In order to realize high accuracy and excellent reliability of navigation system, information fusion technology of integrated navigation based on self-adaptive filter is researched in this paper. Inertial navigation system (INS), global navigation satellite system (GNSS), synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and barometric altimeter (BA) are taken to construct INS/GNSS/SAR/BA integrated navigation system. INS is regarded as the primary navigation equipment, and other systems are aided navigation equipments. Firstly, errors of INS, GNSS, SAR and BA are modeled and chosen as system states of integrated navigation. Based on self-adaptive filter algorithm, output information of INS and GNSS are fused in INS/GNSS integrated navigation filter, and output information of INS, SAR and BA are fused in INS/SAR/BA integrated navigation filter. Then the federated filter frame is designed, and estimations of system states from INS/GNSS and INS/SAR/BA local filters are fused once more in the master filter independently. Consequently global optimal estimations of system states are given by the master filter, which are used to correct errors of INS. Simulation results show that, position accuracy of INS/GNSS/SAR/BA integrated navigation reaches ± 11.6m, attitude accuracy reaches ±0.52′, velocity accuracy reaches ± 0.14m/s, and its reliability is very excellent when noise statistics characteristics of some navigation equipment are variational in the navigation process.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching beliefs on job attitude in sport instructor for the aged. Survey data were collected from 300 sport instructor for the aged. Insincerely answered and 7 instructor's missing surveyed with the exception of the 293 sport instructor for the aged, in fact analyst furnished data to 278 instructor's. Collected data was analyzed by using SPSS 15.0 version for Window and reliability analysis, factor analysis, frequency analysis and independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA were executed to examine research subject of this study. Scheffe method was used for after test analysis of one-way ANOVA and multiple regressions was performed after interrelation between value for profession and satisfaction rate on duty had been analyzed. The result of this study has been deduced through above progress as follows. First, there was a significant difference in teaching beliefs(maturity belief, action belief, interaction belief) of sport instructor for the aged by socio-demographic variables(age, education, teaching period, monthly income). Second, there was a significant difference in job attitude(physical job compensatory, change occupation propensity, job flow) of instructor's by socio-demographic variables(sex, age, education, teaching period, monthly income). Third, teaching beliefs are an important factor to job attitude that has positive effects by action belief, interaction belief.


Abstract To convince people to reduce their energy consumption, two types of persuasive appeals often are used by environmental organizations: Monetary appeals (i.e., 'conserving energy will save you money') and environmental appeals (i.e., 'conserving energy will protect the environment'). In this field study we aimed to compare the effects of monetary and environmental appeals on showering habits. During two weeks we measured showering behavior in one hundred households. As compared to monetary appeals, environmental appeals were more effective in decreasing participants' shower frequency. Interestingly, the monetary appeal was judged as somewhat more motivating to save water than the environmental appeal. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings.


— Data-driven business models play a significant role in the digital transformation of traditional value-added industries. More and more existing and potential partners of automobile manufacturers show interest in the vehicle data generated by their products. However, there is still no monetary value assessment to support decisions regarding the release of data. Traditional pricing approaches for material goods are based on cost, margin, and volume. However, these bottom-up calculation approaches are not applicable to digital goods. The background to this is, among other things, the uncertainty about the potential sales volume, the difficulty of cost splitting, and the high cost degression per unit of digital goods. This paper provides decision support for selling data to third parties as an intangible product. It introduces a concept that allows to value data generated by a motor vehicle in order to determine potential prospects and prices for sale. The evaluation model developed supports the car manufacturer's negotiating position towards potential data buyers.


This article argues that the use of photography in La Vie sur terre undermines the notion of authenticity with which critics have interpreted postindependence African cinema. Evoking the historical narrative that opposes the repressive and ideologically driven photography and cinema of the colonial period to the authentic, self-directed representations of the liberation era, La Vie seeks to rewrite this history and thus expose as a construction the logic of authenticity that haunts African film. The cinematic image, rather than marking the recovery of an echt-Africanity undermined by colonial ideology, becomes a fundamentally ambiguous signifier capable only of an incomplete referentiality. This ambiguity expresses the transnational foundations of identity so that Césaire's negritude is rewritten without recourse to essentialist foundations. Through passport photography, La Vie rethinks national identity as an internationally negotiated concept that shifts according to the forces of global capital.


Lightweight formal modeling and automatic analysis were used to explore the design of the intentional naming system (INS), a new scheme for resource discovery in a dynamic networked environment. We constructed a model of INS in Alloy a lightweight relational notation, and analyzed it with the Alloy Constraint Analyzer, a fully automatic simulation and checking tool. In doing so, we exposed several serious flaws in both the algorithm of INS and the underlying naming semantics. We were able to characterize the conditions under which the existing INS scheme works correctly, and evaluate proposed fixes.


Six years of measurements (1963–1968) of carbon dioxide in the troposphere and the lower stratosphere are presented. The data reveal an average annual increase of the CO 2 -content of 0.7 ± 0.1 ppm/year, while during this time the annual industrial output has increased from about 1.9 ppm to 2.3 ppm/year. Thus the increase in the atmosphere is about 1/3 of the total output. Considerations of the possible increase of vegetative assimilation due to the higher CO 2 -content of the atmosphere reveals that this is at most 1/4 of the output, probably considerably less. The net transfer to the oceans thus is at least equal to 1/2 of the industrial output. The transfer rate across the sea surface seems effective enough not to represent an appreciable resistance and the decisive factor for determining this transfer therefore is the ocean circulation or turn over rate. The figures quoted indicate that 20–25% of the world oceans must have been available during the time of rapid increase of the industrial output of CO 2 (the last 30–50 years) to explain the rather large amount that has been withdrawn from the atmosphere. Still a continued increase of the fossil fuel combustion as forecast by OECD implies that the CO 2 -content of the atmosphere at the end of the century will be between 370 ppm and 395 ppm as compared with 320 ppm, the average value for 1968. The amplitude of the seasonal variation is found to be about 6.5 ppm at 2 km and 3.5 ppm in the uppermost part of the troposphere. The phase shift of the seasonal variation between these two levels is 25–30 days. On the basis of these data a vertical eddy diffusivity K = 2·10 5 cm 2 sec ?1 is derived. The amplitude of the seasonal variation in the lower stratosphere, 11–12 km, is less than 1 ppm and the phase is delayed at least 1 1/2 month as compared with the upper troposphere. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1970.tb00508.x


We measured emission characteristics of CRDI diesel engine equipped with a commercial CPF. Experimental parameters adopted a neat diesel fuel, a blend of diesel fuel with 20% biodiesel, a blend of diesel fuel with 15% biodiesel and 5% ethanol. The experiments were carried out to measure the emission and engine performance according to ESC 13-mode cycles. The maximum torque with biodiesel blend fuel is slightly lower than that of neat diesel fuel in the entire the 13-mode cycles, and 5% ethanol and 15% biodiesel blend fuel is slightly higher than that of neat diesel fuel. THC and CO emissions of the biofuel blended diesel fuel were slightly increased and decreased, and mean conversion efficiencies of THC and CO on the commercial CPF were achieved about 70∼87% in the ESC 13-mode. From the measurement by the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer(SMPS), the total number and mass of nano-sized particles by a commercial CPF were decreased about 97.8% and 96.8 % in the range of the nano-size from 10.6 to 385nm, respectively.


Abstract As the United States' largest public health insurance program, Medicaid has since 1965 played a crucial role in the struggle for equitable health care access. It has the potential to be a powerful instrument of reproductive justice, yet discriminatory policies that deny coverage for vital sexual, reproductive, or other health services, or exclude entire populations of people with low incomes from coverage altogether, constrain peoples' health and reproductive futures. Resulting discrimination in Medicaid law and policy thwart the program's ability to promote intergenerational health equity and reproductive justice for underserved communities. This Article provides an account of why reproductive justice is a necessary framework for examining, reimagining, and reforming Medicaid coverage law and policy. Part I gives a brief history and overview of reproductive justice, which serves as "an open source code that people have used to pursue fresh critical thinking regarding power and powerlessness." Part II argues that we should utilize that open source code in Medicaid coverage reform. Using some of the reproductive justice movement's critiques as a starting point, it explores how reproductive oppression has shaped Medicaid coverage law, policy, and mainstream reproductive and health care reform movements' proposals, and to what effect. It argues that examining Medicaid law, policy, and proposed reforms through this lens and in collaboration with the reproductive justice movement can enable health advocates and policymakers to more fully understand, disrupt, and dismantle reproductive injustices that drive health inequities. Ultimately, it can empower reformers to build a more equitable public health insurance safety net that brings us closer to reproductive justice for all.


Image dehazing models are critical in improving the recognition and classification capabilities of image-related artificial intelligence systems. However, existing methods often ignore the limitations of receptive field size during feature extraction and the loss of important information during network sampling, resulting in incomplete or structurally flawed dehazing outcomes. To address these challenges, we propose a multi-level perception fusion dehazing network (MPFDN) that effectively integrates feature information across different scales, expands the perceptual field of the network, and fully extracts the spatial background information of the image. Moreover, we employ an error feedback mechanism and a feature compensator to address the loss of features during the image dehazing process. Finally, we subtract the original hazy image from the generated residual image to obtain a high-quality dehazed image. Based on extensive experimentation, our proposed method has demonstrated outstanding performance not only on synthesizing dehazing datasets, but also on non-homogeneous haze datasets.


The invention provides an operation request processing system. In the system, a processing server sends an operation request to an intelligent password device; the intelligent password device saves the operation request; the intelligent password device performs signature on key information in the operation request at least to obtain first signature information; the intelligent password device sends the first signature information to the processing server; the first signature information is verified if the processing server receives the first signature information; the operation request is executed if the processing server verifies that the first signature information is passed through; operation receipt information is generated after the processing server executes the operation request; the processing server performs signature on the operation receipt information to obtain second signature information; the processing server sends the second signature information to the intelligent password device; the signature information is verified if the intelligent password device receives the second signature information; the operation receipt information is prompted if the intelligent password device verifies the second signature information.


Summary The perceptions, knowledge and values of stakeholders are essential for effective implementation and support of policies against biological invasions. In this study we focus on deliberate introduction pathways of alien plants and their impacts in Galicia (northwest Spain). We interviewed 61 stakeholders representing the nursery trade, forestry and agricultural sectors, nature conservation, scientists and public administration in this area to elucidate their views on invasion risk and policy options. We compare their responses with respect to their own interests as well as for Galicia as a whole including questions about impacts, and private management actions. The results show that there is a greater social awareness and concern for certain species introduced for ornamental purposes and the forestry sector (Acacia spp., Eucalyptus globulus, Carpobrotus edulis, Cortaderia selloana), and that stakeholders have a positive attitude to different potential management measures.


Abstract - Leachate contains complex dissolved organic and inorganic substrates that are biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Principally, anaerobic treatment utilizes anaerobic bacteria to degrade the dissolved organic matters. Anaerobic treatment is very sensitive towards the change of temperature and pH. This research used an anaerobic bioreactor with volume of 160L, with a ratio of leachate:biogas was 70:30. Seeding, acclimatization and leachate treatment were executed at temperature 35°C; pH ambient, temperature 45°C; pH ambient, temperature 35°C; pH 7.2 and temperature 45°C; pH 8.0. Based on this research, that there is dependency on mass of solutes organic substrate (COD) in the leachate, at all operating conditions of leachate treatment in anaerobic bioreactor. Hence, the organic substrate concentration (COD) will affect the VFA, the liquid phase mass transfer and diffusion of solute organic. Consequently, the higher the temperature-pH, the higher the liquid-phase mass transfer, but lower diffusion coefficients is. Keywords: anaerobic bioreactor, diffusion, leachate, liquid-phase mass transfer


It was shown that weak magnetic fields adjusted to the cyclotron frequencies of amino acid ions exert a substantial oncotoxic effect on the developed tumor ascites in mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.


The reaction of vinyl Grignard reagents with o-methoxynitroarenes containing an electron-releasing substituent para to the nitro group proceeds through a pathway that is different from the initially expected Bartoli indole synthesis. Thus, instead of giving fused indole derivatives, these reactions provide a very mild and efficient new procedure for the synthesis of synthetically relevant aromatic systems containing an o-nitrovinyl moiety, such as 5-nitro-4-vinylindoles, 6-nitro-7-vinylindoles, 6-nitro-5-vinyl-2(1H)quinolinones, and 4-nitro-3-vinylanilines.


Side-effect of Phenindione SIR,-I would like to bring to the attention of other physicians a brownish-yellow discoloration of the fingernails which became evident in one of my patients who was treated with long-term anticoagulants for coronary disease. This patient was started on phenindione in April, 1962, and put on a long-term maintenance dose on May 2, 1962, but in August, 1962, he noted that the peripheral third of every finger-nail in the hands had become brownish-yellow in colour, and this has persisted up to the present date. He is still on a maintenance therapy of "dindevan " (phenindione) 75 mg. daily. I would be very interested to learn if other physicians have noted this unusual side-effect of phenindione.I am, etc., St. Helen Hospital, I. MCLEAN BAIRD. Barnsley, Yorks.


: The experimental investigation aims at developing controlled low strength materials (CLSM) using a self-cementitious fly ash (FA) as a binder and a bottom ash (BA) as a aggregate. The fly ash and bottom ash used in this study were obtained from a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler (CFBC) which produces relatively high CaO containing fly ash. To find the optimum mixing condition satisfying flow consistency and unconfined compression strength (UCS), the CLSM specimens were prepared under various mixing conditions, including two types of aggregate and different weight fractions between fly ash and aggregate. Additionally, the prepared specimens were evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of this study demonstrate that the water content satisfying flow consistency ranges from 42% to 85% and the flowability is improved with increasing the fraction of aggregate in whole mixture. The USC ranges from 0.3 MPa to 1.9 MPa. The results of UCS increases with increasing the fraction of aggregate in FA-sand mixtures, but decreases with increasing the fraction of aggregate in FA-BA mixtures. SEM images and XRD patterns reveal that the occurrence of both geopolymerization and hydration. The results of this study demonstrate that CFBC fly ash could be used as an alternative binder of CLSM mixtures.


Introduction: More than 50% of cancer patients receive radiation therapy at some point during their care. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) can amplify the radiation dose by facilitating the ejection of low-energy photoelectrons, resulting in increased DNA damage. One of the main challenges of radiation therapy in cancer is to sustain this damage for longer durations. DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs) are repaired by base excision repair, which utilizes Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). PARP inhibition during radiotherapy provides an attractive alternative in maximizing treatment outcomes. Here, we explore a strategy to combine the radiosensitizing effect of GNPs with the DNA-repair inhibiting ability of NanoTalazoparib (nTLZ), a liposomal formulation of the PARP inhibitor, talazoparib (TLZ). Methods: GNPs were synthesized by reducing AuCl4 using Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and further PEGylating using heterobifunctional PEGs. A liposomal formulation of TLZ was synthesized using the Nanoassemblr, a microfluidics-based device. Physicochemical characterization of GNPs and nTLZ was carried out using TEM, DLS and release kinetics studies. In vitro studies were carried out to assess the toxicity of the GNPs using MTT assay in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line Calu-6. The therapeutic efficacy of combination treatment using GNPs, nTLZ and radiation was done using clonogenic survival assays. Clonogenic assay was carried out using Calu 6 cells, which were sequentially treated with GNPs (1mg/mL), TLZ (0.5 uM) and nTLZ (0.5 uM) with and without radiation. The radiation doses varied from 0-10Gy for each set of treatments. Results: PEGylated GNP9s showed a hydrodynamic diameter of ~10-12 nm with a spherical morphology whereas nTLZ size was 70 nm encapsulating TLZ at a concentration of ~200 ug/ml. MTT assay showed no toxicity for PEGylated GNPs treated upto a concentration of 3.0 mg/mL. Cells treated with either GNPs, TLZ or nTLZ did not show significant reduction in colony formation, but were reduced with increasing doses of radiation. The survival plots showed a highly additive antiproliferative effect for the GNP + nTLZ combination at all radiation doses, while the free TLZ + GNPs combination was not as effective at inhibiting colony formation. In vivo experiments assessing the combination therapy in a subcutaneous xenograft mice model using Calu 6 are currently under way. Conclusions: The preliminary in vitro results indicate that the combination of radiosensitizing GNPs with a potent DNA repair enzyme inhibitor, TLZ, has an immense potential as a complimentary combination therapy in conjunction with radiation therapy in treatment of lung cancer. This work is supported by the CaNCURE program (grant #1CA174650-02), American Lung Association, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Brigham and Women9s Hospital. Citation Format: Ana G. Vazquez-Pagan, Paige Baldwin, Ravina M. Ashtaputre, Sijumon Kunjachan, Srinivas Sridhar, Rajiv Kumar, Ross Berbeco. Nanoparticle-mediated concomitant radiation dose amplification and PARP inhibition in lung cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3710.


Abstract. Water quality changes of surface waters can be used to assess human impact intensity, but of importance is to consider also impacts of climate change/variability and naturally occurring changes of environmental quality. In Latvia, during the recent decades a major reduction of anthropogenic pressure has happened due to restructuring of economy and industrial production, resulting in major decrease of loading of many groups of pollutants. However, trends and driving factors for other groups of substances have not been much studied. Long term (1980–2012) results of hydrochemical monitoring, performed in rivers of Latvia, are analysed during this study in connection with long-term sets of hydrological and heliophysical data, using standard statistical approaches. Our results indicate that variation of some hydrochemical values, for example COD and total Fe, show clearly visible decadal oscillated character, while variation of some other values, for example phosphate P and total P, show some individual characteristics of decadal oscillations. These results indicate the presence of a large scale, geochemical and geophysical significant process: multiannual pulse of catchment, driven by variation of solar irradiance through complex interactions between global atmospheric circulation, groundwater and surface waterbodies. The process described in our study is significant from a geochemical point of view and must be taken into account in prediction of water quality and quantity. Impacts of natural processes should be considered in the planning of environmental policy.


In the proposed composite [prefabricated steel-reinforced concrete (PSRC)] column, steel angles located at the corners of the cross section are weld connected with tie bars to provide a bond for the steel angles, shear resistance, and lateral confinement. In this paper, simply supported PSRC specimens were tested to investigate their flexural strength and ductility. For comparison, a conventional concrete-encased H-section specimen was also tested. The test parameters were the steel ratio of the angle section and the spacing of the tie bars. The flexural, shear, and bond strengths of the test specimens correlated well with predictions. The flexural strength and stiffness of the PSRC specimens were significantly greater than those of the conventional composite specimen with the same steel area. However, at large inelastic deformations, the PSRC specimens were vulnerable to the bond failure between the steel angle and concrete and the tensile fracture of the angle at the weld-connection to the tie bars. When the bond strength between the steel angles and concrete was greater than the demand, the PSRC specimens exhibited ductile behavior after flexural yielding.


This panel has been tasked with presenting the lessons learned from financial education programs over the years. Unfortunately, few lessons are learned from these programs, and those that are can be wrong. This is not to say that these programs cannot have a positive impact on people's lives, but the way in which they "work" is unlikely to be through the intended pathway of equipping consumers with essential financial knowledge. Increasing financial literacy alone is unlikely to improve outcomes, and hawking this education as a means to achieve financial well-being sets up low- and moderate-income households to fail. But other aspects of these programs can enhance the financial health of households. Because household well-being is the primary goal of financial education, we should focus our future inquiry on how to improve this directly and abandon the search for effective financial education.


Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, India's flagship sanitation intervention, set out to end open defecation by October 2019. While the program improved toilet coverage nationally, large regional disparities in construction and use remain. Our study used ethnographic methods to explore perspectives on open defecation and latrine use, and the socio-economic and political reasons for these perspectives, in rural Bihar. We draw on insights from social epidemiology and political ecology to explore the structural determinants of latrine ownership and use. Though researchers have often pointed to rural residents' preference for open defecation, we found that people were aware of its many risks. We also found that (i) while sanitation research and "behavior change" campaigns often conflate the reluctance to adopt latrines with a preference for open defecation, this is an erroneous conflation; (ii) a subsidy can help (some) households to construct latrines but the amount of the subsidy and the manner of its disbursement are key to its usefulness; and (iii) widespread resentment towards what many rural residents view as a development bias against rural areas reinforces distrust towards the government overall and its Swachh Bharat Abhiyan-funded latrines in particular. These social-structural explanations for the slow uptake of sanitation in rural Bihar (and potentially elsewhere) deserve more attention in sanitation research and promotion efforts.


The purpose of this study was to refine an instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination. A Likert format was used for attitudinal scales. A random sample (N = 581) of women 35 years and over was included. Items were subjected to content analysis by national experts. Construct validity was established using exploratory factor analysis. Predictive validity was established by relating breast self-examination behavior to breast self-examination attitudes, using simultaneous multiple regression and bivariate correlations. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the revised scales ranged from .80 to .93. Test-retest correlations ranged from .45 to .70.


The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effects of paclitaxel and water-soluble poly (L-glutamic acid)-paclitaxel (PG-TXL), on chromosome morphology, telomeric associations, and induction of cell death in a murine melanoma cell line (K-1735 clone X-21). Murine melanoma cells were treated with various concentrations (0.1 microgram, 1.0 microgram, 4.0 micrograms, and 8.0 micrograms/ml) of paclitaxel alone, PG alone, or PG-TXL for 2 hr and 4 hr and harvested immediately without recovery. We found that: (1) the frequency of metaphases with telomeric associations increased, (2) metaphases had clumped and distorted chromosome morphology, (3) cells accumulated in metaphase (mitotic arrest), and (4) cell death had been induced. Cells treated with PG-TXL showed more such abnormalities than did cells treated with either paclitaxel or PG alone. Our preliminary results indicate that PG-TXL may be superior to paclitaxel alone in inducing cytotoxic effects, and these effects could be mediated by various chromosomal abnormalities in cancer cells.


Store Moro Seneng Semarang is a store that specializes in the sale of groceries and located at Jalan Rasamala No. 110 Banyumanik Semarang and Jalan Rasamala Timur No. 437 Banyumanik Semarang. In an effort to increase sales turnover turns Stores Moro Seneng Semarang experiencing problems, where the last 5 months of sales turnover of goods offered some items fluctuate. The fluctuation in sales turnover some basic food items sold by store Moro Seneng Semarang in August 2014 through the month of December 2014 allegedly motivated by the increase in fuel prices , the low word of mouth, the existence of a modern market and the lack of proper distribution pattern. The formulation of the problem in this research is how the store manager Moro Seneng Semarang increase sales turnover . The population in this study are all consumers who come to shop groceries in the store Moro Seneng Semarang amounting to 575 people. The number of samples taken in this research was determined by simple random sampling method, where the number of respondents as many as 85 people.Data analysts technique used is multiple linear regression and hypothesis test (t test and F test). Based on the results of the analysis variables rising fuel prices provide the most dominant influence on the sales turnover compared to other variables . Variable increase in fuel prices and the existence of a modern market berengaruh positive and significant impact on sales turnover , due to the large value of t respectively, namely 3315 and 2594 > t table value 1.66342 . Variable word of mouth and distribution patterns are not positive and significant impact on sales turnover , due to the large t respectively 1,468 and 1,048 variable F table 2:49 .


One hundred older people (75 females, 25 males), in nursing homes rated as above or below a combined criterion (based on Lieberman and Tobin's scales of physical attractiveness, affiliation fostering, and tolerance for deviancy), responded to questionnaires on cherished possessions and on adaptation to the nursing home. The main findings indicated: 1) relative to those residents without possessions, those with possessions were better adapted to the nursing home; 2) possessions served the major functions of historical continuity, comforter, and sense of belongingness; 3) relative to men, significantly more women had cherished possessions and were more likely to associate them with self-other relationships; and 4) relative to residents in nursing homes below the mean of the combined criterion, those in homes above the mean felt more in control, less helpless, more supported by staff, and were judged as more realistic in response to conflict. Interpretations regarding the role of possessions in adaptation and suggestions for institutional policies concerning possessions are discussed.


The Bombardment of an element with intense beams of protons or deuterons may lead to a variety of processes of nuclear transmission. When, as is normally the case, the bombarded element is composed of two or more isotopes it is often difficult to establish with certainly the nature of the transmission which give rise to the observed disintegration products. The use of separated isotopes as targets for such experiments greatly facilitates the interpretation of the results. The investigation of the radio-activity of 8Li, for example, was simplified considerably by the use of the separated isotopes of lithium (Rumbaugh and Hafstad 1936; Lewis, Burcham and Chang 1937). Apart from hydrogen, lithium is the only light element which has been separated into its constituent isotopes in quantities sufficient for disintegration experiments. Oliphant, Shire and Crowther (1934) have described two simple mass spectrography by means of which quantities of the lithium isotopes of the order of 10-7g. were obtained, while Rumbaugh (1936) has used a mass spectrograph more complicated design to produce several hundred micrograms of the lithium and potassium isotopes. The present paper describes an improves but still comparatively simple mass spectrograph, similar to those described by Oliphant, Shire and Crowther, which has been used for the separation of 30 μ g. of the heavier isotope of lithium and 2 μ g. of each of the isotopes of boron. The apparatus has also been used for the preparation of several micrograms of the isotope of carbon of mass 12 free from the heavier isotope.


An experimental investigation of COP(center of pressure) was performed using FSR(force sensing resistor) and force plate. The FSR sensor system is used as effective device to detect the movement of human body in activities of daily living. It has been shown that the FSR provides the trajectories of COP with repeatability and reliability.


Objective: To investigate changes of NLRP3 signal transduction pathway of acute lung injury induced by phosgene to analyze NLRP3-mediated IL-1β release inflammatory process in rats. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into two groups, 10 rats in the Air group that consists of the rats with air exposure, 10 rats in the Psg group that consists of the rats with phosgene exposure at 8.33 g/m(3) for 5 min. The specimens of serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung were collected after 6h. Morphological changes were observed by HE staining. The expression of NLRP3 in the lung of two groups was detected by immunohistochemistry. NLRP3、ASC and caspase-1 expression in the lung tissue was quantified by Western blot. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to detect the expression of NLRP3、ASC and caspase-1 mRNA in the lung tissue. The concentrations of IL-1β、IL-18 and IL-33 in the serum and BALF were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of IL-1β、IL-18 and IL-33 mRNA in the lung tissue. Results: We successfully replicated the model of phosgene-induced ALI in rats. Morphological of HE staining after phosgene exposure to 6 h observed inflammatory cell infiltration in lung tissue in Phosgene group. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that there were many NLRP3 positive cells in lung tissue in Phosgene group. The levels of NLRP3 and caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression in lung were significantly increased (P<0.05) in Phosgene group, but no significant change was observed in lung ASC mRNA and protein expression (P>0.05) . Compared with Air group, the serum, BALF and lung tissue of IL-1β、IL-18 and IL-33 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased (P<0.01) in Phosgene group. Conclusion: NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response probably involved in the process of the phosgene, so it maybe one of the pathogenesis of acute lung injury.


Abstract
Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has the potential to significantly reduce the risk of HIV transmission and the spread of tuberculosis and improve quality of life. Patient's adherence is crucial to get the best out of ART. As ART is scaled up in Ethiopia, there is a need for better understanding of the factors that influence patients' adherence to ART and improve the service. This study aims to explore patients' and health care professionals' views about factors that facilitate and hinder adherence to ART among adult HIV patients.
Methods: A qualitative grounded theory study using non-participant observation; and in-depth interview with 23 ART users and 5 health professionals were carried out at two health facilities that serve a large number of HIV-positive individuals in Hawassa town, Southern Ethiopia. The study was conducted from February to April 2014. Simultaneous data collection and analysis was conducted and taped Notes were transcribed into Amharic then translated into English. The grounded theory approach was used for analyzing the data. The analysis began by using the constant comparison approach. The coding process was preceded by open coding, axial and selective coding. To manage the overall coding process, Atlas.ti (v.7) software was used.
Results: The commonest barriers to adherence-included poverty, substance misuse, forgetfulness and being busy, fear of stigma and discrimination, pill burden and medication side effects. The most frequently emerged facilitators to adherence included disclosure of HIV status, using an adherence aid, prospects of living longer, social support, experiencing better health and trusting health workers.
Conclusion: The study revealed a range of barriers to adherence including individual, medical, environmental and economic related factors. The findings from our study can be used to inform the development of effective interventions that address the barriers and facilitators of ART adherence in Ethiopia. Priority should be given to improving adherence by alleviating financial constraints to ART adherence, better access to treatment services, education and counseling to tackle culture related obstacles, stigma and discrimination. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2016;30(2):66-77]
Keywords: Grounded theory, ART, HIV/AIDS, qualitative research


The book systematically describes the production of solid-state fermented food and beverage in terms of the history and development of SSF technology and SSF foods, bio-reactor design, fermentation process, various substrate origins and sustainable development. It emphasizes Oriental traditional foods produced by SSF such as sufu, vinegar, soy sauce, Chinese distilled spirit, and rice wine. The author address such engineering issues as mass and heat transfer and energy equation calculation of solid-state fermentation, dynamic modeling of solid-state fermentation, and process control of solid-state fermentation. The book provides a detailed introduction to various solid-state fermented foods and beverages, including product category, characteristics, functionalities, safety issues, and consumer perception. It explores real advantages of SSF processes and how their application at real scale for high-quality production that is more efficient and less costly.


In order to study the role of money in an inflation-targeting regime for monetary policy, we compare the interest rate and money as monetary policy instruments.The theoretical part of the study builds on a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that combines the money-in-the-utility-function approach with sticky prices.Preference and technology shocks are the driving forces of the economy.We show that conditioning the interest rate on the expected future cost change can be used to achieve constant inflation or constant inflation expectations.The assumed adjustment costs in 'money demand' lead to an equilibrium in which inflation can be controlled by money growth without having information on the current state of the economy.The tradeoff between money and the interest rate as a monetary policy instrument depends on the parameter stability of the technology change process relative to that of the 'money demand' function. We experiment with the parameter stability of the demand for money using Finnish monthly data for 1980 - 1995.The steadystate - utility function - parameters of the model of narrow money (M1), estimated with cointegration techniques, are stable; whereas in the model of harmonized M3 (M3H) the parameters are not stable.The theoretical model fits the M1 data.The adjustment cost parameters of the M1 model describing the dynamics of the demand for money could indicate the occurrence of technological improvements in banking and payments during the sample period.These results suggest that from the Finnish viewpoint M1 would be a more appropriate intermediate target for monetary policy than harmonized M3.Due to small sample problems, we compare parameters of the theoretical model estimated using the Generalized Method of Moments and Full Information Maximum Likelihood method.The process driving the forcing variables is approximated with vector autoregression. Both the GMM and FIML parameter estimates are reasonable and the differences are negligible.The cross-equation restrictions implied by the rational expectations hypothesis are clearly rejected. Keywords: demand for money, monetary transmission, money-in-the-utility-function, sticky prices, technology shock, GMM, FIML


Cu-doped Mn3O4 and Mn-doped CuO (CMO@MCO) mixed oxides with isolated phases together with pristine Mn3O4 (MO) and CuO (CO) have been synthesized by a simple solution process for applications in electrochemical supercapacitors. The crystallographic, spectroscopic, and morphological analyses revealed the formation of all of the materials with good crystallinity and purity with the creation of rhombohedral-shaped MO and CMO and a mixture of spherical and rod-shaped CO and MCO nanostructures. The ratio of CMO and MCO in the optimized CMO@MCO was 2:1 with the Cu and Mn dopants percentages of 12 and 15%, respectively. The MO-, CO-, and CMO@MCO-modified carbon cloth (CC) electrodes delivered the specific capacitance (Cs) values of 541.1, 706.7, and 997.2 F/g at 5 mV/s and 413.4, 480.5, and 561.1 F/g at 1.3 A/g, respectively. This enhanced Cs value of CMO@MCO with an energy density and a power density of 78.0 Wh/kg and 650.0 W/kg, respectively, could be attributed to the improvement of electrical conductivity induced by the dopants and the high percentage of oxygen vacancies. This corroborated to a decrease in the optical band gap and charge-transfer resistance (Rct) of CMO@MCO at the electrode/electrolyte interface compared to those of MO and CO. The net enhancement of the Faradaic contribution induced by the redox reaction of the dopant and improved surface area was also responsible for the better electrochemical performance of CMO@MCO. The CMO@MCO/CC electrode showed high electrochemical stability with a Cs loss of only ca. 4.7%. This research could open up new possibilities for the development of doped mixed oxides for high-performance supercapacitors.


Negative thermal expansion materials have been studied in various types of functional materials regardless of their intriguing physical properties. In this study, by introducing Sm 3+ ions into the Y 2 Mo 3 O 12 lattice, the hygroscopicity is reduced. Y 2 Mo 3 O 12 :xSm 3+ (x = 0.000 ~ 0.300) have been synthesized by using the solid-state reaction method, and their structures have been studied by using thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, and nano-SIMS. It is found that the Y 2 Mo 3 O 12 :Sm 3+ is formed in the orthorhombic [Y 2 Mo 3 O 12 ] phase for lower Sm 3+ concentrations and samarium molybdates [Sm 2 MoO 5 ] and [Sm 2 Mo 3 O 12 ] at higher Sm 3+ concentration samples. Elemental distribution images captured by using a nano-SIMS confirm the existence of [Sm 2 MoO 5 ] and [Sm 2 Mo 3 O 12 ] phases clearly. Additional phases due to the introducing of Sm 3+ ions confirm the reduction of atmospheric moisture. Photophysical properties obtained by using absorption and emission spectra reveal that the hygroscopicity-reduced Y 2 Mo 3 O 12 :Sm 3+ can be a possible orange-red-emitting phosphor with the near ultra-violet excitation.


Transcription of bacteriophage Mu is modulated by its repressor, by negative supercoiling, and by the Escherichia coli protein integration host factor (IHF). Two converging Mu promoters regulate lytic and lysogenic development. The influence of IHF on these convergent promoters depended on the DNA conformation. When Mu operator DNA changed from the relaxed to the negative supercoiled form, IHF changed from a stimulatory factor to an inhibitor of the repressor promoter, and the ratio of the lytic transcript relative to the repressor transcript increased by 40-fold. Flexibility in Mu operator DNA was demonstrated by an unusual supercoil-induced DNA conformation, which was detectable by chemical modification with bromoacetaldehyde or digestion with P1 nuclease. IHF binding adjacent to this site induced dramatic bending of Mu DNA. A topological model we call a superloop is proposed to explain the effect of IHF on Mu transcription in vitro and on the lytic-lysogeny decision of the virus grown in IHF and gyrase mutants.


Prosocial behavior, defined as voluntary behavior intended to benefit another, has long been regarded as an almost uniquely human characteristic. In recent years, it was reported that laboratory animals also favor prosocial choices in various experimental paradigms, thus demonstrating that prosocial behaviors are likely evolutionarily conserved. Here, we investigated prosocial choices in adult male and female C57BL/6 laboratory mice in a task where a mouse is rewarded for either choice, but only one of the choices rewards an interaction partner. Additionally, we assessed social reward using a conditioned place preference task and empathy-like behavior in a task that measures sensitivity to the affective state of interaction partners (i.e., relieved/hungry vs. neutral). We find that female, but not male, mice had a moderate but significant preference for prosocial choices. At the same time, both male and female animals showed similar rewarding effects of social contact in the conditioned place preference test, and similarly, there was no effect of sex on the preference for interaction with a hungry or relieved partner. The observed difference between sexes is consistent with the reported higher propensity for prosocial behavior in women, although with the notable difference of similar sensitivity to the affective state of the interaction partners.


We evaluated the accuracy of skinfold thicknesses, BMI and waist circumference for the prediction of percentage body fat (PBF) in a representative sample of 372 Swiss children aged 6–13 years. PBF was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. On the basis of a preliminary bootstrap selection of predictors, seven regression models were evaluated. All models included sex, age and pubertal stage plus one of the following predictors: (1) log-transformed triceps skinfold (logTSF); (2) logTSF and waist circumference; (3) log-transformed sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds (logSF2); (4) log-transformed sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and supra-iliac skinfolds (logSF4); (5) BMI; (6) waist circumference; (7) BMI and waist circumference. The adjusted determination coefficient (R _{adj}^{2} ) and the root mean squared error (RMSE; kg) were calculated for each model. LogSF4 (R _{adj}^{2} 0·85; RMSE 2·35) and logSF2 (R _{adj}^{2} 0·82; RMSE 2·54) were similarly accurate at predicting PBF and superior to logTSF (R _{adj}^{2} 0·75; RMSE 3·02), logTSF combined with waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·78; RMSE 2·85), BMI (R _{adj}^{2} 0·62; RMSE 3·73), waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·58; RMSE 3·89), and BMI combined with waist circumference (R _{adj}^{2} 0·63; RMSE 3·66) (P < 0·001 for all values of R _{adj}^{2} ). The finding that logSF4 was only modestly superior to logSF2 and that logTSF was better than BMI and waist circumference at predicting PBF has important implications for paediatric epidemiological studies aimed at disentangling the effect of body fat on health outcomes.


ABSTRACT The genotypes of 63 strains (11 reference strains and 52 strains from hospitalized patients) of the haploid yeast Candida glabrata were determined from 33 putative gene enzymatic loci. This enabled the characterization of 26 different multilocus genotypes. Genetic differentiation was found between distant hospitals (located in Montpellier and Paris, France) but not for other parameters (anatomic origins or human immunodeficiency virus-positive [HIV+] and HIV− patients). Strong nonrandom association between loci could be seen. Such statistical linkages were confirmed upon comparing the patterns of 14 RAPD [random(ly) amplified polymorphic DNA] primers from 20 of these strains to results obtained from multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis. This finding suggests a mainly clonal mode of reproduction of C. glabrata. The consequences of the clonality displayed by C. glabrata populations on the epidemiology of this yeast are also discussed.