We present FoveaBox, an accurate, flexible, and completely anchor-free framework for object detection. While almost all state-of-the-art object detectors utilize predefined anchors to enumerate possible locations, scales and aspect ratios for the search of the objects, their performance and generalization ability are also limited to the design of anchors. Instead, FoveaBox directly learns the object existing possibility and the bounding box coordinates without anchor reference. This is achieved by: (a) predicting category-sensitive semantic maps for the object existing possibility, and (b) producing category-agnostic bounding box for each position that potentially contains an object. The scales of target boxes are naturally associated with feature pyramid representations. In FoveaBox, an instance is assigned to adjacent feature levels to make the model more accurate.We demonstrate its effectiveness on standard benchmarks and report extensive experimental analysis. Without bells and whistles, FoveaBox achieves state-of-the-art single model performance on the standard COCO and Pascal VOC object detection benchmark. More importantly, FoveaBox avoids all computation and hyper-parameters related to anchor boxes, which are often sensitive to the final detection performance. We believe the simple and effective approach will serve as a solid baseline and help ease future research for object detection. The code has been made publicly available at https://github.com/taokong/FoveaBox.


Phenol (benzenol) oxidation by three synthetic manganese oxides (buserite, manganite, and feitknechtite) has been studied in aerated, aqueous, acidified suspensions. The rate of reaction was pH dependent. Oxidation was greatly enhanced below pH 4, when diphenoquinone and p-benzoquinone were identified as the first products. Initial reaction rate was correlated with standard reduction potential (E°) of the oxides following the order: feitknechtite > manganite > buserite. A more gradual process of phenol oxidation after the initial reaction was influenced by electrochemical properties of the solution. High soluble manganese activity and increase in pH adversely affected reaction rates. Thus, the reactivity of the oxides was related to their stability and possibly the ability to readsorb Mn(II), following the order: buserite > manganite > feitknechtite. The results indicate that thermodynamic and electrochemical data for oxides and phenols are useful in predicting under which conditions phenols can be oxidized by a given system.


The primary concerns of this thesis are completions and representations for various classes of
poset expansion, and a recurring theme will be that of axiomatizability. By a representation we
mean something similar to the Stone representation whereby a Boolean algebra can be homomorphically
embedded into a field of sets. So, in general we are interested in order embedding
posets into fields of sets in such a way that existing meets and joins are interpreted naturally as
set theoretic intersections and unions respectively.
Our contributions in this area are an investigation into the ostensibly second order property
of whether a poset can be order embedded into a field of sets in such a way that arbitrary meets
and/or joins are interpreted as set theoretic intersections and/or unions respectively. Among
other things we show that unlike Boolean algebras, which have such a 'complete' representation
if and only if they are atomic, the classes of bounded, distributive lattices and posets with
complete representations have no first order axiomatizations (though they are pseudoelementary).
We also show that the class of posets with representations preserving arbitrary joins is
pseudoelementary but not elementary (a dual result also holds).
We discuss various completions relating to the canonical extension, whose classical construction
is related to the Stone representation. We claim some new results on the structure of
classes of poset meet-completions which preserve particular sets of meets, in particular that they
form a weakly upper semimodular lattice. We make explicit the construction of \Delta_{1}-completions
using a two stage process involving meet- and join-completions.
Linking our twin topics we discuss canonicity for the representation classes we deal with,
and by building representations using a meet-completion construction as a base we show that
the class of representable ordered domain algebras is finitely axiomatizable. Our method has
the advantage of representing finite algebras over finite bases.


Objective: As the absence of Aβ-related memory decline in APOE ε4 noncarriers may be due to the relative brevity of previous studies, we aimed to characterize Aβ-related cognitive decline over 72 months in APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers who were cognitively normal (CN). Methods: CN older adults (n = 423) underwent Aβ imaging and APOE genotyping. Participants completed comprehensive neuropsychological testing at baseline 18-, 36-, 54-, and 72-month assessments. Results: Relative to Aβ− CN ε4 noncarriers, both Aβ+ CN ε4 carriers and noncarriers showed significantly increased decline in measures of memory, language, and executive function as well as higher rates of progression to a clinical classification of mild cognitive impairment. Memory decline was greater in Aβ+ CN ε4 carriers than in Aβ+ CN ε4 noncarriers. No cognitive decline was evident in Aβ− CN ε4 carriers. Conclusions: In CN older adults, Aβ+ is associated with memory decline in ε4 noncarriers; however, the rate of this decline is much slower than that observed in ε4 carriers. These data indicate that the processes by which ε4 carriage increases the rate of Aβ-related cognitive decline occur in the preclinical stage of Alzheimer disease.


Capturing the temporal dynamics of user preferences over items is important for recommendation. Existing methods mainly assume that all time steps in user-item interaction history are equally relevant to recommendation, which however does not apply in real-world scenarios where user-item interactions can often happen accidentally. More importantly, they learn user and item dynamics separately, thus failing to capture their joint effects on user-item interactions. To better model user and item dynamics, we present the Interacting Attention-gated Recurrent Network (IARN) which adopts the attention model to measure the relevance of each time step. In particular, we propose a novel attention scheme to learn the attention scores of user and item history in an interacting way, thus to account for the dependencies between user and item dynamics in shaping user-item interactions. By doing so, IARN can selectively memorize different time steps of a user's history when predicting her preferences over different items. Our model can therefore provide meaningful interpretations for recommendation results, which could be further enhanced by auxiliary features. Extensive validation on real-world datasets shows that IARN consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods.


It is well known that finding out the genetic information of any organism helps in understanding how performs its metabolism, and knowing the extent of the effect that gene modification affects the performance of these functions. Many techniques have been used to editing genome of parasites such as Zinc fingers and Transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), But the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/ CRISPR-associated (CRISPR Cas9) system created the quantum leap in this area, as this technique relies on identifying the portion to be modified using a guide from Guide RNAs (gRNA) that identifies this part very accurately. Not only that, but the enzyme present with it called CAS9 works as a molecular scissor to cut DNA at this part and allow the required modification.Since 2014, the date on which the first article about use CRISPR/Cas9 in the editing of Toxoplasma gondii genome was published, after that continued, developed new methods and protocols that facilitate the researchers work, we will attempt in this paper to review some of these major achievements.


In this paper, I will provide etymological explanations for the two Korean words for 'grain': ssal 'uncooked grain' and pap 'cooked grain.' The word ssal 'uncooked grain' is a loanword from Middle Chinese bu-sat 'Bodhisattva,' linking the Buddhist holy figure to the type of food that has a sacred status in Korean culture. The support for this claim comes from the fact that (i) grains were sometimes associated with the Buddha's body in Korea, and (ii) certain dialects of Japanese have also referred to rice—undoubtedly the most favored type of grain—as bosatsu 'Bodhisattva' or buppō-sama 'Lord Buddha Dharma.' Moreover, pap 'cooked grain' is most likely derived from the baby-talk term for 'food,' because cross-linguistically, baby-talk terms for 'food' or 'to eat' tend to be similar to /papa/ or /mama/, some of which shifted into the adult-talk term for food or a common type of food.


politics. It would seem that almost anything that happens within the Indian political system can be seen as either desirable or necessary for desirable ends. The key weakness of the analysis, however, is its wholesale concentration on political epiphenomena. The focus of attention is entirely political structure, with no reference to the underlying economic forces and social classes. More important, there is little concern for the ends for which political structure exists or ought to exist—social justice, national integration and political independence. In the evaluation of political structure, Narain curiously apotheosizes differentiation and, flowing from it, the liberal-democratic framework, especially of the British variety, while he denigrates—through neglect—system performance in relation to development. Fundamental to this orientation, I believe, is the author's failure to appreciate the essential difference between the political features of modernity and the political requirements for modernization. This is unfortunate for Indian political studies, because they would benefit tremendously if Narain's great analytical skills and incisive intellect were also turned toward these issues of crucial concern. BALDEV RAJ NAYAR McGill University, Canada


Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) are frequently used where denominators of the population at risk are not available or are known to be seriously biased. The interpretation of proportional measures requires care and can be complicated by the fact that a PMR of a cause of interest may be affected by disproportionate mortality from one or more other causes of death. This problem is examined using occupational mortality data for England and Wales. A method of allowing for the influence of other causes of death on a PMR of interest is proposed and it is argued that this approach is a useful aid to the general interpretation of PMRs.


It has been known lobate deposits accompanied with small gullies distribute on the surface of Mars, but their origin has not been clarified yet. Topographic features of lobate deposits on Mars resemble deposits of debris flow on Earth, which is a flow composed of high-concentration and fluid (water). Therefore, lobate deposits have been focused as proxies of fluid phase of water on Martian surface environments. However, several studies suggested that lobate landform can also be formed by other processes such as rock avalanches, and thus water in fluid phase may not be required for producing such deposits. Thus, the controversy on existence of fluid water has not been settled. To this end, this study aims to distinguish the formation process of lobes on Mars by inverse analysis of rheological properties of the flow. Two dimensional Voellmy fluid model was employed as the forward model, which has been proved to be capable of reproducing behavior of debris flows or snow avalanches on Earth. Istok Crater that locates in mid latitudes of the southern Hemisphere of Mars was chosen as the study area. Geomorphology of a lobate deposit on the northern fringe of the crater was measured from DEM, and the rheological parameters of the flow was reconstructed by parametric optimization of the forward model to fit the calculation results to actual geomorphology. As a result, the inverse analysis suggested that the rheological property of the formative process of the lobate deposit was quite different from terrestrial debris flows estimated on Earth. Also, the reconstructed parameters largely deviated from other known processes such as rock or snow avalanches. This may imply that the unknown processes such as avalanches of CO2 frost that does not exist on Earth should be supposed as the formation process of lobes.


The present study investigated theoretically and experimentally the effects of increases in hematocrit on the clearance of urea by the Baxter ST15 hollow fiber dialyzer. In a theoretical model that incorporates the three component resistances for the overall mass transfer rate, namely, the resistance of the blood (Rb)-, membrane (Rm)-, and dialysate side (Rd), it was predicted that a change in hematocrit would alter only the blood side resistance. The overall impact of this alteration is expected to be determined by the relative contribution of Rb to the overall resistance (RO). The modest contribution of Rb to RO implies that a major change in Rb (50%) would have only a minor effect on RO (11%) and consequently on urea clearance (5%). These theoretical conclusions were tested experimentally and the results confirmed the theoretical predictions. Indeed, there was little change in urea clearance in the clinically relevant range of variations in hematocrit (19-39%). Possible ways of compensation by minor changes in the hollow fiber geometry are discussed as well as the more complex relationships with larger solutes (creatinine) or unequally distributed solutes (potassium, phosphate).


The surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the biceps brachii during weak elbow flexion reportedly increases immediately after strong elbow flexion, even during the exertion of a given force. This phenomenon is called post-contraction potentiation (EMG-PCP). However, the effects of test contraction intensity (TCI) on EMG-PCP remain unclear. This study evaluated PCP levels at various TCI values. Sixteen healthy participants were asked to perform a force matching task (2%, 10%, or 20% of the maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) before (Test 1) and after (Test 2) a conditioning contraction (50% of MVC). With a 2% TCI, the EMG amplitude was higher in Test 2 than in Test 1. With a 20% TCI, the EMG amplitude was lower in Test 2 than in Test 1. Furthermore, EMG spectral analyses showed that the α- and β-band power ratios in Test 2 were enhanced by 2% TCI compared with Test 1. These findings suggest that TCI is crucial in determining the EMG-force relationship immediately after a brief intensive contraction.


EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC01 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Behavior Problems; Blacks; Child Behavior; Early Childhood Education; Early Intervention; Elementary Education; *Expressive Language; *High Risk Students; Inner City; *Language Proficiency; Listening Comprehension; Longitudinal Studies; Low Income Groups; Predictor Variables; *Receptive Language; *Urban Youth IDENTIFIERS *African Americans; District of Columbia Public Schools


The magnetism of rare-earth intermetallic compounds is investigated with a model Hamiltonian containing crystal field and exchange terms. An algebraic analysis of the characteristic polynomial associated with the model is made and it is shown that, for Pr3+ (J=4) and Nd3+ (J=9/2), in the case of cubic symmetry, the ninth- and tenth-degree polynomials are decomposed into simple factors. From these factors, analytical expressions for the crystal field eigenvalues, the magnetic moments and the critical temperatures are derived. The results are applied to PrAl2 and NdAl2; exchange parameters and effective g factors are easily obtained from crystal field, Tc and low-temperature magnetic moments data.


Control of axial polarity during regeneration is a crucial open question. We developed a quantitative model of regenerating planaria, which elucidates self-assembly mechanisms of morphogen gradients required for robust body-plan control. The computational model has been developed to predict the fraction of heteromorphoses expected in a population of regenerating planaria fragments subjected to different treatments, and for fragments originating from different regions along the anterior-posterior and medio-lateral axis. This allows for a direct comparison between computational and experimental regeneration outcomes. Vector transport of morphogens was identified as a fundamental requirement to account for virtually scale-free self-assembly of the morphogen gradients observed in planarian homeostasis and regeneration. The model correctly describes altered body-plans following many known experimental manipulations, and accurately predicts outcomes of novel cutting scenarios, which we tested. We show that the vector transport field coincides with the alignment of nerve axons distributed throughout the planarian tissue, and demonstrate that the head-tail axis is controlled by the net polarity of neurons in a regenerating fragment. This model provides a comprehensive framework for mechanistically understanding fundamental aspects of body-plan regulation, and sheds new light on the role of the nervous system in directing growth and form.


To increase the energy use efficiency and reduce production cost in small landholding agriculture, it isquite necessary to have suitable combination implements which farmers can use and also allow them to usefor custom hiring. Intercultivation and fertilizer application are two important operations involved in cropproduction. Rotary weeder cum fertilizer drill was designed with an objective of timely weeding and effectivefertilizer application by considering soil and crop parameters. It performs both weeding and fertilizerapplication at a time in a single operation. It was fabricated for wider spaced crops like cotton, pigeon peaand castor. After the completion of fabrication, the machine was thoroughly evaluated and calibrated under laboratory conditions. The machine was evaluated in caster crop at different weeding stages to estimate theperformance of the machine. From the field tests field capacity, field efficiency, fuel consumption andweeding efficiency obtained were 0.196 ha/h, 86% and 1.35 l h-1 91.23% respectively. It was found that thedeveloped machine requires a very less amount of manual energy on comparing with existing mechanicalweeding and manual fertilizer application combinations.


In the present work, we followed an in vitro protective action of cyclosporin A (CsA) against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)–induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes. Various parameters (cell viability, cytosolic calcium level, rhodamine 123 accumulation as indicator of mitochondrial membrane potential and alanine-aminotransferase leakage from cells) were measured as an index of cytotoxicity. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (1 mM) significantly increased cytosolic Ca2+ and affected mitochondrial membrane potential. Pretreatment with cyclosporin A (0.5 μM) reduced t-BHP-induced cytosolic Ca2+ increase and ALT (alanine-aminotransferase) leakage, but had no protective effect on t-BHP-induced changes of mitochondrial membrane potential. Our data thus suggest that the mechanism of cytoprotection of CsA on the cytosolic Ca2+ changes and ALT leakage induced by t-BHP, does not directly correlate with protection of t-BHP-induced changes of mitochondrial membrane potential.


The used engine oil contaminated soil samples were collected from various automobile workshops in Pudukkottai, Tamilnadu, South India. From the collected samples indigenous fungi were isolated using Malt extract medium. Totally sixteen isolates were isolated among which Aspergillus and Rhizopus sp were found to be predominant. The morphological and microscopical studies were done. Morphological studies of isolated fungal isolates showed different growth pattern on different media. Preliminary hydrocarbon degradation analyses were done to evaluate the growth diameter of fungal colonies on Minimal media supplement with used engine oil. Turbidity assay using Minimal medium was done to confirm the hydrocarbon degradation. The fungal isolates JJF3 and JF9 showed better results; hence they were selected for further analysis. The gravimetric analysis revealed that the both isolates degraded used engine oil 40.5% and 51.6% respectively at 30 days. The FT-IR spectrum of control and treated samples with fungal isolates revealed differences in band formation indicating microbial oxidation of hydrocarbons. When conditions such as pH requirement and nutrient availability are taken into consideration during a bioremediation project, the rate of microbial degradation could be conveniently achieved within a much shorter time than even what was obtained in this study. The rigours of bioaugumenting contaminated soils for the purpose of bioremediation can be avoided and effective remediation still achieved if suitable conditions that will enhance indigenous microbial activities for optimum degradation are satisfied.


Identity-based authenticated key exchange (ID-AKE) protocol is an important cryptographic primitive, which is used to establish a session key between two communication participants while authenticating each other. Indeed, most of the existing ID-AKE protocols do not concern with side-channel attacks in the sense that adversaries could obtain partial information of ephemeral/permanent secret keys of users. Recently, several leakage-resilient ID-AKE (LR-ID-AKE) protocols have been proposed to address such attacks. However, these LR-ID-AKE protocols have a restriction that the total leakage information during the life time of the LR-ID-AKE protocol must be bounded to some ratio of ephemeral/permanent secret keys. In this paper, the authors define a new adversary model, termed as identity-based continuous-leakage extended Canetti–Krawczyk (ID-CL-eCK) model. Using the key refreshing procedure (i.e., the multiplicative blinding technique) of permanent secret keys, the first LR-ID-AKE protocol resilient to continuous key leakage is proposed, and it possesses overall unbounded leakage property. Comparisons are given to demonstrate that the proposed protocol is better than the previously proposed ID-AKE protocols in terms of security models and leakage properties. Under the generic bilinear group model, security analysis is made to show that the proposed LR-ID-AKE protocol is secure against adversaries in the new ID-CL-eCK model.


A negative-ion mode laser spray interface for use in liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has been developed and investigated. The laser spray gave sensitivities that were orders of magnitude better than the negative-ion electrospray for all samples investigated with the exception of sugars. Fragment ions, HSO(-4)and SO(-3), were formed from the laser-sprayed aqueous solution of cholesterol 3-sulfate sodium salt. This suggests that structural information may be obtained directly from the laser-spray mass spectra for thermally labile compounds.


Climate change is one of the most urgent problems of modern societies. Its consequences will affect human welfare, economic development, political stability, and social justice in many parts of the world. Humans play a prominent role with respect to climate change: They cause the problem by emitting greenhouse gases, they suffer from the consequences, and it is humans who have the capacity and responsibility to address and master the problem. Therefore, it is important to understand how the public perceives climate change and its consequences. Investigating the public perception of climate change will also help to understand if and under what conditions people are willing to engage in mitigative actions. And since climate change is a problem of global dimensions, it is important to compare public perceptions across nations. The present paper presents a cross-national survey that compares climate change perceptions of undergraduate students in economics across five countries: Norway, Finland, Germany, Austria, and Bangladesh (total N = 600). Perceptions of climate change were compared to perceptions of another challenge to modern societies with potential effects on human welfare and economic development: pandemic influenzas. The questionnaire consisted of six parts: a) risk perception of climate change, measured on 12 psychometric scales (e.g., perceived threat, perceived benefits, knowledge, dread, moral concerns), b) risk perception of pandemic influenzas (measured on the same scales), c) perceived causes of climate change (importance rating for 12 causes, e.g., car driving, destruction of tropical forests, ozone hole), d) perceived consequences of climate change (likelihood of 11 consequences, e.g., food shortages, diseases, climate refugees, species extinction), e) perceived efficiency of various mitigative actions (rating for 11 actions, e.g., taxes on fossil fuels, fertilizing oceans, emission trading, replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy), and f) support for the same list of mitigative actions (rating). // Two main questions were addressed in the data analysis: a) How do people perceive the risks from climate change compared to those from pandemic influenzas? b) What is the relationship between knowledge of causes and consequences, perceived risk, perceived efficiency of mitigative actions, and policy support for mitigative actions? // Furthermore, differences between nations were analyzed for both research questions. With respect to risk perception for climate change, human causation is generally very salient, and the consequences seem more threatening to humans in general than personally. Pandemic influenzas, in contrast, are seen as less anthropogenic and the consequences seem more relevant personally. Bangladesh deviates from the other countries in that Bangladesh respondents see climate change as more threatening and less controllable. There is little variation across countries with respect to the relationships between variables. Risk perception is related with knowledge about consequences; policy support, in contrast, is more strongly related to the perceived causes and to whether the actions are seen as efficient in mitigating the causes. This implies that people support preventive actions more than adaptive strategies. In addition, we find that misconceptions which have been found in previous research still prevail in our study (e.g., the ozone hole is seen as an important cause of climate change); and that some mitigative actions that are discussed in the scientific debate as potential solutions are neither perceived as efficient nor supported by the public (e.g., fertilizing oceans, putting dust into the atmosphere). The fact that national differences are more pronounced in risk perception than in the correlational structure of the variables may suggest that even though people differ in their perceived vulnerability, the general process of risk perception and evaluation is universal across cultures.


Climate change is a leading threat to sustainable socio-economic development in Bangladesh. Adverse impacts of climatic disasters including flash floods, recurrent cyclones and erratic rainfall patterns are already causing hardship for both rural and urban people and are expected to accelerate into the future. The aim of this research note is to identify the core contributing economic sectors to climate change in Bangladesh, and to consider effective mitigation strategies. Following the 5th Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovern- mental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report (2014), in this paper, we argue that comprehensive mitigation measures are required in the energy, transport, buildings, industry and land-use sectors to reduce Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Our findings indicate that it is crucial that government and non-government mitigation efforts engage with community knowledge practices in order to most effectively reduce GHG emissions and combat the adverse impacts of climate change.


Tasikmalaya City is one of the cities located in the southeastern part of West Java Province, included in 2 (two) watersheds, namely Citanduy and Ciwulan. The condition of the existing canal in the City of Tasikmalaya is still considered insufficient to accommodate the overflow of rainwater, so that many areas are still inundated. This study looks for the priority scale of thinking handling, knowing the performance of drainage in the selected location, and getting the concept of handling the drainage channel at the selected location. Channel channel priority scale using ANP software. Performance is reviewed based on discharge at 1, 2, and 5 years by using SWMM. The concept of improving the drainage system is carried out using two scenarios, namely increasing the dimensions of the channel and reducing the amount of air runoff by making infiltration wells. The results of the analysis show that the priority of channel repairs on Jl. HZ Mustofa. The channel capacity is based on the discharge of the 1 year return period there are 11 overflowing drainage channels, the 2 year return period there are 15 overflowing drainage channels and the 5 year return period there are 16 overflowing drainage channels from 43 drainage channels. The concept of canal management can be implemented, but there are land constraints. If the infiltration well is applied in accordance with the calculation results, the 1-year return discharge is reduced by 24.65%, the 2-year return period is reduced by 19.63%, and the 5-year return period is 18.18%. However, the use of infiltration wells is considered ineffective to reduce rainwater runoff, but has a positive impact on groundwater conservation.


Background. This study evaluates the intrapsychic and interpersonal processes of the personality structure of patients who have suffered heart attacks. Evaluation was considered necessary in order to understand both the difficulties of these patients in following medical prescriptions and their underlying intrapsychic problems. Methods. We studied 60 heart attack patients, without other pathologies, aged between 35 and 79 years observed in our cardiology department. All the subjects were given the ASCI test (Structural Analysis of Interpersonal Behaviour), by P. Scilligo and L. S. Benjamin which describes the personality structure at an intrapsychic and interpersonal level. Factor Analysis was used. Results. The results demonstrate that infarcted patients tend to oppress themselves with accusations accompanied by feelings of guilt, embarrassment and inadequacy. Uncertainty and guilt feelings can lead to choices which are recognized as neither positive nor useful for oneself. This kind of neglect towards oneself may lead subjects to ignore and not treat illnesses and wounds. Psychotherapeutic intervention must first consider the dimensions of acceptance and empathy by making the patient aware of the disadaptive aspects of his/her experience, not only to improve physical health but for overall well-being. Conclusions. Identifying intrapsychic problems enhances understanding of heart attack patients' difficulties and makes it possible to concretely apply a multidisciplinary approach which helps the patient to adapt him/herself better to the disease.


In a magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) power generation with a frozen inert gas plasma (FIP), the effect of the nonuniformity of the inlet plasma in the direction perpendicular to walls on the performance and the comparison of the performance with r-/spl theta/ two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulations are examined with r-z 2-D ones. The inlet nonuniformity of an ionization degree is kept throughout the channel and even in the boundary layer the state of the FIP is realized without an ionization instability. When the inlet ionization degree near the walls is higher than that in the main flow, the enthalpy extraction ratio decreases because the strong MHD interaction near the wall leads to the development of the boundary layer. On the other hand, it increases for the inverse distribution at the channel inlet, even if the introduced total inlet ionization degree is the same. In comparison with the results obtained from the r-/spl theta/ simulation, the development of the boundary layer results in the deterioration of the performance, and the optimal condition shifts to the low inlet ionization degree and the high load resistance.


Abstract As a non-destructive test, the ultrasonic pulse velocity measure is one of the convenient tools suggested to estimate elasticity and strength properties of rocks. Since the experimental procedure and identification process cover various uncertainty sources, an extensive measurement uncertainty analysis is required to determine the variations in the testing procedure and measurement. As a generally accepted document for the measurement uncertainty, the 'Guide to expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM)' recommends Taylor and Monte Carlo methods to evaluate the measurement uncertainties. In this study, both random and systematic uncertainties encountered in ultrasonic wave propagation are analysed and appraised. Starting from the conventional methods recommended in GUM and further approaches proposed previously, a copula-based evaluation procedure is proposed in order to improve the consideration of dependencies in the measurement data.


At the outset, we would like to thank Lee Swanson for his commitment to this special issue. We realize that the initial paper grew to unexpected proportions and, with the four commentaries and this rejoinder, consumes quite a bit of journal space.We appreciate his willingness to publish the piece in total. We would also like to thank the friends and colleagues who were willing to comment on the politics of learning disabilities. Although we know some of them more intimately than others, we appreciate all the efforts to expand, clarify and, yes, criticize some of the ideas presented. The issues discussed now appear more fully developed (and insightful) because of their efforts.


The Fourier transform-Raman spectra of two lacustrine sediment cores from Antarctic sites are reported. The Lake Hoare specimens were predominantly calcium carbonate, quartz and β-carotene, with chlorophyll and calcium sulphate being noted as minor components. No evidence was found for iron (III) oxide or oxy-hydroxide bands. The Lake Nella specimens, in contrast, contain chlorophyll and quartz predominantly, but the absence of β-carotene is noteworthy. Here, the presence of haematite and a haematite–goethite mixture have been identified, with weaker features such as those of scytonemin, characteristic of cyanobacterial mats. The Raman spectra indicate that two different types of lake chemistry have been operating and several reasons are proposed for this.


This study aims at investigating to what extent the
linguistic processes exhibited in creolization parallel those manifested by
Arab learners of English in particular and those of child language and
second/foreign language in general. Another aim of the study is to highlight
the link between second/foreign language learning and historical change. To
this end, the speech of two speakers of the Broad Jamaican Creole was compared
with the performance of Saudi school and university learners of English as a
foreign language and data from child language, with respect to the pronunciation
of English inter-dental fricatives /θ/ and /e/. The results show that learning
in the above three situations takes place according to the same principles.
Furthermore, the sound substitutions made in the three situations (i.e. [t], [d] respectively)
are the same as those witnessed in historical sound change.


Abstract Over the past two decades the surge in interest and activity in SoTL within the academy has happened alongside, but largely disconnected from, a corresponding, largely externally dictated, increase in the importance and expectations of various dimensions of quality agendas. The separation is not hard to understand. SoTL is primarily driven by intrinsic motivation, the desire of practitioners, often individually, to understand and resolve issues and problems. In contast, quality agendas are often seen as external and extrinsic, although issues such as academic standards and the quality of the learning experience of students feature prominently as intrinsic motivations of faculty. The paper argues that there could be benefits from greater efforts to seek connections between SoTL and quality agendas, whilst acknowledging underlying sensitivities and suspicions of many faculty. Ways of reconciling tensions are explored.


A new genus and species of Arthrodira described in this paper was collected from the Upper Devonian of Chongyi, Jiangxi Province, China The characters of the new genus and species includes the anterior division of the inferognathal toothed and equal to the posterior non-biting division of the inferogathal. The biting division with anterior and posterior dental fields, anterior dental field carrying a front "tooth" which lower than other biting division; the posterior dental field with a posterior row of five teeth on posterodorsal part of the biting division of the inferognathal that stands vertically. The edentulous area concave slightly. New genus and species, Gannanichthys chongyiensis gen. et sp. nov. is erected only by two plates: the inferognathal and anterior lateral plate. It is the first Arthrodira unearthed from UPper Devonian of Jiangxi Province. The Chongyi fossil has provided scientific basis for comparing the stratigraphy and studying paleogeography. The present genus and species is similar to Dinichthys, Dunkleosteus, Eastmansteus and Gorgonichthys in shape of inferognathal, but it differs from them in the smaller size, the front "tooth" lower than other biting division, the cusp of small denticles stands vertically and the edentulous area concave slightly, and in the latters the anterior part of ventral margin of the biting division not protruding downward into a ventral process. The anterior lateral plate of the new material is very similar to Hardrosteus and Parabelosteus in shape, but the new material differs from them in the smaller size, and dorsal blade longer and ventral blade shorter. The material described is housed in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP), Chinese Academy of Sciences.


Abstract: The northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) is a game bird experiencing decline throughout much of its range. There are limited species-specific and age-specific hematologic data for bobwhite quail. Complete blood cell counts in eighteen 49-day-old captive-raised quail of unverified sex were used to contribute data to reference intervals for the species as juvenile animals. Values for packed cell volumes, total solids, red and white blood cell counts, and white cell differential calculations were recorded for each animal. Bobwhite quail of this age were found to be primarily lymphocytic, but considerable variability was observed. White blood cell counts were obtained by estimates from blood smears and Phloxine B stain. White blood cell counts performed with ×1000 magnification did not compare well with other white blood cell methods, including Phloxine B stain.


Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by infiltration of exocrine tissues, resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth) and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes). Here, we show that mice with T cell-specific loss of class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase function develop organ-specific autoimmunity that resembles the human disease SS. Most mutant mice aged 3–8 months develop corneal opacity and eye lesions due to irritation and constant scratching. These mice display cardinal signs of primary SS such as marked lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal glands, antinuclear antibodies in the serum, and elevated titer of anti-SS-A antibody, in the absence of kidney pathology. Immunofluorescence studies show the presence of numerous CD4+ T cells with a smaller number of CD8+ T cells and B cells in the lacrimal glands. CD4+ T cells from these mice exhibit aberrant differentiation in vitro. These results indicate that aberrant T cells with impaired class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling can lead to organ-specific autoimmunity. In addition, the mouse model described here represents a tool to study the pathogenesis and treatment of SS.


Virtualization is a technique used to abstract the operating system from the hardware. The primary gains of virtualization is increased server consolidation, leading to greater hardware utilization and infrastructure manageability. Another technology that can be used to achieve similar goals is containerization. Containerization is an operating-system level virtualization technique which allows applications to run in partial isolation on the same hardware. Containerized applications share the same Linux kernel but run in packaged containers which includes just enough binaries and libraries for the application to function. In recent years it has become more common to see hardware virtualization beneath the container host operating systems. An upcoming technology to further this development is VMware's vSphere Integrated Containers which aims to integrate management of Linux Containers with the vSphere (a hardware virtualization platform by VMware) management interface. With these technologies as background we set out to measure the impact of hardware virtualization on Linux Container performance by running a suite of macro-benchmarks on a LAMP-application stack. We perform the macro-benchmarks on three different operating systems (CentOS, CoreOS and Photon OS) in order to see if the choice of container host affects the performance. Our results show a decrease in performance when comparing a hardware virtualized container host to a container hosts running directly on the hardware. However, the impact on containerized application performance can vary depending on the actual application, the choice of operating system and even the type of operation performed. It is therefore important to consider these three items before implementing container hosts as virtual machines.


Autoantibodies to cytokines are increasingly being detected in association with immunodeficient, autoimmune and immune dysregulated states. Presence of these autoantibodies in an otherwise healthy individual may result in a unique phenotype characterized by predisposition to infection with specific organisms. The ability to detect these autoantibodies is of importance as it may direct treatment toward a combination of anti-microbial agents and immunomodulatory therapies that decrease autoantibody levels, thereby releasing the immune system from autoantibody-mediated inhibition. Ligand binding assays such as ELISA or bead multiplex assays have been used to detect these antibodies. However, not all anti-cytokine autoantibodies have demonstrable function in vitro and therefore their clinical significance is unclear. Assays that evaluate the functionality of anti-cytokine autoantibodies can supplement such ligand binding assays and add valuable functional information that, when viewed in the context of the clinical phenotype, may guide the use of adjunctive immunomodulatory therapy. This mini review provides an overview of anti-cytokine autoantibodies identified to date and their clinical associations. It also describes the use of flow cytometry for the functional analysis of anti-IFNγ and anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies.


Purpose of reviewThe present article reviews allergen extract stability applied to US manufactured products. Methods used to measure potency of extract concentrates, patient prescription dilute extracts, and mixes containing degrading enzymes will be discussed. Recent findingsInformation about the allergen extract active ingredient components contributing to potency is increasing. Pertinent stability issues include the type of diluent used for extraction and mixing. Fifty percent glycerin greatly extends the time over which extracts remain potent, including in mixes with fungal and insect extracts known to contain protein-degrading enzymes. Diluents that contain additional protein content such as human serum albumin increase stability of dilute solutions. Many of the most rigorous studies on allergen stability have been performed by allergenic extract manufacturers in support of Food and Drug Administration approved dating for standardized products and are not published. SummaryStudies addressing how antigens in extracts change under various storage conditions have provided general guidance for expiration dating, but the diversity of extracts and testing methods have been less than complete. Additional findings that are increasing our knowledge of extract shelf life will be discussed.


Classrooms are increasingly equipped with information and communication technology and especially interactive mobile devices. However, the latest studies show that their use by teachers is still very limited because of a lack of resources and applications adapted to an educational use. Indeed, there seems to be a shortage of mobile learning practitioners due to the time required for these tools' apprehension. Likewise, studies show real needs to expand the variety of applications, resources and activities available on these mobile devices, in order to make them more suited to the teachers' pedagogic objectives. Concurrently, new ways of using mobile devices for education are arising. Among those directions of use, research conducted on Mobile Learning Games (MLGs) seems particularly promising. In this paper, we propose to identify several MLGs, from the most referenced scientific assessments, that have been carried out in educational context, in order to determine their common features and impact on learners, and to identify challenges in terms of design, storyboarding and student monitoring. Thus, we can discuss how far research on MLGs has gone in terms of pedagogical effectiveness and whether there are still challenges that teachers will be facing regarding the design and execution of MLGs. At this level, we try to define the main characteristics of the analysed MLGs, and identify the recurring problems that occur when teachers use them. First, this will allow us to establish several guidelines for designing MLGs. Secondly, in order to diminish the constraints of use, we discuss new ways of implementing MLGs. Furthermore, we propose a global MLGs model, capable of capitalizing the identified main characteristics and overcoming the recurring problems at the same time. Finally, we discuss the possibility of implementing this model through an authoring environment.


As the needs of motorization in vehicle system increase, studies on the motor driven power steering system (hereinafter referred to as MDPS (motor driven power steering)) are actively in progress. Being combined with the current trend for the protection of environment and energy-saving, MOPS will be the main stream of future power steering systems and an intense target of technology innovation. This paper focuses on a computer simulations and experimental results using a real car to evaluate on-center characteristics on MDPS. A comparison between conventional hydraulic power steering system and MDPS for environmental vehicle that is a hybrid electric vehicle is also addressed.


Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the acid-fast bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affect the lungs although it may affect any organ. Though incidence of tuberculosis is on rise especially in third world countries like India, tuberculous osteitis of the cranial bones, also known as calvarial tuberculosis, is an uncommon manifestation of disseminated tuberculosis. Calvarial tuberculosis as primary tubercular infection is very rare and rarer still is its association with tuberculomas. We report a case with multiple osteolytic cranial lesions and tuberculomas without focus of infection elsewhere in the body. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.4021/jnr210w


BACKGROUND The occurrence of splenic rupture is extremely rare during an upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy. Although infrequent, splenic rupture is a known complication secondary to colonoscopy. However, occurrence of splenic rupture after peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has never been reported to date. CASE SUMMARY We describe a case of a splenic rupture following a POEM for recurrent achalasia in a patient who previously had a Heller myotomy. Splenic rupture remains very uncommon after an upper gastro-intestinal endoscopic procedure. The most plausible cause for this rare splenic injury appears to be the stretching of the gastro-splenic ligament during the endoscopy. A previous surgery may be a risk factor contributing to this complication. CONCLUSION The possibility for the occurrence of specific complications, such as splenic rupture, does exist even with the development of advanced endoscopic procedures, as presented in the present case after POEM.


We investigate the macroeconomic effects of government spending shocks in Korea. We compare results obtained with two alternative approaches: the narrative approach and Structural Vector-Autoregressive model (SVAR). We propose a new methodology for identifying exogenous and unexpected fiscal shocks under the narrative approach: natural disasters and the associated government emergency spending in the wake of such disasters. Our results suggest that when government spending increases, the responses of GDP, private consumption, real wage and investment are all positive, which is in accord with the New Keynesian model. Similar results are obtained with both approaches. However, comparing the two approaches suggests that the timing is very important in identifying government spending shocks due to the anticipation effects of fiscal policy.


North of Birmingham, Junction 6 of the M6 soars over the suburban terrain of Gravelly Hill, forming a potent symbol of modernity – a geography born of the abstract necessity for the rapid transmission of goods, services, and bodies from one location to the next.

Likewise, the A40 elevates over the suburbs of West London, mapping a trajectory arcing out to the Home Counties and West Country. These mega structures are not only powerful symbols of modernity, they are also a geography born of the abstraction of space (Lefebvre: 1991) by a society transfixed with the high-speed transmission and contraction of goods, services and bodies from one location to the next (Virilio: 1986).

However, leaving the detached, numbing effect of the vehicle behind, the exploration of these elevated roads exposes networks of rich and complex topographies shot through with alternative geographies and architectural narratives. Absurd pockets of differential space (Lefebvre: 1991) emerge underneath the A40 where art groups and travelling communities generate a richer, more lived experience of the leftover space beneath. Beside the elevated crash barrier of the M6, alien juxtapositions of suburban gardens and motorway blend to generate absurd topographical edge-lands (Farley and Roberts: 2011). Here, the absurd nature of produced space becomes ever apparent, as these are nursery grounds for the formation of absurd space.


The object of image fusion is to integrate information from multiple images as the same scene. In the satellite image fusion, many image fusion methods have been proposed for combining a high resolution panchromatic(PAN) image with low resolution multispectral(MS) images and it is very important to preserve both the spatial detail and the spectral information of fusion result. The image fusion method using wavelet transform shows good result compared with other fusion methods in preserving spectral information. This study proposes a modified a'trous algorithm based wavelet image fusion method using IKONOS image. Based on the result of experiment using IKONOS image, we confirmed that proposed method was more effective in preserving spatial detail and spectral information than existing fusion methods using a'trous algorithm.


A model for efficiency evaluation based upon the theory of chance constrained programming is developed. The model uses a piecewise linear envelopment of confidence regions for observed stochastic multiple-input multiple-output combinations in the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) tradition. The model allows for an exogenous decomposition of the total variation in data for each Decision Making Unit (DMU). By varying certain probability levels the model can provide estimates of the sensitivity of efficiency scores regarding an unknown amount of noise in date. An application of the method in an evaluation of the research activities in economic departments at Danish Universities is presented.


Raman and absorption spectroscopic data are combined with the deacylation rate constants for a series of acyl cysteine proteases to provide insight into the role of alpha-helix dipoles in rate acceleration. The Raman spectra, obtained by Raman difference spectroscopy, of (5-methylthienyl)acryloyl adducts with papain, cathepsins B and L, and two oxyanion hole mutants of cathepsin B (Q23S and Q23A) show that extensive polarization throughout the pai-electron chain occurs for the bound acyl group in the active sites. A similar result is obtained using the specific chromophoric substrate ethyl 2-[(N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl)amino]-3-(5-methylthienyl)acrylate. By using 13C = O substitution it is possible to detect the acyl C = O stretching frequency, vC = O, for each acyl enzyme. A correlation between vC = O and log k3, where k3 is the deacylation rate constant, is found where vC = O increases with increasing reactivity. This is exactly the opposite sense to the relationship found for a series of acyl serine proteases [Carey & Tonge (1995) Acc. Chem. Res. 28, 8]. The opposite trend in the direction of the correlation for the acyl cysteine proteases is ascribed to the strong electron polarizing forces in the active site, due principally to the active-site alpha-helix dipole, giving rise to canonical (valence bond) forms of the acyl group which change the hybridization about the C = O carbon atom. A correlation is also observed between the absorption maximum, lambda max, and log k3 for each acyl cysteine protease. As the deacylation rate increases, 214-fold across the series, lambda max red-shifts from 367 to 384 nm. It is proposed that differential interactions between the active site's alpha-helix dipole and the acyl chromophore give rise to the observed changes in lambda max, with the red shift being caused principally by interactions with the excited electronic state, which has a high degree of charge separation, and the dipole. Similar interactions between the dipole and the negatively charged tetrahedral intermediate, which resembles the transition state, are proposed as the source of differential rates in deacylation. It is interesting to note that similar energies are operating in both cases. A shift in lambda max from 367 to 384 nm corresponds to a change in electronic absorption transition energies of 3.2 kcal/mol and a change of deacylation rate constants of 214-fold also corresponds to a change of activation energies of 3.2 kcal/mol.


Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal malignancy characterized by the proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow and the production of monoclonal immunoglobulin. In addition to genetic changes, gene hypermethylation is an alternative mechanism of tumor suppressor gene inactivation in MM. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN2B or p15INK4B) gene lies adjacent to the tumor suppressor gene, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2 (CDKN2A), and is frequently mutated and deleted in a wide variety of tumors, including MM. However, there is a lack of systematic analysis of p15 epigenetic modification such as methylation in MM from different studies that can provide more powerful estimation of an effect. In this study, we have systematically reviewed the studies of p15INK4B promoter methylation in MM and quantified the association between p15INK4B promoter methylation and MM using meta-analysis methods. We observed that the frequency of p15INK4B methylation is significantly higher in MM patients than in normal healthy controls. The pooled odds ratio (OR) from ten studies including 394 MM and 99 normal individuals is 0.08, while confidence interval (CI) is 0.03–0.21 (P<0.00001). This indicates that p15INK4B inactivation through methylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of MM. In addition, the frequency of p15INK4B methylation was significantly higher in patients with MM than in those with asymptomatic monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. The pooled OR from four studies is 0.40, 95% CI =0.21–0.78 (P=0.007). These results suggest that silencing of p15INK4B gene expression by epigenetic modification such as promoter hypermethylation plays a role not only in the initiation of MM but also in plasma cell malignant transformation, disease progression, and development.


Internet gaming disorder, also known as video game addiction and pathological gaming, has officially been proposed as a psychiatric disorder. Numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of the disorder, but the prevalence rates that they arrive at vary in the extreme (from 0.6% to 44.5%). This discrepancy between studies inevitably raises questions about what they actually measure. To explore this further five young men who were candidates for this new diagnosis where asked to fill out a questionnaire probing pathological gaming and interviewed about how they understood the questions and their thoughts on video game addiction in general. Thus, this paper presents the results of a qualitative investigation of the face-validity of quantitative research on video game addiction. The interviews showed that the respondents often misunderstood the intention of the questions, misjudged the severity of the negative effects that the questions probed and often interpreted the questions very differently. Only one of the respondents believed pathological gaming to be a primary disorder, but he also believed it to promote more positive than negative effects. The rest of the respondent either did not believe in the disorder at all or believed it to be secondary to other problems, such as anxiety or depression.


The use of eco friendly natural dyes ts the need of the hour m response to the growing consciousness for saving the environment from the wrath of synthetic dyes. This milestone can only be achieved if consumers are willing to buy natural dyed products. The consumer willingness is directly related to their awareness hence the present study was undertaken to study the consumer awareness for natural dyes m Ludhiana. An interview schedule was used for collecting data from forty-five respondents from three different localities. The results were interpreted using simple percentages and average weighted mean scores. The results of the collected data revealed that majority of respondents (84.44%) were aware about natural dyes and turmeric was the most popular natural dye followed by indigo, madder and rattanjot. Majority (68.42%) of respondents opined that natural dyes are eco friendly and agreed to the fact that natural dyes produce earthy shades like brown, grey, yellow etc. Almost 50% respondents disagreed to the fact that natural dyes are economical and can produce similar shades on repetition. Majority of the respondents were of the opinion that natural dyed products are colour fast, durable, renewable and safe for human skin. Most of the respondents disagreed with easy maintenance of natural dyes but strongly agreed to wearing natural dyed products as it enhanced their personality and brings them a status of green and conscious consumer however majority (81.58%) of respondents were not interested to buy natural dyed products because of their extra cost and difficult maintenance.


In Japan, childhood injury prevention is urgent issue. Safety measures through creating knowledge of injury data are essential for preventing childhood injuries. Especially the injury prevention approach by product modification is very important. The risk assessment is one of the most fundamental methods to design safety products. The conventional risk assessment has been carried out subjectively because product makers have poor data on injuries. This paper deals with evidence-based risk assessment, in which artificial intelligence technologies are strongly needed. This paper describes a new method of foreseeing usage of products, which is the first step of the evidence-based risk assessment, and presents a retrieval system of injury data. The system enables a product designer to foresee how children use a product and which types of injuries occur due to the product in daily environment. The developed system consists of large scale injury data, text mining technology and probabilistic modeling technology. Large scale text data on childhood injuries was collected from medical institutions by an injury surveillance system. Types of behaviors to a product were derived from the injury text data using text mining technology. The relationship among products, types of behaviors, types of injuries and characteristics of children was modeled by Bayesian Network. The fundamental functions of the developed system and examples of new findings obtained by the system are reported in this paper.


A selective literature review was conducted to assess whether currently available accelerated aging and original qualification data could be used to establish operational margins for the continued use of cable insulation and jacketing materials in nuclear power plant environments. The materials are subject to chemical and physical degradation under extended radiationthermal- oxidative conditions. Of particular interest were the circumstances under which existing aging data could be used to predict whether aged materials should pass loss of coolant accident (LOCA) performance requirements. Original LOCA qualification testing usually involved accelerated aging simulations of the 40-year expected ambient aging conditions followed by a LOCA simulation. The accelerated aging simulations were conducted under rapid accelerated aging conditions that did not account for many of the known limitations in accelerated polymer aging and therefore did not correctly simulate actual aging conditions. These highly accelerated aging conditions resulted in insulation materials with mostly inert' aging processes as well as jacket materials where oxidative damage dropped quickly away from the air-exposed outside jacket surface. Therefore, for most LOCA performance predictions, testing appears to have relied upon heterogeneous aging behavior with oxidation often limited to the exterior of the cable cross-section - a situation which is not comparable with the nearly homogenous oxidative aging that will occur over decades under low dose rate and low temperature plant conditions. The historical aging conditions are therefore insufficient to determine with reasonable confidence the remaining operational margins for these materials. This does not necessarily imply that the existing 40-year-old materials would fail if LOCA conditions occurred, but rather that unambiguous statements about the current aging state and anticipated LOCA performance cannot be provided based on original qualification testing data alone. The non-availability of conclusive predictions for the aging conditions of 40-year-old cables implies that the same levels of uncertainty will remain for any re-qualification or extended operation of these cables. The highly variable aging behavior of the range of materials employed also implies that simple, standardized aging tests are not sufficient to provide the required aging data and performance predictions for all materials. It is recommended that focused studies be conducted that would yield the material aging parameters needed to predict aging behaviors under low dose, low temperature plant equivalent conditions and that appropriately aged specimens be prepared that would mimic oxidatively-aged 40- to 60- year-old materials for confirmatory LOCA performance testing. This study concludes that it is not sufficient to expose materials to rapid, high radiation and high temperature levels with subsequent LOCA qualification testing in order to predictively quantify safety margins of existing infrastructure with regard to LOCA performance. We need to better understand how cable jacketing and insulation materials have degraded over decades of power plant operation and how this aging history relates to service life prediction and the performance of existing equipment to withstand a LOCA situation.


A chronic condition of juvenile and adult rainbow trout was recorded in a trout farm over several years and resulted in significant mortality. The disease occurred mainly at low temperature. Necropsy findings were associated with hyperaemia and haemorrhage, in gills and viscera, with extensive cardiovascular lesions including myocarditis and epicarditis. Most of the losses were attributed to heart lesions and mortality peaked under stress conditions. A Gram-positive, chain-forming, coccoid to ovoid-shaped coccus identified as Vagococcus salmoninarum on the basis of phenotypic and genetic characteristics was regularly isolated from diseased fish. It was demonstrated to be the causative agent of the condition by infection experiments and histopathology, which also confirmed the affinity of the bacterium for the circulatory system. V. salmoninarum was resistant to inost of the antimicrobial drugs tested in vitro, and the treatments conducted in the field were ineffective. An attempt at vaccination did not provide encouraging results. V salmoninarum joins a list of Gram-positive bacteria responsible for chronic infections which do not respond to control procedures and which pose a serious threat to broodstock and large-sized fish.


October 2009 was colder than a normal; the ice began to meddle in the beginning of November in the innermost bays. As winter progressed the ice became thicker. The reason for the problem was a strong north-north-westerly wind that made the ice to break up. The ice drifted away and then packed into very rough ridges.

The main question was what factors caused several vessels fasting on the Baltic ice 2009/2010 and what aids are considered the most reliable to use for ice navigation. The question was what factors caused several vessels to get stuck in the Baltic ice, and what resources are considered to be the most reliable for ice navigation.

To investigate the phenomenon why so many ships got stuck in the ice the current winter the study is designed as a case study. To get a substantial collection of data in this study a qualitative interview method was used as primary selection and literature was used as secondary selection. This report is made by semi-structured and unstructured interview methods. The study includes four interviews with representatives from the Maritime Administration, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), Rederi AB Transatlantic and a researcher from the University of Gothenburg.

The report declares that winter during the period of 2009/2010 was harsh with great amounts of ice combined with unpleasant wind. This resulted in tough conditions for engaged vessels. SMHI did also miss a forecast report which may have resulted in some of the ships that got stuck. It also appears that less ship would have got stuck if they had chosen the Sandhamn fairway. The new project MONA LISA on ICE is also mentioned as the potential future for ships. The report also shows that the role of ice breakers is crucial for the shipping segment during winter season at the Baltic Sea, and that shipping companies have potentially become better at looking after their pilot certificates. SMHI has together with the Swedish maritime authority succeeded to build a network of observations placed on the ice breakers, which gives a more accurate result. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that the Swedish maritime authority has become better at communicating with shipping companies who regularly sail the Baltic Sea, and that the building of more ice breakers would be a positive development for the environment.


Agriculture using genetically modified crops is emerging as an effective measure to counteract the negative impact of abiotic stresses on crop production. Abiotic stresses mainly salt, drought, cold and heavy metals are the major cause of crop failure which restrict crops to reach their full genetic potential. Salt, drought and heavy metals exert their negative impact essentially by disrupting the ionic and osmotic equilibrium of the cell, whereas, cold causes mechanical constraint to the membrane. Plants respond to abiotic stresses through multifaceted molecular signaling pathways. Therefore, understanding of molecular signaling pathways and identification of key molecules and their specific roles is important for crop improvement. Several genes responsible for abiotic stress tolerance have been identified which code for antioxidants, enzymes that modify lipids in the cell membrane, stress-response transcription factors, proteins that maintain ion homeostasis, heat shock proteins, or enzymes that synthesize important stress-response compounds. Transgenic plants having some of these genes have been produced and found to be abiotic stress tolerant. Present chapter reviews the plant responses to abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought, cold and heavy metal stresses and tolerance mechanisms through omics approaches.


Marfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant systemic disorder of connective tissue. Marfan syndrome affects most organs and tissues, especially the skeleton, lungs, eyes, hearts, and the large blood vessels. It is described by Antoine Marfan in 1896. Aortic root aneurysm and ectopia lentis are the cardinal features. In the absence of family history, the presence of these two manifestations is sufficient for confirmatory diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. Patient with ocular manifestations should be screened for cardiac involvement to support diagnosis. Retinal detachment is a potentially dangerous manifestation for its sight threatening nature. There is no cure for Marfan syndrome, so treatment focuses on managing the symptoms and reducing the risk of complications. Recent advances in diagnosis, improved surgical technique and application of prophylaxis has contributed in preservation of sight in such patients.


We propose a novel roadside unit (RSU) cloud, a vehicular cloud, as the operational backbone of the vehicle grid in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The architecture of the proposed RSU cloud consists of traditional and specialized RSUs employing software-defined networking (SDN) to dynamically instantiate, replicate, and/or migrate services. We leverage the deep programmability of SDN to dynamically reconfigure the services hosted in the network and their data forwarding information to efficiently serve the underlying demand from the vehicle grid. We then present a detailed reconfiguration overhead analysis to reduce reconfigurations, which are costly for service providers. We use the reconfiguration cost analysis to design and formulate an integer linear programming (ILP) problem to model our novel RSU cloud resource management (CRM). We begin by solving for the Pareto optimal frontier (POF) of nondominated solutions, such that each solution is a configuration that minimizes either the number of service instances or the RSU cloud infrastructure delay, for a given average demand. Then, we design an efficient heuristic to minimize the reconfiguration costs. A fundamental contribution of our heuristic approach is the use of reinforcement learning to select configurations that minimize reconfiguration costs in the network over the long term. We perform reconfiguration cost analysis and compare the results of our CRM formulation and heuristic. We also show the reduction in reconfiguration costs when using reinforcement learning in comparison to a myopic approach. We show significant improvement in the reconfigurations costs and infrastructure delay when compared to purist service installations.


Various studies have shown that colour and light influence our emotions and behaviour. In this paper the results will be presented of research into the combined effects of 5 different colours and 2 different intensities of light for Leiden station. Two experiments in a virtual Leiden station show that although colour and light are perceived subconsciously, the combination of the two does in fact have significant effects. Most of the passengers appeared to overestimate waiting time on the platform, which concurs with results from earlier fieldwork. Moreover, time would appear to pass more quickly with low intensity lighting as opposed to high intensity lighting. The second experiment showed that passengers prefer warm colours in combination with dimmed lighting and estimate the waiting time as being shorter than when cooler colours and a more intense lighting are used. Practical implications will be discussed.


Retinal degenerative diseases are one of the main causes of complete blindness in aged population. In this study, we compared the therapeutic potential for retinal degeneration of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from abdominal subcutaneous fat (ABASCs) or from orbital fat (OASCs) due to their accessibility and mutual embryonic origin with retinal tissue, respectively. OASCs were found to protect RPE cells from cell death and were demonstrated to increase early RPE precursor markers, while ABASCs showed a raise in retinal precursor marker expression. Subretinal transplantation of OASCs in a mouse model of retinal degeneration led to restoration of the RPE layer while transplantation of ABASCs resulted in a significant restoration of the photoreceptor layer. Taken together, we demonstrated a lineage-specific therapeutic effect for either OASCs or ABASCs in retinal regeneration.


Background: Asthma is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder, with many factors influencing its prevalence. Diet's impact on the symptoms of the disease is still controversial, although various dietary patterns or specific nutrients have been studied. Objective: The objective of this crossover, randomised, two-period study was to examine the potential of controlling dietary histamine intake and, through this, alter asthma symptoms in children with mild intermittent asthma. Methods: Children with mild intermittent asthma were randomly assigned to either a high- (HH) or low- histamine (LH) diet, based on the Mediterranean pattern, for 4 weeks (t0). This was followed by a 2-week washout period (t1) before patients crossed to the alternative diet (t2) for an additional 4 weeks. Children were assessed at baseline and after the completion of each diet phase. They also recorded symptoms and peak flow throughout the intervention. Adherence to the dietary intervention was assessed via four random 24-hour recalls for each intervention period and comparison of selected qualitative and quantitative indices, i.e. histidine, food choices, energy, macro- and micronutrients intake. Results: Eighteen children (10 boys), with mean age 11,5±3,1years were recruited and completed the study. A trend for prolonged and more severe symptoms was observed during HH. There was good adherence to the diet during remission periods, but lower compliance during symptomatic periods, particularly for the HH group. The mean actual intake differed significantly between the two diets, not only in the histamine content but also in energy, sugar and various micronutrients, including sodium. Conclusions & Clinical Relevance: Diet may have an active and direct impact on asthma symptoms. A diet deviating from the Mediterranean standard in terms of high energy, histamine, and salt has been associated with asthma worsening. Dietary interventions in asthmatic patients should be prospectively evaluated for a longer period and with proper nutritional education.


Automated analysis of retinal images can assist in the diagnosis and management of blinding retinal diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and glaucoma. For evaluating and imaging patients with retinal diseases, clinical photographers usually capture color images of the retina using a specialized fundus camera. Subsequently, a fluorescein dye is injected into a vein in the subject's arm, and as the dye propagates through the retinal blood vessels, and series of (over a 5–10 min period) pictures of the retina are taken. Retinal fluorescein images at two different stages of Angiogram and a color fundus image of the same patient are used as input images for lesion diagnosis. From the two fluorescein images, vessel extraction is done, they are aligned and fused to identify the region of abnormality and lesion growth. From the color image, the 3D plot is simulated to identify the area of abnormality of the eye and is used as reference to the fused fluorescein image. In this paper we present a novel technique for diagnosis of lesions through Fluorescein Angiographic Images using Virtual Instrumentation(VI).


Abstract Measurements, using a captive balloon system, of the diurnal local winds at the Mauna Loa Observatory showed a 600 m deep upslope flow and 55 m deep downslope flow. Using a model, the mass flux of air in the region of the observatory for a mean 24-hr day showed that six times more air is transported by the upslope flow than by the nocturnal downslope flow. The diural periodicity, wind velocity and mass flux of air in the region of the observatory are controlled by the temperature and radiation flux of the lava surface of the mountain, the strength of the free air flow, and the level and strength of the trade wind inversion. A diurnal pressure gradient between the air enveloping the mountain and the free air was detected as a complement to the diurnal wind regime observed.


Abstract The cervico-ocular reflex (COR) was investigated in the chameleon. Two kinds of responses were observed by oscillating the body (sine-wave stimuli) in the fixed-head animal: a "smooth response" of very low gain (around 0.08) and a saccadic response composed of 1–12 saccades per cycle of stimulation (depending on the stimulation frequency). Both responses were elicited in the compensatory direction (same direction as the stimulation) and exhibited a frequency dependence with low-pass properties. The saccadic response was especially developed and displayed a higher gain (up to 0.4) than the smooth response. In darkness, the saccades were triggered near the zero point (head-body alignment), whereas in the presence of a fixed visual surround they were elicited more regularly throughout the stimulation cycle. The amplitude of saccades was increased in the light. Consequently, the gain and the phase lag of the saccadic reponse were enhanced by the visual input. No visuo-cervical interaction was observed for the smooth response. Oscillating the body at a constant velocity (seesaw or ramp stimuli) revealed a frequency effect on the number of saccades (during a cycle of stimulation), but not on the gain of the response. Increasing the amplitude of oscillations augmented only very slightly the amplitude of saccades and consequently decreased the gain. Hence, the best working range of the saccadic response corresponds to body or head movements of low amplitude (up to ±20 deg) and low frequency (up to 0.25 Hz), and is improved by a visual input. These properties are discussed on a comparative point of view. It is proposed that, in chameleons, the saccadic response could contribute to gaze stabilization and add to the vestibulo-ocular and the optokinetic responses.


New tetrahedral finite elements are described for the analysis of vector electromagnetic fields. They are singular elements that are more accurate than conventional, polynomial-based elements near sharp edges and corners. They are hierarchical, meaning that elements of different orders (accuracies) are available and may be placed together in the same mesh without violating continuity of the field. The elements are formed from a series of scalar singular elements by taking the gradient, and are therefore called gradient singular. Results using the new elements in p-adaptive analysis, orders 1 to 3, demonstrate that when they are used in place of conventional elements the scattering parameters are as much as 10 times more accurate for the same number of unknowns.


Expression of osteopontin (OPN) was investigated in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. Western blot analysis demonstrated that OPN protein increased significantly in the spinal cord during the early stages after injury. The increased expression of OPN was partially paralleled by that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Immunohistochemical staining showed that OPN was expressed in proliferating activated microglia/macrophages in core lesions and in some astrocytes at the periphery of lesions. These results indicate that expression of OPN protein increases mainly in activated microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury, suggesting that OPN is related to cell proliferation during the early stages after injury, probably leading to tissue remodeling.


The discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is still a widely used tool for analyzing and measuring both stationary and transient signals in power system harmonics. However, the misapplications of the DFT can lead to incorrect results caused by some problems such as an aliasing effect, spectral leakage, and picket-fence effect. A strategy of recursive group-harmonic power minimizing algorithm is developed for systemwide harmonic/interharmonic evaluation in power systems. The proposed algorithm can restore the dispersing spectral leakage energy caused by the DFT and regain its harmonic/interharmonic magnitude and respective frequency. Every iteration loop for harmonic/interharmonic evaluation can guarantee to be convergent using the proposed group-harmonic bin power algorithm. Consequently, not only high precision in integer harmonic measurement can be retained but also the interharmonics can be accurately identified, particularly under system frequency drift. The numerical example is presented to verify the proposed algorithm in terms of robust, fast, and precise performance.


Samples of spray-dried soy milk powder were produced at various spray-dryer inlet air temperatures and characterized. Soybean seed (Glycine max TAX 1448 – 2E Var.) was sorted, boiled for 40 min, manually dehulled, wet milled using plate mill and sieved with muslin cloth to obtain water soluble extract (soy milk). The soy milk was divided into two portions (samples A and B) and spray-dried using co-current spray dryer at a constant feed rate (20.5 ml/sec) but at air-inlet temperatures of 204oC and 260oC, respectively. Preliminary investigation carried out on this study showed that samples produced at air inlet temperatures below 200oC exhibited wet and agglomerated particles. The recovered powdered samples were analyzed for proximate composition, pH, available lysine, total solids, pack bulk density, viscosity, solubility and wettability at different reconstituting water temperatures, and sensory properties. Results showed that 38.60% and 45.55% yield (soy milk powder) were achieved at the end of the process for samples A and B respectively. The samples showed no significant differences (P ≥ 0.05) in some of these evaluated parameters such as fat, ash and pH. Soy milk powder showed high protein content (62.05±0.23%), fat (19.92±0.08%), ash (1.41±0.02 %) and available lysine (5.02±0.29%), but low carbohydrate content (12.85±0.01 %) and moisture (3.66±0.23%). The physical properties showed that the mean total solid of the samples was 10.33±0.33%, pack bulk density (0.57±0.00 g/ml), while the mean viscosity was 47 mpas. The sample spray-dried at 204oC had solubilities of 48% and 78% at reconstituting water temperatures of 40oC and 80oC, respectively while the sample produced at 260°C showed lower solubility of 38.46% and 45.01% when temperature of reconstitution were 40oC and 60oC, respectively. However, the sample produced at 260oC exhibited decreased solubility when the reconstituting water temperature was raised above 60oC. Its solubility was 40.39% at reconstituting water temperature of 70oC which further decreased to 38% at 80o C. The wettability of the samples steadily decreased as the reconstituting water temperature increased from 40 to 80oC. The wettability of the sample spray-dried at 204oC decreased from 36 to 22 sec, while that of sample spray-dried at 260oC decreased from 29 to 18 sec. Sensory scores showed that the sample spray-dried at 204oC was preferred to the sample spray-dried at 260oC.


Many Indonesian citizen in Papua who perform marriages with citizens of Papua New Guinea (PNG), particularly in border areas rdefers to the Adat marriage law. In national law, it means mixed marriages between Indonesian citizens with foreign nationals. The problems arise if the husband and wife in that marriage are finally divorced. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the marriage customs in the land border between Indonesia and other countries with different problems which take a study case of mixed marriages between indigenous Papuans and Papua New Guinean. The method of writing is through literature study which is taken are from Adat Marriage Law and Private International Law references. The conclusions are: (1) In Papua marriage Adat law, when the marriage is divorce, the guidelines refers to manner of the marriage couples during the marriage and who makes mistakes. (2) The marriage dispute is overcome by Adat law at the right side village. (3) If the guilty side is the wife, so the wife must return the number of dowry and pay the fines.


Background Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) and rhinogenic sinusitis (RS) are the main types of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and have a significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL), but the difference in HRQL and symptom presentation between them has not been specifically evaluated to date. Obejctive: Our aim was to compare patterns of symptoms and HRQL disease-specific domains in patients affected with these 2 types of CRS. Methods A group of 201 patients with CRS (99 with rhinogenic and 102 with odontogenic origin) completed the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22) questionnaire before treatment. Data sets were analyzed by using principal component analysis (PCA) to identify a set of symptom components together with the items excluded from PCA, which were then analyzed for differences between patients with OMS and RS. Results PCA of SNOT-22 items identified 5 components: "rhinologic," "extranasal rhinologic," "ear/facial," "sleep and functional disturbance," and "emotional disturbance." Sneezing was excluded from PCA and treated as separate outcome variable and was significantly worse in RS patients. Patients with OMS scored significantly higher scores with regard to emotional disturbance, while RS patients scored significantly worse in sleep and functional disturbance. The extra symptom "malodor" was the most different symptom and was significantly worse in OMS patients. The total SNOT-22 score was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusion With controlling of covariates that may influence the severity of the disease, this study showed some significant differences in symptom patterns and HRQL impairment between patients with OMS and RS. Malodor is the most characteristic feature of OMS. Therefore, OMS should always be suspected in patients complaining of bad breath.


It is a great honor for me to be awarded the Silver Professorship and to have this opportunity to tell you about some of the central aspects of the research field in which I have been involved. I was told that the readers of this article will be mostly nonmathematicians, including some non-scientists. This is very difficult for me; all of my experience as a speaker or writer has been addressing specialist in a particular research field—and so this will most likely be a dismal attempt. Though I will try to be as non-technical as possible, I will have to use some mathematical language and notation and I apologize in advance (also to specialists who happen to read this article for whom the matters explained here will be rather familiar). My work is mostly concerned with partial differential equations (PDEs). A partial differential equation for an unknown function is a simply a relationship between the unknown and its various partial derivatives with respect to several variables. Like algebraic equations, such a PDE could be linear, quadratic, or genuinely nonlinear in the unknown function. Naturally, nonlinear PDEs are often much harder to understand than the linear ones. So in this research field, we all have problems. . . . . . few will actually admit theirs to be linear. Before proceeding any further, I wish to note that, there is in truth no central core theory to the subject of nonlinear PDEs, nor can there be. The sources are so numerous and the applications so many that topic is vast and extensively developed. The whole subject seems to be a confederation of diverse subareas, each a study different phenomena for different PDEs by utterly different methods. It is the "nonlinearity" that makes each equation and each problem unique, and one should never expect an all-inclusive theory. On the other hand, one certainly does not want to treat each problem individually and have a collection of unrelated facts and techniques. Therefore, in a technical sense, one always seeks new principles, ideas, and methods that may be applied to at least a class of such problems and PDEs. Looking back, the study of PDEs started in the 18th century with the work of Euler, d'Alembert, Lagrange, Laplace, and others. It was used as a central tool in descriptions of mechanics of continua and, more generally, as the principle mode of analytical study of models in the physical sciences. Indeed, the one-dimensional linear wave equation was introduced and studied by d'Alembert around 1752 to model vibrating strings.


Local descriptors are increasingly used for the task of object recognition because of their perceived robustness with respect to occlusions and to global geometrical deformations. We propose a performance criterion for a local descriptor based on the tradeoff between selectivity and invariance. In this paper, we evaluate several local descriptors with respect to selectivity and invariance. The descriptors that we evaluated are Gaussian derivatives up to the third order, gray image patches, and Laplacian-based descriptors with either three scales or one scale filters. We compare selectivity and invariance to several affine changes such as rotation, scale, brightness, and viewpoint. Comparisons have been made keeping the dimensionality of the descriptors roughly constant. The overall results indicate a good performance by the descriptor based on a set of oriented Gaussian filters. It is interesting that oriented receptive fields similar to the Gaussian derivatives as well as receptive fields similar to the Laplacian are found in primate visual cortex.


An assumption of uniform temperature is frequently used when evaluating average temperature-time and average moisture content-time profiles for the convective drying of small droplets or thin-layer materials. In most studies, the assumption of uniform temperature was justified by estimating the heat-transfer Biot number at the beginning and end of the drying process. However, the conventional Biot number analysis performed in the literature does not reflect the evaporative effect. In this article, we have examined the temperature uniformity and the heat-transfer Biot number during the drying of skim milk droplets under laboratory drying conditions following the entire drying process. Surface-centre temperature differences and conventional and drying-based Biot numbers are calculated during the drying of skim milk droplets. A simple procedure is outlined to estimate the extent of temperature nonuniformity within the droplet. Results demonstrated that temperature nonuniformity within the skim milk droplets under drying conditions examined is very small, thus the uniform temperature assumption is more likely to be a reliable approach to model heat and mass transfer processes in industrial spray dryers. The analyses provided in this study help in understanding a few assumptions used in literature, and offer a framework that may be used in the future. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008


Stocks of staphylococcal phage 47C (serological group A) contained some group B phage. This was found to have originated in a lysogenic staphylococcus previously used to propagate phage 47 C and which had subsequently lost its lysogenicity. The lysogenic phage was thus perpetuated in the phage stocks as a lytic phage. The characters of the two phages are described. When they lysogenized five different strains of staphylococci changes in typing pattern were produced. There was evidence which indicated that, in the prophage state, the two phages occupy different sites and that there is no cross-immunity between them. The propagation of the phages in different hosts resulted in changes in their host range. A virulent mutant of the B prophage was induced by the application of a variety of phages to the strain carrying it.


We review the quest of modeling rapidly rotating stars during the past 40 years and detail the challenges to be taken up by models facing new data from interferometry, seismology, spectroscopy... We then present the progress of the ESTER project aimed at giving a physically self-consistent model for the structure and evolution of rapidly rotating stars.


Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) comprises the most common and very aggressive form of primary brain tumor with a dismal prognosis and very poor response to the current therapies. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are capable of inducing growth arrest and apoptosis in various tumor cell types. HDAC6 is a unique enzyme having two deacetylase domains, and a ubiquitin-binding domain. HDAC6 interacts with a number of proteins in the cytoplasm and is involved in tumorigenesis, cell motility, and metastasis. Significantly, it has been shown that HDAC6 knockout mice are viable. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated HDAC6 as a relevant target for GBM treatment by using a potent HDAC6 inhibitor, CAY 10603. Our data showed that CAY 10603 targets the established GBM cell line U86MG, M-HBT161 early primary cultures, and CD133- and SOX2-positive stem cell-like spheroids. CAY 10603 at 1-5 μM triggered significant inhibition of cell survival and induced apoptotic cell death in GBM cells and GBM spheroids. CAY 10603 reduced cell survival in these cells by 50% (IC50) at 1-3 μM treatment for 48 h. Similarly, CAY 10603 induced significant dose-dependent inhibition of spheroid survival in U87MG and M-HBT161 when the spheroids were grown in a defined GBM stem cell (GSC) growth medium on ultra-low attachment plates for four days. Interestingly, when grown in the same medium but on plates which promote attachment, the spheroids were 3-4 fold more sensitive to CAY 10603, indicating that growth conditions affect the sensitivity of GBM stem cell-like spheroids. Moreover, CAY 10603 triggered cell death in U87MG and M-HBT161 cells as well as CD133/SOX2-expressing spheroids was associated with activation of caspases-3, -6 and -9. Overall, our results show that CAY 10603 robustly inhibits the growth of GBM cells, and is effective in eliminating spheroids that contain GBM cancer stem cells which play a major role in drug resistance and disease recurrence. These results suggest that use of CAY 10603 alone or in combination with other agents may potentially improve the survival of brain tumor patients. Citation Format: Mohammad Reza Saadatzadeh, Khadijeh Bijangi Vishehsaraei, Haiyan Wang, Aaron Cohen-Gadol, Karen E. Pollok, Ahmad R. Safa. Targeting histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) depresses proliferation and induces caspase-associated cell death in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells and GBM stem cell-like spheroids. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Advances in Brain Cancer Research; May 27-30, 2015; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(23 Suppl):Abstract nr B18.


We introduce syntactic descriptions, an extended type system for the linear A-calculus. With this type system checking that a linear A-term normalizes to another one reduces to type-checking. As a consequence this type system can be seen as a formal tool to design matching algorithms. In that respect, solving matching equations becomes a combination of type inference and proof search. We present such an algorithm for linear matching equations.In the case of second order equations, this algorithm stresses the similarities between linear matching in the linear A-calculus and linear context matching. It uses tabular techniques and is a practical alternative to Huet's algorithm for those equations.


Mathematical models for the superimposed orbital angular momentum (OAM) mode of multiple Hankel–Bessel (HB) beams in anisotropic non-Kolmogorov turbulence are developed. The effects of anisotropic turbulence and source parameters on the mode detection spectrum of the superimposed OAM mode are analyzed. Anisotropic characteristics of the turbulence in the free atmosphere can enhance the performance of OAM-based communication. The HB beam is a good source for mitigating the turbulence effects due to its nondiffraction and self-focusing properties. Turbulence effects on the superimposed OAM mode can be effectively reduced by the appropriate allocation of OAM modes at the transmitter based on the reciprocal features of the mode cross talk.