Research has shown that social identity threat can have a broad variety of negative consequences. However, not much is known about the consequences of social identity threat on interpersonal relationships. In the present research, we hypothesize that experiencing social identity threat decreases people's social approach motivation toward other people related to the stereotyped domain. Specifically, we manipulated social identity threat by activating negative stereotypes about women in math. As math is an important aspect of the academic self-concept, female university students who are confronted with a negative math stereotype should experience threat toward their identity as university students. We then tested whether this threat affected female students' motivation to approach other university students and whether the effect was mediated by a reduced sense of belonging to the university. Data from 478 participants, assessed in three experimental (Study 1a: N = 79, Study 1b: N = 164, Study 2: N = 100) and one correlational study (Study 3: N = 135), mainly supported these hypotheses. We conclude that social identity threat can be detrimental to the quality of people's social lives.


Trends in global fish catches are described together with fish landlings and fish consumption in the UK. The importance of n–6 and n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as essential constituents of human diets is considered and the role of oily fish as a dietary source of the long-chain n–3 polyunsaturates, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, is emphasized. The origin ofn–3 polyunsaturates in the marine phytoplankton and their transmission via zooplankton to fish is described as a means of understanding the consumption of different fish body oils. The ease with which the fatty acid composition of fish body oils can be manipulated by altering the fatty acid composition of their feeds is emphasized and the dietary requirements of marine and freshwater fish for n–3 and n–6 polyunsaturates considered. Farming fish on diets containing principally fish meal and fish oil, as used in salmon production in Scotland, generates a high quality product with levels of long-chain n–3 polyunsaturates equalling or exceeding those of wild fish. Farming fish on high quality marine oils rich in docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids is an efficient means of delivering these essential nutrients in human diets and also efficiently exploiting a strictly limited marine bioresource.


The bacteriological tests in periodontology have been available to clinicians since the end of the 1980s. Despite the vast and varied information that they contribute to the literature on this topic, some controversy has arisen with regard to the use of these tests. Clinicians faced with a multitude of clinical forms of periodontal disease in their patients can count on laboratory examinations to help them in the therapeutic process. These biological examinations can offer help in five areas of application: support in diagnosis and prognosis, verification of the efficiency of the treatment, indication of the correct antibiotic therapy and choice of the most appropriate molecules. The clinician's needs determine the type of bacteriological technical analysis used: bacterial culture or genetic identification using the molecular techniques. Each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. Knowing these limits allows the most appropriate choice to be made, depending on the clinical situation. The richness of information provided by culture in the anti-microbial susceptibility test and the non-targeted aspect of this test make this technique very interesting for the diagnosis of periodontitis. However, the targeted aspect of molecular techniques (PCR), their excellent sensibility and their rapidity make them prevail, particularly in the control and maintenance phases. Furthermore, despite the constant development of bacterial identification techniques, these examinations are little used by dental surgeons as these examinations are little known. They are also difficult to interpret and generate heavy additional costs.


Introduction. The purpose of this article is to study the method of human fragmentation through consideration of the bodily metaphors used by the author, as well as the construction of key models of metaphorical transfers based on the material of the novel "Beloved" by T. Morrison. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by the fact that up to now no attempts have been made to conduct a cognitive-semantic study of bodily metaphors in T. Morrison's novel "Beloved". The relevance of the study causes an increase in the interest of linguists in the study of metaphors in a literary text within the framework of semantic and cognitive approaches.Methodology and sources. The article provides a semantic-cognitive analysis of bodily metaphors, highlights the key denotations of the target domain and the source domain of the metaphoric mapping. A connection is revealed between the nature of metaphors and the main theme of the work – the theme of slavery and its destructive influence on human life.Results and discussion. Among the denotations of the target domain, 7 key elements were found involved in creating models of bodily metaphors: eyes, head, heart, back, hands, fingers, skin. Based on the data obtained, 26 metaphorical models were built. The target domain of the eye (6), back (5) and skin (5) has the largest number of denotations of the source domain.Conclusion. The study showed that bodily metaphors are actively used by the author when describing a person. The method of fragmentation helps to reveal the features of the destructive impact of slavery on a person's personality. Replacing a holistic representation of a person with a fragmented one, T. Morrison singles out in the appearance of each of the characters acting in the novel those fragments of the body that most characterize the personality and fate of each of them, and through metaphorization endows these fragments with a special symbolic meaning.


This paper proposes a new voltage source inverter (VSI) referred to as a boost inverter or boost DC-AC converter. The main attribute of the new inverter topology is the fact that it generates an AC output voltage larger than the DC input one, depending on the instantaneous duty cycle. This property is not found in the classical VSI, which produces an AC output instantaneous voltage always lower than the DC input one. For the purpose of optimizing the boost inverter dynamics, while ensuring correct operation in any working condition, a sliding mode controller is proposed. The main advantage of the sliding mode control over the classical control schemes is its robustness for plant parameter variations, which leads to invariant dynamics and steady-state response in the ideal case. Operation, analysis, control strategy, and experimental results are included in this paper. The new inverter is intended to be used in uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and AC driver systems design whenever an AC voltage larger than the DC link voltage is needed, with no need of a second power conversion stage.


Bombarded by constant and rapid change, healthcare organizations feel a sense of urgency to meet their needs for leaders. They rely on physicians to lead at all levels in their healthcare organizations. For them to successfully navigate today's healthcare environment, they require more than a medical education. To address this need, healthcare organizations are developing in-house leadership development programs.In this paper, I conduct a case study of physicians transitioning into leadership and their self-efficacy facilitated through an in-house leadership development program. Documentation, semi-structured interviews, and observations are examined to explore how physicians think about their leadership experiences following their participation in a six-month leadership development program.The study also explores at a high-level how these experiences influenced physician's self-efficacy as a first step in developing a theory of physician leadership and self-efficacy.


Tooth germs of first molars from four- to six-day old mice were transplanted heterotopically into the connective tissue under the dorsal skin of adult syngeneic recipients. The rate of the transplants was studied by histologic staining, vital staining with procion dyes, and autoradiography. Together these methods provided the following picture of the development of the transplant. Extraction of the tooth germ severs its vascular connections and disturbs the nutritional environment of the tooth so that many cells undergo necrosis and degeneration. The resulting inflammatory response clears the transplant of necrotic tissue, leaving a fibrous pulp of low cellularity and an extensively disrupted odontoblastic layer; the enamel organ is reduced to only a few epithelial cells. In the second week following transplantation, however, the surviving cells start to proliferate and the tissues of the transplant begin to reorganize. Reorganization starts at the apical foramen and spreads to the rest of the tooth. The central pulp is penetrated by new blood vessels, its cellular content is reestablished, and its morphology returns to normal. Odontoblasts start producing dentin which at first is highly irregular and contains many cells (osteodentin). Later the dentin formation becomes more and more regular and the dentin assumes its normal tubular structure. New enamel is not formed at any time after transplantation. The cells of the enamel organ undergo squamous metaplasia and form epithelial cysts. Abortive root formation is observed but typical roots never develop. Rudiments of periodontal ligament develop rarely. The transplants are enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue.

It is concluded that the heterotopically transplanted tooth germs maintain their capability to recover, develop, and differentiate in syngeneic recipients. Although almost all of the developmental processes continue in the transplant after a period of adjustment, some of them are abortive.


Psoas abscess is an uncommon presentation on the acute medical take. However recognition and appropriate treatment is essential. This review is designed to highlight the clinical features, microbiology, diagnostic tests and treatment for this condition. In order to illustrate some of the pitfalls and complexities in the management of psoas abscess we have included a case history of a patient who was recently treated in our department.


Heme-oxygenase (HO)-derived carbon monoxide (CO) is generated in the cardiovascular and in the central nervous systems. Endogenous CO exerts direct vascular effects and has also been shown to inhibit nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In the current study, the heme-oxygenase blockade [zinc deuteroporphyrin 2,4-bis glycol (ZnDPBG), 45 μmol/kg intraperitoneally] decreased cerebral CO production and increased cerebrocortical blood flow (CBF) in anesthetized rats. This latter effect was abrogated by the NOS blockade (50 mg/kg L-NAME intravenously). Furthermore, inhibition of CO production had no effect on stepwise hypoxia/hypercapnia-stimulated increases in CBF. Our results indicate that endogenous CO reduces the resting CBF via inhibition of NOS but fails to influence the CBF response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in adult rats.


Intrinsic alignments of galaxies can mimic to an extent the effects of shear caused by weak gravitational lensing. Previous studies have shown that for shallow surveys with median redshifts z m ∼ 0.1, the intrinsic alignment dominates the lensing signal. For deep surveys with z m ∼ 1, intrinsic alignments are believed to be a significant contaminant of the lensing signal, preventing high-precision measurements of the matter power spectrum. In this paper we show how distance information, either spectroscopic or photometric redshifts, can be used to downweight nearby pairs in an optimized way, to reduce the errors in the shear signal arising from intrinsic alignments. Provided a conservatively large intrinsic alignment is assumed, the optimized weights will essentially remove all traces of contamination. For the Sloan spectroscopic galaxy sample, residual shot noise continues to render it unsuitable for weak lensing studies. However, a dramatic improvement for the slightly deeper Sloan photometric survey is found, whereby the intrinsic contribution, at angular scales greater than 1 arcmin, is reduced from about 80 times the lensing signal to a 10 per cent effect. For deeper surveys such as the COMBO-17 survey with z m ∼ 0.6, the optimization reduces the error from a largely systematic ∼220 per cent error at small angular scales to a much smaller and largely statistical error of only 17 per cent of the expected lensing signal. We therefore propose that future weak lensing surveys be accompanied by the acquisition of photometric redshifts, in order to remove fully the unknown intrinsic alignment errors from weak lensing detections.


More and more social Q&A platforms are launching a new business model to monetize online knowledge. This monetizing process introduces a more complicated cost and benefit tradeoff to users, especially for askers' concerns. Much of the previous research was conducted in the context of free‐based Q&A platform, which hardly explains the triggers that motivate askers' pay intention. Based on the theories of social exchange and social capital, this study aims to identify and examine the antecedents of askers' pay intention from the perspective of benefit and cost. We empirically test our predictions based on survey data collected from 322 actual askers in a well‐known trilateral payment‐based social Q&A platform in China. The results by partial least squares (PLS) analysis indicate that besides noneconomic benefits including self‐enhancement, social support, and entertainment, financial factors such as cost and benefit have significant influences on the perceived value of using trilateral payment‐based Q&A platforms. More important, we further identify that the effect of financial benefit is moderated by perceived reciprocity belief, and the effect of perceived value is moderated by perceived trust in answerers. Our findings contribute to the previous literature by proposing a theoretical model that explains askers' behavioral intention, and the practical implications for payment‐based Q&A service providers and participants.


An investigation was conducted to predict from thermodynamic data the nature of the solid phases and solution species in various weathering environments of different elements (Am, Sb, Ce, Cs, Co, Cm, Eu, I, Np, Pu, Pm, Ra, Ru, Sr, Tc, T, U, and Zr) that are present in radioactive wastes, to predict the degree of adsorption of different elements by the solid matrices and to compare these predictions with observed results, and to determine the influence of different factors (such as Ph, Eh, complexing ligands) on total pore-water concentration and the nature of solution species of selected elements. Based on the nature of the predominant solution species, qualitative predictions regarding the adsorption and movement of various elements can be made. Soils and sediments mainly show cation exchange capacities (since these materials carry a large net negative charge) and to a limited extent, anion exchange capacities. Thus, most cations migrate through the soil or rock column at speeds slower than the groundwater. Relative to each other, the trivalent cations generally move the slowest, the divalent cations at intermediate velocities and the monovalent cations most rapidly. Tritium is unique in that it readily substitutes for hydrogen in water and migrates, therefore, atmore » the same velocity as water. The simple anions tend to migrate through soils and rocks with little reaction because usually a pH of less than 4 is required to activate a significant soil anion exchange capacity. The migration and retention of inorganic complex species (mononuclear and polynuclear) would also be dependent upon the charge and size of the species. The behavior of organic complexed species of elements is difficult to predict because of the lack of knowledge regarding the exact nature of the organic ligands, a wide variation in amounts and types of organic ligands, and the size and solubility of these organics.« less


Learning biology, and in particular systematics, requires learning a substantial amount of specific vocabulary, both for botanical and zoological studies. While crucial, the precise identification of structures serving as evolutionary traits and systematic criteria is not per se a highly motivating task for students. Teaching this in a traditional teaching setting is quite challenging especially with a large crowd of students to be kept engaged. This is even more difficult if, as during the COVID-19 crisis, students are not allowed to access laboratories for hands-on observation on fresh specimens and sometimes restricted to short-range movements outside their home. Here we present QuoVidi, a new open-source web platform for the organisation of large scale treasure hunts. The platform works as follows: students, organised in teams, receive a list of quests that contain morphologic, ecologic or systematic terms. They have to first understand the meaning of the quests, then go and find them in the environment. Once they find the organism corresponding to a quest, they upload a geotagged picture of their finding and submit this on the platform. The correctness of each submission is evaluated by the staff. During the COVID-19 lockdown, previously validated pictures were also submitted for evaluation to students that were locked in low-biodiversity areas. From a research perspective, the system enables the creation of large image databases by the students, similar to citizen-science projects. Beside the enhanced motivation of students to learn the vocabulary and perform observations on self-found specimens, this system allows faculties to remotely follow and assess the work performed by large numbers of students. The interface is freely available, open-source and customizable. It can be used in other disciplines with adapted quests and we expect it to be of interest in many classroom settings.


The structural, ultrastructural and histochemical studies of tongues of human fetuses of 8 to 32 weeks development, were carried out to evaluate the possible chronologic coincidences in the differentiation process of the histologic components during organogenesis. From week 8 to 32, the epithelium increased its cellular layers, becoming flat, stratified, with parakeratinized areas, abundant desmosomes, tonofilaments and scarse intracellular granules. Chorionic fibers increased concomitantly, decreasing mucosubstances. Rudimentary papillae appeared on the dorsal surface of the tongue at 8 weeks, the fungiform ones being evident at 12 weeks. Glycoproteins in the basament layer became evident along with the papillary differentiation, reaching their definitive form at 20 weeks. Myoblasts were observed at 20 weeks. Glandular buds were noticed at the early age studied as were rich in glycogen inclusions and transversal striations were at 20 weeks the structural and ultrastructural differentiated acini, with PAS positive, metachromatic and alcianophilic secretions. The cytochemical changes observed are indicative of the cell differentiation process and tissues participating in the histogenesis present a similar rhythm of differentiation and growth.


ABSTRACT Ren, Q., 2020. Analysis of influencing factors of railway bridge construction cost in coastal regions. In: Qiu, Y.; Zhu, H., and Fang, X. (eds.), Current Advancements in Marine and Coastal Research for Technological and Sociological Applications. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 107, pp. 185-188. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. With the rapid development of national economy, the important role of transportation is gradually reflected. Therefore, there is an urgent need to build a railway bridge between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait and the land island. This long-span bridge will be greatly affected by the marine environment. With the urgent needs of economic development, the cross sea railway bridge project will become the future field of bridge development, which requires us to do a good job in project cost. Project cost control is the focus of the whole project, which is an important decision-making role of the whole project investment. However, the marine environment has complex and changeable climate environment, strong corrosive characteristics of sea water, complex geological conditions, etc., which will have an important impact on the project cost. Combined with the actual situation of Pingtan Strait highway railway bridge, this paper analyzes the impact of marine environment on the cost of railway bridge project. Finally, this paper puts forward some suggestions to control the project cost.


BACKGROUND
Impaired fasting glucose and diabetes are prevalent in Iran; however the definition of high fasting glucose is inconsistent and has not been reported in this population. This study aims at determining the reference values for fasting serum glucose in Iranian adults.

METHODS
Serum glucose concentrations were measured in 10368 adult subjects who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS). After excluding those with disease or risk factors, 962 apparently healthy nonsmoking participants (404 men and 558 women), aged 20 to 78 years, remained for analysis. The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry guidelines (non-parametric method) and robust methods were used for determining reference values.

RESULTS
Overall, 95% reference values for fasting serum glucose concentrations were 4.0 to 5.7, 3.8 to 5.6, and 3.9 to 5.7 mmol/L in men, women, and total population, respectively. In addition, there is a significant increase for medians of fasting serum glucose with increasing age (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
This study presents reference values for serum glucose concentrations in Iranian subjects according to standard criteria and proposes that 3.9 - 5.6 mmol/L could be considered as reference values of fasting serum glucose for this population.


Cannabidiol (CBD), the most extensively studied non-intoxicating phytocannabinoid, has been attracting a lot of interest worldwide owing to its numerous beneficial effects. The aim of this study was to explore the effect that CBD exerts on the adenosinergic system of paced left atria isolated from obese type Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rats, maintained on diabetogenic rat chow, received 60 mg/kg/day CBD or vehicle via gavage for 4 weeks. We found that N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a relatively stable and poorly transported A1 adenosine receptor agonist, elicited a significantly weaker response in the CBD-treated group than in the vehicle-treated one. In contrast, adenosine, a quickly metabolized and transported adenosine receptor agonist, evoked a significantly stronger response in the CBD-treated group than in the vehicle-treated counterpart (excepting its highest concentrations). These results can be explained only with the adenosine transport inhibitory property of CBD (and not with its adenosine receptor agonist activity). If all the effects of CBD are attributed to the interstitial adenosine accumulation caused by CBD in the myocardium, then a significantly increased adenosinergic activation can be assumed during the long-term oral CBD treatment, suggesting a considerably enhanced adenosinergic protection in the heart. Considering that our results may have been influenced by A1 adenosine receptor downregulation due to the chronic interstitial adenosine accumulation, an adenosinergic activation smaller than it seemed cannot be excluded, but it was above the CBD-naïve level in every case. Additionally, this is the first study offering functional evidence about the adenosine transport inhibitory action of CBD in the myocardium.


Although the sub-title is 'A guide for overseas doctors' this book is full of information unknown to most British doctors and certainly not previously collected together in one place. The scope is wide, ranging from facts and figures about the National Health Service, to clinical advice on dealing with various emergencies. There are details about the training and salary scales of all the various medical auxiliaries, advice about medical aspects of baptism and cremation, how to deal with pharmaceutical representatives and with elderly chiefs-whom it says may like to have forty winks after lunch and therefore should never be 'phoned at this time. Apart from this whimsy the book is astonishingly up to date-even the regulations of the College of Pathologists and the threat of a College of Psychiatrists are mentioned. There is homely advice on dealing with patients in hospital and taking histories and this includes a page long anthology of lay terms for certain conditionsno less than 20 per cent are euphemisms for pregnancy. The book ends with an interesting historical chapter including a list of items of interest to the medical historian throughout Britain which includes even the telephone number of the present occupier of Hunter's house in East Kilbride. This is a remarkable book, which is highly recommended-every chief should give his resident a copy, after reading it himself.


A conventional nonmutant animal that could be experimentally infected with Helicobacter pylori isolates would be a useful animal model for human H. pylori-associated gastritis. Gnotobiotic and barrier-born pigs are susceptible to H. pylori infection, but attempts to infect conventional pigs with this bacterium have been unsuccessful. In the present study, a litter of eight 20-day-old crossbreed piglets were purchased from a commercial farm. Six of them were orally challenged two to five times at different ages, between 29 and 49 days, with doses of H. pylori inoculum containing approximately 109 bacterial cells. Two animals served as controls. The inoculation program began 2 days postweaning when the piglets were 29 days of age. Prior to every inoculation, the piglets were fasted and pretreated with cimetidine, and prior to the first and second inoculation each piglet also was pretreated with dexamethasone. The challenged piglets were euthanasized between 36 and 76 days of age. H. pylori colonized all six inoculated piglets. The pathology of the experimentally induced gastritis was examined macroscopically and by light and electron microscopy. H. pylori induced a severe lymphocytic gastritis in the conventional piglets and reproduced the large majority of the pathologic features of the human disease. Therefore, the conventional piglet represents a promising new model for study of the various pathogenic mechanisms involved in the development of lesions of the human H. pyloriassociated gastritis.


d-Glucose-isomerizing enzyme from Escherichia intermedia HN-500, which converts d-glucose to d-fructose in the presence of arsenate, was purified by treating with manganous sulfate, rivanol, and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. About 180-fold purified enzyme preparation was obtained by the above procedures. The purified preparation was free from the activities of d-glucose-, d-galactose-, glucose-6-phosphate-, mannitol-, and sorbitol-dehydrogenases and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel in zone electrophoresis. Optima of pH and temperature for the enzyme were found to be pH 7.0 and 50°C, respectively. The enzyme was completely inactivated by heating at 60°C for ten minutes and stable in the pH range of 7.0~9.0 at 30°C. Activation energy for the isomerizing enzyme was calculated to be 15,300 calories per mole degree from Arrhenius' equation. Either in the absence or presecne of arsenate, d-mannose, d-xylose, d-mannitol and d-sorbitol could not be isomerized by the purified enzyme at all, but the pre...


In Reply.—
 Oski warns that excessive milk drinking may lead to anemia. He has demonstrated this himself, and there are sufficient references to indicate that this phenomenon is widespread in those who drink excessive milk to the exclusion of other nutrients. Limiting milk intake, after 6 months of life up to 500 mL of boiled milk as Tönz suggests is not documented, to my knowledge, to cause anemia. On the other hand, to recommend cow's milk as a source of essential fatty acids seems somewhat intemperate.


The direct marketing database of customers and prospects has from its inception been recognized as critical to the success of tactical activities such as promotional and customer service programs. This article argues that there are numerous other programmatic decisions that can be improved by analysis of the database. Further, it argues that the most effective use of a database extends beyond tactical exercises to strategic marketing decisions. A hierarchy is presented that can guide managers toward more powerful and more integrative uses of the database resource in planning and executing databased marketing activities at both the tactical and strategic levels.


Anaesthesia was induced with fentanyl/propofol and a size 3 pLMA inserted at the first attempt using a diagonal approach (with the mask facing sideways and then rotated through 90 as it passed into the hypopharynx). The double cuff was inflated with 40 ml and a leak test revealed no oropharyngeal leak or gastric insufflation to airway pressures of 50 cmH,O. Fibreoptic laryngoscopy showed that the device was well positioned with a full view of the vocal cords (score 3 [2]). The oesophageal inlet could not be seen. Anaesthesia was maintained with N 2 0 , Ollisoflurane mixture (MAC 1.2-1.4) with controlled ventilation to airway pressures of 15 cmH?O. Surgery lasted 2 h and was performed through a subumbilical midline incision, but was more complicated than anticipated and included a manual examination of the upper abdominal cavity. A few minutes later 100 nil bile stained fluid was seen to be draining out of the dorsal tube of the pLMA. Fibreoptic laryngoscopy via the ventral (ventilating) tube revealed that there was no regurgitation into the bowl of the LMA or any evidence of aspiration. A nasogastric tube was passed at the first attempt via the dorsal tube and a further 100 ml bile-stained fluid removed. During this phase there were no changes in the patient's cardiorespiratory status and no coughing had occurred. Twenty minutes later surgery was complete and the pLMA was removed with the patient in the left lateral position when she was awake and responding to command. Inspection of the pLMA revealed no evidence of bile-stained fluid outside the dorsal draining tube. Postoperatively there was no clinical or radiological evidence of aspiration. This case illustrates that the pLMA can effectively shield the glottis from regurgitated stomach contents. It also highlights the dangers of not protecting the airway during manipulation of upper abdominal organs and verifies that the standard LMA should not be utilised for upper abdominal procedures in normal circumstances. It has been suggested that some forms of elective lower abdominal surgery. such as hysterectomy and suprapubic prostatectomy. might be of sufficient low risk to warrant use of the LMA. There is some evidence that the LMA maybe safe for gynaecological laparotomy [3], but randomised controlled trials are required to determine if the technique is acceptable. Whenever lower abdominal surgery is being performed it is important to ensure adequate anaesthetic depth to prevent coughing during peritoneal stimulation and to protect the airway by tracheal intubation if upper abdominal organs are to be manipulated. Finally it should be noted that this case does not support the routine use of the standard LMA with a nasogastric tube in siru for upper abdominal surgery as stomach emptying cannot be guaranteed using this method.


Jet and Droplet Impingement on Superhydrophobic Surfaces Jonathan Glenn Stoddard Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Master of Science The effect of superhydrophobicity on liquid water impingement on a flat horizontal surface was explored. The surfaces combined a hydrophobic surface chemistry with a patterned microstucture in order to produce high contact angles with water. Three sets of experiments were performed, one for jet impingement and two for droplet impingement, which advance previous work in characterizing the interaction of water and superhydrophobic surfaces. Jet impingement experiments were performed to characterize a transitional regime between an unsubmerged and a completely submerged superhydrophobic surface by varying an imposed downstream depth. For low downstream depths, the surface remained unsubmerged and displayed only break up of the thin film, while at high downstream depths, the surface was completely submerged and only a hydraulic jump occurred. Within the transition, the surface was partially submerged and both thin film breakup and a hydraulic jump were observed. Experiments were performed for three Reynolds numbers, Re, ranging from 1.9×104 to 2.2×104 (based on the volume flow rate). For all Re, the transition was characterized by a reduction in the hydraulic jump radius as downstream depth increased. Also, as Re increased, the downstream depths over which the transition occurred was greater. When a droplet impinges on a surface covered with a liquid film, a thin liquid wall, or crown, forms and propagates outward. Here a comparison of this crown dynamic was made for smooth hydrophilic surfaces and superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces patterned with post or rib microfeatures. Due to the high contact angle of the SH surfaces, a relatively thick film (h ≈ 5 mm) of water was required to maintain a film. This resulted in negligible differences between the surfaces utilized. Droplet train impingement on the same post and rib SH surfaces was also investigated. When each individual droplet impinged on the surface, a crown formed which spread out radially until reaching a semi-stable or regularly oscillating breakup diameter. At this point, the water would either build up or breakup into droplets or filaments and then continue radially outward. In some cases the crown would break up, causing splashing. A comparison to previous experiments on hydrophilic surfaces shows a distinct difference in splashing at low frequency. The breakup diameter was measured over a Weber number range of 72-2800. The data was collapsed as a function of a combination of the Reynolds number (Re), Capillary number (Ca), and Strouhal number (St), resulting in Re0.7CaSt. The rib SH surface displayed an elongated breakup due to the anisotropic surface features. The breakup diameter for the droplet train was compared to the breakup diameter which has been shown to occur with a jet impinging on a SH surface.


Online material: IGeoS scripts implementing the procedures described in this paper

Together with its companion paper (Part II, this issue), this article describes an automated procedure for building, maintaining, and analyzing large and complex earthquake datasets. We present the general concept of a "process-centric" approach to seismic data handling and its implementation based on combining a general-purpose, high-performance seismic processing system with open-source SQL databases. By forming requests for waveforms and metadata, sending them to the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) Data Management Center (DMC), and loading the resulting files in various formats, large datasets can be efficiently compiled and maintained. In Part II, this application is extended into a "data center–type" operation, in which the package provides a Web service for data and result distribution and collaboration with other researchers.

Managing large volumes of data is the most important initial task in any earthquake data analysis. The ease and efficiency of subsequent processing depends strongly on the ways the data are organized and managed on the end-user side. In real-time or USArray-type data analysis, it is also important to continuously expand and update the dataset as the array moves and continues recording. Also, data organization often determines how processing tools can access the datasets and what results can be obtained.

Compared to other geophysical disciplines, the requirements for consistent and flexible data management are particularly strong in earthquake seismology. Earthquake datasets are dynamic in character, with waveform records and metadata being continuously updated from real-time data sources and central data facilities. The data are heterogeneous and complex geographically and historically, with numerous coexisting formats and access mechanisms. Data processing goals and approaches are also highly variable, with different researchers using a variety of different analysis approaches and software tools. In addition, interactive processing plays a very significant role …


Chromosomes ofCaddo agilis (Caddidae) and fifteen species of Phalangiidae were investigated . In three species, Nelima satoi, N . similis, and Eumesosoma roeweri, presence of XY-XX (male heterogametic) sex chromosome system was newly ascertained . On the other hand, ZW-ZZ (female heterogametic) sex chromosome system was suggested to be present in Mitopus morio .Effeminate (2n = 20) and normal (2n = 18) males of Protolophus tuberculatus were found to differ in chromosome number. A survey of known records of chromosome numbers in Caddidae and Phalangiidae revealed a general trend that the number is greater in both Caddidae (2n = 30) and Phalangiinae (2n = 20-36), fewer in Gagrellinae (2n = 10-22), and intermediate in Leiobuninae (2n = 16-26) . Evolutionary trends are briefly discussed and compared with those in other arachnids


The State of Acre, in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon, harbors high biodiversity and a high degree of endemisms. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the diversity of social wasps occurring in this region. This study presents a list of social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Polistinae) collected actively with attractive bait in three rainforest fragments in Acre. A total of 758 wasps belonging to 11 genera and 36 species were collected. Nineteen species were new distribution records for Acre and three others were new records for Brazil. Based on our results, further investigations should lead to a significant increase in Polistinae diversity in this region, producing information for biogeographic studies and management of natural areas


Introduction: In recent years diagnostic advances, novel therapies and improved supportive care have led to growing life expectancy of patients suffering from hematologic neoplasms. Hence, the coincidence of different neoplasms may be observed more frequently challenging both clinicians as well as patients to select the most appropriate treatment approach. However, studies on this topic are rare and the issues of common etiologic factors, epidemiology, or pathogenic mechanisms are unclear yet. Aim: Compare expected and observed frequencies of coincidences of hematologic neoplasms and determine the types of coincidences. Material and Methods: Patients with co-occurring neoplasms were identified by cytomorphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetics based on peripheral blood and bone marrow samples sent to our laboratory for diagnostic purposes (11/2011-03/2015, 3.3 yrs). Therapy-related coincidences were excluded. The ratio of the number of observed to expected coincidences was derived from published epidemiologic data (WHO, ELN, SEER). We report on coincidences of different entities distinguished by WHO criteria: acute lymphoblastic (ALL), myeloid (AML), and undifferentiated (AUL) leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (MBL/CLL), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance/multiple myeloma (MGUS/MM), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), and mature B- and T-cell neoplasms (B-NHL, T-NHL). Analysis of B-NHL sub-categories was performed for hairy cell leukemia (HCL) as well as for follicular (FL), lymphoplasmacytic (LPL), mantle cell (MCL), and marginal zone (MZL) lymphoma. Results: Coincidences of neoplasms were detected in 828 of 46,906 patients (2%, 804 with two and 24 with three neoplasms, respectively) affecting 1% of patients diagnosed with ALL (10/981), 1% in AML (58/5,464), 29% in AUL (5/17), 1% in CML (16/1,655), 6% in MBL/CLL (382/6,811), 4% in MDS (255/6,289), 2% in MDS/MPN (40/2,716), 4% in MGUS/MM (390/9,289), 0.6% MPN (63/9,748), 8% in B-NHL (393/4,712, including 50 cases of HCL, 16 FL, 99 LPL, 26 MCL, and 112 MZL), and 8% in T-NHL (36/277). Out of theoretically possible 120 coincidences of two respective neoplasms 77 (64%) in fact were observed. MBL/CLL and MGUS/MM, respectively, co-occurred with each category. The most frequent coincidences were B-NHL with MBL/CLL (n=148), MDS with MGUS/MM (n=119), and B-NHL with MGUS/MM (n=116). Relating observed and expected frequencies corrected for prevalence and incidence revealed that coincidences were more abundantly diagnosed than statistically expected. For ALL, the highest rate was observed for coincidence with MZL (0.3/0.004, observed/expected cases p.a.), for AML with LPL (0.6/0.003), for AUL with LPL (0.3/1e-05), for CML with AUL (0.3/0.001), for MBL/CLL with LPL (11.2/0.004), for MDS with LPL (2.1/0.004), for MDS/MPN with LPL (0.9/0.002), for MGUS/MM with LPL (13/0.006), for MPN with LPL (0.6/0.006), for B-NHL with MBL/CLL (44.8/0.1), for T-NHL with HZL (1.8/0.0003), for FL with LPL (0.3/0.0005), for HZL with LPL (0.3/7e-05), for LPL with HZL (0.6/0.0003), for MCL with LPL (0.6/0.0001), and for MZL with LPL (1.2/0.0002). Table 1 lists the enrichments of all coincidences. Conclusions: The epidemiology of coincidences is notoriously difficult to study, in particular for rare entities, e.g. AUL. However, we revealed a surprisingly broad spectrum of abundant coincidences and demonstrated that their frequency is substantially higher than expected. These differences are likely due to common causal, etiologic or pathogenic mechanisms that are shared between neoplasms. Common pathways pivotal for the pathogenesis of LPL and CLL, i.e. BTK-dependent BCR signaling which can be inhibited by Ibrutinib achieving excellent response rates, were already identified. The LPL + MBL/CLL coincidence was highly enriched and additional coincidences were identified. Future studies entangling the underlying mechanisms are needed. The demonstrated excess coincidences raise the question whether more abundant preventive screenings could translate into earlier detection, more therapeutic options, and finally increased survival of affected patients. Disclosures Rose:MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Employment. Alpermann:MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Employment. Haferlach:MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Employment, Equity Ownership. Haferlach:MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kern:MLL Munich Leukemia Laboratory: Employment, Equity Ownership.


Responses of 65 thalamic ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus neurons to stimulation of the associative cortex (area 5b) were studied in acute experiments on cats anesthetized with ketamine (25 mg/kg) and immobilized with myorelaxine (2 mg/kg). Neurons studied were identified on the basis of peculiarities of their responses evoked by primary somatosensory cortex and medial lemniscus stimulation. Three neurons responded to stimulation of the area 5b antidromically. Primary orthodromic excitation and inhibition were observed in 17 (26.2%) VPL neurons. The role of the area 5b descending influences on the somatosensory impulses transmission through VPL relay neurons is discussed.


The invention provides a method for producing highly pure 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone monoethers advantageously in industrial production. In a process for producing a compound represented by Formula (I) (wherein, R and R are each independently halogen, alkyl having 1 to 8 carbons or alkenyl having 2 to 8 carbons; m and n are each independently 0 or an integer of 1 to 4; and R is alkyl having 1 to 8 carbons, alkenyl having 2 to 8 carbons, cycloalkyl having 3 to 8 carbons or optionally substituted aralkyl), (1) a pH adjustment is carried out twice or more in the purification process, (2) an excessive amount of alkyl halide used is removed, (3) a solvent, such as water, containing 0.05 ppm or less of iron components is used, (4) tanks with corrosion-resistant layers over the inner walls are used, (6) a chelating agent is added, and (7) a means of drying with mechanical stir is applied.


AIM
To investigate role of putative mitogen-activated protein kinase activator with WD40 repeats (MAWD)/MAWD binding protein (MAWBP) in gastric cancer (GC).

METHODS
MAWBP and MAWD mRNA expression level was examined by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in six GC cell lines. Western blotting was used to examine the protein expression levels. We developed GC cells that stably overexpressed MAWBP and MAWD, and downregulated expression by RNA interference assay. Proliferation and migration of these GC cells were analyzed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT), soft agar, tumorigenicity, migration and transwell assays. The effect of expression of MAWBP and MAWD on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was examined by transfection of MAWBP and MAWD into GC cells. We detected the levels of EMT markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin and Snail in GC cells overexpressing MAWBP and MAWD by Western blotting. The effect of MAWBP and MAWD on TGF-β signal was detected by analysis of phosphorylation level and nuclear translocation of Smad3 using Western blotting and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS
Among the GC cell lines, expression of endogenous MAWBP and MAWD was lowest in SGC7901 cells and highest in BGC823 cells. MAWBP and MAWD were stably overexpressed in SGC7901 cells and knocked down in BGC823 cells. MAWBP and MAWD inhibited GC cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay showed that overexpression of MAWBP and MAWD suppressed growth of SGC7901 cells (P < 0.001), while knockdown of these genes promoted growth of BGC823 cells (P < 0.001). Soft agar colony formation experiments showed that overexpression of MAWBP and MAWD alone or together reduced colony formation compared with vector group in SGC7901 (86.25 ± 8.43, 12.75 ± 4.49, 30 ± 6.41 vs 336.75 ± 22.55, P < 0.001), and knocked-down MAWBP and MAWD demonstrated opposite effects (131.25 ± 16.54, 88.75 ± 11.12, 341.75 ± 22.23 vs 30.25 ± 8.07, P < 0.001). Tumorigenicity experiments revealed that overexpressed MAWBP and MAWD inhibited GC cell proliferation in vivo (P < 0.001). MAWBP and MAWD also inhibited GC cell invasion. Transwell assay showed that the number of traverse cells of MAWBP, MAWD and coexpression group were more than that in vector group (84 ± 16.57, 98.33 ± 9.8, 29 ± 16.39 vs 298 ± 11.86, P < 0.001). Coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD significantly decreased the cells traversing the matrix membrane. Conversely, knocked-down MAWBP and MAWD correspondingly promoted invasion of GC cells (100.67 ± 14.57, 72.66 ± 8.51, 330.67 ± 20.55 vs 27 ± 11.53, P < 0.001). More importantly, coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD promoted EMT. Cells that coexpressed MAWBP and MAWD displayed a pebble-like shape and tight cell-cell adhesion, while vector cells showed a classical mesenchymal phenotype. Western blotting showed that expression of E-cadherin was increased, and expression of N-cadherin and Snail was decreased when cells coexpressed MAWBP and MAWD and were treated with TGF-β1. Nuclear translocation of p-Smad3 was reduced by attenuating its phosphorylation.

CONCLUSION
Coexpression of MAWBP and MAWD inhibited EMT, and EMT-aided malignant cell progression was suppressed.


The author introduces a novel basis for programming environments that encourages development of software in fragments of various types, called fragtypes. Fragtypes range from a simple expression type to a complete subsystem type. As a result, they are suited to the development of software in an enlarged scope that includes both programming in the small and programming in the large. The author shows how proposed operations on fragtypes can achieve unusual effects on the software development process. Fragtypes and their associated construction rules form the basis of the programming environment MUPE-2, which is currently under development at McGill University. The target and the implementation language of this environment is the programming language Modula-2. >


HFC125 is a potential substitutive to SF6 in terms of its protective effectiveness, reduced GWP and cost. In the present study, corrosivity of HFC125 containing nitrogen atmosphere to the medium-carbon steel of C45E4 was examined by systematic experiments under the temperatures and HFC125 concentrations commonly used in Mg die-casting practice. For comparison, the corrosivity of SF6 containing nitrogen atmosphere was examined in the identical conditions, followed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence characterization of the corrosion products. The results show that the HFC125 containing nitrogen atmosphere was less corrosive to C45E4 than SF6 containing one in long-playing corrosion under identical conditions. Oxidation was the major cause of the corrosion to C45E4 and HFC125 or SF6 was of secondary contribution. HFC125 or its decomposition was deduced to corrode C45E4 to produce fluorides; SF6 or its decomposition was deduced to react with C45E4 to produce sulfides. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.MC201024]


Abbott-81988 (A-81988) was selected from a series of related compounds as a highly potent and selective antagonist of angiotensin receptors. In the rabbit aorta, A-81988 exhibited a pA2 of 10.12 (+/- 0.08) vs. angiotensin-II, for type 1 receptors (AT1), and the antagonism appeared competitive. These results agreed with radioligand assays in which A-81988 inhibited the binding of [125I]-Sar1-Ile8-Angiotensin-II to rat liver membranes with a pKI of 9.12 (+/- 0.63). A-81988 was selective for AT1 receptors based on its lack of activity at other sites, such as aortic alpha 1 receptors. Moreover, A-81988 lacked affinity for AT2 receptors of bovine cerebellar membranes or for alpha or beta adrenergic receptors in binding assays. A-81988 lowered blood pressure significantly in vivo in renal artery-ligated rats at doses of 0.3 mg/kg administered either i.v. or p.o. The compound was rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the duodenum of anesthetized rats and demonstrated very low first-pass metabolism in the rat liver. These properties of selectivity toward and potency for antagonizing AT1 receptors, activity in lowering blood pressure in experimental animals, and favorable pharmacokinetic properties indicate that A-81988 should be a useful antihypertensive agent in man.


In this text we will overview the project "Armenia Imaginada" seeking to identify city inhabitant's urban imaginaries. People experiences slowly create routes and routines that once studied offer a way of being urban. In this direction the city is a place where the citizen converges and where new ways of living are produced and perceived. The research is framed on the theories and methodologies of Dr. Armando Silva and the international project Imagined Cities. The perspective of educated city is framed on a phenomenon that must be studied by the academia; this is evidenced by the experiences already forwarded in different cities from Mexico to Argentina where the relation: Citizen, City and education is being explored in order to comprehend the good development of this city and its daily links.


This paper addresses two inter-related aspects of Hizbullah's political communication strategies: the mediated charisma of its Secretary-General Sayyed Hassan Nassrallah and his religious-political discourse. It focuses on two of his political speeches that framed the July 2006 war with Israel, widely seen as a Hizbullah victory that enhanced its popularity among Arab and Muslim populations within and outside of Lebanon. The paper starts with an overview of the group's transformation from an Islamist resistance movement into a powerful political party in Lebanon and outlines Nassrallah's rise in power and authority. It then assesses Nassrallah's mediated charisma and political-religious discourse and highlights the ways in which both draw on historical and cultural repertoires to produce a hyper-populist narrative that appeals to the intended audience—Lebanese nationals—in a particular historical moment. These cultural repertoires, what Foucault calls `episteme', provide meaning and legitimacy to discourses and worldviews. The paper concludes that Nassrallah's mediated charisma and his political-religious discourse provide compelling forms of rhetorical political communication that can be effective in specific contexts.


According to the mechanism of EMG signal, we know that the sacrificial electrical signal is with weak signal, low frequency, alternating, nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics. Nonlinear analysis includes higher order spectral analysis and fractal and chaos analysis.Chaos theory is one of the main parts of nonlinear science, and the electrical signal of the surface has a strong randomness, so we could consider the nonlinear analysis of EMG signals from the perspective of chaos. We mainly studied on the nonlinear analysis algorithm of EMG signal detailedly in this paper. Experiments show that , according to the quantitative analysis of several important parameters of rolling massage with chaos theory, we can measure objectively the action situation of related muscle groups in the operation course, then guide the professional massage students to understand the norms of operation in training of operation and help to lead their manipulation to the best power structure.


The development of food product for improving the product quality was costly, especially if it had to reformulate the product. Therefore, finding the alternative raw materials which nutritious food and has a bioactive component that beneficial for health, was one of the ways to reduce cost. One of the raw materials that has Glucomannan as a bioactive component, was Gembili tuber (Dioscorea esculenta L.) as a local tuber which was widely grown in Banyuwangi, East Java. Osing ethnic's snacks that are widely produced by the community in the district of Banyuwangi, East Java province is a Bagiak. Bagiak is cookies made from cassava starch (tapioca) and arrowroot starch. In the market, bagiak has low quality, un-uniform shapes, un-similar color, no value-added and causes obesity due to higher sugar content. The purpose of this research was to improve the quality of Bagiak through Gembili flour substitution. The result showed that substitution of 5% Gembili flour has higher fiber with 0.62% effectiveness index value of panelist ( in term of color, taste, flavor, texture and crispness), baking loss 12.50±0.65 %; lightness 52.48±0.45; texture 689±1.09 g/1mm; Water Holding Capacity (WHC) 172.5±1.32%; water content 4.50± 0.33%; ash 0.5±0.04 %; protein 2.50±0.12 %; fat 8.50±1.09 % and carbohydrate 84.00±1.53 %.


Molecular-dynamics-coupled multiparticle collision dynamic (MPC-MD) simulations have emerged to be an efficient and versatile tool in the description of mesoscale colloidal dynamics. However, the compressibility of the coarse-grained fluid leads to this method being prone to spurious depletion interactions that may dominate the colloidal dynamics. In this paper, we review the existing methodology to deal with these interactions, establish and report depletion measurements, and present a method to avoid artificial depletion in mesoscale simulation methods.


The advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) was finally launched in May 1998 aboard the NOAA 15 satellite. Algorithms are provided for retrieving the total precipitable water (TPW) and cloud liquid water (CLW) over oceans using the AMSU measurements at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz. Extensive comparisons are made between the AMSU retrievals of CLW and TPW and those obtained using other satellite instruments (Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI)) and ground-based radiometers. The AMSU TPW is also compared against radiosonde data, where all of the results are in good agreement with rms differences less than 3 mm and biases less than 1 mm over the range between 5 and 60 mm. The CLW comparisons show greater variability, although the time series of the AMSU and ground-based sensors follow each other and cover the same dynamic range of 0 - 0.5 mm. The AMSU CLW also compares well with the other satellite measurements, although a bias exists between AMSU and TMI when the CLW exceeds 0.5 mm.


The current study was performed to evaluate the antinociceptive and antiedematogenic properties of andrographolide isolated from the leaves of Andrographis paniculata using two animal models. Antinociceptive activity was evaluated using the acetic acid— induced writhing and the hot-plate tests, while antiedematogenic activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of andrographolide (10, 25, and 50 mg/kg) did not affect the motor coordination of the experimental animals but produced significant (p < .05) antinociceptive activity when assessed using both tests. However, 2 mg/kg naloxone failed to affect the 25 mg/kg andrographolide activity in both tests, indicating that the activity was modulated via nonopioid mechanisms. Furthermore, andrographolide showed significant (p < .05) antiedematogenic activity. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that andrographolide has antinociceptive and antiedematogenic activities; it may be useful for treating pain and inflammation once human studies are conducted.


Through our screening for novel antifungal compounds, YM-215343 was found in the culture extract of Phoma sp. QN04621. The structure of YM-215343 was determined by several spectroscopic experiments as a novel compound closely related to apiosporamide and fischerin. YM-215343 exhibited antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungi, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans and Aspergillus fumigatus with MIC values of 2 to approximately 16 microg/ml. It also showed cytotoxicity against HeLa S3 cells with an IC50 of 3.4 microg/ml.


A series of recently available derivatives (quaternary and hydroxylated) of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and butaclamol were evaluated with respect to antagonism of norepinephrine- (NE) (rat cerebral cortex), dopamine- (DA) (rat striatum) and histamine- (H) sensitive (rabbit cerebral cortex) adenylate cyclases. With incubated tissue slices (rat and rabbit cortices) CPZ-CH3, 7-OH-CPZ-CH3, beta-OH-CPZ and butaclamol displayed a capacity to inhibit either NE- or H- induced accumulation of adenosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP). With the broken cellular enzyme responsive to DA, rather potent inhibition of enzyme activity (IC50 less than 24 micron) occurred with butaclamol, beta-OH-CPZ, 7,8,beta-triOH-CPZ, 7,8-dioxo-beta-OH-CPZ and 3,7,8-triOH-CPZ. It is concluded that the metabolites of CPZ contribute to the central therapeutic and/or side effects of the parent compound.


Chronic disease is one of the most prevalent health issues that affects a person's quality of life and is a serious problem that may affect the peoples around the world. In Saudi Arabia, the disease pattern has shifted from communicable to chronic disease in recent times. This study investigates the effect of geographical/environmental factors on the lipid profiles and their associations with blood pressure (BP) and HbA1c in the Saudi population residing at lowlands and highlands, respectively. Archived clinical data from the different commercial laboratories were screened for 18 months in Jeddah (lowland) and Asir (highland) regions of Saudi Arabia. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistics for the window. Small but significantly high blood pressure was observed in the study population from the Asir region compared to those from the Jeddah region (p<0.05). Prevalence of dyslipidemia was significantly high in the prediabetes and diabetes group of population (p<0.05) from the Jeddah region (p<0.05). Overall, prediabetes and diabetes were detected in 31.2% (2243) and 23.6% (1697). There were 12.3% prediabetic and 11.3% diabetic from the Asir region and 18.9% prediabetic and 12.2% diabetic from the Jeddah region (p<0.05). The clinical assessment of biochemical data revealed that the high prevalence of dyslipidemia is associated with prediabetes and diabetes in the Jeddah region (lowland). Furthermore, regression analysis suggested that dyslipidemia was associated with increased risk of prediabetes (OR, 95%CI=1.205, 1.068-1.359) and diabetes (OR, 95%CI= 1.93, 0.807-2.055). Furthermore, high blood pressure was associated with the population living at high altitudes.


In today's world, data information, exchange, and processing are sustenance to corporations, organizations, and government agencies. Communications networks are relied upon to meet the computing needs of such organizations. These groups have computing demands that require large amounts of processing power, and use supercomputing systems consisting of massively parallel processors (MPP) for a wide range of data intensive operations. With advances in high-bandwidth network technology, the performance found in MPP can be replicated with a network of workstations (NOW).
When large-scale disaster situations occur, intelligent routing algorithms are needed to maintain the necessary network resources required by NOW. These routing algorithms must be robust enough to accommodate changing network conditions and disaster situations while still providing resources for communications and acceptable load balancing of data flow.
Mobile multiple autonomous units or multi-agents can be used to make routing and fault-tolerant decisions in a way similar to those of swarm insects. In this research, we develop a mobile multi-agent routing algorithm for disaster avoidance in network communications. This algorithm, called Fault-Tolerant Intelligent Routing Environment AntNet or FIRE Ant, is designed using activity structures. This is a novel approach for determining design parameters and requisite behavior of the routing algorithm.
The activities of the NOWs environment are analyzed in order to find its relevant components. Activity structures are conceptual and methodological tools for capturing the adaptive activities in natural and artificial systems. In this research they allow the interaction of diverse structures in a high-performance, data communication network.
The performance of the FIRE Ant algorithm is compared to a simplified version of the most well known mobile multi-agent based routing algorithm, AntNet, and to the BGP UPDATE procedure used in Internet routing. FIRE Ant is the first agent algorithm to address multiple network failures or disaster situations. FIRE Ant is a cost routing algorithm used to optimize the average flow of an entire network as a method of data flow load balancing during disaster situations. Network failures are added to the study in order to determine the effectiveness of the three algorithms during disaster situations. In the worst-case scenarios of this study, results show the FIRE Ant algorithm provides up to a 35.7% in throughput improvement over BGP UPDATE in performance when a network is experiencing a disaster situation.


Abstract A global, spectral, primitive equation model is developed to study the seasonal climatology of the large-scale features of the atmosphere. The model resolution is five equally-spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. Included in the model are: orography; time-varying (but prescribed) sea-surface temperatures, snowcover, and solar declination angle; parameterizations for radiation, convection, condensation, diffusion, and surface transports; and a surface heat budget. The external seasonal forcing of the model atmosphere is composed of sinusoidal time variations in the incoming solar radiation and latitude of the snowline and more complicated variations in the albedo of the snow and the sea-surface temperatures. A five-year seasonal simulation has been analyzed. The model reasonably reproduces the general features of the observed atmospheric circulation, seasonal cycles, interannual variations and hemispheric differences. The success of this...


A novel approach of temporal feature extraction over a predefined window at every pixel of range images is presented. Range images are first smoothed by an edge preserving nonlinear filter and then decomposed into a time sequence of image frames by a gated neuronal array. The image pixels are selected via neuronal gates controlled by a spatial grating function whose parameters are the 3D distance to the center pixel of the window and the time dependent spatial grating frequency. As the frequency is varied from a maximum value down to zero over a preset discrete time period, statistical information on the set of pixels selected is gathered. This temporal information is considered to represent the surface characteristics over the window. In this paper, as a first step it is demonstrated by using realistic range data that the entropy information of the sequence of images at every pixel can be effectively used to identify the edges.<<ETX>>


Abstract Synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) has been done by sol-gel-hydrothermal colloidal route in two different apparatus; one being simple stainless steel (named as TiO2-B) and other being at constant temperature and pressure autoclave (named as TiO2-W). These TiO2 NPs were investigated by various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and photoluminescence spectrophotometer. Also, it was observed that the quality of the synthesized TiO2-W NPs is comparable with the commercial TiO2 NPs (TiO2-C), whereas the cost of synthesis is almost reduced to half. The synthesized TiO2 NPs are used as the photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). DSSC with TiO2-W showed better power conversion efficiency as compared to DSSC with TiO2-B. Graphical Abstract


whichmay justify coercivelegislation. If education leads to consensus, the need for coercivelegislation falls away. One should give greater credit to the capacity of the underprivileged to benefit from education which will alert them to available services, without being coerced into them. The fact that consensus may require a massive input of educationand debate is true, but the moral legitimacyof coercion is notunderwritten by the resulting consensus. M.H. Parker, MB BS 29 Lawrence Road West Chermside,QLD 4032 1. Beard T'C.Humanbehaviourand the ethics of coercion. Med J Ausl 1988; 148: 82-85. 2. Mill JS. On liberty. In: Acton HB, ed.Utilitarianismon liberty and considerations on representative government. London: Dent, 1972: 78, 143, 163.


For central PbPb collisions at a center of mass energy of 17.3 GeV/nucleon we have made the first two-dimensional measurement of the pp correlation function. These data extend the range of previous studies of HBT radii by a factor of two in transverse mass. They are consistent with a hydrodynamic interpretation and microscopic models that include hadronic rescattering and transverse expansion. We also report new data on pion correlations. The two particle correlations of negative pions at a transverse mass of 0.92 GeV imply source radii that are smaller than typical hydrodynamic fits and transport model simulations. It is possible that these fast pions may have left the source before the build up of hydrodynamic flow.


The effects of plane of nutrition (ad libitum and 75% ad libitum) and dietary crude protein concentration (11.3, 16.0 and 20.9% crude protein) on body composition of male and female weaner goats were studied in a comparative slaughter experiment. The initial chemical composition of the body (water, ash, protein, fat) and dissectible tissue fractions of the carcass (muscle, fat, bone) of the experimental goats were estimated from regression equations, derived from a group of twelve comparable kids. The final chemical composition and carcass tissue distribution were determined directly by chemical and dissection analyses. There was no effect of dietary crude protein concentration on the chemical composition of the empty body weight (EBW) gain or on carcass tissue distribution. The lack of any response to dietary protein was attributed to similar levels of protein/energy available at the small intestine despite large differences in crude protein intake. Ad libitum feeding, however, resulted in significantly more fat (31.0 v. 22.6% of EBW gain) and less water (51.1 v. 56.4% of EBW gain) in the composition of the gain compared with restricted feeding. There was no effect of feeding level on protein or ash content of the body. Goats fed ad libitum had significantly less muscle (60.1 v. 62.5%) and more dissectible fat (19.5 v. 16.3%) in their carcasses than kids restricted in their intake. Females had significantly more fat (32.7 v. 22.4% of EBW gain) but less water (48.4 v. 57.9% of EBW gain) and nitrogen (2.2 v. 2.8% of EBW gain) in their body gain than did males. Similarly, the carcass of females contained more dissectible fat (22.6 v. 13.2%) but less bone (15.8 v. 19.3%) and muscle (58.5 v. 64.1%) than males. The efficiency of utilization of dietary energy for growth and fattening (kf) was similar (0.32) for all groups of kids.


Objectives
The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that Americans limit their added sugars intake to less than 10% of their total calories (energy) for the day, because the calories obtained from added sugars often come with low nutritional benefits. The research objective was to compare mean intakes of nutritious foods such as fruit, dairy, and whole grains by children grouped based on whether they met the DGA added sugars recommendation or not.

Methods
Children ages 2 to 19 years who had complete dietary intake data on day 1 of What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016 were included in the study. They were divided into two groups: (1) those who met the DGA added sugars recommendation; and (2) those who did not meet the recommendation. Energy and selected food group intakes of the two groups were estimated and compared using SAS-callable SUDAAN software, and a p-value less than 0.01 was considered as significantly different.

Results
There were 2901 children in the study. Only about one-third of all children (34.8 ± 1.2%), met the added sugars recommendation, and household income did not impact the percentage of children meeting the recommendation. Forty-seven % of 2-5 year old and 31% of 6-19 year old children met the recommendation. The estimated mean added sugars intake of the children who met the recommendation was considerably lower than those who did not meet the recommendation, 6.4 ± 0.23 vs. 21.2 ± 0.51 teaspoon equivalents (eq.), respectively. The children who met the recommendation had significantly lower energy intake than those who did not meet the recommendation, 1764 ± 32 vs. 1924 ± 30 kilocalories, respectively. In spite of their lower energy intake, children who met the recommendation had significantly higher intakes of total fruit, 1.3 ± 0.05 vs. 0.8 ± 0.05 cup eq.; total dairy, 2.1 ± 0.12 vs. 1.8 ± 0.08 cup eq.; and whole grains 1.0 ± 0.07 vs. 0.8 ± 0.04 ounce eq. than the other group. In other words, those who met the recommendation made better food choices by eating nutritious foods for lower energy intake.

Conclusions
The study findings showed that high added sugars intake have the potential to replace nutritious foods and reduce the overall quality of the diet, in children.

Funding Sources
The study was funded by USDA, Agricultural Research Service.


A sporadic case of Crouzon Syndrome without mental retardation is described. The patient, an 11 year old boy with grossly carious teeth and in severe pain was referred for dental treatment. A review of literature on Crouzon Syndrome is presented.


There are numerous disease prediction models for potato late blight based on recognition of weather conditions suitable for infection. The models have the potential to target fungicide application to times of greatest need, with a consequent reduction in chemical use. The Hartill-Young late blight model was developed about 20 years ago from disease and weather data recorded at the Pukekohe Research Station. This paper presents the more sophisticated Shtienberg model, which was developed recently from the same data but which treats components of the disease process separately. The outputs of the Hartill-Young and Shtienberg models and the established Fry model were analysed for the same input weather data, at Pukekohe (high disease risk area) and Lincoln (low risk) over the last five growing seasons. The Shtienberg model gave broadly similar results to the other two models.


The purpose of this article is to review immunization recommendations for HIV-infected individuals in resource-constrained countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-infected children are at risk for low immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. Routine immunization is recommended for these children. In comparison with immunocompetent children, recommendations for live-attenuated vaccines differ in HIV-infected children. However, limited laboratory capacity to diagnose HIV infection amongst young children prevents the implementation of these HIV-specific guidelines in resource-constrained countries. Re-immunization has been the focus of recent research in high- and middle-income countries. Findings show that children established on highly active antiretroviral therapy have suboptimal vaccine-specific immunity and may benefit from re-immunization. Before re-immunization guidelines can be formulated for resource-constrained countries, several questions should be addressed, including whether all HIV-infected children will benefit from routine re-immunization and what optimal number of vaccine doses should be administered. Pneumococcal and influenza infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality amongst HIV-infected individuals. There is compelling evidence showing that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will protect HIV-infected and uninfected children against invasive infection. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines should be prioritized for introduction in countries with high HIV prevalence. Although, annual influenza immunization is recommended for HIV-infected individuals, the effectiveness in Africa remains unclear. In conclusion, this brief overview has identified several limitations of current immunization policy and practice for HIV-infected individuals living in resource-constrained countries.


Background Researchers have been focused on perceptual characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in terms of sensory hyperreactivity. Previously, we demonstrated that temporal resolution, which is the accuracy in differentiating the order of two successive vibrotactile stimuli, is associated with the severity of sensory hyperreactivity (Ide et al. 2019). Herein, we examined whether an increase in the perceptual intensity of a tactile stimulus, despite its short duration, is derived from high temporal resolution and a high frequency of sensory temporal summation. Method Sixteen participants with ASD and fifteen typically developing (TD) participants performed two psychophysical experimental tasks, and we evaluated the detectable duration of vibrotactile stimuli with the same amplitude and temporal resolution. Sensory hyperreactivity was estimated using a self-reported questionnaire. Results There was no relationship between temporal resolution and the duration of detectable stimuli in either group. However, the ASD group showed more severe sensory hyperreactivity in daily life than the TD group did, and ASD participants with severe sensory hyperreactivity tended to have high temporal resolution but not high sensitivity for detectable duration. Conclusion Contrary to our hypothesis, there might be different processing between temporal resolution and sensitivity for stimulus detection. Sensory reactivity in daily life would not be based on sensitivity for stimulus detection measured in an experimental task, and we suggest that atypical temporal processing would affect sensory reactivity in ASD. Keywords (within 6 keywords): Temporal resolution, Temporal summation, Autism spectrum disorder, Hyperreactivity, Gap detection


IPv6 deployment is currently under way at a rapid pace. IPv6 introduced new features and capabilities lacking in IPv4 but as with any new technology, there are always security risks and challenges that need to be addressed. Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) is part of IPv6's Network Discovery Protocol that is vulnerable to security threats such as: Spoofing, Denial of Service (DoS). This survey paper, aims to present various techniques that were introduced to mitigate such security threats and highlight the limitations of techniques. Herein, we will discuss a) the concepts of Neighbor Discovery Protocol in IPv6 b) Duplicate Address Detection process c) security issues in Duplicate Address Detection d) proposed mitigation techniques and their limitations to encounter security threats and finally, conclusion and future work.


Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are a grave threat to Internet services and even to the network itself. Widely distributed "zombie" computers subverted by malicious hackers are used to orchestrate massive attacks. Any defense against such flooding attacks must solve the hard problem of distinguishing the packets that are part of the attack from legitimate traffic, so that the attack can be filtered out without much collateral damage. We explore one technique that can be used as part of DDoS defenses: using ACL rules that distinguish the attack packets from the legitimate traffic based on source addresses in packets. One advantage of this technique is that the ACL rules can be deployed in routers deep inside the network where the attack isn't large enough to cause loss of legitimate traffic due to congestion. The most important disadvantage is that the ACL rules can also cause collateral damage by discarding some legitimate traffic. We use simulations to study this damage how it is influenced by various factors. Our technique is much better than uninformed dropping due to congestion, but it produces larger collateral damage than more processing-intensive approaches. For example it can reduce the attack size by a factor of 3 while also dropping between 2% and 10% of the legitimate traffic. We recommend the use of source address prefix based filtering in combination with other techniques, for example as a coarse pre-filter that ensures that devices performing the processing-intensive filtering are not overwhelmed


Permittivity and dissipation factor (Dk and Df) are effects of polarization of different components of the dielectric substrate material when subjected to an electrical field. A database of these important design parameters for PWBs has been developed for Thermount RT. Effects of variations in the level of moisture (bone‐dry to completely saturated at various relative humidity levels), testing temperature (room temperature to 120uC) and testing frequencies (1MHz to 1.5GHz) on Dk and Df are reported. As the frequency of test is increased from 1MHz to 1.5GHz, the effect of moisture on the properties is reduced. Comparison with conventional glass/FR4 laminate properties shows the distinct advantage of Thermount. It is increasingly used in high frequency cellular telephone, satellite, and wireless applications which require HDI PWBs to achieve the highest packaging density at the lowest cost and weight.


We present a case of Scleredema Diabeticorum (SD) in a patient with diabetic neuropathy and restrictive respiratory disease with unusual skin lesion distribution. The onset of dermatologic symptoms heralded a progressive respiratory disease with constrictive component. Painful diabetic neuropathy was noteworthy and difficult to relieve. Predominantly, distribution of the skin lesions on the thighs makes the case exceptional. T2-weighted MRI showed abnormal hyperintensities along the muscles of the thighs in correspondence with the skin lesions. Gait and respiratory symptoms progressively worsened. After a transient remitting period, he developed sudden shortening of breath, arrested and expired at home.The atypical distribution of the skin lesions with further involvement of underlying muscles plus concomitant polyneuropathy and respiratory constrictive disease with sudden death is quite unusual and aggressive presentation of SD.


Male coleoid cephalopods produce spermatophores that can attach autonomously on the female's body during a complex process of evagination called the 'spermatophoric reaction', during which the ejaculatory apparatus and spiral filament of the spermatophore are everted and exposed to the external milieu. In some deepwater cephalopods, the reaction leads to the intradermal implantation of the spermatophore, a hitherto enigmatic phenomenon. The present study builds upon several lines of evidence to propose that spermatophore implantation is probably achieved through the combination of (1) an 'evaginating-tube' mechanism performed by the everting ejaculatory apparatus and (2) the anchorage provided by the spiral filament's stellate particles. The proposed theoretical model assumes that, as it is exposed to the external milieu, each whorl of the spiral filament anchors to the surrounding tissue by means of its sharp stellate particles. As the ejaculatory apparatus tip continues evaginating, it grows in diameter and stretches lengthwise, enlarging the diameter of the whorl and propelling it, consequently tearing and pushing the anchored tissue outward and backward, and opening space for the next whorl to attach. After the ejaculatory apparatus has been everted and has perforated tissue, the cement body is extruded, possibly aiding in final attachment, and the sperm mass comes to lie inside the female tissue, encompassed by the everted ejaculatory apparatus tube. It is proposed that this unique, efficient spermatophore attachment mechanism possibly evolved in intimate relationship with the adoption of an active mode of life by coleoids. The possible roles of predation pressure and sperm competition in the evolution of this mechanism are also discussed. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 105, 711–726.


Developing countries are faced with an escalating epidemic of non-communicable diseases. There is an urgent need to build capacity in terms of health care resources to combat this epidemic. In this article we describe a project co-funded by the World Diabetes Foundation, the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine Colombo Sri Lanka, the Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Trust of Sri Lanka, and the charitable Sri Lanka Education Fund held in Trust at Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Trust, UK. This project has sought to improve capacity in a developing country through fostering research and educational partnerships. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.


BACKGROUND
Bedaquiline (BDQ) and clofazimine (CFZ) are both recommended for treating drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). As CFZ is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme 3A4 (CYP3A4) in vitro, and BDQ a substrate of CYP3A4, there is a potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interaction that may result in increased BDQ exposure when co-administered with CFZ, which could increase the toxicity of BDQ.

METHODS
We assessed the effect of co-administered CFZ on BDQ bioavailability, or on clearance of BDQ and its N-monodesmethyl metabolite (M2), in patients with DR-TB using a population PK model developed from data of patients with DR-TB. This was a secondary analysis of a study designed to explore drug-drug interactions between BDQ and antiretrovirals.

RESULTS
Of 46 participants, 30 were on concomitant CFZ when intensive PK sampling of BDQ was done. CFZ did not have a statistically significant effect on BDQ bioavailability (-9.1%, 90%CI -22.8 to +7.1; P = 0.19) or on BDQ and M2 clearance (+12.2%, 90%CI -13.7 to +38; P = 0.32).

CONCLUSION
We did not find a statistically significant PK drug-drug interaction between BDQ and CFZ, but cannot exclude a potentially clinically relevant interaction due to the wide confidence intervals of the estimated interaction effects.


BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE
It is known that maladaptive attentional and emotional mechanisms of pain processing - as indicated by constructs such as pain hypervigilance, pain-related anxiety and pain catastrophizing - play an important role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain conditions. However, little is known to date about the potential risk factors for these forms of maladaptive processing. The aim of the present study was to shed more light on this issue. A very comprehensive set of predictor variables was examined in healthy pain-free subjects.

METHOD
Participants were 92 young and healthy subjects (mean [+/- SD] age 26.99+/-6.90 years; 47 men, 45 women). Maladaptive attentional and emotional mechanisms of pain processing were assessed by self-report measures of pain hypervigilance, pain-related anxiety and pain catastrophizing, as well as by a dot-probe task. The comprehensive set of predictor variables included measures of affective and bodily distress (depression, anxiety and somatization), experimental pain sensitivity, and cortisol reactivity. Directed relationships were estimated by using structural equation modelling.

RESULTS
Structural equation modelling revealed a significant path from affective and bodily distress to self-reported maladaptive attentional and emotional pain processing. In contrast, the paths from pain sensitivity and cortisol reactivity did not reach the level of significance.

CONCLUSION
These results support the position that anxiety and depression, as well as somatization, contribute to the aberrance of attentional and emotional mechanisms of pain processing. Surprisingly, the assumption of a close relationship between these maladaptive mechanisms of pain processing and pain sensitivity could not be confirmed.


Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is at present the only exam to allow non-invasive, bedside monitoring of cerebral vasospasm after SAH. The high temporal resolution of this technique enables detection of fast flow-velocity changes occurring in intracranial arteries, as well as evaluation of vasomotive reserve and strength of autoregulation. TCD results concerning cerebral vasospasm evaluation are comparable to those obtained in angiographic studies; however the correlation between TCD data and clinical status is not always so strict. This difference could be explained by the fact that TCD measures flow velocity and not flow in intracranial vessels.


Thyroid hormone response elements (T3REs) have been identified in a variety of promoters including those directing expression of rat GH (rGH), alpha-myosin heavy chain (rMHC), and malic enzyme (rME). A detailed biochemical and genetic analysis of the rGH element has shown that it consists of three hexamers related to the consensus [(A/G)GGT(C/A)A]. We have extended this analysis to the rMHC and rME elements. Binding of highly purified thyroid hormone receptor (T3R) to T3REs was determined using the gel shift assay, and thyroid hormone (T3) induction was measured in transient tranfections. We show that the wild type version of each of the three elements binds T3R dimers cooperatively. Mutational analysis of the rMHC and rME elements identified domains important for binding T3R dimers and allowed a direct determination of the relationship between T3R binding and function. In each element two hexamers are required for dimer binding, and mutations that interfere with dimer formation significantly reduce T3 induction. Similar to the rGH element, the rMHC T3RE contains three hexameric domains arranged as a direct repeat followed by an inverted copy, although the third domain is weaker than in rGH. All three are required for full function and T3R binding. The rME T3RE is a two-hexamer direct repeat T3RE, which also binds T3R monomer and dimer. Across a series of mutant elements, there was a strong correlation between dimer binding in vitro and function in vivo for rMHC (r = 0.99, P less than 0.01) and rME (r = 0.67, P less than 0.05) T3REs. Our results demonstrate a similar pattern of T3R dimer binding to a diverse array of hexameric sequences and arrangements in three wild type T3REs. Addition of nuclear protein enhanced T3R binding but did not alter the specificity of binding to wild type or mutant elements. Binding of purified T3R to T3REs was highly correlated with function, both with and without the addition of nuclear protein. T3R dimer formation is the common feature which defines the capacity of these elements to confer T3 induction.


INTRODUCTION It might be expected that the earth's surface would be studied before the deeper crust. This may be true if the word "studied" is not used critically. That the surface would be observed, talked about, written about, and even to some degree thought about, is a fairly safe expectation and seems to agree with the historical facts. When it comes to what may be called study in a scientific sense, we find that things taken for granted when civilization was young are about the last things to be investigated critically. The result was that mineralogy, paleontology, and even microscopic petrography began their careers as critical sciences in advance of systematic physiography. It was only when present-day processes became the key to unlock the past that critical study was really demanded. This was not much before the nineteenth century. And it was not until the late decades of that century . . .


Nowadays, the research on the effect of emotion on rational person behavior is a problem of concern in the field of desicion science, and it is a forward direction to carry out the relevant research using the method of decision neu- roscience. In this paper, we use the method of meta-analysis to analyze 30 effect values which were extracted from 19 lit- eratures. The result shows that emotion has a significant influence on rational person behavior. At the same time, we ex- ploratory find that emotional valence has a significant positive effect on the relationship between the two. Positive emo- tions can lead rational person to take risk seeking behavior in risk decision making or cooperative behavior in social deci- sion making; Negative emotions can lead rational person to take risk-averse behavior in risk decision making or non co- operative behavior in social decisions. The influence of positive or negative emotions on rational person behavior are re- flected in the amplitude differences of brain electrical components such as P2, P3, N2, ERN, MFN and FRN, but there is no consistent conclusion of amplitude change direction for various brain electrical components. This result gives the rela- tionship between emotion and rational person behavior, and puts forward the direction of future research.


Laryngeal chondritis is an acute obstructive upper respiratory condition characterised by severe dyspnoea and laryngeal stridor, considered an uncommon disease in sheep. In this study, we describe detailed clinical evolution, imaging and pathological findings of the first cases of laryngeal chondritis in Dorper sheep. Two Dorper sheep from different flocks were referred to clinical care with respiratory distress and fatigue. Due to dyspnoea, both sheep were submitted to emergency tracheotomy. Both sheep did not show recovery after treatment with antimicrobials and anti-inflammatories and died. Main gross findings observed in sheep 1 were purulent foci affecting cricoid cartilage and surrounding tissues. Sheep 2 presented with marked swelling of the laryngeal mucosa, reduced airway lumen and a pus-draining fistula in the arytenoid cartilage. Histologically, both cases revealed necrosis of the laryngeal cartilage, suppurative inflammation and abscedation within myriads of intralesional bacteria.


Author(s): Lelewer, Debra A.; Hirschberg, Daniel S. | Abstract: Context modeling has emerged as the most promising new approach to compressing text. While context-modeling algorithms provide very good compression, they suffer from the disadvantages of being quite slow and requiring large amounts of main memory in which to execute. We describe a context-model-based algorithm that runs significantly faster and uses less space than earlier context models. Although our algorithm does not achieve the compression performance of competing context models, it does provide a significant improvement over the widely-used Unix utility compress in terms of both use of memory and compression performance.


Large-scale mobile communication systems tend to contain legacy transmission channels with narrowband bottlenecks, resulting in characteristic 'telephone-quality' audio. While higher quality codecs exist, due to the scale and heterogeneity of the networks, transmitting higher sample rate audio with modern high-quality audio codecs can be difficult in practice. This paper proposes an approach where a communication node can instead extend the bandwidth of a band-limited incoming speech signal that may have been passed through a low-rate codec. To this end, we propose a WaveNet-based model conditioned on a log-mel spectrogram representation of a bandwidth-constrained speech audio signal of 8 kHz and audio with artifacts from GSM full-rate (FR) compression to reconstruct the higher-resolution signal. In our experimental MUSHRA evaluation, we show that a model trained to upsample to 24kHz speech signals from audio passed through the 8kHz GSM-FR codec is able to reconstruct audio only slightly lower in quality to that of the Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband audio codec (AMR-WB) codec at 16kHz, and closes around half the gap in perceptual quality between the original encoded signal and the original speech sampled at 24kHz. We further show that when the same model is passed 8kHz audio that has not been compressed, is able to again reconstruct audio of slightly better quality than 16kHz AMR-WB, in the same MUSHRA evaluation.


Introduction: Among 48,835 postmenopausal women randomized in the Women9s Health Initiative Dietary Modification (WHI DM) primary prevention trial, 1,767 women were diagnosed with breast cancer during the 8.3 years of dietary intervention. While differences were not statistically significant, there were fewer breast cancers diagnosed in the low fat dietary group women (HR 0.92 95% CI 0.84-1.01, P=0.09) with somewhat lower breast cancer mortality (HR 0.77 95% CI 0.48-1.22) than seen in control group women (JAMA 2006; 295:629). These findings were recently updated, and after 10.9 years (mean) post-diagnosis follow-up, breast cancer overall survival among these 1,767 women measured from diagnosis was greater in the dietary group (10 year survival, 82% vs 78%, 168 (2.24%) versus 319 (2.71%) deaths; HR 0.80 95% CI 0.66-0.97, P=0.02) (AACR Annual Meeting 2016, abstract CT0433, Clinical Trials Plenary Session). We now report low-fat dietary pattern influence on breast cancer overall survival in subgroups defined by breast cancer characteristics. Methods: The WHI DM trial, conducted at 40 US clinical centers, from1993-1998 enrolled 48,835 postmenopausal women, aged 50-79, without prior breast cancer, with normal mammogram and dietary fat intake >32% of total energy. Participants were randomly assigned to a dietary intervention group (40%, n=19,541) with goals of fat intake reduction to 20% of energy and increased fruits, vegetables and grain intake, or a usual diet control group (60%, n=29,294). As previously reported, the dietary modification program reduced fat intake, increased fruit, vegetable and grain intake and was associated with modest weight loss (all P Results: The examined subgroups included histology (ductal, lobular, other), estrogen receptor (ER) status (positive vs. negative by local laboratory), progesterone receptor (PR) status, HER2 status, triple negative (yes/no), stage (local, regional or distant), grade (well, moderately, poorly differentiated), tumor size ( =2 cm), and nodal involvement (none, 1-3, 4+). None of the tests of interaction in subgroups were statistically significant. All subgroup hazard ratios (HR) were less than one except for ER negative cancers, triple negative cancers and those with 4+ positive lymph nodes. The results are suggestive of no influence of the low-fat dietary pattern on triple negative cancers (HR 1.64 95% CI 0.73-3.70 for triple negative vs. HR 0.73 95% CI 0.56-0.95 for other breast cancers, interaction P=0.06). Conclusion: Compared to a usual diet control group, women randomized to a dietary intervention group providing a low-fat dietary pattern had a significantly increased overall survival following a breast cancer diagnosis with the possible exception of those developing triple negative cancers. Citation Format: Chlebowski RT, Aragaki AK, Thomson CA, Anderson G, Manson JE, Simon MS, Rohan TE, Snetselar LG, Lane D, Barrington WE, Vitolins M, Womack C, Qi L, Hou L, Thomas F, Prentice RL. Low-fat dietary pattern and breast cancer overall survival in the women9s health initiative dietary modification randomized controlled trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S5-04.