Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) fuel their migration and overwinter energy needs through accumulated fat stores derived from plant nectars. Determining origins of these fuels is crucial to effective conservation programs. We used stable-hydrogen (δ2H) and carbon (δ13C) isotope measurements in stored lipids of monarchs raised under laboratory conditions as a proof of principle for the isotopic spatial sourcing of stored lipids. We then applied this approach to wild specimens collected from 2015 to 2018 to infer spatial information on nectaring by fall migrants through northeast Mexico and at the Mexican overwinter sites. Migrating monarchs derived from wide geographic natal origins but lipid δ2H values from migratory cohorts were not related to natal origin. Instead, migrants exploited isotopically similar nectar sources. Distributions of lipid δ2H values in overwintering monarchs were broader and more negative by ∼40‰ suggesting more transport of lipids from higher latitudes or additional nectaring while migrating at higher elevations though northeastern to central Mexico. Our work establishes a new isotopic technique for tracking origins of stored lipids in monarchs and other migratory animals and emphasizes the importance of nectar availability in the southern portion of the range, and especially the nectar corridor through central Mexico.


The surface atoms of solid catalysts generally have lower coordination numbers than the bulk atoms, that is they are "coordinatively unsaturated" (cus). As
 KnA¶zinger
 explains in this Perspective, this has important consequences for their catalytic properties. The surface atom coordination sphere may be completed by adsorbed molecules, and these may be activated for catalytic transformations, in close analogy to processes occurring on metal complexes. Over
 et al.
 (page
 1474) succeed in verifying this concept of coordinatively unsaturated sites (cus) on the atomic scale.


Listeria monocytogenes is an important food-borne pathogen and is widely tested in food, environmental and clinical samples. In this study, 50 food samples were analyzed for the presence of Listeria spp. through Singlepath® Listeria rapid test after selective enrichment stages. Moreover, following the pre-enrichment and selective enrichment stages which were performed through using 1/2 and 1/1 Fraser Broth respectively, isolated typical colonies streaked onto PALCAM agar were identified. Listeria spp. was isolated from 42% (21/50) of food samples. L. monocytogenes was the most prevalent species with 20% (10/50) followed by L. innocua with 16% (8/50). Colour changing depending on esculin breakup in Fraser Broth could be misleading to reach a final decision. While different Listeria species was obtained as a result of inoculations into PALCAM Agar in different enrichment stages, only in pre-enrichment or selective enrichment stages L. monocytogenes were also isolated. Results have shown that standard analysis methods must be carried out completely.


Armchair graphene nanoribbons and their derived structures containing Stone-Wales defects are investigated using a self-consistent field crystal orbital method based on density functional theory. The investigation indicates that both the nanoribbons and the defective structures are semiconductors. A low concentration of middle Stone-Wales defects generally increases the carrier mobility, calculated using deformation potential theory, while edge Stone-Wales defects decrease it. The largest increment of the carrier mobility is as high as 170%, which is explained by the lighter carrier effective mass with crystal orbital analysis.


Almost all cells can be exposed to stress, but oocytes, which are female germ cells, are particularly vulnerable to damage. In this study, melatonin, a well-known antioxidant, was loaded into biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) and delivered to damaged oocytes in order to improve their quality and restoration. Etoposide (ETP)-induced deteriorated oocytes show poor maturity, mitochondrial aggregation, and DNA damage. Treatment of NPs not only reduced DNA damage but also improved mitochondrial stability, as evidenced by increased ATP levels and mitochondrial homogeneity. When melatonin was added to the culture medium at the same concentration as that present in NPs, DNA and mitochondrial repair was insignificant due to the half-life of melatonin, whereas DNA repair in damaged oocytes upon multiple treatments with melatonin was similar to that observed with melatonin-loaded NPs. Next, we evaluated whether the oocytes treated with NPs could have cryoprotective abilities during vitrification/thawing. Vitrified-oocytes were stored at -196 °C for 0.25 h (T1) or 0.5 h (T2). After thawing, live oocytes were subjected to in vitro maturation. The NP-treated group showed maturity similar to the control group (77.8% in T1, 72.7% in T2) and the degree of DNA damage was reduced compared to the ETP-induced group (p < 0.05).


Flood is a natural disaster caused by the rise of water levels, typically in urban areas. This phenomenon can cause damages to properties such as buildings and landscapes. Moreover, it also can cause death among humans and animals. Malaysia is among the country that has rainfall throughout the years alongside monsoon seasons. Therefore, this country is prone to floods that are not predictable that causes the public to be unprepared to face potential floods. Although the authorities have taken some measures, such as the installation of the monitoring system, it is not efficient, expensive, and difficult to maintain. Hence, this study aims to design a low-cost flood monitoring system comprising a rainfall sensor, temperature sensor, humidity sensor, controller (Arduino), and GSM modem. The system will monitor the rainfall rates alongside temperature and humidity in deciding for the potential occurrence of flood. The data will be sent to a host PC with Graphical User Interface via GSM modem. The developed prototype aims to be installed at a selected location for monitoring and testing.


Over the last three decades studies have demonstrated an increase in breast cancer incidence in both the United States (US) (1) and the United Kingdom (UK) (2). Globally, Forouzanfar et al . (3) report that breast cancer incidence increased from 641,000 cases in 1980 to 1,640,000 cases in 2012, representing an annual rate of increase of 3.1%. Surgery is the cornerstone of definitive treatment for breast cancer and may involve removal of part (breast conserving surgery) or all (mastectomy) of the breast tissue (4,5).


Two prominent arctic coastal erosion mechanisms affect the coastal bluffs along the North Slope of Alaska. These include the niche erosion/block collapse mechanism and the bluff face thaw/slump mechanism. The niche erosion/block collapse erosion mechanism is dominant where there are few coarse sediments in the coastal bluffs, the elevation of the beach below the bluff is low, and there is frequent contact between the sea and the base of the bluff. In contrast, the bluff face thaw/slump mechanism is dominant where significant amounts of coarse sediment are present, the elevation of the beach is high, and contact between the sea and the bluff is infrequent. We show that a single geologic parameter, coarse sediment areal density, is predictive of the dominant erosion mechanism and is somewhat predictive of coastal erosion rates. The coarse sediment areal density is the dry mass (g) of coarse sediment (sand and gravel) per horizontal area (cm2) in the coastal bluff. It accounts for bluff height and the density of coarse material in the bluff. When the areal density exceeds 120 g cm−2, the bluff face thaw/slump mechanism is dominant. When the areal density is below 80 g cm−2, niche erosion/block collapse is dominant. Coarse sediment areal density also controls the coastal erosion rate to some extent. For the sites studied and using erosion rates for the 1980–2000 period, when the sediment areal density exceeds 120 g cm−2, the average erosion rate is low or 0.34 ± 0.92 m/yr. For sediment areal density values less than 80 g cm−2, the average erosion rate is higher or 2.1 ± 1.5 m/yr.


PURPOSE
Tumor response is considered a surrogate marker of survival. We investigated whether tumor response based on computed tomography (CT) scan or whole-body [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is prognostic of survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Two consecutive phase II clinical trials were jointly analyzed. Patients underwent CT and PET scans before and after completion of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by surgery.

RESULTS
Eighty-nine patients were included. Patients with a partial or complete response based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors categories (n = 33) had a better overall survival than those with stable or progressive disease (n = 56; median survival time, not reached v 36 months, respectively; P = .04). Of all patients, those with response in the highest quartile had 1- and 2-year survival rates of 100% and 81%, respectively, compared with 77% and 61%, respectively, among patients in the lowest quartile. However, on the basis of visual analysis of PET scan, patients with a metabolic response (n = 28) had no significant difference in survival compared with patients without response (n = 61; median survival time, 35.6 months v not reached, respectively; P = .94). In addition, on the basis of a semiquantitative analysis of PET scan, using at least 30% reduction in tumor metabolism as a response (n = 59), we also found no significant difference in survival among those with or without response.

CONCLUSION
Among patients with resectable NSCLC treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we found no evidence that tumor response by PET scan after chemotherapy is prognostic of survival; however, response by CT scan was associated with better survival.


In the mid-1890s, William Matthew Flinders Petrie put forth interpretations for the decorations on late prehistoric Egyptian ceramics, one motif of which he understood as a "galley." This interpretation was soon thereafter questioned by naval specialist Cecil Torr who instead interpreted the motif as an enclosure. Despite intense debate between Petrie, Torr, and other colleagues, Petrie's galley interpretation became solidified in mainstream Egyptological thought at the beginning of the 1920s. However, a fresh look at Petrie's arguments and the evidence on which they are based, reveals some problems with his galley interpretation, rarely questioned in modern scholarship. Study of the discussion's historiography reveals that Petrie's interpretation became established based not on evidence, but rather on the personalities of the key players in the debate. Modern anthropological frameworks such as Peircean semiotics can instead offer new possibilities for approaching these decorations.


A synthesis theory of bandpass filters (BPFs) with modified Butterworth-Chebyshev or Chebyshev-Chebyshev frequency response is proposed. Instead of using cross-couplings between non-adjacent resonators, composite resonators are employed to produce transmission zeros in order to get sharp attenuations of the filter. The filter has as many transmission zeros in both its lower and upper stopbands as the number of resonators it used. The theory is developed based on the well-know lumped-element equivalent circuit of a BPF. Therefore, the classical design equations remain valid provided a few new formulas are supplemented. An easy realization method of the filter using microstrip lines is described, and 2-degree and 3-degree example filters with modified Chebyshev-Chebyshev response are designed. The measured filter characteristics agree excellently with the theoretical predictions.


Memory models are hard to reason about due to their complexity, which stems from the need to strike a balance between ease-of-programming and allowing compiler and hardware optimizations. In this paper, we present an automated tool, MemSAT, that helps in debugging and reasoning about memory models. Given an axiomatic specification of a memory model and a multi-threaded test program containing assertions, MemSAT outputs a trace of the program in which both the assertions and the memory model axioms are satisfied, if one can be found. The tool is fully automatic and is based on a SAT solver. If it cannot find a trace, it outputs a minimal subset of the memory model and program constraints that are unsatisfiable. We used MemSAT to check several existing memory models against their published test cases, including the current Java Memory Model by Manson et al. and a revised version of it by Sevcik and Aspinall. We found subtle discrepancies between what was expected and the actual results of test programs.


The impact of introducing a realistic orographic forcing into a uniform- and variable-resolution stretched-grid GCM dynamical core is investigated by performing long-term and medium-range integrations. Comparisons are made between various stretched-grid simulations and a control that consists of a uniform grid integration at high resolution. These comparisons include those where the orography has and has not been filtered to eliminate small-scale noise. Results from the region of interest with highest resolution show that 1) the stretched-grid GCM provides an efficient downscaling over the area of interest, that is, it properly simulates not only largescale but also mesoscale features; and 2) the introduction of orography has a greater impact than the effect of stretching. Results presented here suggest that dynamical core integrations with both uniform and stretched grids should consider orographic forcing as an integral part of the model dynamics.


In recent years, live imaging has been adopted to study stem cells in their native environment at cellular resolution. In the skeletal muscle field, this has led to visualising the initial events of muscle repair in mouse, and the entire regenerative response in zebrafish. Here, we review recent discoveries in this field obtained from live imaging studies. Tracking of tissue resident stem cells, the satellite cells, following injury has captured the morphogenetic dynamics of stem/progenitor cells as they facilitate repair. Asymmetric satellite cell division generated a clonogenic progenitor pool, providing in vivo validation for this mechanism. Furthermore, there is an emerging role of stem/progenitor cell guidance at the injury site by cellular protrusions. This review concludes that live imaging is a critical tool for discovering the distinct processes that occur during regeneration, emphasising the importance of imaging in diverse animal models to capture the entire scope of stem cell functions.


Industrial systems require efficient techniques to observe the stable operation of various industrial processes and to achieve optimal control. Considering the importance of industrial processes, Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID), Adaptive PID, and fuzzy logic are the most utilized control systems. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a low-cost solution for the industrial processes requiring control and having the flexibility of graphical user interface. In this paper, an experimental study on flow rate control system for water flowing in a vessel is realized and implemented using Proportional (P), Proportional Derivative (PD), Proportional Integral (PI), and PID controllers with Programming Logic Controller (PLC). For optimal control, the constants for the PID controller are calculated based on Zeigler-Nichols (ZN) rules. ZN tuning rules can be used to find controller constants where the plant dynamics are not available. The experimental analysis is performed to validate the theoretical concepts. The achieved results and analysis demonstrate that the process variable, which is water inflow rate 4.92L/minute, is equal to the set point without any overshoot and remains controllable at every set point change.


PURPOSE
A number of recent studies have proposed that light emitted by the Cherenkov effect may be used for a number of radiation therapy dosimetry applications. Here we investigate the fundamental nature and accuracy of the technique for the first time by using a theoretical and Monte Carlo based analysis.

METHODS
Using the GEANT4 architecture for medically-oriented simulations (GAMOS) and BEAMnrc for phase space file generation, the light yield, material variability, field size and energy dependence, and overall agreement between the Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition for electron, proton, and flattened, unflattened, and parallel opposed x-ray photon beams was explored.

RESULTS
Due to the exponential attenuation of x-ray photons, Cherenkov light emission and dose deposition were identical for monoenergetic pencil beams. However, polyenergetic beams exhibited errors with depth due to beam hardening, with the error being inversely related to beam energy. For finite field sizes, the error with depth was inversely proportional to field size, and lateral errors in the umbra were greater for larger field sizes. For opposed beams, the technique was most accurate due to an averaging out of beam hardening in a single beam. The technique was found to be not suitable for measuring electron beams, except for relative dosimetry of a plane at a single depth. Due to a lack of light emission, the technique was found to be unsuitable for proton beams.

CO NCLUSIONS
The results from this exploratory study suggest that optical dosimetry by the Cherenkov effect may be most applicable to near monoenergetic x-ray photon beams (e.g. Co-60), dynamic IMRT and VMAT plans, as well as narrow beams used for SRT and SRS. For electron beams, the technique would be best suited for superficial dosimetry, and for protons the technique is not applicable due to a lack of light emission. NIH R01CA109558 and R21EB017559.


Ten male and nine female habituated chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Kasoje area of the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania, were weighed intermittently between December 1973 and March 1980 by luring them up a rope hung on a spring balance: six adult males averaged 42.0 kg and eight adult females 35.2 kg. Seasonal change in body weight was recognized at least partially; body weights tended to decrease in the later part of the wet season presumably because of food shortage in the middle of the wet season. Comparison of body weight among three populations of the same subspecies suggests that adult female chimpanzees of Mahale appear to be heavier than those of the Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and that they seem to be similar to the forest-living counterparts of eastern Zaire. On the other hand, body weights of adult male chimpanzees from the three populations do not show significant differences. Perhaps feeding competition among adult females in a small, isolated habitat is more severe than that among adult males, which may result in the body weight reduction among adult female chimpanzees at Gombe.


In this study, 69 lactobacilli isolated from Tibetan Qula, a raw yak milk cheese, were screened for their potential use as probiotics. The isolates were tested in terms of: Their ability to survive at pH 2.0, pH 3.0, and in the presence of 0.3% bile salts; tolerance of simulated gastric and intestinal juices; antimicrobial activity; sensitivity against 11 specific antibiotics; and their cell surface hydrophobicity. The results show that out of the 69 strains, 29 strains (42%) had survival rates above 90% after 2 h of incubation at pH values of 2.0 or 3.0. Of these 29 strains, 21 strains showed a tolerance for 0.3% bile salt. Incubation of these 21 isolates in simulated gastrointestinal fluid for 3 h revealed survival rates above 90%; the survival rate for 20 of these isolates remained above 90% after 4 h of incubation in simulated intestinal fluid. The viable counts of bacteria after incubation in simulated gastric fluid for 3 h and simulated intestinal fluid for 4 h were both significantly different compared with the counts at 0 h (p<0.001). Further screening performed on the above 20 isolates indicated that all 20 lactobacilli strains exhibited inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115, and Salmonella enterica ATCC 43971. Moreover, all of the strains were resistant to vancomycin and streptomycin. Of the 20 strains, three were resistant to all 11 elected antibiotics (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin G, ampicillin, streptomycin, polymyxin B, vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, and gentamicin) in this study, and five were sensitive to more than half of the antibiotics. Additionally, the cell surface hydrophobicity of seven of the 20 lactobacilli strains was above 70%, including strains Lactobacillus casei 1,133 (92%), Lactobacillus plantarum 1086-1 (82%), Lactobacillus casei 1089 (81%), Lactobacillus casei 1138 (79%), Lactobacillus buchneri 1059 (78%), Lactobacillus plantarum1141 (75%), and Lactobacillus plantarum 1197 (71%). Together, these results suggest that these seven strains are good probiotic candidates, and that tolerance against bile acid, simulated gastric and intestinal juices, antimicrobial activity, antibiotic resistance, and cell surface hydrophobicity could be adopted for preliminary screening of potentially probiotic lactobacilli.


Electron micrographs of a fraction containing dimers isolated from pooled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) suggest essentially a cyclic geometry compatible with bivalently associated monomers. It is obvious that such a structure can be produced by idiotype (Id)--anti-idiotype (anti-Id) interactions where the latter are able to neutralize certain combining site related Id functions. Accordingly, antibody (ab) activities against tetanus toxoid (tt) and rubella antigen (ag) were found to be almost exclusively confined to the monomeric molecules in preparations composed of monomers and dimers only. Moreover, electron micrographs of complexes prepared from a murine monoclonal Id as well as anti-Id reveal the presence of ring complexes, especially of cyclic tetramers. Gel filtration patterns of mixtures containing equimolar concentrations (concns) of such abs (1.6 x 10(-6) M) show, correspondingly for 9 different Id--anti-Id pairs and therefore probably representing a more common feature, mainly the formation of even-numbered complexes, especially tetramers. That is basically in accordance to an equilibrium model developed by Archer and Krakauer but not from a quantitative point of view because non-ideality terms had not been originally included. Despite taking strain energies determined by Schumaker et al. for cyclic complexes of polyclonal rabbit abs and a bivalent hapten into account for computation of size distribution patterns, the predominant formation of dimers was, nevertheless, again predicted by the modified theory in contrast to the experimental results. Fundamental conformity could only be achieved by further decreasing one of the statistical factors, namely the ring closing factor, which theoretically influences the generation of cyclic dimers. Therefore, referring to the experimental results of Schumaker et al., we postulate a strain energy well above 700 cal/mol for cyclic dimers produced by interacting Ids and anti-Ids. In general, the findings confirm predictions based on the interpretation of recent kinetic studies.


This chapter discusses the organization of the modern court structure and what each court does. The courts in England and Wales (ie excluding the Supreme Court which is a UK court) are administered by a single agency, HM Courts and Tribunal Service. The courts of original jurisdiction (ie which hear trials of first instance) are ordinarily the magistrates' court, county court, Crown Court, and High Court although they have now been joined by the Family Court. The Crown Court and High Court have both an original and appellate jurisdiction. The High Court is divided into three divisions (Queen's Bench Division, Chancery Division, and Family Division) and when two or more judges sit together in the High Court it is known as a Divisional Court. The chapter also briefly describes the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, Court of Protection, and Coroner's Courts.


An ab initio, systematic study on the aromaticity involving the group of metalated extended porphyrins, termed meso-hexakis(pentafluorophenyl)-substituted[26]hexaphyrin(18.104.22.168.1.1) (HP), was performed for the first time. The aromatic behavior of the system shifted to antiaromatic in the [28]HP analogue, due to the presence of hydrogen atoms that break the orbital symmetry. The absorption bands observed in the experiment were assigned to an intraligand charge transfer, where the intrametallic character is also important. The excited states reveal the absorption of visible light and the possibility of electronic transfer to different systems. We propose a system such as single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWCNHs), due to their special electronic properties, and predict a novel nanohybrid material. The evidence of electronic communication between both species is presented in this work. The HP aromaticity and the spatial configuration of the interaction with SWCNHs are also related to the strength of electronic transfer among the systems, making the HP metalated antiaromatic species and their corresponding nanohybrids potential candidates to be used as building blocks in photovoltaic cell materials. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The effect of grape maturity on proanthocyanidin concentration, composition and transfer into wine was studied. Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir grapes (Pommard clone) were monitored for three consecutive vintages (2001 to 2003). Proanthocyanidin content was monitored by reversed-phase HPLC after acid-catalyzed cleavage in the presence of excess phloroglucinol (phloroglucinolysis). After three growing seasons, results indicated that an increase in heat summation between fruit set and veraison was associated with an increase in proanthocyanidin content in grapes and wine. Maturity did not have a consistent effect on the total proanthocyanidin content in wine, but the proportion of seed-derived proanthocyanidins extracted consistently increased with maturity.


Case report A 7‐year‐old female spayed Labrador Retriever was managed for suspected carbamate toxicosis after confirmed ingestion of a large amount of methiocarb. Therapy included decontamination, supportive care and management for aspiration pneumonia. On the third day of hospitalisation, after an initial clinical improvement, the dog developed respiratory muscle weakness, inspiratory dyspnoea and pronounced cervical muscle weakness. These delayed clinical signs were consistent with the 'intermediate syndrome' described in some cases of organophosphate and carbamate toxicoses in humans and also described in one case of organophosphate toxicosis in the dog. Intermediate syndrome has not been reported in carbamate toxicosis in the dog. Conclusion This case report highlights the necessity for veterinarians to monitor for additional complications not commonly considered in acute carbamate toxicoses.


Object constraint language (OCL) is the object management group standard language for the precise specification of constraints associated with MetaObject facility specification-compliant models and metamodels. Although OCL has been created with the intention of being a simpler language when compared with traditional formal specification languages, it is common to find specifications containing OCL constraints that are difficult to understand and evolve. A set of potential problematic constructions often found in specifications written in OCL and a set of refactorings that can be applied to remove them are presented. We present an experimental study that has been performed to evaluate the effects of applying those strategies on the understandability of OCL specifications. The approach to provide automated support for OCL refactorings is also discussed.


The plethora of Artifact Rejection (AR) techniques proposed for removing electrooculographic (EOG) artifacts from electroencephalographic (EEG) signals can be separated into two main categories. The first category is composed of regression - based methods, while the second one consists of Blind Source Separation (BSS) - methods. A major disadvantage of BSS - based methodology is that the artifactual components include also neural activity, thus their rejection leads to the distortion of the underlying cerebral activity. The current study tries to solve the aforementioned problem by proposing a new hybrid algorithm for EOG AR. According to this automatic approach, called REG-ICA, Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is used to decompose EEG signals into spatial independent components (ICs). Then an adaptive filter, based on a stable Version of the Recursive Least Square (sRLS) algorithm, is applied to ICs so as to remove only EOG artifacts and maintain the neural signals intact. Then the cleaned ICs are projected back, reconstructing the artifact  free EEG signals. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique, REG-ICA has been compared with the Least Mean Square (LMS) approach, in simulated EEG data. Two criteria were used for the comparison: how successfully algorithms remove eye blinking artifacts, and how much the EEG signals are distorted. Results support the argument that REG-ICA removes successfully EOG activity, while it minimizes the distortion of the underlying cerebral activity in contrast to LMS.


Flow of a two-phase, gas-liquid fluid in a model wellbore has been studied. Observations using an air-water system are related to in-wellbore phase separation of two-phase steam typical of that being injected into multiple perforations or zones. The air-water system has a phase density difference similar to steam vapor and liquid. Results show that when such a two-phase fluid exits the injection tubing in the model wellbore, separation of the phases occurs. This may translate into non-uniform steam quality distribution at various points in an interval undergoing steam injection. Phase separation in the wellbore is of concern because it may affect steam drive or stimulation efficiency.


. Starting from the temporary intimate activities or services represented by the popular "lovers for a day" recently, this paper explored the value on love and marriage of the youth group in the course of social individualization to mine the love and marriage features of the youth group in the second modernity. This thesis further excavated the individualized characteristics and love and marriage dimensions of the youth group using the K-means clustering analysis, the synthetic evaluation model, the SEM model and other methods. Research found that "lovers for a day" were the modern individualization trend and the products of the compromise of the traditional view of marriage and love at home. The "fast - food" culture prevails for the moment. With a small social circle, a fairly large number of youth attempt to make acquaintance with more opposite sex through temporary intimate services and activities. Moreover, youth have a certain cognitive bias towards themselves and the opposite sex on account of the diversity of information and convenience of information acquisition. Finally, youth who recognize love and marriage and pursue a higher value of life are more likely to tolerate sexual love and get married. This paper believed that we should play the role of communities and public opinions to create a pleasant social atmosphere for the right-age youth group; besides, we should mould a fine family tradition; finally, youth individuals should also improve their self-cultivation and correct their attitude towards love.


Score-based generative models have demonstrated highly promising results for medical image reconstruction tasks in magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. However, their application to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is still largely unexplored. PET image reconstruction involves a variety of challenges, including Poisson noise with high variance and a wide dynamic range. To address these challenges, we propose several PET-specific adaptations of score-based generative models. The proposed framework is developed for both 2D and 3D PET. In addition, we provide an extension to guided reconstruction using magnetic resonance images. We validate the approach through extensive 2D and 3D $\textit{in-silico}$ experiments with a model trained on patient-realistic data without lesions, and evaluate on data without lesions as well as out-of-distribution data with lesions. This demonstrates the proposed method's robustness and significant potential for improved PET reconstruction.


The impact of cancer immunotherapy on clinical cancer care is growing rapidly. However, there are several mechanisms by which a tumor can avoid recognition and/or elimination by the immune system. Immune recognition, activation, and infiltration are each required for effective clearance of a tumor by the immune system. Impairment of any one of these mechanisms requires a different therapeutic strategy or combination of strategies to significantly address. The development of new multi-modal biomarker technologies that have the ability to provide insight into each of these factors in a cost-effective manner is essential to effectively guide treatment choice for patients and to discover new therapeutic targets. We have developed Paragon, which is an RNA sequencing based panel that utilizes novel informatics technologies to provide a comprehensive picture of a tumor's transcriptomic and immune micro-environment. There are three distinct outputs of Paragon: measurement of the expression levels of ten immune checkpoint genes, quantification of the total mutational burden of the tumor, and the levels of infiltration of 24 different immune cell subtypes within the tumor microenvironment. These outputs collectively inform the various mechanisms that tumors use to evade recognition and clearance by the immune system. We show that Cofactor Paragon accurately reports on gene expression, mutational burden and infiltrating leukocytes compared to gold standard methods from just 20 ng of FFPE tumor RNA. We further analyze the data to show the correlation between mutational burden and infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell levels. Finally, we show how Paragon can identify expression of genes involved in inhibitory tumor metabolism that correlate with resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy. These results position Cofactor Paragon as a novel tool that can help identify ideal therapeutic strategies in immuno-oncology. Citation Format: Ryan Bloom, Raman Talwar, Jeff Hiken, Jon Armstrong. Cofactor Paragon: a novel tool to analyze the tumor microenvironment using RNAseq [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1999. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1999


Abstract Background: Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe form of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Our aim was to analyze the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnostic approach, and outcome of tuberculous meningitis in childhood. Methods: During a 25-y period (1984–2008), 43 children, aged 7 months to 13 y, were hospitalized in the Paediatric Department of the referral centre for infectious diseases in Thessaloniki, Greece with the diagnosis of TBM. The patients were classified according to the clinical findings on admission as per the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) staging: stage I, 16/43 (37.2%) children; stage II, 16/43 (37.2%); and stage III 11/43 (25.6%). Results: Twenty-seven of the 43 patients were Greek (63%) and none had been BCG-vaccinated. A family history of tuberculosis was identified in 18 cases (42%). 35 patients (81%) had a positive tuberculin skin test. An extrameningeal site of infection was identified in 14 children (33%); pulmonary tuberculosis in 14/43 patients (5/13 miliary tuberculosis) and spondylitis in 1. All patients were treated with anti-tuberculous drugs and 36 (84%) also received corticosteroids. Complications during hospitalization (coma, seizures, cranial nerve palsy, hydrocephalus) presented in 26 patients (60%). Two patients died (5%) and 6 (14%) had permanent neurological sequelae. Conclusion: TBM, although rare, remains a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Early clinical diagnosis and appropriate treatment initiation are important for the prognosis.


This article explores the potential of tailoring the inherent principles of the Strengths Approach (McCashen, 2005) for preparing early childhood educators to work with children and families with complex needs. The term Strengths Approach (capitalized) is presented in the article as the name of a specific approach developed by St. Lukes (McCashen, 2005) while the term strengths approaches (lower case) is included for broader references to strengths-based organizational practices. The Strengths Approach is a solutions-focused way of openly addressing issues that occur in human services by identifying and using the strengths and resources of all stakeholders. Although commonly used in social service organizations, the Strengths Approach has not been widely adopted in early childhood education and care contexts or in teacher education courses. Drawing on our previous Australian and American interdisciplinary research in psychology, child development, and early childhood preservice teacher training for child protection, we examine the possibility of teacher educators also introducing the Strengths Approach in preservice teacher training as a framework to enhance future parent–educator communication across a range of children's early development, protection, attachment, and learning needs.


The Journal recently published a study by Westbrook et al. on improving the delivery of Comprehensive Medical Assessment (CMA) services by general practitioners (GPs) to residents of aged care facilities [1]. One of their findings was a substantial increase in CMA delivery in 2008, attributed to the introduction of the Aged Care Funding Instrument (ACFI) assessment process in 2007. This requires further discussion. Given that the ACFI is a regulatory mechanism for residential aged care facilities (RACFs), not GPs, it seems unlikely that it would be a major influence on GP service delivery. Upon introduction, ACFI policy guidance to GPs made it clear that CMAs remained 'a voluntary service' [2], not a requirement.


The biopolymers extracted from sea hydrocoles were screened and a group of sulfated polysaccharides--fucoidans having a pronounced inhibitory effect on the adsorption of Hantaan virus in the cultured Vero E6 cells was identified. The mechanism of action of sulfated polysaccharides was realized through competitive carbohydrate-specific binding to cell membrane receptors and through ligand-receptor interaction and blocking of Hantaan virus glycoproteins (G1 and G2).


ABSTRACT Erythropoietin (Epo) is a major regulator of erythropoiesis that alters the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of erythroid progenitor cells. The mechanism by which these events are regulated has not yet been determined. Using HB60, a newly established erythroblastic cell line, we show here that Epo-induced terminal erythroid differentiation is associated with a transient downregulation in the expression of the Ets-related transcription factor Fli-1. Constitutive expression of Fli-1 in HB60 cells, similar to retroviral insertional activation of Fli-1 observed in Friend murine leukemia virus (F-MuLV)-induced erythroleukemia, blocks Epo-induced differentiation while promoting Epo-induced proliferation. These results suggest that Fli-1 modulates the response of erythroid cells to Epo. To understand the mechanism by which Fli-1 regulates erythropoiesis, we searched for downstream target genes whose expression is regulated by this transcription factor. Here we show that the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene, which was previously shown to be involved in the development of mature erythrocytes, contains a Fli-1 consensus binding site within its promoter. Fli-1 binds to this cryptic Ets consensus site within the Rb promoter and transcriptionally represses Rb expression. Both the expression level and the phosphorylation status of Rb are consistent with the response of HB60 cells to Epo-induced terminal differentiation. We suggest that the negative regulation ofRb by Fli-1 could be one of the critical determinants in erythroid progenitor cell differentiation that is specifically deregulated during F-MuLV-induced erythroleukemia.


Organizational communication scholars have historically conducted research in large for-profit businesses, governmental agencies, and a few high-profile nonprofits/NGOs—all of which are relatively easy to access and presumably "safe" to study. It is largely unsurprising, then, that limited scholarship addresses the challenges associated with conducting research in less standard contexts that are often perceived to be difficult, dangerous, and/or vulnerable (DDV). In this forum, we offer lived stories—unfiltered messy narratives—to demystify three core ethical challenges inherent in conducting research of this nature and share how we (imperfectly) navigated them. In addition, we offer practical strategies for conducting research in DDV contexts. Taken together, our overall collective aim is to successfully prepare future scholars to conduct research projects in DDV contexts.


Abstract In recent years, the destruction of (persistent) organic pollutants and the immobilization of heavy metals and radioactive nuclides in contaminated matrices by mechanochemical treatment have been proved. Several studies demonstrate a remarkable versatility of the high energy ball milling technology in the detoxification of contaminated soil, a primary issue that demand rapid and adequate solutions. In the present mini-review, scientific and technological aspects of polluted soil mechanochemical treatment are discussed. In addition, an economic feasibility study is performed, employing technical and cost data obtained by constructors. It corroborates the competitiveness of the mechanochemical treatment as potential cleaning technology.


Clouds are notoriously difficult to simulate. Here, we separate and quantify the impact of Pacific climate modes on total cloud cover (TCC) variability, using reliable satellite observations together with state-of-the art reanalysis outputs, over the 1979–2020 period. The two most prominent modes of annual TCC variability show intense loadings over the Pacific basin and explain most of the variance in what could be considered the "signal" in satellite TCC data. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) provides coupled TCC—sea surface temperature (SST) patterns that are linked to the Eastern Pacific (EP) ElNiño—Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Central Pacific (CP) ENSO in a physically consistent manner. The two ENSO modes dominate global coupled SST–TCC variability with the footprint of the CP ENSO explaining roughly half of the variance induced by the EP ENSO among these coupled fields. Both the EP and the CP ENSO exert an influence on Pacific decadal TCC variability. The impact of both ENSO modes on global total cloud cover variability is amplified by two positive feedbacks. These results could be used as a reference for model investigations on future projections of coupled TCC—SST variability responses to the CP and the EP ENSO.


Background: Population-based data on the risk assessment of newly diagnosed cervical cancer patients' bone metastasis (CCBM) are lacking. This study aimed to develop various predictive models to assess the risk of bone metastasis via machine learning algorithms. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the CCBM patients from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database of the National Cancer Institute to risk factors of the presence of bone metastasis. Clinical usefulness was assessed by Akaike information criteria (AIC) and multiple machine learning algorithms based predictive models. Concordance index (C-index) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used to define the predictive and discriminatory capacity of predictive models. Results: A total of 16 candidate variables were included to develop predictive models for bone metastasis by machine learning. The areas under the ROC curve (AUCs) of the random forest model (RF), generalized linear model (GL), support vector machine (SVM), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), artificial neutral network (ANN), decision tree (DT), and naive bayesian model (NBM) ranged from 0.85 to 0.93. The RF model with 10 variables was developed as the optimal predictive model. The weight of variables indicated the top seven factors were organ-site metastasis (liver, brain, and lung), TNM stage and age. Conclusions: Multiple machine learning based predictive models were developed to identify risk of bone metastasis in cervical cancer patients. By incorporating clinical characteristics and other candidate variables showed robust risk stratification for CCBM patients, and the RF predictive model performed best among these predictive models.


Abstract This work investigates the influence of geo-cultural proximity and exposure to news and crime-action drama on the cultivation effect. A content analysis of prime-time programming (N = 63 hours) was used to compose questions about the prevalence of policemen, lawyers, and salesmen in the USA and Israel. A sample of 655 students answered the questions. Viewing of American programming is significantly correlated with a tendency to hold a biased estimation of the prevalence of all three occupations in America in a manner that resembles the world of TV content. Viewing of Israeli programs has no such impact. Viewing of news and crime-action drama and general viewing have no systematic influence on the estimations made about any of the countries.


AIM
To compare closure methods, closure times and medical costs between two groups of patients who had post-endoscopic resection (ER) artificial ulcer floor closures.

METHODS
Nineteen patients with duodenal adenoma, early duodenal cancer, and subepithelial tumors that received ER between September 2009 and September 2014 at Kagawa University Hospital and Ehime Rosai Hospital, an affiliated hospital of Kagawa University, were included in the study. We retrospectively compared two groups of patients who received post-ER artificial ulcer floor closure: the conventional clip group vs the over-the-scope clip (OTSC) group. Delayed bleeding, procedure time of closure, delayed perforation, total number of conventional clips and OTSCs and medical costs were analyzed.

RESULTS
Although we observed delayed bleeding in three patients in the conventional clip group, we observed no delayed bleeding in the OTSC group (P = 0.049). We did not observe perforation in either group. The mean procedure times for ulcer closure were 33.26 ± 12.57 min and 9.71 ± 2.92 min, respectively (P = 0.0001). The resection diameters were 18.8 ± 1.30 mm and 22.9 ± 1.21 mm for the conventional clip group and the OTSC group, respectively, with significant difference (P = 0.039). As for medical costs, the costs of all conventional clips were USD $1257 and the costs of OTSCs were $7850 (P = 0.005). If the post-ER ulcer is under 20 mm in diameter, a conventional clip closure may be more suitable with regard to the prevention of delayed perforation and to medical costs.

CONCLUSION
If the post-ER ulcer is over 20 mm, the OTSC closure should be selected with regard to safety and reliable closure even if there are high medical costs.


In this paper, a multi-functional soft robot module that can be used to constitute a variety of soft robots is proposed. The body of the soft robot module made of rubber is in the shape of a long strip, with cylindrical chambers at both the top end and bottom end of the module for the function of actuators and sensors. The soft robot module is driven by supercoiled polymer artificial muscle (SCPAM) strings, which are made from conductive nylon sewing threads. Artificial muscle strings are embedded in the chambers of the module to control its deformation. In addition, SCPAM strings are also used for the robot module's sensing based on the linear relationship between the string's length and their resistance. The bending deformation of the robot is measured by the continuous change of the sensor's resistance during the deformation of the module. Prototypes of an inchworm-like crawling robot and a soft robotic gripper are made, whose crawling ability and grasping ability are tested, respectively. We envision that the proposed proprioceptive soft robot module could potentially be used in other robotic applications, such as continuum robotic arm or underwater robot.


A series of physical and chemical changes, including the shrinkage and the phase transformation, will continuously take place during the sintering process of ceramic green body, which is important for designing a scientific and economic sintering schedule. The sintering behavior of two electrical porcelains and a structural tile were investigated using thermal analysis techniques. The dehydration, phase changes and densification of ceramic green body during sintering process were characterized by DSC-TG and thermal expansion curves. The sintering temperature range of ceramic green body was measured by thermal dilatometer with different heating rates. The sintering temperature Ts is linear to the logarithm of heating rate V. The results were compared with that measured by conventional refractoriness tester. The Ts is much more accurate to evaluate the sintering behavior of ceramic green body from the thermal analysis technique than that from the traditional method. The projected sintering schedule is very concordant to the experimental sintering results.


Consumption of foods that are high in fat contributes to obesity and metabolism-related disorders that are increasing in prevalence and present an enormous health burden throughout the world. Dietary lipids are comprised of triglycerides and fatty acids, and the highly palatable taste of dietary fatty acids promotes food consumption, activates reward centers in mammals, and underlies hedonic feeding. Despite a central role of dietary fats in the regulation of food intake and the etiology of metabolic diseases, little is known about how fat consumption regulates sleep. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, provides a powerful model system for the study of sleep and metabolic traits, and flies potently regulate sleep in accordance with food availability. To investigate the effects of dietary fats on sleep regulation, we have supplemented fatty acids into the diet of Drosophila and measured their effects on sleep and activity. We found that feeding flies a diet of hexanoic acid, a medium-chain fatty acid that is a by-product of yeast fermentation, promotes sleep by increasing the number of sleep episodes. This increase in sleep is dose-dependent and independent of the light-dark cues. Diets consisting of other fatty acids, including medium- and long-chain fatty acids, also increase sleep, suggesting many fatty acid types promote sleep. To assess whether dietary fatty acids regulate sleep through the taste system, we assessed sleep in flies with a mutation in the hexanoic acid receptor Ionotropic receptor 56d, which is required for fatty acid taste perception. We found that these flies also increase their sleep when fed a hexanoic acid diet, suggesting the sleep promoting effect of hexanoic acid is not dependent on sensory perception. Overall, these results define a role for fatty acids in sleep regulation, providing a foundation to investigate the molecular and neural basis for fatty acid-dependent modulation of sleep duration.


The problem of electromagnetic waves scattering by a double-periodic grating is solved by the new method based on the rigorous volume integro-differential equations. The Galerkin method is applied to reduce this volume integro-differential equation to set of second-order differential ones with constant coefficients in functionals. Numerical solution was obtained for the simplest double-periodic magneto-dielectric rectangular-cell grating as an example of a structure with translational symmetry.


This paper is a contribution to the worldwide media reform movement, which is seeking ways to reverse the decline of public interest journalism, especially the in-depth coverage of political issues that is needed for healthy democracies. Several prominent thinkers are advocating similar reforms, in which voters would allocate some government funds among competing media organizations. I compare these reform designs, and recommend an experimental approach to help us improve our designs. The first such experiments have taken place for the past six years in the University of British Columbia's student union. With media funding of only $8,000 per year, we succeeded in encouraging creation of new media and improvement of existing media, providing insightful coverage of student elections and government. I suggest further experiments in student unions and municipal governments, and speculate on how voter funded media systems may evolve, as they grow to national scale and extend to covering corporations. These systems may eventually broaden to become competitive markets for other public goods besides journalism.


Introduction Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are the most ancient, widespread and ubiquitous of all the groups of mycorrhiza: they have a global distribution in widely contrasting plant communities including the Tropics, the Boreal forest, arctic tundra and all types of grassland. Considerable effort has been made in recent years in order to set AMF within a robust phylogeny. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques have enabled scientists to place AMF in a new division, the Glomeromycota. At present, this division contains only about 150 species, which is remarkable given the enormous number of plant species the fungi readily colonize. The mutualistic symbioses that AMF form with their host plants give rise to a number of important benefits to both the plant and fungus. A brief glance at a standard mycorrhizal text will list many ecologically important attributes, such as improved disease resistance, water uptake, nutrient transfer and the ability of the fungus to be a major sink for photosynthate. Indeed, the importance of AMF for nutrient uptake and carbon allocation has been recognized for decades. The ability of AMF (and other mycorrhizal types) to utilize recent plant photosynthate and thus have access to a near continuous supply of energy immediately gives them a potential advantage over saprotrophic micro-organisms, which are forced to obtain their energy in the highly carbon-limited heterogeneous soil environment.


Padang City is the epicenter of the spread of COVID-19 in West Sumatra, with the highest cases of COVID-19. As a result of which, infectious waste in hospitals has increased. This study aims to build a model for controlling hospital infectious waste in Padang City based on a dynamic system and formulate scenarios and policy recommendations for controlling hospital infectious waste in Padang City based on a dynamic system. This type of research is quantitative with a system-dynamic approach. The research location is in Padang City from March 2020 – July 2022. Descriptive data is presented in the form of tables and graphs. Dynamic system modeling used Powersim Studio 10. The infectious waste control model for hospitals in Padang City based on the dynamic system of the COVID-19 pandemic case obtained simulation results from a population of 909,040 people in Padang City, there were 57.38% of the population exposed, 10.06% positive for COVID-19, 71.9% self-isolation, 28.1% hospitalized, and 1.27% death. Vaccination simulation obtained 85% vaccination 1, 69.69% vaccination 2, and 11.73% booster vaccination. From the hospital infectious waste simulation, there was an increase in the generation of infectious waste by 100% compared to before the pandemic. Model validity test obtained AME declared valid (< 10%) (4) Policy recommendations for controlling infectious waste in Padang City hospitals based on the dynamic system of the COVID-19 pandemic case are with the vaccination scenario, health protocols, and PSBB, will opti-mistically reduce positive COVID-19 cases, treatment and the generation of infectious waste in Padang City hospitals.


Switchgrass Establishment And Growth For Biofuels And Carbon Sequestration On Reclaimed Mine Lands In Appalachia Travis L. Keene Climate change mitigation and the high cost of transportation fuels have created an interest in utilizing biofuels to supplement the nation's energy portfolio. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has been suggested as a possible biofuel feedstock because of its ability to produce large amounts of biomass over a wide range of growing conditions and its ability to sequester atmospheric carbon (C) into stable soil organic carbon. Appalachia has the potential to become a center of biofuel production with its large expanses of reclaimed mine land. Switchgrass production on surface mine land offers the opportunity to increase the land resources devoted to energy crops without decreasing land resources devoted to food and livestock feed production. To examine the feasibility of establishing switchgrass as an initial reclamation species, three varieties of switchgrass were planted into 0.4 ha plots at three different surface mines in WV. Each variety was replicated three times for a total of nine plots at each site. Planting was conducted in May of 2008. The varieties Carthage, Cave-in-Rock and Shawnee were chosen for their favorable growing characteristics and adaptation to WV climate. Cover and frequency data from the first growing season showed switchgrass successfully established at all three sites with both broadcast planting and hydroseeding. Cover and biomass data from the second growing season showed that switchgrass performed much better on finer textured soils with higher amounts of soil organic matter, such as was seen with soils reclaimed with municipal biosolids. Biomass averaged 207 kg ha -1 at the Hobet 21 site, 784 kg ha -1 at the Coal-Mac site, and 4,501 kg ha -1 at the Hampshire Hill site. The Cave-in-Rock variety yielded the highest biomass at both Coal-Mac and Hobet 21. Relatively poor performance of switchgrass at Coal-Mac and Hobet 21 indicated that switchgrass, while tolerant of poor soils once established, is unsuited for initial reclamation of nutrient poor and rocky minesoils where good cover and biomass production are expected within one or two years of planting. Another reclaimed mine site in southwestern PA was selected to study C sequestration under different-aged switchgrass stands on mined and unmined soils. Fourteen stands of switchgrass were measured across a chronosequence of establishment on mined and unmined soils ranging from 1991 to 2008. Soil organic C was 1.7% for the 0-15 cm depth and 0.8% for the 15-30 cm depth and was identical for both mined and unmined soils. Switchgrass biomass was higher on unmined plots than mined plots with yields of 8745 kg ha -1 and 6024 kg ha -1 , respectively. Biomass was not correlated with stand age. Soil organic C was not correlated with the age of the established switchgrass stands suggesting that either the soils were in equilibrium with respect to C or that switchgrass was sequestering C at a rate indistinguishable from the previous cool season grass cover. Other factors were correlated to soil organic C. On mined areas, pH was highly correlated with both soil organic C and biomass. This suggests that acidity was a limiting factor and that managing soil fertility through liming treatments was effective at both increasing soil organic C and switchgrass biomass. The chemi-thermal method of Ussiri and Lal (2008) was used to distinguish between C from soil organic, carbonaceous rock, and inorganic carbonate sources. A methodological evaluation of this method was performed to test the hypothesis that C was being removed from shale and coal mixtures often found in mine soils. The removal of geogenic C with this method would cause an overestimation of soil organic C. The chemi-thermal method was performed on pure coal and three mixtures of coal and shale. The pure coal lost 20% of its original C. The coal and shale mixtures lost between 6 and 25% of their original C. The chemi-thermal method was also compared to two simple thermal oxidation steps (340°C for 3 hr and 360°C for 4 hr) by measuring added geogenic C in manufactured carbonaceous rock:soil standards. Two different groups of standards were used consisting of added pure coal and added coal and shale at known concentrations. For both groups, simple thermal oxidation at 340°C at 3 hr was able to more accurately measure added geogenic C than the chemi-thermal method.


In the midwestern and eastern U.S. populations of Drosophila melanogaster, the Standard gene arrangements show higher frequencies in the north than in the south. In a Missouri population, and to a lesser extent in a south Texas population, the frequencies of Standard chromosomes regularly rise during the cold season and drop during the warm season, thus paralleling the north-south frequency differences. In the Missouri population in 1976 and 1978, wild males were tested for their ability to fly to bait at different ambient temperatures. In both years, males flying in nature in the temperature range of 13 degrees to 15 degrees showed significantly higher frequencies of Standard chromosomes than did those flying in the 16 degrees to 28 degrees range. Wild males flying at 13 degrees to 15 degrees also have different thorax/wing proportions and significantly lower wing-loading indices than do those flying at 16 degrees to 28 degrees . Moreover, wild flies homozygous Standard in 2R and/or 3R have significantly lower wing-loading indices than flies carrying inversions in these arms. Thus, wild flies with high frequencies of Standard chromosomes are karyotypically northern, are selectively favored during the cold season, have a relatively low wing-load and are most capable of flying at critically low ambient temperatures.-In summary, in Missouri, presence or absence of the common cosmopolitan inversions is an important factor in low temperature adaptation, and at least part of the adaptive mechanism involves control of thorax/wing proportions and thus control of wing-loading.


This paper examines the degree of polarization of GDP per capita of African economies between 1966 and 2008. Based on a nonparametric analysis, we find that countries tend to cluster in two classes of per capita GDP. Relying on the Wolfson's bipolarization measure, the results reveal that bipolarization has been accelerating during the two first decades and is still growing. We relate the evolution of polarization during the period to the business sectors. We find that countries specialization is the driving force of this evolution, namely, agriculture and industry sectors. We also study the innovation-development polarization relation in a VAR framework using patents and trademarks as measures of innovation.


The article analyzes the tasks of combating threats in the information field and the place of security assessment tools in their context. The features of the architecture of the assessment complexes of various information security tools are analyzed. For an example of assessing the Security information and event management (SIEM), Ishikawa diagram was constructed. On the basis of its analysis, conclusions were drawn about the factors influencing the implementation of the test plan.


One hundred fifty-five randomly selected patients in a private family physician's office were interviewed immediately before and immediately after their visit with the doctor in an attempt to assess the degree of misunderstanding that occurs in doctor-patient communications. Fifty-four percent of these patients either forgot to mention all their medical problems to the physician or they confused or forgot certain instructions concerning their diagnosis or treatment. A X2 analysis failed to reveal any significant sex or age differences in the proportions of misunderstandings. There was also no correlation between the number of misunderstandings, the amount of time the doctor spent with the patients, the patient's rating of their own health on a scale of one to ten, and the patients' complaints or praises about their medical treatment. The number of years of formal education completed by the patient showed a direct relationship to the number of misunderstandings. Patients on their first three visits to this office tended to misunderstand more of their medical instructions. Furthermore, the study suggested that patients with chronic internal diseases and those who express excessive trust in their physician might have an increased proportion of misunderstandings.


It is fair to say that most, if not all, VANET applications rely on accurate location information. It is therefore imperative to provide mechanisms that ensure the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of location information. In this article we present a number of location security mechanisms specifically designed for VANETs. Proposed mechanisms for location integrity range from the use of onboard radar devices and GPS to simpler methods that rely on information fusion. We also address ways to enhance the availability of location information by selecting and maintaining stable routing paths. Finally, we discuss a mechanism that promotes location confidentiality through encryption/decryption and access control using geographical information. Our location information security mechanisms meet the requirements of the Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA) information security model.


Moxifloxacin, an 8-methoxyquinolone, is a new forth generation fluoroquinolone launched recently. Its activity against Gram-positive bacteria is obviously better than most of the older· fluoroquinolones, while its activities against Gram-negative bacteria and atypical organisms such as mycoplasma, chlamydia and listeria remain high as other fluoroquinolones (MIC 90 for most respiratory pathogens 0.06-0.25 mg/L). The increased coverage of Gram-positive pathogens especially S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes, together with its excellent pharmacokinetic property (Cmax 2.5-5.0 mg/L, Tmax 1-4 h . , Tl/2 11.4- 15.6 h. after 400 mg single oral dose) lending it to be used orally as single daily dose, make the drug valuable for ambulatory treatment of both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Clinical studies of the drug on community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis and acute sinusitis have been convincing for its efficacy and safety. Furthermore, a recent study on acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis demonstrated a more rapid resolution of fever and some respiratory symptoms achieved from moxifloxacin treatment compared to those achieved from macrolides. The recommended dose of the drug is 400 mg per oral once daily 5, 7 and 10 days for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, acute sinusitis and community-acquired pneumonia respectively.


In this work, we investigate how hybrid analog-digital coding improves transmission energy efficiency over pure analog or digital schemes. In particular, transmission of correlated sources over the multiple access channels (MAC) is studied. Compared to other works on joint source-channel coding, we consider the general scenario where the source and channel bandwidths are not naturally matched. We first consider lossy transmission of Gaussian sources over the Gaussian noisy MAC. We then treat a Slepian-Wolf problem with binary sources and noisy channels. In both cases we show that hybrid transmission is energy efficient and its energy savings over pure analog or digital transmission is on the order of 3–5 dB.


We investigate homogeneity in the special Colombeau algebra on R as well as on the pierced space R \ {0}. It is shown that strongly scaling invariant functions on R are simply the constants. On the pierced space, strongly homogeneous functions of degree α admit tempered representatives, whereas on the whole space, such functions are polynomials with generalized coefficients. We also introduce weak notions of homogeneity and show that these are consistent with the classical notion on the distributional level. Moreover, we investigate the relation between generalized solutions of the Euler differential equation and homogeneity.


There is a large amount of research on BPD which highlights the pervasive and distressing nature of this disorder along with its resulting high financial cost to services. Previous research exploring intervention options for BPD have found DBT to beneficial in reducing parasuicidal behaviour and it is acknowledged as the intervention of choice for adults. The research evidence on 'what works' for adolescents with BPD is limited, although DBT is an intervention offered in clinical practice. This study aims to contribute to the research on the effectiveness of DBT by exploring adolescents' experience of receiving this therapy.

Five participants took part in the study and verbatim transcripts from their interviews were analysed using Thematic Analysis. The aim of the analysis was to develop understanding on what adolescents found to be the most and least helpful aspects of DBT and to help ascertain whether participants viewed this therapy as effective in reducing their presenting difficulties.

Results identified four main themes which were constructed from the data set; 'Clinical Picture', 'Deciding to start DBT', 'Evaluation of DBT' and 'Change', with each theme containing between two and six sub-themes. The themes were seen to connect with each other to represent participants' journey through therapy.

Clinical implications of the research indicate that clinicians play an important role in the process of therapy and contribute to both positive and negative experiences. It appears there is a need for clinicians working with this client group to be appropriately trained and skilled to provide flexible care. In addition the findings from the current study suggest DBT did not target the multiple and varied problems the adolescents presented with, resulting in on-going difficulties and high levels of disengagement and drop-out rates. Whilst participants felt the intervention contained positive elements, overall they reported dissatisfaction with the outcome of therapy. Services may therefore need to consider alternative or additional intervention options to target adolescents' presenting difficulties and help improve their quality of life.


Objectives: The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of ACT on symptom severity, fear about negative evaluation, quality of life and mediation role of acceptance, cognitive fusion and value among patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with SAD were randomized in the intervention (n=15) or waiting list groups (n=15). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNE), WHO Quality of Life (WHOQOL), Social Anxiety Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (SA-AAQ), Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and Valued Living Questionnaire (VLQ) were administered before, immediately after, and at one month follow up. Repeated measurement design was used in the intervention group to investigate the changes of mediation and outcomes variables in the pretest, during, and posttherapy. Twentyfour patients completed the study. One-way analysis of covariance, Multivariate analysis of covariance and repeated measures was used for analysis. Results: Results showed that there were differences between the intervention and waiting list groups on the severity of symptoms (p=0.001), fear of negative evaluation (p=0.002), and quality of life (p=0.03), as well as in terms of specific measures of SA-AAQ(p=0.001), cognitive fusion (p=0.001), and important section of VLQ(p=0.001). Repeated measurement result showed that acceptance and action of social anxiety and cognitive fusion had a mediating role in the severity of anxiety, fear about negative evaluation, and quality of life. Discussion: Results of the study indicate the effectiveness of ACT for SAD and highlighted mediator contribution acceptance and action and cognitive fusion in severity of social anxiety


There is growing evidence that Huntington's disease (HD) is a multi-system disorder. Although HD is predominantly recognized as a neurodegenerative disease, there is a mounting evidence that peripheral component to its pathology may also contribute to the disease progression. A number of pre-clinical studies in recent years revealed that murine models of HD develop a wide range of peripheral tissue abnormalities including eyes, cardiac and skeletal muscles, even at the pre-symptomatic stage. Hence, the aim of this study was to unravel concomitant disorders in the pre-symptomatic HD subjects. Our study was performed based on two EHDN Study sites in Poznan and Warsaw (Poland) and we collected data about: a frequency of concomitant disorders, age and number of CAG repeats from the REGISTRY and ENROLL-HD programs. In total, we identified 97 presymptomatic individuals using UHDRS as a criterion out of 542 patients between those two EHDN centers. The mean of age for the presymptomatic patients was 32.5 (±SD 8.9) years while the mean of the number of CAG repeats was 42.6 (±SD 3.1). We found that nearly a third of the group (28.9%) did not report any concomitant disorders. However, there was a number of patients that already developed psychiatric diseases (26.8%), predominantly depression was present in 18 cases. Moreover, we found the following comorbid conditions: musculoskeletal disorders and injuries (19.6%), allergies (18.6%), cardiovascular disorders (14.4%), neurological disorders (13.4%), gastrointestinal disorders (9.3%) and thyroid abnormalities (8.2%). A comparative analysis showed that the same comorbidities were observed in the symptomatic and presymptomatic HD subjects, only with a lower frequency in the latter. Our current study revealed for the first time that the peripheral component of HD pathology is already present in the group of presymptomatic HD patients at a similar level to the previously reported study on the group of symptomatic HD patients. The presence of concomitant disorders in over 70% presymptomatic patients might suggest an intrinsic role of mutated HTT across different human organs. These findings need further investigation in clinical settings, however they are in line with a number of preclinical studies that have previously identified a peripheral component in presymptomatic HD mouse models.


The marine shale of southern China is characterized by old sedimentary formations, multiple tectonic activities, and poor preservation conditions. The fracture system in this shale reservoir is extraordinarily complex, greatly adding to difficulties for shale gas exploration and development. Based on field surveys, drilling cores, seismic data interpretation, and experimental tests, we try to characterize the developmental characteristics of shale fractures at different scales and delineate the stages of fractures in the Cen'gong block. The results show that the Cen'gong block is a saddle-shaped structure formed by the northeast-oriented Banxi anticline and the southwest-oriented Lannigan anticline. There are four types of core fractures developed in the study area, namely, pyrite-filled fractures, fibrous veins, subvertical fractures, and slip fractures, and the forming time of these fractures are later in turn based on the intersecting relationships and analysis of filling minerals. The fracture rose diagram and the paleomagnetic orientation experiments indicate that the fracture direction is mainly NNE and partly NW, consistent with the direction of faults identified in the seismic data. Quantitative statistics have been conducted for fracture aperture, length, and density distribution. The fracture abundance has a close relationship with buried depth and regional faults in the study area.


The authors show that the two-carbon-atom 'G' centre is formed via an intermediate complex in which the two carbon atoms are hindered from combining by an energy barrier of 945+or-20 meV.


Here we used meteorological data sets from ERA-5 reanalysis to study the dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of a SACZ event that occurred between December 12 and 26, 2013. This is an atypical SACZ episode with considerable variations in cloudiness band positioning and high rainfall amounts, causing enormous problems for society. We study this case through the Lorenz Energy Cycle (LEC), focusing mainly on the role of diabatic heating in energy generation and consequently in circulation aspects, analyzing the event in three stages (formation, development, and dissipation), and discussing it according to the convection localization pattern. The diabatic heat rate has a large impact on the energy generation of SACZ events at midlevels south of 24°S and below 900 hPa in the tropics. In LEC, the generation terms in the SACZ area were larger at the beginning (December 12-15) and smaller at the ending periods (December 23-26), with means of 21.23 and −7.62 W/m2, respectively. The conversion terms follow the LEC directions, except for barotropic instability [C(KE,KM)<0] that dominates throughout the analyzed periods. The convection area expansion to the north between December 16-22, was reflected by the most intense heating in the tropics and weaker barotropic instability. The friction term did not favor the event decay; therefore, we concluded that the cooling through a negative covariance between Q and T contributed to the event decay. We find that these results were largely influenced by a midlatitude wave train configuration that acted to favor the persistence, expansion, and decay of the event.


I began writing this column in early November of 2016, with less than a week to go before the elections in the United States of America. When it was finished, the election was over and had culminated in a victory that was shocking to foes and supporters alike. By the time this article sees print, this horrid election season will be well behind us and our new president will have been sworn in to office; but the toxic seeds of division that were sown in these not-so-united states will, I fear, remain. Whether those seeds are nurtured to fruition or allowed to wither will depend upon the actions of each and every citizen. High degrees of emotion (anger, frustration, mistrust) were unleashed during the 2016 campaign season, leading to protests that featured both acts of civil disobedience and outright lawless behavior. Those in positions of power must enforce our laws, but reinforcing commonly held beliefs about justice and human decency is the mandate of every citizen. Such a mandate will always find common cause with the pursuit of art and beauty.This installment of "Mindful Voice" is about the twin pillars of emotion (currently on full display in every arena of American life) and empathy (currently in short supply). This article is not about "feeling," but about the neural substrates of emotion that are entwined with our ability to reason and to empathize with others.A BRIEF HISTORY OF EMOTIONRecently, I was asked to give a talk on the topic of emotion and its relation to voice. As apparent as this pairing may seem, emotion itself is a vast and daunting research topic, as well as an age-old conundrum; emotion has bedeviled human beings for as long as we have been sentient.Aristotle's (384-322 BCE) term for emotions was pathe (plural), variously translated as "desires" or "appetites."1 During the 17th century, Rene Descartes recognized the physiologic upheavals generated by the "passions of the soul" and attributed this "agitation" to the pineal gland in the brain, which he believed to be home base for the human soul.2Eighteenth century beliefs about emotion, particularly as influenced by romantic thought, saw emotion as "a kind of excess, something housed in our nature, aching for expression," an idea that persisted throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, and is still present today.3In the early 20th century, emotion experienced a kind of banishment at the hands of behaviorist psychologists, first spearheaded by John B. Watson's 1913 dictum, "Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It," which eschewed the products of the mind (especially emotion) as too frivolous for serious scientific study. Behaviorist psychologists endeavored to join psychology to the ranks of the hard sciences by transforming the field from its Freudian preoccupation with interior mental states, to a discipline strictly confined to considering observable behavior.With the advent of the so-called "cognitive revolution" in the late 1950s, behaviorism came "to be labeled by its opponents as a narrow, rigid, dogmatic and authoritarian system."4 Despite this, behaviorism still reigned as the dominant school of psychology in America for most of the 20th century, and behaviorist principles, particularly tenets of "operant conditioning," were enthusiastically applied to controlling group behavior in settings like prisons, factories, and classrooms.The pioneers of cognitive science chipped away at behaviorism, and eventually displaced it by ushering in the current era of brain science; but those pioneers had as much interest in emotion as their predecessors, which is to say, almost none. Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker has ascribed the omission of emotion at the time as nothing more than plain geekiness. "These were nerdy guys interested in the nerdy aspects of cognition," he explains. "It's not that our emotions aren't interesting topics of study, but these weren't the topics that they were interested in. …


Fat-derived stromal cells can differentiate into various skeletal tissues. Currently the mechanism that determines whether stromal cells differentiate into osteoblasts is unclear and the role of growth/differentiation factor (GDF)-5 in differentiation of fat-derived stromal cells is not fully understood. It appears that the differentiation of stromal cells is greatly enhanced by GDF-5 that plays a role in a variety of musculoskeletal processes such as joint formation, tendon maintenance, and bone formation. Our study showed that GDF-5 promotes the differentiation of rat fat-derived stromal cells into osteogenic lineages in vitro. Furthermore, these findings were confirmed by histology, biochemical assay for alkaline phosphatase activity, and analysis of gene expression. The ability to preferentially stimulate fat-derived stromal cells down the osteogenic pathway holds significance in a variety of clinical scenarios.


A person subject to guardianship has been judicially determined to lack legal capacity. Stripped of legal personhood, the individual becomes a ward of the state and his or her decisions are delegated to a guardian. If the guardian abuses that power or the guardianship has been wrongly imposed — as research suggests is not infrequently the case — the person subject to guardianship may rightly wish to mount a legal challenge. However, effectively doing so requires the assistance of an attorney, and persons subject to guardianship typically have not only been declared by a court to be incapable of directing their own affairs but have been stripped of the capacity to contract. As a result, those who wish to challenge the terms and conditions of their guardianship, or even merely to exercise unrelated retained rights, can be stymied because attorneys are unwilling to accept representation for fear that it is unlawful or unethical. Drawing on constitutional law, as well as the law of agency and contract, this Article shows why such representations are, contrary to the assumptions of many attorneys, not merely legally permissible but essential to protect fundamental constitutional rights. It then explores the professional rules governing attorney conduct in order to show how attorneys may ethically represent persons subject to guardianship. Finally, it proposes a modest change to the Model Rules of Professional Conduct to clarify attorneys' duties in this context.


William J. Perry and Ashton B. Carter, two of the world's foremost defense authorities, draw on their experience as leaders of the U.S. Defense Department to propose a new American security strategy for the twenty-first century. After a century in which aggression had to be defeated in two world wars and then deterred through a prolonged cold war, the authors argue for a strategy centered on prevention. Now that the cold war is over, it is necessary to rethink the risks to U.S. security. The A list--threats to U.S. survival--is empty today. The B list--the two major regional contingencies in the Persian Gulf and on the Korean peninsula that dominate Pentagon planning and budgeting--pose imminent threats to U.S. interests but not to survival. And the C list--such headline-grabbing places as Kosovo, Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda, and Haiti--includes important contingencies that indirectly affect U.S. security but do not directly threaten U.S. interests. Thus the United States is enjoying a period of unprecedented peace and influence; but foreign policy and defense leaders cannot afford to be complacent. The authors' preventive defense strategy concentrates on the dangers that, if mismanaged, have the potential to grow into true A-list threats to U.S. survival in the next century. These include Weimar Russia: failure to establish a self-respecting place for the new Russia in the post-cold war world, allowing it to descend into chaos, isolation, and aggression as Germany did after World War I; Loose Nukes: failure to reduce and secure the deadly legacy of the cold war--nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons in Russia and the rest of the former Soviet Union; A Rising China Turned Hostile: failure to shape China's rise to Asian superpower status so that it emerges as a partner rather than an adversary; Proliferation: spread of weapons of mass destruction; and Catastrophic Terrorism: increase in the scope and intensity of transnational terrorism.They also argue for better management of the defense establishment so the United States will retain a strong military prepared to cope with all contingencies, deter aggressors, and win a conflict if deterrence fails.


ABSTRACT Canine distemper virus causes a severe infectious disease in carnivores worldwide. Herein, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of a new strain (Uy251/2012) isolated from a dog in Uruguay. The Uy251/2012 strain belongs to the Europe1/South America1 lineage, and constitutes the first report of a genomic sequence in South America.


Bipolar disorder (BD) is a serious and widespread chronic mental condition characterized by mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Several studies have linked SIRT-1 (silent mating type information regulation-2 homologs) signalling downregulation to the progression of BD and other neurological dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of solanesol(SNL) in rats with brain intoxication caused by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of ouabain(OUA), with a particular focus on its influence on the SIRT-1 signaling activator in the brain. The goal of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of Solanesol (SNL) in rats treated with ICV-OUA injection, with a special emphasis on its effect on the SIRT-1 signalling activation in the brain. Ouabain (OUA) is a cardiac glycoside that inhibits the Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase). SNL is an active phytoconstituent belongs to the Solanaceae family, derived from the plant Nicotiana tabacum. SNL is employed as a precursor for the production of CoQ10 (Coenzyme Q10), which has potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Lithium (Li), an important mood stabiliser drug employed as a control in the present study. This study looked at the neuroprotective potential of SNL at doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg in ICV-OUA injections, which caused BD-like neurobehavioral deficits in Wistar rats. Wistar rats were divided into eight groups (n=8) and given 1 mM/0.5 l OUA injections for three days. Long-term SNL and lithium administration can reduce the number of rearing and crossings and time spent in the centre, locomotive activity, and immobility time. According to the findings of this study, SNL increases the levels of SIRT-1 in CSF, blood plasma, and brain homogenate samples. In addition, SNL modulates the apoptotic markers like Caspase-3, Bax (pro-apoptotic), and Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) in rat brain homogenates and blood plasma samples. Mitochondrial-ETC complexes enzymes including complex-I, II, IV, V, and CoQ10 were also resorted after the long term administration of SNL. Furthermore, SNL reduced inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) while restoring neurotransmitter (serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and acetylcholine) levels and level of oxidative stress markers. Our neurochemical observations could be validated as diagnostic biomarkers in BD-like conditions. As a result, SNL as SIRT-1 signaling activator could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of BD.


The present invention relates to a gypsum plasterboard comprising a coating slip to be attached on whether the at least one decorative jangsikji forming the outside of the plasterboard. The present invention is characterized in that the coating slip comprises plastic pigments as bleach. The invention also relates to a gypsum plaster board and gypsum plasterboard paper coating slip. Plasterboard, the coating slip, bleaching agents, plastic pigments


Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is associated with multiple infections and a poor clinical outcome. Hypomorphic mutations in nuclear factor κB essential modulator (NEMO)/IκB kinase complex and a hypermorphic mutation in inhibitor α of nuclear factor κB (IκBα) both result in impaired nuclear factor κB activation and are associated with X-recessive and autosomal-dominant forms of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency, respectively. Autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is also associated with a severe T-cell phenotype. It is not known whether hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can cure immune deficiency in children with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. A boy with autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency and a severe T-cell immunodeficiency underwent transplantation at 1 year of age with haploidentical T-cell–depleted bone marrow after myeloablative conditioning. Engraftment occurred, with full hematopoietic chimerism. Seven years after transplantation, clinical outcome is favorable, with normal T-cell development. As expected, the developmental features of the anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia syndrome have appeared and persisted. This is the first report of successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a child with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is well tolerated and efficiently cures the profound immunodeficiency associated with autosomal-dominant anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency.


Oxidative protein folding involves the formation of disulfide bonds and the regeneration of native structure (N) from the fully reduced and unfolded protein (R). Oxidative protein folding studies have provided a wealth of information on underlying physico-chemical reactions by which disulfide-bond-containing proteins acquire their catalytically active form. Initially, we review key events underlying oxidative protein folding using bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A), bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) and hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as model disulfide bond-containing folders and discuss consequential outcomes with regard to their folding trajectories. We re-examine the findings from the same studies to underscore the importance of forming native disulfide bonds and generating a "native-like" structure early on in the oxidative folding pathway. The impact of both these features on the regeneration landscape are highlighted by comparing ideal, albeit hypothetical, regeneration scenarios with those wherein a native-like structure is formed relatively "late" in the R→N trajectory. A special case where the desired characteristics of oxidative folding trajectories can, nevertheless, stall folding is also discussed. The importance of these data from oxidative protein folding studies is projected onto outcomes, including their impact on the regeneration rate, yield, misfolding, misfolded-flux trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the cytoplasm, and the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.


Research on circuit and control system of an environment-friendly equipment applied to hot-phosphating of the drill collar coupling screw thread has been carried out. In terms of the hot-phosphating processing, the functions and requirements of the control system of the equipment were established, which are the essential aim that we design the system. Accordingly, the designs and calculations to the key parts of the circuit and control system have been accomplished. Using PLC, achieved the controlling of the circuit and control system. The whole installation is total-closed and its structure is simple and compact. So this equipment has some important merits such as easy operation and maintenance, low cost of manufacturing and running, high utilization rate and easy maintenance of the phosphating solution. In addition, only to reprogram the LAD program of the PLC can be to meet the changes of the hot-phosphating processing which has good adaptability.


This book says correctly that 'arthritis may well be the diagnosis most commonly encountered by physical therapists'. It is 'intended for all physical therapists at every level of proficiency'. What does it provide them with? The first three chapters are entitled pathophysiology of rheumatic disease, comprehensive care and physical care competencies. The first launches into a complex discussion on the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis immediately after a long table of the class of rheumatic disease. It is difficult to believe that the newly graduated therapist would find this enlightening. It would not give her a framework for thinking about the various degenerative and inflammatory diseases she will encounter. Similarly, in a later chapter we find a list of joints involved in common arthritides. It might have been better to teach


Bromelain(EC 18.104.22.168), the collective name for the proteolytic enzymes found in tissues of the plant family Bromeliaceae(pineapple), has been used as a tenderizing agent in food processing, and as an antiinflammatory agent in pharmaceuticals. In this paper, we describe the simple purification method of bromelain using Korean pineapple fruit. After removing contaminants at 30% saturation of ammonium sulfate, the supernatant obtained was treated again with ammonium sulfate to 80% saturation. With the above salt fractionation, partially purified bromelain could be obtained. To get highly purified bromelain, the previous 30% to 80% ammonium sulfate treated precipitate was dialyzed against 25mM sodium acetate buffer(pH 5.0) followed by passing through a CM-cellulose cation exchange column. Fruit bromelain was eluted as a major peak at 0.5~0.8M NaCl gradient. The present method is simpler with high yield than the traditional purification method-acetone treatment and several consecutive chromatographic processes.


For case managers in the hospital setting, eligibility for the Commission for Case Manager Certification's CCM credential can be difficult to prove. Kathryn Bennett, RN, case manager coordinator at Bloomington (IN) Medical Center, found out that her official job description did not meet the requirements, even though her duties include case management across the continuum.


Purpose of this study is, based on the previous studies and researches, examination of stress concept in an experimental approach and obtaining the average stress levels of Karabük Public Hospital personnel. The personnel, who are observed with above the average stress level and increasing stress level, will be divided in groups and attend stress management program. As a result of the research, it is intended that, after the applied stress management training, the obtained data will be compared with a second measurement and created control group.


With the aim to address the physical limits of recent non-volatile flash memory, resistive switching memory has been intensively investigated as a strong competitor of the next generation memory technology. In particular, by combining the advantages of non-volatile resistive switching memory and degradable electronics, physically transient resistive switching memory has attracted more and more attention for its great potential applications in green electronics, degradable or implanted electronic devices, and secure information storage systems. This review attempts to present prompt and comprehensive summaries of recent progress in physically transient resistive switching memories that are comparable in performance to traditional resistive switching memory and expand the potential application fields of the memory devices. First, we introduce the concept and development of physically transient electronics and resistive switching memory. Second, an overview of various degradable resistive switching materials, including organic and inorganic active films, electrodes, and substrates, is described in detail. Third, recent advances in some representative mechanisms of physically transient resistive switching memories, including resistive switching and degradable mechanisms, are reviewed. Finally, we end the review with a summary and outlook, pointing out further challenges of physically transient resistive switching memory.