


Using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method, we report the theoretical results that the carrier induced switching of magnetic interaction between two magnetic layers in Co(111)/Graphene/Ni(111) (Co/Gr/Ni) is predicted. The Co/Gr/Ni shows an antiferromagnetic (AFM) ground state when there are no external carriers. The antiferromagnetic interaction is still observed for hole carriers. Very interestingly, however, the magnetic exchange interaction between Ni and Co layers can be manipulated in such a way as to change an AFM to a ferromagnetic (FM) state by injecting external electrons if the electron carrier concentration is larger than 0.1 × 1014 per cm2. Overall, we propose that a potential spin switching by external carriers or electric field can be realized in Co/Gr/Ni. Besides, the calculated DOS feature indicates that the Co/Gr/Ni system may manifest quite different transport properties when a bias voltage is applied. For instance, the current parallel to the film surface can be completely spin polarized from minority spin electrons. In contrast, the current perpendicular to the film surface will be positively spin polarized from majority spin electrons.


Nowadays, there is a huge necessity to generate novel strategies for social-ecological systems analyses for resolving global sustainability problems. This paper has as main purpose the application of the formal concept analysis to formalize the theory of Augusto Ángel Maya, who without a doubt, was one of the most important environmental philosophers in South America; Ángel Maya proposed and established that Ecosystem-Culture relations, instead Human-Nature ones, are determinants in our understanding and management of natural resources. Based on this, a concept lattice, formal concepts, subconcept-superconcept relations, partially ordered sets, supremum and infimum of the lattice and implications between attributes (Duquenne-Guigues base), were determined for the ecosystem-culture relations.


Abstract Although developing countries may find it difficult to provide adequate prenatal care, it is likely that they can provide at least some. We examined associations of prenatal care with infant mortality in West Africa. We used data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (n = 57,322) and proportional hazards regression models to estimate the risk of infant mortality. Having any prenatal care was associated with lower infant mortality risk in all but the poorest wealth quintile, with 56% lower risk in the wealthiest quintile (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28–0.69). Even limited prenatal care may significantly reduce infant mortality in developing countries.


The demographic behaviors of one generation, including marriage, divorce, fertility, and survival, create the population of families in which the next generation of children is raised. Assortative mating between men and women with varying socioeconomic characteristics is a key mechanism in establishing the families of the next generation, but differential fertility, child and parent survival, marital disruption, and parents' socioeconomic mobility modify these marriage patterns. This article examines the demographic mechanisms through which family backgrounds are created. It presents the mathematical links between marriage patterns and the joint distribution of parents' characteristics when their children are born and later in their lives. It illustrates these relationships using data on educational assortative mating, fertility, mortality, and the living arrangements of families in the United States. Although the educational attainments of husbands and wives are strongly associated, patterns of differential fertility reinforce this relationship, resulting in an even strong association between the educational attainments of mothers and fathers.


INTRODUCTION
Most GPs in Iceland are public employees on fixed salaries which is very different from their Norwegian colleagues. The aim of this study was to explore the experience of Icelandic GPs who have also worked as GPs in Norway and compare their experience of working in these two neighboring countries.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data were collected through interviews with 16 GPs that during the study period 2009-2010 were all working in Iceland. Two to ten years had passed since their return from Norway. We used qualitative methodology, the Vancouver-School of doing phenomenology. This methodology seeks to increase understanding of human phenomena for the purpose of improving healthcare services.

RESULTS
The doctors discussed the benefits of the different systems of delivering medical services. They saw the advantages of the Norwegian healthcare system mostly in that all Norwegians have their own GP, thus achieving a good overview of the health problems of each individual. The GPs are gatekeepers for medical services which potentially -reduces duplication of medical services. The participants also noted more efficient medical services in Norway than in Iceland. What characterizes Icelandic healthcare outside the hospital from their perspective is direct patient contact with specialists without referrals from GPs and incomplete registration system of patients and much use of emergency services in Iceland.

CONCLUSION
Participants agreed upon stronger primary healthcare system in Norway compared to Iceland. Moreover, a good job situation in primary care is needed in Iceland to appeal to junior doctors. When changes are made to the Icelandic healthcare system it is important to acknowledge the experience of neighboring countries in terms of advancing health care system reforms. Key words: general practitioner, primary care, job situation, health service research, qualitative research. Correspondence: Hedinn Sigurdsson, firstname.lastname@example.com.


In this paper, we consider numerical solutions for a general form of fractional delay differential equations (FDDEs) with fractional derivatives defined in the Caputo sense. A fractional integration operational matrix, created using a fractional Taylor basis, is applied to solve these FDDEs. The main characteristic of this approach is, by utilizing the operational matrix of fractional integration, to reduce the given differential equation to a set of algebraic equations with unknown coefficients. This equation system can be solved efficiently using a computer algorithm. A bound on the error for the best approximation and fractional integration are also given. Several examples are given to illustrate the validity and applicability of the technique. The efficiency of the presented method is revealed by comparing results with some existing solutions, the findings of some other approaches from the literature and by plotting absolute error figures.


Background: Walking has been used as a health promotion and symptom relief intervention in patients with cancer during chemotherapy. Objective: To map the existing literature on the use of walking as an intervention in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Methodology: Integrative review of articles found in MEDLINE ® and CINAHL ® databases. The review protocol was designed and the thematic categorization was performed. Results: Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 12 primary studies published between 2010 and 2017 were considered for analysis. Five relevant thematic areas were identified: duration, frequency, and monitoring of walking during chemotherapy; adherence to the walking intervention; effects on psychological and physical symptoms; target population; and assessment tools. Conclusion: Despite the advantages of the walking intervention during chemotherapy, evidence on its use as a nursing intervention is still scarce, with further research being required in this area.


ABSTRACT An important component of PhD students' educational experiences is the understanding they develop of their academic identity. In this study, we explore PhD students' expectations and lived realities during their studies through the lens of Bourdieu's theory of practice. We show that doctoral students perceive the PhD as an all-consuming endeavor and, at the same time, a degree of competing demands. Importantly, several doctoral students' academic identities were laden with conceptions of marginalization, which evoked feelings of disempowerment and lead to a lack of agency. Therefore, this study advocates for a doctoral environment where different forms of human capital are valued and the voices of PhD students are respected within the academy. This will ensure that future scholars are able to enter the academy with a strong sense of who they are and where they fit within their field.


ABSTRACT In recent work, Teele and Thelen (2017) documented the underrepresentation of female-authored scholarship in a broad selection of political science journals. To better understand these patterns, we present the results of an original, individual-level survey of political scientists conducted in the spring of 2017. Confirming Teele and Thelen's speculation, our evidence indicates that differences in submission rates underlie the gender gap in publication—a pattern particularly pronounced for the discipline's "top three" journals. Leveraging original survey items, we pursue explanations of the submission gap, finding that both methodological specialization and attitudes toward publication strategies play roles. Importantly, we also conclude that men and women obtain differential returns on their investments in coauthorship: although male and female respondents report identical propensities to coauthor, coauthorship boosts submission and publication rates more strongly for men than women. We discuss the implications of our findings for ongoing conversations about inequality in political science.


In English language, discourse markers are commonly used as terms to refer to heterogeneous class of expressions which make syntactic distinctions by their function and the kind of meaning they encode in discourse (Horn and Ward, 2006: 221). The current study endeavors to answer the following questions: (1) what are discourse markers? (2) what are the roles of these expressions in discourse? (3) for the presence of pragmatic meaning, do they show a role in arguments? (4) how do they function in political speeches? (5) what is the frequency of each of the categories of discourse markers in the two selected speeches by Donald Trump (2016)?      Answering these questions to attain the study aims is done through the subsequent procedures: (1) presenting a theoretical background about discourse markers, their functions in discourse, and their roles in interpretation, (2) developing a model according to which the two selected speeches will be analyzed in terms of the purposes of the used discourse markers, (3) applying the model to the data under investigation through analyzing the function of each marker in the selected extracts from each speech, and (4) making a statistic analysis to show the frequency of the most widely used category of discourse markers in the two speeches under study.


In the domain of aeronautics, the future more electric aircraft will have to face a difficult issue related to the increasing number of wires and connectors, impacting on the weight and system reliability. A possible solution for solving at least part of this problem is to introduce power-line communication for specific applications. In this paper, the cabin lighting and communication system has been chosen as an initial scenario. Indeed, the tree-shaped architecture of the cabling is complicated enough to be representative of many other aircraft harness configurations. Channel characteristics are first determined from a propagation model based on the multiwire transmission-line theory. A software tool simulating PLC communication has been developed. By introducing the predicted channel transfer functions of different links into this software, the throughputs that can be reached, taking into account the electromagnetic constraints related to aeronautic standards, are discussed.


An increasing number of college students are experiencing food insecurity. This study seeks to examine food insecurity through a campus climate lens. The campus climate lens is particularly relevant since extant literature indicates a positive correlation between perceptions of campus climate and academic outcomes. Survey data was collected from 1,295 students at one Midwestern university in order to measure experiences with food insecurity and campus climate. Findings indicate that food insecure students have significantly less favorable perceptions of campus climate as compared to their food secure counterparts. These less favorable perceptions could place food insecure students at risk for compromised academic outcomes. Universities are encouraged to address food insecurity. Social work educators/practitioners in universities are well-positioned to lead this charge, thereby promoting the social and economic well-being of the increasingly diverse student body. Current and proposed social work efforts related to this topic are discussed.


Methodological debates are nothing new in Construction Engineering and Management (CEM) research. However, when the consequences, and at times even the content, of such debates are considered, what often emerges is both a superficiality and inconsistency in the way research methodologies are understood, mobilised and used to judge the rigor and value of empirical work. CEM research seems reluctant to engage with the nature of reality, the nature of knowledge, or, at times, with any philosophy at all. This paper explores and considers the influence, or lack of influence, that ontological and epistemological positioning has on much of our CEM research, and what that means for the findings we generate. With an explicit focus on bias, and the approaches taken within a volume, 173 manuscripts, of the Journal of Construction Engineering and Management are examined. We argue that multi-methodological perspectives on a problem should be adopted where possible, able as they are to generate more holistic understandings and more comprehensive illuminations of phenomena in practice, and thereby support the development of a more mature CEM research discipline, both in terms of academic scholarship and relevance to practice.


The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of daily injection of bovine somatotropin (bST) on the metabolism of N and 1-[14C]leucine and on hormone and metabolite concentrations in growing beef steers. Injection of bST increased N retention (P less than .05) primarily through decreased (P less than .10) urinary N excretion. Plasma concentration of somatotropin, insulin and glucose increased (P less than .01) and of urea-N (P less than .01) and alpha-amino-N (P less than .10) decreased with bST compared with excipient injection. Total leucine flux was not altered by treatment; however, the partition of flux was. Leucine oxidation decreased (P less than .05) and leucine used for protein synthesis (P less than .10) increased, with bST compared with excipient injection. During excipient injection, 10.3 g protein were synthesized for each gram crude protein deposited, whereas during bST injections only 6.4 g were required. The average maximum contribution of myofibrillar protein degradation to whole body protein degradation, calculated from excretion of 3-methylhistidine, was 16%. Although the ratio of protein deposition/protein synthesis was low for both excipient- and bST-injected steers, the incremental efficiency of protein deposition was 50%, reflecting a dilution of protein synthesis required for turnover and a proportionately greater increase in protein synthesis than protein degradation with bST injection. In growing beef steers, bST stimulated whole body protein synthesis and decreased leucine oxidation. The change in partition of leucine flux, but not of total flux (irreversible loss), demonstrates a chronic redirection in metabolism consistent with homeorhetic control. These data from steers injected with bST suggest mechanisms by which bST affects metabolism during normal growth.


Background Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe and life-threatening disorder treated in intensive care units. This study aimed to determine molecules or associated signaling pathways that are involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in an ALI model. Material/Methods An ALI mouse model was established by administering LPS (25 mg/kg via intratracheal instillation). Thirty-two ALI mice were divided into Model-4 h, Model-8 h, Model-12 h, and Model-24 h groups, while another 8 mice without LPS treatment were assigned as the Control group. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to evaluate inflammation of lung tissues. Wet weight/dry weight (W/D) ratio and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of lung tissue in ALI mice were evaluated. Expressions of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Bak, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 (C-caspase-3), and Ran-binding protein in microtubule-organizing center (RanBPM) were determined using Western blot analysis. Results LPS administration caused obvious inflammatory cell infiltration of lung tissues in ALI mice. The W/D ratio of ALI mouse lung tissues was significantly higher in Model groups than in the Control group (p<0.05). MPO activity of ALI mice was remarkably higher in Model groups compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice exhibited significantly higher levels of C-caspase 3 lung tissues compared to the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice had significantly lower Bcl-XL/Bcl-2 and remarkably higher Bak/Bax expression compared with the Control group (p<0.05). LPS-induced ALI model mice displayed obviously higher RanBPM expression than in the Control group (p<0.05). Conclusions Lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury is associated with increased RanBPM molecule expression and with mitochondria-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway in a mouse model.


Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising candidates for stem cell therapy and are known to secrete programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) regulating T cell-mediated immunosuppression. Given the limitations of current stem cell therapy approaches, improvements in immunomodulatory capacity and stem cell differentiation efficacy are needed. In this study, we propose novel strategies to overcome the challenges that remain in hMSC-mediated bone regeneration. We found that PD-1 is highly expressed in osteoblasts, and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis mediated the decreased proinflammatory cytokine expressions in differentiated osteoblasts cocultured with human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs). Moreover, the decrease was attenuated by PD-1/PD-L1 pathway inhibition. Osteogenic properties including osteogenic gene expression and calcium deposits were increased in osteoblasts cocultured with hADMSCs compared with those that were monocultured. Osteoblasts treated with PD-L1 and exosomes from hADMSCs also exhibited enhanced osteogenic properties, including calcium deposits and osteogenic gene expression. In our cocultured system that mimics the physiological conditions of the bone matrix, the PD-1/PD-L1 axis mediated the increased expression of osteogenic genes, thereby enhancing the osteogenic properties, while the calcium deposits of osteoblasts were maintained. Our results provide the therapeutic potentials and novel roles of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in bone matrix for modulating the bone properties and immunosuppressive potentials that can aid in the prevention of bone diseases via maintaining bone homeostasis.


Salmonella is the second most frequent bacterial pathogen involved in human gastrointestinal outbreaks in the European Union; it can enter the food-production chain from animal or environmental sources or from asymptomatic food operators. European food legislation has established microbiological criteria to ensure consumer protection. Salmonella is listed under both process hygiene criteria and food safety criteria. Each EU member state designates an agency to organize or perform controls and other official activities. This paper describes the official control plans performed by competent authorities in Northern Italy in the three-year period 2019–2021. A total of 4413 food samples were delivered to the IZS Food Safety laboratories for Salmonella detection, of which 36 (0.8%) tested positive. Salmonella was most frequently detected in poultry meat samples (25/36 positive samples) followed by other meat products and pork products. The official controls for the protection of consumer health apply the EU's farm-to-fork approach: the samples were collected during production (food production plants), from products on the market, and from collective catering (restaurants, cafeterias, canteens). This manuscript will provide information about the presence of Salmonella in foodstuffs that can help competent authorities to set control plans based on risk assessments.


Occupational health and safety program is one of an important part that should be introduced in project implementation in the field of well service and the warehouse. The risk of an accident and occupational disease often occurred because of human resources who do not implement the occupational helath and safety program well. However this can impact on decreasing productivity level of workers and losses to Company. This research aims to known about the implementation of occupational health and safety program and the factors that affect the implementation OHS program in PT. Bias Nusatama Pekanbaru. This research using methods descriptive qualitative with data collecting technique in the form of an interview, observation and a study literature. Research of the results is the implementation of occupational health and safety program in PT. Bias Nusatama Pekanbaru not run well this is because the disobedience of employees against the rules given and not running of routine procedures and not the achievement of the goal of the program which is zero accident. Factors that affect the implementation of OHS is the minimum of quantity a human resources which owned by the Company and Department of Labor and bureaucratic structure that does not run efficiently by employees in carrying out standart operating procedure (SOP). Keywords : Occupational Health and Safety, Program, Routine Procedure


There is increasing evidence that in systemic lupus erythematosus, nucleosomes, the basic chromatin component, represent both a driving immunogen and a major in vivo target for antibodies. Either a disturbed apoptosis or a reduced clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes may lead to an increased exposure of apoptotic nucleosomes to the immune system. These nucleosomes, which have been cleaved and modified during the process of apoptosis, escape normal clearance and encompass epitopes that normally are not encountered by the immune system. This may then lead to tolerance breaking and autoimmunity by the activation of nucleosome-specific autoreactive T cells (that help B cells) and subsequently to the production of anti-nucleosome, anti-histone and anti-DNA autoantibodies. Some anti-nucleosome antibody subsets are pathogenic and are involved in the nephritogenic process in systemic lupus erythematosus. Accordingly, several studies reported: (i) increased plasma circulating nucleosomes that positively correlated with an active disease, (ii) nucleosomes in typical glomerular deposits as well as in the basement membrane of non-lesional skin of systemic lupus erythematosus patients and (iii) a close correlation between nephritis and the presence of anti-nucleosome antibodies. Recent studies reported anti-nucleosome antibodies also in primary anti-phospholipid syndrome and particularly in patients with associated lupus-like disease.


This study investigated water and sediment quality in a subtropical lagoon shallow areas surrounded by urban occupation. Results were associated with expected responses to different environmental features and human influence. The analysis revealed highest nitrate and phosphate levels after the summer season and higher concentrations of fecal coliforms after intense precipitation, suggesting an inefficient system of domestic sewage treatment. Statistical analyses distinguish two most populated areas: area 2-Centrinho presented finer sediments and higher reactive silica concentration than the others, while the area 3-Aracas was differenced by the highest total organic matter content in the sediments.


Since their inception Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have been popular generative models across images, audio, video, and tabular data. In this paper we study whether given access to a trained GAN, as well as fresh samples from the underlying distribution, if it is possible for an attacker to efficiently identify if a given point is a member of the GAN's training data. This is of interest for both reasons related to copyright, where a user may want to determine if their copyrighted data has been used to train a GAN, and in the study of data privacy, where the ability to detect training set membership is known as a membership inference attack. Unlike the majority of prior work this paper investigates the privacy implications of using GANs in black-box settings, where the attack only has access to samples from the generator, rather than access to the discriminator as well. We introduce a suite of membership inference attacks against GANs in the black-box setting and evaluate our attacks on image GANs trained on the CIFAR10 dataset and tabular GANs trained on genomic data. Our most successful attack, called The Detector, involve training a second network to score samples based on their likelihood of being generated by the GAN, as opposed to a fresh sample from the distribution. We prove under a simple model of the generator that the detector is an approximately optimal membership inference attack. Across a wide range of tabular and image datasets, attacks, and GAN architectures, we find that adversaries can orchestrate non-trivial privacy attacks when provided with access to samples from the generator. At the same time, the attack success achievable against GANs still appears to be lower compared to other generative and discriminative models; this leaves the intriguing open question of whether GANs are in fact more private, or if it is a matter of developing stronger attacks.


Publication data relating to a rare and obscure Japanese journal "Lansania Journal of Arachnology and Zoology" (1929-1941) are examined. Available facts, together with a substantial body of circumstantial and anecdotal evidence suggest that many planned issues, including several cited by independent sources as having been published, were not published. Some biographical data relating to the editor, Kyukichi Kishida (1888-1968), are provided. Titles of all papers known to have been published in "Lansania," with page numbers and claimed publication dates are presented, together with a list of 113 new zoological names proposed in the journal. Known library holdings of the journal worldwide are indicated. Details are provided of unpublished manuscripts in proof obtained from Kishida in the 1960s. The strong probability that some printed publication dates are inaccurate is discussed in detail.


In the implementation of any Assisted History Matching process, one of the most important things to address is the reservoir geological structure. The natural transition from structural geological uncertainties towards the rock and fluid uncertainties is represented by the facies distribution. In this study we propose a new facies modeling process that can be used in an integrated modeling workflow. These facies instances must be consistent with the prior knowledge about the reservoir geology (the number of the facies types, the possible transition between facies types, the direction of the facies), and honor the hard data (well log data) and the sand probability cubes (from seismic data). The solution proposed here is the Adaptive Plurigaussian Truncation (APT) model. The APT model consists of generating facies distributions conditioned to prior facies probability occurrence maps. In Sebacher et al., 2013 the truncation map is defined through an internal construction of the model, here it is linked directly with he prior information and experts opinion. The proposed process should be updateablebased on all the available data by an ensemble based method. For the estimation purposes and uncertainty propagation and hence, quantification, we use as history matching (HM) method the Ensemble Smoother (ES)(Skjervheim et al., 2011)


Simple reaction time (RT) is defined as the elapsed time between presentation of a single stimulus and onset of movement. In choice RT, there are at least two stimuli, requiring two distinct responses. The neurobiological basis of RT in humans has mostly been evaluated in patients with Parkinson's disease or cerebellar disease. Lesion studies in animals have assessed the different contributions of various subregions of the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. There is a prolongation of simple RT and in some cases of choice RT in Parkinson's disease. Both simple and choice RT are susceptible to modulation by brain dopamine levels. However, such is not invariably the case, attesting to the contribution of non-dopaminergic neurons in the sensori-motor slowing found in Parkinson's disease. An increase in simple RT and in choice RT are found in patients with cerebellar atrophy. The initiation of fast ballistic movements is associated with the dentate efferent system. This system is modulated by dopaminergic and glutamatergic pathways to the striatum.


Applicability of 8 day interval flow data for the calibration of hydrologic model was evaluated using Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) at Kyungan watershed. The 8 day interval flow monitored by Ministry of Environment located at upstream was calibrated and periodically validated during 2004-2008. And continuous daily flow monitored by Ministry of Construction & Transportation (MOCT) and located at the mouth was compared with daily simulated data during 2004-2007 as spatial validation. Automatic calibration tool which is Model-Independent Parameter Estimation & Uncertainty Analysis (PEST) was applied for HSPF calibration procedure. The model efficiencies for calibration and periodic validation were 0.63 and 0.88, and model performances were fair and very good, respectively, based on criteria of calibration tolerances. Continuous daily stream flow at the mouth of Kyungan watershed were good agreement with observed continuous daily stream flow with showing 0.63 NS value. The PEST program is very useful tool for HSPF hydrologic calibration using non-continuous daily stream flow as well as continuous daily stream flow. The 8 day interval flow data monitored by MOE could be used to calibrate hydrologic model if the continuous daily stream flow is unavailable.


A scattering (S-) parameter method has been proposed for electromagnetic property extraction of a target layer within metal-backed inhomogeneous metamaterial (MM) structures. It relies on recursive S-parameters for two different polarizations (parallel and perpendicular). Two different algorithms depending on the value of the incidence angles were proposed to add flexibility to our method. The algorithms were first validated by a metal-backed quasi-one-port method applicable only for one-layer (homogeneous) samples. Then, they were applied to extract electromagnetic properties of the split-ring-resonator-wire MM slab of a metal-backed two-layer inhomogeneous structure and the Omega MM slab of a metal-backed four-layer inhomogeneous structure, and extracted properties by our algorithms were compared with those retrieved by different methods applicable for homogeneous samples only. The accuracy of our method was also examined when there was some noise in S-parameters, when there was a misalignment in incidence angles, and a when large value of iteration number was used.


Although both laparoscopic ablation and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs (GnRHa) are treatments for endometriosis, there are no studies that directly compare these two treatment options. METHODS: This study compares the use of GnRHa therapy and laparoscopic ablation concerning symptom relief, recurrence of symptoms, safety, side effects of treatment and improvement of quality of life in women ages 18-50 with diagnosed endometriosis. The study design is an evidence-based literature review, assessing each study for its research design, inclusion and exclusion criteria, treatment results, adverse affects and conclusions. RESULTS: All but one research study showed that GnRHa are effective at improving quality of life by relieving endometriosis symptoms up to one year post treatment. Side effects were consistent with hypoestrogenemia and were non-life threatening. Laparoscopic ablation was found to successfully treat endometriosis symptoms, but fertility rates were not consistently improved. Adhesion formation, infection and organ injury were complications of surgery, but were low in incidence. CONCLUSIONS: There are many factors that are necessary to consider when determining the most appropriate therapy. Both GnRHa and laparoscopic ablation are safe, reduce symptoms and improve the overall quality of life, therefore more research is needed in order to determine specific parameters for each treatment.


The promise of data-driven decision-making is now being recognized broadly, and there is growing enthusiasm for the notion of "Big Data." In this paper techniques related with the big data pipelining or processing are discussed. There are number of issues related with the analytical results of the big data and the big data processing software. The major issues are included in this paper and will be helpful for the new beginners in this area of big data analytics.


Summary

Decimation of cereal growth and yields by hemiparasitic Striga species cannot be accounted for entirely by the removal of host-plant resources. The production of toxic compounds by the parasite has been suggested. An investigation of three species of the economically important Striga and the related Alectra vogelii has now resulted in the isolation of eight iridoid glucosides (mussaenosidic acid, mussaenoside, gardoside methyl ester, bartsioside, isoaucubin, melittoside, aucubin and eurostoside), two caffeoyl phenylethyl glycosides (calceolarioside  A and verbascoside) as well as shikimic acid and trigonelline, all identified by NMR spectroscopy. The iridoids are potent cytotoxins and probably represent an anti-herbivore defence system common to Scrophulariaceae (sensu lato). This has the potential to explain differences in tolerance apparent for contrasting host taxa and cultivars. The nature of the iridoids present also provides additional validation of the recent transferral of parasitic Scrophulariaceae (s.l.) to Orobanchaceae.


Objective: To examine the relationship between Probiotics and its efficacy in reducing the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Methods: A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the quality of the clinical trials and evidence with respect to the efficacy of probiotics for the treatment of IBS. Medline, PubMed, Google Scholar, NIH registry of clinical trials, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were reviewed from the year 1990-2017 to identify studies that fulfilled inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Findings: 1650 studies were found on probiotics use in IBS. From that, only 70 studies fulfilled inclusion and exclusion criteria that were defined for this study. After assessment with Linde Internal Validity Scale, around 18 clinical trials were identified for data extraction. From those studies, it was seen that probiotic use was associated with improvement in global IBS symptoms compared to placebo [pooled relative risk (RRpooled) 0.77, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.62-0.94]. Probiotics were also associated with less abdominal pain compared to placebo [RRpooled = 0.78 (0.69-0.88)]. Of the 11 species and species mixtures, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was the most frequent tested probiotics. None of the 18 trials reported any serious adverse events with probiotic use. Conclusion: For management of IBS, probiotics were significantly more protective and effective than placebo.


A technique is proposed for locating the elements of a flexible phased array sufficiently accurately to form high-quality beams. The technique requires beacon signal phase measurements and baseline measurements, but does not require the accurate beacon-location knowledge which is characteristic of radio navigation schemes. The effects of phase measurement errors and baseline measurement errors on array beam gain and pointing error are predicted and verified by experiments.


The controlled release gastroprotective drug delivery system gives prolonged & continuous input of the drug to the upper parts of the gastrointestinal tract (G.I.T) and improves the bioavailability of medications that are characterized by the narrow therapeutic window. The aim of this project was to formulate sustained delivery of buccal matrix tablets for Nicorandil by using natural polymers and semi-synthetic polymers like polycarbophil and carbomers. Also, the objective of the work was to evaluate the impact of granulation on the release profile of the tablets by wet granulation and direct compression. In one of the articles, the behavior of the granules made using wet and dry granulation was described. In the present article, the most important characteristics of buccal matrix tablets like surface pH, swelling index, floating capacity, mucoadhesive strength, and ex-vivo permeation in two different skins were studied. From the important characterization studies, it was concluded that some of the formulations made of wet granulation have met the required criteria for buccal matrix tablets and the ex-vivo permeation was good in sheep buccal mucosa.


Sialophorin (CD43) is a major surface mucin on most hematopoietic cell lineages, including phagocytes. Defects of CD43 expression occur in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, a disease characterized by susceptibility to pyogenic infections. In a newly established rat model of septic Staphylococcus aureus arthritis, we have investigated the role of CD43-expressing cells in the progression of the disease. A single injection of a monoclonal antibody specific for CD43 induced a highly erosive course of arthritis and increased mortality in animals exposed to a suboptimal dose of bacteria. Our results demonstrate that sialophorin-expressing cells play a protective role in the early stage of staphylococcal infection.


FUNDING: South African National Research Foundation (grant no. 82624), South African Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation (grant no. 98788) We assessed knowledge development and exchange among actors who patent orthopaedic devices in South Africa over the period 2000–2015. A social network analysis was performed on bibliometric data using co-inventorship on patents as an indicator of collaboration between different organisations, with a focus on the spatial and sectoral contexts. Network metrics and innovation system indices are used to describe knowledge development and exchange. The results show that university, healthcare and industry organisations have primarily been responsible for increased patenting over time. The key actors were a set of industry actors – a national actor and its US partner – who have patented many devices jointly. National universities were found to make a small contribution, and science councils were found to be absent, despite the efforts in the changing innovation landscape to encourage publicly financed research organisations to protect their intellectual property. The collaboration networks were found to be sparse and disjointed, with many actors – largely from the private healthcare sector – patenting in isolation.


In the last years, several papers addressed the supposed spin-1 sector of the massive Duffin-Kemmer-Petiau (DKP) equation restricted to (1+1) space-time dimensions. In this note, we show explicitly that this is a misleading approach, since the DKP algebra in (1+1) dimensions admits only a spin-0 representation. Our result also is useful to understand why several recent papers found coincident results for both spin-0 and spin-1 sectors of the DKP theory in (3+1) dimensions when the dynamics is restricted to one space dimension.


The paper considers the scale – the measure, extent, and dimension – of uneven distributions in space for a wide range of census variables. While the traditional 'index of dissimilarity' is affected by random as well as social factors, a solution presented here allows the index to be calculated even for very small populations. Small areas across England and Wales tend to be fairly similar demographically but quite diverse on ethnic and socio-economic measures. Differences between areas become more noticeable as we move from districts, to wards, to enumeration districts, but the rate of differentiation depends heavily on the variables considered.


Background The reported number of cases and deaths from common infectious diseases can change during major public health crises. We explored whether the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had an impact on tuberculosis (TB) incidence and mortality in China based on routinely reported TB data. Methods We used TB data used from the monthly national notifiable infectious disease reports in China from January 2015 to January 2023. Based on an interrupted time series (ITS) design, we applied Poisson and negative binomial regression models to assess the changes of reported TB incidence and mortality before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results We found a significant and immediate decrease in the levels of both reported TB incidence (relative risk (RR) = 0.887; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.810-0.973) and mortality (RR = 0.448; 95% CI = 0.351-0.572) at the start of COVID-19 outbreak. During the pandemic, the slope of reported incidence decreased significantly (RR = 0.994; 95% CI = 0.989-0.999), while the slope of reported mortality increased sharply (RR = 1.032; 95% CI = 1.022-1.041) owing to an abrupt rise in reported mortality after January 2022. Conclusions Both TB incidence and mortality decreased immediately at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over a longer period, the COVID-19 pandemic had contributed to a sustained and more significant decrease in reported incidence, and a delayed but sharp increase in reported mortality.


Considering failure is a common result in project management, how to effectively learn from failure has becoming a more and more important topic for managers. Drawing on the goal orientation theory and grief recovery theory, the purpose of this paper is to clarify the impact of learning goal orientation on learning from failure. Furthermore, this paper examines the mediating effect of two negative emotion coping orientations (restoration orientation and loss orientation) and the moderating effect of positive grieving in this relationship. The results indicated that: (1) A learning goal orientation is positively related to learning from failure; (2) As a dual-path mediation model, restoration orientation and loss orientation mediate the relationship between a learning goal orientation and learning from failure; and (3) Positive grieving negatively moderates the relationship between a loss orientation and learning from failure.


The topological state of a two-dimensional triplet superconductor may be changed by an appropriate addition of magnetic impurities. A ferromagnetic magnetic chain at the surface of a superconductor with spin–orbit coupling may eliminate the edge states of a finite system giving rise to localized zero modes at the edges of the chain. The coexistence/competition between the two types of zero modes is considered. The reduction of the system to an effective 1d system gives partial information on the topological properties but the study of the two sets of zero modes requires a two-dimensional treatment. Increasing the impurity density from a magnetic chain to magnetic islands leads to a finite Chern number. At half-filling small concentrations are enough to induce chiral modes.


Herbal and traditional medicines are being widely used in practice in many countries for their benefits of treating different ailments. A large number of plants in Morocco were used in folk medicine to treat immune-related disorders. The objective of this study is to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of protein extracts (PEs) of 14 Moroccan medicinal plants. This activity was tested on the proliferation of immune cells. The prepared total and PEs of the plant samples were tested using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay on the splenocytes with or without stimulation by concanavalin-A (Con-A), a mitogenic agent used as positive control. The results of this study indicated different activity spectra. Three groups of activities were observed. The first group represented by Citrullus colocynthis, Urtica dioica, Elettaria cardamomum, Capparis spinosa and Piper cubeba showed a significant immunosuppressive activity. The second group that showed a significant immunostimulatory activity was represented by Aristolochia longa, Datura stramonium, Marrubium vulgare, Sinapis nigra, Delphynium staphysagria, Lepidium sativum, Ammi visnaga and Tetraclinis articulata. The rest of the plant extracts did not alter the proliferation induced by Con-A. This result was more important for the PE than for the total extract. In conclusion, this study revealed an interesting immunomodulating action of certain PEs, which could explain their traditional use. The results of this study may also have implications in therapeutic treatment of infections, such as prophylactic and adjuvant with cancer chemotherapy.


Strong evidence indicates that rare tumor initiating cells (TICs) within tumors play a pivotal role in initiation and maintenance of genetically and morphologically heterogeneous human colon cancers. Self-renewing TICs form serially transplantable tumors that resemble the original patient tumor in immunodeficient mice. Up to now, it is unknown whether TICs represent a homogeneous population with identical potential to self-renew and metastasize, or if they are organized in a hierarchically structured cancer stem cell compartment. Here we demonstrate an unexpected cellular heterogeneity within the TIC compartment by lentiviral marking and in vivo clonal tracking of individual, highly enriched primary human colon cancer initiating cells. TICs derived from different primary human colon tumors or metastases were enriched as tumor spheres under serum-free culture conditions. Frequency of cells capable of forming new tumor spheres after replating ranged from 4%-60% depending on the individual patient. In vivo self-renewal and metastatic capacity of single primary colon TICs in serially transplanted tumors and associated metastases were analyzed by highly sensitive tracking of individual lentivirally marked clones. Primary tumor cells were serially transplanted under the renal capsule of immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2 rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (IL2RG null ) mice. Clonal contribution of TICs individually marked by unique lentiviral integration sites was detected by linear amplification-mediated PCR (LAM-PCR) followed by next generation high throughput sequencing. Three distinct types of TICs contributed to tumor formation: 1) previously unnoticed tumor transient amplifying cells (T-TACs) with limited or no self-renewal capacity contributing only to tumor formation in primary mice, 2) rare extensively self-renewing long-term tumor initiating cells (LT-TICs) that maintain tumor formation after serial transplantation and 3) 'dormant' TICs that become active in secondary or tertiary mice. Only a subfraction of all TIC clones metastasized into bone marrow or liver, indicating that tumor initiation, self-renewal as well as metastasis forming potential are independently regulated in TICs. Our results allow for the first time detailed insights into the clonal heterogeneity within the human colon cancer initiating cell compartment and identify three distinct types of TICs with different self-renewal and metastasis-forming potential. They indicate that tumor initiation, self-renewal and metastasis formation of TICs are independently regulated. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying self-renewal capacity and metastasis formation in LT-TICs will have important implications for future curative treatment strategies in human colon cancer. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 9.


© ESO, 2017. Aims. Infrared dark clouds represent the earliest stages of high-mass star formation. Detailed observations of their physical conditions on all physical scales are required to improve our understanding of their role in fueling star formation. Methods. We investigate the large-scale structure of the IRDC G035.39-00.33, probing the dense gas with the classical ammonia thermometer. This allows us to put reliable constraints on the temperature of the extended, pc-scale dense gas reservoir and to probe the magnitude of its non-Thermal motions. Available far-infrared observations can be used in tandem with the observed ammonia emission to estimate the total gas mass contained in G035.39-00.33. Results. We identify a main velocity component as a prominent filament, manifested as an ammonia emission intensity ridge spanning more than 6 pc, consistent with the previous studies on the Northern part of the cloud. A number of additional line-of-sight components are found, and a large-scale linear velocity gradient of ~ 0.2km s -1 pc -1 is found along the ridge of the IRDC. In contrast to the dust temperature map, an ammonia-derived kinetic temperature map, presented for the entirety of the cloud, reveals local temperature enhancements towards the massive protostellar cores. We show that without properly accounting for the line of sight contamination, the dust temperature is 2-3 K larger than the gas temperature measured with NH 3 . Conclusions. While both the large-scale kinematics and temperature structure are consistent with that of starless dark filaments, the kinetic gas temperature profile on smaller scales is suggestive of tracing the heating mechanism coincident with the locations of massive protostellar cores.


OBJECTIVE Recently has been described alterations in different organs of HIV + patients treated with zidovudine (AZT), as secondary effect from drug administration. METHOD We have developed and experimental rat model, in which the rats were administered AZT in drinking water and we have analysed the activity of enzyme isocitrate DH, of Krebs cycle, in hepatic tissue sections. Histological technique were employed and image analysis to objectivate the results. RESULTS A significant statistic decrease of the enzyme activity in those animals treated with AZT were observed, compared with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS The modification from enzyme activities related with Krebs cycle can be traduced in mitochondrial alterations, that could have direct or indirect influence in the appearance of some associated pathologies to the AZT treatment.


Small axial fans are used for cooling electronic equipment and are often installed in a casing with various slits. Direct aeroacoustic simulations and experiments were performed with different casing opening ratios to clarify the effects of the flow through the casing slits on the flow field and acoustic radiation around a small axial fan. Both the predicted and measured results show that aerodynamic performance deteriorates at and near the design flow rate and is higher at low flow rates by completely closing the casing slits compared with the fan in the casing with slits. The predicted flow field shows that the vortical structures in the tip vortices are spread by the suppression of flow through the slits at the design flow rate, leading to the intensification of turbulence in the blade wake. Moreover, the pressure fluctuations on the blade surface are intensified, which increases the aerodynamic sound pressure level. The suppression of the outflow of pressurized air through the downstream part of the slits enhances the aerodynamic performance at low flow rates. Also, the predicted surface streamline at the design flow rate shows that air flows along the blade tip for the fan with slits, whereas the flow toward the blade tip appears for the fan without slits. As a result, the pressure distributions on the blade and the torque exerted on the fan blade are affected by the opening ratio of slits.


Despite the growing literature on the impact of immigration, little is known about the role existing migrant settlements can play for knowledge transmission. We present a case which can illustrate this important mechanism and hypothesize that nineteenth century Danish-American communities helped spread knowledge on modern dairying to rural America. From around 1880, Denmark developed rapidly and by 1890 it was a world-leading dairy producer. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, and data taken from the US census and Danish emigration archives, we find that counties with more Danes in 1880 subsequently both specialized in dairying and used more modern practices.


Predictive analytics is a type of business analytics which enables predictions to be made, about occurrence of particular events in the future, based on data of the past. The predictive analytics is widely incorporated among the most successful organizations where it supports their decision-making process.
The aim of our study is to examine the effects on decision making in organizations caused by predictive analytics. We perform a qualitative study to investigate the effects by using Simon's model to break down the decision-making process and analyse how the predictive analytics affects each stage. Additionally we test the propositions from Huber's theory of the effects of advanced information technology on organizational design, intelligence and decision making, in the context of predictive analytics as an advanced information technology.
Our contribution to IS knowledge is derived from our findings which show that the predictive analytics offers strong support in the intelligence and design phase of the decision-making process, while having no effect on the choice phase. Furthermore, through the prism of Huber's theory, we find that the predictive analytics generates effects on the organizational intelligence and decision making, while also having effects at subunit level, organizational level and the organizational memory.


Supercharging is one way that be cited for expanding the high-load operating limit that is an issue of the homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. Spectroscopic measurements and chemical kinetic simulations were performed in this study to investigate in detail how varying the equivalence ratio by means of the intake air pressure influenced the low-temperature oxidation reactions and main combustion period of HCCI combustion. Experimental and simulation results showed that reducing the equivalence ratio worked to moderate the main combustion period. On the other hand, it was also observed that lowering the equivalence ratio by increasing the intake air pressure resulted in more active low-temperature oxidation reactions.


Mr Pisaar, Curator of the Hortus Botanicus at Amsterdam, told me they had indeed, not long ago, successfully marcotted a specimen labelled Chamaedorea ernesti-augusti Wendl. The circumstances with this palm were extremely favourable. Its stem is about 3 cm thick with rather short bamboo-like nodes and internodes and below each node there are along the whole stem two swollen places which can produce a node. The marcotte they used was composed of fibres and Sphagnum and did not exceed 15 cm diameter. After about half a year it was judged that sufficient roots had developed and the apical half was separated, while simultaneously the foliage was trimmed by removal of two leaves. At present the plant thrives well and has produced inflorescences. They have also tried to "treat" a tree fern in this way but unsuccessfully.-- v. St.


Aneurism is a stretch, convexity and sacs in artery which is caused by abnormally congenital connective tissue, infection, arterial inflammation or artery wall trauma. True brachial artery aneurysm is relatively rare. There are only some cases that have been reported previously in medical literature. Brachial artery aneurysm might be asymptomatic or revealed by a brachial mass with beating pulse or peripheral ischemia. The diagnosis usually relies on ultrasound and arterial scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The main treatment is the surgery which allows cutting the aneurysm and grafted with a part of great saphenous vein by two end-to-end anastomoses. We present a case report of true aneurysm of brachial artery in a 40 years old woman who was treated in Thai Binh Medical University Hospital.


Implant materials for orbital surgery are mainly used during orbital traumatic deformity-eliminating operations, postenucleation stump plasty, evisceration, and anophthalmic syndrome correction. There are currently a lot of biological and artificial implant materials, but there is no universal material to correct all types of defects and this makes surgeons use a great quantity of reparative procedures and techniques and scientists continue to search for more suitable implant materials. This paper reviews the currently available materials used in orbital surgery in Russia and foreign countries.


Hastings Banda ruled Malawi for three decades until 1993. During that period, it was considered taboo to publicly discuss sexual matters. Efforts to prevent and control the spread of HIV/AIDS therefore got fully underway only after the end of Banda's autocratic regime. There are now an estimated 225,000 cases of AIDS in Malawi. The Ministry of Health estimates that 33% of urban adults and 17% of rural adults are HIV positive, approximately 10% of the total population. In some urban areas, 33% of women attending antenatal clinics and 70-98% of prostitutes are HIV positive. The high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and the practice of dry sex are thought to be major cofactors in bringing about such high rates of HIV infection. Several surveys do, however, indicate that the rate of growth of the HIV epidemic may be slowing. Even if the projected decrease in the incidence of new infections actually occurs, the cumulative HIV prevalence will continue to increase. Malawi, one of the world's poorest nations, with a per capita income of $140 and a literacy rate of 47%, cannot afford the overwhelming burden of providing comprehensive care to the segment of its population which suffers with AIDS. The author stresses the need for AIDS education in primary schools, especially since many students drop out prior to secondary school.


The supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power generation system holds tremendous potential in nuclear, chemical and renewable energy utilization fields due to its compactness, security and high efficiency. However, the dramatic variation in the physical property of sCO2 complicates the system analysis and optimization. Recent researches usually took simple stack of all governing equations of individual components as the physical model of system. Besides, based on the traditional heat transfer modeling method, some researches apply the segmentation method to take fluid property variation into consideration. These methods exacerbate the multivariate nonlinearity of the system and are not suitable to analyze complex sCO2 thermal systems. Moreover, taking the consideration of the strong nonlinearity of sCO2 system, most researches adopt single parameter analysis to obtain the optimum solution, which may not achieve global optimization. In this contribution, introduction of a new definition of thermal resistance of heat exchanger disassembles the original implicit nonlinear properties of heat transfer processes as the linear relation between inlet temperature difference of fluids and heat flow rate, and the explicit nonlinear expression of thermal resistance. For the nonlinearity caused by the variable properties of sCO2, segmentation is also used in heat exchanger modeling. However differently, the introduction of new defined thermal resistance enables the elimination of most intermediate variables produced by segmentation, which contributes to the connection of all segments in heat exchanger into a heat exchanger network. Furthermore, based on the system layout, the equivalent power flow diagram of the system is built to derive the corresponding governing equations revealing the overall transfer and conversion laws of heat. Combining the flow resistance balance equations of all components and the accompanying power flow processes constraints offers the inherent physical constraints among operating parameters. Benefit from the conciseness of system model, the genetic algorithm can be used for the model optimization. Taking thermal efficiency of the system as the optimization objective, the optimal matching of the operating parameters under variable working conditions is obtained.


Analysis of ATE Measurability Using Information Flow Model Since many test equipments can't be calibrated conveniently, this paper proposed a new concept named measurability to solve the problem. The measurability is defined, and its indexes are given in detail. Selected from the models of testability, the information flow model is used to analyze the ATE (automatic test equipment) measurability. The correlative matrix of information flow model is decided according to the trace chain. Finally, a practical example is given to show the analysis process.


Introduction: Hospitalized children are often at increased risk of nutritional impairment at or during admission. Objectives: The aims of this study were to (1) define the nutritional state of hospitalized children with comparison to healthy children in two different countries and (2) compare and contrast three nutritional risk screening (NRS) tools for hospitalized children in terms of the ease of completion and the validity of scores with comparison to current nutritional status. Materials and Methods: Children admitted to two paediatric teaching hospitals located in Iran and New Zealand were enrolled, along with healthy control children from the same communities. Nutritional state was assessed by anthropometry and classified as moderate/severe malnutrition according to WHO criteria. Three NRS tools (Screening Tool for the Assessment of Malnutrition (STAMP), Screening Tool for Risk On Nutritional status and Growth (STRONGkids) and Paediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS)) were applied to all inpatients and patients classified from low to high risk. Results: 281 inpatients and 262 controls were recruited in the two countries. The prevalence of moderate/severe under-nutrition in the Iranian inpatient group was 25.2% versus 3% in the control group, respectively (P=0.0001). The rate of under-nutrition in NZ inpatients was 9.9% versus 3.7% in the community group (P=0.04).  In contrast, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in the Iranian control group was 22% compared to just 2.5% in the inpatient group (P=0.04), while there was no difference between the two groups in NZ (P=1.0). NRS tools were able to identify most of the malnourished patients in the medium to high risk groups in both countries. Conclusion: Hospitalized children have higher rates of under-nutrition than healthy children from the same community. The three NRS tools were able to identify children at nutritional risk, but with differing utility. STRONGkids appeared to be the most useful and reliable tool in both countries. Key Words: Iran, Hospitalized, Malnutrition, Newzeland.


BACKGROUND
Paraneoplastic cutaneous manifestations associated with hepatocellular carcinoma may allow early diagnosis and curative treatment. Chronic prurigo alone may reveal hepatocellular carcinoma hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of any other abnormal laboratory results potentially indicative of hepatic disease.

CASE REPORT
A 79-year-old woman was referred to our unit for prurigo beginning 3 months earlier, occurring night and day and causing insomnia. The initial results were completely normal. In the absence of improvement under treatment with dermal corticosteroids, additional investigations were performed, in particular, abdominal ultrasound. The latter showed a liver nodule of 1.5 cm in diameter. CT scan confirmed the presence of this nodule and revealed morphological changes consistent with hepatocellular carcinoma in segment VIII. Alpha-fetoprotein was elevated. Following surgical treatment of this hepatocellular carcinoma, skin lesions regressed without any further treatment. One year later, no relapse of skin lesions was observed and the patient was in complete remission regarding hepatocellular carcinoma.

DISCUSSION
Prurigo may constitute a paraneoplastic sign of hepatocarcinoma, the prognosis of which depends upon the stage at which it is discovered. For small tumors (< 3 cm), surgery may be curative. Of the few cases reported in the literature, our patient is the first to undergo curative surgery thanks to early diagnosis.


This paper reports findings from a longitudinal project in which secondary teachers were working collaboratively to support adolescents' self-regulated learning through reading (LTR) in subject-area classrooms. We build from prior research to "connect the dots" between teachers' engagement in self- and co-regulated inquiry, associated shifts in classroom practice, and student self-regulation. More specifically, we investigated whether and how teachers working within a community of inquiry were mobilizing research to shape classroom practice and advance student learning. Drawing on evidence from 18 teachers and their respective classrooms, we describe findings related to the following research questions: (1) While engaged in self- and co-regulated inquiry, what types of practices did teachers enact to support LTR in their subject-area classrooms? (2) How did teachers draw on research-based resources to inform practice development? (3) What kinds of practices could be associated with gains in students' self-regulated LTR? In our discussion, we highlight contributions to understanding how teachers can be supported to situate research in authentic classroom environments and about qualities of practices supportive of students' self-regulated LTR. We also identify limitations of this work and important future directions.


Abstract Three exploration wells drilled in the West of Shetlands targeted crystalline Lewisian Basement as the primary reservoir. The objective of these wells was to demonstrate the presence of movable oil in basement and the viability of fault zones within the Lewisian Basement as an exploration target. Lewisian Basement reservoir properties were defined pre-drill through a combination of fieldwork, offset well data, global basement analogues and detailed 3D seismic interpretation. Dip, azimuth and similarity attributes were analysed within the 3D seismic volume in order to delineate the fault network, complimenting manual fault interpretation. Once the fault network had been defined, two fault zones were chosen as a reservoir target for an inclined basement well, based on their length and location within the reservoir. After drilling over a kilometre of basement across three wells, significant understanding has been gained of the basement reservoir. The comprehensive suites of log data obtained from the wells have allowed some leading edge techniques to be used to bridge the gap between wellbore data and seismic data, with fault zones identified from log data tying to fault zones that had been interpreted using seismic data. The well results have been used to feed back into the predicted fault model to increase the number of mapped faults and to constrain rock properties including lithology and fracture frequency. This paper summarizes the above process and provides specific details regarding the seismic characterization of the fault network.


Abstract We describe initial manifestations, approach to diagnosis, and treatment of a patient with congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1b (CDG 1b), previously managed as acetylcarnitine deficiency. A 9-year-old girl initially diagnosed with and treated for acetylcarnitine deficiency at an outside hospital presented with recurrent hypoglycemia, failure to thrive, poor weight gain, and short stature. She had discontinued levocarnitine therapy because of lack of response, and testing with us demonstrated a normal carnitine and acyl carnitine panel and hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia during a diagnostic fast. Oral diazoxide and hydrochlorothiazide were initiated with resolution of hypoglycemia. She had iron deficiency anemia, but an upper gastrointestinal evaluation was normal. Genetic testing confirmed a diagnosis of CDG 1b caused by deficiency of mannose phosphate isomerase. Oral mannose was started with gradual reduction in and eventual discontinuation of the diazoxide dose. Hypoglycemia in the pediatric age group needs a systematic approach. It is important to raise awareness of CDG 1b, which can present as persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. Mannose supplementation can ameliorate clinical symptoms and biochemical abnormalities.


The implementation of simultaneous mechanical cavopulmonary assistance having blood pumps located in both of the vena cavae is investigated as an approach to treating patients with an ailing Fontan physiology. Identical intravascular blood pumps are employed to model the hemodynamic support of a patient-specific Fontan. Pressure flow characteristics, energy gain calculations, and blood damage analyses are assessed for each model. The performance of the dual-support scenario is compared to conditions of mechanical support in the inferior vena cava only and to a nonsupported cavopulmonary circuit. The blood pump in the superior vena cava generates pressures ranging from 1 to 22 mm Hg for flow rates of 1-4 L/min at operating speeds of 1250-2500 rpm. The blood pump in the inferior vena cava produces pressures at levels approximately 20% lower. The blood pumps positively augment the hydraulic energy in the total cavopulmonary connection circuit as a function of flow rate and rotational speed. Scalar stress levels and fluid residence times are at acceptable levels. Damage indices for the dual-support case, however, are elevated slightly above 3.5%. These results suggest that concurrent, mechanical assistance of the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava in Fontan patients has the potential to be beneficial, but additional studies are needed to further explore this approach.


Medan is the third largest city in Indonesia. It is a lowland with topography tend to ramps and as an encounter place of two rivers namely Deli River and Babura River. Medan city is prone to flood because it is a downstream area traversed by those two rivers. According to the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the most frequent disaster in Medan City is a flood, which occurred almost every year over the last 10 years. Climate change has caused increasing frequency and intensity of rainfall in North Sumatra in recent years. It triggers the occurrence of floods. The purpose of this study was to determine the area which is vulnerable and prone to flood. The objectives are making a map of flood prone area and flood vulnerability map. The research is descriptive, which used Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis. GIS is used to produce disaster-prone maps by sequencing data such as slope, land use and landform. From the research above, it found that Medan City is generally a flood-prone area and has a high vulnerability for flooding. Medium and high flood-prone areas reach 95% of the entire area of Medan City. Meanwhile vulnerable areas are low and medium reaching 98%.


In this paper, the concept of a multiscale modeling approach is highlighted with which physical phenomena at different scales can be studied. The work reports a multiscale approach to describe the dynamics of a chain of bubbles rising in non-Newtonian fluids. By means of the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and the Lattice Boltzmann (LB) simulation, a deep understanding of the complex flow pattern around a single bubble is gained at microscale. The interactions and coalescences between bubbles rising in non-Newtonian fluids are experimentally investigated by the PIV measurements, birefringence and rheological characterization for both an isolated bubble and a chain of bubbles formed from a submerged orifice. Two aspects are identified as central to interactions and coalescence: the stress creation by the passage of bubbles and their relaxation due to the fluid's memory. This competition between the creation and relaxation of stresses displays non-linear complex dynamics. Along with the detailed knowledge around a single bubble, these fundamental mechanisms governing bubbles' collective behavior in a train of bubbles at mesoscale lead to a cognitive modeling based on behavioral rules. By simulating bubbles as adaptive agents with the surround fluid via residual stresses, model predictions for consecutive coalescence between a great number of bubbles compare very satisfactorily with the experimental investigation at macroscale. Obviously this new approach captures important quantitative and qualitative features of the collective behaviors of bubbles at macroscale level which are predicted by the mesoscopic cognitive modeling approach of the interactions rules which are deduced from the understanding of the microscopic mechanism of the flow around a single bubble.


Private and government sectors have to perform professionalism in their activities. Perum Jasa Tirta I (PJT I) is a profit-center government institution having a mission of maintaining water resource in accordance to its given duty through innovative and professional way. Moreover,PJT has to give service excellent to all stakeholders and run corporate activity in optimal resource according to accountable and healthy principals. Based on its mission, performance measurement has to be done. This research used Balanced Scorecard (BSC) because it is commonly used worldwide.
BSC describes organization mission into four critical performance fields. However BSC can treat mission as variable if it is regarded critical measurement. In this case, BSC has five critical performance fields, such as: (i) Mission, (ii) shareholders, (iii) learning and growth, (iv) Financial, (v) internal governance. These fields are broken down into organization goal and detailed into measurement indicator to get the mark. This research chose 11 indicators representing these five critical performance fields. Each mark of five indicators is calculated and divided, and then the result is 0,727. Using measurement scale, the researcher conclude that PJT used BSC performance measurement in 2013 and the result of this measurement has "Enough" scale towards its performance. This conclusion comes out as the researcher observes the range of scale between 0 and 0,727. Further, the mark is in positive scale and exceed the balance score of zero (0) and close to maximum score 1. The measurement of mission and shareholder indicate a good result. Meanwhile, other critical measurement fields such as internal governance and learning – growth has to be increased in the future


A great deal of psychological research suggests that fact finders are unable to successfully distinguish truths from lies at levels significantly greater than chance. This article addresses the shortcomings in deception detection accuracy in forensic settings and focuses on the implications for the elicitation of false confessions and the assessment of confession evidence. In particular, we review the empirical psychological literature on detecting deception while highlighting the limitations on performance accuracy in forensic contexts. The consequences of these performance errors are discussed with reference to police interviews and the elicitation of potentially unreliable confessions. Next, this article outlines the conditions under which innocent people may falsely confess and considers the psychological factors that may mediate an individual's decision to make a false confession. The authors argue that false confessions are very persuasive and are difficult to discern from truthful confessions elicited in an investigative context. The implications for assessing the credibility of confessions and possible directions for future research are discussed.


In recent years, we have seen a dramatic increase in crowdsourcing approaches to solve problems and engage in other types of knowledge work in many domains, including genetics, health, cultural heritage, digital preservation and design. Crowdsourcing initiatives offer many potential benefits, including engaging individuals of diverse backgrounds in collaborative meaning‐making and production. And yet, the potential challenges and dangers, such as issues related to quality and false confidence, can hardly escape our attention. This panel will explore how human‐centered approaches to crowdsourcing can help minimize its challenges. In particular, this panel will ask how we implement crowdsourcing methods, what our outcomes should be, and how we should go about developing and defining our outcomes in relationship to the workers. The first half of the session will be devoted to an introduction to crowdsourcing initiatives and associated critical issues. Each presentation will drill progressively deeper into the mechanisms and implications of crowdsourcing. In the second half of the session, we invite session attendees to engage with us in a collaborative activity employing techniques from the value sensitive design approach to design crowdsourcing initiatives that are sensitive to the communities with whom we engage and thereby endeavor to realize humanistic goals. It is our hope that the panel session will result in new collaborations and spark the development of more thoughtful, reflexive and productive crowdsourcing activities.


In extraxylary tissues of the stem Gnetum gnemon produces gelatinous fibers that can also function as reaction or tension fibers. These gelatinous fibers occur in all axes in the outer cortex and in displaced axes progressively in the middle and inner cortex and finally in the secondary phloem. Early cell differentiation in the cortex produces initials of laticifers that are unique in gymnosperms. Subsequently narrow fibers differentiate from cells that undergo both extensive passive elongation, as a result of internodal elongation, together with their active apical intrusive growth. Outer fibers always complete secondary wall development and become an important mechanical component of stems. Differentiation of fiber initials continues in the middle and inner cortex, but secondary wall formation can only be determined by a gravimorphic stimulus that produces eccentric development of fibers. Further eccentric development of fibers then continues in the outer secondary phloem from dedifferentiated phloem parenchyma cells that initially undergo extensive intrusive growth. All such cells have characteristic features of tension fibers of angiosperms. They exhibit a pronounced purely cellulosic innermost layer of the secondary wall (Sg layer). In addition, fiber initials are coenocytic, including up to eight nuclei that become distributed uniformly throughout the length of the cell. Mature macerated fibers are markedly brittle, making accurate length measurements difficult. Although cytologically uniform, these fibers thus originate from two kinds of initial (primary and secondary). They also differ in their response to a gravimorphic stimulus determined by their times of inception and their eccentric location. These cells show a suite of positional and gravimorphic responses that illustrate the complexity of plant cell differentiation.