The dynamics of interpersonal trust are an essential part of understanding how people think and act in social interactions. Trust enables human beings to form meaningful personal relationships (Simpson, 2007) and engage in mutually profitable social and economic exchanges (Kohn, 2008). Yet, trust is also difficult—both for social actors and the scientists who study them. Most of us wish to give trust and to receive it, but we worry that our trust might be betrayed by others or that we might fail to live up to the trust that others place in us (Krueger & Evans, 2013). Recently, trust has become a prominent topic of research in social cognition and a point of intersection with other subdisciplines of the social and biological sciences. To showcase theoretical and empirical progress—at the edge of inquiry—we have assembled this issue of contributions from an interdisciplinary panel of experts, asking them to survey pressing questions in trust research. This introduction provides a brief history of the scientific study of interpersonal trust and an overview of the topics covered in this issue.


Herbal extracts are widely used and accepted in the population. The pharmacological characterization of such products meets some specific challenges, given the chemical complexity of the active ingredient. An overview is given on modern methods and approaches that can be used for that purpose. In particular, HPLC-based activity profiling is discussed as a means to identify pharmacologically active compounds in an extract, and expression profiling is described as a means for global assessment of effects exerted by multi-component mixtures such as extracts. These methods are illustrated with selected axamples from our labs, including woad (Isatis tinctoria), the traditional Chinese herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza) and black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa).


We compare parametric and nonparametric estimation methods in the context of PBPK modeling using simulation studies. We implement a Monte Carlo Markov Chain simulation technique in the parametric method, and a functional analytical approach to estimate the probability distribution function directly in the non-parametric method. The simulation results suggest an advantage for the parametric method when the underlying model can capture the true population distribution. On the other hand, our calculations demonstrate some advantages for a nonparametric approach since it is a more cautious (and hence safer) way to assess the distribution when one does not have sufficient knowledge to assume a population distribution form or parametrization. The parametric approach has obvious advantages when one has significant a priori information on the distributions sought, although when used in the nonparametric method, prior information can also significantly facilitate estimation.


A techno-economic optimization study investigating optimal design and operating strategies of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) micro-combined heat and power (CHP) systems for application in U.S. residential dwellings is carried out through modeling and simulation of various anode-supported planar SOFC-based system configurations. Five different SOFC system designs operating from either methane or hydrogen fuels are evaluated in terms of their energetic and economic performances and their overall suitability for meeting residential thermal-to-electric ratios. Life-cycle cost models are developed and employed to generate optimization objective functions, which are utilized to explore the sensitivity of the life-cycle costs to various system designs and economic parameters and to select optimal system configurations and operating parameters for eventual application in single-family, detached residential homes in the U.S. The study compares the results against a baseline SOFC-CHP system that employs primarily external steam reforming of methane. The results of the study indicate that system configurations and operating parameter selections that enable minimum life-cycle cost while achieving maximum CHP-system efficiency are possible. Life-cycle cost reductions of over 30% and CHP efficiency improvements of nearly 20% from the baseline system are detailed.


Species native or endemic of the Brazilian semi-arid were investigated with the intention of discovering new antibacterial drugs. The rehearsals were accomplished against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli through the diffusion method in disk. Of the 137 extracts of appraised vegetables, seven presented significant activity against the Staphylococcus aureus. The active extracts were prepared starting from species belonging to the Leguminosae and Rutaceae families and they will be fractional hereafter with the intention of arriving to the active molecules.


Perc is an acronym and represents a proposed nursing syndrome for people with AIDS. It incorporates the NANDA human response patterns of perceiving, exchanging, relating and choosing. These patterns were identified through a review of literature on AIDS, especially that which addressed NANDA nursing diagnoses. The analysis showed that the most frequently used nursing diagnoses across various clinical areas were concentrated in the four human response patterns. Following an analysis of the concept, syndrome, PERC was seen as an appropriate way of consolidating those nursing diagnoses, signs and symptoms that the nurses will generally encounter in working with people with aids.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Peri-implantitis remains a challenge for dental implant therapy, and the prognosis of non-surgical therapy for peri-implantitis is unsatisfactory. In order to reveal the impact of non-surgical mechanical debridement therapy on microbial communities, we investigated the subgingival microbial communities of healthy implants and implants with peri-implantitis, both before and after the therapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subgingival plaques were collected from patients with healthy dental implants (HC; n = 10) and from patients with peri-implantitis (n = 13) before and after non-surgical mechanical debridement therapy. The treatment was conducted using curettes for submucosal debridement followed by irrigation with 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine, with re-examination 1 month later. 16S rRNA pyrosequencing was used to analyze the subgingival microbiome, and co-occurrence networks were adopted to explore the interactions between pathogens in the microbial communities.

RESULTS
A total of 506 955 high-quality reads were generated, and 2222 operational taxonomic units were finally detected using a 97% similarity cutoff, with a mean of 249 ± 69 per sample. The peri-implantitis sites harbored similar microbial communities before and after the treatment, as demonstrated by the microbial diversity, relative abundance, and prevalence of bacteria. Most importantly, the microbial community structures were stable before and after non-surgical therapy based on the microbial diversity and bacterial composition, as well as the interactions between key pathogens, including Enterobacteriaceae, Selenomonas sputigena, Parvimonas, Eubacterium infirmum, Campylobacter gracilis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium, which were measured using a co-occurrence network analysis. Periodontal pathogens were also detected in subgingival plaque after the treatment. Distinct microbial communities were found between the healthy and peri-implantitis sites.

CONCLUSION
Our results demonstrate that non-surgical mechanical debridement therapy did not significantly affect the subgingival microbial communities in peri-implantitis, and the stable microbial networks created via interactions among pathogens may be responsible for the poor prognosis of peri-implantitis treatment.


Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between insurance status and patient-reported pain both before and after upper extremity surgical procedures. We hypothesized that patients with Medicaid payer status would report higher levels of pre- and postoperative pain and report less postoperative pain relief. Methods: In all, 376 patients who underwent upper extremity procedures by a single surgeon at an academic ambulatory surgery center were identified. Patient information, including insurance status and Visual Analog Scale pain score (VAS-pain) at baseline, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, and 6 months, were collected. VAS-pain scores were compared with t-tests and linear regression. Results: Preoperatively and at 2-week, 1-month, and 3-month follow-up, Medicaid patients reported statistically significant higher pain levels than patients with Private insurance, finding a mean adjusted increase of 0.51 preoperatively, 0.39 at 1 month, and 0.79 at 3 months. Preoperatively and at 3-month follow-up, Medicaid patients reported statistically significant higher pain than patients with Medicare, finding increases in VAS-pain of 0.99 preoperatively and 0.94 at 3 months. There was no difference in pain improvement between any insurance types at any time point (all P values > .05). Conclusions: Patients with Medicaid report higher levels of preoperative pain and early postoperative pain, but reported the same improvement in pain as patients with other types of insurance. As healthcare systems are becoming increasingly dependent on patient-reported outcomes, including pain, it is important to consider that differences may exist in subjective pain depending on insurance status.


The paper describes implementation of an application-layer program for experimental investigation of data transmission in wireless ad hoc networks in a real-word environment. The designed multithreaded program is executed on the laptops running the Vista operating system. The program performs routing and data transmission in different ad hoc network configurations. Some important performance metrics in wireless ad hoc networks are studied with this program.


Understanding the diurnal variability of ocean optical properties is critical for better interpretation of satellite ocean colour data and characterizing biogeochemical processes. The daytime variability of ocean optical properties throughout an algal bloom event is analysed in this article based on in situ observations from dawn to dusk at a fixed coastal site in the South China Sea. Diurnal variability during the sunlit period of the ocean optical properties is found to be significant. During the 6 hours around noon, the temporal variability (defined by the coefficient of variation) of phytoplankton absorption, coloured dissolved organic matter and non-algal particle absorption, and particle backscattering at 443 nm can reach 21% ± 15%, 12% ± 9%, and 17% ± 9%, respectively. The diurnal variability during the bloom is much more pronounced than that of the non-bloom phase. With atmospheric radiative transfer modelling, it is further demonstrated that the geostationary satellite detection of within-day optical variability in algae-dominated waters depends on the reliability of the aerosol retrieval. The implications of the diurnal bio-optical variability for the retrieval, validation, and interpretation of satellite ocean colour products are also discussed.


In spite of its long and successful history, TCP is a poor transport protocol for modern datacenters. Every significant element of TCP, from its stream orientation to its expectation of in-order packet delivery, is wrong for the datacenter. It is time to recognize that TCP's problems are too fundamental and interrelated to be fixed; the only way to harness the full performance potential of modern networks is to introduce a new transport protocol into the datacenter. Homa demonstrates that it is possible to create a transport protocol that avoids all of TCP's problems. Although Homa is not API-compatible with TCP, it should be possible to bring it into widespread usage by integrating it with RPC frameworks.


Perinatal mortality rates (PMRs) in triplets were analysed using Japanese Vital Statistics during the period of 1980-1998. The total number of perinatal deaths in triplets was 1051. The PMR significantly decreased from 214 per 1000 births in 1980 to 39 in 1998, a reduction of 82%. PMRs in triplets were 11.1-fold higher in 1980 and 6.9-fold higher in 1998 than in singletons, indicating that PMRs improved more in triplets than in singletons during the last two decades in Japan. The PMR was the highest in the third-born, followed by the second- and the first-born triplets in each period. As for maternal age, the PMR was 1.5-3.7 times higher in the < 25 years of age group than the other age groups. Additionally, the PMR was the lowest for birthweight (BW) ≥ 2000g during the entire period. In addition, the PMR decreased with gestational age (GA) of up to 38-39 weeks and increased thereafter. The effects of BW on the PMR were stronger than the effects of GA. The proportion of perinatal deaths in triplets with extremely low BW (< 1000g) was 74% in 1980-1989 and increased to 82% in 1990-1998. The declining PMR was unlikely to be due to the improvement in BW in triplets. It is likely that it was related to the improved medical management of triplets during the perinatal period and the first week of life. Information obtained in the present study may be useful in counseling pregnant woman about triplet births.


The usual formulations of combinatory logic, as in Church [1] or Curry and Feys [2], have no straightforward semantics. This lack complicates the proofs of basic metasystematic results, prevents the perspicuous formalization of combinatory logic as a deductive theory, and makes the combinators unnecessarily difficult to apply to recursion theory or to the foundations of mathematics. In the present paper we shall give a new formulation of combinatory logic, thought of as an abstract theory of rules. At each stage in the development we shall give a precise semantic interpretation for our axioms. We begin with an abstract treatment of the syntax and semantics of a theory of rules. We then specialize to the theory of the combinators and prove a completeness theorem connecting our axioms with our semantics. On this basis we treat functional abstraction, truth-functions, and the representation of partial recursive functions. In the spirit of Church [1, pp. 62–71], we conclude by extending our methods to the treatment of intensional identity. The theories developed here are part of a simplification of the theory of constructions described in [3]. Their semantics are motivated by the intended interpretation of the theory of constructions. The present paper is selfcontained and can be read without any familiarity with the theory of constructions, although the motivation of several of the notions considered here is given in [3]. In a future publication we will use the results of the present paper as the basis for a detailed study of a simplified form of the theory in [3].


Large language models (LLMs) have recently become remarkably good at improving developer productivity for high-resource programming languages. These models use two kinds of data: large amounts of unlabeled code samples for pretraining and relatively smaller amounts of labeled code samples for fine-tuning or in-context learning. Unfortunately, many programming languages are low-resource, lacking labeled samples for most tasks and often even lacking unlabeled samples. Therefore, users of low-resource languages (e.g., legacy or new languages) miss out on the benefits of LLMs. Cross-lingual transfer learning uses data from a source language to improve model performance on a target language. It has been well-studied for natural languages, but has received little attention for programming languages. This paper reports extensive experiments on four tasks using a transformer-based LLM and 11 to 41 programming languages to explore the following questions. First, how well cross-lingual transfer works for a given task across different language pairs. Second, given a task and target language, how to best choose a source language. Third, the characteristics of a language pair that are predictive of transfer performance, and fourth, how that depends on the given task.


Hydrodynamic projections, the projection onto conserved charges representing ballistic propagation of fluid waves, give exact transport results in many-body systems, such as the exact Drude weights. Focussing one one-dimensional systems, I show that this principle can be extended beyond the Euler scale, in particular to the diffusive and superdiffusive scales. By hydrodynamic reduction, Hilbert spaces of observables are constructed that generalise the standard space of conserved densities and describe the finer scales of hydrodynamics. The Green-Kubo formula for the Onsager matrix has a natural expression within the diffusive space. This space is associated with quadratically extensive charges, and projections onto any such charge give generic lower bounds for diffusion. In particular, bilinear expressions in linearly extensive charges lead to explicit diffusion lower bounds calculable from the thermodynamics, and applicable for instance to generic momentum-conserving one-dimensional systems. Bilinear charges are interpreted as covariant derivatives on the manifold of maximal entropy states, and represent the contribution to diffusion from scattering of ballistic waves. An analysis of fractionally extensive charges, combined with clustering properties from the superdiffusion phenomenology, gives lower bounds for superdiffusion exponents. These bounds reproduce the predictions of nonlinear fluctuating hydrodynamics, including the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang exponent 2/3 for sound-like modes, the Levy-distribution exponent 3/5 for heat-like modes, and the full Fibonacci sequence.


In recent years, numerous European museums have collected objects related to refugees. This article examines the Flight for Life (På Flugt) exhibition (2017), which the National Museum of Denmark organized based on a contemporary collecting project that took place in Greece and Denmark in 2016. Alison Landsberg's concept of prosthetic memory is made use of here to examine how the exhibition invited visitors to identify with refugees. This empathetic approach had political potential by promoting solidarity with refugees. However, it did not open up a broader contextualization of the collected objects in terms of the migration policies of Denmark and the European Union. This article argues that museums, through contemporary collecting projects of the refugee reception crisis, engage in memory politics by framing how Europe will be able to make sense of the refugee reception crisis of the early twenty-first century.


The smoking habits of 30 smokers, consisting of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, were investigated in order to order check whether a subgroup of these smokers exhibited a pattern which could be associated with addiction to nicotine. The results showed that smoking patterns varied in the course of a day, although no consistent pattern emerged which indicated that a significant sub-group of smokers was addicted strongly to nicotine. Moreover, on the basis of the associations of mouth level exposure obtained from a specific cigarette, and the time intervals when a cigarette was smoked before or after a specific cigarette was smoked, it appears that the sub-groups of smokers which self-titrate nicotine to any appreciable extent is probably small.


Several investigators have identified the pulmonary vein as the most common initiator of atrial fibrillation, and isolation of the pulmonary vein from atrial tissue can cure approximately 70% of patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Ongoing trials of a new device may increase the success rate and decrease the complication rate during the pulmonary vein isolation procedure.


Contents: Preface. Introduction. Part I: Excellence: The Practitioner's Responsibility. L. Hon, How Public Relations Knowledge Has Entered Public Relations Practice. Part II: Advances in Understanding Excellence and Communication. C.H. Spicer, Collaborative Advocacy and the Creation of Trust: Toward an Understanding of Stakeholder Claims and Risks. R.L. Heath, Management Through Advocacy: Reflection Rather Than Domination. D.W. Stacks, M.L. Watson, Two-Way Communication Based on Quantitative Research and Measurement. K.D. Plowman, Public Relations, Conflict Resolution, and Mediation. Y. Rhee, Interpersonal Communication as an Element of Symmetrical Public Relations: A Case Study. P. Murphy, Coping With an Uncertain World: The Relationship Between Excellence and Complexity Theories. Part III: Advances in Understanding Excellence and Management. B. Steyn, Contribution of Public Relations to Organizational Strategy Formulation. M. Sung, Toward a Model of Scenario Building From a Public Relations Perspective. U. Stroh, An Alternative Postmodern Approach to Corporate Communication Strategy. B.K. Berger, Public Relations and Organizational Power. Y-H. Huang, A Revisit of Symmetrical Communication From an International Perspective: Status, Effect, and Future Research Directions. J. Scott, Relationship Measures Applied to Practice. S.A. Bowen, The Extent of Ethics. K. Hallahan, Integrated Communication: Implications for Public Relations Beyond Excellence. Part IV: Advances in Program Planning and Its Evolutions in the New Century. L. Aldoory, B-L. Sha, The Situational Theory of Publics: Practical Applications, Methodological Challenges, and Theoretical Horizons. D.R. Holtzhausen, Activism. B-L. Sha, R.L. Ford, Redefining "Requisite Variety": The Challenge of Multiple Diversities for the Future of Public Relations Excellence. L. Aldoory, Reconceiving Gender for an "Excellent" Future in Public Relations Scholarship. L.M. Hagan, For Reputation's Sake: Managing Crisis Communication. Part V: Conditions for Global Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management. C-J.F. Hung, Toward the Theory of Relationship Management in Public Relations: How to Cultivate Quality Relationships? Y-R.R. Chen, Effective Government Affairs in China: Antecedents, Strategies, and Outcomes of Government Affairs. K. Sriramesh, The Relationship Between Culture and Public Relations. A. Tkalac, The Application of Situational Theory in Croatia. R.I. Wakefield, A Retrospective on World Class: The Excellence Theory Goes International. Part VI: Challenges to Educators. D.K. Wright, J.V.S. Turk, Public Relations Knowledge and Professionalism: Challenges to Educators and Practitioners. M.P. Russell, An Education Model to Prepare for Excellence in Public Relations: A Case Study of the Syracuse University Limited Residency/Distance Learning Master's Program in Communications Management.


A readily usable closed-form model has been developed to determine the pull-in voltage of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) cantilever probe under electrostatic actuation. The analytical model is derived based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear electrostatic force, and deflection function of the first natural mode of a cantilever beam. The model takes account of the electrostatic force associated with the fringing field capacitances between the cantilever probe and the substrate to predict a more accurate pull-in voltage. The developed closed-form model has been verified by comparing the model predicted values with published experimental results with a maximum deviation of 3.36%. The model has also been compared with a published closed-form model and 3-D electromechanical finite element analysis (FEA) carried out by the authors. The results are found to be in excellent agreement.


This article seeks to clarify the extent of international legal requirements for environmental impact assessments (EIAs) and strategic environmental assessments (SEAs) for large-scale industrial fisheries, including whether these requirements entail the assessments of potential social and cultural impacts of the sector's activities. We dis-cuss the current practices of impact assessments more generally and explain the potential and actual environmental and social impacts caused by large-scale industrial fisheries. Based on this analysis, we revisit the international legal foundations for a duty to carry out EIAs, arguing that such a duty applies to large-scale industrial fisheries. We also argue that EIAs for large-scale industrial fisheries, as well as SEAs for related policies and programmes, should integrate the assessment of social and cultural impacts, based on a mutually supportive interpretation of international law regimes dedicated to the sea, fisheries, biodiversity and human rights.


Theory claims that central-bank lending programs put ceilings on private lending rates, reduce ex post funding risk, and encourage ex ante investment. Testing for these effects is challenging. Most programs either have long precedents or were introduced in response to large shocks with multiple effects. Swap lines between advanced-economy central banks are a significant new policy through which a source central bank provides sourcecurrency credit to recipient-country banks using the recipient central bank as the monitor and as the bearer of the credit risk. This paper shows that, in theory, the swap lines should put a ceiling on deviations from covered interest parity, lower average market funding costs, and increase inflows from recipient-country banks into assets denominated in the source-country's currency. Empirically, these are tested using difference-in-difference strategies that exploit variation in the terms of the swap line over time, variation in the central banks that have access to the swap line, variation in the exposure of different securities to foreign funding, and variation in banks' exposure to dollar funding risk. The evidence suggests that the lender of last resort is very effective.


This paper explores the effects of intra-regional agglomeration and interregional networking on the productivity of R&D across EU regions. The paper is based on the spatial econometric modelling framework presented in Varga (2000), and further develops a methodology for estimating the dynamic effects of agglomeration and interregional networks on R&D productivity in regional knowledge creation (measured by patent applications and publications) at the level of EU regions. This empirical modelling framework is applied to classify EU regions into different tiers according to the strengths of their agglomeration effects. These effects are then compared to the network effects of interregional connectedness as reflected in regional participation in the EU Framework Programme for Research. The estimated model is used then for an assessment of the impacts of EU Framework Programme expenditures on technological development and for carrying out policy impact simulations.


AbstractMany scholars believe that Canada entered a fifth party system beginning in 2006 with a Conservative government and especially in light of the 2011 election and the reduction of the Liberal Party to third party status. But a fifth party system is still highly dependent on the results of the upcoming 2015 election. We argue that the costs of ruling for an extended period can lead to voter fatigue with long-serving incumbents and that Stephen Harper perhaps lacks the reserves of upbeat disposition and goodwill in an election year that might offset such fatigue.Canada experienced four party systems between its 1867 Confederation and about 2006. A fifth party system may emerge after the federal election tentatively expected in October 2015. In this article we speculate on whether and how Canada may be approaching a new party system, and on the roles the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Party (NDP) may play in it. We define the party system and briefly survey Canada's party system evolution to date. Then we consider some of the many reasons for Canada's unusually frequent party system transitions: Canada's tentative political culture that features perpetual disagreements on fundamental issues; a focus on the Prime Minister and opposition party leaders at the expense of parties, cabinets and Members of Parliament; a nonideological electorate dealigned from parties and lacking class or other identities that elsewhere bind supporters to parties for life; the prevalence of ineffective parties with no consistent ideological or issue positioning; and the implications of Canadians' restriction to a single vote in federal politics amidst their diminished faith in federal politics and their disrespect for Westminster systems' government-versus-opposition mindset. Finally, we assess the leadership of Stephen Harper amidst this emerging party system, especially in his embrace and extension of "court government" practices and executive personalization that has been occurring in Canadian political leadership circles since Pierre Trudeau.Prime Minister Stephen Harper and his Conservative Party of Canada (CPC) have inherited, and are maintaining, these themes and other features of Canada's politics that reflect much continuity and consistency over time. Harper's party likely will remain the sole centerright player in federal politics for the indefinite future, but it is not clear which-or whether- one of the center-to-left opposition parties will emerge as the Conservatives' default alternative after the next election. We address these questions: Why does Canada change party systems more often than other Western democracies? How might a fifth party system differ from its predecessors? What roles might the Liberals and New Democrats play in such a system? And what has the leadership of Stephen Harper done to alter or destabilize the party system? In this article, we address these questions first by situating Canada's party systems in historical perspective to show why Canadians experience so many party systems. We then look at leadership personalization in Canada as a specific element in the decline and influence of parties before focusing specifically on Stephen Harper and the intense personalization of executive politics in Ottawa today. We then analyze each of Canada's three major parties in the current context and how they have contributed to a changing party system since 2006. We conclude by discussing these major questions and consider the possible impact a 2015 election will have on the emerging fifth party system.Canadians burden their parties with daunting responsibilities. Because Canada's people are "hardly a nation," John Meisel argues that parties and party systems must obscure and accommodate diversities while fostering a sense of national unity. Parties serve as the primary institution which ties Canadians together and links them to the state. The condition of the party system at a given time may reflect the health of the polity (Meisel 1992, 330). …


We demonstrated microdamage accumulation in the fracture sites in the patients of subtrochanteric atypical femoral fracture with long term bisphosphonate therapy and of incomplete shaft fracture of lateral femoral bowing without bisphosphonate therapy. Based on these findings, pathogenesis of atypical femoral fracture is revealed stress fracture caused by accumulation of microdamages between distal to the lesser trochanter and proximal to the supracondylar flare in the femur in association with severely suppressed bone turnover and/or abnormal lower limb alignment, that causes stress concentration on the lateral side cortex of the femur.


The temperature of the surface atmosphere over land has been rising during recent decades. But surface temperature, or, more accurately, enthalpy which can be calculated from temperature, is only one component of the energy content of the surface atmosphere. The other parts include kinetic energy and latent heat. It has been advocated in certain quarters that ignoring additional terms somehow calls into question global surface temperature analyses. Examination of all three of these components of atmospheric energetics reveals a significant increase in global surface atmospheric energy since the 1970s. Kinetic energy has decreased but by over two orders of magnitude less than the increases in both enthalpy and latent heat which provide approximately equal contributions to the global increases in heat content. Regionally, the enthalpy or the latent heat component can dominate the change in heat content. Although generally changes in latent heat and enthalpy act in concert, in some regions they can have the opposite signs.


The issue of cognitive learning of foreign language activities is one of the actual problems of modern methods of foreign language teaching. The article discusses the concept of cognition and peculiarities of cognitive processes in writing skills teaching of technical university Master students, as well as the possibility of formation a professional and personal competencies in the process of perception and generation of writing.


This chapter extends the discussion to reactions between the Vilsmeier-Haack reagent (subsequently referred to as the Vilsmeier reagent for brevity) and any other compounds in which a carbon-carbon bond is formed. The discussion thus excludes reactions in which the Vilsmeier reagent acts as a chlorinating agent (for example in the preparation of acid chlorides), or in which it forms carbon-oxygen or carbon-nitrogen bonds, unless these are accompanied by formation of a carbon-carbon bond. For a discussion of the nature of the reagent and of the mechanism of the reaction, the earlier chapter in vol. 49 should be consulted. There are also a number of reviews that deal at length with mechanisms of reactions involving the Vilsmeier reagent, notably those by Jutz and Marson, and hence this chapter will concentrate on applications, with brief mention of mechanisms when necessary.

Wizinger has pointed out that alkenes could react with the Vilsmeier reagent, but his only examples were styrenes where the intermediate carbocation has considerable stability.

Hydrolysis gives the cinnamaldehyde. In principle, any alkene which is not too sterically hindered can undergo this reaction, but the Vilsmeier reagent has low reactivity as an electrophile, and in practice activation is often necessary. The addition depends on the HOMO of the alkene, and anything increasing the HOMO energy will aid reaction, as for example further conjugation (dienes, trienes, etc.) or the presence of an electron-donating substituent. Hence aldehydes and ketones are active in their enol forms, and enol ethers and enamines are good substrates. Indeed, all additions covered by this chapter can be regarded as alkene additions, even those on active methyl groups attached to electron-deficient rings. As with any reaction involving carbocation intermediates, rearrangements are possible; the initial products are sometimes enamines, and this can give rise to polysubstitution. The substrates are grouped into eleven major subsections; references to reviews of particular relevance will be found in the appropriate subsection.

Keywords:

vilsmeier reaction;
non-aromatics;
alkenes;
dienes;
polyenes;
heteroatoms;
substituents;
enamines;
enamides;
alkynes;
aldehydes;
ketones;
imines;
hydrazones;
semicarbazones;
oximes;
carboxylic acids;
anhydrides;
acid chlorides;
esters;
lactones;
amides;
lactams;
imides;
nitriles;
methyl groups;
methylene groups;
adjacent rings;
comparison of methods;
experimental conditions;
experimental procedures;
tabular survey


Applying path analysis, we examine how eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) in China affects the cost of equity capital. Using a one-group pre- and post-test design, we find that XBRL reduces the cost of equity capital and that XBRL strengthens the direct linkage of the inverse relationship between financial reporting quality and the cost of equity capital but not the indirect linkage via the mediation of information asymmetry. Our findings also show that XBRL adoption leads to a greater reduction in the cost of equity capital, when there is a high level of corporate governance. Our study contributes to research on XBRL and to practice by documenting how XBRL affects the cost of equity capital.


The incidence of twin pregnancy has increased worldwide over the past 10 years largely as a consequence of the assisted reproductive technologies. Issues such as intrapartum monitoring and operative interventions, especially with regard to the second twin, provide a unique challenge in labour and delivery. Epidemiological data suggest that the term twin has a threefold higher mortality rate than the singleton. It is the authors' view that many aspects of twin delivery deserve as much import as those features of twin gestations such as pre-term birth and intrauterine growth restriction that, to date, have received much of the research and clinical interest in this area. Indications for elective Caesarean section are presented, incorporating new data derived from the delivery of the term singleton breech, and implications on the timing thereof are discussed. Vaginal delivery of both twins presenting by the vertex is recommended as safe as long as guidelines for the conduct of such delivery are followed. The recommended time interval between twins as well as the use of epidural, fetal monitoring and ultrasound in the delivery room are discussed. The second twin presenting as a non-vertex presents an urgent dilemma for accoucheurs. Data suggest that internal version and breech extractions are safer than external cephalic version provided that the appropriate techniques are applied. It is revealed, however, that the use of elective Caesarean section in this group of babies has not been subject to randomized controlled studies of sufficient power to determine the best method of delivery of the second twin - particularly in the low-birth-weight baby.


Background/Context This piece draws on literature in justice-oriented teacher education, feminist pedagogy, and postmodern notions of bodies and place to make sense of data generated from a three-year study of an undergraduate teacher education course. A feminist lens was used to engage a body- and place-focused pedagogy that aimed to engage students in recognizing themselves as full-bodied and cultured beings who can work to better understand and expand their perceptions of themselves and others in place. Purpose The authors argue that postmodern theories of bodies and place can provide complex insights for both theorizing and practicing teacher education. Readers have the opportunity to experience alternative community-based teacher education practice through a graphic presentation and consider both the theoretical and practice implications in the broader field of education. Research Design This three-year study is an arts-based qualitative inquiry into the experiences of a course where feminist and postmodern notions of bodies and place informed the pedagogical decision-making of their professor (Stephanie Jones). Data were generated across three years and those focused specifically on or around the community bus ride were used to ask questions about how bodies and places interact with one another to produce sense-making about people, places, and the purposes of education. As part of the inquiry, Stephanie produced visual images in comics-form presenting pedagogical interactions and experiences that illuminated theoretical insights and then engaged Jim in conversations and sketch-sharing about theory and practice related to the data and how it was experienced in real-time by Stephanie. After numerous conversations looking over each panel and analytical discussions about bodies, place, and pedagogies as they were produced on the page and multiple revisions of both images and print text, Stephanie and Jim settled on the graphic production published here as both a representation of the research and a provocation for reimagining teacher education practice and scholarship. Conclusions The study is an example of how pedagogies informed by theoretical understandings of bodies and place can produce practices that help teacher education students recognize their bodies as central sites for critical change inside and outside institutions. Tending to, documenting, and discussing their bodily-ways-of-being in different places and how bodies/places produce perceptions of others were powerful practices that helped students think deeply about power and their roles as future teachers.


Background: Health status is one reflection of human resources, an important capital in the development of a nation. Quality of human resources influenced by several factors, such as the level of education, lifestyle, environmental, and health. The purpose of this study is to analyze the association between three important factors that are affecting quality of human resources (the level of education, knowledge about environmental health and healthy living behavior) with one's health status. Methods: The study was conducted towards adolescents, male and female, ages 10–24 years old. The sample size consists of 300 respondents from five districts in ten selected neighborhoods in Central Jakarta. Sample selection used was simple random sampling; data was collected using questionnaire, and analysis was correlation analysis method. Results: There are significant positive relationships between health statuses with knowledge about environmental health (51.6%), healthy living behavior (48.2%), and education level (47.1%). The association of these three variables together may contribute about 55% to one's health status.


Predictions show that more than half of the world population will lack sufficient freshwater by 2025. Yet, the construction industry uses a considerable amount of freshwater to produce concrete. To save resources of fresh water, using seawater seems to be a valid potential alternative that can replace freshwater for mixing concrete. This paper presents a short review performed on existing literature related to the usage of seawater in concrete structures. As a summary of the work presented: (a) It is noticeable that the current literature, generally, reports little or no negative effect of seawater on the characteristics of plain concrete, both in the short and in the long term; (b) steel corrosion caused by the presence of chloride appears to be the sole reason for not accepting the use of seawater in concrete preparation; (c) Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is discussed as a promising alternative to steel for seawater-concrete reinforcement, owing to their light weight, high tensile strength, and adequate corrosion resistance; and (d) A future outlook for using seawater accompanied by FRP reinforcement in concrete structures is discussed in terms of achieving sustainability goals.


INTRODUCTION: Diabetes mellitus is major health concern globally, affecting both developed and developing countries. Currently, over 240 million people have been affected worldwide, and this number is expected to reach 370 million by 2030. This problem is further complexed by the fact that diabetes is a progressive disease and if not treated, can adversely affect healthy functioning of the body. Just like diabetes, its complications are also progressive and occur because of chronic exposure to hyperglycemia. Diabetes can cause both macrovascular and microvascular complications. Microvascular complications are often seen in the eye, especially in case of uncontrolled type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Therefore, routine eye examinations are warranted in individuals with diabetes. Those with type 1 diabetes should have an initial comprehensive eye exam within 3–5 years of disease onset. However, in type 2 diabetes, most often, the onset of disease and duration are not known, and therefore these patients should have a complete examination immediately after diagnosis, and regularly followed up annually. Sadly, only 50% of individuals with diabetes comply with these recommendations. Those who have uncontrolled diabetes, and do not follow recommendations are at a higher risk of developing more severe complications. Diabetes can lead to various ocular complications of which diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most important and common. Others include cataract, glaucoma, dry eyes, keratopathy, refractive changes, occulomotor nerve palsy, and chronic inflammation of the lids. in the current review, we discuss four important ocular complications of diabetes: DR, cataract, glaucoma and dry eye syndrome.


Using photochemical electron transfer, N,N-dimethylnaphthylamine derivatives are added to α,β-unsaturated carboxylates. The addition takes place exclusively in the α-position of electron-deficient alkenes and mainly in the 4-position of N,N-dimethylnaphthalen-1-amine. A minor regioisomer results from the addition in the 5-position of this naphthylamine. A physicochemical study reveals that the fluorescence quenching of N,N-dimethylnaphthalen-1-amine is diffusion-controlled and that the back electron transfer is highly efficient. Therefore no transformation is observed at lower concentrations. To overcome this limitation and to induce an efficient transformation, minor amounts of water or another proton donor as well as an excess of the naphthylamine derivative are necessary. A mechanism involving a contact radical ion pair is discussed. Isotopic labeling experiments reveal that no hydrogen is directly transferred between the substrates. The hydrogen transfer to the furanone moiety observed in the overall reaction therefore results from an exchange with the reaction medium. An electrophilic oxoallyl radical generated from the furanone reacts with the naphthylamine used in excess. Concerning some mechanistic details, the reaction is compared with radical and electrophilic aromatic substitutions. The transformation was carried out with a variety of electron-deficient alkenes. Sterically hindered furanone derivatives are less reactive under standard conditions. In a first experiment, such a compound was transformed using heterogeneous electron transfer photocatalysis with TiO(2).


A case of myocardial infarction as a result of coronary vasospasm during percutaneous trigeminal rhizotomy is presented. Potential consequences of the profound sympathetic response during this procedure are discussed. Invasive haemodynamic monitoring as well as prophylaxis with nitrates and calcium antagonists may be useful in patients prone to coronary vasospasm who undergo this procedure.


One of the simplest sensor network models has one single underlying Gaussian source of interest, observed by many sensors, subject to independent Gaussian observation noise. The sensors communicate over a standard Gaussian multiple-access channel to a fusion center whose goal is to estimate the underlying source with respect to mean-squared error. In this note, a theorem of Witsenhausen is shown to imply that an optimal communication strategy is uncoded transmission, i.e., each sensors' channel input is merely a scaled version of its noisy observation.


In this study we examined the importance of entrepreneurs' internal and external social capital in the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and firms' innovation behavior. We analyzed the data from 193 entrepreneurs in China, and the results showed that ESE positively affected firms' innovation behavior, and the entrepreneur's internal social capital played a negative mediating role in the relationship between ESE and the firm's innovation behavior. The findings both empirically support propositions of previous researchers about the negative effect of social capital in the relationship between ESE and innovation, and offer deeper insight into this. Possible explanations for our findings and future direction are also discussed.


The current educational context patents new challenges and opportunities for educators and students. Among these are the Information and Communication Technology tools (ICTs), which bring new paradigms to educational dynamics, such as the Digital Educational Books (DEB). Accordingly, this study intends to obtain the user's perception of its experience (UX) in a group of teachers using the WEBMAT ® educational platform. The data collected is based on the exploitation of a high-fidelity prototype, making it possible to evaluate how the principles of Design Interaction, applied to the development of DEB, provide support in understanding and creating tasks on behalf of teachers. This study has provided data that is intended as a contribution towards improving the quality of these educational platforms as well as assisting educators in developing educational tasks.


A study is reported where the introduction of teamworking was accompanied by negotiated changes in working time patterns, involving some employees transferring to a 5-shift, 8-hour pattern, others to a 5-shift, 12-hour pattern. Employee attitude surveys before and after the changes show those moving to 12-hour working much more satisfied with both working time and other changes, compared with those remaining on 8-hour shifts. The creation of extra non-work days was seen as the major advantage of the longer shifts, which compensated for the harder work regime identified under teamworking and the greater rigidity of the 5-shift system. The findings underline the potential significance of working hours for employee support for broader changes in working practices. Possible explanations of why the longer shift pattern met with considerable support at one research site, but failed to gain support at a similar site elsewhere, are also explored.


Just like the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), it's Library is also a brand new organization, which was opened in August of 2009. Built from scratch, it can be said the KAUST library started from point zero: whether it is organization structure, facilities and equipment, or human, information and intellectual resources. However, starting from zero does not mean starting from low: it is filled with modern library design ideas, equipped by advanced facilities and equipment, and had been implementing the most updated systems. This is a unity of contradictions, and this kind of environment brings to its staff members considerable and unprecedented challenges. As the first system librarian in the KAUST library who directly deals with cutting edge technology with updated high speed and ever more sophisticated networking relations with others, the systems librarian has to stand at the frontier to face the varieties of challenges presented. This paper tries to capture this rather specific but also a kind of typical background, using real world scenarios and first-hand experiences, to review the concept of the system librarian as a professional and its rapid evolution under the daily changing world; to reveal the on-going expanding and altering responsibilities in this position; to analyze its relationship with library itself, as well as with the other organizations within the campus (ex: campus IT). It will also explore and address how system librarians could wrestle these challenges. THE ROLE OF SYSTEMS LIBRARIAN FOR ESTABLISHING AND DEVELOPING A NEW ACADEMIC LIBRARY A New Academic Library 3


The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between demographic variables and two forms of knowledge sharing behavior (KSB) to give some suggestions for managers. Data collected from 234 employees of some departments such as research and development, technology,... of some Vietnam telecommunication companies in order to test the general model: KSB = K + gender(xa) + age(xb) + educational qualification(xc) + work experience(xd). The study found that males tend to share more of their knowledge than females and staffs aged from 31 to 45 tend to share their knowledge more than those aged from 20 to 30 while 20-30 year old staffs tend to collect knowledge more than 31-45 year old staffs.


"Age-specific migration changes between 1977 and 1980 reveal several modifications in the pattern of population redistribution in the Federal Republic and suggest a major alteration of the West German internal migration system. In 1980, both the 30 to 49...and the 50+ year olds move (in the net) out of densely populated regions and into sparsely populated areas. A net out-migration occurs from the large, densely populated urban regions with strong and contemporary economic bases as well as from areas with structural economic problems. Densely populated regions lose more migrants while sparsely populated areas retain additional potential movers. Diverse explanations are suggested for these age-selective migration changes."


Objective: To document etiological spectrum of tracheal stenosis and results of resection and primary anastomosis Methodology: This prospective study was conducted in the Department of Thoracic surgery, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical center, Karachi from July 2019 to July 2021. All patients presenting with tracheal stenosis, fit for surgical resection were included. Results: Study comprised of 36 patients with 24(66.7%) males and 12(33.3) females. Mean age was 22.67±5.8 (7-35) years. Symptom duration was 22.77±14.5 weeks (range 6-60). Twenty-eight (77.8%) were benign and 8(22.2%) were malignant. Benign strictures were seen more among males (22/24; 91.7%; p=0.005) and malignant in females (6/12; 50%; p=0.005). Stridor and dyspnea was the commonest presentation. Hemoptysis was seen in four patients with squamous cell carcinoma (p=<0.001).Tracheal stenosis occurred at C7–T1 in 12 (33.3%), at C6-C7 and C6-T1 in 8 (22.2%) each. Non-intubated anesthesia used in 16 (44.4%) patients; Cervical and cervico-sternal approach used in 28(77.8%) and 8(22.2%) cases, respectively. Post-operatively, luminal diameter increase was 8.89±2.3 mm. Tumor-free margins were obtained in all squamous cell carcinoma (p=<0.001) cases. On table extubation was successful in 34(94.4%). Commonest complications were restenosis 6 (16.6%) and anastomotic leaks with emphysema in 4(11.1%). Post-operative duration of stay was 13.3±9.37 days. One (2.8%) patient died due to respiratory failure. Another required permanent tracheostomy. Mechanical ventilation was required in 4 (11.1%) due to respiratory compromise (p=<0.001) and tracheomalacia. Conclusion: A multidisciplinary approach in the management of tracheal stenosis produces the best outcome in operable cases with low morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Tracheal stenosis, stridor, dyspnea, restenosis


BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY
It is well established that there are geometric differences between ischemic and dilative mitral regurgitation (MR), yet data on the hemodynamic consequences of these differences are scarce. The study aim was to determine whether mitral regurgitant flows in ischemic MR differ from those in dilative MR.

METHODS
A left heart simulator was developed to evaluate possible differences in regurgitant flows between two pathological mitral valve configurations, ischemic and dilative. Ischemic MR was simulated by increasing the baseline intercommissural diameter (CC) by 10%, the baseline septolateral (SL) diameter by 30%, and by displacing the posteromedial papillary muscle (PM) to the apical posterolateral position. Dilative MR was simulated by increasing the baseline SL and CC diameters by 30%, and by a symmetrical displacement of both PMs. Mitral regurgitant flow measurements were carried out under transmitral pressures ranging from 40 to 140 mmHg (increments of 15 mmHg). Camera snapshots of the mitral annulus were used to accurately determine mitral annular geometry by measuring the SL and CC diameters.

RESULTS
A total of 24 measurements was made on four porcine mitral valves; 14 to evaluate ischemic MR, and 10 to evaluate dilative MR. In ischemic MR, a constant regurgitant flow was observed throughout the pressure range tested. In dilative MR, increasing the transmitral pressure caused the regurgitant flows to decrease exponentially. The mitral annulus snapshot analysis showed that displacement of the posteromedial PM in ischemic MR caused the regurgitation orifice to appear at the tented side of the valve. An additional regurgitation orifice was formed through bulging (prolapse) of the leaflets at the contralateral commissure. The phenomenon was not observed in the dilative mitral valve configuration, where a central regurgitation orifice appeared with symmetrical PM displacement.

CONCLUSION
These data suggest that geometric differences between ischemic and dilative MR translate into significantly different hemodynamic properties of insufficient mitral valves.


This paper considers the design of linear-phase quadrature mirror filters (QMF's) with powers-of-two coefficients. A design method based on a recently developed weighted least-squares (WLS) algorithm is presented. First, we design QMF's with continuous coefficients using the WLS algorithm. This design process provides two favorable design results that the prototype analysis filter has quasi-equiripple stopband response and the resulting QMF bank shows quasi-equiripple reconstruction error behavior. To avoid the effect of nonuniformly distributed coefficient grid due to discretization of the filter coefficients, a procedure is then performed for obtaining an appropriate filter gain factor. Finally, utilizing the resulting error weighting function obtained by the WLS algorithm, we propose an efficient discrete optimization process to obtain a discrete solution in the minimax optimal sense. Design examples demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed method are included. >


MOTIVATION
Single-molecule measurements of live Escherichia coli transcription dynamics suggest that this process ranges from sub- to super-Poissonian, depending on the conditions and on the promoter. For its accurate quantification, we propose a model that accommodates all these settings, and statistical methods to estimate the model parameters and to select the relevant components.

RESULTS
The new methodology has improved accuracy and avoids overestimating the transcription rate due to finite measurement time, by exploiting unobserved data and by accounting for the effects of discrete sampling. First, we use Monte Carlo simulations of models based on measurements to show that the methods are reliable and offer substantial improvements over previous methods. Next, we apply the methods on measurements of transcription intervals of different promoters in live E. coli, and show that they produce significantly different results, both in low- and high-noise settings, and that, in the latter case, they even lead to qualitatively different results. Finally, we demonstrate that the methods can be generalized for other similar purposes, such as for estimating gene activation kinetics. In this case, the new methods allow quantifying the inducer uptake dynamics as opposed to just comparing them between cases, which was not previously possible. We expect this new methodology to be a valuable tool for functional analysis of cellular processes using single-molecule or single-event microscopy measurements in live cells.

AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION
Source code is available under Mozilla Public License at http://www.cs.tut.fi/%7Ehakkin22/censored/

CONTACT
email@example.com or email@example.com

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


The fraction of human serum designated as C'1 esterase inhibitor is known to inhibit the action of C'1 esterase, a plasma kallikrein, and PF/Dil, an enzyme in plasma enhancing cutaneous vascular permeability. In the present study, C'1 esterase inhibitor has been found to block the actions of plasmin and the C'1r subcomponent of the first component of complement, and to retard the generation of PF/Dil. No inhibition of blood clotting or of the generation of plasmin was demonstrable.


ABSTRACT In an applied criminology context, recent meta-analyses and randomized control trials have demonstrated the benefits of targeting police patrols at hot spots or concentrations of street level crime and disorder. This study asked a group of 79 police officers from Perth to make a prediction, based on their experience, of where hot spots of crime would occur in the near future. Officer-defined hot spots were then compared with hot spots derived from police crime data over the preceding 24 month period. Finally, officer patrol time was tracked using a GPS-enabled smart phone and overlayed against both types of hot spot. This analysis indicates that police officers should be supported with hot spot mapping tools which identify data derived micro-places with persistent issues. Analysis also reveals officers patrol both their own and data-derived hot spots regularly; however, they only stay for a matter of a few minutes. These short stays are contrary to best evidence, which dictates officer patrols in hot spots should last for approximately 15 minutes in order to create both initial and residual deterrence.


Abstract As the number of Asian American voters has increased with each election, more research is needed to understand the participation and voting patterns of this diverse electorate. This paper offers an analysis of Asian American political participation and vote choice preferences during the 2016 presidential election. The paper begins by addressing the concerns related to Asian American political incorporation. We disaggregate Asian Americans into three voting types—voters, those who are eligible to vote but are not registered, and those who are ineligible to vote—and compare the demographic differences found across these three groups. The second half of the paper turns to Asian American candidate preferences in the 2016 election. We find that voters who report high levels of media consumption and those with a strong sense of political efficacy were more likely to support Clinton. Our analysis of non-voters suggests that the potential incorporation of these Asian Americans would result in a continued base of support for the Democratic party.


Stimuli-responsive smart materials have applications in a range of technologies. Herein, we present a hybrid (1), built from Me3EtN+ organic cations and {Cu2I3-}∞ inorganic chains with Cu⋯Cu metal⋯metal interactions. The two-step phase transition undergone in 1 on the first heating and the phase transition at a lower temperature show symmetry-broken features, leading to switchable dielectrics; the one at a higher temperature displays isomorphic characteristics. Besides the switchable dielectrics, 1 exhibited other multi-stimuli-responsive functionalities, including thermochromism and piezochromism. Combining temperature-dependent powder and single crystal X-ray diffraction, as well as variable-temperature UV-visible absorption spectrum and EPR spectrum analyses, it is demonstrated that the thermochromism is due to the synergy of anharmonic fluctuations with electron-phonon couplings, and the piezochromism arises from compression inducing a lattice distortion in 1. Our study provides insight into understanding the thermochromic and piezochromic mechanisms of cuprous halide-based hybrids, and paves a pathway for designing new multi-stimuli-responsive hybrid materials.


Summary: Two hundred and seventy five pregnancies in patients with congenital heart disease during 1980–1996 were analyzed retrospectively. Maternal and perinatal outcome was compared in 251 pregnancies of women with acyanotic and 24 pregnancies of women with cyanotic heart disease. Congenital heart disease was diagnosed during the index pregnancy in 26.1% of patients and the majority (88.4%) were in NYHA classes 1 and 2. Atrial septal defect (27.7%) was the most common lesion in women with acyanotic heart disease and the majority with cyanotic heart disease had Eisenmenger syndrome, 13 of 21 (61.9%). Sixty pregnancies occurred in patients with surgically corrected lesions (acyanotic, 56; cyanotic, 4). The incidences of abortions (8.3%), stillbirths (13.6%) and small for gestational age (SGA) (36.4%) were higher in cyanotic heart disease compared to acyanotic heart disease (stillbirth, 0.8%; SGA, 6.9%). There was a statistically significant difference in mean maternal age, mean gestational age and mean birth‐weight in the surgically corrected and noncorrected lesions in both acyanotic and cyanotic heart disease. There was 1 maternal death in a woman with Eisenmenger syndrome.


Multiple high-Stokes and anti-Stokes orders are frequently observed in stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). In the vast majority of cases, the higher orders are the result of parametric Pwave processes occurring under phase-matched conditions. This phase matching requires that the various orders are generated at widely differing angles and the resulting multifrequency beam is not focusable to a single spot. The much more interesting case is where higher orders are generated with a phase mismatch but are collinear. Such a beam may have application to laser fusion.'z The rotational transitions in gases have been extensively used in Raman amplification, and, recently, multiple components of comparable amplitude spanning a broad bandwidth have been generated using both H, and N2 gas.g" Previously, it has been thought that it would not be possible to switch on bandwidth on a timescale much shorter than the dephasing time of the medium, Tz, and that this delay would severely limit the usefulness of the generated specExperiment has tended to support this conclusion! In recent modeling we have discovered how to optimize ultrabroad bandwidth generation in collinear SRS? We shall report on modeling that predicts the generation of more than 40 Stokes orders having intensity greater than 10% of the peak. Figure 1 shows output generated after propagation through a Raman cell of length 200 cm. This figure is calculated from the temporal distributions of intensity, I A.(T) I ', of the Raman lines. For a more quantitative picture, one may calculate the time-integrated spectrum, log,, .L I A,(T) I 'd7. This is shown in Fig. 2 for the same set of parameters. The experimental realization of just a fraction of the predicted bandwidth would be a very significant result. In addition to this, we shall demonstrate that, with an appropriate choice of experimental parameters, it is possible to switch on ultrabroad bandwidths essentially instantaneously in the local time frame (see Fig. 3). The central motivation for this research is the optimization of collisional absorption in high-energy laser-target


In this expository paper we describe four primality tests. The first test is very efficient, but is only capable of proving that a given number is either composite or 'very probably' prime. The second test is a deterministic polynomial time algorithm to prove that a given numer is either prime or composite. The third and fourth primality tests are at present most widely used in practice. Both tests are capable of proving that a given number is prime or composite, but neither algorithm is deterministic. The third algorithm exploits the arithmetic of cyclotomic fields. Its running time is almost, but not quite polynomial time. The fourth algorithm exploits elliptic curves. Its running time is difficult to estimate, but it behaves well in practice.


The study aims to anlyze the implementation of the public service and public relations function by the general bureau and public affairs of Moluccas Goovernoor Office also to know the strategy of policies they were did. This study goes on July til September at the Moluccas Governoor Office and get analized with descriptive qualitative methode. The results of this study shows that Humas and General Bureau at Kantor Gubernur Maluku was already used the functions of public service and public relations. It was knew in several activity and the strategy of policies within. Over all the policy strategics was formed as internal and external strategies. Eksternal strategies is about the promotoin and institution images. Than the internal strategies is about established relationship among the employees as harmony.

Kata Kunci: Desain Pengembangan Akademik, Transformasi, Integrasi.


Abstract Four soil profiles along an 84 m transect through a clearance cairn field on podsol soils at Orstad, Jæren, SW-Norway, were investigated. By relating pollen-analytical results to soil stratigraphical and morphological features, it was possible to reconstruct the landuse history of the site, and to reveal differences along the transect, although pollen preservation was poor. Human activity at Orstad began about 4500 uncalibrated 14C years BP. The reason for an intermediate abandonment of the site between about 4000 and 3600 uncalibrated 14C years BP was presumably a higher ground-water level, caused by local deforestation and/or by a climatic change. After that period, people seem to have grown cereals (Triticum and Hordeum) on at least two different field patches on the site. This land use was presumably occasional, and related to extraordinary needs. Fire-clearance seems to have been practised to prepare the fields for cultivation after long fallow periods. Between 2900 and 3200 uncalibrated 14C years BP, Orstad was possibly permanently inhabited. The agricultural fields were moved to higher levels, as the initial fields had become nutrient-depleted and too moist. Thin black layers in the profile may be remains of manure.


An increase in pre-mating dietary energy positively influences ovulation and lambing rates, and this practice is known as nutritional flushing. The mechanisms of flushing, however, are still unknown. Increasing dietary energy approximately two weeks before breeding likely increases the production of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) within the ovary, which stimulates the synthesis of follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR). Several alternatively spliced transcripts of the FSHR have been identified in sheep. Each variant form is believed to be produced according to the stage of follicle development. This study was carried out to evaluate expression patterns of the FSHR variant forms (FSHR-1, FSHR-2 and FSHR-3) in the sheep ovary in response to different flushing diets. For this experiment, yearling Rambouillet ewes (n=93) were allocated among 6 different energy type treatment diets, either prairie or alfalfa hay based, for at least two weeks in combination with the insertion of a controlled internal drug releasing device (CIDR). Two of the treatment groups had commercially available block supplements provided and two had rolled corn supplemented. Mid-ventral laparotomy was performed on each ewe 3.5 to 4 days after CIDR removal. Follicles 4 mm and greater were aspirated and categorized as either medium (M; 4 to 6 mm) or large (L; > 6 mm). Total RNA was extracted from granulosa cells (GC) and reverse transcribed followed by qPCR of the resulting cDNA using specifically designed primer sets for each variant of the FSHR and for the LH receptor. Changes in live weight were different (P < 0.01) between treatment diets but there were no statistical differences for NEFA concentrations between any of the treatments nor were there differences for body condition (mean = 3.0) or lambing rate. Therefore, it is likely a flushing response did not occur in this study. Expression of FSHR-1was different between M and L follicles (P < 0.01) and tended to be different for ewes fed alfalfa hay (P = 0.05). Overall mean expression of FSHR-3 was greater than expression of FSHR-1 or FSHR-2 (P < 0.01), although there was no difference between M and L follicles, or between treatment diets. The concentration of estradiol in follicular fluid was not different between the treatment diets or follicle sizes nor was expression of lutenizing hormone receptor (LHR), indicating that follicles were similar developmentally. The FSHR-1 form seemed to be the variant most likely to be involved in later stages of follicular development, and is potentially involved in follicle rescue. For all follicles, FSHR-3 was the more highly expressed form of the FSHR and may likely be essential throughout antral follicle development. Further research is required to determine the exact mechanism whereby initial energy status of ewes seems critical for the increased ovulation rate that occurs after energy supplementation (i.e. the flushing response).


Non-human primates are important research models for basic vision research, preclinical pathogenesis and treatment studies due to strong similarities in retinal structure and function with humans. We compared retinal parameters between healthy normal rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) by optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. The retinal parameters of 10 male rhesus macaques and 10 male cynomolgus macaques were compared. The Heldelberg Spectralis® HRA+OCT and Roland multifocal electrophysiometer were used to analyze retinal morphology, multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG), and full-filed electroretinogram (ff-ERG). Mean retinal thickness was lowest in the central fovea of macaques and did not differ significantly between species, but the retinal thickness of the nerve fiber ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer were significantly different. The amplitude density of the N1 wave is lower in rhesus macaques than in cynomolgus macaques in ring and quadrant areas between species. Dark-adapted 3.0 oscillatory potentials (reflection of amacrine cells' activity) and light-adapted 30hz flicker ERG (a sensitive cone-pathway-driven response) waveforms of the ff-ERG were similar in both species while the time reached peaks in dark-adapted 0.01 ERG (the rod-driven response of bipolar cells) and dark-adapted 3.0 ERG (combined rod and cone system responses) as well as the implicit time of a-wave and b-wave in light-adapted 3.0 ERG (the single-flash cone response) really differed. This study provides normative retinal parameters for nonhuman primate research on basic and clinical ophthalmology, as well as a reference for researchers in the appropriate selection of rhesus or cynomolgus macaques as models for ophthalmology studies.


Summary The finite-difference methods have been widely utilized in seismic wave numerical modelling, seismic imaging and inversion.we can truncate spatial convolutional counterpart of the pseudospectral methods to get finite-difference operators using truncated windows, and the properties of truncated windows in amplitude responses play a major role in finite-difference approximation, narrower main lobe and larger attenuation of side lobe bring higher accuracy of finite-difference approximation, we propose an optimized finite-difference operators based on Chebyshev autoconvolution combined window which has narrow main lobe and large attenuation of side lobe in its amplitude response.Through adjusting three parameters of autoconvolution combined window, visually and intuitively control the properties of main lobe and side lobe to adjust accuracy of finite-difference approximation. Numerical dispersion analysis and elastic wave numerical modelling demonstrate that our finite-difference operators have higher accuracy than the conventional finite-difference operators and can more efficiently suppress numerical dispersion under the same condition.


Powders of uncoated disodium fluorescein (DF) and DF coated with various amounts of lauric or capric acids were generated as aerosols in an environment of controlled temperature and relative humidity. The particle size and distribution of these powders were characterized using a cascade impactor and a computerized data inversion method of analysis. Disodium fluorescein exhibited a hygroscopic growth ratio of 1.5 at a relative humidity of 97%. This growth was reduced to 1.3 by coating with 0.15 g of lauric acid or 0.8 g of capric acid per gram of DF, and was eliminated with 0.2 g of lauric acid or 0.18 g of capric acid per gram of DF. The reduction in hygroscopic growth probably reflects an inhibition of the growth rate. In the time following generation and prior to deposition in the collection device, approximately 40 s, the coated aerosol powders do not seem to reach their equilibrium droplet diameter. These studies indicate that these combinations of DF and fatty acid would result in larger equilibrium droplet diameters than that of the dye alone.


A bioluminescent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay for determining viability in adult females of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and eggs of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi, (both diapause and non-diapause state), was investigated. ATP contents in living and dead individual mites (adult females or eggs) were measured. The mites of the lethal treatment group were killed by freezing at 35°C. Mean ( SD) ATP contents for nondiapause and diapause T. urticae female adults were 34.39 5.14 pmol and 26.40 2.67 pmol, respectively. Corresponding values for non-diapause and diapause P. ulmi eggs were 1.12 0.19 pmol and 0.87 0.16 pmol, respectively. ATP contents in living mites in diapause were therefore approximately 77% of those in non-diapause mites. A wide variance in the ATP contents (0.00–0.94 pmol) was found in individual P. ulmi diapause eggs at 2 and 4 h after treatment; therefore, their mean ATP contents did not show a rapid decrease. We speculated that some P. ulmi diapause eggs survived for several hours after treatment by cold hardiness, maintaining metabolic activities until death. However, with the exception of P. ulmi diapause eggs, ATP contents in both mite species rapidly decreased at 2 h after treatment. At 24 h after treatment, ATP contents in both mite species had decreased significantly to 0.4–2.7% of the pre-treatment values, regardless of whether they were in a non-diapause or diapause state. Thus, based on our findings with T. urticae adult females and P. ulmi eggs, the ATP bioluminescence assay could be applicable to the determination of pest viability, regardless of their diapause state.


Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate racial differences in nursing home (NH) residents' quality of life (QOL) at the resident and facility levels. Method: We used hierarchical linear modeling to identify significant resident- and facility-level predictors for racial differences in six resident-reported QOL domains. Data came from the following: (a) resident-reported QOL (n = 10,929), (b) the Minimum Data Set, and (c) facility-level characteristics from the Minnesota Department of Human Services (n = 376). Results: White residents reported higher QOL in five of six domains, but in full models, individual-level racial differences remained only for food enjoyment. On the facility level, higher percentage of White residents was associated with better scores in three domains, even after adjusting for all characteristics. Discussion: Racial differences in QOL exist on individual and aggregate levels. Individual differences are mainly explained by health status. The finding that facility racial composition predicts QOL more than individual race underscores the importance of examining NH structural characteristics and practices.


In this article, a leaf spring insertion to the stator back iron is proposed to reduce vibration and acoustic noise in a switched reluctance machine (SRM). The back iron of the tooth tip is curved out and the material made up of carbon spring steel is placed to dampen the vibration due to radial force. A 6/4 stator/rotor pole SRM is designed and its natural vibration mode frequencies are determined through finite-element analyses. The optimal current waveform is applied to the SRM model using the multidisciplinary coupled simulation method to determine the radial force with the harmonic orders. In the final step, the proposed leaf spring architecture is optimized to achieve the most dampening for the effective radial force harmonic orders. The simulation and experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the leaf spring insertion in reducing the noise and vibration in SRMs.


ABSTRACT Oh, J.-E., Suh, K.-D., Oh, S.-H., and Jeong, W.-M., 2016. Estimation of Infragravity Waves inside Pohang New Port. In: Vila-Concejo, A.; Bruce, E.; Kennedy, D.M., and McCarroll, R.J. (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Coastal Symposium (Sydney, Australia). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue, No. 75, pp. 432–436. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. Pohang New Port, located on the east coast of Korea, has suffered from serious downtime problems. Infragravity waves incorporated with swells or locally-generated wind waves are presumed as an important factor for affecting the downtime, but little investigation has been made to estimate the infragravity waves inside the harbor. In this study, fundamental characteristics of the infragravity waves were investigated by utilizing the wave monitoring data collected inside and outside Pohang New Port as well as the downtime occurrence records. In order to find a relationship between infragravity and gravity waves, regression analysis was conducted for the wave records obtained at each measurement station. To complement the analysis, additional regression was also made between the heights of infragravity waves inside the harbor and those of gravity waves outside the harbor. This provides a better correlation of the quantities, indicating possible use of the information for estimating infragravity waves.


Smart thermostats like Toon are part of an overarching product category called Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS). These products provide consumers with feedback on their energy usage and consequently help them reduce their energy usage. Recently, energy companies have started offering these devices to their customers. The underlying reasoning for this development is twofold. Firstly, the market in which energy companies are operating is subject to big changes in the nearby future. The decentralisation of energy production is bound to cannibalize on centralised energy sales which is the main source of income of energy companies. Therefore, alternative revenue streams are explored by these companies to compensate for this potential loss. Secondly, it is hard for energy companies in the Dutch market to differentiate from one another. By offering a smart thermostat next to energy contract the chance of selling an energy contract increases. Eneco offers a smart thermostat called Toon to its customers. The thermostat involves a 7 inch touchscreen display on which detailed energy data derived from the electricity meter is shown. The product proposition involves an app with which users can control the thermostat and have access to energy consumption graphs. Furthermore, Toon can be linked to smart light bulbs, smart plugs and a smart smoke detector. Compared to competitors in the smart thermostat market, Toon takes an unique position since it is the only device capable of communicating real-time data on both electricity and gas consumption. Moreover, Toon is very much hardware-focused, trying to obtain a central place in the household by becoming a smart-home platform. However, when comparing Toon to other smart-home platforms the product falls terribly short in terms of compatibility with peripherals and shear value for money. At this point, Toon is struggling to add value to Eneco. The vast majority of Toon is given away for free in a bundle with an energy contract. Within this construction the initial loss is not compensated by the recurring revenue through the Toon subscription at the end of the contract. Moreover, there is a large amount of fixed costs involved regarding Toon which can be allocated to labour and marketing expenses. Currently, Toon is not providing Eneco with the alternative revenue stream they are looking for. However, the product does help them differentiate from competitors and generates income indirectly through energy contract sales. The function of Toon as a marketing tool is confirmed by the atypical composition of its current user base. The fact that the majority of Toon users is not interested in a couple of key points of the product proposition shows that the product is mainly seen as a gift next to an energy contract. Since the future strategy of Eneco for Toon is to sell additional services to its users, the current user base poses a big problem since they are unlikely to be interested or willing to pay for them. The lack of fit between the current product proposition of Toon and its consumers is also found when diving deeper into their deeper underlying values and needs with use of the value proposition design method. The vast majority of consumers is expected to perceive the current product proposition of Toon as a 'nice to have' gadget at this point. In order to verify the position of Toon in the lives of consumers, qualitative research is conducted during this project. Contextmapping interviews are conducted with 10 participants from a specific mentality group based on the model developed by Motivaction. The findings of these interviews are aimed at confirming the assumptions about consumer perceptions regarding the current product proposition of Toon. Furthermore, the underlying values and needs of consumers found during the interviews are translated to design goals which serve as a foundation for the development of a new product proposition for Toon. Eventually, a new product proposition of Toon is created based on all the previously mentioned aspects which were analysed. The result is a concept called Toon X, which separates the energy feedback section of Toon from the smart thermostat section. Energy feedback is made readily available for all Eneco customers through a cheap P1-dongle. This way the user base increases from 260.000 users to approximately 1.500.000 users. The large user base facilitates collecting big data about the energy usage of the group and their daily habits. The data is both valuable for process optimisation within Eneco and reselling to other companies. Furthermore, it prevents the government from intervening in the market and it makes Eneco obtain first-mover advantages. The success of this big data solution is largely dependent on the fact that customers keep using it. This is why the smartphone app of Toon has gone through a thorough redesign aimed at providing its users with more adequate feedback. Energy usage is communicated in various layers and is broken up into small manageable pieces while gamification elements are added to the app to keep it interesting for a longer period of time. Furthermore, the app forms a platform for additional services which offers upsell possibilities. One example of an addition to the Toon X concept is the new smart thermostat. The thermostat is merely focused on the strong points of the product category and is consequently considerably cheaper than its competitors which makes it a new standard in the smart thermostat market. The end-result is a new, stronger product proposition for Toon which adds more value to both its users and Eneco.


Unique, shallow interdune lakes and groundwaters with extremely low pH and high salinity exist in Australia, along with nearby lakes that possess higher pH values. These acidic hypersaline environments are possibly the best modern terrestrial analogues for past martian environments. However, no previous microbiological analyses of these lakes have been conducted. During the Australian winter of 2005, water samples were taken from several hypersaline lakes located in southern Western Australia that possessed acidic to slightly alkaline pH. These samples were subjected to molecular analysis to identify bacterial communities. DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, by using universal bacterial primers, were also performed on the samples. Extracted DNA was amplified with 1070 forward and 1392 GC-clamped reverse primers and analyzed by using denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In addition, libraries were developed from DNA retrieved from four lakes, including a marginal marine neutral lake, an inland neutral lake, and two inland acid lakes, and selected clones with distinct operational taxonomic units were sequenced. The DGGE profiles and clone sequence data indicate that there are distinct, abundant, and diverse microbial populations in these Australian hypersaline environments, especially the acidic ones. These results are significant for two reasons: (1) they provide the first microbiological survey of natural acid saline lakes and (2) they hint at the possibility that there could have been a diverse microbial population in acidic hypersaline environments on Mars.


This study tackles the question: Do very high-resolution convective-permitting regional climate model (RCM) simulations add value compared to coarser RCM runs for certain extreme weather conditions, namely strong wind and storm situations? Ten strong storm cases of the last two decades were selected and dynamically downscaled with the RCM COSMO-CLM (24 and 2.8 km grid point distance). These cyclones crossed the high-resolution model domain, which encompasses the German Bight, Northern Germany, and parts of the Baltic Sea. One storm case study (storm Christian of October 2013) is discussed in more detail in order to analyze the smallscale storm features and the associated potential added value of the high-resolution simulation. The results indicate an added value for atmospheric dynamical processes such as convective precipitation or post-frontal cloud cover. The multiple storm analysis revealed added value for the high-resolution regional climate simulation for 10 m wind speed, mean sea level pressure, and total cloud cover for most storms which were examined, but the improvements are small. Wind direction and precipitation were already well simulated by the coarser RCM and the higher resolution could often not add any value for these variables. The analysis showed that the added value is more distinct for the synoptic comparisons than for the multiple storm study analyzed with statistical measures like the Brier Skill Score.


THIS REPORT presents the evaluation of a prematurely born male infant who was infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV) near or at term and who developed generalized infection with central nervous system involvement and chorioretinitis. At 4 months of age he was recognized to have adrenocortical insufficiency. His unique clinical presentation, together with the prospective accumulation of relevant ophthalmologic, virologic, and metabolic findings prompted this report. The isolation of HSV from CSF served to help establish the pathogenesis of his eye lesions. Although the adrenal cortices of infants having generalized herpes simplex infection have been judged to be infected,1-3 functional impairment of this organ has not been recorded previously. Report of a Case The patient was born on March 17, 1964, after a 34-week gestation of a 21-year-old woman who had developed extensive genital herpes simplex infection, first noted 20 days prior to delivery. After meconium-stained amniotic fluid was noted


A 39-year-old woman with inflammatory bowel disease was admitted to the hospital because of cramping abdominal pain and diarrhea. Ultrasound of the abdomen revealed thickening of the wall of the descending colon. At endoscopy mucosa-covered nodules with substenosis were seen. A double-contrast examination showed narrowing in the transition zone between the descending colon and sigmoid with mucosal nodularities and barium spots in between. Examination of the resection specimen revealed colitis cystica profunda. After surgical treatment the history of the patient was uneventful.


Abstract. The potential role of stomatal closure in the control of xylem embolism is investigated by means of a simple model of hydraulic flow in plants. Maintenance of a maximally efficient conducting system requires the stomata to close in an appropriate fashion as evaporative demand increases in order to prevent shoot water potentials falling below the threshold value at which cavitations occur. The model showed that the optimal stomatal behaviour required depends on soil water availability. Further analysis of the model demonstrated that there could be certain circumstances where loss of a proportion of the conducting tissue by embolisms can, perhaps surprisingly, be beneficial in terms of maximizing stomatal aperture and hence short-term productivity. The results are discussed in relation to the signals controlling stomatal aperture, and it is shown that (1) optimal control cannot be obtained using information on leaf water potential alone, and (2) information relating to soil water potential is a necessary requirement for optimal control.


A pulsed laser/plasma hybrid deposition method has been developed to produce the diamond-like carbon (DLC) film at atmospheric pressure in this work. A plasma torch was used to heat up the carbon particles which were simultaneously ablated by a pulsed laser, thus the kinetic energy of the carbon particle can be increased to form the carbon atoms with amorphous bonding structure of the DLC film. The influences of the plasma flow have been examined at various inlet pressures. According to the experimental results of the carbon film inspected by the Raman spectroscopy, it reveals that the intensity ratio of the D-band to G-band of the carbon film can be reduced to 0.5 by the implementation of plasma flow. Therefore the DLC film was solidly formed. The adhesive strength of the DLC film was also characterized by the scratch test, it can be found that the critical loading of the film on the iron substrate is up to 19 N.


Background: Malignant tumors are often associated with thromboembolic episodes and disturbed coagulative processes. Plasma D-dimer and other coagulation parameters form a simple panel of tests for the assessment of the intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis (ICF) syndrome. The anomalous hemostatic results obtained in a proper clinical setting pave for the suspicion of the ICF syndrome. Moreover, precautionary measures can be taken to avoid its complication by the use of mild anticoagulants.

Objective: To evaluate the changes in hemostatic–clotting parameters in patients with malignancies and elucidate the association of ICF with malignant tumors.

Materials and Methods: This study comprised 60 cases, including apparently normal controls and patients of benign and malignant lesions. After the processing of blood samples, tests such as platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin degradation products, and D-dimer were done.

Result: A total of 60 cases were evaluated in our study. A strong association was seen between the malignancies and the elevated D-dimer elucidating the presence of ICF in these patients along with other altered coagulation parameters in comparison with apparently normal controls in the study.

Conclusion: Increased D-dimer and altered coagulation parameters significantly correlate with malignant behavior of tumors and their spread. They might be useful indicators of aggressive tumor biology and behavior.


Simple Summary The scientific research literature indicates that calf health and welfare could be improved on dairy farms globally. Preventing disease in calves or treating disease quickly and appropriately when necessary has been shown to improve lifelong health and production parameters, but success is ultimately determined by the persons responsible for calf care at the farm level. This paper presents findings from semi-structured interviews with farmers and advisors about dairy calf rearing in England. This research highlights the vital importance of the human element of calf rearing, and how it influences the interactions among calves, pathogens, and the environment to maintain calves in good health or otherwise. Calf rearers often found it difficult to pinpoint a specific disease problem, causal factor, or likely solution, causing frustration and a perceived inability to reduce calf morbidity and mortality, which resulted in inaction. The person(s) responsible for calf rearing are often not those who control farm finances, which can often result in underinvestment in facilities and stockmanship efforts hindered by suboptimal calf housing. It is, therefore, essential that efforts to promote disease management practices not only focus on technical solutions, but also the mindset, priorities, and experiences of the persons responsible for calf rearing and the allocation of farm finances. Abstract Calf morbidity and mortality rates are often high in dairy herds, raising animal welfare concerns and negatively affecting farm economic efficiency and future performance. Disease prevention is critical to maintain calves in good health, but interventions are dependent upon the persons conducting them. This paper explores the perceptions of farmers, farm workers, veterinarians, and other advisors on the management of calfhood disease on dairy farms in England. Participants were recruited using purposive and "snowball" sampling, resulting in 40 in-depth, semi-structured interviews—26 with dairy farmers and 14 with advisors. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded. Three major themes were derived on the basis of interview data: disease occurrence and treatments, management of calf environment, and the role of stockmanship and perceived control. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in calves were those reported to be most problematic on dairy farms. Limited time and financial resources caused some farmers and advisors to experience a perceived inability to control calf health without antimicrobial treatments. Overall, the findings emphasise the importance of human influences on calf health and disease in the context of influencing the interactions among the host, pathogens, and the environment. Further research should investigate what "attention to detail" means within different farm contexts and practices, as this was believed to be important in the promotion of better husbandry standards and health. We recommend the use of supportive knowledge exchange processes, including facilitation, to empower farmers to promote continuous improvement in calf health.


I use the punk band The Clash to teach about debates in international human rights scholarship. In contrast to the nihilism of the Sex Pistols and the cartoonism of the Ramones, The Clash offered a rock 'n roll course in political philosophy. It begins with seeing where the sharp end of the state is felt by regular people. Their songs speak of people's daily lives in the face of police, the military, courts, and laws that all carry the possibility of violence. The language of law and lawfulness is seductive. It promises a well-ordered world in which formal rights are defended by formal institutions. But The Clash knew well that the law comes from the state and its most natural application is by the agents of the state in pursuit of the goals of the state.


FREE health sciences-related mobile apps available & apps available on the iPads you can borrow from Arizona Health Sciences Library (AHSL). Overview of apps that allow full-text access to AHSL resources, as well as info on evaluating apps.