The paper reports on how urban agriculture, as a sharing system, is becoming a way to increase aggregation, grouping, relationships in a local context, which could turn into an educational and emotional resource within the urban context. This paper will examine the design of community gardens within semi-public spaces in didactic context (schools, associations, learning spaces). One of the research objectives is to improve the quality of urban landscapes by answering citizens' need for social interaction and fostering the role that community plays in it. Through co-design sessions with different communities related to specific schools, the design output aims at the creation of a systemic space made by a vegetable garden and his convivial spaces. This would strengthen internal local connections, and trigger positivity and better learning performances among users. The expected result is a set of design tools and guidelines that allow these realities to deal with the creation of vegetable gardens by defining the layouts, the functions and the experiences.


In this study, the effects of a protease inhibitor, endocytosis inhibitors and an absorption-enhancing agent on the absorption of ((Asu1,7)-eel calcitonin, ECT) from the nasal mucous membrane in rabbits were examined, and the results were compared with those obtained following the rectal absorption of ECT reported in our previous paper. ECT was efficiently absorbed from the nasal mucous membrane and effectively decreased serum calcium (Ca) concentrations. The increase in the area under the percent decrease in serum Ca concentration (deltaCa%)-time curve (deltaCa%-AUC) value, assumed to be an index of the pharmacodynamics (hypocalcemic effect) of ECT, depended on the dose of ECT administered intranasally. When nafamostat mesilate, a protease inhibitor, was coadministered with ECT, the deltaCa%-AUC markedly increased. It is presumed that the influence (enzymatic barrier function) of protease on the nasal absorption of ECT is significant. However, no significant difference in the deltaCa%-AUC value was observed when an endocytosis inhibitor (cytochalasin B or monensin) was coadministered with ECT. ECT administration in combination with sodium decanoate, the sodium salt of a medium-chain fatty acid, effectively increased the deltaCa%-AUC value due to the enhancing effect of sodium decanoate on the nasal absorption of ECT. We conclude that the nasal application offers a promising approach for the administration of pharmaceutical preparations containing ECT with additives such as nafamostat mesilate and sodium decanoate.


The management of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is extremely challenging with high amputation rates reported alongside a five-year mortality risk of more than fifty percent. We describe our experience in using adjuvant antibiotic-loaded bio-composite material (Cerament) in the surgical management of DFO and infected Charcot foot reconstruction. We undertook a retrospective evaluation of 53 consecutive patients (54 feet) who underwent Gentamicin or Vancomycin-loaded Cerament application during surgery. The feet were categorised into two groups: Group 1, with infected ulcer and DFO, managed with radical debridement only (n = 17), and Group 2, requiring reconstruction surgery for infected and deformed Charcot foot. Group 2 was further subdivided into 2a, with feet previously cleared of infection and undergoing a single-stage reconstruction (n = 19), and 2b, with feet having an active infection managed with a two-stage reconstruction (n = 18). The mean age was 56 years (27–83) and 59% (31/53) were males. The mean BMI was 30.2 kg/m2 (20.8–45.5). Foot ulcers were present in 69% (37/54) feet. At a mean follow-up of 30 months (12–98), there were two patients lost to follow up and the mortality rate was 11% (n = 5). The mean duration of post-operative systemic antibiotic administration was 20 days (4–42). Thirteen out of fifteen feet (87%) in group 1 achieved complete eradication of infection. There was a 100% primary ulcer resolution, 100% limb salvage and 76% bony union rate within Group 2. However, five patients, all in group 2, required reoperations due to problems with bone union. The use of antibiotic-loaded Cerament resulted in a high proportion of patients achieving infection clearance, functional limb salvage and decrease in the duration of postoperative antibiotic therapy. Larger, preferably randomised, studies are required to further validate these observations.


Micelles were prepared in organic solvents by using three topological polymer amphiphiles: (i) cyclic poly(n-decyl glycidyl ether-block-2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl glycidyl ether) (c-PDGE-b-PTEGGE) and (ii) its linear analogue (l-PDGE-b-PTEGGE); (iii) linear poly(6-phosphorylcholinehexylthiopropyl glycidyl ether-block-n-dodecanoyl glycidyl ether) (l-PPCGE-b-PDDGE). For the individual micelle solutions, the size and distribution were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and synchrotron X-ray scattering analyses. The synchrotron X-ray scattering analysis further found that c-PDGE-b-PTEGGE forms oblate ellipsoidal micelle in an ethanol/water mixture, l-PDGE-b-PTEGGE makes prolate ellipsoidal micelle in an ethanol/water mixture, and l-PPCGE-b-PDDGE forms cylindrical micelle in chloroform. This comparative study found that there are large differences in the size and distribution results extracted by DLS and X-ray scattering analyses. All possible factors to cause such large differences are discussed. Moreover, a better use of the DLS instrument with keeping its merits is proposed.


In conventional CDMA receivers, the detection of multipath components and RAKE finger management is normally based on the received signal energy per path. These schemes essentially overlook the interference component contaminating the total received power. Consequently, they exhibit poor multipath detection capability especially at low signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). In this paper, we present a new scheme for multipath detection that takes into consideration the interference level in each resolved path individually. Specifically, the proposed scheme is devised to estimate and cancel the interference per path before detection. To account for the hardware limitations of the receiver, we propose a low complexity version of the above scheme which can be easily incorporated into the receiver structure. Our results show that the proposed scheme provides significant improvements in the detection probability of multipath components over the energy-based schemes.


This study was undertaken to investigate the negotiation of everyday sexism encountered by college going young adult women in India in an urban context. An open-ended daily diary form was constructed, and 185 such forms were filled by 58 women enrolled in various colleges of a central university located in Delhi, India. These were analysed by content analysis with the help of NVivo software with a focus on target and type of sexism reported as well as response to sexist incident faced. The findings of this study reveal that participants chose inaction (53%) more than confronting sexism (47%), and reasons were identified for both confronting and not confronting sexism. Of those who did engage in confronting sexism, most chose collective confrontation i.e. confronting prejudice on behalf of one's group. Confronting sexism appeared to be more difficult in the family context than with strangers, while there were no confrontations by bystanders, or men allies.


The procedure for the iterative unification of decision-makers' opinions is proposed. Since the adaptability of a quantitative model and comparability of individual group members' results are required, it is based on the alternative sorting analysis restricted by the localization principle. It is capable of the automatic adjustment of preferential parameters, which are in accordance with the pseudo-criterion concept. A mathematical optimization program is applied so that robust conclusions are obtained. To ensure convergence, the consensus and agreement measures are defined.


In the present study, new bioceramic with the composition 75%Al2O3-25%3Y-TZP was investigated in vitro and in vivo with the aim of evaluating the osseointegration improvement by surface modification upon SnF2 and NaBF4 treatment. In vitro tests were carried out in human fibroblasts culture, whereas in vivo tests were performed using an animal model (rabbit). Morphological details of the fibroblasts attached on the surfaces were emphasized by SEM showing the formation of a shell-like coating after 24 hours incubation. Histological images demonstrated the biocompatibility of the treated implants as no gaps, fibrous tissue, multinucleated cells or inflamation were found at the bone implant interface. A better bone to implant contact was noticed in the case of SnF2 treatment. The results are in agreement with some previously reported studies that also justify the long-term effectiveness of topical fluoride treatment in dentistry and maxillofacial applications.


Interest rate caps can have far-reaching consequences on the composition and maturity of commercial bank loans and deposits. This paper carefully documents these impacts on the formal financial sector in Kenya after the recent interest rate caps of 2016. Using bank-level panel data from before and after the caps, the paper identifies a significant decline in aggregate lending, an increase in nonperforming loans, and a change in composition of lending away from small and medium enterprises and toward safer corporate clients. Banks also shifted away from offering interest on current account deposits to preserve their interest margins. These quantitative findings are supported by qualitative evidence through detailed interviews of commercial bank executives, and have important implications for economic growth and financial inclusion.


Recent research suggests that person centred planning (PCP) can have a positive impact on the lives of people with intellectual disabilities. This article presents data from open-ended comments collected during research on the impact of PCP on the life experiences of 65 people with intellectual disabilities living in England. These comments addressed the goals set prior to and during PCP, and the main benefits of PCP for participants. The results suggest that PCP led to increased goal setting in a range of goal categories. This was reflected in the most common main benefit of PCP of `increased activities and opportunities' reported for 57 percent of participants. For 48 percent of participants, a main benefit of PCP was that they felt better in themselves, in terms of happiness or self-esteem. This must surely be the ultimate aim of those seeking to improve the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities.


Water (H2O) was detected in Comet C/1995 O1 Hale–Bopp on 10 dates between UT January 21.8 and May 1.2, 1997, using highresolution infrared spectroscopy. This is the first study of the heliocentric dependence of water released from a comet using direct detection of H2O itself. Production rates and rotational temperatures were measured, and the derived heliocentric dependence for the water production rate is Q = (8.35± 0.13)× 1030 [R(−1.88± 0.18) h ] molecules s−1. The spatial distribution of H2O molecules in the coma is consistent with water being released directly from the nucleus within 1.5 AU of the Sun, although release of a small fraction from icy grains cannot be excluded. When our derived water production rates are compared to the production of native carbon monoxide and dust, we obtain a dust to ice mass ratio of 5.1± 1.2 within a heliocentric distance of 1.5 AU. The abundance of H2O provides a benchmark for the volatile inventory in Hale–Bopp and, when compared to interstellar and nebular material, helps constrain the origin of cometary ices and their processing histories. These production rates derived from the direct detection of H2O provide a sound basis with which water production rates inferred by indirect methods can be compared. c © 2000 Academic Press


Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are growing public health concerns, and poor sleep may represent a modifiable risk factor. However, there is limited research on insomnia as a predictor of subsequent performance in different cognitive domains and mechanisms that might underlie domain-specific associations. The current study examined: (1) which insomnia symptoms predicted performance across five cognitive domains 14 years later, and (2) whether depressive symptoms and/or vascular diseases mediated these associations.

 Participants included 2,496 adults aged 51+ in the Health and Retirement Study. Insomnia symptoms in 2002 (i.e., "baseline") were quantified by four self-reported items on frequency of trouble falling asleep, nighttime awakenings, early awakenings, and feeling rested upon awakening. Cognition was assessed in 2016 as part of the Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol and operationalized with five factor scores corresponding to episodic memory, executive function, language, visuoconstruction, and processing speed. Multiple regressions examined associations between baseline insomnia symptoms and subsequent cognitive performance, controlling for sociodemographics and baseline global cognitive performance. Mediation models tested whether associations were explained by self-reported depressive symptoms and/or vascular diseases (i.e., hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and/or stroke) in 2014, controlling for baseline values.

 Only trouble falling asleep in 2002 was associated with cognition in 2016. Specifically, more frequent trouble falling asleep predicted poorer episodic memory, executive function, language and processing speed performance, but not visuoconstruction. These associations were mediated by depressive symptoms and vascular diseases in 2014 for all domains except episodic memory; only depressive symptoms mediated the association involving memory. After accounting for these mediators, direct effects of trouble falling asleep remained for episodic memory, executive function and language, but not processing speed.

 Difficulty with sleep initiation may be more consequential for later-life cognition than other insomnia symptoms. Depressive symptoms and vascular diseases may partially drive these associations. We speculate that sleep-onset insomnia could mean less total sleep, immune dysfunction, or endocrine effects that worsen mood, vascular health, and cognition. Remaining associations indicate that additional research is needed to characterize other mechanisms through which sleep initiation problems could contribute to later impairments in frontal and temporal cognitive systems, which are implicated early in ADRD.
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The technology of growing mercury thiogallate crystals (HgGa2S4) is improved and high-quality bulk samples are produced. The basic optical and thermal properties of these crystals are studied. The transmission spectra of mercury thiogallate are measured and its nonlinear characteristics such as the quadratic susceptibility, tuning curves, and the optical-damage resistance are also determined. The specific heat and thermal conductivity of HgGa2S4 are measured. It is concluded that the combined properties of HgGa2S4 crystals can provide for them a leading position among the materials used in nonlinear-optical devices for mid-IR-frequency conversion.


To understand the temporal and spatial succession characteristics of algae functional communities and water quality changes in a drinking water reservoir, the Lijiahe Reservoir was selected to monitor variations in water quality and algae from September 2018 to June 2019. The algae community was classified into functional groups following the method proposed by Reynolds and Padisák. The relationship between algal functional community and water quality was discussed, and the water quality was assessed using the water quality index (WQI) method. The results showed that 56 species of algae were obtained, belonging to 4 families and 28 genera, which were divided into 15 functional groups. The dominant algae functional communities were B, D, G, J, L0, Mp, P, W1, and X1. The algae structure of Lijiahe Reservoir showed obvious seasonal characteristics. The algal density in the mixed period was significantly lower than that in the stratification period. The main functional algae in the mixed period were Chlorella and Cyclotella, but Navicula and Synedra were the dominant functional algae in the stratification period. Redundancy analysis showed that the water temperature, mixing depth, and relative water column stability index were the main factors driving algae succession. WQI analysis indicated that the water quality of Lijiahe Reservoir was "good", and the water quality during the mixed period was slightly better than that in the stratification period. This study demonstrates that water-lifting aerators can change the succession characteristics of algae functional groups, and effectively contribute to improvement in water quality in a drinking water reservoir.


This contribution introduces the concept of Situational Reference Model Mining, i. e., the idea that automatically derived reference models, although derived from identical input data, are intended for different purposes and therefore have to meet different requirements. These requirements determine the reference model character and thus the technique that is best suited for mining it. Situational Reference Model Mining is based on well-known design principles for reference modeling, such as configuration, aggregation, specialization, instantiation, and analogy. We present a procedure model for Situational Reference Model Mining and demonstrate its usefulness by means of a case study. Existing techniques for Reference Model Mining are examined and mapped to their underlying design principles. Our approach provides reference model designers with first guidelines regarding their choice of mining technique and points out research gaps for the development of new approaches to reference model mining.


The radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident in 1986 contaminated parts of the boreal forest ecosystems in Sweden, and we report on the activity concentration of radiocaesium 137Cs in the meat of moose Alces alces caught in the county of Västerbotten in north-Sweden during 1986–1996. Countywide, the geographic distribution patterns of 137Cs activity in moose muscle were similar in 1986 and 1993. The underlying relationship between 137Cs concentration in moose muscle and ground deposition remained significant for all years, but the proportion of variation explained by this relationship was variable and low in most years. The transfer rate of 137Cs to moose underwent marked annual fluctuations that appear to be synchronous over large areas. The fluctuations in the uptake of 137Cs by moose most probably result from variations in food selection or shifts in habitats. The transfer rate of 137Cs to moose seems to be higher in coastal areas than in inland areas. The 137Cs activity in moose was considerably higher in 1993 than should be expected from a simple decay model based on original deposition data and the 137Cs levels in moose meat from 1986. The large temporal variations in transfer rate make future predictions of transfer to moose and man unreliable. We found that the annual hunting of moose is a major source of 137Cs transfer to man in this region.


We investigate vacuum statistics and stability in random axionic landscapes. For this purpose we developed an algorithm for a quick evaluation of the tunneling action, which in most cases is accurate within 10%. We find that stability of a vacuum is strongly correlated with its energy density, with lifetime rapidly growing as the energy density is decreased. On the other hand, the probability P(B) for a vacuum to have a tunneling action B greater than a given value declines as a slow power law in B. This is in sharp contrast with the studies of random quartic potentials, which found a fast exponential decline of P(B). Our results suggest that the total number of relatively stable vacua (say, with B>100) grows exponentially with the number of fields N and can get extremely large for N≳ 100. The problem with this kind of model is that the stable vacua are concentrated near the absolute minimum of the potential, so the observed value of the cosmological constant cannot be explained without fine-tuning. To address this difficulty, we consider a modification of the model, where the axions acquire a quadratic mass term, due to their mixing with 4-form fields. This results in a larger landscape with a much broader distribution of vacuum energies. The number of relatively stable vacua in such models can still be extremely large.


Objective The aim of this study was to correlate specific fatty acid profiles of visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) with inflammatory signatures potentially associated with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Human adipocytes were isolated from biopsies of visceral WAT from 24 subjects subdivided in four groups: normal-weight (BMI 22.0-24.9 Kg/m2) and over-weight/obese (BMI 26.0-40.0 Kg/m2), affected or not by CRC. To define whether obesity and/or CRC affect the inflammatory status of WAT, the activation of the pro-inflammatory STAT3 and the anti-inflammatory PPARγ transcription factors as well as the expression of adiponectin were analyzed by immunoblotting in adipocytes isolated from each group of subjects. Furthermore, to evaluate whether differences in inflammatory WAT environment correlate with specific fatty acid profiles, gas-chromatographic analysis was carried out on WAT collected from all subject categories. Finally, the effect of the ω3 docosahexaenoic acid treatment on the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in adipocytes was also evaluated. Results We provide the first evidence for the existence of a pro-inflammatory environment in WAT of CRC patients, as assessed by the up-regulation of STAT3, and the concomitant decrease of PPARγ and adiponectin with respect to healthy subjects. WAT inflammatory status was independent of obesity degree but correlated with a decreased ω3-/ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. These observations suggested that qualitative changes, other than quantitative ones, in WAT fatty acid may influence tissue dysfunctions potentially linked to inflammatory conditions. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that adipocyte treatment with docosahexaenoic acid restored the equilibrium between STAT3 and PPARγ. Conclusion Our results suggest that adipocyte dysfunctions occur in CRC patients creating a pro-inflammatory environment that might influence cancer development. Furthermore, the protective potential of docosahexaenoic acid in re-establishing the equilibrium between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors might represent a useful tool for preventive and therapeutic strategies.


Background: A strong sense of community in any organization, whether it is a small business or a large academic medical center, positively impacts on productivity, efficiency, and morale and makes for an enjoyable workplace. Striking a balance between institutional interests and those of the individual is an ongoing challenge that demands vigilance on the part of faculty and administrators. A faculty comprising self-absorbed individuals, no matter how accomplished they are, will eventually devolve into dysfunction. As the emphasis on extramural grants and clinical productivity has intensified in recent years, this balance has tilted in favor of individualism at the expense of student success and community spirit. Summary: This article examines factors that tend to undermine community and human behaviors that can counter these negative forces. Conclusions: If the various stakeholders in the academic health center—deans, chairpersons, faculty, students and staff—all take stock of their responsibilities and commit themselves to restoring a healthier balance between self-interest and institutional missions, beneficial returns are likely in terms of higher quality education and clinical care, increased research productivity and a more vibrant and enjoyable workplace.


In recent years American obstetrics has been severely criticized. Certain of the criticisms have been justified. The compilation by the Children's Bureau 1 of the maternal mortality rates for the year 1929, which showed that the United States stood third from the bottom among the nations reporting to the International Health Office, was indeed discrediting; even making allowances for some differences in the methods of reporting, this country's record is bad. Two nations, Chile and Scotland, had rates that were higher than that of the United States, and Norway's rate of 3.0 compared unfavorably with the 7.0 of the United States. In 1929 if the United States rate had been the same as Norway's there would have been 9,000 fewer maternal deaths in this country. However, unsatisfactory as the situation was, it was not as bad as many of the articles appearing in both lay and professional journals pictured it.


Pancreatic cancer is a uniquely lethal malignancy characterized by frequent mutations in KRAS, CDKN2A, SMAD4, TP53 and many other genes. Molecular characterization is complicated by relatively few patients presenting with surgically resectable disease, frequent absence of metastases in easily accessible sites, and short patient survival. We have shown that KRAS mutation can be detected in cell-free, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) isolated from the plasma in a subset of patients and is associated with poor prognosis. The ability to simultaneously detect multiple pancreatic cancer-specific mutations in ctDNA would open a new avenue for detection of clinically-relevant mutations. We collected blood from 28 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer prior to treatment on a phase II clinical trial of pharmacodynamically separated gemcitabine and erlotinib. DNA was extracted from both plasma and available matched FFPE tumor specimens and evaluated with the GeneRead DNA QuantiMIZE System (Qiagen). The mutation status of 160 commonly-mutated genes was determined using an amplicon sequencing assay. Sequencing libraries were prepared from DNA samples (40 ng input) by targeted enrichment of exonic regions using the Qiagen GeneRead Human Comprehensive Cancer Panel, which encompasses >744 kb genomic content with ∼8,000 amplicons. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on the Illumina MiSeq for validation analyses of a subset of matched tumor-ctDNA samples, and subsequently on the Illumina HiSeq 2500 for ultra-deep sequencing (1,000X) of the entire sample set. Read mapping, variant discovery, and functional annotation were performed with the Qiagen GeneRead Variant Calling Pipeline. The technical success of this sequencing assay for ctDNA, as well as FFPE DNA, was demonstrated by the resulting data meeting the expected NGS quality standards, including a high percentage of mappable reads (∼90%). In addition, the integrity of the sequencing data obtained from ctDNA samples was supported by detection of 82-94% of the variants found in each matched tumor. Somatic, non-synonymous variants were identified in 29 different genes and at allele frequencies typically Citation Format: Clifford G. Tepper, Ryan R. Davis, Stephenie Y. Liu, Rebekah A. Tsai, Irene M. Hutchins, Philip C. Mack, Thomas J. Semrad. Utilization of next-generation sequencing to identify clinically-relevant mutations in cell-free circulating tumor DNA from patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 5242. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-5242


Real-Time GPS Position Data Products and Formats Boulder, Colorado, 26–28 March 2012 Recent advances in GPS technology and data processing are providing position solutions with centimeter-level precision at a high rate (1 hertz) and low latency (i.e., the time required for data to arrive for analysis, in this case less than 1 second). These data will have the potential to improve scientists' understanding in diverse areas of geophysics including properties of seismic, volcanic, magmatic, and tsunami sources, and profoundly transform rapid event characterization and warning. Scientific and operational applications also include glacier and ice sheet motions, tropospheric modeling, and space weather. Processed Real-Time GPS (RT-GPS) data will require formats and standards that allow this broad community to utilize these data and associated metadata in existing research infrastructure.


Purpose: With the increased availability of clinical deformable image registration tools, summing dose distributions calculated over different CT volumes is a tempting option. However, visual inspections of image registrations are insufficient to assess accuracy, and no patient‐specific QA methods exist to‐date. If the plan quality of the resulting summed dose is poor, it is difficult to discern whether the degradation results from organ motion or registration inaccuracies. We present a straightforward patient‐specific test that identifies invalid dose registrations. Methods: We applied the proposed test to assess dose registration accuracy for an illustrative 2‐fraction HDR brachytherapy prostate case. One plan per fraction was optimized using a unique CT acquired and contoured for each fraction and MIMVista was used to deformably register the clinical dose and contours. The resulting deformed and target CTs were compared. DVHs for the original dose distributions were calculated on their corresponding contours and for the deformed dose using both the target and warped contours. The four resulting DVH sets were compared and analyzed. Results: Though the deformed and target CTs match closely, V100 for the deformed dose plan is 42.0% as compared to 88.6% and 89.6% for the first and second day plans. Computing the deformed dose prostate DVH on the warped contours instead produces a target DVH with V100 of 82.6%, which differs greatly from the deformed V100 calculated on the target contours. Conclusion: When assessing a deformed dose, it is impossible to determine a priori whether degradation of the plan DVHs has resulted from organ motion or registration inaccuracies. If contoured and registered properly, the DVHs of the deformed dose should be similar regardless of whether they are computed over the deformed or target CT contours. Large differences between the two are a strong indication that the warped dose is unusable.


Thymoquinone (TQ) was complexed with beta-cyclodextrin (CD) to form nanosized aggregates. Various TQ:CD ratios were tested and it was found that the ratio of (1:0.25) TQ:CD formed distinguishable nanoparticles with minimum toxicity towards normal cells. These nanoparticles had an average size of 445 +/- 100 nm with a charge 21.8 mV using Zeta-sizer. Particle size measurement using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed an average size of 400 nm and it also revealed the presence of smaller structures, with an average size of 50 nm. The in vitro antiproliferative activity on MCF7 cells was determined using MTT assay and an IC50 of 4.70 +/- 0.60 microM for TQ-CD nanoparticles in comparison to 24.09 +/- 2.35 microM of free TQ solution after 72 h of incubation. Simultaneously, TQ-CD nanoparticles showed lesser toxicity than TQ solution using human periodontal fibroblasts as a model for normal cells. It could be concluded from the results that TQ loaded cyclodextrin nanoparticles might serve as a potential nanocarrier to improve TQ solubility as well as its antiproliferative activity with little toxicity to normal tissues.


Tape automated bonding (TAB) is a suitable technology for assembling ICs with a high number of l/Os. The gang bonding process usually applied requires increasing thermode forces for chips with high lead counts and narrow tolerances regarding thermode parallelism and planarity. Due to the high bonding pressure, TC bonding of Au bumps to Au‐plated tapes becomes critical for these applications. In order to avoid damage to the pad structure an inner lead bonding (ILB) process with reduced pressure is required. A tape metallisation of 0.5–1.0 µm Sn is not sufficient for a significant reduction of thermode pressure. As an alternative, the application of an eutectic Au‐Sn cushion which is deposited on top of the bumps is presented. A modified bumping process was developed for the deposition of the solder bumps. Soldering of the Au‐Sn bumps to a Au‐plated tape was performed successfully by two techniques: thermode gang bonding and laser soldering. Bond parameters and tin layer thickness were optimised. Reliability investigations by thermal ageing were performed. The special metallurgical aspects of the system were investigated with a microprobe.


This study discusses the " Sultanate of Ternate 1866-1930 Bureaucratic System ". It is expected to reveal the traits and characteristics of the traditional bureaucratic and legal rational bureaucracy and the growth of  social mobility in the colonial period . The significance of this study can also be seen from a practical standpoint that is to understand   the meaning of bureaucracy to be applied in the present  time especially in people who are undergoing a change from a traditional society to a modern society . Results showed that ( 1 ) the Dutch presence in Ternate brings implications for changes in social life . At the beginning of Dutch colonial rule in North Maluku , Ternate Sultanate bureaucratic system has ben run on dualities view , which on the one hand the Sultanate of Ternate running legal rational bureaucracy and on the other hand run traditional bureucracy. This occurs because there are some  factors influencing the success of traditional authorities in organizing the Dutch government and ( 2 ) the Dutch colonial bureaucracy gave positive effect on the Sultanate of Ternate in the period 1866-1930 . These changes occurred in line with the policy of the Dutch government opened schools in Ternate . As a result of the accumulation of educated people can give birth to new social groups or modern elite . Key words : bureuratic system system, social mobility


ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 8 Number 11 (2019) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Addition of organic and inorganic supplements to the substrate during cultivation is little known to influence the yield of various species of Elm oyster mushroom. Therefore, an experiment with brans, oilcakes and flours as organic supplements in cultivation of Elm oyster mushroom was undertaken in order to find out better and cheaper supplements to increase the yield of Elm oyster mushroom. The gram flour @ 2% took minimum incubation period of 17.00 days. Further karanj cake @ 2% and maize flour @ 2% recorded 18 days to complete spawn run and, while the soybean flour @ 2% took maximum period (21 days) for spawn run. The number of days required for pinhead formation differed significantly and varied between 20.33 to 28.00 days. Similarly, the days required for the first, second and third harvest ranged from 27 to 60.33 days for the total three harvesting. The minimum days of 27.33, 41 and 56.67 were required for first, second and third harvest, respectively after pinhead formation by the treatment of maize flour @ 2% whereas maximum number of days were required by treatment soybean flour @ 2% for first and second harvest (34.33 and 50 days) which failed for third harvest. The number of fruiting bodiesper beds varied from 6.11 to 89.56 due to different treatments.The neem cake @ 2%produced significantly higher number of fruiting bodies per bed (89.56) while the minimum numbers of fruiting bodies were found in the treatment soybean flour @ 2% had 6.11 fruits / bed. A significant variation in average fruit body weight (2.72 to 10.64 g per fruit), pileus diameter (4.09 to 6.72 cm), stipe length (2.62 to 4.43 cm) and stipe size (2.73 to 3.84 cm) were noted due to different treatments. The observations on yield performance due to different treatments revealed that treatment with neem cake @ 2%produced maximum yield of mushroom (841.11 g/kg dry) substrate followed by treatment, maize flour @ 2% with yield of 831.11 g/kg dry substrate whereas lowest yield of 320g/kg dry substrate was recorded in treatment soybean flour@ 2%. The investment towards flour and cakes gave an additional returns due to supplementations ranged from Rs. 3.11 to Rs. 18.94 per kg mushrooms with B:C ratio ranging from 0.91 to 2.47. K e y w o r d s Elm oyster mushroom, Brans, Oilcakes, Flours, Organic supplements, Yield Accepted: 10 October 2019 Available Online: 10 November 2019 Article Info Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2019) 8(11): 1084-1095


Sumitomo Electric successfully developed drastically innovative Bi-2223 (DIBSCCO), namely, commercially produced Bi2223 long length wires using the controlled over pressure sintering (CT-OP) with unique properties quite different from conventional silver sheathed BSCCO wires. CT-OP prevented pores occurring in BSCCO cores, so it reformed conventional Bi2223 wires to DI-BSCCO with excellent properties of higher critical currents, stronger mechanical strength and better durability against temperature rise in cryogen such as pressurized liquid nitrogen. It enhanced the critical current by 50 percent conventional wires sintered in normal atmospheres. Critical tensile stress was also improved by more than 150 percent. Any ballooning defects and degradation of critical current, one of the critical problems for the conventional BSCCO wires, were not found in full length of several km long DI-BSCCO tapes after 24 hours immersion into 1MPa liquid nitrogen.


The authors of the original article "miR210 transferred by lung cancer cell-derived exosomes may act as proangiogenic factor in cancer-associated fibroblasts by modulating JAK2/STAT3 pathway" (Clinical Science (2020) 134(7), DOI: 10.1042/CS20200039) have acknowledged an error regarding image duplication in Figures 3, 5 and 7 of their published paper. The authors would like to apologise for this error. The corrected Figures 3, 5 and 7 are provided below and the author has additionally provided the raw data to support this as a Supplementary File. This correction does not modify data interpretation of the original article.


The determinants of attendance at professional sporting events come from a variety of team- specific, game-specific, and stadium-specific factors. Using data from the 2,431 major league baseball games played during the 2005 season, this study employs a multivariate regression model to determine the effect that the previously mentioned factors have on game attendance. The focus of the study is on the effect that promotions, such as product giveaways, have on attendance. The findings of this study indicate that having a promotion at a game increases attendance by about 1,532 fans. The findings also indicate that both the timing of a promotion and the type of promotion is important. Specifically, promotions held on weekends have a much smaller impact on attendance than promotions held during the week, with promotions held on Friday or Sunday having a particularly small effect. In terms of the type of promotion, this study finds that bobblehead giveaways have by far the largest impact on attendance and that several types of giveaways actually have no effect on attendance.


This study is concerned with the problem of non-fragile H ∞ filtering for discrete-time non-linear systems in Takagi–Sugeno's form. Additive interval uncertainty that reflects imprecision in filter implementation because of finite word length effects is considered. Based on vertex theory and probabilistic robust approach, deterministic and randomised filtering algorithms are proposed, respectively. Compared with the deterministic algorithm, the randomised algorithm has acceptable computational complexity, especially for high-dimensional systems. Two examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.


Although consumption studies now dominate large areas of social and cultural research, relatively little attention has been paid to the consumption of financial products and services. However, the consumption of mortgages moved to centre‐stage in the early twenty‐first century, as products that were once tightly rationed were more actively sold, and households were faced with an unprecedented array of borrowing options. Drawing from qualitative telephone interviews with a cross‐section of 150 UK home‐buyers, this paper explores the way households in a credit‐rich setting choose and use their mortgages. We argue that, notwithstanding the risks commonly and rightly associated with the financialization of domestic space, mainstream borrowers are often "at home" with their mortgage: they can generally navigate the mortgage maze and put their mortgage to work.


Kefir is a probiotic mixture of bacteria and yeasts. In vitro and animal trials have shown kefir to have antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity. The main goal of this study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Gardnerella vaginalis (G.vaginalis) to kefir. Antimicrobial agents, which were commonly used to treat bacterial vaginosis, and kefir were both tested for antimicrobial activities against G.vaginalis using an agar diffusion method. Kefir was able to inhibit the growth of G.vaginalis. Kefir found to have antimicrobial activity similar to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone, erythromycin and gentamicin against G.vaginalis isolates. Kefir produced zone of inhibition sizes higher than the zones produced by ciprofloxacin, sulphamethoxazole /trimethoprim and tetracycline. Special attention must be paid to kefir as its activity against G. vaginalis recommends that it deserves assessment in the treatment of infections involving G. vaginalis.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related glomerular disease is a cause of end-stage renal disease, though there is no recent data from Brazil concerning this syndrome. Persistent proteinuria (PPt) is the main marker for glomerular disease, especially levels above 1.5 g. We examined the prevalence of and associated risk factors for PPt, along with the prevalence of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) among AIDS patients. We interviewed 411 patients who were attended at the HIV/AIDS section of the Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco (Brazil) from January through June 2004. PPt was defined as a positive urine dipstick exam on at least two occasions. The analyzed risk factors were: black race, a low CD4 lymphocyte count (<200 cells/mm(3)), an HIV RNA level of >100,000 copies/mL and patients on highly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The patients were classified according to urinary protein/creatinine ratio (Up/Uc) < 1.0, 1.0-3.0 and > 3.0. Patients with Up/Uc >3.0 were submitted to renal biopsy. Among the 411 HIV/AIDS patients, the mean age was 37 years, 70% were male, 37.5% were black, the mean CD4 count was 363 cells/mm(3) (+/- 95), the mean RNA HIV count was 44,475 copies/mL (+/- 40,369), and 92% were on HAART. The prevalence of PPt was 5.6% (95% CI = 3.6 to 8.3%), and it was significantly associated with a low CD4 lymphocyte count (p<0.048). HIVAN was found in just one patient, and two patients improved after HAART.


Apoptosis is one of the most destructive mechanisms that develop after spinal cord (SC) injury. Immunization with neural-derived peptides (INDPs) such as A91 has shown to reduce the deleterious proinflammatory response and the amount of harmful compounds produced after SC injury. With the notion that the aforementioned elements are apoptotic inducers, we hypothesized that INDPs would reduce apoptosis after SC injury. In order to test this assumption, adult rats were subjected to SC contusion and immunized either with A91 or phosphate buffered saline (PBS; control group). Seven days after injury, animals were euthanized to evaluate the number of apoptotic cells at the injury site. Apoptosis was evaluated using DAPI and TUNEL techniques; caspase-3 activity was also evaluated. To further elucidate the mechanisms through which A91 exerts this antiapoptotic effects we quantified tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). To also demonstrate that the decrease in apoptotic cells correlated with a functional improvement, locomotor recovery was evaluated. Immunization with A91 significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells and decreased caspase-3 activity and TNF-α concentration. Immunization with A91 also improved the functional recovery of injured rats. The present study shows the beneficial effect of INDPs on preventing apoptosis and provides more evidence on the neuroprotective mechanisms exerted by this strategy.


This study sought to explore how the institutional environment comprising regulative, normative, and cognitive factors influences the use of technology in revenue mobilization in the public sector of an emerging economy. The study used the new institutional theory as a theoretical lens and a qualitative case study as a methodological stance. Data was collected from the agency in charge of revenue mobilization in the developing economy through interviews. The study established that regulative, normative and cognitive factors influence the digitalization of revenue mobilization. With regards to the regulative pillar, it was revealed that legislation for a revenue authority with a focus on digitalization, legislation for taxpayer identification and legislation for electronic transactions were laws that governed the use of the system and played essential roles in ensuring that the system was used effectively to fully realize its benefits. The cognitive pillar, on the other hand, revealed some challenges faced with the implementation and use of the digital system. The study contributes to the literature on the digitalization of revenue mobilization, which has arguably seen very few studies conducted in Africa, especially in Ghana, hence calling for more future studies on the use of e-revenue systems in developing economies.


In order to evaluate the evolution of the low grade dysplasia using colpocytologic follow-up, 150 women, enrolled in this study, were submitted to yearly colpocytologic control for a period of four years. The rate of progression toward more severe forms was very low; three cases (2.14%) in the first year, one case (0.7%) in the second and two cases (2.32%) in the fourth. Eighty-eight per cent of the patients had cytologic signs of Human Papilloma Virus infection detected in cytologic and histologic examination.


The auxiliary resonant commutated pole (ARCP) multicell converter is a soft-switched variant of the multicell converter. It is shown in this paper that the ARCP technique can be very efficiently used in multicell flying capacitor converters. The main properties of the resulting soft switching multicell converter are very similar to those of the hard-switched version. They are presented and validated by simulations as well as experimental results. In practice, due to the damping, the ARCP multicell converter can suffer from switching faults as in two-level ARCP inverters, but in the case of a multicell converter failures can occur in different cells. So, the main control strategies are evaluated and the switching process is discussed step by step, taking account of the main imperfections of actual control circuits. When they can occur, the switching faults are described and analyzed. Finally, an original quasisoft switching control that should give a high safety of operation is proposed. Experimental results obtained with a 900 V-100 A ARCP multicell inverter leg are given and the performances are compared with those of a hard-switched multicell inverter leg of the same rating.


Research have been conducted to study students' attitude towards the computer [computer attitudes], their computer self efficacy and computer anxiety separately. This study was specifically targeted at determining if socio-demographic variables like gender, age and field of study had any effect on these computer parameters among secondary school students. It also explored the possibility of been able to predict students' computer characteristics from computer efficacy, computer anxiety and demographic variables. 600 students were selected by proportionate sampling from the Senior Secondary class III [SS III] of six secondary schools equipped with 40 micro-computer-fitted laboratories by the Nigerian [Lagos state] government. The instrument for the study consisted of two types of questionnaires, one titled "Questionnaire on the computer attitude" was used to obtain a measure of students' computer attitude while another titled "Questionnaire on students computer self efficacy and computer anxiety" was used to measure their computer self efficacy and computer anxiety. The questionnaires were administered by their ICT teachers under the supervision of the researchers. Data analyses were by using t-test, ANOVA, Posthoc tests and multiple regression. The results showed that gender had no significant influence on any of the three parameters but age seems to affect computer attitude and computer anxiety. Students in the vocational and commercial fields of study had better attitude towards the computer than those in the sciences and arts. In terms of predicting students computer attitudes, fields of study, computer self efficacy, gender and very low levels of computer anxiety were found to be the significant predictors of computer attitude.


The purpose of this study is to examine a poem written by Wiji Thukul as a record of the life of the society in its period. The study of Wiji Thukul's poem is deemed interesting because this poem was considered subversive and threatening for the regime in power. This research employs an approach of literary sociology. Thus, in order to answer the research problem, this study makes use of the theory of sociology of literature initiated by Diana Laurenson and Alan Swingewood. Meanwhile, the source of this research data is a poem by Wiji Thukul (No Title). Furthermore, this research also employs some additional references to support and evaluate the research object. This is due to the reason that the method being used is considered risky if employed without any historical knowledge of a certain era. The results reveal that Wiji Thukul poem is a representation of the New Order era. Wiji Thukul's poem illustrates the existence of the repression experienced by the poet and society. This repression is related to restrictions in literacy and freedom of expression.


Optically linked ion traps are promising as components of network-based quantum technologies, including communication systems and modular computers. Experimental results achieved to date indicate that the fidelity of operations within each ion trap module will be far higher than the fidelity of operations involving the links; fortunately internal storage and processing can effectively upgrade the links through the process of purification. Here we perform the most detailed analysis to date on this purification task, using a protocol which is balanced to maximise fidelity while minimising the device complexity and the time cost of the process. Moreover we 'compile down' the quantum circuit to device-level operations including cooling and shuttling events. We find that a linear trap with only five ions (two of one species, three of another) can support our protocol while incorporating desirable features such as global control, i.e. laser control pulses need only target an entire zone rather than differentiating one ion from its neighbour. To evaluate the capabilities of such a module we consider its use both as a universal communications node for quantum key distribution, and as the basic repeating unit of a quantum computer. For the latter case we evaluate the threshold for fault tolerant quantum computing using the surface code, finding acceptable fidelities for the 'raw' entangling link as low as 83% (or under 75% if an additional ion is available).


The effects of mixtures of attractants (L-lysine and L-alanine) and repellents (L-glutamic acid, L-cysteic acid, n-butyric acid and DL-malic acid) were examined on the behavior of the oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus The chemotactic activity of either 100MM of L-lysine or L-alanine was significantly affected by the addition of more than 10mM of each repellent. There was no difference in the activity of re-pellents. Similarly, the activity of 10MM of L-glutamic acid was affected by the addition of 1, 10 and 100mm of either L-lysine or L-alanine similar to each other. The same was true for repellents such as L-glutamic acid and DL-malic acid. It seems that the effects of repellents wer more significant than those of attractants in the same concentrations.


Objective: This descriptive research has been performed to determine the effects of the physical environment on operating room nurses. Materials and Methods: The research population consists of 246 operating room nurses working at two hospitals of the Ministry of Health, one university hospital, and five hospitals belonging to a special health group. The sample size was not calculated due to the aim of reaching the entire population. The research has been completed with 233 operating room nurses. The study collected the data using a two-part survey and analyzed the data using descriptive statistics and correlation and regression analyses. Results: According to the results, the nurses' ages range between 20-52 years (median=30); 91.8% are female, 54.1% are married, 38.6% are licensed, and 88.4% are operating room staff nurses. The time spent working in the operating departments ranges between 1-29 years (median=4), with postgraduate work experience ranging from 1-30 years (median=9) and 60.1% working daytime shifts. The research shows statistically significant differences regarding demographic comparisons, working duration, working position, shift schedule, gender, and the mean values for the subdimensions of the Operating Room Physical Environment Survey. Conclusion: The study has determined the subdimensions of architectural functionality, environmental safety, suitability for resting, color compatibility, and temperature and humidity control in the operating room to have positive effects on the nurses' effective use of the operating room.


One place where Edward Shils' writings remain prominent and particularly salient today is in contemporary debates over the concept of civility.  Shils has recently been characterized as a 'civilitarian' for his emphasis on the importance of civility in modern society.  While some participants invoke Shils' work affirmatively, critics fear that appeals to civility serve as a mask for exclusion, repression, or the hegemony of traditional religious values. This chapter critically examines this particular rendition of Shils' notion of civility, taking issue both with the characterization of his views of civility as well as the contention that civility is necessarily 'conservative', repressive, or inimical to a modern pluralistic society. Upon closer examination, I will suggest, Shils' emphasis on civility represents a prescient acknowledgment of civility as the virtue uniquely congenial to complex, diverse, and pluralistic societies where citizens can no longer be expected to share substantive ends or purposes: a fundamentally liberal disposition borne of modern social conditions and well suited to maximizing the freedoms afforded to liberal citizens.


ith the work done in the grades, in home and for~gn geography, literature, and history, are shown and explained. The theatre is crowded each morning with hundreds of enthusiastic children "eager for more" who are broadening their knowledge and storing ;p an enormous fund of useful info~mation by a method which appeals to them more forcibly than any other. The city of Springfield is solving its school troubl~s in a similar ~_ay. While the coal short~ge nec.~sslrates the closing of the schools a serres of free movies" has been arranged for the children in the Municipal Auditorium. The Lincoln & Parker pictures shown are a very high grade· and, aside from their educational value, have plenty of features that are most entertaining. School and city officials are enthusiastic about the new educational venture. The work with the motion pictures accomplishes several objects,-the children are kept off tile streets; their interest in their school work is continued and deepened; both teachers and pupils realize better than ever before the tremendous help and stimulus of motion pictures in connection with school work. Theatres in many cities would gladly co-operate in this way with the schools. The cost of hiring the pictures is much less than the cost of heating the various school buildings, and parents and school officials may well feel that, while the children are deprived of their ordinary schoolroom work, they are having the benefit _of something equally or more beneficial. ~ellie B. Allen. Fitchburg Normal School. February 14, 1918. ... ~ ...


A simple and improved method of continuous-flow analysis for total and direct bilirubin in serum is described. Advantages of the method are: small serum and reagent volumes; the use of less concentrated caffeine solution in the accelerator; the substitution of distilled water for hydrochloric acid in the direct bilirubin channel; and the close agreement of results obtained by the present and Jendrassik-Grof reference method when purified bilirubin is used as the calibrating standard.


The purpose of this study is to determine the Relationship of Parenting Mother with Development of Personal Social on Children Pre-School in PAUD X Bengkulu City.This study used survey analytic approach with cross sectional design. Population in this study were all parent with age of 5-6 years in PAUD X Bengkulu City with the amount of 33 people. Collecting data in this study used primary data with spreaded questionnaire of Parenting mother who given to the parents to filled out appropriate with parenting everyday, while collecting data development of Personal Social on Children with observation directly used Stimulation formulir, detection and Early Intervention of growth and depelopment. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate.The result of this study showed: (1) from 33respondent there were 42,4% with democratic parenting; (2) from 33 respondent there were 92,2% with Personal Social on Children in normal category and (3) There is significant relationship between parenting Mother with Development of Personal Social on Children Pre-School in PAUD X Bengkulu City with closed ncategory relationship.
n
Keywords: Parenting, Development of Personal Social


INTRODUCTION
According to the "common soil" hypothesis, diabetic microangiopathy and macroangiopathy have a similar pathophysiological background. It has been well documented that carotid artery atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes is associated with cardiovascular complications; however, it remains unclear whether there is a similar association for microvascular complications.

OBJECTIVES
We investigated whether the carotid plaque score and the carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) are associated with macroangiopathic and microangiopathic complications of type 2 diabetes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We enrolled patients with type 2 diabetes and microvascular complications or overt macroangiopathy. A B‑mode carotid ultrasound was performed in all participants, and anthropometric parameters, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, lipid profile, and smoking status were assessed.

RESULTS
The study included 73 patients (mean [SD] age, 63.6 [7.5] years; 36 men [49%]). The mean (SD) diabetes duration was 11.7 (8.1) years. Microvascular complications were observed in 32 patients (43.8%), and overt macroangiopathy, in 42 (57.5%). Hypertension was reported for 60 patients (82%); dyslipidemia, for 56 (77%); obesity, for 37 (51%); and smoking, for 10 (14%). A multivariate regression analysis showed that the carotid plaque score, but not carotid IMT, was significantly associated with dyslipidemia (P = 0.03) and microangiopathy (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Our results indicate that, unlike carotid IMT, the carotid plaque score is independently associated with microangiopathic complications in type 2 diabetes. Patients with a high plaque score should receive special care and the most intensive treatment to stop progression of these complications.


In this study, we present an analysis of the internal stresses generated during cooling of alumina-chromium composites using a micromechanical approach by a finite element method. Residual stress fields are calculated for microstructural models derived from a scanning electron microscope image. Results show in particular that particles with concave shapes can generate relatively high local plastic deformation and residual stress distributions in the adjacent matrix that are very different from those of particles with a spherical shape. We present also the experimental determination of residual stresses using synchrotron radiation from LURE. We show that measurements are possible and the results concerning the mean stresses in the alumina and chromium phases are analyzed.


PharmacoEconomics is the benchmark journal for peer-reviewed, authoritative and practical articles on the application of pharmacoeconomics and quality-of-life assessment to optimum drug therapy and health outcomes. An invaluable source of applied pharmacoeconomic original research and educational material for the healthcare decision maker. PharmacoEconomics is dedicated to the clear communication of complex pharmacoeconomic issues related to patient care and drug utilization. PharmacoEconomics offers a range of additional enhanced features designed to increase the visibility, readership and educational value of the journal's content. Each article is accompanied by a Key Points summary, giving a time-efficient overview of the content to a wide readership. Articles may be accompanied by plain language summaries to assist patients, caregivers and others in understanding important medical advances. The journal also provides the option to include various other types of enhanced features including slide sets, videos and animations. All enhanced features are peer reviewed to the same high standard as the article itself. Peer review is conducted using Editorial Manager®, supported by a database of international experts. This database is shared with other Adis journals.


The world of work is changing. This change becomes obvious by various developments, such as individualization, flexibilization or dissolution of boundaries, which also shape the discourse about subjectification of work (Beck, 1986, Kleemann et al., 2019, Sennett, 2008). Changing work requirements and demands made by employees are closely entwined with changes in health burdens of working people (Eurofound and EU-OSHA, 2014, Eurofound and ILO, 2017, Kratzer et al., 2011, Mauno et al., 2019, Siegrist, 2019). While the numbers of workplace accidents decline, an increasing emergence of work-related diseases can be observed. Contemporaneously, long-term health maintenance and employability is gaining importance in Europe as access conditions to welfare state benefits is becoming increasingly restricted (Böhle and Lessenich, 2018, Vogel, 2018).The prevention of accidents and diseases at workplace is historically rooted in the welfare state and associated with certain traditions of thought (Dixon, 1999, Esping-Andersen, 1990, Moses, 2019). In Austria, workplace disease prevention is based on regulations of occupational health and safety (OHS) as well as statutory accident insurance (Püringer, 2014). Interpretation and communication of these regulations through legally mandated institutions strongly influence companies' OHS prevention measures. However, in the face of tertiarization processes and the subjectification of work and in view of the "4 Fs" of change at work – feminization, flexibilization, fragmentation and financialization – traditional prevention discourses and practices run the risk of excluding growing parts of the working population (Kangas, 2010, Rubery, 2015). This paper takes up the developments described above and carries them forward using the results of Marie Jelenko's dissertation (2021) on current prevention discourses. The focus is on Austria's central state mediating bodies, the Labor Inspectorate and the Workers' Compensation Board. Within the methodological framework of Grounded Theory, Jelenko conducted qualitative interviews, additionally including a large number of relevant documents in her analysis (Bogner et al., 2014, Strauss, 1994, Wolff, 2010). The findings reveal conservative as well as dynamic approaches to work-related disease prevention at the level of intermediary social policy agencies.


ABSTRACT Parental supervision is key to child injury prevention. Mothers' beliefs about supervision and injuries are associated with increased monitoring and reduced injury risk, but less is known about how fathers' injury prevention beliefs may be associated with children's injuries. This study examined associations between fathers' injury prevention beliefs, home condition, and children's medically attended injuries. Fathers of 2–6 year-old children (N = 61) completed questionnaires assessing injury prevention beliefs and reported the number of medically attended injuries for their child. Independent observers rated home condition. Fathers of children with medically attended injuries reported more maladaptive injury prevention beliefs, but there were no differences in adaptive injury prevention beliefs. In multivariable analyses, child age and fathers' maladaptive injury prevention beliefs were associated with a greater likelihood of a prior injury. Injury prevention efforts can target fathers' maladaptive beliefs, rather than simply encourage greater supervision and protectiveness, to reduce children's injury risk.


As an important carrier of expanded urban spatial growth, new towns have been a "policy tool" for spatial production in the new era and have received long-term and constant attention from circles such as geography, planning, and economics. National new districts constitute a new regional space for China to implement the national strategy and promote the transformation of urban development mode. They are mutually reinforcing with their mother cities and hinterland provinces. Based on the geodetector method, this paper reveals the key factors driving the development of national new districts by mother cities and hinterland provinces and their interaction effects, which provides a basis for municipal and provincial governments to accurately formulate policies to promote the development of new towns by classification. The study shows that, firstly, there are five types of driving factors, that is, all-round driving factors, scale-increasing factors, expansion and quality-improving factors, expertise driving factors, and non-driving factors. The strength and dimension of the driving factors are characterized by prominent heterogeneity; R&D personnel, export and import trade are the key factors to expand the increment, optimize the inventory, and improve the quality; the overall development driving forces are in the order of innovation > opening > industry > investment > population. Secondly, the pairwise interaction between different factors exhibits two-factor enhancement, and the population shows a nonlinear increase in the driving force of investment, openness, and innovation on a provincial scale. Thirdly, according to the driving force of the factors and the interaction between them, suggestions are put forward based on the development stage and key demands for city and provincial governments to make policies for the development of national new districts, to support the establishment of scientific competition and cooperation between new towns and mother cities or regions, and to build a long-term collaborative development mechanism.


Background: Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates for infants younger than 6 months have increased in Brazil, although at the current pace of improvement it would take 6 years to reach an EBF rate of 50%. Thus, it is important to identify relevant modifiable key risk factors for the premature interruption of EBF. Objective: This study aimed to find out if pacifier use is an independent risk factor for the interruption of EBF among Brazilian infants. Methods: We conducted secondary cross-sectional data analyses of 2 waves of infant feeding surveys conducted in 1999 and in 2008 in the Brazilian state capitals and Federal District (N = 42 395 children < 6 months). Multivariate logistic regression was used to test the association between pacifier use and the risk of interruption of EBF in a pooled sample and within each survey wave, adjusting for socioeconomic, demographic, and biomedical confounders. Results: In the pooled sample, a third of the infants were exclusively breastfed (32.7%) and almost 50% had used a pacifier. Whereas EBF prevalence among infants increased from 25.1% in 1999 to 40.3% in 2008, pacifier use prevalence decreased from 58.5% to 41.6% in the same time period. Pacifier use was strongly associated with the risk of interruption of EBF in 1999 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38-2.94), in 2008 (AOR = 3.18; 95% CI, 2.81-3.60), and in the pooled sample (AOR = 2.77; 95% CI, 2.63-2.91) after adjusting for key confounders. Conclusion: Pacifier use was the strongest risk factor for EBF interruption. Effective strategies to reduce pacifier use among infants younger than 6 months may further improve EBF rates in Brazil.


The youth of a Nation represents its future and so does the youth of India. With its massive potential force of 1/5th of the nation's population, mostly residing in the rural parts of the country, their leadership qualities, attitude and skills in rural occupation will decide the rural economy, social and cultural fabric of the nation. About 23 per cent of the rural population falls in the age group 15–35 years, a group full of potentials for constructive purposes. Their thinking is more dynamic, sensitive arid receptive which can be better utilized in the rapid transfer or dissemination of any innovation to their communities.The need, therefore, of providing increasing opportunities to young persons, enable them to develop their personality, upgrade their functional capabilities, make themselves economically productive and socially useful, is fully recognized. The youth have their own role for adopting new ideas of dairy farming and influencing the dairy farmers or fellow dwellers in their villages. Training the youth in improved farm and home practices is an essential first step in modernizing agriculture. A comprehensive training and education program has been arranged for the youths based on their preferences in social, domestic, recreational and dairy farming activities to impart the technical know how and keep their knowledge up to date.


AbstJ-act-The noise and signal properties of Read-type avalanche diodes under large-signal levels are examined. In contrast to most other previous theories, we include the saturation current in the equations rigorously from the beginning. We find that the noise performance is a strong function of the saturation current such that high saturation currents lead to lower noise performance. We compare the findings of our model with measurements on two very different Read-type avalanche diodes with a low-high-low profile. In agreement with theory, the lower noise diode has a higher saturation current. We also find experimentally that the noise measure of the diodes used as oscillators decreases with increasing power output. This feature is explained by the rising reverse saturation current with temperature which in some diodes more than compensates the normally increasing noise measure with power output.


Accurate stock price prediction is considered complex;however, the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model has proven credible in various linear and non-linear methods of times series forecasting The Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) is the largest stock exchange in Africa with market capitalisation of over 850 billion USD The objective of the paper is to determine an optimal ARIMA model for forecasting share price index of the JSE The study used a three-step iterative quantitative approach in determining the optimal ARIMA model to be used in forecasting the share price index The study confirmed that the ARIMA (4, 1, 4) model is stable and most suitable model to forecast the stock price index of South Africa for the next two years


Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease continuum from a clinically isolated syndrome through relapsing remitting MS to secondary progressive MS (SPMS). There are numerous therapeutic approaches with proven efficacy on relapse and focal inflammatory disease aspects, whereas treatment of secondary progression and associated neuropathological aspects continues to be a challenge. Objective. Overview of the current options for disease-modifying treatment of SPMS. Material andmethods. Results of randomized clinical trials are presented and evaluated on a substance-specificbasis. Results. Randomized SPMS trials showed inconsistent results regarding disability progression for beta interferons and negative results for natalizumab. Oral cladribine and ocrelizumab reduced disability progression in relapsing MS but have not been specifically studied in an SPMS population. Positive results for mitoxantrone are only partially applicable to current SPMS patients. For siponimod, a substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier, the EXPAND trial demonstrated a significant reduction in the risk of disability progression in typical SPMS. Subgroup analyses suggest a higher efficacy of siponimod in younger patients with active SPMS. Conclusion. There is limited evidence for the use of previously available disease-modifying treatment in SPMS. Siponimod represents a new therapeutic option for active SPMS, defined by relapses or focal inflammatory MRI activity. To establish the therapeutic indications for siponimod, early detection of relapse-independent progression as well as differentiation of active SPMS from inactive disease are of critical importance.


OBJECTIVE
To report the natural history of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and to define clinico-biological variables with prognostic and predictive value of this complication.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 543 patients consecutively diagnosed of chronic infection with HCV were included and followed prospectively and observationally regarding the development of HCC by means of semestral abdominal ultrasonography and measurement of serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). To determine variables with predictive value of HCC, the parameters determined at the start were compared, and all subjects diagnosed of hepatoma during the first twelve months after admission were excluded from the analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to evaluate both survival and accumulated probability of HCC.

RESULTS
During a mean follow-up period of 28.9 months, an incidence density of HCC of 2.6 per 100 inhabitants-year was obtained (n = 35). 52.6% of those with HCC in the first year were asymptomatic. The only initial variables associated with further development of HCC were age (64.6 vs 58.4 years; p = 0.0039) and alkaline phosphatase (373.5 vs 259 U/l; p = 0.001). Patients with cirrhosis at the start of the study had a higher risk of developing hepatoma than non-cirrhotic patients (RR: 11.5; 95% CI: 4.25-29.9; p < 0.0001). The presence of HCC decreased the survival of patients with cirrhosis (median 20 vs 75 months; log rank < 0.0001), with the exception of patients in stage C of the Child-Pugh classification.

CONCLUSIONS
a) In the chronic infection with HCV, HCC showed to be an oligosymptomatic complication affecting almost exclusively patients with long-lasting cirrhosis. b) Survival in patients in the stage C of the Child-Pugh classification is independently associated with the coexistence of hepatoma; therefore, the early diagnosis of this complication should be restricted to those with a better liver functional reserve.


The formation of CuO nanocrystallite in a precursor has little influence on the critical current density (Jc) of the YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) film by the metalorganic deposition using trifluoroacetate. From the result of transmission electron microscopy, the microstructure of the YBCO film allows the coexistence of isolated CuO grains. Increasing humidity in the firing process is effective to decrease the grain growth of CuO nanocrystallite and attain high Jc of the films. We propose that a quasi-liquid is formed in a Cu-rich Y–Ba–O–F amorphous matrix and CuO/amorphous interface in the firing process with humidity. The quasi-liquid may help to diffuse H2O and HF in the film during the firing process, therefore, the removal of HF gas from the film surface is only a growth limiting process. Such a growth scheme leads to high Jc with high reproducibility.


PURPOSE
Parallel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requires an array of RF coil elements with different sensitivity distributions and with minimal electromagnetic coupling. The goal of this project was to develop a new method based on induced current compensation or elimination (ICE) for improved coil element decoupling and to investigate its performance in phantom MR images.

METHODS
An electromagnetic decoupling method based on induced current compensation or elimination for nonoverlapping RF coil arrays was developed with the design criteria of high efficiency, easy implementation, and no physical connection to RF array elements. An eigenvalue/eigenvector approach was employed to analyze the decoupling mechanism and condition. A two-channel microstrip array and an eight-channel coil array were built to test the performance of the method. Following workbench tests, MR imaging experiments were performed on a 7T MR scanner.

RESULTS
The bench tests showed that both arrays achieved sufficient decoupling with a S21 less than -25 dB among the coil elements at 298 MHz. The MR phantom images demonstrated well-defined sensitivity distributions from each coil element and the unique decoupling capability of the proposed ICE decoupling technique. B1 distributions of the individual elements were also measured and calculated.

CONCLUSIONS
The theoretical analysis and experiments demonstrated the feasibility of the decoupling method for high field RF coil array designs without overlapping or direct physical connections between coil elements, which provide more flexibility for coil array design and optimization. The method offers a new approach to address the RF array decoupling issue, which is a major challenge in implementing parallel imaging.


Unconditioned and conditioned effects of house-light offset and acoustic white noise on barpressing behavior maintained by intermittent food reinforcement were tested in male hooded rats. Presentations of these stimuli prior to their acquiring signal value initially tended to depress and then to enhance barpressing rate, but generally the rate of the on-going barpressing was lower during the light offset then during noise presentations. Subsequently, one stimulus was used to signal continuous food reinforcement, evoking conditioned enhancement, and the other to signal inescapable footshock eliciting conditioned suppression of barpressing. The enhancement was acquired more rapidly than the suppression, independent of the stimulus modality used. The stimulus modality effect emerged when the continuous food reinforcement was withdrawn, since enhancement elicited by light offset extinguished more rapidly than elicited by noise. The stimulus modality effect was stronger when the other stimulus continued to signal pain and was attenuated when conditioned suppression was also extinguished. During the next stage of the experiment, the signal values of the conditioned stimuli were reversed, resulting in easy transformation of conditioned suppression into conditioned enhancement and vice versa. The stimuli used and changes in their signal values exerted clear effects on the rate of barpressing during intertrial intervals and this, in turn, somewhat modulated the behavioral effects of the conditioned stimuli. These results indicate that unconditioned effects of the stimuli on the behavior interact with their properties acquired in the course of conditioning.


We have studied the quantum transmission properties of serial stub and loop structures. Throughout we have considered free-electron networks and the scattering arises solely due to the geometric nature of the problem. The band formation in these geometric structures is analyzed and compared with the conventional periodic-potential scatterers. Some essential differences are pointed out. We show that a single defect in an otherwise periodic structure modifies band properties nontrivially. By a proper choice of a single defect one can produce positive-energy bound states in continuum, in the sense of von Neumann and Wigner. We also discuss some magnetic properties of loop structures in the presence of Aharonov-Bohm flux.


Designing software to connect a relational database in an object-oriented business system is a tedious task. This paper proposed a data access framework based on design patterns, analyzed the Template Pattern, Proxy Pattern, and Factory patterns in the application of data access framework layer, encapsulated the underlying data access through the variable mechanism independently which kept independence of the object model And the relational database. Similarly, system increased greatly the efficiency of data access through buffer mechanisms.


This contribution summarizes the recent work carried out to analyze the behavior of the hyperbolic sector of the Fully Constrained Formulation (FCF) derived in Bonazzola et al. 2004. The numerical experiments presented here allows one to be confident in the performances of the upgraded version of CoCoNuT's code by replacing the Conformally Flat Condition (CFC) approximation of the Einstein equations by the FCF.


BACKGROUND
Hip or knee replacement is a major surgical procedure that can be physically and psychologically stressful for patients. It is hypothesised that education before surgery reduces anxiety and enhances clinically important postoperative outcomes.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether preoperative education in people undergoing total hip replacement or total knee replacement improves postoperative outcomes with respect to pain, function, health-related quality of life, anxiety, length of hospital stay and the incidence of adverse events (e.g. deep vein thrombosis).

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2013, Issue 5), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2013), EMBASE (1980 to May 2013), CINAHL (1982 to May 2013), PsycINFO (1872 to May 2013) and PEDro to July 2010. We handsearched the Australian Journal of Physiotherapy (1954 to 2009) and reviewed the reference lists of included trials and other relevant reviews.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised or quasi-randomised trials of preoperative education (verbal, written or audiovisual) delivered by a health professional within six weeks of surgery to people undergoing hip or knee replacement compared with usual care.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We analysed dichotomous outcomes using risk ratios. We combined continuous outcomes using mean differences (MD) or standardised mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Where possible, we pooled data using a random-effects meta-analysis.

MAIN RESULTS
We included 18 trials (1463 participants) in the review. Thirteen trials involved people undergoing hip replacement, three involved people undergoing knee replacement and two included both people with hip and knee replacements. Only six trials reported using an adequate method of allocation concealment, and only two trials blinded participants. Few trials reported sufficient data to analyse the major outcomes of the review (pain, function, health-related quality of life, global assessment, postoperative anxiety, total adverse events and re-operation rate). There did not appear to be an effect of time on any outcome, so we chose to include only the latest time point available per outcome in the review.In people undergoing hip replacement, preoperative education may not offer additional benefits over usual care. The mean postoperative anxiety score at six weeks with usual care was 32.16 on a 60-point scale (lower score represents less anxiety) and was 2.28 points lower with preoperative education (95% confidence interval (CI) -5.68 to 1.12; 3 RCTs, 264 participants, low-quality evidence), an absolute risk difference of -4% (95% CI -10% to 2%). The mean pain score up to three months postoperatively with usual care was 3.1 on a 10-point scale (lower score represents less pain) and was 0.34 points lower with preoperative education (95% CI -0.94 to 0.26; 3 RCTs, 227 participants; low-quality evidence), an absolute risk difference of -3% (95% CI -9% to 3%). The mean function score at 3 to 24 months postoperatively with usual care was 18.4 on a 68-point scale (lower score represents better function) and was 4.84 points lower with preoperative education (95% CI -10.23 to 0.66; 4 RCTs, 177 participants; low-quality evidence), an absolute risk difference of -7% (95% CI -15% to 1%). The number of people reporting adverse events, such as infection and deep vein thrombosis, did not differ between groups, but the effect estimates are uncertain due to very low quality evidence (23% (17/75) reported events with usual care versus 18% (14/75) with preoperative education; risk ratio (RR) 0.79; 95% CI 0.19 to 3.21; 2 RCTs, 150 participants). Health-related quality of life, global assessment of treatment success and re-operation rates were not reported.In people undergoing knee replacement, preoperative education may not offer additional benefits over usual care. The mean pain score at 12 months postoperatively with usual care was 80 on a 100-point scale (lower score represents less pain) and was 2 points lower with preoperative education (95% CI -3.45 to 7.45; 1 RCT, 109 participants), an absolute risk difference of -2% (95% CI -4% to 8%). The mean function score at 12 months postoperatively with usual care was 77 on a 100-point scale (lower score represents better function) and was no different with preoperative education (0; 95% CI -5.63 to 5.63; 1 RCT, 109 participants), an absolute risk difference of 0% (95% CI -6% to 6%). The mean health-related quality of life score at 12 months postoperatively with usual care was 41 on a 100-point scale (lower score represents worse quality of life) and was 3 points lower with preoperative education (95% CI -6.38 to 0.38; 1 RCT, 109 participants), an absolute risk difference of -3% (95% CI -6% to 1%). The number of people reporting adverse events, such as infection and deep vein thrombosis, did not differ between groups (18% (11/60) reported events with usual care versus 13% (7/55) with preoperative education; RR 0.69; 95% CI 0.29 to 1.66; 1 RCT, 115 participants), an absolute risk difference of -6% (-19% to 8%). Global assessment of treatment success, postoperative anxiety and re-operation rates were not reported.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Although preoperative education is embedded in the consent process, we are unsure if it offers benefits over usual care in terms of reducing anxiety, or in surgical outcomes, such as pain, function and adverse events. Preoperative education may represent a useful adjunct, with low risk of undesirable effects, particularly in certain patients, for example people with depression, anxiety or unrealistic expectations, who may respond well to preoperative education that is stratified according to their physical, psychological and social need.


Through the survey about the durability of existing railway and road tunnels, it is found that there are different kinds of defects in most tunnels concerning poor durability. This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons among which the main ones are geological conditions , hydrological conditions, types of concrete structures, poor grading, larger second lining thickness, excessive larger stiffness and the poor quality construction. Solutions of these problems are provided in this paper. Specific measures are using multiple composite cementitious materials (the cocktailtreatment), providing composite cementitious materials with mixing station mode, using effective superplasticizer with low water-cement ratio and small water usage, adding appropriate amount of cellulose fibers in concrete, emphasizing the initial support and belittling the secondary lining, using reasonable maintaining technology, using new technology of Waterproof Plate. These measures may serve as reference for tunnels' design and construction.


BACKGROUND
Epiphora is the result of hypersecretion or reduced tear outflow because of relative or absolute obstruction of the lacrimal system. For the treatment a specific surgical procedure is usually required. Herein we present the subjective and objective findings of 243 consecutive patients with non-irritative induced epiphora, who underwent an operation in a standardised therapy scheme, which is used at the eye departments of the Universities of Lübeck and Würzburg.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In a retrospective cohort study 243 patients were included who underwent lateral tarsal strip (n = 72), external dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) in the case of an absolute nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) (n = 116) and relative NLDO (n = 25), DCR with canalicular surgery (n = 18) and simple canalicular surgery (n = 12) with a follow-up of at least 6 month. Common patient and cosmetical satisfaction, intensity of symptoms and further symptoms of 168 patients were evaluated by sending a questionnaire with subsequent telephone survey. Objective findings were recorded from hospital charts.

RESULTS
59.5% of the patients were free of complaints, 19.6% had an absolute decrease of symptoms (epiphora outside and in windy weather) and 20.8 % persistent epiphora (symptoms both in- and outside persisted). 81% of patients with absolute NLDO and 57% with relative NLDO were graded as being free of symptoms, 7% (24%) as a relative decrease and 12% (19%) as a persistence of symptoms. There was a significant difference in success between these indications (p = 0.018). Patency of the lacrimal system assessed by irrigation was found in 95% (absolute NLDO). Commonly, 73.8% were satisfied, 7.7% indifferent and 18.4 % not satisfied. 4 patients were cosmetically not satisfied.

CONCLUSIONS
Use of a standardised therapy scheme reduces the symptoms in 79.1% of the patients. In patients with absolute NLDO external DCR achieves an anatomic success rate of 95% and a subjective improvement in 88% with excellent cosmetic results. In comparison with absolute NLDO the success rate of relative NLDO is lower, but still with a subjective improvement in 81%. Our results show that postoperative success depends on the preoperative cause of the epiphora.


An American boy, son of Presbyterian missionaries, was born in Shanghai early in this century. The boy lived two lives, one within the pious church compound, the other along the canal and in the alleys of a traditional Chinese city. There he faced the alley brats' Lady Bandit, heard the shrill screams of a child's foot-binding, learned rank obscenities from passing boatmen, and, while still in short pants, chewed Sen-Sen and ogled snake-charmers in the old Native City. He sailed up the Yangtze to attend boarding school, and along with his Boy Scout patrol, met Chiang Kai-shek. And when John Espey grew up, he wrote about his years in China. This memoir is the story of those years, and while it is a wry, affectionate account, it also conveys an often overlooked picture of China in the years before communism. Seen through the eyes of a child, the interplay of religion, commerce, and American colonialism that took place during this period is revealed more tellingly - and more lightheartedly - than in many an analysis by an 'old China hand'. Espey's bent is to use a 'Chinese' approach to his subject, that is, to hide a second meaning within his words, to speak in parables. This he learned from both his single-minded missionary father and the family's Chinese cook. The result is that the reader of "Minor Heresies, Major Departures" will learn a great deal about the Pacific Rim while having a rollicking good time.


The issue whether a postpartum woman should take oral contraceptives can be expressed as 3 questions: has she any contraindications? would the pill affect her coagulation lactation or psychologic state? when should she start taking the pill? The same risks and contraindication apply to postpartum women as to any others: smoker >age 35 hypertension thrombophlebitis or thromboembolism arterial vascular disease heart disease liver disease estrogen-dependent tumors hypertriglyceridemia and previous non-compliance. While high-dose estrogens commonly given to block lactation do increase existing hypercoagulability in the immediate postpartum period there is no evidence that current low-dose pills further increase blood clotting. Combined pills decrease milk production and have been prescribed in the immediate postpartum to help inhibit lactation. Progestin-only pills and injectables do not compromise lactation. It is unknown whether oral contraceptives effect postpartum mood disorders. Low-dose oral contraceptives can be started immediately postpartum if the woman has no risk of thromboembolism. It is standard practice to start 3 weeks after delivery if she does not intend to breastfeed.


This paper investigates the validity of the model of dual processing by means of eyetracking methods. In this theoretical framework, gaze direction may be a revealing signal of how automatic detection is modified or sustained by controlled search. We performed an experiment by using a stylized decisional framework, i.e. informational cascade, proposed by economists to investigate the rationality of imitative behavior. Our main result is that automatic detection as revealed by gaze direction is driven by mechanisms that are dependent on cognitive biases. In particular, we find significant statistical correlation between subjects' first fixation and their revealed patterns of choice. Our findings support the hypothesis that the process of automatic detection is not independent on cognitive processes.