Diffusion-extracted (DE) sunflower meal and protein isolate were compared with untreated samples for their nitrogen extractability and moisture adsorption. Nitrogen extractability values of 90% were found at pH 7 or above in the untreated meal, whereas a maximum solubility of only 70% was achieved at pH 9.0 in the DE meal prepared at 60°C. DE meal prepared at 80°C had low solubility over a pH range of 1–11 which indicated substantial denaturation of the sunflower proteins. The untreated isolate showed a sharp minimum solubility point in contrast to the law solubility of the DE isolate over a pH range of 3–7. Moisture adsorption values for the samples held at 5, 20 and 30°C indicated little difference in moisture contents at relative humidities of 11–55%. At higher levels, however, the untreated meal adsorbed more moisture than the DE meal. A reverse trend was noticed for the isolates as the moisture content of the DE isolate was higher than the untreated sample. The rate of moisture uptake by sunflower kernels was slower than that observed with rapeseed or soybean meats and lower total moisture contents were observed after a 4 hr soaking period.


Gasoline constituents and its derivatives had many hazardous effects on the general health of humans. Thus, gasoline stations workers may be affected by different types of related diseases.This study was conducted to assess selected salivary elements and their relation with dental caries, oral hygiene status and periodontal diseases among gasoline stations workers in comparison with individuals have no regular exposure to gasoline. Materials and methods: The study group consists of thirty male subjects with an age range (33-39) years who worked in different gasoline stations in different areas of Baghdad city and thirty persons that matching in age and gender and not exposed to gasoline were selected as a control group. Dental caries was recorded by lesion severity through the application of D1-4 MFS index of (Manji et al). Plaque index of Silness and Loe and calculus index of Ramfjord were used for recording oral hygiene status. Periodontal diseases were evaluated by using the gingival index of Loe and Silness and periodontal pocket depth of Carranza. Stimulated salivary samples were collected and chemically analyzed to determine the concentration of salivary calcium, phosphorous, iron, copper and lead ions. Results: Caries experience (DMFS) was higher among the study group compared with the control group with significant difference (P<0.05) for DS and highly significant difference (P<0.01) for D 2. The mean values of plaque, calculus and gingival indices were significantly higher (P<0.01) among the study group than the control group and the mean value of periodontal pocket depth was significantly higher (P<0.05) among the study group. The levels of salivary calcium and phosphorous were lower among the study group compared with the control group with no significant difference between them; whereas iron, copper and lead levels were higher among the study group than the control group with highly significant differences (P<0.01) for both copper and lead. Conclusion: Dental caries and periodontal diseases revealed higher percentage of occurrence among the study group and salivary elements were found to have little effects on the oral health status. Therefore, special oral health


Augmented Reality (AR) is a type of learning media that combines virtual and real worlds in real-time. It can make it easier for students to visualize the phenomena. This research aimed to measure flashcard-based AR's effectiveness based on scientific literature. This research used a quasi-experimental method using a post-test-only control group design, and the participants were 60 college students at Universitas PGRI Adi Buana Surabaya. Data in the research were collected through tests to determine students' scientific literacy skills, including aspects of knowledge and competence in analyzing scientific phenomena, connecting physics concepts to existing phenomena, and interpreting data or scientific evidence and questionnaires. The data were analyzed by calculating the average test score according to scientific literature and the percentage of user satisfaction. Based on the research, using flashcard-based augmented reality could increase the students' scientific literacy.
Keywords: augmented reality; learning media; scientific literacy


Abstract. Twenty‐four euthyroid children with idiopathic pituitary dwarfism were studied. The euthyroid state for seven of these patients was determined by negative physical examinations, normal plasma T4 assays and normal 131I uptakes. For the other children, thyroid function was evaluated with T3 and T4assays and on the basis of the TRH test. Each of the children was treated with HGH in one of three different ways. The first group (five cases) was given a HGH dose, ranging from 12.4 to 17.2 IU/m2/week. The second and third groups (nine and ten cases, respectively) were treated with 10 and 20 IU/m2/week, respectively. Treatment was carried out for periods ranging from 6 months to 6 years. After no less than 6 months of treatment, and at intervals of 6 months (or some multiple of 6 months) plasma T3 and T4 assays, as well as a TRH test were performed in each patient. In some patients one of the indices was once beyond the upper or lower limit of the normal range (none of the children presented simultaneous abnormal levels of more than one index during the controls). This value, however, returned to within normal limits at the following control. There was no correlation between T3, T4 and TSH with the duration of HGH therapy. There was no significant difference between the groups of children treated with the different HGH doses. These data seem to demonstrate that the risk of inducing an alteration in thyroid function in hypopituitary patients during HGH treatment is very slight, and that the irregularly abnormal thyroid indices observed in some of the children during one of the controls might be an expression of their metabolic status at that moment.


Catanionic mixtures are commonly used in applications due to synergetic properties of both cationic and anionic surfactants. To better understand the mechanism of the micellization process of salt-free catanionic surfactants, alkyltrimethylammonium alkanecarboxylates, [CxMe3N]+[Cy]-, with medium to long alkyl chains on both cation and anion (x,y = 6-10), were investigated in aqueous solution by density and zeta potential measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The obtained ITC data was analysed with the help of a two-step model equation, yielding the thermodynamic parameters, micelle charge and aggregation numbers. Comparison with the "parent" decyltrimethylammonium chloride and sodium decanoate reveals that combined dehydration of both alkyl chains increases entropy upon micellization. In the first step neutral smaller micelles with partly dehydrated alkyl chains are formed, while in the second step larger charged micelles with fully dehydrated alkyl chains are equally favourable. At low temperature both formations are thermodynamically equivalent, while with increasing temperature neutral micelles become more entropically favourable and charged micelles more enthalpically favourable. The resulting average micelle charge and average aggregation number are decreasing with temperature. From the DRS spectra, effective hydration numbers of the free monomers and micelles were deduced and are comparable to the "parent" cationic surfactant micelles.


Background 62% of top charities have all-white boards, according to Inclusive Boards (2018), and the report 'Taken on trust: the awareness and effectiveness of charity trustees in England and Wales' (2017), found 71% of trustees were approached to join either directly by the chair or fellow board members. Insanity is often defined as: 'Doing the same thing over and over again and expecting different results'. We need to build diverse boards that bring in a wide range of talent, skills and experiences. Therefore, we must be intentional in our recruitment for these key roles. This will ensure we have the best people to lead our organisations in these interesting times. Aims To recruit a diverse mix of new trustees to our board with a variety of skills and experiences as part of our plan to build and develop a high performing Board. Method June to August 2017 – Trustees reviewed skills by self–assessment. In context of our strategic development plans gaps in skills identified. September to October 2017 – extensive advertising; national newspaper (Guardian), non–exec recruitment websites, local media, case studies in publications October 2017 – 2 × open evenings held for people interested in exploring the role to meet existing trustees and Exec. directors November 2017 – applications shortlisted, formal interviews held December 2017 – new trustees appointed. Results 22 people attended two open evenings; 17 applications received; 14 interviewed; five appointed. Skills and experience recruited included two lawyers, investment and financial expertise, medical management and local government. Four women, one man. Three from non white English backgrounds. Four aged 42-51 and one in 60s. It is too early to evaluate the impact of this greater diversity on the effectiveness of the Board; a review is planned for 2019. Conclusion Our past experience and published research confirms that trustees recruiting their friends results in similar people from similar background joining charity Boards. If charities want to build greater diversity on their boards, drawing in a wider range of skills, experience and backgrounds then being intentional about the approaches they take can deliver these ambitions.


Factor-XIIIa-positive dendrocytes belong to the monocyte-macrophage-dendrocyte (MMD) lineage which is considered to play a pivotal role in the skin response to the immune response modifier imiquimod. The same cells are also boosted in low-grade graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) with skin manifestations. Both conditions are characterized by specific epidermal damage. The aim of the present study was to compare them using immunohistochemistry to identify MMD subsets and other inflammatory cells in the dermis. We compared 3 cases of long-term (4, 9 and 11 months) imiquimod topical applications on normal skin, 25 low-grade GVHR controlled by immunosuppressive therapy and 25 control cases with normal skin. Compared to the normal dermis, cells of the MMD lineage were considerably boosted in the dermis of GVHR and at the imiquimod-treated sites. By contrast, only minimal accumulations of lymphocytes and Langerhans cells were disclosed in the dermis. The pattern of dermal infiltration by MMD cells was similar in GVHR and after imiquimod treatment. However, intraindividual differences in densities were obvious irrespective of the skin condition. In conclusion, there is great mimicry in the MMD involvement in the dermis during low-grade GVHR and after chronic applications of imiquimod.


An approximate formulation of the column calibration factor (CCF), , at any given temperature is derived for thermal diffusion columns (TDC) from the Navier-Stokes equation in cylindrical coordinates. The values of are then used to estimate the experimental thermal diffusion factor of a neon gas mixture with its natural isotopic abundances from measured in four columns of different column geometries. The molecular force parameters of the molecule are estimated from the intercepts and slopes of the linear variations of and the collision integral against and respectively. The excellent agreement of the estimated force parameters with the available literature values and the comparison of the temperature variation of by the CCF method with the existing experimental and theoretical ones establish the fact that the derived relationship of with the column geometries is more than adequate.


In this Health Policy Report, the author examines the economics of the pharmaceutical industry. Research-and-development costs, patent laws, and health insurance coverage all influence drug pricing. The author discusses the policy dilemmas resulting from the complex economics of pharmaceutical research and development and reviews potential strategies to control prices.


Author(s): Reti, Irene H.; Greenwood, M.R.C. | Abstract: The Regional History Project conducted this oral history with UCSC Chancellor M.R.C. (Mary Rita Cooke) Greenwood as part of its University History series. Greenwood was appointed as chancellor of UC Santa Cruz in July of 1996 and served until April of 2004. While at UCSC, she also held an appointment as a professor of biology.M.R.C. Greenwood was born in 1943 in Gainesville, Florida. She graduated summa cum laude in biology from Vassar College in 1968, and earned her PhD in physiology, developmental biology, and neurosciences from Rockefeller University in 1973. After graduation, she joined the faculty in human nutrition at Columbia University's Medical School, where she taught until 1978, when she moved to Vassar College. At Vassar she was the John Guy Vassar Professor of Natural Sciences, chaired the department of biology, and directed the Undergraduate Research Summer Institute. In 1989, Greenwood was hired by the University of California at Davis, where she was professor of nutrition and internal medicine, served as dean of graduate studies, and later vice provost for academic outreach. Her research interests are in developmental cell biology, genetics, neurosciences, physiology, women´s health, nutrition and science, and higher education policy.From November 1993 to May 1995, while on leave from UC Davis, Greenwood served as associate director for science in the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy under President Bill Clinton. She spearheaded the creation of two major science policy documents: "Science in the National Interest" and "Meeting the Challenge: Health, Safety, and Food for America." In addition, she played a leadership role in coordinating interdepartmental and interagency science activities and co-chaired two National Sciences and Technology Council committees.The political savvy she developed in the White House, as well as her experience in the world of government-funded scientific research, was to greatly benefit the UC Santa Cruz campus. Under her leadership, the campus finally established its first professional school, the Jack Baskin School of Engineering, which had been planned since the days of Chancellor Dean McHenry, but cut for budgetary reasons. Her years also saw many other strides forward: the founding of the NSF Center for Adaptive Optics; an increase in the number of academic programs by 52 percent, from 63 to 96, including a 41 percent increase in graduate programs; the building and opening of Colleges Nine and Ten; the hiring of 250 new faculty members; and a doubling of extramural research support. Greenwood's tenure also saw the construction of nearly one million assignable square feet in academic buildings for the arts, the sciences and engineering; the founding of a UC Silicon Valley Center at Moffett Field; and collaboration with NASA Ames in developing the nation´s first NASA University Affiliated Research Center, the largest competitively awarded contract ($330 million) at the University of California up to that time.In addition, under Greenwood's leadership the campus raised more in private donations than the previous total for the campus´s entire history. She built strong bridges with the city of Santa Cruz and surrounding communities, worked to preserve what she saw as the best aspects of the UCSC residential college system, and to diversify the student body and faculty even in the wake of Proposition 209 and other backlashes against affirmative action. In this oral history she discusses her own experience as the first woman chancellor of UCSC and being part of the first generation of women to hold senior leadership positions in higher education administration.In a tribute honoring Chancellor Greenwood before the United States House of Representatives, Congressman Sam Farr said: "With the campus now reaching a regional annual economic impact of almost $1 billion, her leadership has proven advantageous not only to the students at the university, but to the local community as well." In an editorial, the Santa Cruz Sentinel said, "Relations between the university and the local community have been excellent during her years here—and that hasn't always been true."The first part of Greenwood's tenure took place during affluent years that saw a tech boom in nearby Silicon Valley, but later she encountered the budgetary challenges that continue to undermine the fiscal health of higher education. In her parting email to the campus community she remarked, "Both political pressure and budgetary constraints are making it increasingly difficult for all public universities, even the great ones like UC, to prosper. Whether California will honor the promises of the internationally revered Master Plan for Higher Education is a question we must face." It was that deep concern for the future of the University of California which inspired Greenwood to accept the position as provost and vice president of academic affairs at the Office of the President, the second highest post in the UC system. She became the highest-ranking woman in the UC administration and the first woman to hold this position. After her time at the UC Office of the President ended, Greenwood became chancellor at the University of Hawaii. Greenwood is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, where she served as president in 1998 and chair in 1999. In 1996, President Clinton nominated her to serve as a member of the National Science Board, a prestigious group comprising the nation's top twenty-four leaders in science and education, which advises Congress and the President on science policy issues. Her research on the genetic causes of obesity is recognized worldwide and she is the author of numerous scientific publications and presentations.


After Dworkin's critiques of the work of H.L.A. Hart, positivism has struggled to respond. In the course of doing so, it split into two branches – exclusive and inclusive positivism. Jules Coleman is a leader of the inclusive position (which he re-names incorporationism, because his jurisprudence does not rule out "incorporation" of morality into law). In its limit case, law might be nothing but moral intuition. This article shows how Hegel demolished this position almost two centuries ago. In addition, a review of Coleman's jurisprudence shows that "rules of recognition" (which Coleman holds as conditions for the possibility of law) are in fact complete superfluities. Coleman could have re-issued his jurisprudence on the basis of unruly recognition of primary rules of law. Also, Coleman has rejected Hart's internal point of view. As a result, Coleman's jurisprudence cannot avoid collapsing into legal realism, common enemy to positivists and Dworkinians alike. Coleman has also admitted that, as a corollary to his position, it is necessary to concede that law need have no practical consequences whatever for human beings. This is precisely the claim of legal realism. Therefore, the collapse of Coleman's positivism into legal realism is complete and irreversible. Only in Dworkinian jurisprudence can law make a practical difference.Coleman's more recent work contradicts this theme. Recently, Coleman has abandoned the "separation thesis" – that law is not necessarily connected with morality. In this work, Coleman's jurisprudence simply collapses into Dworkinianism. Under either vector of these contradictory jurisprudences, Coleman can hold no ground against the competing views of Dworkinianism and legal realism.This paper supplements an earlier paper ("Russell's Paradox and Legal Positivism") which uses set theory to show that exclusive positivism (necessary to the claim that law is separable from morality) is logically contradictory. If these two papers are correct, then legal positivism (in both its guises) is invalid. Our choice, then, is between legal realism (i.e., nihilism) and Dworkin's interpretive theory of jurisprudence.


This study investigated the microleakage of two different root canal obturation systems, using the nuclear medicine approach, with
sodium pertechnetate 99mTc. Twenty six single-rooted extracted teeth
were selected. The crowns were sectioned to obtain15 mmlong root segments and each tooth was prepared using rotary ProFile? instruments. The roots were divided into 2
experimental groups and two control groups. Twenty root canals were filled,
using Thermafil? and Topseal? or MTA Fillapex? as a sealer. On the 7th and the 28th day the apices were submersed in a solution
of 99mTc-Pertechnetate during 3 hours. The radioactivity was counted
using a gamma camera. Although apical leakage on the 7th day in the Topseal group was reduced compared with RealSeal1, with a statistical significant difference (p = 0.057), on the 28th day, the MTA
Fillapex increased the sealing properties (p = 0.017).


Factors which may lead to premature roller bearing failure in service include incorrect fitting, excessive pre-load during installation, insufficient or unsuitable lubrication, over-load, impact load vibration, excessive temperature, contamination by abrasive matter, ingress of harmful liquids, and stray electric currents. Most common modes of failure include flaking or pitting (fatigue), cracks or fractures, creep, smearing, wear, softening, indentation, fluting, and corrosion. The modes of failure are illustrated with examples from practice.


The Centipede game is an abstract model of reciprocal relationships in which two individuals alternate in helping each other at relatively small personal cost. Whereas mutual cooperation can benefit both individuals in the long run, a paradoxical but logically compelling backward induction argument suggests that cooperation is irrational. Empirical studies have reported reliable deviations from the non-cooperative backward induction solution, but their exclusively quantitative methods allow only a limited range of predefined motives to be explored. Our study uses verbal ('think aloud') protocols and qualitative data analysis to identify motives for cooperation in the Centipede game. The results provide little evidence for sophisticated backward induction reasoning. Instead, a wide range of motives emerged, their relative saliences varying according to the stage of the game. Activity bias affected decisions mainly at the beginning of the game, whereas cooperative and altruistic social value orientations most frequently accounted for cooperation towards its natural end.


The study was carried out on two representative samples from electoral roll of citizen aged from 25 to 64 years of the Central administrative okrug of the city of Tyumen. The procedures of mail survey and cardiological screening were applied. In the process of prospective monitoring of the mentioned investigated cohort during the last seven years the detection of cases of death from cardiovascular diseases on the basis of Tyumen administration registry office was analyzed. The relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes had unilateral increase in males and females paralleled by the increase of education level. The significant relationship of the relative risk of death from cardiovascular diseases with the professional involvement was established in the group of toil workers. Depending of the marital status relative risk of death from cardiovascular causes among persons of different gender had disdirectional trend. It increased among family status females as compared with single females and, on the contrary, significantly decreased among married males as compared with divorced, single and widowed males.


Procedural world generation is often limited to creating worlds devoid of people and any background. Because of this, creating a vibrant, living world is still a problem that requires a skilled designer. In this paper, we present a method that generates a socially connected population in any virtual terrain, using a mixed-initiative simulation of settlements that adapt to the world and to a designer's input. Using this simulation, we develop a number of sample worlds that convey the expressive potential of the approach. We further evaluate ease of use with a user study. As a proof-of-concept, we implement the system to bridge the output of a terrain generation tool to the input of a narrative generation tool.


Secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH-II) is a major complication of chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). It affects more than 300,000 dialyzed CRI patients in the world and probably more than 3 million as yet non-dialyzed CRI patients. It results from an imbalance in the interaction between calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH). In fact, CRI is accompanied by phosphorus retention and this accumulation of phosphorus induces an increased synthesis of FGF-23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor-23) which inhibits the activity of lalpha-hydroxylase and the synthesis of calcitriol. Moreover, the hyperphosphaturia induced by PTH and its stimulant effect on calcitriol synthesis and tubular calcium reabsorption are compromised by the reduction in the expression of the renal PTH receptor. All these changes lead to a negative calcium balance and a reduction in calcium-sensitive receptors and vitamin D receptors in parathyroid cells (CaR), thereby releasing the secretion of PTH and the proliferation of parathyroid cells. The chronic stimulation of PTH by these anomalies causes progressive hyperplasia of the parathyroid cells which may be transformed into a benign tumor with a monoclonal appearance. The usual medical treatment of HPTH-II consists in the correction of hypocalcemia by calcium salts and vitamin D and its derivatives, hyperphosphatemia by lifestyle and dietary changes and intestinal phosphorus chelating agents and metabolic acidosis. Very recently, this treatment armamentarium has been expanded by the advent of the calcimimetic agent, cinacalcet HCl. This product increases the calcium sensitivity of CaR in parathyroid cells leading to a rapid and sustained decrease in PTH secretion. However, it is still necessary to resort to surgical parathyroidectomy (PTX) when these treatments prove to be ineffective or involve risks because of adverse effects and in particular an increase in the calcium-phosphorus ion product and the occurrence or worsening of cardiovascular calcifications. The purpose of this article is to revise the current indications of PTX and to discuss changes and the current and future trends for treatment of HPTH-II by surgery alone or combined.


Strategic decision making influences organizational performance. However, close examination of this relationship reveals a subtle paradox. It appears that the products of strategic decision making, all of which are necessary for enhanced organizational performance, do not peacefully coexist. Conflict seems to be the crux of this conundrum. As such, a better understanding of conflict's effects on strategic decision making is needed This paper integrates a multidimensional conceptualization of conflict Into a model of strategic decision making and organizational performance and develops propositions to guide empirical study of the effects of conflict on strategic decision making.


In spite of their indispensable role in host nutrition, the anaerobic gut fungal (AGF) component of the herbivorous gut microbiome remains poorly characterized. To examine global patterns and determinants of AGF diversity, we generated and analyzed an amplicon dataset from 661 fecal samples from 34 animal species, 9 families, and 6 continents. We identified 56 novel genera, greatly expanding AGF diversity beyond current estimates. Both stochastic (homogenizing dispersal and drift) and deterministic (homogenizing selection) processes played an integral role in shaping AGF communities, with a higher level of stochasticity observed in foregut fermenters. Community structure analysis revealed a distinct pattern of phylosymbiosis, where host-associated (animal species, family, and gut type), rather than ecological (domestication status and biogeography) factors predominantly shaped the community. Hindgut fermenters exhibited stronger and more specific fungal-host associations, compared to broader mostly non-host specific associations in foregut fermenters. Transcriptomics-enabled phylogenomic and molecular clock analyses of 52 strains from 14 genera indicated that most genera with preferences for hindgut hosts evolved earlier (44-58 Mya), while those with preferences for foregut hosts evolved more recently (22-32 Mya). This pattern is in agreement with the sole dependence of herbivores on hindgut fermentation past the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) extinction event through the Paleocene and Eocene, and the later rapid evolution of animals employing foregut fermentation strategy during the early Miocene. Only a few AGF genera deviated from this pattern of co-evolutionary phylosymbiosis, by exhibiting preferences suggestive of post-evolutionary environmental filtering. Our results greatly expand the documented scope of AGF diversity and provide an ecologically and evolutionary-grounded model to explain the observed patterns of AGF diversity in extant animal hosts.


BACKGROUND
Pruritus is one of the most common symptoms of uremia. The etiology of uremic pruritus is steel incompletely known. Scabies may be a cause of itching in these patients.

METHODS
Retrospective analysis of beginning and developing of a scabies outbreak in a Dialysis Unit with 160 patients.

RESULTS
Sixteen cases of scabies were observed in the Dialysis Unit from April 1998 and January 1999: in 6 of them the scarification was positive. In 10 the scarification was negative, but itching disappeared after treatment with benzyl benzoate 20%. Many courses were necessary (max 6). Prophylaxis (treatment with benzyl benzoate 20% for 3 days and lingery cleaning) was applied to approximately 400 people. No cases were observed among health care workers of the Dialysis Unit.

CONCLUSIONS
In a Dialysis Unit the diagnosis of scabies is difficult because the patients often have generalized itching; moreover some of them are affected by neuropathy that may make the infestation of scabies more difficult to identify. The most important factor to limitate the outbreak seems to be the prophylaxis of people who take care of patients (health-care workers, family members and car-drivers). It seems also necessary to repeat the treatments many times. The most exposed patients seemed to be those with diminished independence, diabetes and malnutrition.


In this paper, based on elastic link capacity which a function of transmission power, we construct a joint optimization formulation of congestion control and power control to maximize the network utility with multiple alternative subcarrier paths. The problem is a non-convex and non-separable optimization problem due to the multiple route nature of the flows. Furthermore, by integrating congestion control and power control, a distributed coordinative algorithm is proposed to maximize the aggregate source utility and increase end-to-end throughput. We obtain a decoupled and dual-decomposable convex formulation by applying an appropriate transformation and introducing some new variables and small disturbance quadratic terms. This is accomplished by the interaction and coordination between the congestion control sub-algorithm and the power control sub-algorithm through the congestion prices. Simulation results demonstrate that our distributed algorithm converges much faster and greatly increases network utilization and throughput.


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BACKGROUND
Exogenous administration of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 improves glucose tolerance by stimulation of insulin secretion, inhibition of glucagon secretion, and delay of gastric emptying. It is not known which of these effects is involved in the action of endogenous GLP-1 to control blood glucose. To determine the role of endogenous GLP-1 on islet cell function and gastric emptying independent of variable glycemia, we clamped blood glucose before and during glucose ingestion with and without GLP-1 receptor blockade with exendin-[9-39] (Ex-9).

METHODS
There were 10 healthy subjects that participated in two experiments each, one a control and one with infusion of 750 pm/kg . min Ex-9. Subjects consumed 75 g oral glucose solution mixed with d-xylose and (13)C-glucose while their blood glucose levels were held fixed at approximately 8.9 mmol/liter.

RESULTS
Plasma insulin levels during hyperglycemia alone were similar in the two studies (control, 282.5 +/- 42 vs. Ex-9, 263.8 +/- 59 pmol/liter) but were reduced by approximately 30% by Ex-9 after glucose ingestion (control, 1154 +/- 203 vs. Ex-9, 835 +/- 120 pmol/liter; P < 0.05). Blocking the action of endogenous GLP-1 caused an approximate 80% increase in postprandial glucagon concentrations. The appearance of ingested d-xylose in the blood was not affected by Ex-9, suggesting that postprandial secretion of GLP-1 has only minimal effects on gastric emptying of oral glucose.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings indicate that GLP-1 is an incretin in healthy humans at modestly supraphysiological blood glucose levels. The primary effect of GLP-1 to regulate oral glucose tolerance is mediated by effects on islet hormones and not on gastric emptying.


The identification of the parameters in a model of immune competition is treated in this paper. More precisely, an approach of inverse problems toward the identification from measurements of densities of cells population is used. The inverse problem is transferred into a parametric optimization problem using the nonlinear identification approach with a Least Square objective function. Global optimization techniques are pursued and a design procedure for global robust optimization is developed using the so-called Kriging method, optimization approaches are used to determine the global robust optimum of a surrogate model.


At present, economic decision-makers and theorists predict that the robust alliance of "German technology" and "made in China" will reach new global heights through the development of intelligent manufacturing. However, the path to the realization of this prediction is still being explored. Shandong is a microcosm of China's economic development and China-Germany cooperation, so the province can be analyzed as a representative example of the industrial choices and implementation strategies of this cooperation. In practice, China-Germany industrial cooperation should take into account industries where Germany has an advantage and the industrial development priorities and future growth potential of China and Shandong. We should thus focus on raising the quality of German investment and attending to its spill-over effects. The findings of a quantitative analysis of Shandong's industrial gradient coefficient and industrial correlation show that the future alignment of German and Shandong industry should adhere to the principle of "emphasizing key points and storing up resources for the future." For this reason, we should not only strengthen the key fields of Shandong's industrial alignment with Germany, but also actively cultivate areas with potential. Research on the pattern of German investment in China indicates that German companies' choice of investment location has certain distinctive features. The factors that matter most in attracting German investment are the concentration of German first-comer enterprises in the host country, the shape of the business environment and the level of human capital and regional science and technology. For this reason, against the background of the Belt and Road Initiative, Shandong's alignment with German industry should focus on building industry chains, constructing investment platforms and shaping the external environment.


Facial action units (AU) recognition is an essential issue of affective computing, which is important to modern human-computer interaction and virtual reality. Recent advances in deep learning have shown great achievements in facial action unit recognition. However, the conventional approaches are sensitive to the pose of head. To tackle this limitation, we propose a pose-independent AU recognition approach based on attention enhanced deep residual mapping. In the deep feature space, the non-frontal face is mapped to frontal face through attention enhanced residual addition to improve the performance of non-frontal AU recognition. The network consist of three parts: the base network, the residual mapping module and the channel attention enhanced module. The base network is the fine-tuned VGG-Face which are trained with frontal faces. Then, the residual mapping and channel-wise attention mechanism are proposed and introduced into the deep feature space to learn the AU consistent features of faces in different poses. The non-frontal facial features are combined with the residual to map it to frontal face. The channel-wise attention mechanism enables the network to understand which features are more important for the facial pose mapping process. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of our approach on FERA2017 dataset. The experiment results have shown that our approach has improved the face recognition performance.


The time course of the association of radioactivity with isolated hepatocytes incubated in the presence of S -[14C]adenosylhomocysteine was characterized by an initial burst phase lasting for less than 15 sec (Phase I) followed by a slow linear phase (Phase II). Phase I was due to association of S -[14C]adenosylhomocysteine with the hepatocytes. The possibiity of intracellular resynthesis of S -[14C]adenosylhomocysteine from [14C]adenosine was ruled out. The process showed slight temperature dependence, and there was no effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol. These data argue against the possibility that Phase I was related to active uptake of S -[14C]adenosylhomocysteine, but rather suggest binding of this compound to an acceptor on the cell surface. Competition studies showed that S -adenosylhomocysteine was the preferred ligand of this acceptor. Phase II corresponded to intracellular accumulation of 14C-labeled adenine nucleotides and was nearly completely abolished by inhibitors of enzymatic hydrolysis of S -adenosylhomocysteine, such as adenosine and homocysteine. This process was explained by extracellular hydrolysis of S -[14C]adenosylhomocysteine catalyzed by S -adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase leaking out of the cells, followed by rapid uptake of [14C]adenosine. Trapping of adenosine formed from S -adenosylhomocysteine directed the extracellular enzyme catalysis towards hydrolysis. Extracellular hydrolysis of S -adenosylhomocysteine was the rate-limiting step in this sequence of events. It is concluded that S -adenosylhomocysteine was not taken up by rat hepatocytes as an intact molecule.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Hallvard Bergesen and Audun Hoylandskaer for excellent technical assistance.


Prosthetic small-caliber vascular grafts give poorer patency rates than autogenous vein grafts, possibly because the former never spontaneously form endothelium. Animal studies have shown that endothelialization of prosthetic grafts can be encouraged by seeding endothelial cells into the graft at the time of surgery, resulting in improved patency. Information regarding the attachment characteristics of adult human endothelial cells to prosthetic grafts is, however, sparce. Laboratory experiments were performed by use of cell culture techniques to compare the attachment characteristics of adult human endothelial cells to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft material, both untreated and treated, with one of four protein substrates--preclotted blood, fibronectin, laminin, and type 4 collagen. Attachment characteristics were compared quantitatively by use of attachment assays and qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy. Attachment to untreated expanded polytetrafluoroethylene was poor but could be greatly improved by preclotting or precoating with any of the proteins, particularly fibronectin. In preclotted grafts seeded endothelial cells formed a virtually confluent monolayer after 1 hour. Cell attachment to the other grafts coated with protein was patchy and inconsistent. It is concluded that a rapid confluent endothelial lining within a prosthetic vascular graft is possible, and of the substrates examined, preclotted blood best encourages cell attachment to expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.


This paper presents an implementation of a homotopy path tracking algorithm for polynomial numerical continuation on a graphical processing unit (GPU). The goal of this algorithm is to track homotopy curves from known roots to the unknown roots of a target polynomial system. The path tracker solves a set of ordinary differential equations to predict the next step and uses a Newton root finder to correct the prediction so the path stays on the homotopy solution curves. In order to benefit from the computational performance of a GPU, we organize the procedure so it is executed as a single instruction set, which means the path tracker has a fixed step size and the corrector has a fixed number iterations. This trade-off between accuracy and GPU computation speed is useful in numerical kinematic synthesis where a large number of solutions must be generated to find a few effective designs. In this paper, we show that our implementation of GPU-based numerical continuation yields 85 effective designs in 63 s, while an existing numerical continuation algorithm yields 455 effective designs in 2 h running on eight threads of a workstation.


This comparative exploration looks at religion and politics in the social dynamics of Southeast Asia's two most populous nations. The Philippines and Indonesia are treated as one vast "Phil-Indo" archipelago. Eight leading scholars contribute interwoven and contending essays. The authors find that while neither country promotes a state religion, both lack partitions between church and state. Social dynamics of faith in each elude constitutional restrictions. In the Philippines, a Spanish tradition of an ecclesiastical state exists in tension with a Jeffersonian notion of separation of realms. In Indonesia, pre-Islamic concepts of a god-king fuse state and society, as modern initiatives surge from the premise of a prevailing Islamic community. Official religiosity pervades Indonesian national life, while Filipinos act out their private religiosity en masse, trying to overcome deficiencies in state and church. The book includes 38 photographs, in colour and black and white, with commentaries that further illustrate the themes of each chapter. Contributors include Azyumardi Azra (University Islam Negeri, Indonesia), Jose M. Cruz (Ateneo de Manila University,The Philippines), Donald K. Emmerson (Institute for International Studies, Stanford University) Theodore Friend (Foreign Policy Research Institute), Robert W. Hefner (Institute for the Study of Economic Culture, Boston University),Vicente Leuterio Rafael (University of Washington), Jose Eliseao Rocamora (Institute for Popular Democracy,The Philippines) and David Joel Steinberg (Long Island University).


We present a novel fade mitigation technique that is applicable on outdoor optical wireless systems. Our key idea is to utilize the nonlinear power-dependent gain properties of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to provide unbalanced amplification between faded and non-faded instances of the optical wireless signal. We analytically demonstrate that this power equalization process smoothes out fade-induced power fluctuations and drastically reduces the probability of the system being in a fade state. In medium to strong turbulence governed by gamma-gamma statistics, our results predict that the fade probability can be reduced by over 80% when the SOA is introduced at the optical wireless receiver. We also show that the duration of remaining fades is reduced by a sizeable percentage, and a percentile reduction of the average fade duration of over 85% can be achieved at the SOA output.


During the time period 1958-1967 190 cases of male breast cancer were reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry. The reported cases were thoroughly re-evaluated from the evidence of the clinical records and histopathologic specimens. The material contained 166 cases of histologically verified invasive breast carcinoma which were analyzed with respect to different clinical and histopathologic parameters. In contrast to the rate in females, the breast cancer incidence rate in males did not increase significantly during the period under review, and the age-specific incidence rate did not show a Clemmesen's hook but increased relatively more rapidly at high ages than for female breast carcinoma. The mean age at diagnosis was 4 to 5 years higher in male breast cancer patients than in females. Larger tumours were more frequent among older patients and there was a 5-year shift between the age-distribution curves for small (less than 2 cm) and larger (2-5 cm) tumours. A similar difference was found between pN0 and pN1 tumours. This difference might reflect the progression rate of male breast cancer. The histopathology pattern and distribution of histologic malignancy grades were similar to those in female breast carcinoma with the exception that lobular carcinoma and medullary carcinoma with lymphoid infiltration were lacking in the male material.


The endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid genus Tropheus Boulenger 1898 consists of highly stenotypic rock dwellers, whose limited capacity for dispersal gave rise to over a hundred colour morphs. This made Tropheus an important model for evolutionary research. Yet, the genus taxonomy is confusing with most species being ill-defined and with many populations that cannot be unambiguously assigned to a valid species. As such, a revision of the genus is needed. Notwithstanding its high chromatic and genetic differentiation, the general morphology of Tropheus was, until recently, reported to have remained static. This hypothesis of morphological stasis was investigated in Tropheus duboisi Marlier 1959, an early diverged Tropheus that displays only minor intra-specific differences in colour pattern and is less stenotypic than its congeners. The results, however, revealed significant morphological differentiation between geographically isolated populations. This indicates that problems for a morphological revision of the genus not only result from the low degree of morphological differentiation between species, but also from the presence of intra-specific differentiation. One of the long-standing problems in Tropheus is the similarity between T. annectens Boulenger 1900 and T. polli Axelrod 1977, which are sometimes regarded as synonyms. Using museum specimens and recently collected material and a multidisciplinary approach, this problem could be resolved. Surprisingly, the morphological differences found between different populations of these two highly resembling species are mirrored by the differences encountered between populations of another, sympatric, Tropheus species. This finding suggests a strong environmental effect on morphology.


The goal of the breeding process is to obtain new genotypes with traits improved over the parental forms. Parameters related to the additive effect of genes as well as their interactions (such as epistasis of gene–by–gene interaction effect and additive–by–additive–by–additive of gene–by–gene–by–gene interaction effect) can influence decisions on the suitability of breeding material for this purpose. Understanding the genetic architecture of complex traits is a major challenge in the post-genomic era, especially for quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects, QTL–by–QTL interactions and QTL–by–QTL–by–QTL interactions. With regards to the comparing methods for estimating additive–by–additive–by–additive of QTL×QTL×QTL interaction effects by Monte Carlo simulation studies, there are no publications in the open literature. The parameter combinations assumed in the presented simulation studies represented 84 different experimental situations. The use of weighted regression may be the preferred method for estimating additive–by–additive–by–additive of QTL–QTL–QTL triples interaction effects, as it provides results closer to the true values of total additive–by–additive–by–additive interaction effects than using unweighted regression. This is also indicated by the obtained values of the determination coefficients of the proposed models.


Then does segregation offend against equality? Equality, like all general concepts, has marginal areas where philosophic difficulties are encountered. But if a whole race of people finds itself confined within a system which is set up and continued for the very purpose of keeping it in an inferior station, and if the question is then solemnly propounded whether such a race is being treated "equally," I think we ought to exercise one of the sovereign prerogatives of philosophers-that of laughter. The only question remaining (after we get our laughter under control) is whether the segregation system answers to this description. Here I must confess to a tendency to start laughing all over again.


We investigate earthquake distribution and focal mechanisms associated with the 2018 Kīlauea volcano eruption in Hawaii. Our high‐precision earthquake relocations delineate an aseismic zone bounded by two subhorizontal bands of seismicity at 3.5 and 7 km depths beneath the eastern south flank, both of which are dominated by the shallow‐dipping reverse faulting during the 2018 activity. We interpret the deeper seismicity as related to the basal décollement that separates the volcanic edifice from the oceanic crust. The shallower seismicity is a feature exhibited in the recent activity and, which we propose, reveals a detachment that either represents the contact between Mauna Loa and Kīlauea volcanoes or coincides with the onland extension of the base of the Hilina slump. We suggest that large earthquakes, such as the 1975 Mw 7.7 and the 2018 Mw 6.9 mainshocks, are capable of triggering failures of both the basal décollement and the shallower surface.


In this study, we presented that human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) showed superior adhesion and proliferation behaviors on polished silicon nitride (Si3N4). Also, compared to Ti and ZrO2, Si3N4 enhanced the osteogenic activities of hBMSCs indicated by increases in alizarin red S (ARS) staining, Ca2+ concentration, and mRNA expression of RUNX2, OPN, OCN, and COL1. Furthermore, colony formation assays demonstrated significantly better antibacterial activities against oral pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) on Si3N4 surface than Ti and ZrO2. Live/dead bacterial staining showed a large amount of dead Pg on Si3N4 surfaces. The fact that Si3N4 demonstrated advantages in osteogenic and antibacterial activities over Ti and ZrO2 might be a reason for its potential use as non-metallic dental implant materials. However, more detailed studies with resolution techniques and preclinical studies are needed to confirm the Si3N4's osteogenic and antibacterial properties. Trial registration number PJ2019-066-001; date of registration: Jun 2019.


Author(s): Xu, ZL; Park, J; Yoon, G; Kim, H; Kang, K | Abstract: © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH a Co. KGaA, Weinheim Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have dominated the energy storage market for more than two decades; however, the quest for lower-cost battery alternatives is rapidly expanding, especially for large-scale applications. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have recently experienced an impressive resurgence owing to the earth's abundance of sodium resources and the similar electrochemistry of SIBs and the well-established LIBs. Nonetheless, whereas cost-effective and reliable graphite anodes have served as a cornerstone in current LIB technology, one of the major limitations of SIBs has been the inability to exploit graphite as an electrode because of its negligible sodium storage capability. Recently, however, clear progress has been made in preparing high-performance graphitic carbon anodes for SIBs with new findings on the mechanisms of sodium storage. Herein, this paper aims to review the progress made in understanding the sodium storage mechanisms in graphitic carbon materials and comprehensively summarize the start-of-the-art achievements by surveying the correlations among the type of graphitic material, microstructure, sodium storage mechanisms, and electrochemical performance in SIBs. In addition, perspectives related to practical applications, including the electrolyte, coulombic efficiency, and applicability in sodium-ion full cells, are also presented.


It was shown that the structure and particle size of zirconia nanoparticles has been controlled through the homogeneous precipitation process by using templates. Hexamine as the template led to ZrO2 nanoparticles with tetragonal structure, whereas coffee extract favored monoclinic structures. Field Emission Scanning electron microscopy (FeSEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, Infrared and Raman analysis were used to view how the structure may possibly affect their spectrum characteristic.  Using these pure m- and t-ZrO2 phases as catalyst, were studied photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Higher degradation efficiency (50%) of the drug was observed at pH5.5 after 15 min using t-ZrO2 phase.


It is clear that antihypertensive regimens based on a low dose thiazide diuretic are effective for the primary prevention of stroke, particularly in older patients. In patients with diabetes mellitus who are at a higher risk of stroke, low dose thiazide diuretics and ACE inhibitors are of benefit. In those with isolated systolic hypertension, long-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonists, in addition tolow dose thiazide diuretics, have also been shown to significantly reduce stroke risk. However, to attain sufficient lowering of blood pressure (BP) to most effectively reduce the risk of stroke (i.e. to levels of 140-150/80-85 mm Hg or lower and perhaps to <140/<80 mm Hg in patients with diabetes mellitus) combination therapy will be required. Immediately following stroke BP tends to fall spontaneously and therapy is probably not required in the great majority of patients during the first few days poststroke. If treatment is required shortly after this period, agents with a slow and gentle onset of action appear to be preferable; some preliminary data suggest that ACE inhibitors, despite lowering systemic BP, have no significant effect on cerebral blood flow. However, there is little clinical outcome data to clearly define the role of antihypertensive treatment in the early poststroke period. Whether existing antihypertensive therapy should be continued following stroke is also unclear, but such decisions may be influenced by factors such as the actual BP level, other indications for treatment (e.g. angina pectoris or cardiac failure) or the presence of dysphagia. There is more evidence to suggest that, some weeks to months following stroke (particularly a minor stroke), lower rather than higher BP is favourable, and better control of high BP with therapy reduces stroke recurrence.


To appear in a forthcoming volume, Black Theology II, edited by Calvin E. Bruce and William R. Jones, and used by permission.


Diffusion of (14)C-labeled CO(2) was measured through lipid bilayer membranes composed of egg lecithin and cholesterol (1:1 mol ratio) dissolved in n-decane. The results indicate that CO(2), but not HCO(3-), crosses the membrane and that different steps in the transport process are rate limiting under different conditions. In one series of experiments we studied one-way fluxes between identical solutions at constant pCO(2) but differing [HCO(3-)] and pH. In the absence of carbonic anhydrase (CA) the diffusion of CO(2) through the aqueous unstirred layers is rate limiting because the uncatalyzed hydration-dehydration of CO(2) is too slow to permit the high [HCO(3-)] to facilitate tracer diffusion through the unstirred layers. Addition of CA (ca. 1 mg/ml) to both bathing solutions causes a 10-100-fold stimulation of the CO(2) flux, which is proportional to [HCO(3-)] over the pH range 7-8. In the presence of CA the hydration- dehydration reaction is so fast that CO(2) transport across the entire system is rate limited by diffusion of HCO(3-) through unstirred layers. However, in the presence of CA when the ratio [HCO(3-) + CO(3=)]:[CO(2)] more than 1,000 (pH 9-10) the CO(2) flux reaches a maximum value. Under these conditions the diffusion of CO(2) through the membrane becomes rate limiting, which allows us to estimate a permeability coefficient of the membrane to CO(2) of 0.35 cm s(-1). In a second series of experiments we studied the effects of CA and buffer concentration on the net flux of CO(2). CA stimulates the net CO(2) flux in well buffered, but no in unbuffered, solutions. The buffer provides a proton source on the upstream side of the membrane and proton sink on the downstream side, thus allowing HCO(3-) to facilitate the net transport of CO(2) through the unstirred layers.


As the global deployment of carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology intensifies in the fight against climate change, it becomes increasingly imperative to establish robust monitoring and detection mechanisms for potential underground CO2 leakage, particularly through pre-existing or induced faults in the storage reservoir's seals. While techniques such as history matching and time-lapse seismic monitoring of CO2 storage have been used successfully in tracking the evolution of CO2 plumes in the subsurface, these methods lack principled approaches to characterize uncertainties related to the CO2 plumes' behavior. Inclusion of systematic assessment of uncertainties is essential for risk mitigation for the following reasons: (i) CO2 plume-induced changes are small and seismic data is noisy; (ii) changes between regular and irregular (e.g., caused by leakage) flow patterns are small; and (iii) the reservoir properties that control the flow are strongly heterogeneous and typically only available as distributions. To arrive at a formulation capable of inferring flow patterns for regular and irregular flow from well and seismic data, the performance of conditional normalizing flow will be analyzed on a series of carefully designed numerical experiments. While the inferences presented are preliminary in the context of an early CO2 leakage detection system, the results do indicate that inferences with conditional normalizing flows can produce high-fidelity estimates for CO2 plumes with or without leakage. We are also confident that the inferred uncertainty is reasonable because it correlates well with the observed errors. This uncertainty stems from noise in the seismic data and from the lack of precise knowledge of the reservoir's fluid flow properties.


No reference point-of-care, web-based medical compendium is available in general practice in France. We have then conducted the experimentation of EBMPracticeNet, a Belgian website of guidelines translated and adapted from the Finnish EBM Guidelines. We collected data from three sources: (i) the website logbook; (ii) a search-specific assessment questionnaire; (iii) a global assessment questionnaire. A cumulative number of 262 (62.8%) physicians performed at least one search on the website and clicked on average 5.9 times per month. Physicians globally got an accurate answer (74.2%). They found the information provided by the website reliable (92.2%) and useful for practice (78.6%). They perceived the website ergonomics as good. The main reported barriers were the time and effort required to find an accurate answer and the uneven relevance of the information retrieved. Improvements should focus on guidelines indexing and their adaptation to the French context, and training physicians to search medical databases.


This work is devoted to the numerical simulation of a Vlasov--Poisson equation modeling charged particles in a beam submitted to a highly oscillatory external electric field. A numerical scheme is constructed for this model. This scheme is uniformly accurate with respect to the size of the fast time oscillations of the solution, which means that no time step refinement is required to simulate the problem. The scheme combines the forward semi-Lagrangian method with a class of uniformly accurate (UA) time integrators to solve the characteristics. These UA time integrators are derived by means of a two-scale formulation of the characteristics, with the introduction of an additional periodic variable. Numerical experiments are performed to show the efficiency of the proposed methods compared to conventional approaches.


This paper proposes a new strategy of emotion-based music visualization. Emotional LED lighting control system is suggested to help audiences enhance the musical experience. In the system, emotion in music is recognized by a proposed algorithm using a dimensional approach. The algorithm used a method of music emotion variation detection to overcome some weaknesses of Thayer's model in detecting emotion in a one-second music segment. In addition, IRI color model is combined with Thayer's model to determine LED light colors corresponding to 36 different music emotions. They are represented on LED lighting control system through colors and animations. The accuracy of music emotion visualization achieved to over 60%.


This paper presents the results of studying the lateral photovoltaic effect in hybrid structures based on SiO2/Si depending on the nature of the conductivity of the material of the upper layer (Fe is a metal, Fe3O4 is a semimetal, TiO2 is a semi-insulator). It is shown that this effect is observed in hybrid structures in which a depleted region with a significant band bending is formed at the SiO2/Si interface. Theoretical calculations of the lateral photovoltage based on the energy parameters of the band diagrams showed that an increase in the sensitivity of the lateral photoelectric effect is associated with an increase in the built-in potential at the SiO2/Si interface. It has been established that the transient characteristics of the lateral photoelectric effect, such as the rise and fall times of the photovoltage signal, are determined by the configuration of the RC-filter in the near-contact region, which depends on the conductivity of the upper layer. It is shown that, in the case of the lateral photovoltaic effect, current transfer occurs along the inversion layer, and the upper layer serves to generate a quasi-pn junction at the SiO2/Si interface.


Media perfusion bioreactor systems have been developed to culture tissue cells throughout 3D tissue engineered scaffold in vitro, which enhance the exchange of nutrients and wastes and deliver flow-mediated shear stresses to cells. Stress and strain field acting on the engineered cells is the outcome of several factors, such as characterization of the scaffold, medium flow rate and the interaction of hydrodynamic flow and the scaffold wall. We develop a nonlinear fluid and solid interaction (FSI) model of the flow of culture medium through a 3D scaffold of homogeneous geometry, with the aim of predicting the stress and strain field acting on the surface of engineered cells. We built three groups of models corresponding to three pore sizes: 50, 100 and 150μ m. Each group is made of four models corresponding to 61%, 65%,77% and 84% porosity. FORTRAN and C languages are used to solve this nonlinear FSI problem. A circular scaffold of 15.5mm diameter scaffold is perfused by a flow rate of 0.5ml/min. The simulation shows that the method without regards to the effect of solid deformation to flow field is not reasonable. The high shear stress areas decrease with the increase of pore size but the shear stress looks independent of the porosity on the wall. With the increase of pore size and porosity, the maximum and average values of equivalent normal strain and equivalent shear strain become lower. More larger of porosity and pore size, more forced distribution and smaller range for equivalent normal strain field and shear strain field. This modeling approach provides a quantitative assessment of the relationship between micro mechanics environment and tissue growth in vitro.


Abstract The doctrine of the Act of State and State Immunity has its foundation in common law frameworks. It is settled law that there is no cause of action that will make a foreign state liable in the domestic court of another country. In the United States there has been acceptance that certain cases involve "political questions" that are non-justiciable, as they are not a "case or controversy" as required by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. The courts have only intervened either where the federal statutes have applied extraterritorially, such as under the Civil Rights Act 1964 where a U.S. citizen is employed abroad by a company registered in the United States, or under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) 1789, which protects foreign parties who are designated sufficiently "alien" for the sole purpose of invoking jurisdiction after a civil wrong has been committed against them. There needs to be an evaluation of the U.S. Supreme Court precedents that have asserted judicial oversight in respect of wrongs committed extra-territorially, and their present rationale for retaining the doctrine. This paper also discusses the scope of the Federal State Immunity Act (FSIA) and the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act (JASTA) that narrow the concept of state immunity when dealing with terrorism by another state or its agents. A comparative analysis with the state immunity doctrine in Canada and the framework for litigation under the merits-based approach by the courts is provided. The common law courts have developed the doctrine of the Act of State and it has become a principle of customary international law. The argument of this paper is that there needs to be a greater focus on the civil injuries that are caused in other jurisdictions that should allow the claimants to litigate in the forum court and for judicial review to be available.


This book has as its main medical interest a fairly full discussion of Hess's mental state during his long stay in England and at his subsequent Nuremberg trial. Though some psychiatrists would consider that Hess was suffering from a paranoid schizophrenia, with at times some confusing hysterical symptoms, it seems that the diagnosis of schizophrenia was never officially made. Apart from the psychiatrists who examined Hess, Lord Beaverbrook was called in early by Churchill to give an overriding and common-sense psychiatric opinion; he reported Hess as quite sane. However, Hess was obviously psychiatrically ill at his trial. Though the severity of his illness was not fully admitted, he did avoid the death penalty at Nuremberg. He is almost certainly still mad in Spandau jail to-day. With mainly official sources and pronouncements to rely on, the author of this book also makes out that Hess was really pretty sane while in England and was mostly putting it on. The Russians shared this viewpoint. It shows how the facts of history can so often be misjudged for posterity. Fortunately there are ample clinical descriptions in this and other books of Hess's many and complicated delusional systems, and of his hallucinations and other psychiatric abnormalities, so that future medical men will have a lot of factual data available to judge for themselves. WILLIAM SARGANT.


The electrodeposition from an acidic solution containing Cu(2+), Sn(2+), and a cationic surfactant gave a negative differential resistance (NDR) and a current oscillation in a narrow potential region of about 20 mV lying slightly more negative than the onset potential for Sn-Cu alloy deposition. Scanning Auger microscopic inspection has indicated that alloy films deposited during the oscillation have a clear alternate multilayer structure composed of two alloy layers of different compositions. The multilayer had the period of thickness of 40-90 nm and was uniform over a macroscopically wide area of about 1 mm x 1 mm. Detailed investigations have revealed that the NDR arises from adsorption of a cationic surfactant (acting as an inhibitor for diffusion of metal ions) on the alloy surface, and the oscillation comes from coupling of the NDR with the ohmic drop in the electrolyte.


This is a long and scholarly book on conditions which have been written about since antiquity, and, as the author points out, are still in need of much clarification. Despite the book's scholarship and length, the hoped-for clarification does not emerge sharply. The writing is involved and often couched in phrases foreign to American ears so that at times it is difficult to apprehend the author's meanings. The bibliography is large; this—coupled with a chapter of historical review of the concepts of hypochondriasis, and both subject and name indexes—is valuable to research workers in the field. The author points out that in order to safeguard against considering hypochondria as a nosological entity one should use the term only as an adjective, for the conditions are manifest in states ranging from the mildly neurotic to the psychotic. He then attempts to characterize descriptively the essential aspect of all hypochondriacal syndromes, part of which he then compares with "nonhypochondriac body experience" from an existential point of view. This characterization is vague and so, unfortunately, may not be too helpful in practice; but, on the other hand, the discussion of body experience may be of general interest from a theoretical point of view. The author contends that his studies lead him further to question and take exception to some of the distinctions between neurosis and psychosis; a chapter is devoted to this. The following chapters, comprising the bulk of the book, consist of a presentation of data derived from the 225 patients the author has studied. Total assessment of the patients permitted assignment to the various diagnostic groupings and each chapter considers one such group—hypochondriacal syndromes in schizophrenia, hypochondriacal syndromes in manic depressive and involutional psychoses, etc. The patients all were from clinics in Amsterdam. Case histories are furnished at various points to illustrate specific facets of the various hypochondriacal conditions. The discussion is broad, that is, from a genetic, social and psychoanalytic approach, and yet a holistic, unified view does not result; perhaps such a view cannot yet be achieved. There is a final chapter on prognosis and appropriate therapies. WALTER MANN, M.D.


This paper essays to compare the concept of common sense, especially as it has been studied by A. Schutz, with the social representations approach proposed by Serge Moscovici. Since social representations have had several empirical applications above all in social psychology but just a little in sociology, we suggest that it is important to discover new possible developments if we understand its sociological perspective. From Durkheim's collective representations Moscovici proposes the social representation as phenomenon, showing three principal shifts of his hypothesis: (i) the difference between science and natural language as different worlds where meaning is produced; (ii) the dynamic aspects of social representations; (iii) the crucial role of mass media communication. We find some interesting analogies with the analysis of the social distribution of knowledge described by Shutz and we propose that social representations re-construct common sense in the course of local situations of everyday interaction experience; so they can be regarded as local operators of common sense, by means both of molecular or interpersonal influences and mass communication interpretative effects


The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of pulsed electric field application on fermentation process and wine characteristics. Investigations were related, in particular, to the effects of pulsed electric field pretreatment (500–700 V/cm) of grapes with a short treatment duration (40–100 ms) on the evolution of color intensity, anthocyanins, and phenolic content during the alcoholic fermentation of Merlot grapes and seven months after bottling. The kinetics of the extraction of valuable compounds during the vinification stage was established. Sensory analyses of untreated wines were compared to those of pulsed electric field-treated wines. These results showed that the permeabilization of Merlot skin by a pulsed electric field treatment resulted in increased extraction of polyphenols and anthocyanins. Pulsed electric field of moderate intensity and short duration accelerated the flow kinetics of phenolic compounds through the cell membranes. Compared to the classical process, pulsed electric field treatment has the advantage of nonthermal selective extraction (<5°C) involving no loss of product quality. Phenolic compounds have an important role in enology owing to their contribution to the sensory properties of wine and to their participation in various phenomena during the vinification and aging processes. Sensory analysis indicated that pulsed electric field treatment contributes to the enhancement of the sensory attributes of wine. This technique seems to be an interesting alternative to current prefermentative techniques.


The goal of this work is to investigate the sensitivity of transfer of piezoelectric actuation efficiency to a cantilever beam due to variations in the environmental temperature and possible variations in the thickness of the adhesive layers bonding actuators to a beam. Investigations are first done analytically on the basis of a static linear longitudinal strain distribution along the whole beam/bonding/actuators section, as well as the shear lag model. In addition to the known conditions for transfer of actuation efficiency such as impedance matching, one obtains further requirements for a transfer of this actuation efficiency, of which the most important is a small thickness of the adhesive layer. However, the influences of temperature and of bonding thickness are smaller than expected; that is, variations induced by practical mounting and by use outside the laboratory have no pronounced effect on the transfer of the actuation efficiency. Using then the finite element program ANSYS, the complete system was modelled, including the adhesive layers. For the FEM calculations, the temperature dependences of all material properties were linearized. Results show that the eigenfrequencies of the beam vibration decrease only slightly at higher temperature and for thicker adhesive layers, without any reduction in the resonance amplitude. The findings are partly validated by experimental measurements.


The Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) is one of the high-priority missions for the expansion of the Copernicus program within the European Space Agency (ESA). It is designed to respond to the European Union Arctic policy. Its channels, incidence angle, precision, and spatial resolutions have been selected to observe the Arctic Ocean with the recommendations expressed by the user communities. In this note, we present the sensitivity analysis that has led to the choice of the CIMR channels. The famous figure from Wilheit (1979), describing the frequency sensitivity of passive microwave satellite observations to ocean parameters, has been extensively used for channel selection of microwave radiometer frequencies on board oceanic satellite missions. Here, we propose to update this sensitivity analysis, using state-of-the-art radiative transfer simulations for different geophysical conditions (Arctic, mid-latitude, tropics). We used the Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) from Meissner and Wentz (2012) for the ocean surface, the Round Robin Data Package of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (Pedersen et al., 2019) for the sea ice, and the RTM from Rosenkranz (2017) for the atmosphere. The sensitivities of the brightness temperatures (TBs) observed by CIMR as a function of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea ice concentration (SIC), ocean wind speed (OWS), total column water vapor (TCWV), and total column liquid water (TCLW) are presented as a function of frequency between 1 and 40 GHz. The analysis underlines the difficulty to reach the user requirements with single-channel retrieval, especially under cold ocean conditions. With simultaneous measurements between 1.4 and 36 GHz onboard CIMR, applying multi-channel algorithms will be facilitated, to provide the user community with the required ocean and ice information under arctic environments.


Abstract Conducting informatic projects requires the application of modern solutions that streamline workflow. Current projects are becoming more complicated, during their implementation, large amounts of data and information are generated. In addition, in many external sources we can find data and information of the various forms and levels of detail. To get from this data a valuable knowledge, it is necessary to use new data analysis techniques and new technological solutions. The article sets out to present a dissertation of considerations for IT projects and the steps of IT project were highlighted with areas and IT tools that support their implementation. The aim of this article is to assess the current level of use of IT tools by the companies considered as leaders, at various stages of IT projects implementation. The authors also rated the intensity of IT tools usage in various areas of project execution. The paper includes results of research conducted, and can serve as a guideline for enterprises developing IT tools intended to streamline informatic projects. The contents of the dissertation are based on literature studies and empirical research.


Tooth wear is an unavoidable process associated with aging. Currently, virtual three‐dimensional dental models are widely used and provide an advantage for studying tooth wear. However, there are no wear assessment parameters using virtual tooth models for the quantitative analysis of wear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to develop and evaluate quantitative wear measurement parameters. Ninety maxillary and mandibular dental casts were prepared and rendered as virtual three‐dimensional models. For qualitative wear scoring, Hooper's new tooth wear index (NTWI) was used. For quantitative wear measurement, virtual vectors and occlusal planes were generated with reference points. Angles, height, and distance parameters were measured from reference points, vectors or planes. Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was determined for NTWI scoring and quantitative measurements. Quantitatively measurements for all parameters were subgrouped according to age groups and NTWI score groups. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each group. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and the coefficients test were performed on the groups. Overall, intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility was good for both qualitative and quantitative measurement. In the ANOVA test, angle and height parameters showed significant differences between groups, whereas distance parameters did not. Similar results were observed in the coefficients test. However, plane heights and lingual side measurement parameters of the mandible are not recommended. In conclusion, this study indicates that all angle or height parameters of the maxilla and angle or vector height parameters of the buccal side of the mandible can be used as meaningful parameters in a quantitative wear study. Clin. Anat. 25:347–358, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


A study of disciplinary issues in the Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (BNARDA) - the main Public Extension system in Benue State, Nigeria, was carried out. All 274 staff with disciplinary issues spanning a period of 15 years (1990 - 2004) formed the sample size. Data were collected by use of interview schedule and analysed by use of frequency, percentage and mean while presentation was by use of Tables and histogram. The result of the analysis showed that staff with disciplinary issues were within the 41-51 years age range, male, had higher National Diploma and of the rank of Higher Agricultural Superintendent/assistant superintendent. The commonest disciplinary issues were absence/non- resident at duty station, poor performance and abscondment/truancy. A large proportion of cases were exonerated indicating lack of merit in most of the queries issued to staff. The sanctions meted out were warning, advice and termination of staff member's appointment from the service of BNARDA. The disciplinary trend in the period (1980-2004) indicated a peak of disciplinary issues at 1990 - 1992 and 1999 - 2001 periods and a yearly average of 6.6 per cent. It was recommended that management should pay special attention to indiscipline-prone age range, sex, qualification and rank to ensure labour harmony. Management should also ensure that queries are issued out only when due process has been followed. Also only staff with proven administrative acumen should be appointed to manage zonal offices in order to ensure positive discipline among field staff.


Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) and analyse the impact of the injected faults on the entire traffic. Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.


This study evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of the pigmented and non-pigmented rice bran extract, against LPS induced neurotransmitter imbalance and oxidative stress markers. Male wistar rats were orally supplemented with 2% ethanolic rice bran extracts daily for two weeks. On the last day of experiment, rats were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p) with LPS for 4 hr. LPS exposure resulted in the elevation of malondialdehyde and nitrite levels, decreased GSH, increased antioxidant enzymes activity and led to imbalance in neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin and their metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, homovanillic levels and acetylcholinesterase activity. Pre-treatment with rice bran extracts significantly attenuated LPS induced oxidative stress by improving the antioxidant systems, acetylcholinesterase activity and neurotransmitters imbalance with the higher potency for pigmented bran extracts. The findings suggest the possibility of utilization of pigmented bran extract for the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases and promote the overall good health of the brain. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Present study provides the current evidence for the neuroprotective efficacy of bran extracts from pigmented and non-pigmented rice. These findings indicate the beneficial effects of pre-treatment of rice bran extracts on LPS induced oxidative stress and neurochemical imbalance by improvement in the antioxidant machinery and neurotransmitters level. This study emphasizes the possibility of utilization of pigmented bran extract as a food ingredient to improve the overall brain health.


In vitro effect of Dilazep on the release and metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) in human platelets was studied. Dilazep reduced in a dose-dependent manner platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) formation when stimulated by adenosine diphosphate, collagen and epinephrine. Dilazep decreased thrombin-induced release of [14C]arachidonic acid ([14C]AA) from platelets prelabeled with [14C]AA. The conversion of [14C]AA to cyclooxygenase metabolites was reduced by the addition of Dilazep, while that to 12-lipoxygenase metabolite was rather increased. Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate levels in washed human platelets were not affected by the addition of Dilazep. These results suggest that the decreased TXB2 formation by Dilazep may be ascribed to the impairment of AA release from platelet membrane phospholipids and the reduced conversion of released AA to TXA2.


A hollow cylinder torsional shear apparatus was modified and improved so that automatic stress-strain control and measurements were possible. Using this apparatus, a series of undrained plane strain shear tests was conducted on sand, and stress-strain behavior, such as rotation of principal stresses, shifting of the magnitude of intermediate principal stresses, and variation of normal stresses and strains, were closely examined. An attempt was also made to compare the plane strain shear behavior with the undrained shear behavior of sand in simple shear conditions.


Approximately one-third of mouse splenic macrophage (M theta) progenitors yield progeny that constitutively present MHC class I alloantigen to naive T cells, a response that is restricted to CD8+ T cells and is elicited in a CD4+ Th cell-independent manner. In addition, both the alloantigen-presenting (alloAP+) and nonpresenting (alloAP-) M theta subsets constitutively express similar levels of MHC class I molecules, and their alloAP phenotypes are unaffected by IFN-gamma, which enhances the expression of both class I and II MHC molecules. We therefore postulated the restricted expression of costimulator molecules to account for the alloAP+ phenotype. Using cytokine-specific antibodies, recombinant mouse cytokines, and polymerase chain reaction analyses (to detect specific cytokine mRNA transcripts), we identified the putative costimulators as IL-1 alpha, IL-6, and TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha transcripts were present in both the alloAP+ and alloAP- M theta subsets, but IL-1 alpha and IL-6 were not constitutively expressed by the alloAP+ subset of M theta; rather, they were induced by IFN-gamma, which was released from naive CD8+ T cells only during coculture with alloAP+ M theta. Although IFN-gamma induced IL-6 gene transcription in both alloAP+ and alloAP- M theta subsets, it induced IL-1 alpha transcripts only in the alloAP+ subset. Finally, CD8+ T cells exposed to alloAP- M theta were unresponsive when subsequently cultured with alloAP+ M theta. We conclude that the ability of some M theta to elicit IFN-gamma from CD8+ T cells and to respond to this cytokine by producing IL-1 alpha defines the alloAP phenotype of the cell population, and that alloAP- M theta induce a state of alloantigen-specific tolerance in naive CD8+ T cells.


A growing body of evidence supports an intriguing clinical/epidemiological connection between Alzheimer disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). T2D patients have significantly increased risk of developing AD and vice versa. Recent studies have begun to reveal common pathogenic mechanisms shared by AD and metabolic disorders, notably obesity and T2D. In T2D and obesity, low-grade chronic inflammation is a key mechanism leading to peripheral insulin resistance, which progressively causes tissue deterioration and overall health decline. In the brain, proinflammatory signaling was recently found to mediate impaired neuronal insulin signaling, synapse deterioration, and memory loss. Here, we review evidence indicating that inflammation, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features in AD and T2D. We further propose the hypothesis that dementia and its underlying neuronal dysfunction are exacerbated or driven by peripheral inflammation. Identification of central and peripheral inflammation as potential mediators of brain dysfunction in AD may lead to the development of effective treatments for this devastating disease.


For the General Factor problem we are given an undirected graph $G$ and for each vertex $v\in V(G)$ a finite set $B_v$ of non-negative integers. The task is to decide if there is a subset $S\subseteq E(G)$ such that $deg_S(v)\in B_v$ for all vertices $v$ of $G$. The maxgap of a finite integer set $B$ is the largest $d\ge 0$ such that there is an $a\ge 0$ with $[a,a+d+1]\cap B=\{a,a+d+1\}$. Cornu\'ejols (1988) showed that if the maxgap of all sets $B_v$ is at most 1, then the decision version of General Factor is poly-time solvable. Dudycz and Paluch (2018) extended this result for the minimization and maximization versions. Using convolution techniques from van Rooij (2020), we improve upon the previous algorithm by Arulselvan et al. (2018) and present an algorithm counting the number of solutions of a certain size in time $O^*((M+1)^k)$, given a tree decomposition of width $k$, where $M=\max_v \max B_v$. We prove that this algorithm is essentially optimal for all cases that are not polynomial time solvable for the decision, minimization or maximization versions. We prove that such improvements are not possible even for $B$-Factor, which is General Factor on graphs where all sets $B_v$ agree with the fixed set $B$. We show that for every fixed $B$ where the problem is NP-hard, our new algorithm cannot be significantly improved: assuming the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH), no algorithm can solve $B$-Factor in time $O^*((\max B+1-\epsilon)^k)$ for any $\epsilon>0$. We extend this bound to the counting version of $B$-Factor for arbitrary, non-trivial sets $B$, assuming #SETH. We also investigate the parameterization of the problem by cutwidth. Unlike for treewidth, a larger set $B$ does not make the problem harder: Given a linear layout of width $k$ we give a $O^*(2^k)$ algorithm for any $B$ and provide a matching lower bound that this is optimal for the NP-hard cases.


A plethora of apoptotic stimuli converge on the mitochondria and affect their membrane integrity, thereby eliciting release of multiple death-promoting factors residing in the mitochondrial intermembrane space into the cytosol. Among the death-promoting factors, a serine protease, high temperature requirement A2 (HtrA2) has drawn attention as a key player in the apoptosis pathways in different pathological conditions including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Heart ischemia/reperfusion results in HtrA2 translocation from the mitochondria to the cytosol, where it promotes cardiomyocyte apoptosis via a protease activity-dependent and caspase-mediated pathway. Once released, cytosolic HtrA2 causes X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) degradation, caspase activation, and subsequent apoptosis. Consistent with the hypothesis, inhibition of HtrA2 improved postischemic myocardial contractile functions along with reduction of myocardial infarct size. The precise mechanism underlying HtrA2-induced apoptosis in mammalian cells has been studied through biochemical, structural, and genetic studies, in which HtrA2 promotes proteolytic activation of caspases through multiple pathways in heart ischemia. Therapeutic interventions that inhibit HtrA2 expression, translocation, or protease activity (such as by using the ucf-101 inhibitor) may provide an attractive therapeutics in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.


Abstract
Foils of powdered CaF2:Mn in polytetrafluorethylene, with thicknesses from 15 to 150 μm, were exposed to monoenergetic electrons having energies in the region between 20 and 400 keV. The thermoluminescence response of the foil was studied as a function of the energy and the fluence of the incident electrons, the foil thickness, and the electron energy absorbed in the foils. The dependence on electron energy of the response per unit fluence was found to change considerably with foil thickness, the maximum reponse occurring at approximately the energy of the incident electrons whose ranges are equal to the thickness of the foil layers. From the lowest incident-electron energy employed (20 keV) up to this energy (200 keV for the 150 μm layer), response per unit fluence increased linearly with electron energy. Therefore, response per unit energy fluence (in this energy range approximately equal to total energy absorbed in the foils) was independent of the energy of the incident electrons, at least within the large error of the experiment. The response per unit of electron energy absorbed also agreed, within the limits of experimental error, with that obtained for foils exposed to 60Co gamma radiation.


Kenneth Hugh-Jones ("H-J") was the son of Evan Bonnor Hugh-Jones CB. He was educated at Uppingham School and trained in London. His house staff appointments were spent in Poole, Dorset. Subsequently he was posted to Palestine and Tripoli with the Royal Army Medical Corps.

His interest in paediatrics began in 1952, working at the Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children in London. It was during his time as chief assistant at St Bartholomew's Hospital that he won a Fulbright Fellowship to a Children's unit in Chicago where he pursued his research into genetically related disease. He carried out an extensive review of galactosaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia in premature infants.

After returning to the UK, H-J held consultant posts from 1961in paediatrics at St Albans City Hospital, Mount Vernon Hospital (Northwood, Middlesex), and Queen Elizabeth II (Welwyn Garden City, Herts), and was appointed to the Westminster Children's Hospital (WCH) in 1966. At Westminster, his research interests included urinary tract infections, dyslexia, and asthma. In 1970, …


Scenes from a Life in Feminism I am delighted and honoured by my invitation here to share in the celebration of this seventieth International Women's Day in Queensland. I am also pleased by a certain irony. The last time I was treated to refreshments at Queensland Parliament House was thirty-four years ago in the course of lobbying the then Justice Minister on the subject of the liquor law and its prohibition of women in public bars; that Minister did not take us seriously. I'm glad today is different. I certainly cannot speak for all Australian women, but I can speak as one whose life in some quite pointed ways demonstrates the changes during my epoch. And I can say where I believe we women are up to now, on the advancement road. I was born in 1930. My earliest infant school memory is a circle of derisive laughter. I was playing marbles with a little boy. Not done. My high school -- Fort Street Girls' -- academical, disciplinarian. Our teachers were single or widowed, exceptionally well qualified. Teaching was one of the few things open to educated women. Students were the top few percent of achievers from a broad area of Sydney. Half of these clever girls left school for the workforce at or shortly after school leaving age -- then fourteen years and eight months. From the sixty-five lucky ones, just five of us went directly on to university as full-time students. I was assisted by an exhibition and a scholarship, but was nevertheless exceptionally fortunate to have parents willing to make big sacrifices for me to be a fulltime student. At the time it was widely considered pure waste -- even dangerous -- to expose women to higher education, since they would only get married. My first job application on graduation is to CSIRO. But I am told that it will not be considered -- they want a man. Eventually I go into the public service -- the Department of Social Services (Social Security). I am a `graduate clerk' -- one of the early ones -- intended for fast-tracking -- intended by someone but not by the seniors who had gone up the seniority ladder. My task for the first week is to address envelopes by hand from a list. It is explained that this is lest I think any job is beneath my dignity. You see, I am doubly an upstart -- both graduate and female. I soon have a demonstration of what to expect should I marry. A female friend at the next desk marries. Not long afterwards there is a phone call to our section. Could the caller speak to Mrs B? There is no Mrs B. working there. Oh, she used to be Miss A. When my friend reaches the phone the dobber has gone and so has her job. The legal situation was that the regulations under the Public Service Act stipulated a woman officer would, on her marriage, be deemed to have resigned. If she had more than eight years' service, she was to receive one week's pay for each year of service `to compensate her for loss of a career.' Concealment of marriage was not only distasteful for the woman, but difficult to achieve; there were plenty of dobbers. The Clerical Officers' Association was no help -- it was the backbone of support for the marriage bar. I am promoted on secondment to the ABC where I am on the General Manager's personal staff, handling all his official correspondence. I read the Broadcasting Act and regulations, but no relief there -- instrumentalities mimic the marriage bar of the Service. Already I am married, and with difficulty I successfully conceal my marriage for a few years till I am half-way through my first pregnancy. Then in 1956 I choose resigning in preference to being fired for moral turpitude (not their words). Women who `lived in sin' were at that time very actively persecuted both socially and in employment. Another world. Cut to Canberra 1959-1960. I've taken a research assisting job. Nell accepts a lectureship in Queensland where he is wanted at once. We decide he will go there ahead while I continue in my job for a bridging period. …