It is estimated that the world's population will increase considerably in the coming years. Thus, there is a need to maximize the production of animal protein, of which the pasture production system is the most economical way. However, abiotic factors influence animal production, with water deficit being the factor that most limits the development of forages. In this research, we investigated the tolerance of genotypes Urochloa spp. under periods with water deficit conditions. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, under a factorial design. Twelve forage genotypes were evaluated in four periods of stress, with three replications. There was no interaction effect between the genotype factors and time of stress due to water deficit for all variables. There was a reduction in forage production with the increase of time in water restriction, and a decrease of 23% leaf mass and 30% stem. In the case of leaf attributes, there was a decrease of 28% in the area and 21% in the leaf length. For the genotype factor, the G11 material stood out in relation to the others for presenting better agronomic characteristics. However, studies are needed to demonstrate the superiority of this material in production systems.


The effects of restoration of the dorso-ventral continuity of the nasal septum on the growth of the nose was investigated in growing rabbits. Submucous resection of the middle third of the septal cartilage resulted in characteristic growth disturbances of nose and maxilla. Reimplantation of the resected strip of autologous cartilage did not restore the normal development of the nose. The implants however did prevent septal perforations as seen after resection of cartilage only and showed a considerable growth in dorso-ventral direction.


This scientific paper aims to provide a theoretical selection model in Romanian Spotted, Holstein Friesian and Montbéliarde cattle populations reared in the Romanian farms, considering the results from the scientific reports regarding the main casein alleles and their genotypes influence on cheese production. Furthermore, the genotype and allele frequencies at κ-CN and β-LG loci in Romanian Grey Steppe, one of the oldest Romanian cattle breed, were calculated. The alleles frequencies changing rate due to the selection applied (Δp, Δq, Δr) was established as a result of the difference between the allele frequencies after the selection and before that: Δp=p'A-pA; Δq= q'B-qB and Δr=r'C-rC. As a result of assumed selection, it occurred in Romanian Spotted investigated population a β-CN A, B and C alleles increased frequencies by 8.88%, 2.36% and 0.36% respectively and a κ-CN B allele increased frequency by 8.36%. In Holstein Friesian investigated population, the expected results on β-CN locus were achieved, the Aallele frequency decreased by 11.19% and the A and B allele frequencies compensatory increased by 8.22% and 2.96%, respectively. As a result of the total selection applied for the κ-CN AE, BE and EE genotypes, the E allele was completely removed from the investigated Holstein Friesian population, the B favourable for cheese production allele frequency increased by 9.97% and that for A allele decreased by 2.87%. A new selection model for Montbéliarde investigated population was unnecessary, the genetic structure of these individuals being obviously directed towards obtaining milk for cheese production. Considering the κ-CN and β-LG genotypes found in Romanian Grey Steppe investigated population, the frequencies for the A and B identified alleles were: 0.464 and 0.536 respectively for κ-CN and 0.409 and 0.591 for β-LG. The AB genotype was the most prevalent both for κ-CN and β-LG proteins (0.491 and 0.564 respectively) whereas the AA genotype was with the least frequencies (0.218 and 0.127 respectively) for the same proteins.


Discussions of pension adequacy for elderly Canadians have used the rate at which income falls with age; the income replacement rate or the ratio of post-retirement income to pre-retirement income. Use of income streams to assess post-retirement welfare requires a standard against which adequacy of the replacement rates can be judged. Because some expenditures (for example, work-related expenses) can be expected to fall after retirement, a declining income stream does not necessarily signal financial problems for seniors. More importantly, income as normally measured captures only part of what is available to seniors if households possess assets, which in retirement are not being used to generate measured income. This paper uses a different metric, referred to as "potential" income. Potential income is the sum of realized income and the income that could be realized from owned assets such as mutual funds and housing. Households prepare for retirement by saving and borrowing and investing the proceeds. The assets accumulated over a lifetime may or may not be drawn down in later years. If they are not, income streams underestimate the "potential" income available to support retirement. This paper takes this potential into account when comparing the pre- and post-retirement financial status of Canadian households.


The full commercial potential of wild loquat [Uapaca kirkiana (Muell.Arg.)], a fruit that is widely used for food and income in parts of Africa, is restricted by its short shelf life and variability in postharvest quality. We have evaluated within and among tree variability in fruit size and color at harvest, and changes of color, soluble solids concentrations (SSC) and pulp deterioration during storage, of fruit harvested during the maturation period. The relationships between fruit shape, size, seed number and SSC of fruit harvested at the ripe stage of maturity was also assessed. Size and color of fruit within and among trees at harvest varied greatly within the same location on the same harvest date. The a* values (redness) were more variable than for other color attributes, reflecting a range of fruit colors from greenish to brown. During a 6 day storage period, fruit color lightness and yellowness decreased, while redness increased, and variation in color attributes decreased. Although fruit color intensified during storage, the SSC of fruit after ripening was linked more with fruit color at harvest, with mean concentrations ranging from 6.7% to 13.8% among trees. When fruit were harvested four weeks later and categorized by color at harvest, SSC varied from 11.8% in greenish-yellow fruit to 14.5% in browner fruit. Pulp deterioration of stored fruit harvested unripe was observed by 6 days. The SSC of fruit harvested when ripe was not significantly correlated with shape, size or seed number. These observations have important implications for germplasm selection and collection of U. kirkiana for domestication purposes. Timing of harvest and/or postharvest sorting of fruit is likely to reduce variability in SSC during the postharvest period.


In this article I present a panoramic perspective of the editions of Catalan texts of the modern era, written between 1601 and 1832, for which importance they needed to be included in the Corpus de la gramàtica del català modern. The geographic areas covered are the Catalunya Nord, the Principat, and Andorra. The inventory of texts does not pretend to be exhaustive, but their incorporation in the Corpus is due to very specific criteria that are also discussed here.


Infectious diseases of livestock are major constraints in enhancing the productivity and economic returns. Besides vaccines, accurate, reliable, rapid, sensitive & cost effective diagnostic procedures are very important for control. A number of bacterial diseases causes a very heavy economic loss to the livestock sector due to lack of appropriate diagnostic kits with the persons related with the diagnosis. Although, advanced countries have been successful in developing and using diagnostic kits, these are very expensive and are not affordable due to poor economic status of the livestock owners. Therefore, it is important to develop indigenous diagnostics and vaccines. In the past few years, various molecular and immunological techniques have become popular due to their sensitivity & specificity globally. However, those are yet to become popular in all segments of diagnosticians of developing country for diagnosis of diseases in livestock, pet and poultry. The present book is designed to provide minimum basic information including latest theoretical data on some basic immunological and molecular techniques used for diagnosis of bacterial diseases in animals.


With the aim of ensuring safety of transfusion of plasma and its products conducted is a deposit of the plasma with the prohibition of use for a certain period of time - plasma quarantine. The needs of medical institutions in the quarantined and inactivated plasma are met to the full extent.


The Twelfth International Medical Congress in Moscow, afforded me a long-sought-for opportunity, not merely to visit Russia, but also to cover nearly all the countries of Europe. In visiting the various cities I made special observations of the degenerates in each of the various institutions for the defective classes. The objective points of interest were the prisons, insane hospitals, schools of idiocy, foundlings' homes, etc. The features of the soldiers, police and cabmen, as well as the citizens themselves, were incidentally noted for the purpose of comparison. These observations, however, were for an entirely different purpose, the object of this paper being to record results as to the deformities of the jaws and teeth of the mature degenerate classes. In a prison in Athens containing 452 convicts, not a single V or saddle arch was found, although slight irregularities of the teeth due to local causes were observed. Arrest of


Technical mutations offer possibilities of interactions in new models or contracts of trust with the new conjuncture of crises of trust in mediations. With these changes, the question of the identity of journalism and the management of the journalist arises with the model of communication or the relationship with the public in the management of information. The meaning of information takes its meaning in the extent that communication and the current context of journalism destroys its function and its place in the public space. The debate comes into place on the postulates of the meaning of practices and presupposed evolutions of management in the institution of journalism inevitably linked to the new profile of the public who are familiar with the technical seals. Taking this context of position, employment, uses and practices into account, we have grasped the meaning of the new management of the contingencies of journalism with technological seals: the management reversed on media institutions. In the search for answers to the various questions of the study, it clearly appears that the social dynamic creates a direct link between the journalist and the public. At the level of the media with strong popular support and interaction on the platforms, the reason for the link may be the availability of the journalist or their obvious access, while at the level of the highly institutionalized media, the processes alienate the journalists and their public, erase them even in their representations. Beyond all this, there are characteristic features of mediation: humanization of the journalist-public relationship. And it recreates the perspective of the functions of language in the relation of information processes in social environments and the transformation of these information processes into communication processes in order to guarantee the human, less artificial nature of the environment of interactions. The identity crisis of the journalist, his post and his public constitute contingencies and crises of transformation that the management of media institutions and the approach to managing relations with the public must take into account. It is fundamentally the reading of the characteristic features of the new function of communication of the journalist that the spaces of arrangement of the relationship are located.


Plant growth distribution patterns are influenced by habitat characteristics, ability of adaptation and association with other plant or animals. The influence of those factors, especially habitat characteristic, needs to be species defined to support plant conservation management. This study was aimed to: 1) measure plant growth dependence on their microhabitat; 2) define microhabitat variables that significantly influence the growth; and 3) develop suitable conservation measures at species level. Ramin ( ) is one of major timber species that has been facing Gonystylus bancanus high exploitation in Indonesia. This species is usually found on specific "peat swamps" ecosystem. Data were collected through primary surveys in Riau Province and analyzed by clustering the adult based on total height and basal area variables and describing the distribution pattern of cluster. Then, Discriminant Function Analysis the (DFA) was used to overlay the cluster with the distribution of microhabitat characteristic consist altitude, slope, ing soil humidity, soil pH, peat depth and canopy cover (measured in percentage). The results showed that distribution of microhabitat matched with 67.4% of height distribution and 78.3% of width distribution of tree basal area. Altitude and canopy cover percentage had significant correlation with total height distribution (α=0.05). Meanwhile, altitude, canopy cover and slope had significant correlation with basal area (α=0.1). However, peat depth variable showed an interesting pattern since shallower peat depth was followed by wider basal area. High correlation between plant growth and its microhabitat suggested that to conserve , conservation offered better strategy G. bancanus in-situ than conservation ex-situ .


Size and nucleotide polymorphisms of intron 2 of the growth hormone (GH) gene was studied in 82 individuals from Takifugu obscurus, Takifugu rubripes and Takifugu niphobles with PAGE, SSCP and cloning. Results showed that there were nine length variants (A~I) in these fishes, ranging from 271351 bp, with a frequency of variation of 24.22%. Sequence analysis of the 9 length variants showed the average percentages of the four bases (ATG and C) were 17.15, 20.77, 37.38 and 24.70, respectively, and the difference between GC content (45.47) and AT content (54.53) was not remarkable. Length variation was mainly due to the variable number of microsatellite TCTG repeats (N=20 approximately 40). Further sequence comparison revealed 4 substitution sites: a (C-->A) transversion at nucleotide 103 and 3 transitions 83(C-->T), 101(A-->G) and 296(G-->A), respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of these length variants placed DD and II into one group first, which was subsequently joined by GG and AA, BB and CC, EE and HH were then clustered together, FF was joined last. Thus, intraspecific variations were much smaller than interspecific variations for the intron 2 of the GH gene.


For complex flexible structures such as nets, the determination of drag forces and its deformation is a challenging task. The accurate prediction of loads on cages is one of the key steps in designing fish farm facilities. The basic physics with a simple cage, can be addressed by the use of experimental studies. However, to design more complex cage system for various environmental conditions, a reliable numerical simulation tool is essential. In this work, the current load on a cage is calculated using a Morison-force model applied at instantaneous positions of equivalent-net modeling. Variations of solidity ratio (Sn) of the net and current speed are considered. An equivalent array of cylinders is built to represent the physical netting. Based on the systematic comparisons between the published experimental data for Raschel nets and the current numerical simulations, carried out using the commercial software OrcaFlex, a new formulation for Cd values, used in the equivalent-net model, is presented. The similar approach can also be applied to other netting materials following the same procedure. In case of high solidity ratio and current speed, the hybrid model defines Cd as a function of Re (Reynolds number) and Sn to better represent the corresponding weak diffraction effects. Otherwise, the conventional Cd values depending only on Re can be used with including shielding effects for downstream elements. This new methodology significantly improves the agreement between numerical and experimental data.


Background Germline formation is a highly regulated process in all organisms. In Drosophila embryos germ cells are specified by the pole plasm, a specialized cytoplasmic region containing polar granules. Components of these granules are also present in the perinuclear ring surrounding nurse cells, the nuage. Two such molecules are the Vasa and Tudor proteins. How Tudor localizes and is maintained in the pole plasm is, however, not known. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, the process of Tudor localization in nuage and pole plasm was analyzed. The initial positioning of Tudor at the posterior pole of stage 9 oocytes was found to occur in the absence of a structurally detectable nuage. However, in mutants for genes encoding components of the nuage, including vasa, aubergine, maelstrom, and krimper, Tudor was detached from the posterior cortex in stage 10 oocytes, suggesting a prior passage in the nuage for its stability in the pole plasm. Further studies indicated that Valois, which was previously shown to bind in vitro to Tudor, mediates the localization of Tudor in the pole plasm by physically interacting with Oskar, the polar granule organizer. An association between Tudor and Vasa mediated by RNA was also detected in ovarian extracts. Conclusions/Significance The present data challenge the view that the assembly of the polar granules occurs in a stepwise and hierarchical manner and, consequently, a revised model of polar granule assembly is proposed. In this model Oskar recruits two downstream components of the polar granules, Vasa and Tudor, independently from each other: Vasa directly interacts with Oskar while Valois mediates the recruitment of Tudor by interacting with Oskar and Tudor.


The development of the term "hospitalism" since Spitz is described. The phases of hospitalism, protest, despair and separation are illustrated, as are preventive measures. Mother-childwards, rooming-in in obstetrics and generous visiting regulations have led to a major decrease in hospitalism in Germany. Outdated wards, social orphans and intensive care units are still current problems of hospitalism.


A total of 81 Tyraniidae birds were examined, 80 Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) (Great kiscadee), and one Machetornis rixosa (Vieilot, 1819) (Cattle tyrant), for collection of nasal mites, which were identified as Ptilonyssus spinosus (Brooks & Strandtmann, 1960) and Sternostoma longisetosae (Hyland, 1961) (Rhinonyssidae). This finding characterises the first report of P. spinosus and S. longisetosae in P. sulphuratus, and the first record of P. spinosus in M. rixosa, and expands the geographic distribution of these species. It is the first occurrence of S. longisetosae in the Neotropics, and the first citation of P. spinosus in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.


Background MGISEQ-T7 is a new whole-genome sequencer developed by Complete Genomics and MGI utilizing DNA nanoball and combinatorial probe anchor synthesis technologies for generating short reads at a very large scale – up to 60 human genomes per day. However, it has not been objectively and systematically compared against Illumina short-read sequencers. Findings By using the same KOREF sample, the Korean Reference Genome, we have compared seven sequencing platforms including BGISEQ-500, MGISEQ-T7, HiSeq2000, HiSeq2500, HiSeq4000, HiSeqX10, and NovaSeq6000. We measured sequencing quality by comparing sequencing statistics (base quality, duplication rate, and random error rate), mapping statistics (mapping rate, depth distribution, and %GC coverage), and variant statistics (transition/transversion ratio, dbSNP annotation rate, and concordance rate with SNP genotyping chip) across the seven sequencing platforms. We found that MGI platforms showed a higher concordance rate of SNP genotyping than HiSeq2000 and HiSeq4000. The similarity matrix of variant calls confirmed that the two MGI platforms have the most similar characteristics to the HiSeq2500 platform. Conclusions Overall, MGI and Illumina sequencing platforms showed comparable levels of sequencing quality, uniformity of coverage, %GC coverage, and variant accuracy, thus we conclude that the MGI platforms can be used for a wide range of genomics research fields at approximately half the cost of the Illumina platforms.


Nezami was one of the most skilled writers of Persian poems and ballads, not only he had his own signature style but the impact of his style is evident on the works of poets not contemporary to him. Nezami had sufficient knowledge about the popular sciences of his time (literary sciences, astronomy, Islamic sciences and the Arabic language), and his vast knowledge is evident in his body of work. He could be considered as a master playwright, because his masterpiece "The Ballad of Khosrow and Shirin" is amongst the best plays ever written, thus every adaptation of this masterpiece might result in an original and good quality creation. This paper tends to analyze some theatrical adaptations of the mentioned ballad, in order to examine their types of approach to this invaluable play. Keywords: Ganjawi, theatrical elements, Khosrow and Shirin, adaptation


Eastward zonal jets are common in the ocean and atmosphere, for example, the Gulf Stream and jet stream. They are characterized by atypically strong horizontal velocity, baroclinic vertical structure with an upward flow intensification, large change in the density stratification meridionally across the jet, large-scale meanders around a central latitude, narrow troughs and broad crests, and a sharp and vertically sloping northern (poleward) "wall" defined by horizontal maxima in the lateral gradients of both velocity and density. Measurements and realistic oceanic simulations show these features in the Gulf Stream downstream from its western boundary separation point. A diagnostic theory based on the conservative balance equations is developed to calculate the 3D velocity field associated with the dynamic height field. When applied to an idealized representation of a meandering jet, it explains the spatial structure of the associated ageostrophic secondary circulation around the jet and the positive frontogenetic tendency along the northern wall in the meander sector located upstream from the trough. This provides a basis for understanding why submesoscale instabilities and cross-wall intrusion and streamer events are more prevalent along the sector downstream from the trough and at the crest where there is not such a frontogenetic tendency. An important attribute for this frontogenesis pattern is the 3D shape of the jet, whose idealization is summarized above.


We describe the development and initial psychometric testing of a new self-report instrument for quantifying the impact of Meniere's disease (MD) on patients' lives: the Meniere's Disease Patient-Oriented Severity Index (MD POSI). Eighty-five volunteers with chronic MD took a self-administered MD POSI. The internal consistency form of reliability was determined by calculating Cronbach's α. The relationship between total MD POSI problem severity scores and responses to a global question concerning the degree to which his or her MD had changed the patient's life assessed construct-related validity. The total problem severity score yielded excellent reliability (Cronbach's α = .928). No significant age or gender effects were seen. A highly statistically significant association was noted between total problem severity scores and the degree to which the patient's life had been changed by his or her MD (Spearman rank correlation = .526, p < .0001), indicating excellent construct-related validity. The material included in the initial questionnaire provides important information that can be used clinically to quantify the impact of MD on patients' health status. A beta version of the instrument is in the process of validation and determination of its sensitivity to change in health status.


ABSTRACT

Putri, Claudia Herzegovina. 2016. "Adverbia Sugu, Hayaku, Sassoku dalam Kalimat Bahasa Jepang". Thesis, Departement of Japanese Studies Faculty of Humanities. Diponegoro University. The Advisor Lina Rosliana, S.S, M.Hum.

In writing this thesis, the writer discussed "The adverb Sugu, Hayaku, Sassoku in Japanese sentence". The writer chose the title because of the adverb sugu, hayaku, sassoku has the same meaning in Indonesian is 'segera' so it is necessary to investigate differences in the use of the adverb sugu, hayaku, sassoku and to find out whether the three adverbs are interchangeable.
The first step taken in writing this thesis which collects data through a variety of sources, then the writer sort the data and analyzes it using descriptive technique and the technique of substitution.
Adverb sugu has explained the meaning of a state that does not spend a long time, has a meaning similar to kantan ni, then describe a very close distance. Adverbhayaku meaning describe a state earlier than usual time, it could also describe a thing done in a short time. Adverbhayaku is more often used when non-formal situations. While adverbsassoku used to describe an action that is to be done without wasting time, the situation can usually be controlled by yourself or something that has seemingly obvious short time occurrence. Adverbsassoku is more often used when formal situation. Adverbsassoku rarely used for chatting, more often used for writing.

Keywords : Adverbia sugu, hayaku, sassoku


The administration of 30 mgm./kgm. of morphine to non-tolerant dogs by subcutaneous or intravenous injection was followed by the prompt appearance of free morphine in the plasma. Somewhat higher concentrations and longer duration of detectable levels were observed with the latter route. However, the difference was much more striking in the comparative levels of "bound" morphine. The maximum concentrations of "bound" drug in plasma after intravenous injection were three to four times those observed after subcutaneous administration and were reached more quickly. After intramuscular injection of the above dose of morphine, plasma concentration—time curves of the free and "bound" forms of the drug were qualitatively similar to those after subcutaneous administration but somewhat higher and more rapidly elevated than in the latter instance. With the method employed there was no detectable free morphine in the plasma after oral administration of 30 mgm./kgm. of morphine although low concentrations of "bound" morphine were observed. No significant differences were noted between the free and "bound" morphine plasma concentration—time curves of non-tolerant and tolerant dogs after the subcutaneous injection of 30 mgm./kgm. of drug. A comparison of ten experiments on seven non-tolerant dogs and thirty-one experiments on four tolerant dogs showed no statistical difference in the per cent urinary excretion of either free or "bound" morphine between the two groups. In the case of tolerant dogs there was a greater fecal excretion of morphine. Considering the total excretion (fecal plus urinary) of morphine, there was a trend toward a greater elimination of drug in tolerant animals but the difference was not statistically significant. Accordingly, it is apparent that alterations in the pattern of morphine excretion do not account for the development of tolerance and "physical dependence" in the dog, and it becomes imperative to look to other explanations for the mechanisms of development of these phenomena.


We remedy the lack of quantified mortality improvement information for South Africa by deriving forecasts of the mortality trend based on the South African experience for the years 1996-2011 using the Lee-Carter (1985) and Cairns-Blake-Dowd (2006) models. We utilize a public health perspective to provide context to the modelled forecasts. Conversely, we discuss the possible benefits to public health policy provided by actuarial forecasts of mortality trends. Our results, which indicate a decreasing mortality trend for the geriatric population, are used to illustrate a range of annuity values and comment on the industry use of the PA(90) table. Lastly, we discuss possible implications of our forecast for future public health decision making and point the way to future research.


Most of currently employed laparoscopes use a single and non-tunable solid lens to visualize the surgical environment during minimal invasive interventions. These devices are limited due to the loss of depth perception, fixed view direction and narrow field-of-view (FOV). In this study, a three-dimensional deformable liquid lens array with adaptive focusing and directional view capability is developed. Miniature liquid lenses sealed by deformable membranes are arranged on a flexible substrate. During the operation, the flexible substrate where the liquid lenses reside is driven by hydraulic pressure and bulges into different curvatures, which results in the maximal angular difference of the optical axes of individual lenses in the array from 0° to 45°. The focal length of each lens can be simultaneously tuned from 64.3mm to 2.1mm. At the directional view of 45° and focal length of 2.1mm, the overall FOV exceeds 150°. This work promises the potential of directional and wide angle laparoscopic imaging where space constraint is a concern.


In this paper, we aim to assess the impacts of the forest definitions adopted by each African country involved in the global climate change programmes of the United Nations on national carbon emission estimations. To do so, we estimate the proportion of national carbon stocks and tree cover loss that are found in areas considered to be non-forest areas. These non-forest areas are defined with respect to a threshold on the percentage of tree cover adopted by each country. Using percent tree cover and aboveground biomass maps derived from remote sensing data, we quantitatively show that in many countries, a large proportion of carbon stocks are found in non-forest areas, where a large amount of tree cover loss can also occur. We further found that under the REDD+ framework (reduced deforestation, reduced degradation, enhancement and conservation of forest carbon stocks, sustainable management of forests), some partner countries have proposed activities related to only reducing deforestation, even when a large proportion of their carbon stocks are stored outside forests. This situation may represent a limitation of the efficiency of the REDD+ mechanism, and could be avoided if these countries choose a lower tree cover threshold for their definition of forests and/or if they are engaged in other activities.


EOR surfactants are usually formulated at the initial reservoir temperature. Is this a correct approach? Field data from three Single-Well Chemical Tracer pilots in North Africa are used to answer this question. The objectives are, first, to provide a realistic image of the temperature variations inside the water-flooded reservoir; second, to demonstrate the impact of such temperature variations on the surfactant performances; and last, to introduce a new methodology for estimating the target temperature window for surfactant formulations.
 During pre-SWCTT pilot tests, water injection, shut-in and back-production were performed. The bottom-hole temperature was monitored to evaluate the reservoir temperature changes (initially at 120°C) and to calibrate a thermal model. The thermal parameters were applied to the reservoir model to simulate 30 years of water injection (with its surface temperature varying between 20°C and 60°C) and to obtain a full picture of the temperature variations inside the reservoir. Multi-well surfactant injection was modelled assuming that the surfactant is only efficient within ±10°C around the design temperature. The impact of this assumption on the additional oil recovery was analyzed for several scenarios.
 The rock thermal transmissivity was found to be the key parameter for properly reproducing the observed data gathered in the North African pre-SWCTT tests. The measured temperature during the back-production phase demonstrated the accuracy of the thermal model parametrization. It proved that the heat exchange between the reservoir and the injected fluid is considerably less than what industry expects: the injected water temperature inside the reservoir remains far below the initial reservoir temperature even after 11 days of shut-in. When simulating various historical bottom-hole injection temperatures and pre-flush durations, the thermal model showed an average cooling radius of 275m, larger than the industry recommended well-spacing for the EOR 5-spot patterns. This was mainly due to the significant temperature difference between the historical injected water and the initial reservoir temperature.
 Several simulations were performed for 3 representative bottom-hole injection temperatures of 20°C, 40°C and 60°C, varying the surfactant design temperature range between the injection temperature and the initial reservoir temperature. The results showed that regardless of the injection temperature, the simulated additional oil recovery is highest when the design temperature range is close to the injection bottom-hole temperature.
 This is an important subject since in the EOR industry, the surfactants are usually formulated at the initial reservoir temperature and thus, the impact of the reservoir cooling on the surfactant efficiency is seldom considered. In a water flooded reservoir, the injected chemicals are unlikely to encounter the initial reservoir temperature. This results in a dramatic loss of surfactant performance especially when there is a considerable difference between the initial reservoir and the injected fluid temperatures.


Abstract. To assess the influence of various mechanisms of heat transfer on the near-surface ice of Greenland's ablation zone, we incorporate highly resolved measurements of ice temperature into thermal modeling experiments. Seven separate temperature strings were installed at three different field sites, each with between 17 and 32 sensors and extending up to 20 m below the surface. In one string, temperatures were measured every 30 minutes, and the record is continuous for more than three years. We use these measured ice temperatures to constrain modeling analyses focused on four isolated processes to assess the relative importance of each to the near-surface ice temperature: 1) the moving boundary of an ablating surface, 2) thermal insulation by snow, 3) radiative energy input, and 4) temperature gradients below the seasonally active near-surface layer. In addition to these four processes, transient heating events were observed in two of the temperature strings. Despite no observations of meltwater pathways to the subsurface, these heating events are likely the refreezing of liquid water below 5–10 m of cold ice. Together with subsurface refreezing, the five heat transfer mechanisms presented here account for measured differences of up to 3 °C between the ice temperature at the depth where annual temperature variability is dissipated and the mean annual air temperature. Thus, in Greenland's ablation zone, the mean annual air temperature cannot be used to predict the near-surface ice temperature, as is commonly assumed.


The autonomy Laparo-angle needle holder is a flexible device which has several articulating parts facilitating some traditionally difficult way of suture passage. This device is often used for laparoscopic surgery, and there have been few reports for video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). We used this device for complete VATS lobectomy and segmentectomy, and it enables us to suture a bronchus with the optimal direction even in the deep surgical field on complete VATS lobectomy and segmentectomy. Although some training may be needed to freely manipulate this device, it can be useful for minimallyinvasive video-assisted thoracic surgery.


In this study, the design of a directional cloaking based on the Luneburg lens system is proposed and its operating principle is experimentally verified. The cloaking concept is analytically investigated via geometrical optics and numerically realized with the help of the finite-difference time-domain method. In order to benefit from its unique focusing and/or collimating characteristics of light, the Luneburg lens is used. We show that by the proper combination of Luneburg lenses in an array form, incident light bypasses the region between junctions of the lenses, i.e., the ``dark zone.'' Hence, direct interaction of an object with propagating light is prevented if one places the object to be cloaked inside that dark zone. This effect is used for hiding an object which is made of a perfectly electric conductor material. In order to design an implementable cloaking device, the Luneburg lens is discretized into a photonic crystal structure having gradually varying air cylindrical holes in a dielectric material by using Maxwell Garnett effective medium approximations. Experimental verifications of the designed cloaking structure are performed at microwave frequencies of around 8 GHz. The proposed structure is fabricated by three-dimensional printing of dielectric polylactide material and a brass metallic alloy is utilized in place of the perfectly electric conductor material in microwave experiments. Good agreement between numerical and experimental results is found.


This work deals with the computational modeling of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processes including the discretization of the tools. The mechanical problem has been solved using a Stokes viscoplastic flow model with a suitable constitutive law for the range of deformation rates induced in the process. The thermal problem has been solved using an advection-diffusion model using an ALE formulation. Finite element formulations have been implemented for both problems. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional FSW problems have been solved under a number of particular process conditions and a particular tool geometry. Results obtained for the material flow around the tool have been compared with published experimental results, obtained under the same process conditions. A good correlation has been obtained between the numerical and the experimental results. The patterns of the material flow reported in the references, which were obtained using experimental techniques with tracers, have been identified performing the post-process of the results obtained for the material flow using computational visualization techniques with tracers. The role played by those visualization techniques in the analysis of the material flow around the tool, leading to a better understanding of the phenomena involved in the FSW process, is pointed out.


First data about biological structure of Sakhalin sole Limanda sakhalinensis on the northern shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk were obtained as results of researches provided in 2013 and 2019. It is found that the upper part of the shelf to the depth of 80 m is used by Sakhalin sole individuals with the average body length 16.1 cm, and the horizons of 171–200 m – by the 22.1 cm long individuals. The largest individuals with the length 30.5–35.0 cm were observed in catches from the lowest boundary of the area of the research. It was found that in terms of the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, males reach 28 cm and 206 g at the age of 18 years, and females – 35 cm and 408 g at the age of 21 years. With a general numerical predominance of males, they often (73.4%) were in catches among individuals with the body length <21 cm and younger than 8 years. The older the males, the lower their relative number (to 42.1%), and 3 last size-age groups consisted of females only. Compared to other locations occupied by Sakhalin sole, the the north-western shelf is one of the most wide; the body length and the age structure demonstrated there has maximum similarity to Sakhalin sole in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk.


Iron is required for growth of nearly all microorganisms. While iron is the fourth most abundant element on the earth's surface, iron is only sparingly soluble in the aerobic, near neutral conditions under which most microorganisms grow. Therefore, microorganisms experience iron limitation in nearly every environment where they grow, from infection of a mammalian host (where iron is highly controlled by protein complexation) to aquatic and marine environments (where iron is relatively insoluble or is complexed by organic ligands). Bacteria, fungi, and other microbes have developed complex strategies to compete for iron under these conditions. Specifically, many microbes produce low molecular weight, iron binding compounds called siderophores to acquire iron from the environment. Siderophores are secreted by microorganisms and then are taken back into the cells as the ferric complex to promote microbial growth. The siderophores produced by marine α-proteobacterium Ochrobactrum sp. SP18 were structurally characterized. This marine bacterium produces a suite of three aerobactin-derived, amphiphilic siderophores composed of citrate, symmetrically derivatized with L-lysine which is N-hydroxylated and N-acylated to form two hydroxamate binding groups. Each siderophore contains one (E)-2-decenoic acid moiety and an (E)-2-octenoic, octanoic, or (E)-2-decenoic acid moiety. The photoreactivity and membrane affinity of these siderophores were investigated. In addition to isolation of the cell-associated ochrobactin siderophores from the marine α-proteobacterium Ochrobactrum sp. SP18, these amphiphilic siderophores were isolated from the marine γ-proteobacterium Vibrio sp. DS40M5. The isolation of these siderophores from two widely different strains, that are in distinct clades of bacteria suggests that these siderophores may be widely utilized in marine environments.


This study investigates the detrimental effect of watching sexual content in three-dimensional (3D) moving pictures. An increasing amount of investment is put especially in 3D adult content to boost their 3D media industries. It is crucial that the effect of sexual contents on viewers be identified. In this experiment, a between-subject design was employed to analyze various effect of sexual content on participants whether they viewed the same stimuli in 3D or in 2D. In particular, the presence scaling was used to evaluate how real the video clip is. In addition, the permissiveness toward sexual behaviors and the level of sexual arousal were measured to examine the different effect of sexual content by dividing two separate groups in 2D and 3D condition. The result shows that those who watched a 3D video clip perceived higher sense of presence compared to those who watched a 2D video clip. Furthermore, subjects in 3D condition reported lower scores of permissive attitude toward sexual behaviors. This confirms that 3D display delivers more visual experience and has an impact on people in terms of perceiving sexual contents and changing their attitudes towards sexual behaviors.


Association rule data mining is an important technique for finding important relationships in large datasets. Several frequent itemsets mining techniques have been proposed using a prefix-tree structure, FP-tree, a compressed data structure for database representation. The DIFFset data structure has also been shown to significantly reduce the run time and memory utilization of some data mining algorithms. Experimental results have demonstrated the efficiency of the two data structures in frequent itemsets mining. This work proposes FDM, a new algorithm based on FP-tree and DIFFset data structures for efficiently discovering frequent patterns in data. FDM can adapt its characteristics to efficiently mine long and short patterns from both dense and sparse datasets. Several optimization techniques are also outlined to increase the efficiency of FDM. An evaluation of FDM against three frequent itemset data mining algorithms, dEclat, FP-growth, and FDM* (FDM without optimization), was performed using datasets having both long and short frequent patterns. The experimental results show significant improvement in performance compared to the FP-growth, dEclat, and FDM* algorithms.


The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is the major pest of the palms that originate from Southeast Asia and Melanesia. Although RPW is an economic important pest there is still no study conducted on its digestive morphology and mechanisms that relates majorly for the destruction of the palm trees. This study has been conducted to understand the alimentary system of the red palm weevil larvae. RPW larvae is known to be the most vicious as it is active at this developmental stage as its feeding activity on the stem contributes to the destruction of the palm tree. Samples were taken from Terengganu, Malaysia and reared in the laboratory. The result revealed that the alimentary tract is consists of three part; foregut, midgut and hindgut with foregut, consist of an oesophagus, crop and proventriculus. The crop is having the largest portion in the foregut, supporting its role in storing the solid food of active feeding larvae. The proventriculus lies at the posterior of foregut the site where the solid food will grinded into small pieces. The midgut is the longest part of the alimentary tract, coiled inside the abdominal segments. The ventriculus of the midgut is covered with the projection of criptae papillae on the surface. The midgut epithelium can be characterized by the present of the columnar cell, goblets cell, villi and peritrophic membrane. The hindgut is located at the most posterior part of the alimentary tract that consist of the ileum, Malpighian tubule, colon and rectum. Another significant finding is the arrangement of the Malpighian tubule for RPW are classified as cryptonephridial type of arrangement based on the histology result, it is fused into the ileum and the colon, located between the ileum and the rectum of the larvae. There might be a potential solution for RPW infestation through the understanding if their digestive system.


SUMMARY Three groups of recipient dogs were conditioned for transplantation by supralethal exposure to total body irradiation from dual 60Co sources and then given hemopoietic grafts from DL-A-matched littermates. Group 1 consisted of 17 dogs given marrow cells only and not treated with immunosuppressive therapy postgrafting. Group 2 was made up of 11 dogs given a combination of marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes and no postgrafting immunosuppression. Group 3 included 13 dogs given a combination of marrow and peripheral blood leukocytes and intermittent methotrexate (MTX) therapy for 102 days postgrafting. Nine of the 17 recipients in group 1 died between 30 and 230 days after grafting with graft-versus-host (GVH) disease. Eight recipients survived beyond 230 days without GVH disease. Seven of 11 recipients in group 2 died with GVH disease after 12–151 days and 4 survived beyond 200 days. One dog in group 3 died on day 61, and 12 survived beyond 200 days without evidence of GVH disease. Thus, fatal GVH disease was seen in a number of canine recipients not given postgrafting immunosuppression despite DL-A matching with their littermate donor. The addition of peripheral blood leukocytes to the marrow inoculum did not significantly change the overall survival but increased the severity of GVH disease. Therapy with intermittent MTX postgrafting significantly prolonged survival (P < 0.01) and resulted in the establishment of stable graft-host "tolerance" in most DL-A-matched recipients.


Polycystic kidney disease is characterized by localized autonomous cellular proliferation, compartmentalized fluid accumulation within the cysts, and intraparenchymal fibrosis of the kidney. The clinical features include renal failure, liver cysts, and vascular and cardiac valve abnormalities. Recent developments have extended our understanding of cyst formation, fluid secretion, and the genetics of polycystic kidney disease. Two causal genes for polycystic kidney disease, PKD1 and PKD2, that are responsible for greater than 95% of cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, have been identified and sequenced. The mechanisms of cystogenesis are being uncovered and the phenotypic features of cystic epithelial cells are being discovered. This review describes recent advances made in the molecular biology of the genetic causes of polycystic kidney disease. The mechanistic details of cystogenesis are discussed and contrasted with the paradigms that guide current experimental approaches.


We present an introduction to superconductivity that is intended to support the teaching and learning of this subject at a high school level. As a first step we propose to focus on the main properties of superconducting materials, i.e. zero electrical resistivity and the Meissner effect. Physics teachers and students will thereby be enabled to distinguish between a perfect conductor and a superconductor.


The current study describes the clinical, gross, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical findings of a T-cell lymphoma in a captive porcupine (Coendou prehensilis), a species typically seen in the tropical forests of Brazil. At necropsy, extensive neoplastic involvement was observed in the cervical lymph nodes, with extension into the salivary gland. The spleen was mildly enlarged, and neoplastic nodules were grossly evident in the liver and right kidney. Histologically, sheets of large and markedly pleomorphic round cells were observed in the cervical lymph nodes, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. The neoplastic cells were positive for cluster of differentiation (CD)3 and negative for CD79a by immunohistochemistry.


The trade economy is dependent upon the institutional quality of the country. It affects the ease of doing business in the economy. It is plausible to think that, how institutional quality can affect the trading performance of Pakistan. Small & medium enterprises (SMEs) are playing the role of the backbone of the trade sector in Pakistan. Contribution SMEs can be significantly improved, by improving the supporting macroeconomic indicators. This paper studies the short-run and the long-run association between SME trade growth and cost of production, relative prices, and Institutional quality in Pakistan. It also examines the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis, between SME trade growth and institutional quality in Pakistan. This study utilizes secondary data, which is taken from multiple secondary sources, including the SMEDA, Pakistan Economic Survey, and world development indicators. The biannual data is assembled up for 38 observations from (2000 to 2019). This study uses Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bound testing method to examine the short run and long run connections between SMEs' trade growth and macro-economic variables, like; relative prices, Cost of production. Gross Domestic Product, exchange rate, and institutional quality. These variables are selected from the available literature. The study finds that the short-run response of SMEs trade is not significant, but it significantly responds to macro-economic indicators in long run. The institutional quality has a non-linear relationship with SMEs trade growth. This indicates that the pollution heaven hypothesis holds valid even for the case of institutional quality and SMEs trading performance. The study focuses on the optimality of institutional quality for the optimal performance level of SMEs in Pakistan.


The authors have used metal organic chemical vapor deposition to grow InGaN∕GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) nanostripes on trapezoidally patterned c-plane sapphire substrates. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images clearly revealed that the MQWs grew not only on the top faces of the trapezoids but also on both lateral side facets along the [0001] direction defined by the selected area electron diffraction pattern. Meanwhile, dislocations that stretched from the interfaces between the GaN and the substrates did not pass through the MQWs in the TEM observation. Microphotoluminescence measurements verified that the luminescence efficiency from a single nanostripe was enhanced by up to fivefold relative to those of regular thin film MQW structures. Observation of the cathodoluminescence identified the areas of light emission and confirmed that enhanced emission occurred from the nanostripes.


Professor Peter Willoughby (Deacon Graham & James, Hong Kong) describes the many reasons for establishing offshore trusts and company structures which are entirely reputable. Article published in Amicus Curiae - Journal of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and its Society for Advanced Legal Studies. The Journal is produced by the Society for Advanced Legal Studies at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies, University of London.


Nanocomposites of MnS anchored on graphene, nitrogen-doped graphene and boron-doped graphene have been prepared by a simple wet chemical process. The effect of graphene concentration in MnS and the effect of doping type in the composites are studied through the use of various characterization techniques. An electrochemical performance better than that of pure MnS has been observed in the graphene based composites. The doping of N and B atoms in graphene can further enhance the electrochemical activities of the nanocomposites. The present study demonstrates that MnS with doped graphene has large electrode/electrolyte interfaces, which offers more active sites and ensures a high charge storage capacity of the composite. A maximum specific capacitance of 696.6 and 353.8 F g 1 are measured for MnS/BG-9 and MnS/NG-9 composite, respectively, at a 5 mV s 1 scan rate, whereas the pure graphene composite (MnS/G-9) exhibits only a maximum specific capacitance of 156 F g .


In the neighbourhood of Morlaix the schists and quartizites of the Lower Devonian are extensively developed. They are much altered, and often injected by intrusive granite. The altered rocks are described by Prof. Barrois as quartzites micacés and leptynolithes. The minerals found in the latter include biotite, muscovite, andalusite, sillimanite, quartz, iron-oxide, chlorite, garnet, staurolite, zircon, graphite, and rarely felspar. The quartzites micacés contain large grains of irregular quartz (not clastic), with flakes of dark and white mica, zircon, iron-oxide, graphite, and garnet. Among the intrusive masses, that of Pont Paul is of especial interest. The rock is a granite rather poor in quartz; the minerals include orthoclase, microcline, oligoclase, quartz, hornblende, biotite, apatite, zircon, sphene, and allanite (the last two not noticed by myself). The granite is much decayed for a depth of many feet. Included fragments of dark micaceous rocks are to be found in it: they are about the size of a man's fist, and not very abundant. Some may be found in situ, and dug out of the crumbling granite, others by searching the floor of the shallow quarry. These included fragments resemble the Devonian leptynolithes of the district. They contain abundantly small tabular hexagonal crystals of blue corundum, first noticed by Prof. Barrois in 1887. Examination of thin sections of the included fragments shows that the minerals certainly present are biotite, muscovite, corundum, plagioclase, andalusite, pyrite, magnetite, sillimanite, green spinel, and zircon. Orthoclase and quartz may possibly occur. The corundum is very abundant, forming conspicuous


With climate change, pea will be more frequently subjected to heat stress in semi-arid regions like Saskatchewan during flowering. The pollen germination percentage of two pea cultivars was reduced by heat stress (36°C) with an important decrease in cultivar 'CDC Golden' compared to 'CDC Sage.' Lipids, protein and other pollen coat compositions of whole intact pollen grains of both pea cultivars were investigated using mid infrared (mid-IR) attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Curve fitting of ATR absorbance spectra in the protein region enabled estimation and comparison of different protein secondary structures between the two cultivars. CDC Sage had relatively greater amounts of α-helical structures (48.6–43.6%; band at 1654 cm-1) and smaller amounts of β-sheets (41.3–46%) than CDC Golden. The CDC Golden had higher amounts of β-sheets (46.3–51.7%) compared to α-helical structures (35.3–36.2%). Further, heat stress resulted in prominent changes in the symmetrical and asymmetrical CH2 bands from lipid acyl chain, ester carbonyl band, and carbohydrate region. The intensity of asymmetric and symmetric CH2 vibration of heat stressed CDC Golden was reduced considerably in comparison to the control and the decrease was higher compared to CDC Sage. In addition, CDC Golden showed an increase in intensity at the oxidative band of 3015 cm-1. These results reveal that the whole pollen grains of both pea cultivars responded differently to heat stress. The tolerance of CDC Sage to heat stress (expressed as pollen germination percentage) may be due to its protein richness with α-helical structures which would protect against the destructive effects of dehydration due to heat stress. The low pollen germination percentage of CDC Golden after heat stress may be also due to its sensitivity to lipid changes due to heat stress.


In a ruling dated 19 January 2010, the Paris Court of Appeal (the "Court") substantially reduced the highest fines ever imposed by the French Competition Authority (the "Authority") in the steel…


Power outage is the problem that hinders social and economic development especially for developing countries like Tanzania. Frequent power outages damage electric equipment, and negatively affect the industrial production process. Power outages cannot be completely eradicated due to uncontrolled cause like natural calamities but technical challenges can be managed and hence reducing power outages. The existing manual methods used to locate power outage like customer calls is inefficient and time consuming. On the other hand, modern method like the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) still faces a challenge in effectively classifying power line outage due to the nature of imbalanced datasets. Therefore, there is a need to develop a Machine Learning (ML) model to accurately classify power line outage. In this study, machine learning models are constructed from ensemble algorithms and tested using outage AMI data from 2012 to 2019 with 2 hours interval records. We propose the following ensemble-based machine learning approach to enhance classification; data sampling, algorithm weighting and finally ensembling. Results show that the Hybrid Stacking Ensemble Classifier (HSEC) model outperforms the others by accuracy of 0.981 G-mean, followed by Extra tree with accuracy of 0.964 G-mean. This model can be used in power line outage classification in any Secondary Electrical Distribution Network (SEDN). This study can be extended to locate power outage to household.


This study performed a land use and land cover (LULC) change analysis over Southern India for the period 1981–2006 from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) images of AVHRR data and applied the "observation minus reanalysis" (OMR) method to investigate the impact of the LULC change on the temperature of the region. The LULC change analysis indicated that the areas under agriculture/fallow land were significantly increased while the areas under shrubs/small vegetation were decreased during the period 1981–2006. The areas under forest cover and barren land were also decreased but relatively low compared to the other LULC types. The OMR results showed that the LULC changes over urban areas contributed to warming with a temperature of 0.02 °C during this period, while that over non-urban areas showed a cooling effect with a temperature reduction of 0.29 °C and that over the whole Southern India (looked at an average) indicated a cooling effect with a temperature reduction of 0.063 °C. The comparative analysis between the two (LULC change analysis and OMR) results showed that the cooling over Southern India was mostly due to the expansion of agriculture/fallow land and the decline of shrubs/small vegetation. The study suggests that the OMR method reasonably demonstrates the effect of LULC changes on the temperature over Southern India.


This study aimed to analyze and determine the public perception of hydroponic in the distict Teling Bawah Manado City. This aims was conducted over five months from November 2016 to the month of Maret 2017 from preparation to the arrangement of research reports. The location of research is in districts Teling Bawah Manado City. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from 30 respondents using questionnaires, while secondary data obtained from the office district Teling Bawah Manado City. The sampling method in this study was used purposive sampling method. Result of this research show that the public percepstion of Hydroponic are very good with the index of perceptions 84,16% and are classified to category of strongly agree. The society are strongly agree with the existance of agriculture technique using Hydroponic. People think that Hydroponic is very useful for the society, because with Hydroponic, people could consume healthy fruits and vegetables without using chemis chemical products; no need to try very hard to find a land to cultivate; could take advantages of used goods at home; no need a long time to use hydroponic; and use soil as conventional agriculture, so that the actors of Hydroponic do not have to be in contact with worms.


OBJECTIVE
This study sought to compare the efficacy of topical platelet derived growth factor (Regranex, Smith and Nephew, London, UK) (test group) to placebo (control group) in treating diabetic foot ulcers. All subjects had a short leg walking cast with a window fashioned in the cast over the site of the ulcer.

METHODS
Forty-six subjects were randomized (double-blind) 1:1 to the test or control group and treated for up to 4 months. Subjects had Wagner grade I ulcers with wound area of 1 cm2 to 16 cm2 without severe peripheral arterial disease, osteomyelitis, or any infection requiring antibiotics. Study medication was applied daily and casts changed approximately every 14 days.

RESULTS
Of the 46 subjects randomized, 38 either healed or completed 16 weeks of therapy without healing. Eight subjects dropped out prior to 16 weeks. Based on intention-to-treat, 12 of 23 (52%) test group subjects healed before 16 weeks compared to 13 of 23 (57%) control group subjects (not significant). Regression analysis demonstrated that slower healing was associated with larger initial wound size (hazard radio [HR] = 0.997, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.995-1.00, P = 0.028) and excessive wound drainage (HR = 0.346, 95% CI: 0.126-0.948, P = 0.039). Excluding the patients who dropped out, 25 of 38 (66%) subjects healed by 4 months. Three additional subjects healed with casts that were worn longer than 4 months, for an overall rate of 74% at 9 months. Five subjects developed cast burns, and 3 patients required amputation.

CONCLUSION
Topical platelet derived growth factor does not appear to significantly improve healing of Wagner grade I diabetic foot ulcers that are treated by offloading with a short leg walking cast. Excellent healing rates may be achieved with casting alone.


Citation for published version: Bonsall, C, Payton, RW, Macklin, M & Ritchie, GA 2009, A Mesolithic Site at Kilmore, near Oban, Western Scotland. in N Finlay, S McCartan, N Milner & C Wickham-Jones (eds), From Bann Flakes to Bushmills: papers in honour of Professor Peter Woodman. Prehistoric Society Research Papers, no. 1, Oxbow Books, Oxford, pp. 70-77. <http://www.oxbowbooks.com/oxbow/from-bann-flakes-to-bushmills.html>


Introduction: The outbreak of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is a public health emergency that had caused disastrous results in more than 100 countries. Method: This observational study is conducted with aim to track the course of clinical outcomes of the course of COVID 19 patients after discharge. Demographics, baseline characteristics of COVID-19 patients discharged from May till August 2020, in Liaquat National hospital Karachi, Pakistan were collected and analyzed by reviewing the medical records retrospectively. Post-hospitalization data related to clinical outcomes were obtained by following up the patients for 4 weeks. Results: Total 96 records of discharged patients were reviewed. Mean age of them was 53.83 ± 12.89 years with male predominance (78.1%). Out of 96 patients, 19(19.8%) patients were asymptomatic at the time of discharge whereas 77(80.2%) had improved symptoms. The frequent symptoms at time of discharged was fatigue (69.8%) followed by shortness of breath (34.4%). Over the follow-up of 4 weeks, there was significant reduction in symptoms from discharge to 4th week excluding first week only. Patients were found to have significantly improved chest x-ray findings from discharge to first week of follow-up. Out of 77 symptomatic patients, 50(64.9%) patients were found to be asymptomatic while 27(35.1%) were persistently symptomatic on fourth week of the discharge with most frequent symptom of fatigue (33%) followed by shortness of breath (18%).Conclusion: There was significant recovery in most of the COVID 19 survivors after discharge, confirmed by reduction in the symptoms and radiological improvement.


Background: Despite increasing evidence of cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar I disorder, there is no specific neuropsychological profile of the disorder. Sampling and Method: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of processing speed on other cognitive functions in a population-based sample of 32 familial bipolar I disorder patients, their 40 unaffected first-degree relatives and 55 controls. A neuropsychological test battery was administered to all participants, and the effect of processing speed on other cognitive functions was analyzed with the digit symbol subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised both in within- and between-group comparisons. Results: After adjusting for the effect of processing speed, only small differences were detected in short-delay cued recall and in long-delay memory between patients and controls, as well as between patients and relatives. Relatives scored better than controls only in verbal ability. Processing speed had a significant effect on nearly all scores, differing by group when patients, relatives and controls were examined separately, the effect being most extensive in patients. Conclusions: These results support the view that impaired processing speed in particular contributes to a range of cognitive dysfunctions in bipolar disorder. However, it may not be specific to bipolar I disorder and can possibly be considered a shared endophenotype with other mental disorders.


Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), dynorphin B (dynB), big dynorphin (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are also potential endogenous peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, is well established, and NC-IUPHAR considers this nomenclature appropriate, along with the symbols spelled out (mu, delta, and kappa), and the acronyms, MOP, DOP, and KOP. [116, 96, 88]. The human N/OFQ receptor, NOP, is considered 'opioid-related' rather than opioid because, while it exhibits a high degree of structural homology with the conventional opioid receptors [282], it displays a distinct pharmacology. Currently there are numerous clinically used drugs, such as morphine and many other opioid analgesics, as well as antagonists such as naloxone, however only for the μ receptor.


The functions of various biological compounds in complex tissues or organisms are often related to their locations in tissue structures. The emerging Mass Spectral Imaging (MSI) approach provides an attractive opportunity to detect and probe the complex biological molecules in an anatomical context, which reduces the time-consuming steps of sample extraction, purification and separation, while maintaining the topographical information about molecular distribution. The use of MSI to map the distribution of neuropeptides has gained increased attention . MSI creates distribution maps of selected compounds in a similar manner to the more traditional biochemical techniques such as chemical staining, immunohistochemistry, and radiochemistry without requiring a priori knowledge of the target analytes. It also enables the simultaneous differential localization of numerous peptides even when significant sequence homology exists. In addition, MS/MS fragmentation can be performed for unambiguous identification or even de novo sequencing of detected peptides. Furthermore, this technique has been extended to acquire images of serial sections from single specimen and provide a depth dimension to the data set, allowing three dimensional (3D) representations of multiple analytes in the target organs . The in-depth profiling of 3D MSI provides more comprehensive spatial information for molecules of interest, such as localization of proteins and dynamic distribution and partition of pharmaceutical compounds into various target tissues.


ABSTRACT This paper describes association with changes in functional ability among very elderly people who were interviewed first in 1987 when they were aged 85+, and followed-up in 1990. It focuses, in particular, on those with severe difficulties with ADL. It was notable that while those with chronic problems with disability used more health and social services, few received services specific to rehabilitation and social support (e.g. physiotherapy, occupational therapy and social work), and substantial numbers in this group (30–45%) did not receive any chiropody services; although the provision of instrumental aid with tasks of daily living was relatively high from home help services, and, in particular, from relatives.


Objective: To provide a frame to estimate the systemic impact (side/adverse events) of (novel) therapeutic targets by taking into consideration drugs potential on the numerous districts involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the inflammatory and immune response to the gut-intestinal (GI) microbiome. Methods: We curated the collection of molecules from high-throughput screens of diverse (multi-omic) biochemical origin, experimentally associated to RA. Starting from such collection we generated RA-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (interactomes) based on experimental PPI data. Pharmacological treatment simulation, topological and functional analyses were further run to gain insight into the proteins most affected by therapy and by multi-omic modeling. Results: Simulation on the administration of MTX results in the activation of expected (apoptosis) and adverse (nitrogenous metabolism alteration) effects. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-4 (IRAK4, already an RA target) emerge as relevant nodes. The former controls the activation of inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative pathways in host and pathogens. The latter controls immune alterations and blocks innate response to pathogens. Conclusions: This multi-omic map properly recollects in a single analytical picture known, yet complex, information like the adverse/side effects of MTX, and provides a reliable platform for in silico hypothesis testing or recommendation on novel therapies. These results can support the development of RA translational research in the design of validation experiments and clinical trials, as such we identify GRB2 as a robust potential new target for RA for its ability to control both synovial degeneracy and dysbiosis, and, conversely, warn on the usage of IRAK4-inhibitors recently promoted, as this involves potential adverse effects in the form of impaired innate response to pathogens.


COASTS for PEOPLE: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Resource Management Routledge, New York, 2015, 394 p. ISBN 978-1-138-77980-8Coasts for People: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Coastal and Marine Resource Management, written by Fikret Berkes, is one of the Routledge series of books designed for students, researchers, management professionals, and policy makers. This book represents a great contribution to the literature on coastal management and brings international research experience and knowledge about coasts and people.This book provides information regarding the diversity and importance of coastal problems and contains theoretical analysis with best-practice coastal management approaches. The focus is explicitly on coastal resources and their users, respectively on the new form of resource management, with a community-based approach and looks not just at the ecological issues, but also from societal and human perspectives.The book is organized clearly into 12 chapters, the first of which refers to coastal and marine resources and elements of paradigm change. This chapter provides a descriptive overview of coastal ecosystems and their social, ecological, and economic objectives. In author's view, one way to deal with uncertainty and complexity of a system is to build local institutions that can learn from crises, respond to change, nurture ecological memory, monitor the environment, self-organize and manage conflicts. Moreover, Berkes's approach is to build working partnership between managers and resource users.Chapter 2 examines the context of resource management science, redefining the concepts of resource and management. There is also a discussion of the different management practices which require a readjustment of concepts. The historical "baggage" is also considered as a conventional idea of resource and management.Chapter 3 explores the social-ecological systems, integrated complex systems that include social (human) and ecological (biophysical) subsystems. This chapter discusses drivers and globalization and uses the development of aquaculture to illustrate the interdependent nature of social and ecological subsystems. The social-ecological systems are used to explore the multiple linkages among dependent social and ecological components of marine and coastal systems.Chapter 4 describes the history, content, and application of resilience theory. It starts by covering some of the basic concepts of resilience, which have already appeared in the preceding chapters in the context of changing paradigms, redefining management, and social-ecological systems. From author's perspective, resilience is one of the cornerstones of the arguments in this book. The Holling's notion started as an ecological concept, characterizing the capacity of a system to maintain itself in the face of disturbance (Holling, 1973). Resilience thinking deals with interacting systems of people and nature can best be managed in the face of disturbances, surprises and uncertainty (Berkes et al., 2003; Walker and Salt, 2006).Therefore, three topics of application are explored: how resilience deals with social-ecological systems; the ability to analyze the changes; and the exploration of policy options for uncertainty and change. Conventional resource maximization approaches tend to reduce natural variability, impairing the renewal capacity of ecosystems and the ability to absorb shocks and stresses.Chapter 5 shows that many of the marine and coastal resources issues we face are problems, which can be managed by various governance approaches. This chapter contains details about commons theory, community-based management institutions, and participatory management. The reader is informed that most coastal resources are fugitive - 'the fish you don't catch today may be caught by someone else tomorrow, hence the need for collective action".Chapter 6 is closely related to the previous one, as co-management is one of the applications of commons theory. …


There is significant interest in using stem cells in the management of cutaneous wounds. However, potential safety, efficacy, and cost problems associated with whole-cell transplantation hinder their clinical application. Secretome, a collective of mesenchymal stem-cell-stored paracrine factors, and immunomodulatory cytokines offer therapeutic potential as a cell-free therapy for the treatment of cutaneous wounds. This review explores the possibility of secretome as a treatment for cutaneous wounds and tissue regeneration. The review mainly focuses on in vitro and in vivo investigations that use biomaterials and secretome together to treat wounds, extend secretome retention, and control release to preserve their biological function. The approaches employed for the fabrication of biomaterials with condition media or extracellular vesicles are discussed to identify their future clinical application in wound treatment.


Two Norwegian offshore shipping firms facing the challenge of developing more environmentally sustainable services choose divergent strategies. One focuses on managerial innovation and develops a new business model equally dividing fuel-savings achieved through operational optimization between customers and the Norwegian Rainforest Foundation, thus operating climate neutrally. The other firm develops a technology-driven strategy and develops LNG-propulsion for part of its fleet. Following the firms through the innovation processes, the study finds that implementing environmentally sustainable innovations requires managerial capability to provide a holistic and integrative perspective on organizational innovation processes which align technical and managerial actions and activities. The findings indicate that a business model can be used as a boundary-spanning tool that goes beyond the ambidextrous challenges of balancing and integrating exploration and exploitation and provides a complementary view on organizational innovation processes. The comparative case study looks inside the "black box" of sustainable innovation and offers theoretical and practical insights to academics and students. The study also contributes guiding principles for practitioners and policymakers.


A strain meter has been designed embodying techniques not used in earlier models. Minimum use of heavy and permanent auxiliary fixtures has made possible a portable instrument in which no components need be abandoned in order to change location. Provision for frequent or continuous interferometric calibration, and a photographic record therof, has provided uninterrupted strain measurements with long-term dependability. Also included is the usual continuous low-speed ink recorder for tidal and secular variations, and a high-gain band-pass recorder for the observation of long period waves and free oscillations of the earth. Details are given describing the method used for interpreting the interferometer image and its conversion to strain measurement.


Field seedling emergence of four african marigold (Tagetes erecta) breeding lines, A-975, E-1236, I-822, and 'Orange Lady', was examined using three or four spring sowing dates and either osmotic or solid matrix priming. Delayed sowing decreased emergence time. Sowing from middle to late April [average soil temperatures 77.0 to 84.2 °F (25 to 29 °C)] resulted in the highest total emergence percentages. Greater fl ower quantities [4.9 to 5.1 million/acre (12.11 to 12.60 million/ha)] and estimated yield [7.5 to 10.8 tons/acre (16.81 to 24.20 t·ha–1)] indicate mid to late April is the optimum time period for direct sowing unprimed seed in the southern Great Plains. Differences between lines were evident in emergence parameters and fl ower harvest data for each year examined, but results were inconsistent from year to year. However, A-975 and E-1236 produced harvestable fl owers most quickly, about 15 d before I-822, which could result in an additional harvest during a season. Osmotic priming of E-1236 and I-822 seed shortened emergence time, increased emergence uniformity, and increased total emergence percentage at early sowing dates as compared to both solid matrix primed and unprimed seed.


Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of important porous materials with many current and potential applications. Their applications almost always involve the interaction between host framework and guest species. Therefore, understanding of host-guest interaction in MOF systems is important. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is an excellent technique for investigating host-guest interaction as it provides information complementary to that obtained from X-ray diffraction. In this work, using MOF α-Mg3 (HCOO)6 as an example, we demonstrated that 13 C chemical shift tensor of organic linker can be utilized to probe the host-guest interaction in MOFs. Obtaining 13 C chemical shift tensor components (δ11 , δ22 , and δ33 , where δ11 ≥ δ22 ≥ δ33 ) in this MOF is particularly challenging as there are six coordinatively equivalent, but crystallographically non-equivalent carbons in the unit cell with very similar local environment. Two-dimensional magic-angle-turning experiments were employed to measure the 13 C chemical shift tensors of each individual crystallographically non-equivalent carbon in three microporous α-Mg3 (HCOO)6 samples with different guest species. The results indicate that the δ22 component (with its direction approximately being co-planar with the formate anion and perpendicular to the C-H bond) is more sensitive to the adsorbate molecules inside the MOF channel, due to the weak C-H···O hydrogen bonding or the ring current effect of benzene. The 13 C isotropic chemical shift, on the other hand, seems much less sensitive to the subtle changes in the local environment around formate linker induced by adsorption. The approach described in this study may be used in future studies on host-guest interaction within MOFs.


Software developers compose systems from components written in many different languages. A business-logic component may be written in Java or OCaml, a resource-intensive component in C or Rust, and a high-assurance component in Coq. In this multi-language world, program execution sends values from one linguistic context to another. This boundary-crossing exposes values to contexts with unforeseen behavior---that is, behavior that could not arise in the source language of the value. For example, a Rust function may end up being applied in an ML context that violates the memory usage policy enforced by Rust's type system. This leads to the question of how developers ought to reason about code in such a multi-language world where behavior inexpressible in one language is easily realized in another.
This paper proposes the novel idea of linking types to address the problem of reasoning about single-language components in a multi-lingual setting. Specifically, linking types allow programmers to annotate where in a program they can link with components inexpressible in their unadulterated language. This enables developers to reason about (behavioral) equality using only their own language and the annotations, even though their code may be linked with code written in a language with more expressive power.


The article dwells on the stay of the Teutonic Order on the Southeastern borders of the Hungarian kingdom and their expansion to the Carpathian-Danube region in 1211– 1225, focusing on the reasons why the Order was invited by the King of Hungary and then expelled in spite of the Holy See's intercession. The author challenges the point of view that the Order was invited due to the increased number of Cuman raids, which is evidenced by the official correspondence of Papal, Hungarian King's and Bishopric chancellery only. The real reason was not the border protection, but the Kingdom's territorial expansion to the East, towards the regions formerly dependent on the Galician principality, which was at war for the heritage of Prince Roman Mstislavovich. Teutonic crusaders met the challenges brilliantly, extending the Hungarian influence to the East, far across the "Snow Mountains". However, by the early 1220s, the Teutonic Order had become a strong political force in Europe by virtue of successful diplomacy of Grand Master Hermann von Salza supported both by the Pope and the Emperor, competing on equal terms with elder and major orders of Templars and Hospitallers. Thus, on the one hand, Hungarian King Andrew II understood the danger of neighboring with fast raising military and political force, threatening not only newly acquired lands, but also lands of the crown. On the other hand, the political impact of the Order in the regions turned "from the sword to the cross", establishing Dominican proselyte mission, which further led to the foundation of the Cuman bishopric. All these became reasons for the final expulsion of the Order from the Hungarian kingdom.


Prostate to bone metastases induce a "vicious cycle" by promoting excessive osteoclast and osteoblast mediated bone degradation and formation that in turn yields factors that drive cancer growth. Recent advances defining the molecular mechanisms that control the vicious cycle have revealed new therapeutic targeting opportunities. However, given the complex temporal and simultaneous cellular interactions occurring in the bone microenvironment, assessing the impact of putative therapies is challenging. To this end, we have integrated biological and computational approaches to generate an accurate model of normal bone matrix homeostasis and the prostate cancer-bone microenvironment. The model faithfully reproduces the basic multicellular unit (BMU) bone coupling process and introduction of a single prostate cancer cell yields a vicious cycle that is similar in cellular composition and pathophysiology to models of prostate to bone metastasis.


Through billions of years of evolution and natural selection, biological systems have developed strategies to achieve advantageous unification between structure and bulk properties. The discovery of these fascinating properties and phenomena has triggered increasing interest in identifying characteristics of biological materials, through modern characterization and modeling techniques. In an effort to produce better engineered materials, scientists and engineers have developed new methods and approaches to construct artificial advanced materials that resemble natural architecture and function. A brief review of typical naturally occurring materials is presented here, with a focus on chemical composition, nano‐structure, and architecture. The critical mechanisms underlying their properties are summarized, with a particular emphasis on the role of material architecture. A review of recent progress on the nano/micro‐manufacturing of bio‐inspired hybrid materials is then presented in detail. In this case, the focus is on nacre and bone‐inspired structural materials, petals and gecko foot‐inspired adhesive films, lotus and mosquito eye inspired superhydrophobic materials, brittlestar and Morpho butterfly‐inspired photonic structured coatings. Finally, some applications, current challenges and future directions with regard to manufacturing bio‐inspired hybrid materials are provided.


Purpose of review This article reviews the most significant advances concerning the neural correlates of decision-making with emphasis on those imaging studies investigating the neural implementation of evaluative judgment processes. This is done against the background of current concepts from the field of judgment and decision-making. Recent findings Actual neuroscientific findings suggest that subject to the extent of how deeply a decision-maker has to explore his/ her value system in order to reach a decision, distinguishable orbital and medial prefrontal areas will be engaged. Decisions low in costs mapping the values onto the decision problem mainly rely on orbital and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, whereas decisions high in costs particularly draw on anterior–medial and dorsomedial prefrontal areas. This suggestion is related to the anatomic properties of the respective areas. Summary Combining neuroimaging data with concepts from research in judgment and decision-making may facilitate advances in our understanding of the contrast between normative theories and descriptive theories of decision-making. Incorporating findings from research on decision-making behavior in patients with specific prefrontal lesions may have much to offer for an understanding of both the areas' functions and cognitive theories on decision-making.


Abstract : This invention relates to organic esters and more particularly nitro-substituted malonates. The reaction of diethyl methylenemalonate with diethyl malonate catalyzed by piperidine or potassium hydroxide has been reported in the literature. In the area of nitroalkane chemistry, the Michael reaction with alpha beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds is one of the most useful methods of introducing functionality. However, nitro- and fluoronitro-substituted malonates have not been prepared in the prior art. Because of the reactivity of the malonates, these compounds would be valuable intermediates in the synthesis of other nitro- and fluoronitro-substituted compounds and polymers for use in propellants and explosives.


Exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to sorbic acid strongly induces two plasma membrane proteins, one of which is identified in this study as the ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter Pdr12. In the absence of weak acid stress, yeast cells grown at pH 7.0 express extremely low Pdr12 levels. However, sorbate treatment causes a dramatic induction of Pdr12 in the plasma membrane. Pdr12 is essential for the adaptation of yeast to growth under weak acid stress, since Δpdr12 mutants are hypersensitive at low pH to the food preservatives sorbic, benzoic and propionic acids, as well as high acetate levels. Moreover, active benzoate efflux is severely impaired in Δpdr12 cells. Hence, Pdr12 confers weak acid resistance by mediating energy‐dependent extrusion of water‐soluble carboxylate anions. The normal physiological function of Pdr12 is perhaps to protect against the potential toxicity of weak organic acids secreted by competitor organisms, acids that will accumulate to inhibitory levels in cells at low pH. This is the first demonstration that regulated expression of a eukaryotic ABC transporter mediates weak organic acid resistance development, the cause of widespread food spoilage by yeasts. The data also have important biotechnological implications, as they suggest that the inhibition of this transporter could be a strategy for preventing food spoilage.


The matching of user's vocabulary with library
terminology has always been a problem for libraries and
information centres. Various methods have been devised
to improve it but it has continued with the automation
of libraries and the advent of OPACs. Many approaches to
improve the results of OPAC subject searches have been
suggested. The development of a novel user-friendly
interface to a database is one of them.
In the present study a new user-friendly interface using
HyperCard on Apple Macintosh is designed, keeping in
view the information requirements of users of social
science literature. A sample database of monographs
(with table of contents for enhancing the subject content
of records to improve retrieval performance) and articles
published in journals on 'inflation' has been created and
linked with an interface. The interface has been
evaluated by end users and findings are discussed.


This paper presents the results of an inquiry into how product representations are used by industrial companies in Sweden. Consulting companies developing industrially manufactured products also participated in the study. The companies were divided into different groups, depending on number of employees, branch, and geographic location. Of special interest has been studying the adoption of new technological aids, such as virtual reality, in the product development process. In addition, product representations and their relation to product aspects and product development activities (e.g., aesthetics, ergonomics and idea testing) have been of major concern. The study shows that the examined companies made comprehensive use of various product representations for a wide range of activities. Traditional representations such as basic sketches still fulfil a need in the product development process. They are especially important in the early stages, thanks to their intuitive nature and ease of production. The use of the more recent technology, virtual reality, is still limited compared to the other types of product representations examined in the study. Most companies have the basic conditions (3D CAD) for virtual reality, but do not yet have the possibilities or need to invest in the technology.


Drilling waste management is a planing and implementation of a prudent drilling waste collection, treatment and final disposal. A well planned drilling waste management system not only ensure the health and safety of the surrounding environment, it also brings advantages to the drilling operation effectivity and economics. The drilling waste management technologies and practices can be grouped into three major categories : waste minimization, recylce/reuse and disposal. This essay will later discuss about planning a fit for purpose drilling waste management system for a new field by studying the waste generation from previous drilling activity, estimating waste generation of the planned wells, creating and evaluating drilling waste management scenarios and choosing the best scenario based on its environment safety, cost and doability through SWOT and analytic hierarchy process.


Rehabilitation of cardio patients is a balanced set of means, ensuring the best physical, psychical and social conditions that allow patients after acute cardiovascular diseases to preserve and return optimal social functions, to improve healthy behaviour, to slow down or to prevent disease progress (DP). A good physical state influences not only quantity of human's age (long living), but also its quality (independence at work, household, etc.). Aim: to assess the efficiency of 2-stage rehabilitation for the patients after CABG according to objective results (blood pressure, heart rate) regarding sex, heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association (NYHA). Objectives: to set risk factors for the patients after CABG, to set the number of bypasses, to identify heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association (NYHA), to set blood pressure, heart rate, "duplex product", six-minute test changes during rehabilitation, also routine action possibilities (according to MET and six-minutes distance). The retrospective analysis of patients' data has been performed at Behaviour Medicine Institute of Lithuanian Health Science University (II stage of rehabilitation). Respondents number: 85 patients with CABG, including 49 males (57,6 per cent) and 36 females (42,4 per cent). Average age: females - 64,31±2, males - 58,24±2. Six-minute walk test was assessed twice: at the beginning and at the end of rehabilitation process. Results: the main risk factors of the patients after CABG are as follows: dyslipidemia, artery hypertension, smoking for females; dyslipidemia, artery hypertension, diabetes for males. One coronary artery bypass was formed for 10,6 per cent of patients, two - for 71,7 per cent, three - for 17,6 per cent. The first functional class according to the NYHA was noticed for 8,3 per cent of patients, the second – for 48,2 per cent, the third – for 43,5 per cent. At the end of rehabilitation process there were no significant differences regarding the change of blood pressure, heart rate, "duplex product" among the patients with heart failure functional class according to New York Heart Association (NYHA). However, if compared among the patients with a different number of coronary artery bypasses, a significant change was noticed for ones with three coronary artery bypasses. Conclusions. The assess of rehabilitation efficiency according to six-minute walk test results has revealed that the distance, walked by patients with all heart failure functional class according to NYHA increased (p<0,05). It is noticed that the patients with the third heart failure functional class according NYHA featured the middle rehabilitation efficiency, while ones with the first and the second class – the high one. The most significant change of walked distance has been noticed for males with the first and the second heart failure functional class according NYHA.


Although the first physician assistant (PA) program was born at a civilian academic institution, the impact of the military was immediately obvious as evidenced by the entire first class of PA students being Vietnam veteran Navy Corpsmen. Following initiation of the PA profession, the armed services established their own PA training programs that were eventually consolidated into a single interservice program in 1996. The mission of the Interservice PA Program is to produce high-quality PAs prepared to provide medical care in not only the traditional clinical arena but in the more unique situations seen in both peacetime and wartime military settings. PAs must complete an approved formal training program encompassing didactic and clinical training and pass a national certification examination to be licensed to practice. Pass rates are a key measure of the quality of a training program. We compared the national certification examination pass rates for our program with those of accredited civilian programs. Graduates of our program had a significantly higher pass rate and higher average scores than their civilian counterparts. These results are due to the strength of the program and faculty as well as the considerable hard work and dedication of the students who are drawn from a community that is, in many ways, non-traditional compared with other PA programs. These results demonstrate that the military training of PAs continues to provide high-quality health care providers who perform above their civilian-trained counterparts.