How should the legal system confront the advances in the brain sciences that may possibly allow more accurate determinations of veracity—lie detecting—than those that now pervade the litigation process? In this Essay, I question the view, widespread among the scientists most familiar with these advances, that the neuroscience of lie detection is not, or at least not yet, nearly reliable enough to be used in civil or criminal litigation or for related forensic purposes. But in challenging the neuroscientists and their allies, I make no claims about the science of lie detection that go beyond the current state of scientific knowledge or, more importantly, my own ability to speak about the relevant scientific developments. Rather, I argue that because law's goals and norms differ from those of science, there is no more reason to impose the standards of science on law than to impose the standards of law on science. Law must use science, and should always prefer good science to bad. In some contexts, however, good science may still not be good enough for law, while in other contexts—hence the title of this Essay—bad science, as measured by the standards of scientists, may still have valuable legal uses. To be clear, my goal in this Essay is decidedly not to argue that neuroscience-based lie detection should, now or even in the foreseeable future, necessarily be admissible in court or used for other forensic purposes. Rather,


The rampaging effects of climate change on Nigeria agriculture cannot be totally undermined, hence, the sustainability of climate change adaptation measures in South-South, Nigeria. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 142 farmers who were interviewed to elicit information bordering on climate change in the area. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ordinary least square multiple regression technique and the scaling model. Results showed that the socio-economic factors investigated influenced the decisiveness of the farmers in embracing adaptive strategies to checkmate the overindulgence of climatic variations in the area. Age of the farmers, educational level, household size, farming experience, farm size, extension contacts were all positive and significant factors. Result also shows that there is increasing rate of temperature, rainfall volume, sunshine hours and number of rainy days and decreasing rate of light intensity and wind. The adaptation techniques of the farmers were classified into highly sustainable adaptation strategies which include; use of pest and disease resistant varieties, use of organic fertilizers, tree planting, early information seeking on climate change etc and slightly sustainable; planting of different crop varieties, mulching, mixed cropping, etc. All the farmers in the area perceived inadequate capital as a major constraint in coping with climate change effects. Hence, this study recommends government all levels to sensitize the crop farmers on the devastating effects of climate change on agriculture as well as provide supports where necessary to cushion its negative impacts.


Precisely substituted polyethylenes have well-defined primary structures and aggregation architecture. Herein, precisely bromine-substituted polyethylene (PE21Br) was chosen as an ideal model to investigate the substituent impact on epitaxial crystallization upon one-dimensional carbon nanotubes (CNT) and two-dimensional reduced graphene oxide (RGO) via solution crystallization. The abilities of different dimensional nanofillers to induce ordered chain packing structures were compared. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed that kebab-like and rod-like nanofiller-induced crystals were separately observed on the surfaces of CNT and graphene, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern revealed that the c-axis of the polymer chain was parallel to the surface of RGO. Fast-scan differential scanning calorimetry (Flash DSC) revealed that the melting points of the crystals grown on CNT and graphene were increased by 19 and 99 °C, respectively. More importantly, X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggested that CNT and RGO induced the transition of the crystal structure of PE21Br from the triclinic to orthorhombic form, but with different orderness. More ordered lattice structures and higher melting temperatures of PE21Br/RGO nanocomposites are ascribed to the perfect lattice matching between PE21Br and RGO. This study not only provides a method for fabricating bromine-functionalized polyolefin nanocomposites, but is also anticipated to open up a new opportunity for improving the service temperature of substituted polyethylene by means of epitaxial crystallization.


Multi-channel dynamic matrix sound system (DMS) is a multi-channel input and output sound system which is based on source synthesis and Huygens' principle. The sound sources are recorded by microphone array and multi-channel independent recording, instead of the field. This paper describes the results of the subjective evaluation experiments between DMS and conventional stereo system by the semantic differential (SD) method. Five parts of the audio materials and a training material, including the human voice, music, sound effects, were used as the stimuli. All of the stimuli were recorded by the DMS and conventional stereo system respectively. The results proof that the effectiveness of DMS, which has a higher level of sound quality and can give the audience the experience of dynamic subjective feelings compared with conventional stereo system. Furthermore, sound designers must carefully consider the influence of gender, age, preferences on the hearing impression.


We study the problem faced by firms that invest in a foreign country characterized by weak governance. Our focus is on extortion relying on the threat of expropriation and bureaucratic harassment. The bureaucrat's power is characterized by looking at a general extortion mechanism adapted from Myerson's (1981) optimal auction theory. This characterization is used to study the determinants of the quality of governance and whether and how political risk insurance of foreign direct investments improve upon it. We find that it does not always improve upon all governance indicators. It always decreases the bureaucrat's total revenue from corruption, but it may also increase the risk of expropriation and the extortion bribes paid by some firms.


Purpose: In this study an exploration was done of the quality of lives of patients with schizophrenia in South Korea and factors related to quality of life, and to develop a model that predicts the quality of their lives. Methods: The participants were 225 patients with schizophrenia, aged 18 and above, residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-Province. Collected data was analyzed using SAS 9.3 and AMOS 18.0. Results: Social support and psychological well-being were the two factors that most affected the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Symptoms, empowerment, and internalized stigma were not found to influence the quality of the patients`` lives. However, symptoms, social support, empowerment, internalized stigma affected the patients`` psychological well-being, and psychological well-being was identified as an influential variable for quality of life in patients with schizophrenia. Therefore, symptoms, social support, empowerment, and internalized stigma are influential to the patients`` quality of lives through psychological well-being. Conclusion: These results suggest that the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia should be examined through the variable of psychological well-being as many variables related to the patients`` quality of life affect psychological well-being.


In this qualitative study the author examined personal narratives written by 14 Finnish speaking student teachers of Swedish, in order to find out what they tell about their thoughts and feelings concerning their future work as language teachers. The following three themes were in focus: firstly, what university students tell about their reasons for wanting to become teachers in the first place; secondly, what kinds of worries concerning their future work they mention in their narratives; and thirdly, how student teachers could be supported during transition from teacher education to teaching. According to the study, students choose teaching for reasons that are related to: (a) teacher identity and (b) teaching profession. They see teaching as meaningful and rewarding, but tell about worries connected to: (a) appearing in class and not having enough subject knowledge; (b) contacts with teenagers and their parents; and (c) heavy workload and lack of time. The results give support to previous studies indicating that novice teachers would benefit from organized mentoring sessions during transition to working life, so as to make it smoother and less challenging.


We report on the results obtained in 6 Fanconi's anaemia families (FA) (parents, brothers and sisters) affected by at least one of the symptoms usually observed in FA. The 6 FA families were studied from 1974 to 1990, all having located in Madrid (Spain) but with different ethnic origin: 3 families are of Spanish descent and the other 3 are gipsy families. All showed characteristics of the disease, including malformations, stunted growth, microcephaly, skin hyperpigmentation, high incidence of chromosomal breaks in lymphocyte cultures, and hematological and biochemical abnormalities: pancytopeny, increased fetal hemoglobin levels and significantly decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. (Ref. 17.)


The Lagrangian analysis of particulate matter, biota and drifters, which are dispersed by turbulent fluid currents, is a cornerstone of oceanographic studies, covering diverse study objectives. The results of Lagrangian simulations and observations is predominantly visualised by means of easy-access plotting interfaces and simple presentation techniques. We analysed over 50 publications from the years 2010-2020 with respect to their visual design to deduce common visualisation practices in the domain. Individual figures are analysed towards adherence to visualisation best-practices, algebraic visualisation guidelines and the IPCC visual style guide. In this article, we present the resulting best-practices and common pitfalls in the design of Lagrangian ocean visualisations. Based on this visual study, we highlight that raising awareness of established visual guidelines may have a higher impact on improving the visual quality of publications in oceanography than the vigorous development of more general-purpose visualisation tools.


Part 1 The Norman conquest: the comet and 1066 who were the English? why did Duke William invade? who were the Normans? the Battle of Hastings what changed as a result of the conquest?. Part 2 The King governs the realm: the White Ship Henry I's dream - the three estates how the King governed John and Magna Carta. Part 3 Living and working: on the land the world of Piers Ploughman markets shops and trades, crafts and guilds games and entertainment. Part 4 The age of faith: popular Christian belief parish church and parish priest festivals the search for Godly life Church and state - Henry II and Becket pilgrimage. Part 5 The British Isles to c.1400: the British Isles in 1100 the British Isles in 1175 Wales Scotland Ireland. Part 6 Wars and warfare: when and where? knights and chivalry technology of war effects of war - taxation, looting. Part 7 Making and selling: what was wanted - what was made running a merchant business exchange and money Britain and Europe merchant wealth charity and good works the Jews in Britain. Part 8 The Black Death and the Peasants Revolt: health and disease Black Death - its causes and consequences Peasants Revolt - a case study. Part 9 Reading, learning and printing: literacy development of the English language literature - Chaucer, Langland invention of the press what was printed? universities and learning. Part 10 Britain in 1500: taking stock the monarchy - Henry VII Wars of the Roses - the end of the barons? new wealth - merchants and landowners the Church and belief - rumblings of change national feeling a changing world - voyages of discovery.


In this paper, we study semantic labelled tableaux for the propositional Bunched Implications logic (BI) that freely combines intuitionistic logic (IL) and multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic (MILL). BI is a resource-aware logic that captures interferences between resources and it is well suited, because of its resource-based sharing interpretation, for reasoning about mutable data structures. We propose a labelled tableau calculus for BI 1 based on particular labels and constraints. We prove the soundness and completeness of this calculus w.r.t. the Kripke resource semantics with emphasis on countermodel construction. In addition, we prove the finite model property and as a consequence the decidability of BI . Moreover, we analyse some algorithmic aspects of the tableau construction by providing a free variable variant of the calculus. We also develop the restrictions to IL andMILL that provide new tableau methods for both logics with generation of countermodels.


The implementation of automation is very much needed for millennials generation because in the middle of year 200, the hotel industry, especially in the city of Surabaya has entered the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, which is shown by the developing digital technology rapidly. This affects a person lifestyle from the way they work, socializing, behavior or habit, making decision to shop and stay somewhere. In determining where to stay, the millennials taking advantage of technological advances by looking for preferences on website or social media. Using the post-positivism philosophy and descriptive approach to the Hotel Ciputra World Surabaya as the object of research, four informants were chosen to represent millennial generation as hotel guests and triangulation of resources was conducted with hotel staff managing technology and dealing with guests at the hotel. It turns out that the automation technology that has been implemented at Ciputra World Hotel Surabaya does not currently have a significant impact on the decision of millennial generation stays due to the lack of information about the existence and benefits of technology to guests. This failure became a lesson for Ciputra World Surabaya Hotel to first explore the perceptions expected by millennials as the future market segment regarding the implementation of automation first, namely the concept of all in one in mobile apps.


Computation is a powerful artistic medium. Artists with experience in programming have demonstrated the unique creative opportunities of using code to make art. Currently, manual artists interested in using procedural techniques must undergo the difficult process of learning to program, and must adopt tools and practices far removed from those to which they are accustomed. We hypothesize that, through the right direct manipulation interface, we can enable accessible and expressive procedural art creation. To explore this, we developed Para, a digital illustration tool that supports the creation of declarative constraints in vector artwork. Para's constraints enable procedural relationships while facilitating live manual control and non-linear editing. Constraints can be combined with duplication behaviors and ordered collections of artwork to produce complex, dynamic compositions. We use the results of two open-ended studies with professional artists and designers to provide guidelines for accessible tools that integrate manual and procedural expression.


Animals gain benefits by forming groups with phenotypically and behaviourally similar individuals. The most common groups are homogenous, composed by conspecifics, although in some cases associations of similar organisms of different species have been reported when individuals benefit from it. In this study, we tested the prediction that the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata, a fish that has successfully invaded at least 70 countries, will shoal with heterospecifics. We measured shoaling tendency and shoal companion preference in wild-caught female guppies when they encounter two heterospecific species: the native Poecilia picta and the non-native Poecilia sphenops, a poeciliid recently introduced in Trinidad. Our results show that guppies have a higher tendency to shoal with conspecifics; if the alternative is be alone, they readily shoal with both species even when they have had no previous experience with other poeciliids. Individuals in these associations could benefit from safety in numbers along with other advantages of group living. This predisposition to associate with other species that share similar ecological conditions could explain the guppy's success as invasive species as it enables them to increase their shoal size during the first stages of invasion and thus avoid Allee effects.


Institutional review board approval and written informed consent were obtained. The purpose of this study was to prospectively validate usefulness of diffusion-tensor (DT) fiber tractography of the corticospinal tract at 3-T magnetic resonance imaging, in combination with the subcortical motor-evoked potential (MEP) technique, as a tool for tractography-guided neurosurgery. DT imaging and corticospinal tractography were performed at 3 T in eight patients (four men, four women; mean age, 41 years; age range, 23-58 years) with intracranial space-occupying lesions. Tractography data were transferred to a neuronavigation system, and tractography-guided neurosurgery was performed. During lesion resection, subcortical MEPs were recorded. Positive MEP response was observed in four patients. No patients developed new motor weakness postoperatively. Complementary use of tractography and MEP may be useful for intraoperative depiction of corticospinal tracts.


A consolidated representative democracy requires representation of all citizens—including women. Yet, most Latin American countries fall short of gender equality in legislative representation at the national level. In this paper, I analyze women's representation in Latin America asking three questions:  What does women's representation in Latin America look like? Why does it look that way? And, what are the consequences of women's representation for legislative politics and democracy in Latin America? I answer these questions drawing on recent research conducted on women's representation and present original data from my research on women's representation in Latin America. I conclude that women's representation in national legislatures has increased over time in just about every country but to varying degrees. Women's representation today continues to vary widely across the region. The primary explanation for this is the nature of electoral institutions in Latin American countries—specifically, the magnitude of electoral districts, gender quota laws, party control over their ballots. The benefits of including women in national legislatures are myriad but include most importantly greater attention to women's issues in the legislative arena. Yet, challenges still persist for women in political office, specifically, their continued lack of access to real political power. These obstacles must be addressed for women to attain full political representation in Latin American democracies, and thus, for Latin American democracies to be fully consolidated.


Background: According to several studies the QRS amplitude of the ECG increases during hemodialysis. The detailed background to this phenomenon has not been defined. Two main mechanisms have been suggested: myocardial ischemia and volume changes. New noninvasive technologies make possible a comparison of QRS complex changes synchronously with myocardial ischemia and extracellular water (ECW)/blood volume (BV) changes during hemodialysis. Methods: In this study hemodialysis-related changes in body weight, biochemical blood variables, BV, ECW, ST segment and QRS complex were analyzed in 15 patients (age 36–76, time on dialysis 0–6 years) undergoing chronic hemodialysis treatment. QRS complex and ST segment changes were measured using a dynamic vectorcardiographic monitoring system. The ECG parameters measured were QRS vector difference (QRS-VD) and ST vector magnitude (ST-VM6). Bioimpedance analysis was used to detect changes in the ECW. Continuous measurement of BV changes was implemented using an on-line optical reflection method based on the reflection of infrared light by erythrocyte membranes. Blood hemoglobin (B-Hb), hematocrit (B-Hcr), plasma sodium (P-Na), chloride (P-Cl), magnesium (P-Mg), potassium (P-K), ionized calcium (P-iCa), phosphate (P-Pi), creatinine (P-Crea) and urea (S-Urea) were monitored. Results: The mean QRS-VD increase during the dialysis session was almost fourfold (372 ± 300%) from 4.16 ± 2.40 to 15.60 ± 7.0 μVs (p < 0.001). This change was due to a change in amplitude, since the duration of the QRS complex did not alter significantly. The correlation between the changes in QRS-VD and body weight from the start to the end of the dialysis session was moderate and statistically significant (r = –0.55, p < 0.05). The correlation between the changes in QRS-VD and ECW varied from r = –0.67 to –0.97, being statistically significant in all patients (p < 0.001). The correlation between BV and QRS-VD was assessed at one minute intervals during the dialysis and varied from r = –0.22 to –0.98, being significant in 14 of the 15 patients (p < 0.001). Significant ST segments alterations (ST-VM6 elevation > 100 μV) did not occur during dialysis. Laboratory parameters reflecting volume and osmotic changes during hemodialysis correlated with QRS-VD change: B-Hcr (r = 0.56, p < 0.05), B-Hb (r = 0.63, p < 0.05), P-Na (r = 0.62, p < 0.05) and S-Urea (r = –0.62, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The increase in QRS complex amplitude during hemodialysis is correlated to reduced ECW. The mechanism involved is most probably augmentation of electrical resistance of the tissues around the heart caused by loss of interstitial fluid.


B6 mice are of intermediate susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) while Balb/c mice are resistant but are, in turn, highly susceptible to proteoglycan-induced arthritis. Antigen presentation is H-2 directed but the disease that results is thought to be driven by regions outside of the MHC therefore, CXB mouse strains afford the opportunity to look at the influence of these regions on CIA. H2-b CXB strains are predicted to show variation in disease parameters relative to B6, depending on which Balb/c chromosome regions are present. 9/13 CXB strains are H-2b while one has a recombined H-2 region (CXB9). The four H-2d strains were crossed with C57Bl/6ByJ to generate heterozygous F1 mice that could present collagen via the B6-contributed H-2b locus. A range of incidence and severity of disease was seen across the strains, and mice were assigned to susceptibility groups based on collected parameters, including incidence. QTL analysis using WebQTL, has identified regions on chromosomes 13, 15 and 19, that correlate with susceptibility to CIA. Genes in these regions include some associated with inflammation via TGFá and IL-8, and a T-cell gene linked to rheumatoid arthritis in humans. Additionally, 3/14 identified genes are relatively specific to chondrocytes, with cartilage being the target tissue for autoimmune arthritis. These data are encouraging in that autoimmune disease involves some type of immune deregulation that in certain individuals, acts on a specific target. This model may, therefore, lend clues as to why cartilage becomes a specific target for immunological attack.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of tumor that results from chronic inflammation triggered by hepatotropic viruses or other toxic chemicals. Constitutive activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB is an important event involved in chronic inflammation of the liver. The HBV X protein (HBx) is shown to activate NF-κB by inducing phosphorylation of IκBα and decreasing IκBα stability. Centrosomal protein P4.1-associated protein (CPAP), which plays important roles in centrosomal functions, is previously identified as the transcriptional co-activator of NF-κB. Herein, we demonstrate that CPAP can directly interact with HBx to enhance HBx-mediated NF-κB activation. Knockdown expression of CPAP abolishes this effect, indicating that CPAP is required for HBx-mediated NF-κB activation. In addition, HBx cooperates with cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) to increase the expression of CPAP by up-regulating its promoter activity. Furthermore, overexpression of CPAP enhances the protein stability of HBx. These results suggest that a positive feedback regulation exists between CPAP and HBx. The stable expression of CPAP in HCC cell lines increases cell proliferation. In addition, the co-expression of CPAP and HBx more greatly enhances the cell proliferation ability than either CPAP or HBx alone. Taken together, our study indicates that CPAP can cooperate with HBx and is important for HBx-induced NF-κB activation. Citation Format: Liang-Yi Hung. CPAP contributes to HBx-mediated NF-κB activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4210. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4210


Objective To investigate the relationship between the shoulder gradient and acromiohumeral interval of both shoulders in patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome. Method Using the angulometer, we measured the shoulder gradient in patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome in a standing position. Using the radiography, we measured the acromiohumeral interval and the angle between a vertical line and a line connecting a superior angle with an inferior angle of the scapula. Results In patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome, the frequency of shoulder impingement syndrome was 76.2% (16 of 21) on the side of the relatively lower shoulder. The mean acromiohumeral interval on the side of the lower shoulder was 10.03±1.28 mm, compared with 10.46±1.50 mm for the higher shoulder. The angle between a vertical line and a line connecting a superior angle with an inferior angle of the scapular of the side of the lower shoulder was -0.31±3.73 degrees, compared with 3.85±4.42 degrees for the higher shoulder. Conclusion The frequency of shoulder impingement syndrome was significantly higher on the side of the relatively lower shoulder, and there is no significant difference in the acromiohumeral interval between the side of the lower shoulder and that of the higher shoulder. In patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome, the scapular on the side of lower shoulder was more rotated downward than on the side of the higher shoulder.


Fully microscopic models are used to study the temperature dependence of carrier losses due to radiative and Auger recombination processes in semiconductor quantum wells. The temperature (T) dependence of these loss processes is shown to depend on the carrier density, on details of the bandstructure, and on the Coulomb effects. While classical estimates based on simplified models predict a density independent 1/T-variation of the radiative losses, we find for the example of typical 1.3 mum InGaAsP structures a dependence closer to 1/T3 at low densities. At high densities the temperature dependence is much weaker and can no longer be described by a simple power law. For a given density the Auger losses can be described by an exponential temperature dependence for limited temperature ranges if one uses a density dependent activation energy that can take positive or negative values.


This project paper was designed to examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on a Malaysia real estate return series during financial crisis. The Asian financial crisis of 1997-2001 gives huge impact to Malaysian economy which shows the currency and stock market collapse. Besides that, other purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between interest rate, inflation, gross domestic product and unemployment rate with real estate's stock return. The relationship between property returns and the macro economy is important to investors1 strategies. Then, from this finding it shows whether there is weak or strong relationship between each variable. As for methodology, the analysis of this study covers a period of five years from 1997 to 2001 on quarterly basis. The data comprises of the independent variables that are interest rate, inflation, gross domestic product and unemployment rate while dependent variable is stock return on 30 property companies randomly selected in Main Board at Bursa Malaysia. All the data will be collected through secondary sources such as annual reports, Department of Statistics, Bank Negara Malaysia, and DataStream. For the data analysis, this research hypothesized the relationship between the real estate return and macroeconomic factors like interest rate, inflation, gross domestic product and unemployment rate and also the significant of each variable. The tools used for the analysis are Multiple Regression whiles the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) as the statistical software. Pattern analysis based on correlation models reveals the ongoing macroeconomic links with major property markets.


To clarify how interdependence develops, we employ Berscheid's (1983) emotional investment perspective to illuminate the ways intimacy maps onto interference and facilitation from romantic partners. We conducted a cross-sectional, self-report study involving 498 individuals. As anticipated, we found a small nonlinear association between intimacy and interference from partners, a positive association between intimacy and facilitation from partners, and an interaction between intimacy and influence from partners that predicted interference. Notably, however, intimacy did not interact with influence to predict facilitation. Interference and facilitation were positively correlated at the bivariate level and negatively correlated when influence was covaried. We discuss how our findings characterize developing interdependence across the life span of courtship.


This study examines two issues which have challenged prior experimental or survey research: (1) whether the time-varying effects of service recovery on customer satisfaction may follow a long decay or short decay and (2) why and what service recovery efforts have a higher and quicker buildup, with respect to the significance and timing of recovering customer satisfaction losses due to service failures. The authors do so with a real-world data set from China's mobile phone markets. The authors developed multivariate time-series model to simulate the dynamic service recovery process and implemented Bayesian estimation to resolve overparameterization problem. The empirical results surprisingly reveal that apology-based service recovery efforts are the least effective in salvaging customer satisfaction, with the shortest decay and lowest buildup intensity. In contrast, quality improvement is the most effective, with the highest buildup and longest decay but slowest buildup toward the peak impact point. Compensation has moderate and stable impact overtime. Communications' impact on customer satisfaction builds up the quickest, though with mild endurance and magnitude. Also, the decomposition models enable managers to monitor how many percentages of customer satisfaction gains are originated from which types of service rescue efforts.


Platelet survival, platelet production and megakaryocyte quantifications were studied in control subjects and in patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and primary thrombocythaemia (PT). A platelet death probability function (DPF), which gives the expected probability of a randomly chosen platelet to be destroyed within the nextcoming short time interval, was constructed on the basis of the present knowledge of platelet function and the factors that influence its survival. Starting from this function platelet age and life span distributions and the function for the survival curve were derived. Platelet mean life span (MLS) was in controls 6.9d, in PT 5.2Dd and in ITP 0.44d. Determinations of platelet life span and platelet age distributions revealed a considerable variation in platelet life spans about these means and a great difference in platelet age compositions between the 3 groups of subjects studied. The function for the platelet survival curve, derived from the DPF, was employed in the calculation of platelet production and there was a highly significant relationship between platelet production and megakaryocyte volume per microliter bone marrow giving mutual confirmation to the 2 determinations and to the correctness of the death probability function.


Graves' hyperthyroidism is thought to be caused by thyroid-stimulating antibodies, which interact with the thyrotropin receptors in the thyroid. In this sense there is no ideal treatment for Graves' hyperthyroidism, yet, according to the pathogenesis of the disease. Therefore, drugs of thionamide which inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis have still been used as the antithyroid drugs widely. However, there are many problems left for antithyroid drug therapy. The author described update considerations to solve these problems faced during the therapy of Grave's hyperthyroidism. Major issues discussed are as follows; 1) Thionamide therapy depending on the severity of Graves' hyperthyroidism. 2) Evaluation of drug effectiveness. 3) Possibility and choice of therapy. 4) Change of therapy from antithyroid drugs. 5) Explanation of antithyroid drug to patients. 6) Side effects. 7) When antithyroid drug should be stopped?


BACKGROUND
Intussusception is a rare cause of bowel obstruction in adults, typically associated with malignancy, granuloma formation, a foreign body or an anatomic defect.

CASE
A 21-year-old, primiparous woman presented at 33 5/7 weeks' gestation with vague abdominal symptoms consistent with acute viral gastroenteritis. She did not improve with conservative measures. A presumptive diagnosis of severe preeclampsia was made based on elevated blood pressure, abnormal liver function tests and epigastric pain. Labor was induced 34 5/7 weeks' gestation. The patient did not improve after an uncomplicated vaginal delivery. Abdominal radiographs and computed tomography were consistent with intussusception. Surgical findings were consistent with the radiologic findings. The patient underwent a right hemicolectomy with stapled anastomosis. No pathologic or anatomically anomalous lead point was identified intraoperatively or on final pathology.

CONCLUSION
Intussusception is a rare finding in the peripartum period, often presenting with vague abdominal symptoms and mistaken for benign obstetric and nonobstetric diseases. This case is only the second one of adult perinatal intussusception without an anatomic or pathologic lead point.


OBJECTIVE
Comparing with the classic immuno-supressors, to probe in the in vitro effect of Cordyceps Sinensis (CS) on the differentiation, maturation and function of dentritic cells (DCs), and further to explore its mechanism.

METHODS
Mice myeloid DCs were cultured respectively with extraction of Bailing Capsule (CSE), a Chinese medical preparation made of CS, Rapamycin and Tacrolimus, and the effect of various drugs on phenotype of DCs was analyzed with flow cytometer. Then, using as the stimulator, the DCs cultured with different drugs were mixed and cultured with heterogenous lymphocytes for observing the stimulating capacity of DCs on cell proliferation.

RESULTS
CSE showed no in vitro effect on phenotype markers and co-stimulation molecules of DCs, the difference between CSE and Tacrolimus was insignificant, while Rapamycin could reduce the two parameters. CSE showed a marked suppressive effect on DCs in stimulating leucocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION
CSE could affect the stimulating capacity of DCs on cell proliferation, which is probably by means of inhibiting the function of antigen presentating cells to block the presentation of extrinsic signal, and make the low immune response condition, thus to obtain the effect of immunosuppression.


The architectural graphics and archives of Yangshi Lei collected in the National Library of China and other institutions are of great importance for the research on the architectural history of China. This paper introduces the pioneers for the study on Yangshi Lei and their innovative checkup and research work.


Introduction: Diabetes has a major impact on morbidity and mortality today. It is estimated that by 2040, about 642 million people are affected worldwide, of which, 34.2 million are from sub-Saharan countries. The direct annual cost of diabetes health care worldwide is estimated at about 153 billion dollars. These patients represent 30% to 40% of all admissions to emergency services, leading to high values of hospital expenditure. We aim to evaluate the cost of treatment of patients with diabetes admitted to Prenda Hospital Medicine Service in 2012. Methods: Retrospective analytical observational study, with data collected from the clinical processes of medical service (age and gender, length of hospitalization, resources consumed, cost of treatment per patient and discharge). Results: Out of 121 patients, the majority was female (n = 70, 57.9%). The age group of 36 to 45 years old was the most frequent among these patients (n = 26, 21.5%). November was the month that recorded the largest number of admissions (n = 17, 14%). About 45.5% were hospitalized during five to eight days, on average for nine days. The majority (76.9%) was discharged due to health condition improvement. The price of materials used for treatment of the disease had high variation, and 31 550.15 kwanzas was spent to acquire them. The direct cost per patient per day was 4170.11 kwanzas and the estimated annual cost of care of diabetic patients admitted to Prenda Hospital was 45 525 490.9 kwanzas in 2012. Discussion and Conclusion: These results are in accordance with other studies, indicating a relevant cost of treatment of diabetic patients admitted to Prenda Hospital Medicine Service in 2012.


BACKGROUND
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) exhibit atypical attentional characteristics when viewing faces. Although atypical configural processing of faces has been reported in WS, the relative strengths of configural and local feature information to capture visual attention in WS remains unclear. We previously demonstrated that attentional capture by target-unrelated upright faces differs depending on what response is measured. Whereas eye movements reflected subtle atypical attentional properties at the late stage of visual search, manual responses could not capture the atypical attentional profiles towards target-unrelated upright faces in individuals with WS. Here we used the same experimental paradigm to assess whether sensitivity to configural facial information is necessary for capturing attention in WS.

METHODS
We measured both eye movements and manual responses from 17 individuals with WS and 34 typically developing children and adults while they were actively involved in a visual search task with an inverted face distractor. Task measures (reaction time and performance accuracy) and gaze behaviour (initial direction of attention and fixation duration) were analysed for each stimulus.

RESULTS
When the target and the inverted face were displayed in the same search array, reaction times and accuracies in individuals with WS showed similar tendencies as typical controls. Analysis of task and gaze measures revealed that attentional orienting towards inverted faces was not atypical.

CONCLUSION
Although individuals with WS exhibited atypical gaze behaviour towards upright faces in our previous study, this unusual behaviour disappears if the faces are upside down. These findings suggest that local feature information alone (e.g. eyes) does not contribute to the heightened attention to faces, but configural information appears necessary for drawing attention to faces in individuals with WS, at least in the current experimental paradigm.


The relationship between the body and nature is an essential chapter in the studies on corporeality and body ecology, one that articulates ethical, social, and educational issues. Using French and Brazilian studies, this paper presents a reflection on the body and naturism, highlighting aspects of body ethics, hygiene, leisure, nudity, and modesty. In the theoretical context of the geography of sport, the authors present naturism and the practice of naked surfing on Tambaba Beach in João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.


In one of the prolific fields in Kuwait, achieving zonal isolation posed a big challenge mainly due to setting the production liner shoe close to the oil-water-contact zone. Cement bond logs from the primary cementing jobs were not acceptable due to contamination from intruding water leading to a high water-cut in the produced oil. We review the first implementation of a self-sealing Cementing System in Kuwait to improve zonal isolation and cutting the water production.
 A comprehensive pre-job study was executed to engineer a suitable cementing system containing a swellable elastomer for oil-water-cuts with proper test in Lab. A novel HPHT multi-function test cell apparatus and procedure were utilized to measure in-situ ability of fractured cement specimens to seal oil-water-flows under the given simulated downhole conditions. Shrinkage or expansion of the set cement was also verified under pressure and temperature with a continuous test method run over several days. Thorough lab tests and Computational Fluid Dynamics simulations were run to enable a fit-for-purpose and robust cement slurry design ensuring proper placement of the cementing system in the well.
 This paper will describe how this cement was designed and engineered in laboratory. It will also describe how the set up was made simulating a crack in cement specimen and injecting water cut oil reacts and provides desired results.
 A calculated cement engineering approach was adopted to ensure better cement slurry placement and reduce the chances of slurry contamination. The test conditions were staged to replicate the most appropriate downhole conditions of pressure, temperature and simulated micro channel in the cement sheath. After the successful implementation of the self-sealing cementing system along the 7-in production liner in 2 wells, the corresponding cement bond log images showed hydraulic isolation and the production data from the wells indicated a reduction of nearly 50% in the water cut thus allowing a favorable oil production.
 This technology is applied in other wells of this field and other fields also with good results. This is being continued to use in critical wells.


High-shear, low-CAPE environments prevalent in the southeastern United States account for a large fraction of tornadoes and pose challenges for operational meteorologists. Yet, existing knowledge of supercell dynamics, particularly in the context of cloud-resolving modeling, is dominated by moderate- to high-CAPE environments typical of the Great Plains. This study applies high-resolution modeling to clarify the behavior of supercells in the more poorly understood low-CAPE environments, and compares them to a benchmark simulation in a higher-CAPE environment. Simulated low-CAPE supercells' main updrafts do not approach the theoretical equilibrium level; their largest vertical velocities result not from buoyancy, but from dynamic accelerations associated with low-level mesocyclones and vortices. Surprisingly, low-CAPE tornado-like vortex parcels also sometimes stop ascending near the vortex top instead of carrying large vorticity upward into the midlevel updraft, contributing to vortex shallowness. Each of these low-CAPE behaviors is attributed to dynamic perturbation pressure gradient accelerations that are maximized in low levels, which predominate when the buoyancy is small.


In the present study, the physical processes that control the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature in the tropical Atlantic Ocean are investigated. A high-resolution ocean general circulation model is used to diagnose the various contributions to the mixed layer heat budget. The simulation reproduces the main features of the circulation and thermal structure of the tropical Atlantic. A close examination of the mixed layer heat budget is then undertaken. At a first order, the mixed layer temperature balance in the equatorial band results from cooling by vertical processes and heating by atmospheric heat fluxes and eddies (mainly tropical instability waves). Cooling by subsurface processes is the strongest in June-August, when easterlies are strong, with a second maximum in December. Heating by the atmosphere is maximum in February-March and September-October, whereas eddies are most active in boreal summer. Unlike previous observational studies, horizontal advection by low-frequency currents plays here only a minor role in the heat budget. Off equator, the sea surface temperature variability is mainly governed by atmospheric forcing all year long, except in the northeastern part of the basin where strong eddies generated at the location of the thermal front significantly contribute to the heat budget in boreal summer. Finally, comparisons with previously published heat budgets calculated from observations show good qualitative agreement, except that subsurface processes dominate the cooling over zonal advection in the present study.


A man, aged 45, complained of constant pain in the left side of the back. It was of old standing, and on this account he had been discharged from the navy as unfit for further service nine years before. He had been in a number of hospitals during the past ten years, and altlhough radiographic investigations had been carried out in all the cause of the pain hlad escaped recognition. When I first saw the patient, although lie was a little thin, his general condition was fairly good. The urine contained a considerable amount of pus. The radiographic examination revealed no abnormality in either renal region, but in the pelvis, lying mostly below the brim, occupying the hollow of the sacrum in a medial situation, was to be seen a curious irregular opacity. On cystoscopy I found the bladder to be free from stone, but the seat of a chronic inflammation which was most marked about the left ureteric orifice. This structure was injected, swollen, and immobile. The right ureteric orifice was normal in appearance and effluxes of clear urine could be seen coiring from it. A ureteric catheter failed to pass up the left ureter for more than 2 cm., while 30 cm. of catheter readily passed up the right, indicating a normal length of this structure. Following the intravenous injection of 5 c.cm. of 0.4 per cent. indigo-carmine, the dye was e:szreted in good concentration from the right side in three minutes, whereas it had not appeared at all from the left after ten minutes had elapsed. Microscopical examination of the urine from the right kidney failed to reveal any pus, but a few Gram-negative bacilli were seen. These, on culture, proved to be of the B. coli yrouUD. The urine from thA bladder contaiined a considerable amount of pus and numerous coliform bacilli. It was concluded from these observations that the pelvic opacities were due to a mass of calculi in the left kidney which was occupying the hollow of the sacrum, that the infection of the bladder had its origin in the left kidiney, and that the right kidney was present in its normal position and functioning well. Operation was therefore undertaken with the intention of removing the ectopic organ with its stones.


In the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus pandemic of 2019 (COVID-19), it has become evident that the ACE-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral spike protein (SP) is the target of neutralizing antibodies that comprise a critical element of protective immunity to the virus. The most definitive confirmation of this contention is that the two mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in general use, which elicit antibodies specific for the RBD, exhibit approximately 95% protective efficacy against COVID-19. A potential challenge to vaccine efficacy is the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants possessing multiple mutations affecting amino acid residues in the RBD. Of concern are variants that arose in the United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa. One of the variants, designated B.1.351, has shown a higher transmissibility due to greater affinity for the ACE-2 receptor and decreased neutralization by convalescent plasma, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and post-vaccination plasma. Common to several of the variants is the N501Y mutation in the RBD, which may be responsible for at least part of the observed variant properties. To test this hypothesis, we measured the ability of the Y501 RBD to inhibit binding of the wild type RBD and full SP (S1 + S2) to the ACE-2 protein and a human monoclonal IgG antibody elicited to the wild type RBD, relative to the wild type RBD in two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). We found no significant difference in the IC50 of the two RBD species' inhibition of ACE-2 binding, but unexpectedly found that the IC50 of the wild type RBD inhibition of antibody binding was nearly twice that of the Y501 RBD, reflecting a lower affinity. These results suggest that the individual N501Y mutation does not contribute to altered viral properties by itself, but may contribute to a collective conformational shift produced by multiple mutations.


Foreword. Preface. Organization of the Book. Contributors. PART I: TRANSFORMING PROTEINS AND GENES INTO THERAPEUTICS. 1. Introduction to Biopharmaceuticals. 1.1. Biotechnology versus Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 1.2. Historical Perspective of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 1.3. Not All Protein Drugs and Vaccines of the Same Name Are Identical. 2. Comparative Drug Development of Proteins and Genes versus Small Molecules. 2.1. Transforming New Molecular Entities into Drugs. 2.2. Differences between Development of Biotechnology Products of Macromolecules and Chemical Products. 2.3. Current Trends in Drug Development. 3. Biotechnology Industry Perspective on Drug Development. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Role of the Orphan Drug Act. 3.3. Clinical Leverage Strategy in Accelerating Drug Development. 3.4. Therapeutic Target Considerations. 4. Biopharmaceutical Technologies and Processes in Drug Development. 4.1. Application of Biotechnologies in Drug Discovery and Development. 4.2. Large-Scale Production of Recombinant Proteins. 4.3. Biologic Drug Development and Approval. 5. Pharmacology, Toxicology, Therapeutic Dosage Formulations, and Clinical Response. 5.1. Clinical Pharmacology. 5.2. Dose and Therapeutic Response. 5.3. Dosage Form and Routes of Administration. PART II: THERAPEUTICS BASED ON BIOTECHNOLOGY. 6. Hematopoietic Growth Factors and Coagulation Factors. 6.1. Overview. 6.2. Monographs. 7. Interferons and Cytokines for Anti-infective and Cancer Therapy. 7.1. Interferons in Cancer Therapy (Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, Paul Masci, and Ernest Borden). 7.2. Interferons in Viral Hepatitis (Gary L. Davis). 7.3. Interferon-b in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. 7.4. Monographs. 8. Hormones. 8.1. Protein Hormones as Therapeutics:Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (Sandra Blethen 8.2. Monographs. 9. Enzymes. 9.1. Overview of Enzyme Therapies. 9.2. Monographs. 10. Antibodies and Derivatives. 10.1. Overview. 10.2. Monographs. 11. Vaccines (Shiu-Lok Hu and Rodney J.Y. Ho). 11.1. Why Vaccines? 11.2. How Do Vaccines Work? 11.3. Traditional Vaccine Approaches. 11.4. Subcellular and Recombinant Subunit Vaccines. 11.5. Future Directions. 11.6. Summary. 12. Other Products: Monographs. PART III: FUTURE DIRECTIONS. 13. Advanced Drug Delivery. 13.1. Rationale and Basic Principles. 13.2. Physiologic and Mechanistic Approaches. 13.3. Approaches Using Devices. 13.4. Molecular Approaches. 13.5. Summary. 14. Individualization of Drug Regimens: Integration of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacogenetic Principles in Drug Therapy. 14.1. Overview of Factors Governing Interindividual Variations. 14.2. Historical Perspective on Pharmacogenetics. 14.3. Pharmacogenetics: Drug Metabolism and Transport. 14.4. Pharmacogenetics: Therapeutic Response. 14.5. Individualized Gene-Based Medicine: A Mixed Blessing. 14.6. Current and Potential Application of Pharmacogenetics. 14.7. Summary. 15. Gene and Cell Therapy. 15.1. Overview of Gene and Cell Therapeutics. 15.2. Delivery and Expression of Genes Encoded for Functional Proteins (Sean M. Sullivan). 16. Integration of Discovery and Development: The Role of Genomics and Proteomics. 16.1. Overview. 16.2. Integration of Discovery and Development of Therapeutic Candidates. 16.3. Genomics: The First Link between Sequences and Drug Targets. 16.4. Proteomics: From Sequences to Functions. 16.5. Integrating Proteomic and Genomic Tools to Accelerate Drug Development. 16.6. Summary. Appendix I: Dosage Form, Pharmacokinetics, and Disposition Data. Appendix II: Molecular Characteristic and Therapeutic Use. Appendix III: Nomenclature of Biotechnology Products. Appendix IV: Synonyms of Trade, Common, and Scientific Names. Appendix V: Other Information Tables. Index. Monographs Index.


There is an escalating demand for geriatric oral healthcare in all developed and developing countries including India. Two-thirds of the world's elderly live in developing countries. This is a huge population that must receive attention from policy-makers who will be challenged by the changing demands for social and health services including oral health services. Resources are limited thus rather than being aspirational in wanting to provide all treatment needed for everybody, this critique presents a road map of how we might answer the present and future geriatric oral health concerns in a most efficient manner in a developing country. Viewing the recent Indian demographic profile and the trends in oral health, pertinent policy subjects have been discussed concerning the oral health needs of the elderly and also the associated challenges which include strategies to improve quality of life, strategies to train and educate the dental workforce and above all the role of healthcare systems towards realization of better aged society in India and other developing countries.


The idea that general intelligence may be more variable in males than in females has a long history. In recent years it has been presented as a reason that there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, yet males tend to be overrepresented at both the top and bottom ends of its overall, presumably normal, distribution. Clear analysis of the actual distribution of general intelligence based on large and appropriately population-representative samples is rare, however. Using two population-wide surveys of general intelligence in 11-year-olds in Scotland, we showed that there were substantial departures from normality in the distribution, with less variability in the higher range than in the lower. Despite mean IQ-scale scores of 100, modal scores were about 105. Even above modal level, males showed more variability than females. This is consistent with a model of the population distribution of general intelligence as a mixture of two essentially normal distributions, one reflecting normal variation in general intelligence and one refecting normal variation in effects of genetic and environmental conditions involving mental retardation. Though present at the high end of the distribution, sex differences in variability did not appear to account for sex differences in high-level achievement.


Growth hormone (GH) responses to growth-hormonereleasing hormone (GRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were studied in 17 diabetic patients. Ten patients (group 1) had retinopathy corresponding to stage III—V (Scott's classification), and the remaining seven patients (group 2) had no retinopathy despite longer duration of diabetes in comparison with the patients in group 1. There were no differences in age, percent of ideal body weight, and serum HbA1 levels between the two groups. Basal serum GH levels were 1.9 ± 0.4 ng/ml (mean ± SEM) in group 1, and not different from the values in group 2 (1.6 ± 0.7 ng/ml). However, GH responses to synthetic human GRH-44 (1 μg/kg body wt, i.v. bolus) were significantly greater in group 1, as judged by the maximal response or integrated GH secretion after the administration of GRH. There were no differences in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels between group 1 (262 ± 35 ng/ml) and group 2 (232 ± 30 ng/ml), and no significant correlation was found between serum IGF-I levels and GH responses to GRH in either of the two groups. Paradoxical GH responses to TRH (500 μg, i.v. bolus) were found in only one patient in each group. We have thus demonstrated that GH responses to GRH are more pronounced in diabetic patients with retinopathy than in patients without this complication, although it remains to be determined whether or not greater GH responses to GRH are causally related to the development of diabetic retinopathy.


We revisit Rossby-Haurwitz planetary wave modes of a two-dimensional fluid along the surface of a rotating planet, as elements of irreducible representations of the so(3) Lie algebra. Key questions addressed are, firstly, why it is that the non-linear self-interaction of any Rossby-Haurwitz wave mode is zero, and secondly, why the phase velocity of these wave modes is insensitive to their orientation with respect to the axis of rotation of the planet, while at the same time the very rotation of the planet is a precondition for the existence of the waves. As we show, answers to both questions can be rooted in Lie group and representation theory. In our study the Rossby-Haurwitz modes emerge in a coordinate-free, as well as in a Ricci tensor rank-free manner. We find them with respect to a continuum of spherical coordinate systems, that are arbitrarily oriented with respect to the planet. Furthermore, we show that, in the same sense in which the Lie derivative of Ricci tensor fields is rankfree, the wave equation for Rossby-Haurwitz modes is rank-free. We find that, for each irreducible representation of so(3), there is a corresponding sufficient condition for existence of Rossby-Haurwitz modes as solutions that are separable with respect to space and time. This condition comes in the form of a system of equations of motion for the coordinate systems. Coordinate systems that move along with Rossby-Haurwitz modes emerge as special cases of these. In these coordinate systems the waves appear as stationary spatial fields, so that the motion of the coordinate system coincides with the wave phase propagation. The general solution of the existence condition is a continuum of moving spherical coordinate systems that precess about the axes of the Rossby-Haurwitz modes. Within a single irreducible representation of so(3), the waves are dispersionless.


The aim of this study is to determine the phenolic and polysaccharidic composition, texture properties, and gene expression of new seedless table grape cultivars Timco™ and Krissy™ and compare them to the traditional table grape variety Crimson Seedless (Vitis vinifera L.), during ripening and in commercial postharvest conditions. According to the results, phenolic compounds were present in very different proportions. The total anthocyanins responsible for skin color increased during maturation and the majority anthocyanin in the three cultivars was peonidin-3-glucoside, followed by malvidin-3-glucoside. The phenolic compounds presented a different behavior (decreasing or increasing) during postharvest. The total skin soluble polysaccharides decreased during ripening and postharvest in Crimson Seedless and Krissy™ and remained constant from technological maturity to postharvest storage in Timco™. In all cultivars, the majority soluble polysaccharide fraction was that with a molecular mass between 500 and 35 KDa. The skin mechanical properties of table grapes were good parameters for differentiating varieties, with better results for the new cultivars, compared to the traditional Crimson Seedless, especially in postharvest. Genes involved in the flavonoid pathway and cell wall metabolism in skins exhibited an increase in expression from veraison to remaining constant at the end of the berry ripening.


A high degree of variation in hydrographic conditions is found in the so-called Iroise Sea, within less than 100 km of the west coast of Brittany. Tidal current maximal velocity, especially, ranges there from about 0·5 knot to more than 8 knots (locally, near the island of Ushant), i.e. practically as wide a range as found over the whole of north-west European shelf seas. Pelagic ecosystems accordingly exhibit a high degree of variety, related not only to classical inshore-offshore gradients, but also to the extent of vertical mixing or stratification. Areas where different physical and biological conditions prevail are generally separated by rather clearcut boundaries. The better-known of these is the Ushant thermal front, which runs in summer across the whole entrance to the English Channel, but also extends into the Iroise. In addition, freshwater runoff results in thermohaline stratification, or at least in the existence of thermohaline vertical gradients, in the two major bays of the west coast of Brittany. The relevant area is limited seawards by a thermohaline front, the Iroise inner front (Grail & Le Fèvre, 1967; Le Fèvre & Grall, 1970), beyond which are found the well-mixed waters inshore of the Ushant front. Fig. 1 sums up these hydrographic patterns in the area taken here into consideration.


The mismatch repair (MMR) system which detects and corrects base mismatches and insertions and deletions that occur during DNA synthesis is deregulated in approximately 20% of human cancers. MMR-deficient tumors have peculiar properties, including early-onset metastatic potential but generally favorable prognosis, and remarkable response to immune therapy. The functional basis of these atypical clinical features has recently started to be elucidated. Here, we discuss how the biological and clinical features of MMR-deficient tumors might be traced back to their ability to continuously produce new somatic mutations, leading to increased levels of neoantigens, which in turn stimulate immune surveillance. SIGNIFICANCE: Tumors carrying defects in DNA MMR accumulate high levels of mutations, a feature linked to rapid tumor progression and acquisition of drug resistance but also favorable prognosis and response to immune-checkpoint blockade. We discuss how the genomic landscape of MMR-deficient tumors affects their biological and clinical behaviors.


Why have many regional organizations adopted common markets and customs unions? This article proposes a cognitive diffusion mechanism – termed frame diffusion – to explain convergent institutional choices across structurally diverse settings. Using Strang and Meyer's (1993) notion of 'theorization' to combine foundational work on framing with the literature on diffusion, I argue that processes of theorization transform the experience of successful institutional innovators into abstract cognitive schemas, which link a particular understanding of a cooperation problem to specific institutional solutions. As policymakers in other contexts encounter similar cooperation problems, they adopt framed institutional solutions, which results in institutional convergence at the macro level. I further suggest that this process of frame diffusion is conditional on ideational affinities in social purpose between the innovating organization and other regional organizations. Where other organizations pursue a distinct social purpose, policymakers rely on alternative frames and thereby cement institutional variation. After developing this argument theoretically, I illustrate it in an exploratory comparison of institutional choice in three most different regional organizations: Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Common Market of the South, and the Southern African Development Community. The argument points to significant 'blind spots' and conceptual complementarity between prominent mechanisms of diffusion.


In this paper, a novel microelectrode array (MEA), with varying arrowhead shapes, is fabricated and evaluated for retinal prostheses. The proposed MEA has a total of 199 arrowhead-shaped microelectrodes, with heights ranging from 42 to 123.5 μm. This height variation allows each microelectrode to contact the spherical eyeball conformably and to approach the stimulation target retinal cells very closely. The fabricated MEAs are implanted in rabbit eyes. The physical contact of the MEA is evaluated using optical coherent tomography (OCT) images, which show that the implanted MEA makes an excellent conformal contact with the spherically shaped retinal layers. These OCT images also exhibit good biocompatibility of the implanted MEA. The evaluation results show that the proposed MEA has a high potential for clinical applications. Our ongoing project is aimed at clinical application in three years. [2010-0037].


Otoliths are data loggers that record both environmental and biological information in their microstructure and microchemistry, which is critically essential for interpreting the life history of fish and constructing environmental history. This information can be used to reveal the age, growth, migration and habitats of fish at either individual or population level. Many techniques have been recently developed for age validation, some of which (e.g.boom radiocarbon chronometer, radio chemical dating and OTC) have been proven to be robust and reliable in validating the age of the long-lived fishes, the species rarely studied in the past. Techniques commonly used for microchemistry analysis (e.g. elemental fingerprint) include ICP-MS, EPMA, AAS, PIXE and stable oxygen and carbon isotopes etc.. SEM is mostly applied to microstructure (daily ring and increment) examination, which had ever renovated the research of early life history of fish in the 1980s. According to Campana (2005), due to the technological development in extracting information from the otoliths, the past three decades has witnessed the drastic increasing of otolith research with an annual rate of about 200 papers published in the last few years. This includes otolith microstructure, annual age and growth, age determination and validation, population dynamics, trace elements and their applications, chemical marking and environmental reconstruction and many others. The three international symposia on otolith research held in the past decade had also established recent development and advances in this field and made great contribution to the innovation and implementation of otolith analysis techniques. However, in China, otolith research was merely conducted on age determination and growth of some adult fish species in 1980s and otolith microstructure of a few larval species in 1990s, leaving age validation, microchemistry analysis and other hot topics in this field totally blank. Referring to the recently published otolith works, especially those of the internationally well-known scientists such as S E Campana, Elsdon, T S, Fowler, A J, Kalish, J M, Secor, D H, Tsukamoto, K (see reference list for others), this paper is to present a general description of the development of otolith analysis techniques and their applications so that Chinese researchers could have a relatively easy way to obtain referencing information for their otolith studies in the future.


This paper presents a method mathematical modelling of cocurrent multitubular fixed-bed reactors. The method is adapted to the most widespread type of industrial reactor design, i.e. the system fitted with disk-and-doughnut baffles. The proposed model makes it possible to estimate the influence of non-uniformity of the heat carrier flow on the reactor characteristics, taking into account the coolant streams by-passing via the tube-to-baffle clearances. Based on the model, the effect of the operating parameters as well as of some more important geometrical parameters of the reactor on an exemplary highly exothermic process of partial benzene oxidation to maleic anhydride is discussed.


Many algorithms for ranked data become computationally intractable as the number of objects grows due to complex geometric structure induced by rankings. An additional challenge is posed by partial rankings, i.e. rankings in which the preference is only known for a subset of all objects. For these reasons, state-of-the-art methods cannot scale to real-world applications, such as recommender systems. We address this challenge by exploiting geometric structure of ranked data and additional available information about the objects to derive a submodular kernel for ranking. The submodular kernel combines the efficiency of submodular optimization with the theoretical properties of kernel-based methods. We demonstrate that the submodular kernel drastically reduces the computational cost compared to stateof-the-art kernels and scales well to large datasets while attaining good empirical performance.


Purpose: In searching for a suppressor(s) of tumor progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in vivo, we found earlier, by the treatment of HNSCC cells with epidermal growth factor, whose receptor is frequently over‐activated in HNSCC, and observation by cDNA microarray analysis followed by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis, that the chemokine BRAK/CXCL14 was significantly down regulated. Also, the rate of tumor formation in vivo of BRAK‐expressing vector‐ transfected HNSCC cells in athymic nude mice was significantly lower than that of mock vector‐transfected ones. In addition, tumors formed in vivo by the BRAK‐expressing cells were significantly smaller than those of the mock‐transfected ones, even though the growth rates of both cells in vitro were essentially the same. These results indicate that BRAK/CXCL14 is a chemokine, having suppressive activity toward tumor progression of HNSCC in vivo. In order to confirm further this effect of BRAK/CXCL14, we produced BRAK/CXCL14 transgenic mice and examined the effects of the transgene on the growth of tumor cell xenografts in these animals. Experimental Procedures: Cytomegalovirus promoter regulated BRAK cDNA was introduced into male pronuclei and 2 line of BRAK transgenic mice were produced on a C57BL/6 background. Blood BRAK levels were determined by ELISA. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells (1×105 to 3×106/site) were injected subcutaneously into dorso‐lateral region of transgenic (Tg) or wild type C57BL/6 mice. Tumor volume was measured daily by use of slide calipers. Frozen sections of tumor tissues were immunohistochemically stained by anti‐CD31 (endothelial cell marker) or anti‐ ‐smooth muscle cell actin (smooth muscle cell marker). Results: BRAK/CXCL14 transgenic mice expressed 10 times higher concentrations of BRAK/CXCL14 in their bloodstream than did the wild type ones (1 ng / ml). These mice significantly suppressed the growth of LLC cell xenografts, irrespective of the number of tumor cells injected. Two independently isolated Tg mice lines suppressed tumor cell growth, indicating that the suppression was dependent on higher BRAK/CXCL14 expression and not on destruction of a presumptive tumor promoter gene(s) during the course of introduction of the transgene. Immunohistochemical examination revealed a very restricted staining pattern for anti‐ ‐smooth muscle cell actin in the Tg mice compared with that in wild‐type ones, thus indicating presence of small number of mature blood vessels in tumors of the former. Conclusion: These mice suppressed growth of LLC cell xenografts, confirming BRAK/CXCL14 to be the first identified suppressor of tumor progression, suppressing not only HNSCC but also tumor cells of another organ origin, i.e., lung. Thus, the expression of BRAK/CXCL14 will be a very promising approach for tumor suppression without side effects, because BRAK/CXCL14 gene is expressed in many normal cells and tissue. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):C239.


With the deepening application of geographic information web services, as a significant part, geographic information directory service sets up a service transaction platform between the service providers and the service requestors, providing one-stop registration, access and management functions of geographic information web services, so it is very important to carry out the research on geographic information directory service. According to the domestic and overseas metadata standards, the service expression-oriented metadata information model for geographic information web service is established, and the discovery mechanism dominated by geographic information service registration and active discovery is realized accordingly. After that, overall design of directory service model is made, and finally the research results are integrated into the geographic information service software NewMapServer and deployment test is made under the Google Cloud Environment Google App Engine, providing a certain reference for sharing the Smart City construction achievements.


【Purpose: Our study sought to investigate differences in plantar foot pressure as a function of type of pack carried and of changing weight during gait and stance. Methods: Subjects were 40 students with no disabilities. Plantar foot pressure was measured with different types of packs carried and with changing weight of the pack during both gait and stance and while changing feet. During stance while carrying a satchel on the shoulder caused a disproportionate change in plantar foot pressure. An even great imbalance occurred for plantar foot pressure during gait. Results: Using a satchel can influence diseases such as scoliosis that are caused by unbalanced muscle activation and by a disproportionate distribution of the weight of the body. Conclusion: Knowing how to use a pack correctly and how to appropriately adjust the weight of bag should be taught.】


The global dimension of environmental policy, which has become a subject of international policy with the concrete discussion of targets and instruments, constitutes a huge information gap for environmental policy. The authors postulate that this gap can only be filled by the application of global economic environmental models, which have to meet certain requirements: A multisector and multicountry system is needed, with global coverage and bilateral trade linkage with econometrically estimated parameters. The authors present the system COMPASS (Comprehensive Model of Policy Assessment) as well as the improved system GINFORS (Global Interindustry Forecasting System), which is being constructed based on the experience with COMPASS. A discussion of the application of GINFORS in the EU project MOSUS (Modelling Opportunities and Limits for Restructuring Europe towards Sustainability) gives an impression of the power of the model to analyze global economic environmental questions and to forecast important environmental indicators.


Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS-1) was identified in the Netherlands more than 30 years ago, but since then the arguments supporting this diagnosis have become weaker. Incidence has decreased, it is often not possible to make a definite diagnosis, the pathophysiology remains unclear and treatments are extremely diverse. Since the patient group is so heterogeneous, it is often unclear exactly which patients should be included. Disuse due to immobilization can give an identical clinical picture, including the inflammatory parameters that are seen in CRPS-1. CRPS-1 following injury can be prevented with exercise, and incidence is declining dramatically. Taking these factors into consideration, we support the view that CRPS-1 is not an illness but rather a 'disuse syndrome' as a result of immobilization, or there may be a missed underlying diagnosis.


Case-based reasoning is a subset of artificial intelligence and expert systems, and is a powerful mechanism for developing systems that can learn from and adapt past experiences to solve current problems. One of the main tasks involved in the design of case-based systems is determining the features that make up a case and finding a way to index these cases in a case-base for efficient and correct retrieval. This paper looks at how the use of fuzzy feature vectors and neural networks can improve the indexing and retrieval steps in case-based systems.


Yielding elements in combination with shotcrete linings are used in Austria since 1994, replacing the previous method of leaving open gaps. The first system, used at the Galgenbergtunnel, consisted of groups of axially loaded steel pipes with manufactured local weakness. The resistance of those elements showed a pronounced oscillation during shortening. This triggered a first improvement of the elements in the late 1990ies. Those elements were called LSC (Lining Stress Controller) and subsequently successfully used on a significant number of projects around the world. Recently, the yielding elements have been further optimized aiming at easier production and lower costs. Still using steel pipes, those are filled with porous material, increasing the elements' capacity. With sequential excavation, construction joints in the shotcrete lining are necessary. Producing quality joints appears to be difficult without special connecting elements. The so produced connections are thus potential points of weakness, reducing the lining capacity. A prototype of a connecting element was developed, which can be easily produced and installed. Site tests have been successfully conducted at the tunnel Stein in Austria.


MIMO (Multiple-input Multiple-output) systems are used in wireless communications to ensure high reliability, high data-rate & high capacity transmission. STBCs (Space-Time Block Coding) used in MIMO systems for increasing diversity gain. In MIMO system, high-data rates are obtained through Spatial multiplexing which also helps in combatting the effect of multipath fading. For SIMO (Single-input Multiple-output) schemes, MRC receiver is used to handle same information signal over two or more fading channel. In this paper, we investigate the Ergodic Capacity of different MIMO & SIMO systems & comparison of Bit Error Rate performance of un-coded coherent BPSK employing Alamouti STBC as transmit diversity & MRC (Maximal Ratio combining) as receiving diversity in Rayleigh fading channel.


Spontaneous combustion is one of the serious problems in the mining of sulfide ore deposits. The relevant factors, e. G. Oxygen absorption quantity, mass increase, contents of water soluble iron ions and sulfate ion of sulfide ore samples in the oxidation process were investigated both in theory and experiment. The results from the investigation show that there is no general interpretation relation among the oxygen absorption quantity, the contents of sulfate ion and water soluble iron ions during the oxidation process of sulfide ores at ambient temperature.However, there is a linear relationship between the mass increase of the sulfide ore samples in the oxidation process at ambient temperature and the quantity of oxygen absorption. Therefore, the simple and cheap mass scaling method is suitable for predicting the oxygen absorption performance of sulfide ores at ambient temperature in place of the expensive and complicated chemical method used hitherto. Furthermore, combined with other items of breeding-fire test, the mass increase potential can also be used to predict the spontaneous combustion tendency of sulfide ores.


This paper presents FlexiBend, an easily installable shape-sensing strip that enables interactivity of multi-part, deformable fabrications. The flexible sensor strip is composed of a dense linear array of strain gauges, therefore it has shape sensing capability. After installation, FlexiBend can simultaneously sense user inputs in different parts of a fabrication or even capture the geometry of a deformable fabrication.


Porirua is a small city I lived in from the age of ten to sixteen. It is the home to Wellington region's best indoor go-karting track and fallen victim to urban sprawl. The first of four of my homes in this area was in the newly developed Aotea block and at the time it was the first house on the street. My four year old brother would sit and watch diggers and tractors all day, and in the afternoon we climbed them. All this destruction was intensely entertaining to a child. The devastation hit when the neighbour's house got built, along with the rest of the street, in what felt like a week. Just like that, the glory days were over. We moved a couple years after this closer into the Whitby community. Aotea development was so new all it had was houses, I wouldn't even call them homes. My mum got sick of travelling to Whitby all the time for milk and so on, so we eventually moved closer to the town. I could walk or bike to and from school. It was all so close; the dairy, friends' houses, football park, playground, skatepark, everything! The glory days were back and better than ever.
This move into an established community felt more like home. The simple rituals of walking to the dairy to get milk (and a lolly bag) became something I regularly enjoyed. The accessibility of amenities gave me independence and made life easier. The 'home' broke through the boundaries of the house and into the park, the biked streets and the football pitch. If one can feel at home within a whole community then why build new houses separate from established towns? All on their lonesome, dependent on cars and with diggers for neighbours.
This thesis re-conceives Porirua as a playful assembly. With an emphasis on cultural wealth, this process establishes an architectural language promoting Porirua's development towards a creative city. Cultural wealth is a term which gives priority to the cultural layer of the city, it emphasises creation rather than consumption. Creativity sits at the heart of this layer making it a crucial element of the creative city. The wealth of culture in Porirua comes from its depth of diversity; in Maori, Pasifika and Pakeha and others coming together. While the specific cultures aren't emphasised, the importance lies within this diversity. This is one of the reasons I chose the Porirua CBD as the site for my thesis.
My playful process crosses paths with art, architecture and urban perspectives to develop a visual language emphasising creation within the city. The search for my own creative voice lends itself to the importance of self-expression within the city. Through this thesis work, I wanted to encourage people to more openly produce self-expressive work. I recognise that the city already has these processes and the products and processes of my creative voice target the creation of these spaces giving them priority and emphasis in the city. This thesis aims to create a welcoming, inclusive environment for people to create. Within the urban realm an alternative view is presented holding creativity at the heart of the city rather than economy.


ABSTRACT The protein SpoIVB plays a key role in signaling in the ςK checkpoint of Bacillus subtilis. This regulatory mechanism coordinates late gene expression during development in this organism and we have recently shown SpoIVB to be a serine peptidase. SpoIVB signals by transiting a membrane, undergoing self-cleavage, and then by an unknown mechanism activating a zinc metalloprotease, SpoIVFB, which cleaves pro-ςK to its active form, ςK, in the outer mother cell chamber of the developing cell. In this work we have characterized the serine peptidase domain of SpoIVB. Alignment of SpoIVB with homologues from other spore formers has allowed site-specific mutagenesis of all potential active site residues within the peptidase domain. We have defined the putative catalytic domain of the SpoIVB serine peptidase as a 160-amino-acid residue segment at the carboxyl terminus of the protein. His236 and Ser378 are the most important residues for proteolysis, with Asp363 being the most probable third member of the catalytic triad. In addition, we have shown that mutations at residues Asn290 and His394 lead to delayed signaling in the ςK checkpoint. The active site residues suggest that SpoIVB and its homologues from other spore formers are members of a new family of serine peptidases of the trypsin superfamily.


Abolition of the zamindari system: The first important legislation was the abolition of the zamindari system, which removed the layer of intermediaries who stood between the cultivators and the state. The reform was relatively the most effective than the other reforms, for in most areas it succeeded in taking away the superior rights of the zamindars over the land and weakening their economic and political power.


This book presents a comprehensive treatment of the theory of regular economies, which is one of the most advanced topics in modern general equilibrium theory, emphasizing the basic ideas, the tools and the important applications. Although many notions and tools of differential topology are required to understand the theory, the author chooses a minimum of them and heuristically arranges them; that is, instead of lumping together all the necessary mathematics, the author puts at the beginning of each chapter the minimum mathematics required for the economic analysis of the chapter, so that the reader will not only save much effort on the mathematics but also directly understand how successfully the mathematics is used for the economic issues.


This paper presents a wideband integrated dielectric sensor with read-out circuit at 207-257 GHz in SiGe BiCMOS technology. The sensing element is equipped by a resonator that provides a bandpass frequency response which is varied in accordance to the carried permittivity change of the device under test. This variation can be sensed and recorded as the change of output voltage of an integrated 207-257 GHz 2 port vector network analyzer readout circuit. The demonstration of aforementioned readout system is verified by measuring the output of mixers as the reference, reflected and measured channel, and the uncalibrated S parameters of readout with different samples.


Center-symmetric local binary pattern (CS-LBP) is a novel texture feature which utilizes texture to describe the local regions. It combines the good property of local binary pattern (LBP) and SIFT. It has been extended to a region descriptor and achieved promising performance in many applications. However, it is sensitive to noise and less efficient due to its high dimensional descriptor vector. Due to these, we propose a novel descriptor based on CS-LBP operator denoted as PCA-CS-LBP. Our proposed descriptor achieves better noise robustness using the difference of pixels instead of the rough comparing of pixels. Besides, PCA is employed and applied to generate a more compact representation. Comparisons between our descriptor and standard CS-LBP descriptor are given on a standard image matching dataset. Experimental results show that our descriptor is outperforms the standard CS-LBP descriptor in most cases.


For the best flexibility in ground and on-orbit calibration modeling of the AXAF telescope over its entire field of view, including off-axis calibration evaluations, AXAF synchrotron reflectance calibrations require that the measured reflectance data be reduced to optical parameters analogous to n and k. We have developed a method for AXAF witness mirror analysis which is a modification of the NKFIT optical constants algorithm published by D.L. Windt. The algorithm assumes uniform layer thicknesses using a recursive, exact formation of Fresnel's equations, with a modified Debye-Waller roughness correction factor. The recursion formula has been modified to include an explicit double-precision formulation. The results of most of the fits of AXAF calibration measurements yield residuals less than 1 percent of the reflectance value levels down to R approximately .03. The precision of the measurements is smaller still, which compromises the (chi) 2 fitting algorithm; however, the results will most likely prove adequate for AXAF witness mirrors calibrated in the 5-12 keV range. Coating density determined from the refractive index n is approximately 98.5 percent of the bulk for iridium. Derived coating thicknesses are extremely consistent with the photon energy, giving still more significant calibration information to the program.


Great sources of concern for pediatric and neonatal intensive care units are the total resource utilization and cost of caring for very sick children. This paper attempts to create a usable clinical decision support system (PEPCOR) that would help improve personalized health care and avoid unnecessary secondary, and costly, procedures that do not improve the care of a critically ill patient. The system uses the Children's Healthcare of Atlanta ICU database to analyze the effects on the risk, (quantified as the risk of invasive ventilation and associated complications) when combining two procedures versus administering one procedure without the other. The risk is calculated by computing the ratio of ventilator days to the length of stay, with a higher risk score indicating the second procedure did not improve the overall health of the patient. 82/90 of the procedure combinations showed a statistically significant difference with a p-value <; 0.05 when the stand-alone procedure was compared to the combination of two procedures.


Culinary business is a sector that affects the growth of the tourism industry. As time goes by, the culinary business is growing fast, including in the city of Purwokerto where the intense competition between culinary business entrepreneurs is occurring. Praketa Coffee Shop Purwokerto must be able to develop and innovate to define the right marketing strategy. One of them is by using social media marketing to build consumer's brand awareness, so that the purchase decision process will be built by itself. This research aims to discover the impact of social media marketing on the purchase decisions with brand awareness as an intervening variable at Ptraketa Coffee Shop Purwokerto. The type of research used is quantitative research with associative descriptive approach. The data collection technique used in this research is primary data, with method of distributing questionnaires to 100 respondents of Praketa Coffee Shop Purwokerto. The data analysis technique used Path Analysis regression and the Sobel Test. The results show that social media marketing has a positive and significant effect on brand awareness and on purchasing decisions, and brand awareness mediates positively and significantly on the relationship of between social media marketing and purchasing decisions.


We establish the exact threshold for the reconstruction problem for a binary asymmetric channel on the b-ary tree, provided that the asymmetry is sufficiently small. This is the first exact reconstruction threshold obtained in roughly a decade. We discuss the implications of our result for Glauber dynamics, phylogenetic reconstruction, noisy communication and the so-called "replica symmetry breaking" in spin glasses and random satisfiability problems


A retrospective review of the clinical records and radiographs of 1344 ankle sprains occurring over a 41-month period at the United States Military Academy was performed. The incidence and severity of these sprains did not differ significantly from other studies with the exception of those injuries involving the tibiofibular ligaments. Those patients sustaining incomplete injuries to the ankle syndesmosis had a recovery time of almost twice that of those patients with severe (3rd degree) ankle sprains (55 vs. 28 days). Eight of 13 patients with 10 of 15 incomplete syndesmosis injuries were available for follow-up examination and radiographs at an average time of 20 months postinjury (range of 7–39 months). All patients with this injury had a positive "squeeze test" (compression of the fibula to the tibia at mid-calf) at the time of initial examination. Nine of 10 patients developed ossification of the syndesmosis in follow-up radiographs. None of these patients had developed chronic ankle instability, loss of motion, or arthritic changes of the joint at the time of final followup.


A programming model for developing distributed applications requiring closely coupled concurrent components is described. In integrates the features of remote procedure calls (RPCs) with those of shared variables into a familiar programming environment. While procedure calls are a well-known paradigm, classic RPCs do not enable fine-grained information sharing. Shared variables facilitate such sharing but have yet to be integrated into a familiar model for distributed applications. The new model, realized as ARCADE-Based C, or ABC, extends C to include the creation and invocation of remote functions; blocking/nonblocking function calls, and distributed shared variables.<<ETX>>


The "Fawkes" procedure is discussed as a method of protection against unauthorized use andrecognition of facial images from social networks. As an example, the results of an experiment aregiven, confirming the fact of a low result of face image recognition within CNN, when the Fawkesprocedure is applied with the parameter mode = "high". Based on a comparative analysis with theoriginal images of faces, textural changes and graphical features of the structural destruction of imagessubjected to the Fawkes procedure are shown. In addition to this analysis, multilevel parametricestimates of these destructions are given and, on their basis, the reason for the impossibility ofrecognizing images of faces subjected to the Fawkes procedure, as well as their use in deep learningproblems, is explained. The structural similarity index (ISSIM) and phase correlation of images areused as quantitative assessment tools. It is also noted that facial images subjected to the Fawkesprocedure are well recognized outside of deep learning methods. For this purpose, models of twosimple systems for recognizing face images subjected to the Fawkes procedure are proposed, and theresults of the experiments performed are presented. It is argued that the use of simple face imagerecognition systems in a computer complex with CNN will make it possible to train such complexesand destroy the myth about the possibility of protecting face images. In conclusion, the question isposed as to whether it is possible to protect your face from recognition.


China is an urban and rural social model country. In the past three decades, the developing speed of rural areas has been much slower than urban areas, which may lead to the differences in dietary patterns. This study aimed to investigate the disparities of dietary structures from urban and rural children, and to analyze the effects of different dietary patterns on their adverse outcome. Among 1590 students, aged 11 years to 17 years, from primary and middle schools, a cross-sectional study was conducted. There were three dietary patterns recognized: Westernization structure, meat diet structure, and Western and Chinese structure. Compared with rural students, more urban students were in the highest categories of the whole dietary patterns (p < 0.001). Overweight/obesity and central adiposity were more prevailing among urban students, while rural students had a more prevailing risk of bone fracture (p < 0.05). Through the adjustment for all confounding factors, the Westernization structure could increase the risk of overweight/obesity and central adiposity, the meat structure could increase the risk of elevated blood pressure/hypertension, while the risk of low bone mineral quality could be reduced by the Chinese and Western structure. In conclusion, a rural-urban disparity in dietary patterns was found in our study, and different dietary patterns were associated with the risk of some adverse outcomes. Therefore, there were different prevalences of the adverse outcomes between rural and urban students.


BACKGROUND
A basic problem common to all systems for computer-assisted surgery (CAS) is the exact registration and referencing, that is, the transfer of preoperative image data to the intraoperative pathology. A system for computer-assisted ENT surgery should provide high precision as well as noninvasive registration and referencing. We present a system designed for such use in paranasal sinus surgery that is based on optical digitizing with several custom-made self-localizing surgical instruments.

METHODS AND RESULTS
The system tracks the correct alignment of the head during CT data acquisition and continuously throughout surgery. A transformation matrix and a plane equation of the CT scan are used to match points of the object space to the image space detecting fiducial markers on the CT scans by an automatic algorithm. For position measurements a special reference frame and surgical instruments were developed and equipped with infrared light-emitting diodes that could be detected in real time. Measurements for repositioning of the reference system in a model and during real operations demonstrated a mean error ranging from 0.69 to 1.01 mm and from 0.76 to 1.67 mm respectively. Clinical experience with the application of the system for 15 patients who underwent surgery for different paranasal sinus pathologies is reported.

CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest that the non-invasive reference system and the locatable surgical tools may be effective, accurate and useful for computer-assisted identification of intranasal structures. Such systems may contribute to further improvement of minimal invasive intranasal sinus surgery.