Domestication is a process by which humans select some phenotypes of wild animal species (i.e., morphological traits or growth), but as all traits are linked, the selection of a particular one has consequences on others. In that context, behavioural traits may be affected by human selection. In this chapter, through classical behavioural traits, such as swimming capacities, foraging, social interactions, or reproduction, and also personality or cognitive abilities, what domestication modifies in fish behavioural traits is shown. The information is taken only from studies that make a clear comparison between domesticated and wild animals; the major difficulty was that the domesticated status was not clearly determined. Whatever the behavioural trait considered, domestication affects some of them even after only one generation. These data deserve to be taken into consideration when humans try, not only to domesticate new species but also to release domesticated species into their natu- ral habitats. In this last case, alteration of behavioural traits could make the fish incapable to adapt to their new wild environment and alter their foraging or reproductive performances. Moreover, fish behaviour in farm is currently recognised as an essential component of the welfare and all behavioural modifications must be considered.


Violence against women (VAW) continues to occur in many countries of the world despite various measures taken to stop it. The media can shape the attitudes and perceptions of people and can be an advocate for social change. Thus an assessment of the knowledge, attitude and coverage of prevention of VAW by 230 media practitioners in Nigeria was conducted using semi-structured self-administered questionnaires. Results of the survey revealed that 86 of the 230 (37%) stated that both sexes have equal privileges and rights, while 78 (34%) felt that violence could help to keep women ëin checkí or in control. Mean knowledge score out of 10 was 7.5+2.1, while attitude scores out of 11 were 6.4+1.2. Two main groups of journalist were identified: prejudiced, (105, 46%), and non-prejudiced (125, 54%). The non-prejudiced group consisted mostly of females (p<0.05), over the age of 36 (p<0.05), and held senior positions within their profession (p>0.05). Female media practitioners had significantly higher knowledge and attitude scores than their male counterparts (7.47+2.0 versus 6.39+2.3) and (6.27+2.0 versus 5.11+6.1). Ninety respondents (39%) had worked on prevention of VAW in the last two years. Most of these (60, 67%) had worked on one-off programmes. Regular programmes usually consisted of 30-minutes or one-hour weekly programmes on radio and television as well as articles in the newspapers. Enlightening the public (41%) and ëportraying women in a successful lightí (12%) were some of the activities the practitioners were ready to embark upon. Media practitioners need first of all comprehensive training on VAW, which should be followed by increased coverage of prevention of VAW in the media. Finally, more interactive media engagement with the public should be employed. Media organisations for women may be useful in initiating some of these changes.


The Internet of Things (IoT) devices generate a large amount of data over networks; therefore, the efficiency, complexity, interfaces, dynamics, robustness, and interaction need to be re-examined on a large scale. This phenomenon will lead to seamless network connectivity and the capability to provide support for the IoT. The traditional IoT is not enough to provide support. Therefore, we designed this study to provide a systematic analysis of next-generation advancements in the IoT. We propose a systematic catalog that covers the most recent advances in the traditional IoT. An overview of the IoT from the perspectives of big data, data science, and network science disciplines and also connecting technologies is given. We highlight the conceptual view of the IoT, key concepts, growth, and most recent trends. We discuss and highlight the importance and the integration of big data, data science, and network science along with key applications such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, federated learning, etc. Finally, we discuss various challenges and issues of IoT such as architecture, integration, data provenance, and important applications such as cloud and edge computing, etc. This article will provide aid to the readers and other researchers in an understanding of the IoT's next-generation developments and tell how they apply to the real world.


This paper explores the design and implementation of a low-power two-channel transceiver using micromachined resonators. Wireless sensor networks require transceivers that are small, cheap, and power efficient. RF-MEMS resonators are utilized to accommodate these constraints. The prototype 1.9GHz transceiver, designed in 0.13 /spl mu/m CMOS, operates at 1.2V and consumes 3mA in receive mode and transmits 1.6dBm with 17% efficiency. The two 40kb/s channels achieve a sensitivity of -78dBm with a 10 /spl mu/s receiver start-up time.


The greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector are one of the major contributors to global warming today. Freight share to GHG emissions is likely to increase 2-fold by 2050. This makes it critical for CO2 emissions to be reduced through an optimized transportation strategy. Vehicle routing, when done efficiently, can reduce these emissions across countries. In this attempt, the traditional distance minimization objective of the vehicle routing problem has been replaced with an energy-emission-centric objective. A model is formulated taking energy and emissions into simultaneous consideration and a typical VRP problem has been evaluated using a genetic algorithm. The application of the proposed model is observed to reduce emissions significantly compared to conventional models. Considering the possibility of increase in carbon tax in future, energy-emission minimized routing would not only aid "green logistics," but also reduce the environmental costs incurred.


In the German-speaking regions of Switzerland, dialect is spoken by all social groups in most communicative situations, Standard German being used only when prescribed. Swiss dialects rarely appeared in written form before the 1980s, apart from the genre of dialect literature. Due to the growing acceptance of informal writing styles in many European languages, dialect is increasingly employed for written personal communication, in particular in computer-mediated communication (CMC). In Swiss Internet Relay Chat (IRC) rooms, varieties of German are used side by side as all chatters have a command of both standard and dialectal varieties. Depending on the channel, the proportion of dialectal contributions can be as high as 90 percent. The choice of a particular variety depends on both individual preference and on the predominant variety used within a specific thread. In this paper I take a quantitative approach to language variation in IRC and demonstrate how such an approach can help embed qualitative research on code-switching in CMC.


Despite repeated theoretical arguments to the contrary, many investment professionals subscribe to the principle of time diversification. This principle states that equity investments become less risky if held for longer periods of time. We apply option pricing theory to the question of how the investment horizon affects equity risk. Financially engineered securities that guarantee a minimum return allow for greater equity market participation if the investor commits to a longer time horizon. In other words, the fair cost of insuring a minimum return, in terms of foregone market participation, is lower for longer horizons. The lower cost of risk reduction suggests that risk itself is lower, consistent with the pervasive practitioner belief in time diversification.


To clarify the characteristics of visual search that are controlled by spatial frequency, we measured the scan path during eye movement in response to visual stimuli. A target stimulus with the spatial frequency of 1/fβ (where β is the slope of power spectral density of luminance in an image) was embedded in a background stimulus with white (1/f0) characteristics. An instruction‐based task was employed in this study, wherein a subject searches for the target as rapidly as possible and fixates on it. Participants were six healthy males aged 21–22 years. In the task, a threshold for spatial frequency that was the minimum value required by the subjects for the search corresponded to β =∼ 0.2 − 0.3. This finding has potential application in the design of visual presentation media, such as signs and tablets, by providing ease of viewing to the user. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


To exactly forecast the urban rail transit passenger flow, a multi-level model combining neural network and Kalman filter was proposed. Firstly, ELAN neural network model was introduced to implement a preliminary forecast of the passenger flow. Then the Kalman filter was used to correct the preliminary forecast results, so as to further improve the accuracy. Finally, in order to validate the proposed model, the passenger flow in Shanghai subway transport hub was observed and simulated. Experimental results showed that the proposed multi-level model reduced error by about 0.8% and had better actual effect compared with any single algorithm. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i2.3810


Given a target function $U$ to minimize on a finite state space $\mathcal{X}$, a proposal chain with generator $Q$ and a cooling schedule $T(t)$ that depends on time $t$, in this paper we study two types of simulated annealing (SA) algorithms with generators $M_{1,t}(Q,U,T(t))$ and $M_{2,t}(Q,U,T(t))$ respectively. While $M_{1,t}$ is the classical SA algorithm, we introduce a simple and improved variant that we call $M_{2,t}$ which provably converges faster. When $T(t) > c_{M_2}/\log(t+1)$ follows the logarithmic cooling schedule, our proposed algorithm is strongly ergodic both in total variation and in relative entropy, and converges to the set of global minima, where $c_{M_2}$ is a constant that we explicitly identify. If $c_{M_1}$ is the optimal hill-climbing constant that appears in logarithmic cooling of $M_{1,t}$, we show that $c_{M_1} \geq c_{M_2}$ and give simple conditions under which $c_{M_1} > c_{M_2}$. Our proposed $M_{2,t}$ thus converges under a faster logarithmic cooling in this regime. The other situation that we investigate corresponds to $c_{M_1} > c_{M_2} = 0$, where we give a class of fast and non-logarithmic cooling schedule that works for $M_{2,t}$ (but not for $M_{1,t}$). In addition to these asymptotic convergence results, we compare and analyze finite-time behaviour between these two annealing algorithms as well. Finally, we present two algorithms to simulate $M_{2,t}$.


Objective To evaluate the rate of secondary malignancies in long-term survivors with ovarian cancer. Methods Long-term survivors with ovarian cancer (survival ≥8 years after initial diagnosis) with multiple malignancies were identified within the Tumorbank Ovarian Cancer and our study 'Carolin meets HANNA – Holistic Analyses of Long-term Survivors with Ovarian Cancer'. Results Of a total of 225 long-term survivors with ovarian cancer, 36 patients (16%) had at least one more cancer diagnosis before, concomitant with, or after, ovarian cancer. Median age was 52.5 years (range 37–79). A total of 60% were diagnosed with stage III/IV and most tumors were high-grade (88.6%), as well as of serous histology (63.9%). Median overall survival was 10 years (range 8–19). Secondary cancer after ovarian cancer was found in 17 long-term survivors (7.6%). Breast cancer was the most frequent secondary malignancy. Median duration between diagnosis of primary ovarian cancer and secondary cancer diagnosis was 78.5 months (range 12–220). BRCA was tested in 11 patients with seven patients being BRCA1 and one patient BRCA2 positive. Secondary cancers were detected by screening in 35.3% and self-detected in 29.4% of patients (breast self-examination). Conclusion A secondary malignancy was diagnosed in 7.6% of long-term survivors. Routine follow-up and cancer screening should be performed in long-term ovarian cancer survivors.


Hemoplus® (Sarstedt, Numbrecht, Tyskland) is a guaiac-based fecal occult blood test developed for human medicine. Guaiac-based tests make use of the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin so the test is not specific for human hemoglobin and can therefore be used in veterinary medicine. Peroxidase-containing foods such as meat (hemoglobin and myoglobin) can cause false-positive results of the test. To ensure that a positive result is not caused by diet, it has been suggested that canine patients should be fed a meatless diet for a few days prior to fecal occult blood testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of commercial dog food on guaiac-based tests.

In this study fecal samples from healthy dogs were analyzed with Hemoplus®. The dogs were either fed only dry food diet for four days or a dry food mixed with canned food for three days prior to testing. Three other dogs were fed raw minced meat or black-pudding for two days. Fecal samples were allowed to dry after they had been applied to the Hemoplus-test.

All samples were analyzed according to the Hemoplus® test-instructions by adding only the reagent and all samples, except samples of 23 dogs fed the dry food diet, were analyzed by adding water to the samples before the reagent was added. Wetting the feces with water (rehydrating) increases the sensitivity of guaiac-based tests but reduces specificity. All but one fecal samples from dogs fed minced meat or black-pudding were positive both rehydrated and non-rehydrated. One sample was positive only when rehydrated. When hemolysed blood was mixed with feces, a positive result was obtained only when the sample had been rehydrated. All 43 samples from dogs fed the dry food diet were negative. Different types of dry food diets have been used in the study, the majority having chicken as protein-source. Two different types of canned food have been used. One of them, containing beef and liver, resulted in samples from all 16 dogs being negative upon analyzing. The other, containing lamb and rice, resulted in all 16 samples but one being negative when non-rehydrated prior to analyzing them but positive when rehydrated. Different protein-sources or differences in processing the diets may explain the varying results between the diets.

To reduce the risk of having false-negative results, we recommend that samples from patients should be analyzed both rehydrated and non-rehydrated. This study suggests that feeding only dry food diet for four days prior to the test is sufficient to reduce the risk of false-positive results.

Additional studies on dogs are required to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Hemoplus-test for dogs feces. One should evaluate dry food diets with other protein-sources than chicken.


The heavy fermion compound URu2Si2 exhibits some of the most enigmatic manifestations of strongly correlated electronic matter. Cooling down to To = 17.5K, reorders its ground state via a second order phase transition to an unidentified exotic order, the so called 'hidden order' (HO), whose fingerprint is a large specific heat jump and a disproportionally small antiferromagnetic moment. Below 1.5K, the HO becomes superconducting, while it evolves to a large moment antiferromagnetic state (LMAF) upon raising pressure, through a first-order phase transition. A cascade of metamagnetic steps, an anomalous giant Nernst signal and a characteristic gapped spin excitation at Q = (1, 0, 0), add more mystery to the HO's identity. Here we provide for the first time, a unified understanding of the observed anomalous thermoelectricity, the unresolved metamagnetic behaviour and the existence of two distinct energy scales, demonstrating that the HO state is in fact a chiral dxy + idx2−y2 spin density wave state. The inelastic magnetic response at Q, is attributed to the emergence of a novel orbital antiferromagnetic collective mode, rotating the HO to the LMAF. Finally, we make specific predictions for a Polar Kerr experiment.


Covid-19 virus still attacks various worldwide sectors, especially health. The current problem is that the Covid-19 vaccine is still in progress, so the best strategy to deal with this problem is to prevent this disease's spread. In the laboratory sector, complete blood cells tend to use as a screening method for disease, especially infectious disease. This study describes the CBCs findings among Covid-19 patients at Covid-19 reference hospitals in West Nusa Tenggara. This study will enhance the data to provide early diagnosis for patients with Covid-19. This was a retrospective study conducted from Mei to July 2020. A total of four hospitals have access to 85 medical records of Covid-19 patients. The patient's data included in this study should have (1) initials; (2) Gender; (3) Age; (4) Patients' disease other than Covid-19; and (5) The results of the first CBCs examination. Incomplete data excluded from the study. The CBCs data collected from Hospital Management Information Systems (HMIS) and Laboratory Information Systems (LIS). The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that 5.88% of patients with comorbidities or another disease reported abnormal CBCs results. In comparison, another 94.12% of patients without another disease than Covid-19 tend to present normal results. In conclusion, most of the CBC's findings among Covid-19 patients in West Nusa Tenggara show normal value among patients with no disease other than Covid-19.


Fruit flies are considered economically important insects due to some species being agricultural pests. However, morphological identification of fruit fly adults and larvae can be difficult requiring a high level of taxonomic expertise, with misidentifications causing problematic false‐positive/negative results. While destructive molecular techniques can assist with the identification process, these often cannot be applied where it is mandatory to retain a voucher reference specimen. In this work, we non‐destructively (and partial‐destructively) processed larvae and adults mostly belonging to the species Dirioxa pornia (Walker, 1849), of the poorly studied nonpest fruit fly tribe Acanthonevrini (Tephritidae) from Australia, to enable molecular identifications whilst retaining morphological vouchers. By retaining the morphological features of specimens, we confirmed useful characters for genus/species‐level identification, contributing to improved accuracy for future diagnostics using both molecular and morphological approaches. We provide DNA barcode information for three species of Acanthonevrini known from Australia, which prior to our study was only available for a single species, D. pornia. Our specimen examinations provide new distribution records for three nonpest species: Acanthonevroides variegatus Permkam and Hancock, 1995 in South Australia, Acanthonevroides basalis (Walker, 1853) and D. pornia in Victoria, Australia; as well as new host plant records for D. pornia, from kangaroo apple, apricot and loquat.


There were no granulomas seen on both renal biopsies, making it unlikely that the IN was due to Crohn's disease itself. The use of NSAIDs in children with Crohn's disease might increase their risk of developing IN. The renal function should be carefully monitored in these patients. In the presence of sterile pyuria, eosinophiluria is a helpful clue to the diagnosis. Early recognition of IN is important because renal injury is more likely to be reversible if the offending agents are removed early in the course of the disease before chronic changes occur.


AGROVOC is a multilingual thesaurus developed and maintained by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Like all thesauri, it contains some explicit semantics, which allow it
to be transformed into an ontology or used as a resource for ontology construction. However, most thesauri, AGROVOC included, give very broad relationships that lack the semantic precision needed in
an ontology. Many relationships in a thesaurus are incorrectly applied or defined too broadly.
Accordingly, extracting ontological relationships from a thesaurus requires data cleaning and refinement of semantic relationships.
This paper presents a hybrid approach for (semi-)automatically detecting these problematic relationships and for suggesting more precisely defined ones. The system consists of three main modules: Rule Acquisition, Detection and Suggestion, and Verification. The Refinement Rule Acquisition module is used to acquire rules specified by experts and through machine learning. The Detection and Suggestion
module uses noun phrase analysis and WordNet alignment to detect incorrect relationships and to suggest more appropriate ones based on the application of the acquired rules. The Verification module is a tool
for confirming the proposed relationships. We are currently trying to apply the learning system with some
semantic relationships to test our method.


Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to measure the effect of changes in limb position on the peripheral blood flow. The validity of the method with the limb dependent was investigated, and found to be reliable in the conditions of the experiment. The blood flow in the limb was found to be decreased when it was raised or lowered 45 degrees. At 15 degrees of elevation, the flow was increased. Similar changes were found in recently sympathectomized limbs. The reactions may therefore be regarded as local vascular responses to postural change.


: The single unit activity of cochlear nuclei in Verspertilionidae are studied by means of ultrasonic pure tonal and frequency-modulated stimuli. Most neurons (85%) had tonic reaction to combination tones f2-f1 and 2f1-f2 (f1, pulse frequency of the first tone, f2 pulse frequency of the second tone) as a result of the nonlinearity in the auditory system. The reaction to the combination tones depended upon pulse frequency and sound pressure level of each of the presented stimuli. Tonic reaction appeared in the case when the combination tone was equal to the best frequency of the neuron. The question about the role of the nonlinearity of the auditory system in the resolution of the complex signals is discussed.


A patient with a malignant lymphoepithelial thymoma and pleural metastases is described. Incidental treatment with adrenocortical steroids after an allergic reaction resulted in a marked regression of the masses for a period of 18 months. A second course of treatment resulted in complete radiological regession of the tumors, and the patient has remained symptom free with normal chestX-rays for a further period of 18 months.


This study offers an alternative to the traditional Transaction Cost Economics view of the treatment of information by viewing co-ordinated supply chains as a series of Principal-Agent relationships, and draws on Perceived Risk Theory to explain both consumer and organisational behaviour. Using a supply chain methodology, empirical evidence is presented of the perceived risks, associated management strategies and benefits for all members, including consumers/customers, for two co-ordinated supply chains for own brand fresh beef products in the UK, one in the retail sector and one in the foodservice sector. The results conclude that the establishment of the two co-ordinated supply chains reduces perceived risk for consumers and each participating organisation by increasing information on members' goals and behaviour, recognising perceived risk at each point and offering both positive and negative incentives to meet contractual requirements.


Translating information between the domains of systematics and conservation requires novel information management designs. Such designs should improve interactions across the trading zone between the domains, herein understood as the model according to which knowledge and uncertainty are productively translated in both directions (cf. Collins et al. 2019). Two commonly held attitudes stand in the way of designing a well-functioning systematics-to-conservation trading zone. On one side, there are calls to unify the knowledge signal produced by systematics, underpinned by the argument that such unification is a necessary precondition for conservation policy to be reliably expressed and enacted (e.g., Garnett et al. 2020). As a matter of legal scholarship, the argument for systematic unity by legislative necessity is principally false (Weiss 2003, MacNeil 2009, Chromá 2011), but perhaps effective enough as a strategy to win over audiences unsure about robust law-making practices in light of variable and uncertain knowledge. On the other side, there is an attitude that conservation cannot ever restrict the academic freedom of systematics as a scientific discipline (e.g., Raposo et al. 2017). This otherwise sound argument misses the mark in the context of designing a productive trading zone with conservation. The central interactional challenge is not whether the systematic knowledge ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ © Franz N et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. can vary at a given time and/or evolve over time, but whether these signal dynamics are tractable in ways that actors can translate into robust maxims for conservation. Redesigning the trading zone should rest on the (historically validated) projection that systematics will continue to attract generations of inspired, productive researchers and broad-based societal support, frequently leading to protracted conflicts and dramatic shifts in how practioners in the field organize and identify organismal lineages subject to conservation. This confident outlook for systematics' future, in turn, should refocus the challenge of designing the trading zone as one of building better information services to model the concurrent conflicts and longer-term evolution of systematic knowledge. It would seem unreasonable to expect the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) R ed List Index to develop better data science models for the dynamics of systematic knowledge (cf. Hoffmann et al. 2011) than are operational in the most reputable information systems designed and used by domain experts (Burgin et al. 2018). The reasonable challenge from conservation to systematics is not to stop being a science but to be a better data science. In this paper, we will review advances in biodiversity data science in relation to representing and reasoning over changes in systematic knowledge with computational logic, i.e., modeling systematic intelligence (Franz et al. 2016). We stress-test this approach with a use case where rapid systematic signal change and high stakes for conservation action intersect, i.e., the Malagasy mouse lemurs (Microcebus É. Geoffroy, 1834 sec. Schüßler et al. 2020), where the number of recognized species-level concepts has risen from 2 to 25 in the span of 38 years (1982–2020). As much as scientifically defensible, we extend our modeling approach to the level of individual published occurrence records, where the inability to do so sometimes reflects substandard practice but more importantly reveals systemic inadequacies in biodiversity data science or informational modeling. In the absence of shared, sound theoretical foundations to assess taxonomic congruence or incongruence across treatments, and in the absence of biodiversity data platforms capable of propagating logic-enabled, scalable occurrence-to-concept identification events to produce alternative and succeeding distribution maps, there is no robust way to provide a knowledge signal from systematics to conservation that is both consistent in its syntax and acccurate in its semantics, in the sense of accurately reflecting the variation and uncertainty that exists across multiple systematic perspectives. Translating this diagnosis into new designs for the trading zone is only one "half" of the solution, i.e., a technical advancement that then would need to be socially endorsed and incentivized by systematic and conservation communities motivated to elevate their collaborative interactions and trade robustly in inherently variable and uncertain information. 2 Franz N et al


A 78-year-old man presented with painless weakness of his right thumb and index finger. Neurological examination confirmed weakness of the intrinsic musculature of the hand without sensory impairments. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) showed ischaemia of the left cortical hand knob. A 71-year-old man presented with isolated paralysis of plantar flexors and dorsiflexors of the right ankle upon awakening. DWI confirmed a cortical ischaemic cause of the symptoms. Acute isolated hand or foot paresis is a rare symptom of stroke. Early diagnosis is challenging because presentation may simulate a peripheral origin. If the distribution of the intrinsic hand or foot muscle weakness is beyond the territory of a single peripheral nerve or if increased tendon reflexes are present, cortical ischaemia should be considered. DWI is essential for early diagnosis of cortical ischaemia. Rapid initiation of secondary prevention can reduce the risk of stroke recurrence.


Based on advanced 3D finite element modelling, this paper analyses the stress paths experienced by soil elements in the vicinity of a monopile foundation for offshore wind turbines subjected to cyclic loading with the aim of informing soil laboratory testing in support of monopile foundation design. It is shown that the soil elements in front of the laterally loaded monopile are subjected to complex stress variations, which gradually evolve towards steady stress cycles as the cyclic lateral pile loading proceeds. The amplitude, direction and average value of such steady stress cycles are dependent on the depth and radial distance from the pile of the soil element, but it also invariably involves the cyclic rotation of principal stress axes. Complementary laboratory testing using the hollow-cylinder torsional apparatus was carried out on granular soil samples imposing cyclic stress paths (with up to about 3 × 104 cycles) which resemble those determined after 3D finite element analysis. The importance of considering the cyclic rotation of principal stress axes when investigating the response of soil elements under stress conditions mimicking those around a monopile foundation subjected to cyclic lateral loading is emphasised.


Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) encompasses a complex milieu of proteins, glycosaminoglycans and other essential growth factors providing the native microenvironment to the cells. Together with the superiority of dECM to comprehensively mimic the native tissue microenvironment, 3D bioprinting offers a promising and alternative platform to fabricate engineered constructs in recreating functional tissue models. Tissue specific 3D bioprinted constructs emerge as the most biomimetic module as they provide unique biochemical cues and biophysical signals to regulate cell–cell and cell–ECM interaction. In this chapter, we introduce the 3D bioprinting techniques and the necessary requirements for printing using an extrusion-based 3D bioprinter. In addition, we also discuss the advantage of using tissue specific bioink over homogenous polymer and briefly summarize the different decellularization methods involved in obtaining dECM bioink while preserving the ECM components. Finally, we highlight the studies based on 3D bioprinting of tissue-specific dECM bioink and its flexibility to fabricate cell-laden tissue constructs for wide range of applications, such as tissue regeneration and drug screening. The chapter ends with concluding remarks as well as the future directions of using dECM bioink with regard to animal choice, improvement in its mechanical properties and also the commercialization of the 3D printed tissue-engineered constructs.


Ablation studies have been widely used in the field of neuroscience to tackle complex biological systems such as the extensively studied Drosophila central nervous system, the vertebrate brain and more interestingly and most delicately, the human brain. In the past, these kinds of studies were utilized to uncover structure and organization in the brain, i.e. a mapping of features inherent to external stimuli onto different areas of the neocortex. considering the growth in size and complexity of state-of-the-art artificial neural networks (ANNs) and the corresponding growth in complexity of the tasks that are tackled by these networks, the question arises whether ablation studies may be used to investigate these networks for a similar organization of their inner representations. In this paper, we address this question and performed two ablation studies in two fundamentally different ANNs to investigate their inner representations of two well-known benchmark datasets from the computer vision domain. We found that features distinct to the local and global structure of the data are selectively represented in specific parts of the network. Furthermore, some of these representations are redundant, awarding the network a certain robustness to structural damages. We further determined the importance of specific parts of the network for the classification task solely based on the weight structure of single units. Finally, we examined the ability of damaged networks to recover from the consequences of ablations by means of recovery training. We argue that ablations studies are a feasible method to investigate knowledge representations in ANNs and are especially helpful to examine a networks robustness to structural damages, a feature of ANNs that will become increasingly important for future safety-critical applications.


Superhydrophobic surfaces are generally made by controlling the surface chemistry and surface roughness of various expensive materials, which are then applied by means of complex time-consuming processes. We describe a simple and inexpensive method for forming a superhydrophobic coating using polypropylene (a simple polymer) and a suitable selection of solvents and temperature to control the surface roughness. The resulting gel-like porous coating has a water contact angle of 160°. The method can be applied to a variety of surfaces as long as the solvent mixture does not dissolve the underlying material.


The specific antibody response to O, H and Vi antigens, levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and C3 presence of soluble immune complexes, in vitro tests of cellular immunity and subsets of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood were investigated in human volunteers after a single dose of 0.1 ml intradermal typhoid vaccination. The results indicated that typhoid vaccination induced antibody formation, slightly increased IgA levels and led to a decrease in C3 which was probably due to immune complex formation. There was also a relative increase in circulating Fc-IgG receptor-bearing lymphocytes and T-gamma cells after vaccination. In those subjects who showed specific cellular immunity before vaccination, a transient depression in lymphocyte transformation and a negative leucocyte migration inhibition test with typhoid baccilli occurred post-vaccination. These findings raised doubts over the advantages of giving typhoid vaccine during an epidemic.


A Capability that includes the five competencies in accordance with the purpose of learning mathematics (NCTM 2000 and Depdiknas 2006) is the mathematical literacy. Although Indonesia has been participated in PISA since 2000, the students' mean score did not sufficient yet particularly in mathematics. Students get difficulties in solving unfamiliar problems although the mathematics content is the same. Mathematical literacy is not spread yet so that teaching materials that are used to improve the literacy skills are limited. During learning process, students used the literature that loads the basic concepts of mathematics but used  few contexts. Therefore, the researchers conducted a research which the aims to develop a teaching material that can be used to develop students' mathematical literacy. The method used is ADDIE model which is an acronym for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Subjects in research is the ninth grade students of SMP N 3 Gresik which are given opportunities to assess the textbooks. From this study, we develop a mathematical literacy module for junior high school students. From the math experts we got the average percentage is 90,18% and 88,64% from the desgn experts.Meanwhile students 81,41 %. Key Words : PISA, Module, Mathematical Literacy, ADDIE model


Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is a procedure that redirects nerves severed by amputation to new muscle targets. In tandem with advances in myoelectric prosthetics, TMR surgery provides amputees with improved control of myoelectric prostheses and simultaneously prevents or treats painful neuromas. TMR also has an emerging role in the management of neuromas in a nonamputation setting, and it seems to be a powerful strategy to treat a wide variety of neuromas. Because the pattern of nerve transfers varies based on the availability of donor nerves and muscle targets, TMR is inherently nonprescriptive, and thus, an understanding of the principles of TMR is essential for its successful application. This review describes the rationale for and principles of TMR, and outlines techniques for TMR, which can be used at various amputation levels and for the management of neuromas in nonamputees.


A theoretical investigation of the convective instability problem in the thin horizontal layer of a magnetic fluid heated from below is carried out. The effects of the relaxation time tau and the vortex (rotational) viscosity xi are considered and discussed. The Chebyshev pseudospectral method is employed to solve the eigenvalue problems and numerical calculations are carried out for a number of magnetic fluids and in full range of the magnetic field. A variety of results under gravity-free conditions are also presented and the critical temperature gradient are determined for a variety of situations. It is shown that the consideration of (xi,tau), in the stability analysis, is most effective in the thin layer of the fluid and at low values of Langevin parameter alpha(L).


Passive investment strategies can be improved by statistically sorting the market based on various metrics known as factors. By only buying top securities of the market based on the sorting factor, the portfolio can generate higher returns while still maintaining high diversification. I found that two factors, value (sort based on book value to market value -ratio) and momentum (sort based on past performance), generated stable and statistically significant excess-returns based on data from 1926 to 2018. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors' past performance and to provide logical reasons for their persistence in the future. Key challenge to using factor sorting in investing is the risk of market pricing the excess-returns out. However, I provide evidence that release of new information has not led to significantly smaller factor returns. Also, I note that slow rebalancing of portfolio betas can explain part of the poor performance of momentum strategies during economic downturns. Furthermore, I analyzed volatilities of portfolios combining both factors with the market portfolio and found that diversifying investment portfolio over multiple sources of risk increases risk-adjusted returns.


Objective Optimal treatment decision and estimation of the prognosis in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is currently based on demographic and clinical predictors. But sometimes, there are limitations in these factors. In this study, we analyzed three central nervous system biomarkers in TBI patients, will discuss the roles and clinical applications of biomarkers in TBI. Methods From July on 2013 to August on 2014, a total of 45 patients were included. The serum was obtained at the time of hospital admission, and biomarkers were extracted with centrifugal process. It was analyzed for the level of S-100 beta (S100B), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1). Results This study included 33 males and 12 females with a mean age of 58.5 (19-84) years. TBI patients were classified into two groups. Group A was severe TBI with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score 3-5 and Group B was mild TBI with GCS score 13-15. The median serum concentration of S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 in severe TBI were raised 5.1 fold, 5.5 fold, and 439.1 fold compared to mild injury, respectively. The serum levels of these markers correlated significantly with the injury severity and clinical outcome (p<0.001). Increased level of markers was strongly predicted poor outcomes. Conclusion S100B, GFAP, and UCH-L1 serum level of were significantly increased in TBI according to severity and associated clinical outcomes. Biomarkers have potential utility as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic adjuncts in the setting of TBI.


Currently, the genus Malassezia includes 14 species, which have been identified traditionally based on their morphology and biochemical features (Cafarchia et al., 2011). Since the description of new species a number of studies have evolved to elucidate the role of the different species in the ecology and pathogenicity in a range of dermatoses, in which variable results have been reported from different geographical regions.


Texture is an important part of the visual world of animals and humans and their visual systems successfully detect, discriminate, and segment texture. Relatively recently progress was made concerning structures in the brain that are presumably responsible for texture processing. Neurophysiologists reported on the discovery of a new type of orientation selective neuron in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex of monkeys which they called grating cells. Such cells respond vigorously to a grating of bars of appropriate orientation, position and periodicity. In contrast to other orientation selective cells, grating cells respond very weakly or not at all to single bars which do not make part of a grating. Elsewhere we proposed a nonlinear model of this type of cell and demonstrated the advantages of grating cells with respect to the separation of texture and form information. In this paper, we use grating cell operators to obtain features and compare these operators in texture analysis tasks with commonly used feature extracting operators such as Gabor-energy and co-occurrence matrix operators. For a quantitative comparison of the discrimination properties of the concerned operators a new method is proposed which is based on the Fisher (1923) linear discriminant and the Fisher criterion. The operators are also qualitatively compared with respect to their ability to separate texture from form information and their suitability for texture segmentation.


Hodgkin's lymphoma shows an annual incidence of around 2-3 per 100,000 habitants in the Western hemisphere with a larger peak in younger adults between 20 and 30 years and a smaller peak in adults above 65 years. Although Hodgkin's lymphoma is rare within the general population (accounting for less than 1% of all de novo neoplasms occurring every year worldwide) (1), it belongs to the most frequent malignancies in young adults and represents the most frequent hematological malignancy in this age group (2). Outcomes of patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma in general are favorable, with the vast majority of patients achieving permanent cure by standard therapies. Survivors, however, may face the problems caused by late toxicities such as secondary tumors or cardiovascular complications.


Agricultural field polygons within smallholder farming systems are essential to facilitate the collection of geo-spatial data useful for farmers, managers, and policymakers. However, the limited availability of training labels poses a challenge in developing supervised methods to accurately delineate field boundaries using Earth observation (EO) data. This letter introduces an open dataset for training and benchmarking machine learning methods to delineate agricultural field boundaries in polygon format. The large-scale dataset consists of 439 001 field polygons divided into 62 tiles of approximately $5 \times 5$ km distributed across Vietnam and Cambodia, covering a range of fields and diverse landscape types. The field polygons have been meticulously digitized from satellite images, following a rigorous multistep quality control process and topological consistency checks. Multitemporal composites of Sentinel-2 (S2) images are provided to ensure cloud-free data. We conducted an experimental analysis testing a state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) workflow based on fully convolutional networks (FCNs), contour closing, and polygonization. We anticipate that this large-scale dataset will enable researchers to further enhance the delineation of agricultural fields in smallholder farms and to support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The dataset can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-xy6-ngg6.


Women with substance use disorders (SUDs) have been widely reported to face barriers in seeking treatment. We sought to identify barriers that prevented women who use methamphetamine (WWUM) from accessing the decade-old Voluntary Treatment Centers (VTCs) in Malaysia. A total of 153 WWUM who were undergoing rehabilitation for methamphetamine use at a compulsory drug detention center (CDDC) were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Data were collected by canvasing a structured questionnaire through face-to-face meetings. Of the total sample, 131 (86%) were Malays, with a mean age of 32.1 years. The commonly cited treatment barriers were the belief that methamphetamine use was not problematic (42%), not knowing how to seek treatment (38%), feeling embarrassed to seek treatment (33%), the lack of family support (24%), and the long waiting time for enrollment (23%). Logistic analyses indicated that a longer duration of use increased the odds of not acknowledging methamphetamine use as a problem while older participants had lower odds of holding a similar view. A longer duration of use also increased the odds of claiming treatment was not needed but lowered the odds of asserting a lack of confidence in treatment. Furthermore, Malays had higher odds of lacking family support in seeking treatment while being employed lowered the odds of not wanting treatment. Addressing these concerns will hopefully encourage higher participation of WWUM in voluntary treatment programs.


A distributed parameter model of the lateral dynamic behavior of a moving web in an n-roller system is proposed. A span of web moving longitudinally and under tension is modeled as a beam with shear flexibility (Timoshenko beam). A quasistatic simplification of the model is made on the basis of spectral separation. Boundary conditions at the web-roller interface are considered. Actuator dynamics are introduced through the formulation of the boundary conditions. Closed-loop simulations using a state-space version of the simplified model are in agreement with experimental results. >


There are a number of routing protocols developed by researchers. Due to the nature of ad hoc networks, secure routing is an important area of research in developing secure routing protocols. Although researchers have proposed several secure routing protocols, their resistance towards various types of security attacks and efficiency are primary points of concern in implementing these protocols. This paper presents some of the available secure routing protocols and most common attack patterns against ad hoc networks. Routing protocols are subjected to case studies against the most commonly identified attack patterns such as: denial-of-service attack, tunneling, spoofing, black hole attack and wormhole attack etc. In MANET, the nodes also function as routers that discover and maintain routes to other nodes in the network. Establishing an optimal and efficient route between the communicating parties is the primary concern of the routing protocols of MANET. Any attack in routing phase may disrupt the overall communication and the entire network can be paralyzed. Thus, security in network layer plays an important role in the security of the whole network. A number of attacks in network layer have been identified and studied in security research. An attacker can absorb network traffic, inject themselves into the path between the source and destination and thus control the network traffic flow.


A deeply buried horizon containing mint‐condition flint artefacts was discovered in 2006 during archaeological investigations in advance of major roadworks near Dartford, Kent, in southeast England. The context of the artefacts and the freshness of their condition suggest this horizon represents a buried occupation surface. Optically stimulated luminescence dating places this horizon in the period Marine Isotope Stage 5d–5b, early in the British Devensian glaciation. This paper describes details of the artefacts, their context and dates, and outlines how this apparent occupation fits in with the wider pattern of Neanderthal settlement in Britain and northwest Europe in the later Pleistocene. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In recent years, several efforts have been aimed at improving the robustness of vision models to domains and environments unseen during training. An important practical problem pertains to models deployed in a new geography that is under-represented in the training dataset, posing a direct challenge to fair and inclusive computer vision. In this paper, we study the problem of geographic robustness and make three main contributions. First, we introduce a large-scale dataset GeoNet for geographic adaptation containing benchmarks across diverse tasks like scene recognition (GeoPlaces), image classification (GeoImNet) and universal adaptation (GeoUniDA). Second, we investigate the nature of distribution shifts typical to the problem of geographic adaptation and hypothesize that the major source of domain shifts arise from significant variations in scene context (context shift), object design (design shift) and label distribution (prior shift) across geographies. Third, we conduct an extensive evaluation of several state-of-the-art unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms and architectures on GeoNet, showing that they do not suffice for geographical adaptation, and that large-scale pre-training using large vision models also does not lead to geographic robustness. Our dataset is publicly available at https://tarun005.github.io/GeoNet.


This anthropological essay provides a meditation on mass tourism while analysing the mechanisms of conflict between the needs of mass tourism and the local urban environment, extraterritorial spaces that fit into the universal heritage of humanity. Historical districts/ entertainment districts in capital cities are discussed as extraterritorial areas treated as ambivalent, bypassed, business bases. The tourists themselves constitute thoroughly ambivalent figures as tame strangers, treated simultaneously as a potential source of maximum earnings and intruders.


This paper presents a comprehensive study of the effects of heavy doping and germanium in the base on the dc performance of Si/Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x//Si npn Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors (HBTs). The lateral drift mobility of holes in heavily doped epitaxial SiGe bases affects the base sheet resistance while the effective bandgap is crucial for the vertical minority carrier transport. The devices used in this study were Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ npn HBTs with flat Ge and B profiles in the base grown by Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (RTCVD). Hall and drift lateral hole mobilities were measured in a wide range of dopings and Ge concentrations. The drift mobility was indirectly measured based on measured sheet resistivity and SIMS measurements, and no clear Ge dependence was found. The Hall scattering factor is less than unity and decreases with increasing Ge concentration. The effective bandgap narrowing, including doping and Ge effects, was extracted from the room temperature collector current measurements over a wide range of Ge and heavy doping for the first time. We have observed bandgap narrowing due to heavy base doping which is, to first order, independent of Ge concentration, but less than that observed in silicon, due to the effect of a lower density of states. A model for the collector current enhancement with respect to Si devices versus base sheet resistance is presented.


We study the problem of a seller with private information about her asset quality who can design securities backed by her asset cashflows to raise funds from investors in non-exclusive markets. When markets are non-exclusive, bilateral contracts between the seller and a particular investor cannot be made contingent on the contracts traded with other investors. This feature is natural in an opaque marketplace or in a dynamic environment where commitment is limited. We show that in such an environment full separation of seller types cannot be obtained. In any equilibrium, all seller types issue the same debt contract. While high-quality types retain the remaining cashflows on their balance sheet, low-quality sellers tranche their cash flows and sell the debt contract (senior tranche) and the remaining cashflows (junior tranche) separately to different investors. The model can rationalize the practice of tranching securities, and it generates new empirical predictions on the relation between the types of securities sold in markets and the quality of their underlying assets.


A route to bicyclo[n.3.0] ring systems (n = 5-7) has been devised. Key transformations include an intermolecular diyl trapping reaction (1 + 3 --> 4), and fragmentation of the resulting tricyclic cycloadduct 4 (4 --> 5). A variety of diylophiles were examined, including electron deficient (6, 7, 21, 29, 30, 31), electron rich (8), and push-pull cycloalkenes (9, 10, 19, 20).


Echocardiography with Doppler is the most commonly performed non-invasive cardiac imaging test in patients with suspected or documented heart failure (HF), and plays a pivotal role in their assessment and management. Two- and three-dimensional echocardiography are commonly used to quantitatively assess cardiac volumes, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), stroke volume and cardiac output. Resting and stress echocardiography the latter with exercise or pharmacologic stress play a fundamental role in distinguishing ischemic from non-ischemic etiology of HF and in demonstrating myocardial viability. Echocar-diography with comprehensive spectral and color Doppler can accurately determine if valve disease plays a primary or secondary role in HF etiology. Diastolic heart failure (DHF) also termed HF with a preserved LVEF is readily identified by echocardiography with Doppler, and can accurately estimated LV filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures. The right ventricle can also be readily assessed by echocardiography, with newer techniques such as three-dimensional, tissue Doppler and speckle strain imaging aiding its assessment. Echocardiography is also commonly used to identify candidates for implantable cardiac defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapies. Three-dimensional echocardiography now easily preformed with single-beat full volume capture promises to further refine HF diagnosis. Finally, speckle-based strain and strain rate, and three-dimensional speckle imaging, are more novel techniques that can shed light on detailed myocardial mechanics in patients with depressed or preserved LVEF.


This paper presents a hierarchical, multi-stage adaptive strategy for image classification. We iteratively apply various classification methods (e.g., decision trees, neural networks), identify regions of parametric and geographic space where accuracy is low, and in these regions, test and apply alternate methods repeating the process until the entire image is classified. Currently, classifiers are evaluated through human input using an expert-based system; therefore, this paper acts as the proof of concept for collaborative classifiers. Because we decompose the problem into smaller, more manageable sub-tasks, our classification exhibits increased flexibility compared to existing methods since classification methods are tailored to the idiosyncrasies of specific regions. A major benefit of our approach is its scalability and collaborative support since selected low-accuracy classifiers can be easily replaced with others without affecting classification accuracy in high accuracy areas. At each stage, we develop spatially explicit accuracy metrics that provide straightforward assessment of results by non-experts and point to areas that need algorithmic improvement or ancillary data. Our approach is demonstrated in the task of detecting impervious surface areas, an important indicator for human-induced alterations to the environment, using a 2001 Landsat scene from Las Vegas, Nevada.


In the rabbit, vagotomy combined with arterial baroreceptor denervation abolishes the renal sympathoinhibition elicited by volume expansion. However, the effect of removing cardiopulmonary afferents alone has not been investigated. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of the cardiac afferents in the renal sympathetic response elicited by volume expansion in the normal conscious rabbit. Four experimental groups were used in which rabbits were administered 1) volume expansion (Haemaccel, 1.9 ml/min for 60 min), 2) volume expansion + bolus intrapericardial procaine (20 mg) to block cardiac afferents, 3) volume expansion + intravenous procaine (20 mg bolus), and 4) intrapericardial procaine alone (20 mg bolus). Volume expansion did not significantly affect mean arterial pressure or heart rate but produced a profound fall in renal sympathetic nerve activity (∼50%). Intrapericardial procaine administered 30 min after the start of volume expansion markedly reversed the renal sympathoinhibition to within 20% of the pre-volume expansion level, an effect that wore off over 25 min. In contrast, intravenous procaine lowered renal sympathetic nerve activity slightly further. The results suggest that cardiac afferents play the dominant role in the renal sympathoinhibition in response to volume expansion in the normal conscious rabbit.


This paper presents a new systematic algorithm to symbolically derive the full nonlinear dynamic equations of motion of multi-link flexible manipulators. Lagrange's-Assumed modes method is the basis of the new algorithm and adapted in a way suitable for symbolic manipulation by digital computers. It is aaplied to model a two-link flexible arm via a commercially available symbolic manipulation program. The advantages of the algorithm and simulation results are discussed.


Late last year the English Court of Appeal confirmed a lower court's ruling that doctors could impose an operation to separate recently born conjoined twins, overriding the refusal of consent of their parents. The doctors believed the operation would probably save one of the babies at the cost of killing the other, while not operating would highly probably be followed by the death of both twins within months of their birth. The parents, said to be devout Roman Catholics, believed that it was absolutely wrong to kill one of their babies, even to save the life of the other.

Undoubtedly many people, the writer included, would agree with the English courts that the "least worst" option was to separate the twins and save one at the cost of killing the other. But surely many fewer people would have imposed their own resolution of this acute moral dilemma upon parents who conscientiously chose the other limb of the dilemma, refusing to kill one baby even in order to save the other. Were the English judges right, then, to take away the parents' normal right and duty to make health care decisions on behalf of their children and instead impose their own answer to what they admitted to be a terrible dilemma? Describing the two alternatives in terms of choosing between the lesser of two evils on the one hand, and the obligation not to kill on the other, Lord Justice Ward declared, according to The Times law report,1 that: "Parents who were placed on the horns of such a terrible dilemma simply had to choose the lesser of their inevitable loss [ sic ]". But that surely is to beg the moral question in favour of the judges' preferred answer to this moral dilemma. The fact is that there are—as …


Raised serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, or IL-10 are associated with mortality in patients with sepsis, but it is not known whether elevated cytokine levels are independently predictive of mortality. Cytokine assays (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10) were performed on admission plasma samples from 172 adult Thai patients with severe melioidosis. Mortality was 31.4%. APACHE II score; septicemia; plasma lactate; TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-10 concentrations; and IL-10/TNF-alpha and IL-6/IL-10 ratios were each associated with outcome (P</=.001 for all variables). Only the APACHE II score and either IL-6 or IL-10 concentration were independent predictors of mortality, as determined by use of multiple logistic regression (with cytokine concentrations and ratios entered separately). In a multivariate analysis, including both IL-6 and IL-10, the IL-10 concentration was no longer predictive. Therefore, APACHE II scores and either IL-6 or IL-10 concentration may be the most reliable parameters for stratification of patients in future studies of severe gram-negative sepsis.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological wooping cough/pertussis in a pediatric hospital. METHOD: Series of cases that were studied all patients with wooping cough hospitalized at the Institute of Pediatrics Martagão Gesteira of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) from May 2011 until August 2012. Were included patients with paroxysmal cough and signs of severity that required hospitalization and excluded patients whose records were incomplete. RESULTS: Of the 38 cases of wooping cough analyzed, nine were suspected pertussis cases, and of these, six met the criteria for clinical confirmation of pertussis. The deaths occurred in young infants who were clinically confirmed cases of pertussis, according to the Ministry of Health-Brazil. CONCLUSION: A suspect case definition of pertussis followed confirmation early clinical favoring early institution of appropriate treatment and avoiding unfavorable outcomes.


As the Web-based e-Business prevails, the volume of XML data on the Web is getting larger than ever. Although much research has been done on decomposing and storing XML data in RDB, which is now the most popular storage for XML, and on processing XML queries through their SQL counterparts, little attention was paid to how to alleviate the burden of storing massive volume of XML data. In this paper, we propose a hybrid method of storing XML data in RDB, whereby the unit of storage could be an XML subtree as well as an XML node. The part of XML data whose nodes were separately stored could be reformed into an XML subtree for storing when it gets rarely queried or less valuable for reference as time goes by. With this method, we designed and implemented a hybrid XML storage and query processing system, comparing it with the conventional system where an XML node is the only unit of storage. Through experiments, we com-pared storage efficiency and query processing performance, validating the effectiveness of our proposed system.


1 PhD Lecturer, Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava, Romania, email@example.com 2 PhD Associate Lecturer, Ștefan cel Mare University, Suceava, Romania, email@example.com Abstract: If the social, cultural and mythical-religious universe of Ancient Greece revolved around the notion and reality referred to by the term Polis, then it can be said, in the opinion of Jose Ortega Y Gasset, that the dynamics and convulsive formation of modern European civilization revolved around the concept of Nation. However, can we talk about the possibility of a Nation of the ancient Greeks? And, is the idea of a construction, in fact, of a modern-based re-construction of Polis founded? Ortega Y Gasset attempted a metaphysical approach to the conceptual resorts underlying the two existential paradigms.


Machine Translation (MT) has become an integral part of daily life for millions of people, with its output being so fluent that users often cannot distinguish it from human translation. However, these fluid texts often harbor algorithmic traces, from limited lexical choices to societal misrepresentations. This raises concerns about the possible effects of MT on natural language and human communication and calls for regular evaluations of machine-generated translations for different languages. Our paper explores the output of three widely used engines (Google, DeepL, Microsoft Azure) and one smaller commercial system. We translate the English and French source texts of seven diverse parallel corpora into German and compare MT-produced texts to human references in terms of lexical, syntactic, and morphological features. Additionally, we investigate how MT leverages lexical borrowings and analyse the distribution of anglicisms across the German translations.


The article is devoted to the feasibility of distinction between metonymy and metaphor; since ancient times, language researchers have studied them together because they are based on the transfer of names by similarity or analogy of features. The main task of the article is to outline the dominant theories of metonymy and metaphor, developed in the plane of the semantic-syntactic paradigm, as well as to present cognitively oriented considerations about the essence of these two phenomena, which prove their distinction. Based on the basic postulates of cognitive linguistics, particularly the theory of conceptual metaphor, the theory of mental spaces, and the theory of conceptual integration, the authors prove a significant difference between the two outlined linguocognitive mechanisms. Based on phraseological units of modern French, the authors prove, first, that metonymy represents a real adjacency of concepts, while metaphor - hypothetical. Secondly, their difference lies in the different number of conceptual spheres involved in metonymization (one conceptosphere) and metaphorization (more than two conceptospheres). Thirdly, in metaphorization, projected images reflect various (sometimes unexpected) associations that link different spheres of GOAL and SOURCE, while in metonymization, projected images adhere to logically established connections.


Interactive digital media are revolutionizing the marketing landscape. The virtual world is a dominant player in this new panorama, with exchanges in the virtual marketplace approaching $2 billion annually. While virtual, like real world, exchanges require buyers and sellers, there is little or no understanding of this disembodied sales process. The current study seeks to address this gap in knowledge by employing an ethnographic methodology in which researchers incarnate in Second Life to explore the personal selling process. Specifically, the various notions of the "self " that constitute the avatar salesperson are explored. Findings from this exploratory study suggest a relationship between the nature of the self and the type of exchange. From this, a conceptual model for the study of the virtual selling self is presented, propositions developed, and managerial implications for the virtual sales force suggested.


The costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 regulate T lymphocyte activation by delivering activating signals through CD28 and inhibitory signals through cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). The importance of CTLA-4–mediated inhibition was demonstrated by the uncontrolled T cell activation and lymphoproliferative disease that develops in CTLA-4–deficient (−/−) mice. To examine the role of B7 signaling in the activation of CTLA-4–deficient T cells, we bred CTLA-4−/− mice with mice lacking B7-1, B7-2, or both B7 molecules. The CTLA-4/B7-1−/− and the CTLA-4/B7-2−/− mice develop lymphoproliferation and enhanced T cell activation. Mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2 have a normal life-span, and do not have lymphocytic infiltrates in any organs, or increased T cell activation. Therefore, the two B7 molecules have overlapping functions, since either B7-1 or B7-2 alone can cause the CTLA-4−/− phenotype. Elimination of both B7-1 and B7-2 from the CTLA-4– deficient mouse abrogates the lymphocyte activation and disease, and does not reveal evidence for additional stimulatory CD28 ligands. The CTLA-4−/− phenotype can be reproduced with anti-CD28 antibody in mice lacking CTLA-4, B7-1, and B7-2, but wild-type mice are unaffected by the same treatment. This suggests that the inhibitory function of CTLA-4 can overcome strong CD28-mediated signaling in vivo.


The Boltzmann–Gibbs (BG) entropy has been used in a wide variety of problems for more than a century. It is well known that BG entropy is additive and extensive, but for certain systems such as those dictated by long-range interactions, it is speculated that the entropy must be non-additive and non-extensive. Tsallis entropy possesses these characteristics, and is parameterized by a variable q (q=1 being the classic BG limit), but unless q is determined from microscopic dynamics, the model remains a phenomenological tool. To this day, very few examples have emerged in which q can be computed from first principles. This paper shows that the space plasma environment, which is governed by long-range collective electromagnetic interaction, represents a perfect example for which the q parameter can be computed from microphysics. By taking the electron velocity distribution function measured in the heliospheric environment into account, and considering them to be in a quasi-equilibrium state with electrostatic turbulence known as quasi-thermal noise, it is shown that the value corresponding to q=9/13=0.6923, or alternatively q=5/9=0.5556, may be deduced. This prediction is verified against observations made by spacecraft, and it is shown to be in excellent agreement. This paper constitutes an overview of recent developments regarding the non-equilibrium statistical mechanical approach to understanding the non-extensive nature of space plasma, although some recent new developments are also discussed.


Side channel attacks are known to be efficient techniques to retrieve secret data. In this context, this paper concerns the evaluation of the robustness of triple rail logic against power and electromagnetic analyses on FPGA devices. More precisely, it aims at demonstrating that the basic concepts behind triple rail logic are valid and may provide interesting design guidelines to get DPA resistant circuits which are also more robust against DEMA.


In order to evaluate the hot electron coherent length from the resonance characteristics of resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs), the dependence of the resonant level width on various broadening mechanisms is investigated. From the dependence of the resonant level width on the well width, it is shown that the individual contributions to resonant level broadening (phase relaxation and well width variation) can be analyzed separately. The resonant level widths were measured experimentally and compared with theoretical results, and the coherent length was evaluated to range from 80 to 120 nm at 4.2 K in GaInAs at hot electron energies of 50 to 100 meV.


Saksenaea vasiformis is a zygomycete fungus found in soils worldwide; however, it is rarely documented as a cause of human disease. We describe what, to our knowledge, is the first nosocomial infection caused by S. vasiformis and the first documentation that this organism exists in Louisiana. The infection developed at an arterial catheter site in an otherwise healthy young man treated with high-dose corticosteroids and antibiotics for serious head trauma and caused a "cheesy" yellow necrosis of skin, muscle, tendon, and fascia. Resolution of the process occurred following removal of the arterial catheter and without antifungal therapy. The organism was isolated from deep surgical specimens on routine media but did not produce its characteristic sporangia until grown on Czapek's solution agar. It is recommended that zygomycete isolates not identifiable by routine procedures be grown on media that permit Saksenaea to sporulate.


This study attempts to relate the television viewing habits of adolescents, gathered using different indexes, to their personal values and the perceived values of their favorite television programs. The sample comprised 823 adolescents from the Basque Autonomous Region. The instruments used were: the Television Viewing Habits Questionnaire (CH-TV. 01), for viewing habits, and the Value Domain Scale (VAL-TV 0.1) for personal values and perceived values in favorite television programs. The results indicate certain correlations between some indexes (permanence, co-viewing and preferences for participating in certain programs as live audiences) and some personal values such as power, benevolence and tradition. These data, similarly to those of other international research projects, enable us to conclude that there is a clear relationship between the viewing habits of adolescents and their values.


Bifurcation solutions are numerically presented for reverse flow boundary layer equations with special suction/injection by utilizing similarity transformation and shooting technique. The results indicate that both superior solution and inferior solution are noticeable. The skin friction and shear stress for the superior solution decrease with the increases of the ratio of surface velocity to free stream velocity and suction/injection. The behaviour is opposite to that for the inferior solution. Both the skin frictions for the superior and inferior solutions decrease with increasing the power law parameter. The inferior solution approaches the superior solution with increasing the velocity ratio and suction/injection. When power law is unit and suction/injection is zero, the superior solution approaches the classical Blasius solution as the velocity ratio approaches zero.


This analytical review present of the literature on rehabilitation of patients with non-specific low back pain. The wide occurrence of pathology determines the relevance of the studied problem. Much attention is paid to the complex approach, taking into account the pathogenetic mechanisms, the type of pain — nociceptive, neuropathic, dysfunctional, mixed, its temporary characteristics (acute, chronic pain), the emotional and somatic status of patients, pain attitudes and pain behaviors. The article considers a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of patients with non-specific pain in the lower back using physical therapy modalities, balneology, medication and interventional treatment.


OBJECTIVES
This multicentre, prospective, open label, randomised controlled trial was to determine whether buttonhole cannulation technique in new and established haemodialysis fistula reduced complications and prolonged the access life compared to usual practice.

METHOD
Seventy subjects were recruited for this study. Subjects randomised to the buttonhole group had their fistula cannulated by the same staff member for two to four weeks at the same angle and direction with sharp needles. Once the tunnel was developed, blunt needles were used. The control group continued with usual practice (rope ladder rotation technique).

RESULTS
Infection at the cannulation site occurred in four patients in the buttonhole group and one in the rope ladder rotation group (p = 0.11). Haematomas at the cannulation site and site pain experienced during the dialysis session were more often recorded for the buttonhole group (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed that buttonhole cannulation resulted more infections, haematoma formation and site pain during dialysis than with the rope ladder rotation group. A further larger scale longitudinal study is recommended.


It was found that bright tin-lead alloy deposits were obtained by the addition of polyoxyethyleneglycol (average molecular weight 3000) 1.0g/L and formaldehyde 0.6mL/L to pyrophosphate baths containing SnSO4 0.145M, Pb (CH3COO)2 0.055M and K4P2O7 0.5M. The further addition of EDTA to the bath suppressed the preferential deposition of lead and yielded fine-grained deposits at current densities of 10mA/cm2 or less. The optimum EDTA-to-lead concentration ratio for bright tin-lead alloy plating was from 1 to 1.5. The lead content of the deposits increased and the cathode current efficiency decreased with increasing concentrations of EDTA and K4P2O7 in the baths. The lead content of the deposits was virtually the same as that in the baths at current densities from 5 to 15mA/cm2. The cathodic polarization curve for lead deposition was more noble than that for tin without the EDTA and other additives, but shifted to a less-noble potential than that for tin deposition with their addition. It was concluded that the presence of EDTA suppresses the preferential deposition of lead.


This study attempt to investigate the determinants of the grades in mathematics courses taken by the students who graduated from College of Commerce and Economics (CCE), Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Five years data on grades in mathematics courses, gender and percentage marks in high school along with stream (arts or science) for all the students were obtained from admissions and registration department of the university. Ordinal regression analysis was performed to investigate the effect of gender, high school marks and prerequisite mathematics courses on the probabilities of obtaining the grades. This analysis reveals that high school marks have significant effect on the probabilities of obtaining a grade in business mathematics courses. Although it has been the general perception that females had higher probabilities of obtaining higher grades but it was not true when high school marks were taken into consideration.


The opportunity cost of waiting for goods to be produced and sold increases with the cost of financing. This channel is evident in emerging market crises, when industries that use more inventories lose more of their output and lag behind in the recovery. An open economy model with lags in the production process ("time to produce") generates comparable cross-sectoral differences in response to a shock to the foreign interest rate and, in the year of the crisis, accounts for up to 25% of the deviation of output from its previous trend. In contrast, an equivalent model without time to produce generates a boom in the year of the crisis and cannot account for the cross-sectoral differences. Likewise, it is impossible to generate the cross-sectoral differences in response to a productivity shock.


Although the studies on ear, nose and throat (ENT) diseases and treatment methods are high in human medicine, they are rarely performed and neglected in veterinary medicine. Antibiotics are generally preferred for ENT diseases in animals. However, there is an increase in infections from microorganisms that develop multiple antibiotic resistance due to overuse and misuse of antibiotics. Another group of drugs used in ENT diseases are antiseptics. Bacterial resistance to agents used as antiseptics is more limited than antibiotics. Studies on the use of substances with antiseptic properties in the treatment of ENT disorders in animals have been limited. Even though these substances are used empirically in the field, there are no studies in the literature examining the effects of these substances on ENT. In this review, the properties of antiseptic substances recommended for use in the field and in the literature for ENT diseases of animals are discussed.


The research of the basic parametric characteristics of integrated circuits that affect the radar equipment was conducted, a comparative analysis of modulators and demodulators was carried out and the methodological approach of assessment of effectiveness of interchangeability of chips in a radar equipment is tested. K


The occupational or environmental exposure of selected populations to lead, either alone or in combination with other metals, was monitored using ratios of the activity of the erythrocytic enzyme delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase. The results obtained have reaffirmed earlier findings that this test affords several significant advantages over the use of the enzyme's activity value measured at a set pH value and other types of activity ratios to assess lead exposure. Furthermore, the activity ratios' proven sensitivity, reliability, reproducibility, specificity and stability warrant that they be considered as viable alternatives to the more widely accepted diagnostic criteria of lead intoxication namely zinc protoporphyrin and lead levels in blood.


ABSTRACT– This study investigated the relationship between clinical characteristics, health beliefs and compliance with depot neuroleptic maintenance treatment in schizophrenic patients by comparing a group of 40 irregular clinic attenders with another group of regular attenders matched by age and sex. While the 2 groups showed no difference in drug‐induced extrapyramidal effects, the former were significantly more often depressed than the latter. Test‐retest reliability coefficients of a 4‐section health belief questionnaire showed marked variation in individual items. The 2 groups showed no difference in their perception of past effect of illness, likelihood of a relapse if maintenance treatment was stopped and effects of maintenance treatment.


The effects of irradiating blue, UV-A, UV-B and a combination of the lights on anthocyanin accumulation at different hypocotyl positions were investigated in seedlings of the purple top turnip 'Tsuda'. The location of anthocyanin accumulation varied depending on different light spectra. Stronger accumulation of anthocyanin was induced (i) at the upper hypocotyl positions by blue light; (ii) mainly at the upper position, but also at the middle position by UV-B light; and (iii) at the upper to lower position by UV-A light. There were synergistic effects between blue and UV-B, while such effects were not observed for the other light combinations. Among the six chalcone synthase (CHS) genes identified in the 'Tsuda' turnip, BrCHS1, 4 and 5 exhibited light-dependent expression patterns, while the other three showed no apparent light responses. The expression of BrCHS1, 4 and 5 was increased particularly by UV-A and blue + UV-B irradiation at the middle to lower hypocotyl positions, in accordance with anthocyanin accumulation patterns. The highest induction of gene expression was observed for BrCHS4 upon blue + UV-B co-irradiation. In contrast, CHS expression was induced only slightly at higher hypocotyl positions by blue light. The R2R3-type MYB transcription factor genes PAP1, MYB4, MYB12 and MYB111 exhibited differential expression patterns at different hypocotyl positions; these patterns were unique for different light spectra. These unique anthocyanin accumulation patterns and gene expression profiles depending on hypocotyl positions and light sources demonstrate that there is a distinct UV-A response, blue + UV-B synergistic response and blue/UV-A light response for anthocyanin biosynthesis in turnip. UV-A light-dependent anthocyanin biosynthesis appeared to be regulated in a manner that is distinct from that mediated by cryptochromes and UV-B photoreceptors.


We have previously demonstrated that administration of 2-Mercaptoacetate (MA) stimulates independent intake after 1 h in 12 and 15-day-old rat pups, but not younger pups. MA also produces decreases in beta-HBA levels, consistent with the development of a role of altered fatty acid oxidation in modulating independent ingestion in rat pups by 12 days of age. The present experiments extended investigations of the role of changes in energy utilization in young rats by investigating the duration of the effects of altered fatty acid oxidation and the effects of combined blockade of fatty acid oxidation and glucose utilization. Pups were tested at 9, 12 or 15 days of age 3 or 6 h following administration of a dose of 0, 11.4, 22.8, 45.6 or 91.2 mg/kg MA. In pups aged 12 and 15 days, moderate doses of MA stimulated intake 3 h, but not 6 h, following administration. Administration of the highest dose of MA produced significant decreases in beta-HBA levels in pups at all ages when tested after 3 h, but not after 6 h. In the second set of experiments, behavioral and physiological responses to administration of MA (0, 11.4 or 22.8 mg/kg) combined with 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG: 0, 100 or 200 mg/kg) were investigated in pups aged 6, 9, 12 or 15 days of age. The results demonstrated that while administration of 2-DG produced physiological responses, intake was not stimulated at any age by 2-DG alone or in combination with MA. In fact, in 12 and 15-day-old pups, administration of 2-DG blocked the stimulatory effects of administration of MA. Therefore, while altered utilization of glucose does not appear to be an effective stimulus for increased independent ingestion in pups at this age, altered fatty acid oxidation may be an early metabolic modulator of intake.


Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can not be calculated from other lipid measurements when samples are obtained from nonfasting individuals or when triglycerides are > or = 4.0 g/L. We have evaluated a direct LDL cholesterol assay for analyzing 115 fresh serum samples obtained from fasting and nonfasting dyslipidemic patients with triglycerides < or = 35.85 g/L, who were receiving diet and (or) drug treatments. Results were highly correlated with those by ultracentrifugation (r = 0.97), with a mean/median bias of -2.9%/0.7% (-0.001/0.010 g/L) and an absolute bias of 9.5%/6.4% (0.119/0.090 g/L). The assay correctly classified LDL cholesterol concentrations < 1.30 g/L 81% of the time, 1.30-1.60 g/L 76% of the time, and > or = 1.60 g/L 94% of the time. Precision studies provided within- and between-run CVs in the range of 1.2-3.8% and 2.0-5.1%, respectively. Our data indicate that this assay is an accurate method for measuring LDLC directly from fresh serum obtained from fasting or nonfasting subjects with a wide range of triglyceride values.


In this article, the authors explore the influence of stereotypes and stereotype threats on African American learners' experiences in situ, using mathematics-learning contexts as a specific setting. Although there has been growing attentiveness to the social contexts of students' math-learning experiences, the influence of stereotypes on learning—beyond testing situations—has been largely unexplored, with only a few notable exceptions. The purpose of this article is to shed light on scenarios in which threatening stereotypes unfold, specifically in an institutional context in which African Americans are overrepresented. Drawing on data and findings from a recent study examining mathematics learning and identity in non-credit-bearing remedial math courses, the article centers on three vignettes that highlight features of identity threat in situ: a) identity contingency detection, b) threat susceptibility, c) stereotype cues (e.g., critical mass), d) transmission of stereotypes, and e) pedagogical implications of identity threats. The article concludes with implications for studying the intersection of stereotypes and learning experiences.


symbolism is introduced only for brevity and not for preciseness. To compensate for the lack of the negation, there is introduced the relation co of distinguishability between points in the plane and later between points in space, the relation # of distinguishability between lines, the relation 4 between points and lines of being apart from, and certain axioms for these relations, for example, what amounts to the two statements P co Q -*• (AX){P co X v Q co X) and (AX){P a>X^QcoX)-+P = Q. P . C. GlLMORE


A series of bismaleimide resins based on phthalide-containing monomer have been prepared by the copolymerization reaction of 3,3-bis[4-(4-maleimidophenoxy)phenyl] -phthalide (PPBMI), 4, 4'-dimaleimido diphenylmethane (MBMI) and 2, 2'-diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA) in different feed ratios. The curing behavior, thermal, mechanical and physical properties and compatibility of all resultant resins were carefully characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), notched Izod impact test, water absorption test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). DSC investigations showed that with an increase of the weight ratio of PPBMI, the dominating exothermic polymerization temperature (Tp) increased. The glass transitions were observed from DMA thermograms for the cured BMI resins in the temperature range from 277°C to 311°C and decreased with increasing PPBMI content. The TGA results indicated the thermal stability was improved as PPBMI content increased. The investigations of the mechanical properties showed a complicated trend with an increase in PPBMI content. In addition, the equilibrium water uptake of the modified resins was reduced as PPBMI content increased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1084-1091, 2013


This paper describes an agent-based model for the effective management of voice calls within an integrated computing-telephony environment. In this model, agents manage calls on behalf of users, who influence the behaviour of their agents by means of policy specifications. Call set-up then involves a negotiation process whereby agents attempt to agree upon some course of action and the agents involved can continue to exercise control over a call in progress.


The critical text is preceded by a lengthy introduction in which the editor, after discussing some questions of Sanskrit prosody, in particular the origin and use of the aksara ganas, surveys at length the growth of Prakrit and Apabhramsa prosody from Kalidasa's Vikramorvasiya to the Prdkrtapaingala and Chandahkosa of the fourteenth century, and considers Hemacandra's part in this development. He accepts the authenticity of the Apabhramsa stanzas in Vikramorvasiya, and infers that in Kalidasa's time Apabhramsa was still a language of the common man, while the Prakrits were the languages spoken by the middle classes of men and uneducated women and servants, Sanskrit being the language of only the learned. From the treatment accorded to Prakrit metres by Virahanka and Svayambhu he deduces that Prakrit and Apabhramsa poetry flourished side by side until the beginning of the tenth century, the former having the upper hand because of the prominent position enjoyed by it as the language of the learned. He concludes that as Apabhrainsa poetry became more important Prakrit poetry dwindled in importance, although it lingered on until the first half of the tenth century. Hemacandra condescended to compose his illustrations in Apabhramsa, and this gave a sort of authoritative sanction to its respectability.


Adiponectin is an adipokine predominantly produced from adipocytes and exerts potent growth inhibitory activity in a wide range of cancer cells. Decreased expression and/or function of adiponectin are associated with increased risks and aggressive development of cancers with poor prognoses. To restore the expression level of endogenous adiponectin and to activate its functional pathways represent promising strategies for the prevention and treatment of cancer, especially in obese patients. However, the development of recombinant adiponectin as a therapeutic agent has been hampered by the complexity of its structures and the highly diversified functionality of this magic molecule. Here, the application of different adiponectinbased prophylactics and therapeutics in cancer treatment will be thoroughly reviewed and scrutinized.


We study a simple system described by a 2x2 Hamiltonian and the evolution of the quantum states under the influence of a perturbation. More precisely, when the initial Hamiltonian is not degenerate,we check analytically the validity of the adiabatic approximation and verify that, even if the evolution operator has no limit for adiabatic switchings, the Gell-Mann and Low formula allows to follow the evolution of eigenstates. In the degenerate case, for generic initial eigenstates, the adiabatic approximation (obtained by two different limiting procedures) is either useless or wrong, and the Gell-Mann and Low formula does not hold. We show how to select initial states in order to avoid such failures.


In this research, were used 3 triticale varieties (Tacettinbey, Karma 2000 and Presto), one durum (Sariçanak 98) and one bread (Nurkent) wheat varieties. The study, was randomized as complete block design with four replications in 4 location (southeastern Anatolia of Turkey) and under rainfed conditions during the growing season 2010-2011. With an analysis of variance, significant differences were determined among locations, genotypes and genotype x location interactions at the 1% and 5% level. Following results were obtained: period to heading 109 till 113 days, plant height between 96 and 127 cm, hectoliter weight between 68.2 and 81.7 kg/hl, thousand grain weight between 32.9 and 42.7 g, protein content between 13.3 and 14.7%, humidty kernels at harvest between 9.2 and 9.5% and grain yield between 4409 and 6119 kg/ha(-1). The highest grain yield was obtained with Sariçanak 98 (durum wheat variety) while the best thousant grain weight was obtained by the triticale variety Tacettinbey. The triticale variety Karma 2000 showed higher protein content (14.7%) than other the other triticale varieties as well as durum and bread wheat varieties included trial. For the Southeastern Anatolia Region he results of this study demonstrated that the grain yield of triticale varieties were lower compared to common wheat. Nevertheless the triticale grain yield was higher than these of durum and bread wheat varieties under the more extrem (higher temperature and drought) growing conditions of the Kiziltepe region. For triticale the highest mean grain yield has been obtained fwith the variety Tacettinbey which is spring type. New sping type vatieties are more suitable than wheat for the more extreme growing conditions of the Southeastern Anatolia Region.


The palmar metacarpal arteries in monkey hands were studied. The palmar metacarpal arteries arose from the deep palmar arch or catella palmaris proximalis and descended in the deep palm, forming the catella palmaris distalis at the distal end of the metacarpus. The palmar metacarpal arteries could be classified into four kinds in relation to the interosseous muscles and metacarpal bones: (i) the superficial palmar metacarpal (sM) arteries descending on the palmar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the metacarpal bones, (ii) the superficial palmar intermetacarpal (sI) arteries descending on the palmar surfaces of the interosseous muscles along the intermetacarpal spaces, (iii) the deep palmar metacarpal (dM) arteries descending deep in the interosseous muscles along the metacarpal bones, and (iv) the deep palmar intermetacarpal (dI) arteries descending deep in the interosseous muscles along the intermetacarpal spaces. These findings largely coincide with those obtained from studies of the human hand by Murakami (1969).


Doctor Faustus and Edward II present the tragic destinies of two men intent on satisfying their desires as well as engaged in a quest for power and knowledge. The numerous allusions to Actœon's fable that are to be found in these two plays focus on the bathing Diana (Ovid, Metamorphoses, III). The goddess's body, thus exhibited, sets a trap for those who behold her. Caught in the contemplation of her physical beauty, they forget the quest of the absolute that she also embodies and they die because of this fatal error. The myth's traditional associations are thus perverted, leaving it seemingly reduced to mere sensual beauty. Yet Diana remains a cypher, impenetrable to the tragic heroes although intellegible to the audience.


In this study, classical molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on the valine (guest) substituted poly alanine (host) using the host-guest peptide approach to understand the role of valine in the formation and stabilization of helix. Valine has been substituted in the host peptide starting from N terminal to C terminal. Various structural parameters have been obtained from the molecular dynamics simulation to understand the tolerance of helical motif to valine. Depending on the position of valine in the host peptide, it stabilizes (or destabilizes) the formation of the helical structure. The substitution of valine in the poly alanine at some positions has no effect on the helix formation (deformation). It is interesting to observe the coexistence of 3 10 and alpha-helix in the peptides due to the dynamical nature of the hydrogen bonding interaction and sterical interactions.