Introduction Ken Booth Part I. Cold War: Lessons and Legacies: 1. Cold Wars of the mind Ken Booth 2. Who is to blame for the Cold War Raymond L. Garthoff 3. Nuclear lessons of the Cold War Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein 4. A Cold War life, and beyond Ken Booth, Michael Clarke, Donald Daniel, Cori Dauber, Michael Herman and John McDonnell Part II. Post-Cold War: Power and Policies: 5. Can the United States lead the world John Steinbruner 6. Can Russia escape its past? Oles M. Smolansky 7. Imperialism, dependency and autocolonialism in the Eurasian space Karen Dawisha 8. Western Europe: challenges of the post-Cold War world Catherine McArdle Kelleher 9. Europe and the wider world: the security challenge Robert O'Neill 10. A new Japan? A new history? Geoffrey Hawthorn 11. New China, new Cold War? Michael Cox 12. Africa: crisis and challenge 13. Of medium powers and middling roles Denis Stairs Part III. Beyond: Resistances and Re-inventions: 14. International peace and security in the twenty-first century Barry M. Blechman 15. Affluence, poverty and the idea of a post-scarcity society Anthony Giddens 16. The future of the human past Philip Allott Conclusion: security within global transformation Ken Booth Index.


Well-managed warfarin therapy remains an important method of anticoagulation in the 21st century, despite the introduction of new antithrombotics into the clinical practice. The main advantages of warfarin are decades of treatment experience, the possibility to monitor its anticoagulant effect using the INR and the last, but not least, the low cost. Currently, approximately 75 % of anticoagulated patients in the Czech Republic are treated with warfarin and warfarin remains the only option for oral anticoagulant therapy in certain clinical conditions (particularly in patients with valvular atrial fibrillation or mechanical heart valves). For physicians across specialties it is still indispensable to master the basics of safe and effective warfarin therapy, including the management of treatment complications.Key words: anticoagulant therapy - INR - thrombosis - warfarin.


A method has been developed for the preparation of large numbers of glial (Muller) cells from the turtle retina. After proteolytic dissociation of the retina, Muller cells were separated from retinal neurons by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Fractions containing >90 percent morphologically identifiable Muller cells were prepared by this procedure. Fractions containing only Muller cells were obtained by drawing selected cells individually into a micropipette under visual observation. Biochemical analyses of isolated Muller cells showed that (a) these cells did not synthesize and accumulate acetylcholine, γ-aminobutyric acid, or catecholamines when incubated with appropriate radioactive precursors; (b) the specific activities of choline acetyltransferase (EC 18.104.22.168), glutamate decarboxylase (EC 188.8.131.52), and tyrosine hydroxylase (EC 184.108.40.206) in these cells were less than 2 percent of those found in the retina; (c) Muller cells, however, contained high activities of transmitter degrading enzymes-acetylcholinesterase (EC 126.96.36.199) and γ-aminobutyrate- transamine (EC 184.108.40.206); and (d) the cells also possessed high levels of two presumably glial-specific-enzymes-glutamine synthetase (EC 220.127.116.11) and carbonic anhydrase (EC 184.108.40.206). These results, together with other findings, suggest that Muller cells are not capable of neurotransmitter syntheses but possess the enzymes necessary for two important roles in the retina: (a) the inactivation of certain transmitters after synaptic transmission by uptake and degradation, and (b) the maintenance of acid-base balance and the provision of a stable microenvironment in the retina by the removal of metabolic products such as carbon dioxide and ammonia.


This paper describes a new approach to list-based soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoding based on order-i reprocessing. Approximations to both the log-maximum a posteriori (MAP) and max-log-MAP algorithms are developed. Additional decoding steps are proposed to correct common types of errors remaining after iterative decoding. These steps can significantly improve performance at low bit-error rates in later iterations. The proposed algorithms offer a wide range of complexity versus performance tradeoffs, which are explored through Monte Carlo simulations of product code decodings. The algorithms improve performance over previous approaches.


This study presents a comparative analysis of cohesive devices employed in computer-mediated communication (CMC) texts of native speakers (NSs) and nonnative speakers (NNSs) of English. Specifically, the study focuses on the five categories of cohesive devices including reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, and lexical devices in CMC texts jointly created by Korean EFL learners and American college-level students in an intercultural CMC project. The purpose of this study is to determine the specific differences and similarities in the uses of such cohesion devices in a NS and NNS corpus of 161 CMC texts. This study also aims to identify common features and errors produced by NNSs by using samples of NSs for comparison. The analysis of common cohesive devices in NS and NNS CMC texts indicates that NNSs employ certain cohesive devices (conjunction and lexical cohesion) at significantly higher frequency rates than do NSs. It also indicates that Korean EFL learners rely on a restricted repertoire of cohesive features as well as displaying misuses of some cohesive devices in constructing CMC texts. Based on the results of the study, teaching implications for L2 writing are presented. (Chonnam National University)


Recent research in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) has gradually shifted to service industry and its employees. This study investigated the relationships between leadership, job satisfaction, and service-oriented OCBs in airline flight attendants. The sample included 228 flight attendants employed in international airlines operating in Taiwan. The results indicated that leadership and job satisfaction are positively related to service-oriented OCBs. Additionally, a mediating effect of job satisfaction on transactional leadership and service-oriented OCBs was identified. An interesting finding is that transactional leadership has a stronger influence on job satisfaction than transformational leadership does. In an airline company, flight attendants must work with different leaders on each flight. The cabin service director must achieve the mission within a strict time period. Under this situation, perhaps transactional leadership is a more appropriate behavior and the service industry should provide a clear and definite reward system. The contribution to theory and managerial implications of this study as well as directions for future research are discussed.


A questionnaire was developed to sample a general population's knowledge and perceptions about vision care and vision care providers. The questionnaire also sampled current choice of eye care provider, frequency of eye examinations, and satisfaction with eye care services. Of the 248 respondents, about 67% get their eyes examined every one to two years. People aged 60 years and older tend to have their eyes examined every two years rather than annually. For their last eye exam, people choose private optometrists(33.6%), ophthalmologists(29.0%), HMO's(15.4%), optical chains(12.0%), school screenings(4.6%), not sure (3.3%), and health fairs(0.4%). Overall, 81% of the respondents underestimated the schooling/training for optometrists and ophthalmologists and overestimated the training/schooling for opticians. The population choose optometrists for refractive situations such as contact lenses, ophthalmologists for disease treatment and surgery, and opticians for eyeglass and frame situations. Vision therapy was associated more with ophthalmologists than optometrists. There is a lack in public knowledge about vision care services provided by optometrists such as vision therapy and disease treatment.


Since in simultaneous interpretation the act of comprehension and production occur at the same time, it is one of the most difficult aspects of translation studies. In order to improve this important aspect of translation studies this study sought to examine the effect of the right-ear advantage on the interpretation quality in a simultaneous interpretation situation. Nine Iranian English translation students chosen based on purposive sampling, from two universities in Iran participated in this study. The participants were asked to listen to two tapes through earphones, one of the tapes with the right ear and the other one with the left ear and to translate them like a simultaneous interpreter. Using Carroll (1965) interpretation quality model, students' interpretations were analyzed.  The results of the study revealed that students who used right ear had more acceptable interpretation than those who used their left ear in a simultaneous interpretation.


The ability to resolve all processes which drive galaxy formation is one of the most fundamental goals in extragalactic astronomy. While star formation rates and the merger history are now measured with increasingly high certainty, the role of gas accretion from the intergalactic medium in supplying gas for star formation still remains largely unknown. We present in this paper indirect evidence for the accretion of gas into massive galaxies with initial stellar masses M_*>10^{11} M_sol and following the same merger adjusted co-moving number density at lower redshifts during the epoch 1.5 < z < 3, using results from the GOODS NICMOS Survey (GNS). We show that the measured gas mass fractions of these massive galaxies are inconsistent with the observed star formation history for the same galaxy population. We further demonstrate that this additional gas mass cannot be accounted for by cold gas delivered through minor and major mergers. We also consider the effects of gas outflows and gas recycling due to stellar evolution in these calculations. We argue that to sustain star formation at the observed rates there must be additional methods for increasing the cold gas mass, and that the likeliest method for establishing this supply of gas is by accretion from the intergalactic medium. We calculate that the average gas mass accretion rate into these massive galaxies between 1.5 < z < 3.0, is \dot{M} = 96+/-19 M_sol/yr after accounting for outflowing gas. We show that during this epoch, and for these very massive galaxies, 49+/-20% of baryonic mass assembly is a result of gas accretion and unresolved mergers. However, 66+/-20% of all star formation in this epoch is the result of gas accretion. This reveals that for the most massive galaxies at 1.5< z< 3 gas accretion is the dominant method for instigating new stellar mass assembly.


A total of 35 of the 59 countries that had not eliminated maternal and neonatal tetanus (MNT) as a public health problem in 1999 have since achieved the MNT-elimination goal. Neonatal tetanus deaths have decreased globally from 200,000 in 2000 to 49,000 in 2013. This is the result of increased immunization coverage with tetanus toxoid-containing vaccines among pregnant women, improved access to skilled birth attendance during delivery, and targeted campaigns with these vaccines for women of reproductive age in high-risk areas. In the process, inequities have been reduced, private–public partnerships fostered, and innovations triggered. However, lack of funding, poor accessibility to some areas, suboptimal surveillance, and a perceived low priority for the disease are among the main obstacles. To ensure MNT elimination is sustained, countries must build and maintain strong routine programs that reach people with vaccination and with clean deliveries. This should also be an opportunity to shift programs into preventing tetanus among all people. Regular assessments, and where needed appropriate action, are key to prevent increases in MNT incidence over time, especially in areas that are at higher risk. The main objective of the paper is to provide a detailed update on the progress toward MNT elimination between 1999 and 2014. It elaborates on the challenges and opportunities, and discusses how MNT elimination can be sustained and to shift the program to protect wider populations against tetanus.


BACKGROUND
Burnout syndrome is under-researched within caregivers (CGs) of children with cerebral palsy. The primary aim was to determine the burnout level of formal CGs of children with cerebral palsy (G1) and to compare it with a control group (G2) of professional pediatric nurses, and second, to correlate the level of depression and anxiety with the burnout level.

METHOD
In a total sample of 60 CGs, the Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS), consisting of three structural units - emotional exhaustion (MBIEE) subscale, depersonalization (MBI-DP) subscale and personal accomplishment (MBI-PA) subscale - was used to measure burnout. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used for the assessment of anxiety, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) for depression.

RESULTS
A significant difference was shown on the MBI-EE subscale and on the BDI test (p<0.05), in both cases higher scores were obtained by G1. High burnout was observed in all subscales, on the MBI-EE subscale registered 50% of CGs in G1, and 17% in control G2. Correlation of the MBI-EE subscale with BDI and BAI tests was highly significant (p<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate the need for future research aimed at formulating preventive strategies for caregivers' mental health. Better care for caregivers would provide them with better professional satisfaction, and consequently would lead to better care for patients.


A few weeks ago Amos and Andy were discussing the medical examination which Amos had just taken. They were agreed that a "catabolism" test did one a lot of good but were uncertain what it cured. Few of us who are engaged in medicine or public health realize how meaningless to others are the words we constantly use and how incomprehensible are the processes of thought which we habitually follow. The bewilderment of the financier over a medical report, however, is similar to our bewilderment in a maze of figures. For instance, the following excerpt from a report to the stockholders of the ABC Company gives little reward for our efforts to decipher it from the small type in which it is printed: To provide for the accounting adjustments above described all the corporate surpluses, both earned and capital, of ABC Company as of January 1, 1939, in the amount


This thesis presents a qualitative case study of support care, a supportive intervention for families in crisis and at risk of breakdown. The service involves families being matched with a support carer, who it is envisaged will engage with parents and provide regular short breaks for children and young people. The service aims to provide support that is responsive to families' individual needs. Although flexible, the service is time-limited with typical intervention periods lasting between six and twelve months.

Three Support Care schemes in operation in England and Wales participated in the research and ten individual placements were followed for their duration. Semi-structured interviews and participant observation constituted the principal research methods. The study included the participation of key support care stakeholders, including social workers, support carers, parents, children and young people. The thesis sought to understand how Support Care was delivered, how it was perceived and experienced, and how it attempted to alleviate family difficulty. In addition, the study provided a microcosm of how policy, practice and theory inherent in the relationship between the family and the State are enacted and experienced at the point of service delivery.

The empirical chapters are concerned with the functions and features of time within the service, the relationships forged over the course of the intervention and attempts to support families towards 'good enough' levels of functioning. The findings of the research suggest Support Care is valued by stakeholders. The service can be applied to support families with a variety of difficulties and the practical and relational elements of the support are appreciated by service users. However, the time-limited nature of the service is sometimes experienced as challenging and difficulties are not necessarily considered resolved at service conclusion.


Because genetic diversity provides the substance for adaptation and evolution and its decline signifies the potential for deleterious effects on demography, biologists must understand how management action can facilitate or hinder the retention of genetic diversity at the level of the population being managed. We assessed genetic diversity in 8 reintroduced populations of bighorn sheep using 16 microsatellite markers and a 515-base-pair segment of the mitochondrial control region. Populations were categorized by their translocation histories: first-order populations were those established directly from large source populations, second-order populations were established using individuals from first-order populations, and populations with mixed translocation histories were those established or supplemented with sheep from more than 1 sample on a source population. Nuclear and mitochondrial datasets yielded complementary signals of declining genetic diversity (mixed > first order > second order) that differed predictably in magnitude. Our suite of microsatellites revealed that populations with mixed translocation histories had greater allelic richness (AR) and expected heterozygosity (HE) than second-order populations, but we found no statistical differences between mixed:first order or first:second order population pairs. Mitochondrial diversity, however, was limited to populations with mixed translocation histories. Similarly, we detected significant differentiation (FST) among most populations using data from microsatellites, but found major differentiation in mitochondrial diversity. All first-order and second-order populations shared a single haplotype, whereas mixed populations contained 6 haplotypes. Finally, estimates of effective population size (Ne) derived from our microsatellite data were uniformly low (range 9–27), indicating that the maintenance of genetic diversity in the reintroduced populations of bighorn sheep in our study likely will require management action; possibly including future translocations and improvements in natural connectivity among populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.


SUMMARY: The construction industry lags behind many others in the rate of adoption of cutting edge technologies. In the area of safety management this is more so. Many advances in information technology could provide great benefits to this important aspect of construction operations. Innovative use of these tools could result in safer jobsites. This paper discusses initial application of drone technology in the construction industry. In this study, a small-scale aerial drone was used as a tool for exploring potential benefits to safety managers within the construction jobsite. This drone is an aerial quadricopter that can be piloted remotely using a smart phone, tablet device or a computer. Since the drone is equipped with video cameras, it can provide safety managers with fast access to images as well as real time videos from a range of locations around the jobsite. An expert analysis (heuristic evaluation) as well as a user participation analysis were performed on said quadricopter to determine the features of an ideal safety inspection drone. The heuristic evaluation uncovered some of the user interface problems of the drone interface considering the context of the safety inspection. The user participation evaluation was performed following a simulated task of counting the number of hardhats viewed through the display of a mobile device in the controlled environment of the lab. Considering the task and the controlled variables, this experimental approach revealed that using the drone together with a large-size interface (e.g. iPad) would be as accurate as having the safety manager with plain view of the jobsite. The results of these two evaluations together with previous experience of the authors in the area of safety inspection and drone technology led to recommendations for the required features of an Ideal Safety Inspection Drone. Autonomous navigation, vocal interaction, high-resolution cameras, and collaborative user-interface environment are some examples of those features. This innovative application of the aerial drone has the potential to improve construction practices and in this case facilitate jobsite safety inspections.


The aim of the present study was to explore interactions between surface-membrane DHPR (dihydropyridine receptor) Ca2+ channels and RyR (ryanodine receptor) Ca2+ channels in skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The C region (725Phe-Pro742) of the linker between the 2nd and 3rd repeats (II-III loop) of the a1 subunit of skeletal DHPRs is essential for skeletal excitation-contraction coupling, which requires a physical interaction between the DHPR and RyR and is independent of external Ca2+. Little is known about the regulatory processes that might take place when the two Ca2+ channels interact. Indeed, interactions between C fragments of the DHPR (C peptides) and RyR have different reported effects on Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and on RyR channels in lipid bilayers. To gain insight into functional interactions between the proteins and to explore different reported effects, we examined the actions of C peptides on RyR1 channels in lipid bilayers with three key RyR regulators, Ca2+, Mg2+ and ATP. We identified four discrete actions: two novel, low-affinity (>10 microM), rapidly reversible effects (fast inhibition and decreased sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition) and two slowly reversible effects (high-affinity activation and a slow-onset, low-affinity inhibition). Fast inhibition and high-affinity activation were decreased by ATP. Therefore peptide activation in the presence of ATP and Mg2+, used with Ca2+ release assays, depends on a mechanism different from that seen when Ca2+ is the sole agonist. The relief of Mg2+ inhibition was particularly important since RyR activation during excitation-contraction coupling depends on a similar decrease in Mg2+ inhibition.


Measurement of TcPO2 in arterial diseased patient is a reliable and reproductible method for evaluation in stages III and IV of the degree of tissue ischemia which can serve to establish the viable prognosis of the limb. One of the disadvantages of this technique is the relatively long time taken. By contrast the Doppler-laser, a more recently introduced technique, can be used to measure superficial cutaneous flow. One of its advantages is the rapidity of its instantaneous measurements. Before testing this technique in arterial disease sufferers it was felt to be of interest to determine the possible existence in the healthy subject of a correlation between TcPO2 and laser-Doppler flow. The study involved 15 healty subjects, 8 men and 7 women, with a mean age of 24.2 years. TcPO2 and laser-Doppler measurements were carried out in the fore-foot at 38 degrees and 44 degrees, under basal conditions and then after ischemia each time for 5 minutes, finally followed by a 10-minute 100% hyperoxia test. There was only a slight correlation at 38 degrees between the two methods and no correlation was found at 44 degrees. With oxygen therapy TcPO2 increased considerably and there was a nonsignificant decrease in laser-Doppler flow. In total, the two methods did not truly explore the same microcirculatory data and clinical studies would appear necessary to determine whether laser-Doppler flow measurements in the arterial disease patient may prove to be as useful as those of TcPO2.


A key is provided for the twelve taxonomic groups within the genus Therates Latreille (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). The chennelli group is reviewed here and a key to the 53 species known for this group is provided. Each species is illustrated, and a detailed description of its morphology and distributional records are provided. Therates khaoyaii, Th. pearsoni, Th. safraneki, Th. schuelei and Th. sigridgeissleri are described as new to science. Therates differens Sawada and Wiesner, 1999 is placed into synonymy under Th. concinnus Gestro, 1888. Therates tonkinensis kubani Wiesner, 1988 is placed into synonymy under Th. tonkinensis Horn, 1902 and Th. belokobylskiyi Matalin and Wiesner, 2006 is placed into synonymy under Th. haucki Moravec and Wiesner, 2001. Lectotypes are designated for Th. waagenorum Horn, 1900, Th. clavicornis Horn, 1902, Th. tonkinensis Horn, 1902 and Th. annandalei Horn, 1908. Therates baolocensis Wiesner, 1996 is elevated to species rank.


Effective methods of serial epithelial sampling to measure breast-specific biomarkers will aid the rapid evaluation of new preventive interventions. We report here a proof-of-principle phase 2 study to assess the utility of ductal lavage (DL) to measure biomarkers of tamoxifen action. We enrolled women with a 5-year breast cancer risk estimate >1.6% or the unaffected breast of women with T1a or T1b breast cancer. After entry DL, participants chose tamoxifen or observation and underwent repeat DL 6 months later. Samples were processed for cytology and immunohistochemistry for estrogen receptor α, Ki-67, and cyclooxygenase-2. Of 182 women recruited, 115 (63%) underwent entry and repeat DL; 85 (47%) had sufficient cells for analysis from ≥1 duct at both time points; in 78 (43%), cells were sufficient from ≥1 matched ducts. Forty-six women chose observation and 39 chose tamoxifen. We observed greater reductions in the tamoxifen group than in the observation group for Ki-67 (adjusted P = 0.03) and estrogen receptor α (adjusted P = 0.07), but not in cyclooxygenase-2 (adjusted P = 0.4) labeling. Cytologic findings showed a trend toward improvement in the tamoxifen group compared with the observation group. Interobserver variability for cytologic diagnosis between two observers showed good agreement (κ = 0.44). Using DL, we observed the expected changes in tamoxifen-related biomarkers; however, poor reproducibility of biomarkers in the observation group, the 53% attrition rate of subjects from recruitment to biomarker analyses, and the expense of DL are significant barriers to the use of this procedure for biomarker assessment over time.


Purpose To estimate health utility derived from the Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaire and Standard Gamble instrument for persons diagnosed and treated for tuberculosis (TB) disease, those diagnosed and treated for latent TB infection (LTBI), and those screened but not treated for TB disease or LTBI over the year following their diagnosis/initial assessment. Methods Participants were recruited at two Montreal hospitals (2008–2011) and completed the SF-36 and Standard Gamble at baseline and at follow-up visits 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months thereafter. SF-6D health utility scores were derived from SF-36 responses. Linear mixed models were used to compare mean health utility at each evaluation and changes in health utility between participants treated for TB disease, those treated for LTBI, and those in the control group. Results Of the 263 participants, 48 were treated for TB disease, 105 for LTBI, and 110 were control participants. Fifty-four percent were women, mean age was 35 years, and 90 % were foreign-born. Participants treated for TB disease reported worse health utility compared with control participants at the baseline visit (mean SF-6D: 0.69 vs. 0.81; mean Standard Gamble: 0.64 vs. 0.96). They reported successive improvement at months 1 and 2 that was then sustained throughout follow-up. Health utility reported by participants treated for LTBI and control participants was comparable throughout the study. Conclusion Treatment for TB disease had a substantial negative impact on health utility, particularly during the first 2 months of treatment. However, treatment for LTBI did not have a substantial impact.


In this talk I summarize main features of the vector manifestation (VM) which was recently proposed as a novel manifestation of the Wigner realization of chiral symmetry in which the symmetry is restored at the critical point by the massless degenerate pion (and its flavor partners) and the rho meson (and its flavor partners) as the chiral partner. I show how the VM is formulated in the effective field theory of QCD based on the hidden local symmetry and realized in the large flavor QCD as well as in hot and/or dense QCD.


When a three-dimensional object moves relative to an observer, a change occurs on the observer's image plane and in the visual representation computed by a learned model. Starting with the idea that a good visual representation is one that transforms linearly under scene motions, we show, using the theory of group representations, that any such representation is equivalent to a combination of the elementary irreducible representations. We derive a striking relationship between irreducibility and the statistical dependency structure of the representation, by showing that under restricted conditions, irreducible representations are decorrelated. Under partial observability, as induced by the perspective projection of a scene onto the image plane, the motion group does not have a linear action on the space of images, so that it becomes necessary to perform inference over a latent representation that does transform linearly. This idea is demonstrated in a model of rotating NORB objects that employs a latent representation of the non-commutative 3D rotation group SO(3).


The basic aim of public finance is the financing of the State by compulsory take-offs, i.e. through taxes, fees, contributions, work that reveals the obvious three functions exercised by a State through the tax system: resource allocation, welfare distribution and economic stability. The accuracy of such functions has in view the observance of certain principles, such as: the function of funding must conform to the principle of budgetary efficiency, the redistribution function complies with the principle of equity and the function of economic stabilization or correction of disequilibrium complies with the principle of economic efficiency. In this context, the question that preoccupies the Romanian society is as follows: "How efficient and how fair is the tax system in Romania, where the fiscal pressure felt by every taxpayer is great, the collection of budgetary incomes is precarious, tax evasion is high (over 30% of GDP), the economy works with a low yield, and the standard of living of citizens lies on the last places in Europe?" Economic analysts provide various relevant solutions of economic recovery and improvement of the State functioning, but the decisions are taken by politicians who prove everyday lack of flair and vision, who are insensible to the citizens' signals and unable to act effectively and for the public good.


This study aimed to analyze the factors of rapid attenuation of graft endothelium in the early stage after penetrating keratoplasty (PKP), with a view to guiding patients with PKP to better long-term outcomes. This study included 226 patients who underwent PKP with follow-up time >1 year at the Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from January 2018 to June 2020. Medical records were retrospectively studied, and donor factors, patient factors, and surgical factors were comparatively analyzed to clarify those affecting the rapid decay of graft endothelium after PKP. The median time between excision and death >60 min and patient age >60 years were risk factors for endothelial cell loss (ECL) rate >30% at 1 month postoperatively. However, a higher percentage of patients with donor age ≤60 years and Optisol preservation solution had endothelial cell density (ECD) >2000 cells/mm2 in the graft at postoperative 1 year. A year after the surgery, patients with corneal endothelial decompensation and immune rejection were at risk for ECD < 1000 cells/mm2. The combined operations had a significant effect on the ECL in the early postoperative period. Patients who underwent combined extracapsular cataract extraction or intraocular lens implantation had a significantly higher rate of ECL at postoperative 1 month than other patients, and no significant effect at postoperative 1 year. However, patients without combined operations have a higher probability of maintaining a high level of graft ECD. The graft diameter also affected postoperative ECL. In patients with a larger graft diameter, attenuation of ECD was slower. The ultimate goal of PKP is to maintain graft transparency for extended periods. The use of younger donors, minimizing unnecessary operation in the anterior chamber, and minimizing immune rejection may maintain a greater donor corneal endothelium in the long term.


Bedload transport in poorly sorted gravel bed streams downstream of dams is considered. Bedload and typical bed material (subpavement) size distributions are observed to be similar; it follows that the coarse half of the subpavement moves through a reach at a rate near that of the fine half. Since coarser grains are intrinsically less mobile than fine grains, it follows that some mechanism must act to nearly equalize mobility. It is hypothesized that the pavement seen in gravel bed streams at low flow is in fact in place during typical transport events capable of moving all available sizes. This pavement can provide the equalizing mechanism by exposing proportionally more coarse grains to the flow. Field data are used to quantify this concept and to develop a predictive relation for river pavement. The model indicates that pavement should be absent in most sand bed streams, in agreement with observation.


Osteolysis following total hip arthroplasty may be a cause of aseptic loosening of a component and may be associated with periprosthetic bone resorption and granuloma formation. We present the case of an eighty-two-year-old man with a total hip prosthesis in whom a rectal mass was detected during a routine annual physical examination by his primary care physician. Subsequent evaluation demonstrated a large cystic intrapelvic mass consistent with osteolysis resulting from polyethylene wear debris.

An elderly man with degenerative arthritis of the hip underwent a left primary total hip arthroplasty in 1987. The patient received a fully porous-coated AML ingrowth femoral stem (DePuy, Warsaw, Indiana) and an Andersen uncemented acetabular component (Joint Medical Products, Stamford, Connecticut). He had excellent postoperative pain relief and was extremely satisfied with the result of the arthroplasty. Since he was asymptomatic, he declined subsequent routine follow-up examination for several years. In 1992, he began experiencing vague pain in the left thigh, which slowly progressed over the ensuing year. By 1993, he was having constant pain with weight-bearing and at the extremes of motion. Radiographs showed progressive osteolysis in the superolateral aspect of the acetabulum. The cup had migrated to a more vertical orientation, and the peripheral screws had broken ( Fig. 1 ).

Fig. 1:
Radiograph made before the first revision, of the loosened threaded acetabular component. Note the broken screws …


BACKGROUND
Since no effective therapeutic approach is yet known for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we analyzed the effects of topotecan (Hycamtin), a novel topoisomerase I-inhibitor, in RCC cell lines of the clear cell and papillary/chromophilic types.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The anti-proliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of topotecan were analyzed in 20 RCC cell lines by MTT-assay and light microscopic apoptosis counting. Moreover, Bcl-2 and Bax expression was investigated by Northern blot and immunocytochemistry while the p53 mutation status was analyzed by DNA sequencing.

RESULTS
Exposure to clinically relevant concentrations of topotecan (i.e. < or = 1 microg/ml) resulted in a significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent reduction of cell number in 17 out of 20 RCC cell lines. The reduction of cell number was paralleled by an increase in apoptotic cell death. Papillary/chromophilic RCCs exhibited a significantly (p<0.05) more pronounced responsiveness to topotecan than clear cell RCCs. Moreover, the effects of topotecan proved to be superior to those of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), an anticancer drug currently used in the therapy of RCCs. No correlation became evident between responsiveness to topotecan and the expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bax. Moreover, the response to topotecan could not be correlated with the p53 mutation status of our RCC cell lines.

CONCLUSION
Clinically relevant concentrations of topotecan induced apoptosis in RCC cell lines more effectively than 5-FU. Further testing will show whether topotecan-induced apoptosis can be exploited for the treatment of RCCs in vivo as well.


This paper describes the exploration of text-independent speaker identification using novel approaches based on speakers' phonetic features instead of traditional acoustic features. Different phonetic speaker identification approaches are discussed in this paper and evaluated using two speaker identification systems: one multilingual system and one single language multiple-engine system. Furthermore, text-independent speaker identification experiments are carried out on a distant-microphone database as well as gender identification experiments are investigated on the NIST 1999 Speaker Recognition Evaluation dataset. The results show that phonetic features are powerful for speaker identification and gender identification.


The characteristics of coal depends on different parameters like rank, moisture, mineral matter content, macerals composition, etc. The combined effect of these characteristics governs the combustion behavior of coal in the furnace. The Indian ROM coals contain higher inherent mineral matter and a majority of these coals are used for power generation without any beneficiation; even though the environmental gazette notification of the Govt. of India requires all coal suppliers to install coal washeries. Combustion behavior of coal is evaluated by one of the following techniques: i.e., TGA, drop tube furnace, fuel efficiency test rigs, etc.; however, all these following techniques are costly and time consuming. The Godbert apparatus, which is low-cost simple equipment, can be used to evaluate the combustion behavior of coals. The minimum ignition temperature (the lowest temperature at which an ignition/explosion is observed as a flame) was determined for the ROM coal and density separated/various ash-content fractions up to 700°C. The results indicated that the coal containing up to 58% ash showed good flame/burning behavior. This study should provide guidance to coal washery operators to determine at what ash level the coal should be washed so that it can give better combustion rather than taking the ash value of 34% set up by the Indian Government.


Cross-fertilization between sea urchin eggs (Strongylocentrotus nudus) and starfish sperm (Asterina pectinifera) was induced by treatment with polyethylene glycol (PEG). Without treatment with PEG, the denuded egg surface (jelly coat- and vitelline coat-free) engulfed the head of acrosome-reacted sperm; however, sperm penetration did not occur [Kyozuka and Osanai, 1988]. When these eggs were exposed briefly to PEG (molecular weight 3,000) in seawater, the sperm entered the egg by membrane fusion. Cortical granules were discharged, and embryogenesis began following sperm penetration. PEG did not induce parthenogenesis in Strongylocentrotus eggs. Egg activation is thus closely linked with gamete membrane fusion.


This article explores aging and gender as dimensions ofpersonhood in West Bengal, India. The work of aging requires unravelling bodily and emotional ties (maya) to people, places, and things, even though these ties feel compellingly stronger and more numerous as life progresses. Women differ from men in that their connections are unmade and remade at a greater number of critical junctures in their lives, not only through aging and dying, but also in marriage and widowhood. This focus on aging and gender suggests a move beyond those models of South Asian personhood that tend to be static, degendered, and based on too sharp a dichotomy between East and West, to a more nuanced understanding of the plural and evolving nature of personhood conceptions over the life course.


This chapter addresses the criteria for patentability; in other words, the rules patent examiners and courts use to decide if a patent is valid or not. These criteria are also useful in the context of an infringement action, because a defendant may make a counter-claim to revoke the claimant's patent for invalidity on the basis of one of the criteria. The patentability of an invention is defined by Articles 52–57 of the European Patent Convention. The criteria comprise five core elements: three positive and two negative. In terms of the positive requirements, for an invention to be patentable, it must possess novelty; inventive step; sufficiency and support; and industrial applicability. Regarding the negative criteria, the invention must not consist of excluded subject matter, and it must not fall afoul of any of the exceptions to patentability.


This study aimed to identify the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics; obtain the risk factors for pressure ulcers identified in hospitalized senior citizens. This is a prospective, descriptive, and quantitative study. The sample consisted of 215 hospitalized elderly people in a public hospital in Teresina, PI, Brazil, in orthopedic, neurological, medical, and surgical clinics, and Intensive Care Units from November/2012 to February/2013. Data collection happened through interviews, physical examinations, and medical records. The average age was 71.8 years old, most patients were female (55.3%), with low education, and married. The majority were taken into orthopedics (42.3%). For the length of hospital stay, the average was of 12.4 days. The most prevalent risk factors were hypertension, use of analgesics, antihypertensives, and anticoagulants. Eighty-seven senior citizens (40.5%) presented low risk. One highlights the importance of nursing care in the prevention and assessment of risk for pressure ulcers in order to reduce its incidence in hospitals.


Many senior care pharmacy professionals have chosen to become their own boss and start businesses doing what they love--and what they do best. Some have approached this analytically, strategizing and planning in advance. Others have found paths to follow almost by accident. But they all share drive, determination, and a passion for their profession and their patients.


A study has been carried out on the immunosuppressive activity of high doses of peptichemio (PTC) in CBA mice. Humoral response to sheep erythrocytes, delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and cellular proliferation in lymph nodes and spleen of animals sensitized with oxazolone have been investigated. The results demonstrated that PTC had a definite immunosuppressive action, as shown by the inhibition of primary response to inoculation of sheep erythrocytes, by depression of delayed hypersensitivity to oxazolone, and by marked inhibition of 125IUdr incorporation in lymph nodes of sensitized animals. It is suggested that the inhibitory action is mediated by an effect on actively proliferating B or T lymphoid cells, although involvement of macrophages cannot be ruled out.


Background: Testing samples of waste water for markers of infectious disease became a widespread method of surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic. While these data generally correlate well with other indicators of national prevalence, samples that cover localised regions tend to be highly variable over short time scales. Methods: We introduce a procedure for estimating the real-time growth rate of pathogen prevalence using time series data from wastewater sampling. The number of copies of a target gene found in a sample is modelled as time-dependent random variable whose distribution is estimated using maximum likelihood. The output depends on a hyperparameter that controls the sensitivity to variability in the underlying data. We apply this procedure to data reporting the number of copies of the N1 gene of SARS-CoV-2 collected at water treatment works across Scotland between February 2021 and February 2023. Results: The real-time growth rate of the SARS-CoV-2 prevalence is estimated at 121 wastewater sampling sites covering a diverse range of locations and population sizes. We find that the sensitivity of the fitting procedure to natural variability determines its reliability in detecting the early stages of an epidemic wave. Applying the procedure to hospital admissions data, we find that changes in the growth rate are detected an average of 2 days earlier in wastewater than in hospital admissions data. Conclusion: We provide a robust method to generate reliable estimates of epidemic growth from highly variable data. Applying this method to samples collected at wastewater treatment works provides highly responsive situational awareness to inform public health.


Fibrovascular polyps are extremely rare benign neoplasms of the esophagus. The most prominent clinical symptom is enoral tumor regurgitation, which may lead to asphyxiation by pharyngeal impaction. Usually fibrovascular polyps cause dysphagia and progressive weight loss. Diagnosis by endoscopy and barium swallow may be unexpectedly difficult. The most frequent incorrect diagnoses are achalasia or an intramural or mediastinal tumorous mass compressing the esophagus. CT scan and MR imaging are of little help. Small polyps may be resected endoscopically by means of electrocautery or Nd:YAG laser ablation. In most cases, however, surgical resection is required. Since the basis of the polyp is usually located subcricoidally, tumor exposure and resection are achieved by esophagotomy via a left cervical approach. Thoracotomy is seldom required.


: Synaptic clustering can serve as a computational unit for the distribution of synaptic resources across dendritic segments. In this study, we investigate whether inhibitory synapses influence the frequency or size of excitatory synapses (whether spine or shaft synapses) in a cluster, and whether the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) affects this relationship in the stratum radiatum of the CA1 of adult rat hippocampus. We induced LTP through theta-burst stimulation (TBS) in one of two stimulating electrodes through test pulses, while the second stimulating electrode was given test pulses without TBS. We identified symmetric, presumably inhibitory synapses by their equally thin presynaptic and postsynaptic densities, as well as by the pleiomorphic vesicles in the associated axonal bouton. Synaptic clusters were delineated by surrounding asynaptic regions of at least 120 nm. Our preliminary analyses includes 84 clusters and 5 clusters in the LTP and control conditions, respectively. Our preliminary findings show that there are fewer clusters with symmetric synapses two hours post-LTP, and that the surface areas of their symmetric synapses are larger. On one hand, clusters with symmetric synapses had lower asymmetric spine densities than those without. On the other hand, asymmetric synapse densities were consistent between LTP and control if a symmetric synapse is present. These findings suggest that symmetric synapses influences the local spines and synapses in their cluster, and thus serves as an additional layer of analysis in treating synaptic clusters as a computational unit.


In the last decade there has been considerable investment in end of life teaching to the care home sector with particular reference to the Gold Standards Framework and Six Steps to Success North West Care Home Programme. These two successful programmes are continuing to gather momentum and our project was not to compete with these, our dual aim was to develop care home managers in terms of their leadership and management and increase their End of Life Care (EoLC) knowledge and skills. We believe that the sum of the two would be greater than the separate parts. The use of an action learning set was purposeful, hoping to develop a sustainable supportive local network of managers. Action learning is sometimes referred to as group coaching; the premise is that real life problems would be brought to the "set" for discussion. The problems shared related either to EoLC or to people management. Within each of the ten days there was a dedicated slot, typically 90 minutes to teach on a particular EoLC topic. Scammell et al 2012 in their service evaluation of our project concluded "This evaluation provides compelling evidence that an action learning approach to EoLC education can be used to empower middle managers to have positive impacts on EoLC provision through not only increasing specialist knowledge but also enhancing their capability to engage in a confident and informed manner with a diverse range of stakeholders" Many hospices engage in delivering education to care homes. Care homes often operate in a competitive market but in our project we witnessed action learning sets breaking down any potential barriers. This is very important since creating supportive networks could increase retention of middle managers, high turnover of this group arguably impacts on moving forward with good EoLC initiative's such as advance care planning.


Intrauterine hypoxia decreased the nucleolar organizator quantity in enameloblasts of newborn albino rats tooth germ. Influence the leu-encepgalin synthetic analog dalargin and non-opiate synthetic leu-encephalin on newborn rats from 2 to 6 day abolished the intrauterine hypoxia affect. The main mechanism of peptide antioxidant effect may be NO system stimulation.


Ultra-short heart rate variability (HRV) analysis refers to the study of HRV features in excerpts of length <5 min. Ultra-short HRV is widely growing in many healthcare applications for monitoring individual's health and well-being status, especially in combination with wearable sensors, mobile phones, and smart-watches. Long-term (nominally 24 h) and short-term (nominally 5 min) HRV features have been widely investigated, physiologically justified and clear guidelines for analysing HRV in 5 min or 24 h are available. Conversely, the reliability of ultra-short HRV features remains unclear and many investigations have adopted ultra-short HRV analysis without questioning its validity. This is partially due to the lack of accepted algorithms guiding investigators to systematically assess ultra-short HRV reliability. This Letter critically reviewed the existing literature, aiming to identify the most suitable algorithms, and harmonise them to suggest a standard protocol that scholars may use as a reference in future studies. The results of the literature review were surprising, because, among the 29 reviewed papers, only one paper used a rigorous method, whereas the others employed methods that were partially or completely unreliable due to the incorrect use of statistical tests. This Letter provides recommendations on how to assess ultra-short HRV features reliably and proposes an inclusive algorithm that summarises the state-of-the-art knowledge in this area.


Predicting tumor malignancies is an important but difficult task. For many tumors, especially neural and endocrine tumors, traditional pathological and histological analyses often can not effectively distinguish benign from malignant tumors. Developing synergistic bioinformatics and computational intelligence system is effective, because deterministic cancer markers do not always exist in individual patients. We proposed a parallel paradigm of cancer and use a number of ensemble methods including boosting, bagging and consensus networking, and have designed a novel classification scheme that advantageously combines several computational intelligence algorithms such as the variants of self-organizing feature map (SOFM) algorithms and the maximum contrast tree (RMCT) algorithms. Boosting and bagging have been advantageously combined. When all of the above are integrated into one synergistic intelligent medical decision system, the prediction power for the task has been significantly boosted. The system and features are validated by diagnosing new patients and by a number of laboratory molecular biology measurements. The outcomes of the research have improved cancer diagnosis and treatment planning, and may lead to diagnose microscopic diseases and better understanding of human genome mechanisms relating to malignant transformation


In an AC transmission system power flow can be controlled by injecting a compensating voltage in series with the line. Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) are utilized as a conventional means for the purpose while unified power flow controller (UPFC) is the latest converter based devices employing fast power electronic equipments. This paper utilizes the steady state model of thyristor controlled series capacitor and a unified power flow controller for series voltage compensation, and evaluating their range of power flow control for simple network. The models are incorporated into the existing Newton Raphson load flow algorithm. The iterative equations of the Newton Raphson load flow algorithm are modified by the device parameters and the combined set of power flow equations and UPFC or the TCSC control equations are solved for convergence of the formula. Matlab codes are utilized for the implementation of the two devices in the Newton-Raphson algorithm. Power flow control ranges are evaluated for few IEEE bus systems and standard 5 bus system. Results are reported and studies are presented to illustrate and compare the effectiveness of the UPFC and TCSC.


This case pertains to the interplay of cost accounting, performance measurement, and financial reporting issues in Toshiba's Semiconductor Business. It addresses how Toshiba manipulated its reported profits by inappropriately allocating its budgeted fixed overheads and not recognizing inventory losses in a timely manner in the financial statements. These manipulations overstated profits of the Semiconductor business by ¥36.0 billion, almost a quarter of the total of Toshiba Corporation's ¥151.8 billion profit overstatement. The Investigation Report indicated that the profit manipulations were a likely outcome of top management's unrealistic expectations. For the Semiconductor business of Toshiba, the timely recognition of inventory losses would have offset the profit misstatements resulting from the inappropriate allocation of budgeted fixed overheads. Alternatively, proper allocation of budgeted fixed overheads would have reduced or even avoided the need to recognize inventory losses. The case provides an integrative view of cost accounting and financial accounting.


Stat5A and 5B transcription factors play a major role in the control of hematopoietic cell proliferation and survival and are constitutively activated in number of hematological neoplasia and solid tumors. However, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood and their molecular partners still need to be identified. Since Stat5A and 5B mainly differ in their carboxy-terminal transactivation domains, we sought to identify molecules that specifically bind to this domain, using a bacteria-match two-hybrid assay to screen a human Jurkat T cells library. This approach enabled us to isolate hTid1, a DNA-J protein homologous to a drosophila tumor suppressor, that interacts with Stat5B but not Stat5A. Specific interaction between Stat5B and hTid1 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation using various mouse and human lymphoid cell lines and Cos-7 cells transfected with plasmids encoding both molecules. Using various deleted mutants, we showed that the cysteine-repeats containing region (CRR) of hTid1 was required for this interaction. Moreover, we found that the complex formed by hTid1 and STAT5B was dissociated upon cytokines- (IL-3, IL-7) or Tel-Jak2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT5B. We also brought evidence for a down-regulation of STAT5B transcriptional expression and activity by hTid1 in human hematopoietic cells. Indeed, overexpression of hTid1 but not of its CRR deleted form in Ba/F3 cells, resulted in a sharp reduction of Stat5B expression, a process that probably involves a proteasome-dependent degradation of Stat5B. By contrast, treatment of Ba/F3 cells with siRNA of hTid1 induced an increase of Stat5B expression. Finally, Cos-7 cells cotransfected with the prolactin receptor and Stat5B expression vectors and with a Stat5 specific luciferase constructs enabled us to demonstrate that overexpression of hTid1 inhibits of Stat5B transcription activity in a dose dependent manner. In conclusion, our findings define hTid1 as a novel negative regulator of Stat5B.


MXenes represent a new family of two-dimensional materials that have attracted considerable attention in recent years. Because of the remarkably different structures of Sc2C(OH)2 and Sc2CO2 MXene and their recently reported properties, this study explored the structural evolution and mechanism of chemical conversion between these two MXenes. Using first-principles density functional theory (DFT), the mechanism for dehydrogenation/hydrogenation is investigated by gradually removing/adding surface hydrogen atoms for Sc2C(OH)2/Sc2CO2 supercells. Employing three different supercells (2 × 2 × 1, 3 × 3 × 1 and 4 × 4 × 1), intermediate states Sc2C(OH)xO2-x with varying hydrogen content x (0.0625≤x ≤ 1.94) are obtained. The results show that the trend is to minimize the difference in the number of hydrogen atoms and the distance between them on the two sides of the monolayer. This feature is found to be generally applicable to other functional groups of MXenes during surface conversion. Analysis of these structures shows that all the oxygen, carbon and scandium atoms remain in essentially the same locations as in Sc2C(OH)2 until atoms rearrange in the carbon layer at sufficiently low x. Regarding the electronic properties, the behavior of the rearranged configurations is found to depend on the structure, moving beyond the conventional model of p-type doping induced by dehydrogenation. Bipolar magnetic semiconductors (BMSs) are identified from these rearranged configurations by the inhomogeneous distribution of hydrogen atoms on the different sides and x values approximately in the range of 0.188 ≤ x ≤ 0.812. Findings from this study suggest that the intrinsic spin-polarized semiconducting characteristics of Sc2C(OH)xO2-x are expected to be experimentally observable if samples are prepared as nanoscale flakes. The current results indicate that Sc-based MXene may be a promising material for nanoscale spintronic devices.


Seismic processing and imaging workflows have been refined over many decades to attenuate aspects of the recorded wavefield which would be improperly mapped into the image domain by legacy migration algorithms such as Kirchhoff prestack depth migration. These workflows, which include techniques such as deghosting, designature, demultiple, and regularization, have become increasingly complex and time-consuming due to the sequential fashion in which they must be tested and applied. The single-scattering (primary-only) preprocessed data are then migrated and used in extensive model building workflows, including reflection residual moveout tomography, to refine low-frequency subsurface models. Obtaining optimal results at each stage requires subjective assessment of a wide range of parameter tests. Results can be highly variable, with different decisions resulting in very different outcomes. Such workflows mean that projects may take many months or even years. Full-waveform inversion (FWI) imaging offers an alternative philosophy to this conventional approach. FWI imaging is a least-squares multiscattering algorithm that uses the raw field data (transmitted and reflected arrivals as well as their multiples and ghosts) to determine many different subsurface parameters, including reflectivity. Because this approach uses the full wavefield, the subsurface is sampled more completely during the inversion. Here, we demonstrate the application of a novel multiparameter FWI imaging technique to generate high-resolution amplitude variation with angle reflectivity simultaneously with other model parameters, such as velocity and anisotropy, directly from the raw field data. Given that these results are obtained faster than the conventional workflow with a higher resolution, improved illumination, and reduced noise, we highlight the potential of multiparameter FWI imaging to supersede the conventional workflow.


This paper falls into three parts. In the first part I will briefly review the current process of reform that the United Kingdom National Health Service is undergoing. Two fundamental motivations for reform, the desire for increased efficiency and for an increased responsiveness to patients' needs and preferences will be discussed in greater detail. The second part attempts to provide a perspective on the moral debate concerning health care reform by introducing the distinction between 'civil association' and 'enterprise association' as proposed by the political philosopher Michael Oakeshott. In the final part, this distinction will be used to analyze the moral and political constitution of the National Health Service, in order to establish the relevance and scope of concerns with efficiency and patient and public accountability. A framework within which the current reforms can be assessed is thereby outlined.


24 European Crystallographic Meeting, ECM24, Marrakech, 2007 Page s126 Acta Cryst. (2007). A63, s126 Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase is known to be active only in the form of tetramers, while the cold-active Arthrobacter sp. C2-2 beta-galactosidase forms compact hexamers with active sites oriented into an internal cavity, connected by three types of channels with exterior solvent. Additionally, sequence differences between both enzymes exist in the active site. Acknowledgement: The research was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (project 204/02/0843/A) and by the Grant Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (project B500500512).


The aim of this study is to compare the functions of the physiologically active compounds of three types of mulberry leaf by cultivar, and to confirm the changes using hot-melt extrusion (HME−ML). The active components of mulberry leaf were analyzed using the HPLC system, and total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity were measured. Among the three varieties, the highest contents of rutin and isoquercetin were detected in Cheongil, of TPC in Cheongol, and of TFC in Cheongil. It was confirmed that this bio-accessibility was increased in HME−ML compared with the control. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of Cheongol showed greater antioxidant properties, and HME showed improvement in the antioxidant properties of all mulberry leaves. These results suggest that the application of HME technology can improve the biological activities of mulberry leaf.


The efficiency of Gd(III) contrast agents in magnetic resonance image enhancement is governed by a set of tunable structural parameters. Understanding and measuring these parameters requires specific analytical techniques. This Feature describes strategies to optimize each of the critical Gd(III) relaxation parameters for molecular imaging applications and the methods employed for their evaluation.


Epitaxial defects (e.g., stacking faults, epi-spikes, mounds, hillocks, and pits) can often impact product yields, depending upon the type, size, and location of the defect, as well as the design and yield sensitivity of the respective semiconductor product devices. However, the overall yield impact from epitaxial defects has been difficult to assess since the defect sensitivity, capture rates, and classification for these defects has often been poor on product wafers. In a collaborative study between Intel Corporation and KLA-Tencor Corporation, the SP1/sup TBI/ defect inspection system was used to inspect and classify epitaxial wafers for an advanced semiconductor manufacturing process. After completion of the semiconductor processing, the defect kill rates and the yield impact were evaluated using bitmapping analysis. The project results demonstrate that the enhanced defect sensitivity and better capture rate of the SP1/sup TBI/ inspection system can provide a significant improvement in the defect inspection capabilities currently being utilized for epitaxial wafers. The SP1/sup TBI/ inspection system was also able to successfully classify particles and epitaxial defects using real-time defect classification (RTDC), with greater than 99 percent accuracy. The epitaxial defect levels and the corresponding product yield impact were observed to vary significantly between major silicon wafer suppliers. Consequently, these results can be useful in the development of tighter defect specifications for epitaxial wafers to minimize the resulting yield loss from epitaxial defects.


The isotope shifts in the lines 3072 and 3501 Å of the arc spectrum of barium have been determined from measurements of differences of the wavelengths of these lines emitted by enriched isotopes in a hollow cathode tube. A revision of earlier measurements of the shifts in the line 5536 Å has been made on the basis of measurements made with atomic beams and with the hollow cathode tube with more highly enriched isotopes. The shifts, relative to the isotope 138 (measured in millikaysers-10-3 cm-1) are: 137 136 135 134 132 130 5536 Å 7.0 4.1 8.1 4.6 6.3 7.2 3072 Å 6.5 3.3 7.8 4.1 3.0 3.8 3501 Å 7.0 3.7 8.5 2.0 4.1 -2.7 It is shown that when the volume shifts and the mass shifts are separated, the anomalous distribution of the shifts disappears in the case of the isotopes of even mass number, but an unusually large staggering of the shifts of the odd isotopes remains.


The results presented in this article are taken from a case study of novice primary school mathematics teachers' professional identity development from the perspective of the teachers themselves. The empirical material was collected through self-recordings, observations and interviews. The results show how the professional identity development of these novice teachers becomes a pursuit in line with their image of a primary school teacher. To develop a sense of themselves as primary school teachers they need to establish their own criteria - individual (including graduation and personal knowledge) and social (the ability to work in one school, have colleagues and have a class of their own for which they do the planning and teaching). These criteria are shown to be both a precondition for and a part of professional identity development. The novice teachers' image of what it means to be a primary school teacher directs their actions and becomes the goal of their professional identity development. Because of its high impact, student and novice teachers' image of primary school teachers ought to be made visible in both teacher education and teacher induction.


In this correspondence, we show that the exact number of spatial degrees of freedom (DOF) for a two user nondegenerate (full rank channel matrices) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) Gaussian interference channel with M1, M2 antennas at transmitters 1, 2 and N1, N2 antennas at the corresponding receivers, and perfect channel knowledge at all transmitters and receivers, is min{M1 + M2, N1 + M2, max(M1, N2), max(M2, N1)}. A constructive achievability proof shows that zero forcing is sufficient to achieve all the available DOF on the two user MIMO interference channel. We also show through an example of a share-and-transmit scheme how the gains of transmitter cooperation may be entirely offset by the cost of enabling that cooperation so that the available DOF are not increased.


Abstract Background and objective: The treatment of neuropathic pain due to low-back (lumbosacral) radiculopathies, a common source of neuropathic pain, is challenging and often requires a multimodal therapeutic approach. The capsaicin 8% patch is the first topical analgesic licensed for peripheral neuropathic pain. To evaluate this treatment, a subset of patients with painful radiculopathy (lumbar and cervical, including ventral and dorsal rami) enrolled into the multicenter, non-interventional QUEPP study (Qutenza2 – safety and effectiveness in peripheral neuropathic pain) was analyzed. Methods: Of the 1044 study participants, 50 were diagnosed with painful radiculopathy as only peripheral neuropathic pain syndrome and were eligible for evaluation. Patients received a single treatment (visit 1) with follow-up visits 2–5 at weeks 1–2, 4, 8 and 12. Parameters assessed at all visits included pain intensity, neuropathy symptoms and side effects. Quality of life (SF-12) and painDETECT1 questionnaires were completed at baseline and final visit. Data was analyzed by patch application site and duration of pain. Results: Topical treatment led to a significant decrease of pain intensity between weeks 1/2 and week 12 versus baseline at the application sites representing dermatomes of ventral (N = 26) and dorsal rami (N = 13) of spinal nerves. A significant decline (p ≤ .001) of numeric pain rating scale scores was observed between weeks 1/2 following patch application and the end of observation (week 12) in the overall radiculopathy group (N = 50), and the groups with either 3 months to 2 years (N = 14) or >2 years (N = 23) duration of pain. Pain relief of at least 30% was observed in 50.0%, 71.4% and 39.1% of patients in the respective groups. Four patients experienced in total seven adverse drug reactions (application site pain or pruritus). Conclusion: Effective neuropathic pain relief was observed after patch application within the innervation territories of both dorsal and ventral branches of the spinal nerve. Further controlled randomized trials are indicated.


Intraluminal calcifications were found in the small bowel of 4 newborns with total colonic aganglionosis. Abdominal radiography demonstrated circular aggregations of small punctate calcific densities in the right lower quadrant and evidence of bowel obstruction. There was a microcolon in each case. The calcifications, which resemble those seen in small intestinal atresia and stenosis, are probably related to fetal intestinal stasis, and may be differentiated from those due to meconium peritonitis.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The research outlined in this paper aimed to establish a consensus view amongst primary healthcare professionals about the competencies that district nurses need in order to fulfil an effective role in health promotion.

BACKGROUND
In recent years there has been a growing emphasis on health promotion in primary care in the United Kingdom and health promotion is becoming increasingly important to nurses who work in the community. However, consideration of the role of the district nurse in health promotion is rather restricted and consequently district nurses have limited access to empirical evidence, from which they can develop their work in health promotion.

DESIGN AND METHODS
The Delphi technique was used for this study. Seventy-two primary healthcare professionals were mailed a series of three questionnaires, which achieved response rates of 86, 87.5 and 78.9%.

RESULTS
There was a consensus amongst the panellists that district nurses require a range of competencies to engage effectively in health promotion. These were categorized to produce a definitive list of eight knowledge-, seven attitude- and eight skill-related competencies.

CONCLUSIONS
For the first time, this study achieves a consensus on the competencies needed by district nurses to engage in health promotion.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
District nurses should feel encouraged to develop their health promotion role in light of the fact that many of the competencies that they require for this activity have been identified as essential for their day-to-day nursing practice. The research highlights the fact that new paradigm health promotion is a concept that has moved beyond the academic arena and is recognized as significant by practising health professionals.


Current sensing is one of the important functions in a dc-dc converter. It may be used for overcurrent protection, current control, or load sharing among paralleled converters. Current sharing (CS) can be achieved by sensing the output currents of individual converters, but it requires current sensors. In this paper, a current-sensing and CS scheme that uses a single sensor to sense the individual currents is presented. The scheme is independent of the number of converters in the paralleled system. The proposed scheme can be implemented easily on a digital platform and provides various functionalities of a voltage-regulating module. The analysis and implementation issues for such a scheme are presented and experimentally verified on a 1-V/25-A two-phase interleaved buck converter with digital control.


The authors describe a 73-year-old woman who developed worsening proptosis, binocular diplopia, and periorbital pain shortly after undergoing an open subperiosteal brow lift procedure. She was found to have a pre-existing osteodural fistula (ODF) within left frontal bone, which was draining through supraorbital vein (SOV) in cavernous sinus. When SOV was inadvertently severed during a brow lift, blood from the fistula was now redirected in the orbit. This is the first report of a decompensated ODF after a brow lift procedure. It underscores the complexity of orbital venous drainage and the importance in preserving the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins during brow lift.


In this paper, a theoretical framework for Bayesian adaptive training of the parameters of discrete hidden Markov model (DHMM) and of semi-continuous HMM (SCHMM) with Gaussian mixture state observation densities is presented. In addition to formulating the forward-backward MAP (maximum a posterion') and the segmental MAP algorithms for estimating the above HMM parameters, a computationally efficient segmental quasi-Bayes algorithm for estimating the state-specific mixture coefficients in SCHMM is developed. For estimating the parameters of the prior densities, a new empirical Bayes method based on the moment estimates is also proposed. The MAP algorithms and the prior parameter specification are directly applicable to training speaker adaptive HMM's. Practical issues related to the use of the proposed techniques for HMM-based speaker adaptation are studied. The proposed MAP algorithms are shown to be effective especially in the cases in which the training or adaptation data are limited.


Corynebacterium amycolatum, a normal inhabitant of human skin, is a Gram-positive, non-spore-forming, mycolic acid-free, aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacillus. Since its description in 1988, it has only rarely been associated with infective endocarditis. This paper describes a case of infective endocarditis successfully treated by combination therapy with daptomycin and rifampicin. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of C. amycolatum endocarditis from the USA successfully treated with these agents.


This chapter focuses on social innovation, a topic that the literature has been increasingly discussing in the last decade. The authors revise the many available (and, to some extent, too general) definitions as well as identify the main features that have been claimed as relevant for social innovation (e.g. Mumford, 2002), which concur in providing its definition. By doing so, they pursue the assessment of a less fuzzy definition of social innovation and make a first attempt to focus on the role that companies play in developing as well as scaling social innovations. The adopted approach exploits the literature review and is based on an in-depth analysis of the definitions of social innovation: the authors collected and catalogued them, so identifying the main dimensions of analysis. Clarifying what social innovation is and the role that companies play in social innovation initiatives can increase companies' awareness of what they (can) do with respect to social innovation, possibly taking advantage of this in terms of business objectives.


This paper presents a short-term unit commitment approach that incorporates environmental externalities into electric utility operations decision-making. The suggested approach identifies the least cost action for achieving daily or weekly emission targets. The problem formulation includes all standard system constraints, and explicitly addresses variable emission during start-up, operation, and shut-down of electric generating units. The problem is solved using a Lagrangian relaxation-based algorithm which offers a practical approach to the emission constrained unit commitment problem.


The accumulation of the information within this survey has occurred over a short period of time from many different sources. Every effort was made to be as inclusive as possible and to honestly seek out technical gaps without any preconceived ideas. That being said, it is our intention that the survey becomes a living document with additions and modifications made as new information becomes available. During the process of collecting all of the information that is contained, it became readily apparent that the information required to understand wire chafing developments and requirements within the U.S is fragmented and the required data and models are at best difficult to obtain. During the course of this survey we have highlighted five points: Point #1. Fault Physics Library The broad failure categories cannot be easily mapped to the physics of degradation of wiring insulation and the corresponding electromagnetic characteristics. A physics-based fault library would be of great benefit to the community, especially one that contains the electromagnetic signatures of different types of dielectric damage. Primary fault types that should be included are chaffing, partially connected and/or corroded connectors, and intermittent signal conduction associated with breaking or shorting events. In many communities the availability of datasets for which academics and their students can have access has resulted in a boon of research. Current development efforts in the U.S. make the fault synthesis and data collection process inherent to funded development efforts. This results in the data collected being considered as part of the inventor's intellectual property. Although the taxpayers' money has been used to spur these developments, the data is rarely made available to anyone else (even government labs). This then causes other funded inventors (typically with SBIR or STTR funding) to repeat the fault synthesis and data collection necessary to advance the field. It would be of great benefit to the entire community if the government were to establish an electrical fault signature database that was open to all to pursue. Point #2. Quantitative Assessment-There needs to be careful quantitative assessment of real-world effects that are typically ignored in the laboratory and appear randomly during field tests. For example, the effects of varying humidity and vibration on the performance of wire fault detection schemes based upon electrical signal injection has not been substantially investigated in the literature. It is extremely rare that performance results obtained in the laboratory equal those obtained in the …


This paper considers the wireless sensor networks and highlights its applications in present time and mainly focuses on the two main techniques for saving maximum energy in transmitting information in WSN and these are multi-input multi-output (MIMO) and cooperative MIMO (CMIMO). Under this paper there is a comparison of energy efficiency in MIMO and single-input single-output (SISO) system for both transmission energy and circuit energy. Then there will be the discussion of CMIMO advantages, its energy model, properties, comparison with the equivalent technique (DCA) and the most important strategy used under CMIMO system is node sleep strategy and its significance in front of non-node sleep strategy will be discuss in this paper.


This book is the first in depth published work in over twenty years on Third Reich Political Leaders uniforms and their regalia. Some of the finest items in the collecting community - uniforms, insignia, headgear, flags, banners and other items - have been assembled in this large format, all-color book. This book also explains the complicated levels and rank system so that the hobbyist can avoid the many pitfalls when adding these items to their collection. Period source material has been researched and translated here for the first time. Many high-level personality collectibles are pictured here for the first time ever, having been in private collections since 1945. This one of a kind book is a must have for any serious Third Reich collector.


Lung resistance and compliance were measured in early pregnant, late pregnant and non pregnant guinea pigs. Lung resistance was increased, lung compliance was decreased in pregnancy. A new finding was the increase of chest wall compliance in the course of pregnancy. In order to obtain a sufficient gas exchange during artificial ventilation, pregnant animals have to be ventilated with a higher frequency or a higher pressure than non pregnant controls.


In this paper, I present a detailed theoretical study of electron-photon-phonon interactions in three-dimensional electron gases (3DEGs) subjected to linearly polarized intense electromagnetic (EM) radiations. Applying the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation, in which the effect of the EM radiation field is included exactly, to time-dependent perturbation theory, I have developed a novel approach for determining the probabilities of steady-state electronic transitions induced by electron-photon-phonon interactions in a 3DEG system. For the case of polar semiconductors, I have discussed the influence of the linearly polarized intense laser radiation on the electronic scattering rate for electron interactions with the radiation field and with the LO phonons. These results are pertinent to the application of recently developed terahertz or far-infrared laser sources such as free-electron lasers.


This article addresses the concept Body as Archive in the context of contemporary Jamaica, a nation simultaneously grounded in Christian Religiosity and rooted in African Cosmology. Body as Archive is identified here as an understanding of the body that recognizes bodily artefacts as
 stored in individual and collective bodies for future generations to excavate, critically interrogate, re-craft and/or restore and deploy in the fashioning of present-day individual and community identities, life possibilities and future world imaginings. At its core Body as Archive is the
 work of the imagination to manifest the body as both archive and artefact, both a space for the collection and recording of historical memory and remembrance and itself an expression of memory and re-membrance. In contemporary Jamaica Body as Archive encompasses notions of beauty, the role
 of dance, and the significance of performance around and about the Jamaican female body. Embedded in this current exploration is an interrogation of the ways in which the bio-political imagination of past generations inform the excavation and deployment of bodily artefacts in the present.


In the wide framework of a growing historiographical interest for the history of the Eighties, the authors are aimed at investigating the perception of Italy in the analysis of the international press, namely French, English and American, from a political, social and economic view point. In the collective imagination, Craxi's years - as the period from the first socialist government in 1983 until the beginning of the Tangentopoli scandal - were perceived as a golden age. Actually, analyzing the international press, a diverse image of Italy emerged from that of the Seventies: a prosperous and willing Italy replaced that of the previous decade. However, it must be said that this image was just partly the outcome of a different perception from the international press. The new business class behaved as an international political actor, coherently advertising the image of a new Italy, dynamic and active, although very well anchored to the main traditional Italian value: the family. At the same time, this perception was strengthened by the new socialist leadership, which was perceived not diversely from the rest of the Italian political establishment (unscrupulous and corrupted) a part from the fact that Craxi was presented as the men that Italy needed. Strong but moderate, able to end terrorism and to deal with Reagan in defending his own country, although confirming the Atlantic Alliance. The international press depicted a weak country that required (and deserved) a strong man, who could drag it from the quagmire that lasted since the Second World War's aftermath. An opinion that was not so far from the international understanding of Italy in the 1920s.


Economic, political, humanitarian and health crises in Venezuela have resulted in mass out migration -thousands of Venezuelans emigrated to Trinidad and Tobago. However, little is known about their food security status in the host country. This study assessed the food security status among Venezuelan migrants and asylum seekers in Trinidad and Tobago and tested the validity of the online application of the food insecurity experience scale (FIES), a tool to measure food insecurity, in a small group. This convenience, cross-sectional study applied an online questionnaire to 433 Venezuelan migrants in Trinidad and Tobago in 2020. Snowball sampling was used to connect to migrants based on their access to locally-based NGO service providers, and organizations directly connected to the Venezuelan migrant community. Researchers applied the 12-month reference period to the FIES to measure food insecurity at the individual level. Descriptive analyses, Rasch modeling and binary logistic regression were conducted. Overall, 61.9% of respondents displayed behaviors characterized as severely food insecure. Significant differences in food security status were observed when categories of employment status (p = 0.032) and paying rent (p = 0.005) were considered. There were greater proportions of unemployed individuals who were severely food insecure (67.6%) compared to those who were employed (56.7%). There were greater proportions of individuals paying rent who were severely food insecure (62.6%) compared to those who were not paying rent (50.0%). Logistic regression with adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals revealed that food insecurity was less likely among migrants who were employed (OR 0.112, 95% CI 0.016–0.763) relative to those who were not employed, while food insecurity was more likely among migrants who were paying rent (OR 7.325, 95% CI 1.965–27.312) relative to those not paying rent. The FIES was consistent in assessing food security status. These findings provide a rapid assessment that can be used to galvanize international, national and community-level stakeholders to devise and target responses to assist migrants experiencing food insecurity.


Research question. Students face many school and living difficulties which alter health status and favour substance use which were assessed in this study among university students from France, Poland and Romania. Methods. In total 934 French, 480 Polish, and 195 Romanian students from the Universities of Metz, Iasi, and Silesie, completed a self-administred questionnaire. The data were analyzed using adjusted odds ratios (OR) and variance analysis taking age and sex into account, vs. French. Results. Mean age 20 (SD = 2) years. Female represented 58% French and 80% Polish/Romanian. Although most students were satisfied with their university integration (81-97%), many students had deteriorated heath status compared with the period before the university (13-22%), suffered from tiredness (11-85%), nervousness (42-56%), sleep disorders (19-48%), financial difficulty (15-39%), and being alone (8-23%). Were also common increasing tobacco use (15-32%), alcohol use every day (1540%), tranquilizer pill use (1-6%), hashish/marijuana use (2-42%), suicide thinking (15-19%), and frequent consultation of health professionals (7-30%). Bad heath status was more frequent among French and Romanian overall, and suicide thinking among Polish. Higher PSS-14 and GHQ-12 scores among Polish compared with their French counterparts who used more hashish/marijuana. Satisfied social support was similar between the three groups. Conclusion. A better guidance for those who are in need of adapted mental health care seem nevertheless recommended to support them through their university success.


A DC-motor driven beam-deflector is to be controlled such that the beam moves with constant velocity for 12 ms out of a 20-ms period before swinging back to the original position. One control system must serve any deflector without retuning. The problem is difficult because the dynamics vary from one deflector to another. It is found that a closed-loop system with poles in a Bessel filter configuration will satisfy the specifications. A straightforward pole-placement design is insufficiently robust. Redesigning it yields greater, but still insufficient, robustness against the known extent of plant parameter variation. The problem is solved by adding an adaptive control loop. >


ABSTRACT The existence of a convergence of longshore drift in the vicinity of central Padre Island has been postulated by several workers. Support for this hypothesis has been obtained from a detailed study of shell distribution on Padre Island beaches integrated with a study of the actual nearshore currents with drift bottles and theoretical predictions of longshore currents from Corpus Christi wind records. Three sedimentologic provinces occur on central Padre Island: a northern province, a southern province, and a transition zone between them. The northern province has a finer grain size mode and a heavy mineral suite characteristic of rivers and Pleistocene deposits to the north. The coarser grain size mode and the heavy mineral suite of the Rio Grande characterize the southern province. Central Padre Island is unique on the Texas coast in having a high percentage (10-80%) of shell material in the beach sediment. On the basis of the distribution of this shell material, the writer has distinguished a southern province, a northern province, and a transition zone all of which correspond closely with the terrigenous provinces described above. Thus three separate sedimentary parameters indicate the sediment along Padre Island is being transported from southern and northern sources to be mixed in a central transition zone. Although the study is incomplete, the close correlation between drift bottle paths and local winds suggests that the latter may be used to determine the current direction and perhaps velocity. This analysis of the local wind system suggests that there is a net annual convergence of longshore drift in the vicinity of the sedimentologic transition zone on central Padre Island. The net annual convergence is probably responsible for the distribution of the sediments of central Padre Island into three transitional sedimentologic provinces. End_of_Record - Last_Page 150-------


The book meticulously analyses the history of the critical reception of avantguard art through the interpretations received by one of its greatest emblems, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon by Picasso, 1907. Since Les Demoiselles has been considered over this century the true paradigm of Modern Art, this book is, fundamentally, a sort of synthesis of the discourses about Modernism from formalism, iconology, Leo Steinberg's 'Other Criteria', sociological, the biographical and psychoanalytical theses, cultural and historicist and lastly, the impact of post-structuralism and the feminist, post-colonialist and transnational interpretations. The final chapter deals with the artistic versions of Les Demoiselles d'Avignon made by artists. It is an essay on the different versions and identities of Modern Art and Modernism that have been produced throughout the last century.


Expression of the integrin, α6β1, a receptor for laminins, is associated with the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The approach to investigating the α6β1 integrin signaling in HCC cells was to express a deletion mutant of the β4 integrin cytoplasmic domain (β4‐Δcyt) in 2 HCC cell lines, HepG2 and Huh7. Expression of this mutant prevents formation of the α6β1 heterodimer. As expected, adhesion of both the HepG2/β4‐Δcyt and Huh7/β4‐Δcyt transfectants to laminin, but not to collagen, was reduced compared with the mock transfectants. However, migration of the β4‐Δcyt transfectants toward both collagen and laminin was inhibited, suggesting a role for α6β1 in the signaling of migration. Migration of HCC cells requires mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase. The adhesion of the β4‐Δcyt transfectants to collagen resulted in a substantial reduction in MAP kinase activation in comparison with the mock transfectants, although their ability to activate MAP kinase in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation was not impaired. In addition, matrix adhesion of the β4‐Δcyt transfectants did not stimulate the tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and this defect correlated with reduced binding of adaptor protein Grb2 to FAK. These results suggest that FAK tyrosine phosphorylation is dependent on α6β1 expression, and that FAK‐Grb2 association plays a central role in α6β1‐mediated activation of MAP kinase. Moreover, the expression of α6β1 in HCC cells is necessary for FAK/MAP kinase‐dependent migration.


A novel horizontal push-pull multi-substrate epitaxy boat with three separate cells is introduced in this article, with multi-substrate LPE processing is feasible in horizontal LPE furnace. The processes of LPE Alx Ga1-xAs/GaAs solar cells are studied and the efficiency of the solar cells achieved 19.8%(AM0,25℃,120mW/cm^2).


Background: Foundry workers are known to be exposed to silica and have an increased risk of silicosis. There are also reports that state these foundry workers were associated with asbestos-related change in the X-ray results of the lungs. This report discusses a case of localized asbestosis developed in a foundry worker who worked in 12 Korean foundries. Case report: A 49-year-old man who worked at molding and melting for 30 years, presented with sore throat, cough and yellow sputum for 1 month. From physical and clinical examination, pulmonary tuberculosis was highly suspicious; therefore, he was medicated for 6 months. After tuberculosis medication, the radiological finding was reactivation of tuberculosis, and an asbestos body was detected at a transbronchial lung biopsy. During an operation, operators found multiple palpable masses and bullae localized in the right upper lobe (RUL) and performed right upper lobectomy and right middle lobe wedge resection. Using hematoxylin-eosin stain and iron stain, we could detect asbestos bodies by light microscopy. We analyzed the asbestos fiber burden in dry lung tissue by transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (TEM-EDX). The fiber type was chrysotile and the fiber burden was 23.26×10? fiber/g dry lung. Discussion: This case study of a foundry worker with localized asbestosis is uncommon in Korea. We found an occupational relationship between the foundry worker and localized asbestosis through various investigative techniques such as measurements taken at his working environment, clinical, radiological and pathological examination of the foundry worker and mineralogical examination of the asbestos fiber.


Currently, most approaches to retrieving textual materials from scientiic databases depend on a lexical match between words in users' requests and those in or assigned to documents in a database. Because of the tremendous diversity in the words people use to describe the same document, lexical methods are necessarily incomplete and imprecise. Using the singular value decomposition (SVD), one can take advantage of the implicit higher-order structure in the association of terms with documents by determining the SVD of large sparse term by document matrices. Terms and documents represented by 200-300 of the largest singular vectors are then matched against user queries. We call this retrieval method Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) because the subspace represents important associative relationships between terms and documents that are not evident in individual documents. LSI is a completely automatic yet intelligent indexing method, widely applicable, and a promising way to improve users' access to many kinds of textual materials, or to documents and services for which textual descriptions are available. A survey of the computational requirements for managing LSI-encoded databases as well as current and future applications of LSI is presented. with those of a query. However, lexical matching methods can be inaccurate when they are used to match a user's query. Since there are usually many ways to express a given concept (synonymy), the literal terms in a user's query may not match those of a relevant document. In addition, most words have multiple meanings (polysemy), so terms in a user's query will literally match terms in irrelevant documents. A better approach would allow users to retrieve information on the basis of a conceptual topic or meaning of a document. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) 4] tries to overcome the problems of lexical matching by using statistically derived conceptual indices instead of individual words for retrieval. LSI assumes that there is some underlying or latent structure in word usage that is partically obscured by variability in word choice. A truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) 14] is used to estimate the structure in word usage across documents. Retrieval is then performed using the database of singular values and vectors obtained from the truncated SVD. Performance data shows that these statistically derived vectors are more robust indicators of meaning than individual terms. A number of software tools have been developed to perform operations such as parsing document texts, creating a term by document matrix, computing the truncated …