PURPOSE
To compare the halo features and through-focus performance of three different multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs) that provide distance, intermediate, and near vision in a clinical trial.

METHODS
A trifocal diffractive MIOL (AT LISA tri 839MP; Carl Zeiss Meditec), a diffractive extended depth-of-focus MIOL (TECNIS Symfony ZXR00; Abbott Laboratories, Inc), and a rotational asymmetric refractive MIOL (SBL-3; Lenstec, Inc) were assessed in a modified International Organization for Standardization eye model. The modulation transfer function (MTF) at the IOLs' foci was obtained using aperture sizes of 3 and 4.5 mm. Through-focus MTF curves were compared among all MIOLs. Images of the slit pattern were used to assess halo formation and characteristics.

RESULTS
The AT LISA tri and Symfony IOLs showed symmetric halos. The halos of the AT LISA tri IOL were larger but weaker in distance and near foci, whereas the halos of the Symfony IOL were smaller and fainter in intermediate focus. The halos of the SBL-3 IOL were asymmetric and appeared as tangentially downward weaker halos. The optical performance of diffractive MIOLs gradually deteriorated as the aperture increased. The distance foci of the AT LISA tri and SBL-3 IOLs were of similar superior optical quality, the intermediate focus of the Symfony IOL showed the best optical quality, and the near focus of the SBL-3 IOL outperformed the near foci of the remaining IOLs.

CONCLUSIONS
The differences in the design of the MIOLs translate to differences in optical performance at their foci, through-focus expressions, and halo features, which can provide further information to surgeons when selecting what IOL to implant. [J Refract Surg. 2022;38(9):552-558.].


A 43-year-old man presented to hospital after routine laboratory tests showed an acute kidney injury and hypercalcaemia. He had no relevant medical history and normal physical examination, other than a 6-week history of lower back pain for which he had been taking naproxen. Low parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels indicated a PTH-independent hypercalcaemia. Investigations including CT of thorax, abdomen and pelvis and subsequent bone biopsy and renal biopsy were unremarkable. Positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) scan was ultimately considered as a diagnostic test and showed abnormalities in the right subpectoral and portacaval region with intense fluorodeoxyglucose F 18 uptake in local lymph nodes. A biopsy of the right subpectoral node showed granulomatous change consistent with sarcoidosis. PET/CT scanning can play an important role in the investigation of suspected malignancy, infection and inflammatory disease and in this case, was required to diagnose an atypical presentation of sarcoidosis.


Aiming at the flaws of circuit complexity, low accuracy, inconvenience of expansion and maintenance in the traditional multi-point measurement of temperature and humidity using analog circuit, a multi-point temperature and humidity monitoring system based on temperature and humidity sensors SHT11 and wireless transmission circuit is proposed. The features, the internal structure and working principle of SHT11 is introduced; The hardware circuits based on SHT11 and software process of wireless network are designed. It has the advantage of simple circuit, convenience of expansion and maintenance, high accuracy.


A destructive mode of projective identification is delineated: a predator's catastrophic attack calculated to cause the victim a stress disorder marked by a disarrayed identity. This discomposure enables the perpetrator to aggrandize a manifold inroad upon the victim's identity to imprint, intrude, mingle and/or lodge his representation into it; to ravage, steal from, impoverish, and/or corrupt it; finally to have his representation emerge as an internal regulator of the traumatized prey's functioning. The victim's debased integrity is manifest in the symptoms of his ensuing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).


The constitution of Utah, born of religious conflict, is explained in detail in this addition to the Greenwood series: Reference Guides to the State Constitutions of the United States. It represents a comprehensive review of the unique historical background and the 100-year development of the Utah State Constitution. Written for the beginning of statehood in 1896, the original constitution survived until the early 1970s with little change. Since that time it has responded to a wave of constitutional reform that has produced change in virtually every article. This reference guide shows these changes section-by-section and explores their purpose and meaning. This book will be of interest for students of government and law.


We use fi rm-level data for 15 countries and 13 manufacturing sectors to estimate fi rm-level productivity parameters and to establish representative country-sector-specifi c empirical productivity distributions. We use these distributions against the backdrop of multi-sector versions of the models of Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Melitz (2003) to quantify the role of technology in shaping international trade flows. We fi nd that, on average, absolute advantage measured as productivity differences across countries within sectors explains 15% and 21% of the total variation in bilateral trade shares in the models of Eaton and Kortum (2002) and Melitz (2003), respectively. In contrast, on average, comparative advantage measured as productivity differences across sectors within countries explains 39% and 47% of the variation in trade flows in these two models. We also demonstrate that empirical productivity distributions entail quantitatively important micro-to-macro implications for marginal responses of trade flows to changes in trade costs, for gravity-type estimation of trade models, and for comparative statics isomorphism between the customarily parameterized models of international trade. We con firm the predictions of the two aforementioned models under empirical productivity distributions in the data.


Documents 1995 UN Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing. Forty three essays by men and women who attended the conference tell of their experiences and how they ve applied what they learned at home. The words of these college presidents, students, teachers, homemakers, retirees, writers, clergy, and entrepreneurs who participated in the UN Fourth World Conference on Women document the remarkable initiative, energy, and vision of those who began and continue to coordinate the activities of Pittsburgh/Beijing 95 and Beyond. Auth also offers background information on the three previous UN Women s Conferences, outlines the work that has been accomplished since the 1995 conference, and the plans for implementing the Beijing Platform for Action at the local level. Her remarks and the stories she has collected offer an intimate portrayal of an historical event that was largely under-reported by popular media. Essential reading for anyone who wants to know what really happened and what they can do now."


AIM
The objective of the research was to compare the self-image characteristics, stress coping strategies and the intensification of anxiety in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia before and after the rehabilitation programme.

METHODS
The examined group was made up of 32 patients exclusively with the medical diagnosis of schizophrenia, according to the ICD-10 criteria. The mean age of the patients was 35 years, the average time of illness was 12 years. The patients were examined twice (at the admission to the psychiatric rehabilitation department and at the discharge from the department) with the following psychological tests: the Adjective Check List, the Stress Coping Questionnaire and the Self-Analysis Form by Cattell. The socio-demographic data of the patients were determined on the basis of the Socio-demographic Questionnaire designed by the authors.

RESULTS
Statistically significant differences were found as regards the characteristics of self-image, stress coping strategies and the intensity of anxiety in patients before and after psychiatric rehabilitation programme.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Following the rehabilitation programme the examined group of patients have a lower level of fear and anxiety, a more positive self-image, higher self-esteem, they better cope with stress and tasks and are more willing to establish interpersonal relationships as compared to the situation prior to the rehabilitation programme. 2. Following the rehabilitation programme the examined patients, while in a stressful situation, less frequently isolate themselves, concentrate on suffering experienced by them and react with the sense of helplessness and hopelessness.


The high number of stunted children (ranged from 10 to 40%) is a nutritional problems in Indonesia, and it is also reported the high incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infection (ARI). Curd, which has function as probiotics. Thus, there is need to see the influence of curd given to 1-4 years old stunted children on nutritional status, incidence of diarrhea and acute respiratory tract infection (ARI). A Quasi-experimental research was conducted over 90 days with the equivalent method of pre-post test design group in 85 stunted children, who were divided into treatment and control groups. Body weight was measured using a digital balance with an accuracy of 0.01 kg and height measurements by microtoise with accuracy 0,1 cm. The nutrients intake using 2 x 24-hour food recall, at begining, middle and end of the study. ARI and diarrhea incidence were asked every day. Data were analyzed with the Shapiro-Wilk, paired-t test, unpaired t test and Ancova. The mean intake of curd reached 6.75 g / day containing 1.5 x 107 CFU BAL/ g. Energy and protein intake were above 100%. There wasa significant increase z-score H/A in experiment group (p=0,000) at the end of study, which did not in control group (P=>0,05). However, there was a significant decreased in z-score W/H in the experiment group (p=0,000) which did not in control group (>0,05). There were decreases in the incidence of diarrhea and ARI in both groups, which were more prominent in the experiment group. Incorporating curd into supplementary food improve the linier growth and reduce the incidence of diarrhea and ARI in 1-4 years stunted children. Its recommended that curd should be incorporated to children daily food in areas where the curd is already produced and consumed by adults


Genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) are associated with diverse immunological disorders, including autoimmune diseases and infections. Recently, significant progresses have been made in the HLA typing technologies through the use of next generation sequencers. The reliable platforms for the SNP-based imputation of HLA genotypes have also been established. These technical advancements should enable further identification of HLA associations with diseases. One of the remaining questions is the mechanism through which HLA confer disease susceptibility. As a first step toward comprehensive understanding of functional variations among HLA allele products, we established a protocol to analyze the HLA-binding peptides through quantification of cell-surface HLA expression in an engineered cell line. In this article, we summarize the overview of the cell-surface HLA expression assay, which we plan to use for screening and collection of HLA-peptide interaction profiles for large sets of HLA alleles and peptides.


The location of the biceps femoris muscle is on the lateral side of the posterior thigh. It joins the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles, both of which are on the medial aspect of the posterior thigh, to become the hamstring complex. The biceps femoris muscle is the strongest of the hamstring complex and is responsible for flexion, external rotation and posterolateral stability of the knee. The biceps femoris muscle has a long and a short head. In some normal variants, the short head of the biceps femoris may be absent. The long head of the biceps femoris muscle originates from the medial aspect of the ischial tuberosity and the inferior aspect of the sacrotuberous ligament. The short head of the biceps femoris muscle arises from the lateral lip of the linea aspera of the femur, proximal two-thirds of the supracondylar line, and the lateral intermuscular septum. These two heads of the biceps femoris form the biceps femoris tendon and then insert on the fibular head, the crural fascia, and the proximal tibia. The two heads of the biceps femoris muscle receive innervation by different components of the sciatic nerve. The long head receives innervation from the tibial component of the sciatic nerve, whereas the short head receives innervation from the peroneal component of the sciatic nerve. This unique innervation pattern of the biceps femoris muscle may result in incoordination of both heads and vulnerability to a sports injury.[1] Injury to the biceps femoris muscle has an association with decreased flexion force and rotational stability of the knee. Brunet (1987) observed that the flexion force had a 75% decrease if the biceps femoris tendon gets transferred to the fibular collateral ligament. By transferring either a part or the entire biceps femoris tendon to the fibular collateral ligament, it is anticipated to resist the anterolateral rotatory instability of the knee, which usually arises from the anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency and injury to the lateral capsule of the knee.[2] On the other hand, Frazer (1988) showed that the biceps femoris muscle had increased activity in the knees with torn anterior cruciate ligaments. The electromyographic activity of the biceps femoris tendon also increased during quadriceps setting and straight leg raising exercises.[3] Rupture of the biceps femoris tendon can be treated conservatively or surgically, depending on the severity of the tendon retraction. Most of the patients recover well and are able to return to high-level sports activities if they receive a timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.


(Acc. 3-VIII-2000) Summary In a study of male song in the orange-tufted sunbird ( Nectarinia osea ) in an urban neighborhood in Ramat-Aviv, Israel, we discovered the occurrence of song variation on a microgeographic scale in the form of two distinct dialects with a sharp boundary between them. The main distinction between the two song dialects is the frequency of the trill, which comprises the terminal part of the song. A large difference of 2-3 kHz in the peak frequency of the trill was discovered between the two dialects, which could be easily distinguished by ear. Thirtyseven males were recorded singing the ' low' dialect and 21 birds sang the ' high' dialect. Four other birds sang both dialects or ' hybrid' songs. Along the boundary that separated the two dialect populations, neighboring birds sang different dialect songs, although they were only 20-30 meters apart. All four ' bilingual' birds occupied territories near the dialect boundary. The historical processes leading to the formation of this dialect system may result from the pattern of human settlement at the time of the establishment of this neighborhood in the early 1950's. The spatial distribution of the two sunbird dialect populations, and the apparent low dispersal rates of birds from their natal dialect area, suggest the existence of a mechanism, which currently maintains these dialects at the current boundaries.


Abstract: Albanian economy has gone through some difficult processes during different
periods. For 45 years, it was a centrally planned economy, because of the dictatorial
system. Albanian economy suffered a defeat during its adoption from centralized
economy to a liberal economy. The main difficulty was the concentration of the
Albanian economy in the cooperative system. In this type of system, all properties were
owned by the state, there was no right of privatization. After '90 the identity of properties
was returned. The banking sector, as one of the most important sectors of economy,
was not having an appropriate development. Not only inflation would be the problem
of the economy, but also the loss of trust for the deposit of money in the second level
banks that could be opened, which would lead to the failure of the financial sector.
An important factor which characterize the economy is the informality. This article
seeks to explain the factors that influenced informality in economy, in specific, tax
evasion. Tax evasion is an illegal action as it constitutes a deed where the person is
breaching the provisions found in the Tax Procedures Law and Penal Code. This paper
shall discuss such provisions in the Albanian legislation.


Over the last 30 years, humans have extended their stays in space from a brief suborbial flight of 15 minutes to an orbital residence of 440+ days. Complex spacecraft now routinely transport humans into an environment more forbidding than any previously encountered. Nutrition can play an important role in counteracting some of the physiological effects of microgravity, and have a profound effect on the quality of life in space. As we embark on extended-duration flights, nutrition becomes a critical issue. This article reviews the physiological adaptations to space flight that affect nutritional requirements.


The aim of this article is to explore how the practice of critical reflection within a management learning process can be facilitated through the application of reflective processes and tools. A distinction is drawn between reflection as a form of individual development (of, say, the reflective practitioner) and critical reflection as a route to collective action and a component of organizational learning and change. Critical reflection, however, is not a process that comes naturally to many managers and may have to be learned or facilitated, either in formal classroom contexts, or through learning processes such as coaching, mentoring and action learning. The article discusses some of the tools available to learning facilitators, in helping a group or client towards a more critically reflective understanding of their situation and organization. These include processes such as storytelling, and reflective and reflexive conversations, and the use of tools such as reflective metaphors, critical incident analysis, reflective journals, repertory grids and concept mapping. Such tools provide an aid to critical reflection, which is seen as one process that mediates between experience, knowledge and action.


A controller synthesis algorithm is developed in this paper. The algorithm employs the genetic algorithm for parameter optimization and Taguchi method for the planning of trials in applying the genetic algorithms. The resulting two-phase algorithm explores the orthogonal array in Taguchi method to conduct a series of experiments so that key parameters pertaining to the control factors, noise factors, and quality factors can be determined. In the first phase, a matrix-type experiment is conducted to determine the configuration for parameter optimization. The second phase then applies parameter optimization method to determine the controller parameter that leads to robust performance. The combined two-phase approach is effective and efficient in controller synthesis. The proposed algorithm is applied to a control-design benchmark problem. The resulting design is shown to have a superior performance to other existing controllers.


Purpose – to investigate the state of development of organizational culture of legal entities engaged in tourism business in order to further improve the mechanism of development of organizational and cultural resources involved in the international tourism business.
Design/Method/Approach. The method of analysis has been applied when investigating the state of market development of tourism business; the questionnaire method ‒ when assessing the state of development of organizational culture of the tourism business in Dnipropetrovsk oblast; the method of logical generalization ‒ to draw conclusions based on the results of the survey.
Findings. Author has analyzed current market of tourist services and revealed main trends in development. The trend of further development of the sector has been illustrated; active growth in the number of accommodation facilities has been identified, specifically hotel chains. The rating of hotel brands has been compiled, which compares national and international hotel brands in terms of the number of accommodation facilities available in the tourist market. The author has given the authentic definition of organizational and cultural resources in the business of international tourism. Competitiveness factors for the entities of tourism business have been determined, which include organizational culture among the organizational and cultural resources. An express-algorithm has been presented in order to evaluate the state of development of the organizational culture of a tourism business entity. The results of the study graphically illustrate the assessment of the state of development of the organizational culture by the tourism business entities in Dnipropetrovsk oblast.
Practical implications. The research results will be applied in the further formation of the mechanism of development of organizational and cultural resources in tourism business. The proposed express-algorithm and the questionnaire could be used in order to estimate the state of development of organizational culture by enterprises in different businesses.
Originality/Value. The scientific-theoretical provisions for the formation of tourism business in Ukraine have been further developed through the assessment of state of development of organizational culture, which, in contrast to existing ones, are based on the results of surveying the entities of tourism infrastructure, which makes it possible to identify the main components in the system of competitiveness management by assessing key performance indicators in the management system related to the development of organizational and cultural resources.
Research limitations/Future research. The research results could create a basis of the mechanism for developing the organizational and cultural resources in international tourism business.
Paper type – empirical.


Lung adenocarcinomas represents about 42% and 28% of NSCLC diagnosed in women and men. Several subtypes are recognized by WHO. EGFR , HER2 and KRAS gene mutations have been described. Authors intends to identify differences between adenocarcinomas subtypes/patterns concerning EGFR , HER2 and KRAS mutations, gene copy number and protein expression. 45 lung adenocarcinomas were evaluated for EGFR , HER2 and KRAS mutational status by PCR, fragment analysis and direct sequencing, EGFR and HER2 gene copy number by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). EGFR and c-erbB-2 protein expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). 8 cases showed EGFR exon 21 mutation (38,75%). In two cases the mutation was present in only one pattern of the tumour. 10 cases showed EGFR exon 19 deletions (32%), one case with the mutation present in only one of the patterns. 4 cases showed synchronous exon 19 deletions and exon 21 point mutations. Of the 14 cases with EGFR mutations 10 cases were FISH positive (71%). KRAS mutations were identified in 5 cases (16%), one coexisting with EGFR exon 21 point mutation. All cases were HER2 wild-type. 8 cases with EGFR mutations demonstrated EGFR protein expression and 6 cases were negative. EGFR mutational status and FISH results showed a moderate agreement/concordance. Concordance between EGFR FISH results and mutational status with EGFR IHC expression was fair. Frequently, when a mutation is identified it is present in all the patterns of 1 adenocarcinoma. Mutations of HER2 do not seem to be important in lung adenocarcinomas pathology. KRAS and EGFR mutations are in general mutually exclusive, but in rare cases they may coexist.


A multiscale variant of the block compressed sensing with smoothed projected Landweber reconstruction algorithm is proposed for the compressed sensing of images. In essence, block-based compressed-sensing sampling is deployed independently within each subband of each decomposition level of a wavelet transform of an image. The corresponding multiscale reconstruction interleaves Landweber steps on the individual blocks with a smoothing filter in the spatial domain of the image as well as thresholding within a sparsity transform. Experimental results reveal that the proposed multiscale reconstruction preserves the fast computation associated with block-based compressed sensing while rivaling the reconstruction quality of a popular total-variation algorithm known for both its high-quality reconstruction as well as its exceedingly large computational cost.


There are few studies on the treatment orientation of psychological counseling and psychotherapy practitioners in China. Additionally, integrative therapy as the first choice is much commoner in less developed areas and among unsupervised practitioners, which reflects the risk of technical confusion relating to the use of integrative therapy in China. The counseling and psychotherapy practitioners are treated as "variables", and researchers are concerned because these "variables" can have a significant impact on the course of treatment and outcomes. Therefore, we analyze the effects of socioeconomic development level on practitioners' treatment orientation. Based on the results, in addition to areas of employment, urban stratification and practitioners' system factors, gender, age, education, professional background, work hours, and other factors affect psychological counseling and psychological treatment practitioners.


China Camp State Park and Rush Ranch Open Space Preserve contain rare examples of historic tidal wetlands, undeveloped coastal hills and grasslands, and a variety of ecotones once common (but now rare) in the San Francisco Estuary. The San Francisco Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve was designated in 2003 to support coastal management through long-term monitoring and research at China Camp and Rush Ranch. This two-part Special Issue [9(3) and 10(2)] summarizes the current regional context of the marshes at China Camp and Rush Ranch and reviews key aspects of their ecology. Scientific activities at these sites are complemented by stewardship and education programs that offer unique opportunities to improve the conservation and restoration of tidal wetlands throughout the estuary.


Abstract Males of Microsepsis eberhardi and M. armillata use their genitalic surstyli to rhythmically squeeze the female's abdomen with stereotyped movements during copulation. Squeezing movements did not begin until intromission had occurred and, contrary to predictions of the conflict-of-interest hypothesis for genitalic evolution, did not overcome morphological or behavioral female resistance. Contrary to predictions of the lock-and-key hypothesis, female morphology was uniform in the two species and could not mechanically exclude the genitalia of either species of male. The complex pattern of squeezing movements differed between the two species as predicted by the sexual selection hypothesis for genitalic evolution. Also, evolutionarily derived muscles and pseudoarticulations in the male's genitalic surstyli facilitated one type of movement, whose patterns were especially distinct. The data support the hypothesis that the male surstyli evolved to function as courtship devices. Corresponding Editor: D. Wheeler


The superconducting reciprocating generator/motor has several advantages over the machines with rotating superconducting field windings on which most existing work is concentrated. It consists essentially of a number of armature conductors oscillating within a superconducting solenoid of rectangular cross-section, the conductors being parallel to the long side of the rectangle and at right angles to the directions of both the field and the movement. In the three-phase version the solenoid is wrapped into a toroidal shape, each armature phase being situated at an angle of 120° to its neighbour. The electrical phase relation is maintained by linking each phase-set of conductors through a connecting rod to a crank on the drive shaft. Electrical contact between the armatures and fixed terminals is made through flexible connectors. The chief advantages of the new machine are: 1. The superconducting field winding is stationary, while the armature does not require sliding contacts to carry the large output current. 2. The field flux is completely contained within the toroid without the need for iron or copper screens. 3. Because the armature conductors do not rotate, but reciprocate in the uniform toroidal field, it is possible to make them of superconductor since the a.c. losses, being due only to the self-field of the armature current, are tolerable. Even with normal conductors, eddy-current losses are greatly reduced. Among other points, the paper discusses optimization of the design, the problem of fatigue, seals and bearings, losses, and reactances. As the main disadvantage of this machine lies in the linkage converting rotary to linear motion, the prospect of an all-reciprocating system will be touched upon.


Silicon drift detector with high sensitivity and energy resolution is an advanced detector which is suitable to be used in deep space detection. To study and reveal the radiation damage of the silicon drift detector (SDD) in a deep-space environment, which will degrade the detector performance, in this paper, the SDD radiation damage effects and mechanics, including displacement damage and ionization damage, for irradiations of different energy of neutrons and gammas are investigated using Geant4 simulation. The results indicate the recoil atoms distribution generated by neutrons in SDD is uniform, and recoil atoms' energy is mainly in the low energy region. For secondary particles produced by neutron irradiation, a large energy loss in inelastic scattering and fission reactions occur, and neutron has a significant nuclear reaction. The energy deposition caused by gammas irradiation is linear with the thickness of SDD; the secondary electron energy distribution produced by gamma irradiation is from several eV to incident particle energy. As the scattering angle of secondary electron increases, the number of secondary electrons decreases. Therefore, a reasonable detector epitaxial thickness should be set in the anti-irradiation design of SDD.


In several recent dissociative recombination (DR) experiments, the observed DR products depend on the structure, bonding and charge center of the molecular ion. For examples, the dominant product channel observed in the DR of N2O+2, D+5, and D5O2+ suggests that the former two ions have the form NO+·NO, and D+3·D2, respectively, whilst the latter is known to have the form D2O·D+·D2O. We compare and contrast these observations by investigating the DR of one of the simplest such systems, Li+·H2. This system, a weakly bound cluster with the charge center located on the lithium atom, will provide us with an excellent opportunity for investigating the role played by the type of bonds and charge center in the DR process.


Book synopsis: Fish, or lower vertebrates, occupy the basal nodes of the vertebrate phylogeny, and are therefore crucial in interpreting almost every feature of more advanced vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Recent research focuses on combining evolutionary observations - primarily from the fish fossil record - with developmental data from living fishes, in order to better interpret evolutionary history and vertebrate phylogeny. This book highlights the importance of this research in the interpretation of vertebrate evolution, bringing together world-class palaeontologists and biologists to summarise the most interesting, current and cutting-edge topics in fish evolution and development. It will be an invaluable tool for researchers in early vertebrate palaeontology and evolution, and those particularly interested in the interface between evolution and development.


Fault section identification in distribution networks is a complicated and important subject. This paper presents a method to distinguish the faulted section with the aid of traveling waves. The proposed algorithm is able to detect the faulty section using voltage signals only and avoid the need for installing current transformers. Fault direction identification method proposed in this paper is based on wavelet coefficients of transients generated by the fault. The simulation studies show that the proposed scheme can work properly in the case of all types of faults, different fault inceptions, different fault locations and fault resistances.


In deep tissue photoacoustic imaging the spatial resolution is inherently limited by the acoustic wavelength. Recently, it was demonstrated that it is possible to surpass the acoustic diffraction limit by analyzing fluctuations in a set of photoacoustic images obtained under unknown speckle illumination patterns. Here, we purpose an approach to boost reconstruction fidelity and resolution, while reducing the number of acquired images by utilizing a compressed sensing computational reconstruction framework. The approach takes into account prior knowledge of the system response and sparsity of the target structure. We provide proof of principle experiments of the approach and demonstrate that improved performance is obtained when both speckle fluctuations and object priors are used. We numerically study the expected performance as a function of the measurement's signal to noise ratio and sample spatial-sparsity. The presented reconstruction framework can be applied to analyze existing photoacoustic experimental data sets containing dynamic fluctuations.


Local economic development policy networks in four cities in Britain and France (Leeds, Southampton, Lille, and Rennes) are compared by means of the technique of sociometric network analysis. The author's objective was to find out if, in an age of internationalisation and urban competition, networks still conform to the structure suggested by the classic Franco-British comparative studies, or whether they resemble the more open and interorganisational pattern characteristic of the new urban governance. After setting out the methods and the sociometric approach, the author identifies actors who have the ten highest centrality scores in the four cities, The author concludes that, in spite of continuing contrasts in the national institutional structures and differences in the politics and cultures of the four cities, there is a surprising similarity in the key actors involved in urban economic development; these actors include individuals from the locally elected authorities, central government bodies, and businesses. The new urban governance is based on the range of agencies responsible for economic development and upon the growing importance of business in policy formulation and implementation.


The purpose of this study was to examine the role of the self-disclosure process in regard to connection development and relationship quality in peer mentoring relationships between transition-age youth (ages 15-20) and young adults (ages 18-36) with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities. Self-disclosure is defined as "the disclosure of inner feelings and experiences to another person" that "fosters liking, caring, and trust, thereby facilitating the deepening of close relationships" ( Reis & Shaver, 1988 , p. 372). Nine peer mentoring dyads with varied interpersonal connections were purposefully selected from a larger intervention study. Recorded mentoring conversations were analyzed for self-disclosure content and peer mentor response. The findings demonstrated trends related to connection development and differences across degree of connection. In relationships with stronger connections, there was a higher quantity of self-disclosure and more frequent disclosure of emotions, and peer mentors responded more frequently with advice and reciprocated self-disclosure. Implications of findings for promoting higher-quality peer mentoring relationships are discussed.


The probabilistic concepts underlying measurement of asset adequacy are discussed in a simplified way. The basic theory involves complex probability distributions of C-l, C-2, and C-3 risks and their combination, with degree of adequacy expressed as a level of probability of ultimate ruin. Practical surrogates for such distributions are universes of deterministic cash flow scenarios of reasonable and plausible deviations from expected with bounding worst scenarios. These are related to ruin probabilities by stochastic generation of scenarios or by heuristic reasoning reflecting levels of comfort or intuitive feelings. The intent is to show the relationship of theoretical and practical procedures that differ only in degree of precision. Certain significant problems that arise in the absence of determination of risk surplus are discussed.


Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract originating from the interstitial cells of Cajal. Giant oesophageal GISTs are rare since the oesophagus is rarely the primary site of GISTs, and they are usually diagnosed early due to complaints such as dysphagia. We present the case of a giant oesophageal GIST presenting with prominent clubbing. The case underlined the diagnostic importance of clubbing and the careful consideration of chemotherapy. Although clubbed fingers associated with GISTs are rare, our experience demonstrates the importance of physicians' recognition of clubbing as a paraneoplastic phenomenon for early diagnosis of malignancies since patients seldom notice their own clubbing by themselves. Chemotherapy using imatinib, an Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor, is the standard option for unresectable giant GISTs. However, careful consideration must be made of the risk of complications associated with rapid mass reduction due to imatinib such as bleeding, oesophageal perforation and mediastinitis.


Abstract : With the development of new analytical detection capabilities, perchlorate contamination has been found in ground and surface waters across the United States (U.S.). Perchlorate, as ammonium perchlorate, is an oxidant used in solid rocket fuels; hence, sources of contamination generally occur near military test sites and chemical manufacturing plants. The perchlorate anion (ClO4 -) is known to inhibit thyroid function in mammals. In some locations in the U.S., perchlorate has been found at part per million concentrations in surface water inhabited by fish. To test the hypothesis that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of perchlorate can impact fish thyroid and reproductive function, adult male and female common goldfish (Carassius auratus) were exposed in a laboratory flow-through exposure system for 30 days to four concentrations of perchlorate ranging from 14 ppb to 31 ppm, along with controls. Exposure was continued to 60 d for an additional set of controls and 31 ppm treatment groups. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), gonad histology, and plasma sex steroids (17 -estradiol, testosterone, and 11-ketotestosterone) were examined to assess reproductive function. Thyroid activity was assessed by use of a nonparametric rank-order assessment method developed for fish during this study. Significant increases in head kidney thyroid activity occurred at 1200 ppb and 31 ppm in females and at 31 ppm in males. Pharyngeal thyroid activity increased in both male and female goldfish exposed to 31 ppm perchlorate. Exposure to perchlorate concentrations up to 31 ppm for 30 or 60 d had no effect on GSI. Some statistically significant effects on plasma sex steroid concentrations were observed for both sexes, but the differences were small and concentrations remained within normal ranges previously reported for goldfish in this reproductive state.


This paper presents the interactions between two cold atmospheric plasma jets. By changing the experimental conditions including the gas flow rate, the applied voltage, the power supply frequency and the inter-electrode distance d, three different interaction modes, attraction, repulsion and combination, were observed. It is shown that the interaction modes of the two jets are principally affected by the electrodes, the gas flow rate, the plasma jets and the power supply frequency.


S����� J., C������ D., N������� K. (2004): The emergence of a atrazine resistant black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) biotype and molecular basis of the resistance. Plant Protect. Sci., 40: 94–100. Seeds from atrazine resistant plants of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) were collected at the railway station Prague-Vršovice, seeds from susceptible plants in Vyšehořovice (Prague East district). Tests on emergence showed that in both resistant and susceptible biotypes it was highest at a seeding depth of 1 mm, and that at the same seeding depth there were statistically significant differences in emergence between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. The resistance or susceptibility to atrazine was tested by both a chlorophyll fluorescence assay and spraying with atrazine. A region of the gene encoding D1 protein of photosystem II was sequenced and compared between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. Resistance to atrazine in the S. nigrum biotype from Vršovice was conferred by a glycine for serine substitution at residue 264 of the D1 protein. In the plants of the biotypes there was excellent correspondence between the presence of the mutation and herbicide resistance. The assay based on restriction analysis of PCR products can be used for rapid detection of the mutation in populations of black nightshade.


A review of an earlier study of the use of alteplase has confirmed that the drug, when given according to the study's protocol, reduced disability in patients with acute stroke.

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Kirk Douglas: the United States' most famous stroke sufferer

AARON HARRIS/AP PHOTO

The review was undertaken after a controversy sparked off by an article in the BMJ last year (2002;324: 723-9). The earlier study was published in the New England Journal of Medicine more than seven years ago (1995;333: 1581-7).

The BMJ article said that the original study was cited as the reason why the American Heart Association had changed its guidelines on the use of alteplase but pointed out that most of the association's experts on stroke had ties to the drug's manufacturer. The article provoked numerous letters, many of which pointed to possible weaknesses in the original study.

The new review was carried out by an independent panel set up by the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS), which conducted the trial. The results of the review were announced at the annual meeting of the Society of Academic Emergency Medicine in Boston last week.

The panel, chaired by W Michael O'Fallon, a professor of biostatistics, said that analyses confirmed the trial's finding that alteplase, delivered according to its protocol, reduced disability in patients with acute stroke. …

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Dementia is a global public health problem and detection in the primary care setting, particularly in developing countries, is challenging. The aim of this research was to produce the cross-cultural validation of the AD8 interview to the Brazilian Portuguese Language. The original version of the AD8 was submitted to translation, back-translation, and application of the questionnaire to 20 elderly informants for face validation. The AD8-Brazil was then evaluated in 109 community-dwelling elderly with a sociodemographic questionnaire, clinical examination, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Katz Inventory of Activities of Daily Living (ADL), and Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR). The AD8-Brazil was compared with the other instruments and with the clinical diagnosis (DSM-IV) for criterion validation. There was significant agreement of AD8-Brazil with diagnosis of dementia (p < 0.001), MMSE (p = 0.047), and ADL (PFisher = 0.004). Also, the AD8-Brazil was able to differentiate the stages of dementia by CDR scale. The reliability was high (alpha = 0.818) and reproducibility analysis showed excellent inter-rater (kappa = 0.889) and test-retest consistency (kappa = 0.814). The AD8-Brazil showed excellent discrimination between CDR 0 and CDR > 0 (area under the curve 86.1%) and between CDR 0 and CDR 0.5 (area under the curve 76.9%). The administration of the questionnaire took 2.3 ± 0.1 minutes. The Brazilian version of the AD8 is a valid, reliable, quick, and easy screening instrument for dementia.


Floodwater mosquitoes cause serious problems especially the spread of mosquito‐borne diseases. The main challenge is to implement acceptable general mitigation methods. In recent years, encouraging steps have been taken in favour of developing more sustainable measures such as modern biological methods. The novelty of the present study is in suggesting an alternative green method that can eliminate the use of any secondary biological or chemical agents. The method is based on establishing an alternative river regulation scheme that limits flooding of high‐risk lowland areas. A combined hydrodynamic modelling and optimization method gave effective river regulation schemes. The main idea is to maintain the total power production for a modified inflow hydrograph. The approach was applied to a 30‐km reach of the Österdalälven River located in central Sweden. It was found that with the specific constraints of the site a reduction of about 8% of lowland flood areas is possible if the inflow hydrograph is moderately modified by 20%. Higher reductions are possible by further modification of the hydrograph. The proposed method has a general character controlled by the specific site requirements of a critical flow or a water surface elevation. Based on the foregoing information, the method can be applied to similar sites.


Purpose of review Feeding challenges and growth failure are lifelong issues for infants with congenital heart disease. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature on the topic from North America. Recent findings Despite recognition of feeding challenges and ongoing national collaboration, >50% of infants with univentricular physiology continue to require supplemental tube feeds at the time of discharge from neonatal surgery. Preoperative feeding is now commonly used in prostaglandin dependent neonates with congenital heart disease. The value of a structured nutritional program with establishment of best practices in nutrition is well recognized in the current era. Despite implementation of these best practices, neonates undergoing cardiac surgery continue to struggle with weight gain prior to discharge. This suggests that there is more to growth than provision of adequate nutrition alone. Summary The National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative continues to play a major role in optimizing nutrition in infants with congenital heart disease. This among other registries underscores the importance of collaboration in improving overall outcomes for children with congenital heart disease. Nurses should be encouraged to lead both clinical and research efforts to overcome feeding challenges encountered by these children.


One of the most fundamental features of the human brain is its ability to detect and attend to salient goal-relevant events in a flexible manner. The salience network (SN), anchored in the anterior insula and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, plays a crucial role in this process through rapid detection of goal-relevant events and facilitation of access to appropriate cognitive resources. Here, we leverage the subsecond resolution of large multisession fMRI datasets from the Human Connectome Project and apply novel graph-theoretical techniques to investigate the dynamic spatiotemporal organization of the SN. We show that the large-scale brain dynamics of the SN are characterized by several distinctive and robust properties. First, the SN demonstrated the highest levels of flexibility in time-varying connectivity with other brain networks, including the frontoparietal network (FPN), the cingulate–opercular network (CON), and the ventral and dorsal attention networks (VAN and DAN). Second, dynamic functional interactions of the SN were among the most spatially varied in the brain. Third, SN nodes maintained a consistently high level of network centrality over time, indicating that this network is a hub for facilitating flexible cross-network interactions. Fourth, time-varying connectivity profiles of the SN were distinct from all other prefrontal control systems. Fifth, temporal flexibility of the SN uniquely predicted individual differences in cognitive flexibility. Importantly, each of these results was also observed in a second retest dataset, demonstrating the robustness of our findings. Our study provides fundamental new insights into the distinct dynamic functional architecture of the SN and demonstrates how this network is uniquely positioned to facilitate interactions with multiple functional systems and thereby support a wide range of cognitive processes in the human brain.


This thesis defines the Broadcasting Automata model as an intuitive and complete
method of distributed pattern formation, partitioning and distributed geometric
computation. The system is examined within the context of Swarm Robotics
whereby large numbers of minimally complex robots may be deployed in a variety
of circumstances and settings with goals as diverse as from toxic spill containment
to geological survey. Accomplishing these tasks with such simplistic machines is
complex and has been deconstructed in to sub-problems considered to be signif-
icant because, when composed, they are able to solve much more complex tasks.
Sub-problems have been identified, and studied as pattern formation, leader elec-
tion, aggregation, chain formation, hole avoidance, foraging, path formation, etc.
The Broadcasting Automata draws inspiration from a variety of sources such as
Ad-Hoc radio networks, cellular automata, neighbourhood sequences and nature,
employing many of the same pattern forming methods that can be seen in the
superposition of waves and resonance.
To this end the thesis gives an in depth analysis of the primitive tools of the
Broadcasting Automata model, nodal patterns, where waves from a variety of
transmitters can in linear time construct partitions and patterns with results per-
taining to the numbers of different patterns and partitions, along with the number
of those that differ, are given. Using these primitives of the model a variety of
algorithms are given including leader election, through the location of the centre
of a discrete disc, and a solution to the Firing Squad Synchronisation problem.
These problems are solved linearly.An exploration of the ability to vary the broadcasting radius of each node leads
to results of categorisations of digital discs, their form, composition, encodings
and generation. Results pertaining to the nodal patterns generated by arbitrary
transmission radii on the plane are explored with a connection to broadcasting
sequences and approximation of discrete metrics of which results are given for the
approximation of astroids, a previously unachievable concave metric, through a
novel application of the aggregation of waves via a number of explored functions.
Broadcasting Automata aims to place itself as a robust and complete linear time
and large scale system for the construction of patterns, partitions and geometric
computation. Algorithms and methodologies are given for the solution of problems
within Swarm Robotics and an extension to neighbourhood sequences. It is also
hoped that it opens up a new area of research that can expand many older and
more mature works.


A study determined if cross-age pairing of first-grade and sixth-grade students would have an effect on writing achievement. For 6 weeks, one group of beginning first-grade writers was paired with more able sixth-grade developing writers, while another group of beginning first-grade writers and sixth-grade developing writers was not cross-age paired. The four groups (all students in the Union County, New Jersey, school district) were given a writing sample and a writing survey before and after the project period. A picture response writing sample and an opinion writing survey of how students perceive themselves as writers and how they think others perceive them as writers were identical for each sixth-grade and each first-grade group. The average gain in holistic scoring results of the paired sixth-grade group was significant when compared with those of the non-paired sixth-grade writers. Ideas and content, word choice, and total words written increased more in the paired group than they did in the non-paired group. In addition, many useful writing skills were shared between paired writers and a friendship developed between many partners. The tutors needed to increase their skills to provide the support necessary to help the grade 1 students. Paired students asked questions, discussed the writing process and sentence structure, and organized their thoughts together. (Attached are 6 appendixes of research materials; contains 39 references.) (Author/TB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


Aim To identify and report the falsely elevated white cell count associated with the use of soft paraffin and avoid unnecessary anxiety associated with this. Method We analysed the blood samples collected with the assistance of paraffin and without the assistance of paraffin and analysed it using the common Full blood count analyser Sysmex XE 2100. Some of the blood samples were spiked with paraffin and analysed to see if consistent results can be produced. Results Samples with paraffin were noted to have higher white cell count (up to 50%) compared to the true value. The soft paraffin can get dispersed in the blood sample. Being similar in size to the white cell volume, the paraffin globules scatter the laser light in a similar way to white cell count and affect the total white cell count, falsely elevating the white cell count. They produce a characteristic short broad curve. Conclusion Paraffin used to assist blood sampling can cause false leucocytosis. Neonatal full blood counts with elevated white cell count need to be considered with caution when paraffin is used to assist the collection of the blood sample.


It is high time we looked at the education of software engineering from a global and mobile perspective. To achieve this, we suggest a new educational paradigm, in which future software engineering students and lecturers are mobile and agile. They may enroll at any globally established educator providing educational services on various abstraction levels. This paper suggests a Globalization Ladder, a tool aiding the software community to develop a global software engineering education program


In this paper we introduce a global optimisation technique, namely a genetic algorithm, into a parallel multiclassifier system design process. As few similar systems have been proposed to date our main focus in this study is to explore the statistical properties of the self-configuration process in order to enhance our understanding of its internal operational mechanism and to propose possible improvements. For this we tested our system in a series of character recognition tasks ranging from printed to handwritten data. Subsequently, we compare its performance with that of two alternative multiple classifier combination strategies. Finally, we investigate, over a set of cross-validating experiments, the relation between the performances of the individual classifiers and their variability, and the frequency with which each of them is chosen to participate in the final configuration generated by the genetic algorithm.


ABSTRACT Recipes exhibit a phenomenon that does not exist in other varieties that are commonaly studied (e.g., narrative, sentences in isolation, conversational discourse, etc.)—namely, zero anaphors as direct objects, as in Beat [ø] until stiff. The two goals of this article are to examine this phenomenon in both contemporary recipes and across time and to explore its consequences for linguistic theroy. It is found that stylistic, semantic, and discourse factors are the most important in the phenomenon, with syntax and morphology playing relatively minor roles. Furthermore, these zero anaphors pattern like overt pronouns and have in fact replaced overt pronouns over time. A preliminary model of register variation and its consequences for the synactic analysis of recipes are also presented.


The author investigates the security issues and implications in implementing an open network architecture (ONA) in intelligent networks (INs). A view of technical limitations to ONA in IN is developed from the security standpoint. Specifically, access controls for ONA in IN are investigated. The author describes a multi-level functional component (FC) approach to ONA in an IN. With multi-level FCs, an IN gains flexible and finer grain control of access to network resources. The author advocates using high-level FCs as basic service elements (BSE) offerings in IN. The advantage is that high-level FCs gain a higher degree of security and integrity control.<<ETX>>


Aim: Choosing the anesthesia technique should be carefully made because it would have an effect on both mother and fetus in cesarean section.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anesthesia methods which was employed in Inonu University Medical Faculty, Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department between 2009-2011 in retrospective manner.

 Material-Methods: Techniques of anaesthesia, drugs used in regional anesthesia, ephedrine consumption of the patients have been recorded. Being elective or emergent, methods of anesthesia, regional anesthesia technique that was successful, the possibility of hypotension, total consumption of ephedrine, pre-loading solutions were recorded. In general anesthesia; type of muscle relaxant used in surgery, intubation difficulty of the patients, the rate of intubated patients admitted to ICU.

 Results: The mean presenting age of patients were 30.8 percent were urgent, 69.2 were elective. Twenty six percent of patients were undegoing to procedure under general anesthesia.7 1.6 percent were spinal anesthesia, and 2.4 percent were combined spinal epidural anesthesia. The amount of hyperbaric bupivacine for spinal anesthesia was 9.1±1.1 mg. In 66 of patients spinal anesthesia was failed and general anesthesia were administered. The mean systolic blood pressure was 115±18 mmHg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 83.5±12 mmHg. The average puls rate was 81.7±10. The incidence of hypotension was 40%. The total amount of ephedrine consumption was 8.4±2 mg. Fluid preloading was obtained in 71.9 percent of patients with crystalloid, 17.6 percent with colloid and 10.1 percent with colloid and crystalloid solutions. Muscle relaxation was obtained in 23.2 percent of patients with succinylcholine, 2.8 percent with rocuronium. The rate of diffucult intubation was 4%. 34 of patients intuated in intensive care unit due to inadequate respiratory function. Patients 83.4% with no additional disease, while 8.3% of patients with preeclampsia, HELLP syndrome developed in 1.1% of patients.

 Conclusions: The use of regional anesthesia techniques in cesarean section in our clinic was


Studies of retrograde amnesia are reviewed. First, the issues of temporal gradients of retrograde amnesia are discussed. Second, the question of the anatomical substrates of this syndrome are considered. Finally, some evidence for fractionation of different classes of memoranda within the retrograde time period are presented.


A non-Brownian, inertialess, dense suspension of rigid hollow glass spheres is studied with time sweep oscillatory experiments. The measured apparent complex viscosity is shown to depend on the amplitude of the applied strain, in agreement with the literature, and, unexpectedly, also on the angular frequency. Two different regimes are individuated depending on the applied strain. For values smaller than 1, when the structure evolution is driven by the shear-induced diffusion, the complex viscosity depends on the frequency, for values larger than 1, it is rate independent. In the first regime, the dependence on the applied strain amplitude and the angular frequency can be lumped into a single parameter: The maximum shear rate, the applied strain amplitude times the angular frequency. The results obtained are quite surprising since in a non-Brownian, inertialess, dense suspension, the particle interactions do not have a characteristic time scale and, consequently, the governing equations of motion result rate independent. Only the presence of a nonhydrodynamic force can introduce a characteristic time. We observe that this nonhydrodynamic force must be so small to be neglected in simple shear, since the behavior of the investigated suspension in the steady shear flow is found to be rate independent, and it must show its effects only in oscillatory experiments with strain amplitude smaller than 1. The frequency dependence is also observed with two less concentrated suspensions and all the data collapse on a single master curve, proving that the physics underneath the rate dependence is independent of the concentration.


Inflammatory responses are controlled by T helper 1 (Th1) lymphocytes. An important function of this polarity is the ability of T cells to traffick appropriately in vivo. This differential trafficking is dependent upon the binding of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 to P- and E-selectin on inflamed endothelium as well as the expression of specific chemokine receptors. Here we show that in the absence of T-box expressed in T cells (T-bet), selective migration of T cells in vivo is completely abrogated and that T-bet regulates the binding of CD4(+) T cells to P-selectin. T-bet is also required for the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3. Thus, T-bet controls Th1-cell migration to inflammatory sites, which has fundamental consequences for the control of immunologic disease.


A 70-year-old man underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in February 1999 and he received optical urethrotomy because of urethral stricture in May. In May 2000, a distal urethral tumor was found by urethroscopy. Endoscopic resection of the urethral tumor was performed. The tumor consisted of normal urethral epithelial tissue and had a cavernous structure. We conclude that the tumor was vegetation of the corpus spongiosum penis.


This article problematizes the possibility of an overlapping consensus on the issue of social justice in Turkey. It is certain that creating a consensus on social justice in Turkey is very crucial considering the importance of social justice for securing the legitimacy of a state. In light of 'justice as fairness' conceptualized by John Rawls who is an American political thinker, the issue of social justice in Turkey, with special reference to income distribution as well as regional disparities, is discussed and elaborated upon. It is argued in the study that in order for an overlapping consensus to emerge on social justice in Turkey, income inequalities as well as regional differences need to be minimalized. It is observed that Gini coefficient which measures the level of income inequality is relatively high in Turkey and also the relative share of the Eastern regions out of the GDP in Turkey is relatively low. In the article, it is argued that a popular consensus on social justice requires preserving the 'social state' characteristics and qualities of the Turkish State which is mentioned in the Turkish Constitution. It is a reality that the state's policies for protecting the disadvantaged groups in education, health and similar areas are very important for ensuring social justice. It is also emphasized in the article that a consensus on social justice would be a necessary requisite for establishing a consolidated democracy in Turkey. It is certain that a consolidated democracy requires both the existence of consolidated democratic institutions as well as a widespread conviction among the citizens that justice and democratic rule prevail in their country.


This study presents a neural network which uses filters based on logistic mapping (LogNNet). LogNNet has a feedforward network structure, but possesses the properties of reservoir neural networks. The input weight matrix, set by a recurrent logistic mapping, forms the kernels that transform the input space to the higher-dimensional feature space. The most effective recognition of a handwritten digit from MNIST-10 occurs under chaotic behavior of the logistic map. The correlation of classification accuracy with the value of the Lyapunov exponent was obtained. An advantage of LogNNet implementation on IoT devices is the significant savings in memory used. At the same time, LogNNet has a simple algorithm and performance indicators comparable to those of the best resource-efficient algorithms available at the moment. The presented network architecture uses an array of weights with a total memory size from 1 to 29 kB and achieves a classification accuracy of 80.3–96.3%. Memory is saved due to the processor, which sequentially calculates the required weight coefficients during the network operation using the analytical equation of the logistic mapping. The proposed neural network can be used in implementations of artificial intelligence based on constrained devices with limited memory, which are integral blocks for creating ambient intelligence in modern IoT environments. From a research perspective, LogNNet can contribute to the understanding of the fundamental issues of the influence of chaos on the behavior of reservoir-type neural networks.


Japan had the highest mortality from stroke among developed countries in 1960, but experienced rapid changes in diet and other lifestyles with economic growth between the 1960s and the 1980s, which provided an unique opportunity to observe a natural experiment of changes in risk factors and stroke. Blood pressure levels declined due to improvements of drug treatment for hypertension and to dietary improvements such as sodium reduction. An increase in mean values of ethanol intake and body mass index did not correspond with a decline of blood pressure levels. Serum total cholesterol increased with an increased intake of meat, egg, milk and dairy products. Age-adjusted mortality rate of stroke declined 70% between 1960 and 1990. The changes of diet, blood pressure levels and stroke were more evident in rural populations than in urban populations. Risk factors of stroke has been investigated prospectively, and hypertension was found to be the most important risk factor. A low blood cholesterol was associated with the increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, which has been confirmed in several Japanese populations, Japanese Americans and Caucasian Americans. Thus, a rise in serum cholesterol suggested to contribute in part to a decline in intracerebral hemorrhage. Risk factors for cerebral infarction include age, atrial fibrillation and hypertensive endorgan effects such as resting electrocardiogram and fundscopic examination. A community-based hypertension control program for stroke prevention has been evaluated; a larger decline in stroke incidence in the intervention community (69%) than in the reference community (49%, the difference: p < 0.001). Effective community programs stimulated the formation of the 1982 national act on health and medical care in which every municipal government is required to conduct health screenings and education for residents aged 40 and over to prevent cardiovascular diseases.


Recent years have seen an increasing role for service users in all aspects of planning and managing provision. This has latterly extended to the areas of research and development. As a result, the nature of the research relationship has changed, with leadership passing to a greater or lesser degree into the hands of those who were previously seen as taking a rather passive role, as service users or research subjects. This article draws on a particular experience of collaboration between an organization of people with learning difficulties and an external researcher, to explore some of the challenges involved in negotiating this relationship in practice. In particular, the aim is to clarify the extent to which it is possible to bring a constructively critical perspective to bear, so that issues of quality and validity can be addressed within a framework which ensures that service users retain control of the process. The article concludes that the concept of `critical friend' is helpful in clarifying the role of the external `expert'.


Abstract AA6082-T6 aluminium alloy is a candidate material, specifically in aviation applications, which could be exposed to solid particle erosion. Solid particle erosion occurs due to repetitive high-speed impact of erodent particles on a target material. Every individual impingement of the erodent particle results in elastic/plastic deformations and material removal from the target material. In this study, solid particle erosion investigations were carried out under 1.5 and 3 bar with 60 and 120 mesh alumina particles. Both erosion rates and worn volumes of the samples were calculated and measured. Also, the authors present the plastic deformation rate in this study as a proportion of the actual (measured) worn volume to the equivalent volume of the mass loss. In addition, the average surface roughness of the samples were investigated, which is another parameter for understanding the effect of plastic deformation on surface properties during particle erosion.


This paper reports on experimental study of the microwave properties of a composite material consisting of ferrite and copper wires. It finds that the slim ferrite rods can modify the magnetic field distribution through their anisotropy, so that the ferrite's negative influence on the copper wires' plasma will be reduced. Left-handed properties are observed even in the specimen with close stuck ferrite rods and copper wires.


NOTES ON THE ORlGIN OF THE NYSA GRABEN The presence of a distinct brachysyncline has been ascertained by the writers in Cretaceous rocks of the NE portion of the Nysa Graben near Idzikow and Waliszow in the Klodzko (Glatz) region. On every side it is surrounded by faults along which flexures have formed emphasizing the brachysynclinal structure of this unit. The evolution of the brachysyncline has gone on during a long period of time. The subsiding movements commenced towards the close of the Turonian continuing through the Senonian. Their intensity was probably strongest during the Upper Coniacian. Sedimentation associated with these movements built up a 900 m. thick series of Upper Cretaceous beds. This is the maximum, thus far ascertained, thickness of Cretaceous sediments in the Klodzko region where the average thickness is 500 m. The beginning of the brachysynclinal subsiding movements coincides with the evolution of the Nysa graben. It subsided by gravity forces along the axis of the widespread rising anticlinal structure consisting of the Orlickie and Bystrzyckie Mountains and the Śnieznik Massif. The elevation of this structure preceded the evolution of the Nysa graben, having begun during the Middle Turonian. After the formation of the graben through gravity force the growing compression caused the steepening of slopes or the overturning of marginal flexures and local overthrusting of Cretaceous strata by metamorphic rocks.


People with blind sensory disabilities use da'wa media that make it easier to receive da'wa messages. The purpose of this study was to describe the dakwah among people with visually impaired sensory at the Pendowo Kudus Pendowo Pendowo Kudus Social Services for Sensory Disabilities which includes an overview of dakwah; the use of the Braille Qur'an as a medium of dakwah; and the supporting and inhibiting factors. This research is field research that uses a qualitative approach. The process of collecting data using semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation. This study concludes that dakwah at the Pendowo Kudus Pendowo Netra Sensory Disability Social Service Center includes an invitation to perform obligatory and sunnah worship. The use of the Braille Qur'an as a medium of dakwah begins with teaching Braille Al-Qur'an reading and writing. The supporting factor of the Braille Qur'an as a medium of dakwah is to know the word of God not only through sound but the tactual nature (touchable/touchable and sound) in the Braille Qur'an which is considered appropriate for people with visually impaired persons. The letters in the Braille Qur'an have similarities with the Latin Braille letters so that they are easier to learn. The paper used also has a special standard, so it is not easily damaged. The inhibiting factor in the use of the Braille Qur'an is the determination to learn. The separated form per juz makes it less practical. Purchases of Braille Korans must go through an order because not every store provides Braille Korans. People with blind sensory disabilities who have wet hands can be an obstacle in the learning process. To be able to master reading in the Braille Qur'an, takes quite a long time because the letters and stakes are written separately in the Braille Qur'an.


Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD) is a rare, progressive disorder characterized by limb–girdle muscle weakness and/or respiratory insufficiency, caused by acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) gene mutations and treated with enzyme replacement therapy. We studied isometric muscle strength in eight muscle groups bilaterally using a Biodex® dynamometer, as well as the Medical Research Council sum score (MRC-SS), hand grip strength, 6 min walk distance (6MWD), 10 m walk test (10MWT) and timed up-and-go test (TUG) in 12 adult, ambulatory, treated LOPD patients and 12 age-/gender-matched healthy controls, every 6 months for 2 years. The mean isometric muscle strength showed a significant decline in right and left knee extensors at 12 months in controls (p < 0.014; p < 0.016), at 18 months in patients (p < 0.010; p < 0.007) and controls (only right side, p < 0.030) and at 24 months in both groups (p < 0.035). The mean 6MWD in patients significantly decreased after 24 months, from 451.9 m to 368.1 m (p < 0.003), whereas in controls, the mean 6MWD significantly increased after 6 months (p < 0.045) and 18 months (p < 0.020) (at 24 months p = 0.054). In patients and controls, the MRC-SS, hand grip test, 10MWT and TUG did not show significant changes (p > 0.05). We conclude that the 6MWD is a useful outcome measure to detect motor decline in treated LOPD patients.


Competition between alliance blocks is a new form of rivalry: groups of firms link together for a common purpose by means of strategic alliances, and competition between alliance blocks is superimposed on competition between individual firms. This paper focuses on alliance blocks in the RISC microprocessor field. In this field, alliance block competition is shaped by battles over technical standards. Based on an analysis of the competitive forces in standards battles, and taking into consideration the need for internal coordination within alliance blocks, we expect to find the formation of alliance blocks around the various proprietary RISC designs, with scarce linkages across blocks. The blocks will consist of complementary firms, including all the capabilities necessary to compete against other alliance blocks. The requisites of internal coordination, finally, lead us to expect alliance blocks with star-like internal structures when the central firm has either a very weak, or a very strong position. In intermediate cases, we expect to find alliance blocks with internal structures more approaching the characteristics of fully-connected cliques. The findings from a quantitative analysis of the network structure as it evolved in the RISC field in the period 1980-1989 support these conjectures.


This paper deals with bearings supported on metal beams under mechanical stress in the axial direction. Because of a phenomenon related to the bending of long columns under axial compression the torque of the total arrangement can be made zero or even negative. Such a bearing can be designed with two decisive advantages, absolutely no friction, and practically no restoring torque as far as small angles of rotation are concerned. Two different types of beam bearings are treated, and their equations for precalculation are derived. Furthermore, the influences of temperature, external forces, and the angle of rotation on the torque of the bearing are investigated. Finally, a combination of two different beam bearings is shown to offer a possible compensation for these unfavorable effects.


Strong violations of existing fluctuation theorems may arise in nonequilibrium steady states characterized by distributions with power-law tails. The ratio of the probabilities of positive and negative fluctuations of equal magnitude behaves in an anomalous nonmonotonic way [H. Touchette and E. G. D. Cohen, Phys. Rev. E 76, 020101(R) (2007)]. Here, we propose an alternative definition of fluctuation relation (FR) symmetry that, in the power-law regime, is characterized by a monotonic linear behavior. The proposal is consistent with a large deviationlike principle. As an example, we study the fluctuations of the work done on a dragged particle immersed in a complex environment able to induce power-law tails. When the environment is characterized by spatiotemporal temperature fluctuations, distributions arising in nonextensive statistical mechanics define the work statistics. In that situation, we find that the FR symmetry is solely defined by the average bath temperature. The case of a dragged particle subjected to a Lévy noise is also analyzed in detail.


In 1993, the Atlantic Monthly's senior editor Barbara Wallraff began answering grammar questions on America Online. Instantaneously the site became one of AOL's most popular forums, as questions, and responses to Wallraff's responses, came flooding in. This vibrant exchange became the bimonthly "Word Court" in the Atlantic Monthly, and the "Miss Manners of Grammar" was born. In Word Court, Wallraff moves beyond her column to tackle common and uncommon items, establishing rules for such issues as turns of phrase, slang, name usage, punctuation, and newly coined vocabulary. With true wit, she deliberates and decides on the right path for lovers of language, ranging from classic questions-is "a historical" or "an historical" correct?-to awkward issues-How long does someone have to be dead before we should all stop calling her "the late"? Should you use "like" or "as"-and when? The result is a warmly humorous, reassuring, and brilliantly perceptive tour of how and why we speak the way we do.


We use the one-loop chiral perturbation theory π π -scattering amplitude and dispersion theory in the form of the inverse amplitude method to study the quark-mass dependence of the two lightest resonances of the strong interactions, the f_0(600) (σ) and the ρ meson. As the main results, we find that the rho π π coupling constant is almost quark mass independent and that the ρ mass shows a smooth quark-mass dependence while that of the σ shows a strong nonanalyticity. These findings are important for studies of the meson spectrum on the lattice.


The various bakery products like cake, cookies, and bread includes egg as an ingredient, which plays significant role in the product development. The egg yolk is the dense yellow part of the egg and is considered nutritionally more beneficial when compared to the other portion of the (egg whites). The egg yolk is considered a rich source of essential fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K) and few water-soluble vitamins (B6, B12). It is also rich in calcium, magnesium, iron, and selenium. This review discusses about functional characterization like interfacial properties, gelation, and phase separation behavior of egg yolk and its constituents (plasma and granules). This reviews briefly discuss about constituent characterization like xanthophylls, color stability, fatty composition with using newer analysis techniques. Besides, its applications in different industries like bakery, snacks, meat industry and production of nanogels have also been documented.


In this paper, a new method based on "Brent Approach" for the solution of Non linear Economic Dispatch Problem, with transmission losses, having quadratic fuel cost functions is presented. In the present approach the qualitative solution can be achieved with less computational time and it converges within the few iterations. The algorithm involves selection of lambda values then the optimal lambda value is evaluated from the power balance equation by Brent method. The proposed algorithm has be tested on power system having 3, 6 and 15 generating units using MATLAB and Simulation results compared with the Genetic Algorithm approach.


The war in Northern Uganda has ended, and youth who were abducted by the Lord's Resistance Army continue to return to communities. Research conducted in the summer of 2010 in two locations in Uganda, Gulu and Masindi, shows that the process of reintegration is an ongoing process in which formerly abducted youth (FAY) negotiate social relations for reintegration in a very interactive way. FAY consciously decide to stay quiet about their past to avoid compromising social reintegration. The experience-oriented approach has allowed for an in-depth exploration and understanding of the reintegration process from the perspective of FAY. In Northern Ugandan cosmology, meaning given to FAY personal spaces dominates. With FAY facing social exclusion by community members and the need to overcome boundaries to reintegration, coping mechanisms are adopted to facilitate reintegration and to carve out personal space within the Northern Ugandan cosmology. In the exploration of the process of negotiating reintegration, a conceptual model is adopted and adjusted to represent personal space within Northern Ugandan cosmology. The main findings suggest that FAY negotiate social relations for reintegration in a very interactive way and that they consciously decide to stay quiet about their past so as to not compromise social reintegration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Advances in high resolution remote sensing image analysis are currently hampered by the difficulty of gathering enough annotated data for training deep learning methods, giving rise to a variety of small datasets and associated dataset-specific methods. Moreover, typical tasks such as classification and retrieval lack a systematic evaluation on standard benchmarks and training datasets, which make it hard to identify durable and generalizable scientific contributions. We aim at unifying remote sensing image retrieval and classification with a new large-scale training and testing dataset, SF300, including both vertical and oblique aerial images and made available to the research community, and an associated fine-tuning method. We additionally propose a new adversarial fine-tuning method for global descriptors. We show that our framework systematically achieves a boost of retrieval and classification performance on nine different datasets compared to an ImageNet pretrained baseline, with currently no other method to compare to.


The need to modernize and upgrade engineering curricula by introducing courses in direct energy conversion (DEC) at both graduate and undergraduate level is emphasized. It is suggested that an introductory coutse in DEC be initiated at the senior level. The inherently interdisciplinary nature and the scope of DEC are outlined. Partial lists of research and seminar projects, and companies manufacturing laboratory and research equipment in DEC are presented.


We investigate the properties of time reversibility of a soliton gas, originating from a dispersive regularization of a shock wave, as it propagates in a strongly disordered environment. An original approach combining information measures and spin glass theory shows that time-reversal focusing occurs for different replicas of the disorder in forward and backward propagation, provided the disorder varies on a length scale much shorter than the width of the soliton constituents. The analysis is performed by starting from a new class of reflectionless potentials, which describe the most general form of an expanding soliton gas of the defocusing nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation.


Natural killer (NK) cells have the potential to be very effective killers of tumor cells. They are closely governed by inhibitory and activating receptors like NKG2D, whose ligands are normally upregulated in cells that are stressed, like cancer cells. Advanced cancer cells, however, have found ways to reduce these ligands, leaving them less detectable by NK cells. Along with these receptors, NK cells also require activating cytokines, like IL-12, to function. The infusion of high doses of IL-12 is effective in activating an immune response against tumor cells but is usually toxic. The goal of this study is to develop a novel bi-functional fusion protein for enhanced NK cell activation. The proposed fusion protein combines the extracellular domain of the NKG2D ligand MULT1 (MULT1E) and mouse IL-12 (mIL-12). It is hypothesized that when expressed by tumor cells, the protein will activate NK cells using the NKG2D receptor, and also deliver mIL-12 to the NK cells where it can interact with the IL-12R and enhance NK cells' cytotoxicity. The fusion gene was constructed using the cDNA sequence encoding MULT1E and a short linker sequence at the 3' end to replace the start codon and the signal sequence of mIL-12 and cloned into a mammalian expression vector. The vector was transfected into mouse TC-1 lung carcinoma cells. After characterizing the levels of protein expression using RT-PCR, qRT-PCR, fluorescent microscopy, ELISA, and FACS, three stable clones expressing high, moderate, or low levels of the protein were selected for study. To assess the biological activity of the protein in vitro, mouse NK cells were cultured with the stable clones and NK cell activation was measured by the production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) using ELISA. NK cells cultured with clones expressing high or moderate levels of the protein expressed significantly higher levels of IFN-γ than the regular TC-1 cells. Interestingly, the clone expressing a moderate amount of the protein induced a significantly higher level of IFN-γ production than the clone expressing a high amount or a clone expressing mIL-12 alone. Furthermore, this clone showed a reduction in cell growth that was not observed in the other clones. Similar results were seen when the NK cells were cultured with regular TC-1 cells with the addition of supernatant from each clone. To examine the in vivo antitumor effects of the protein, C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with the clones. The results show that although there was no significant difference, clones expressing high and moderate levels of the protein grew slower than clones expressing either a low level or mIL-12 alone as assayed by lung tumor nodule count and total lung weight. It is also of note that all the clones grew significantly slower than the regular TC-1 cells in vivo. Although the study is preliminary and further studies are needed, the data suggest that the MULT1E/mIL-12 bi-functional fusion protein is an effective activator of NK cells for cancer treatment. Citation Format: Ashlee H. Tietje, Jinhua Li, Xianzhong Yu, Yanzhang Wei. MULT1E/mIL-12: A novel bi-functional protein for NK cell activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 488. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-488


OBJECTIVE
To compare the effect of different attachment systems with implant-retained overdentures on maximum bite force and muscle activity using electromyography (EMG).

BACKGROUND
Denture retention and stability is of considerable interest in prosthetic dentistry.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty-five patients were examined: 15 edentulous patients treated with mandibular implant-retained overdentures (MIRO) and maxillary dentures (MCD) (two implant-ball attachment) (BC); 10 edentulous patients treated with MIRO and MCD (four implants-bar attachments) (BRC); 10 patients with edentulous mandibular treated with MIRO and maxillary fixed partial dentures (MFPD) (two implant-ball attachments) (BF). Before implant placement all patients received new dentures. After using these dentures for 3 months the maximum bite force and electrical activity of masseter muscle were measured. Two or four implants were then inserted into the intraforaminal region. After osseointegration periods, patients were treated with MIRO which duplicated their dentures and after three months the measurements were repeated. The data were collected and statistically analysed.

RESULTS
Muscle activity and chewing ability increased in the second period of measurements. Also chewing time was significantly decreased at the first measurements. The highest muscle activity was observed in the group of patients treated with group BF.

CONCLUSION
The EMG values of the masseter muscle significantly increased when an implant attachments was used in the overdenture.


SYNOPSIS When Prime Minister Najib Razak took office in April 2009, he aimed to set Malaysia on a new course. The nation's economy was stagnating in the wake of the global financial crisis, and citizen discontent with government performance had led to the worst election results for the ruling coalition since independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. To turn the country in a new direction, Najib created a new post in the Cabinet—Minister for National Unity and Performance Management—and appointed Koh Tsu Koon, president of a party in the ruling coalition, to the position. Koh assembled a team and proposed a series of Cabinet workshops to determine leadership priorities. The team reached out to an economic council tasked with piloting the country to higher levels of economic growth and engaged diverse members of Malaysian society in substantive discussions. During a two-year period, the team's findings evolved into a national transformation strategy. Strong leadership from the top combined with dataand research-driven approaches helped streamline priorities and generate buy-in. The strategy helped improve government performance and increase private investment. Nonetheless, public reaction was mixed, and critics charged that the entire undertaking was too narrow in scope. This case offers insights about how to design a consultative strategy development process in a country with a diverse population.


This is a study of the bibliometric practices of professional librarians in the two states mentioned above between the period of 1994 and 1999. The aim of the research is to study the mode of the literature work cited by professional librarians of these two states. The research proved that professional librarians actually use works written in English Language, relied mostly on foreign originated work and other Librarian publications. It was proved that all their published works were supported with references more than two i.e. their research were all scholarly research work. Keywords : analysis, bibliometrics, librarians, Kwara; Nigeria, Ondo Lagos Journal of Library and Information Science Vol. 1(1) 2003: 73-76


The Institute of Medicine stressed the need for continuous healing relationships, yet the delivery of health care has traditionally been confined to the physician office or hospital. We implemented an eHealth application tightly integrated with our electronic medical record system that provides patients with a convenient, continuously available communication channel to their physician's office. Patients can view summary data from their medical record, including the results of diagnostic tests, and request medical advice, prescription renewals, appointments, or updates to their demographic information. We have found that patients embrace this new communication channel and are using the service appropriately. Patients especially value electronic messaging with their physicians and timely access to their test results. While initially concerned about an increase in work, physicians have found that use of electronic messaging can be an efficient method for handling non-urgent communication with their patients. Online tools for patients, when integrated with an electronic medical record, can provide patients with better access to health information, improve patient satisfaction, and improve operational efficiency.


The banking sector palys an important role to support economic growth. However, nowadays the banking industry is facing keen competition. The success of the bank in order to win the competition is determined by customer loyalty. One of bank that is fully aware of the high level of competition in the banking industry and the importance of customer loyalty is the Jambi Bank Branch Sungai Penuh. Among the broad factors that are able to impact customer loyalty namely banking image, customer satisfaction and service quality. The purpose of this research is to inversigate the role of banking image and customer satisfaction as intervening variables on the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. The population of this study is all customers of consumptive loans at Jambi Bank Branch Sungai Penuh which accounted for 371 customers. The numbers of useful samples were 193 customers by performing proportional cluster random sampling method. In order to conduct hypotheses development, this research performs simple, multiple and hierarchical regression analyses by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 19.0. The results of analysis display that 1) Service quality positively and significantly impacts customer loyalty. 2) Service quality positively and significantly impacts banking image. 3) Service quality positively and significantly impacts customer satisfaction. 4) Banking image and customer satisfaction positively and significantly impact customer loyalty 5) Banking image and customer satisfaction are found as full intervening on the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty. The results of the study provide practical implication to head office of Jambi Bank Branch Sungai Penuh that in order to increase the level of customer loyalty future, it is recommended to enhancing banking image, customer satisfaction as well as service quality. Keywords: Service Quality, Banking Image, Customer Satisfaction, and Customer Loyalty.


The 1982–83 academic year marked the fifth anniversary of the implementation of the Dartmouth Intensive Language Model (DILM) in German at the University of Florida. Since the publication of a report describing our procedure in the April, 1980 issue of FLA, the German Department at the university has experimented with various textbooks and developed some new material for use in German with the DILM. We have also worked with different class sizes and at both slow and fast paces. Revising our test strategy and adding a business component resulted in a sharp increase in our retention rate. We have attracted a number of new majors and built upper division enrollments. There have also been some setbacks with funding and with the attitude of junior faculty. This follow-up report discusses the pros and cons of the DILM, offers some advice on introducing such a program in any language, and concludes that DILM-trained students do learn to communicate more effectively than traditionallytaught beginners.


Dyslexia is one of the most common types of Learning Disabilities, yet its brain basis and core causes are not yet fully understood and explored. This paper aims to review the research done in the field of Developmental Dyslexia. It attempts to summarize findings from various research studies that used widely varying technologies to establish the relationship between neurobiological dimensions of Dyslexia, including genetic, electrophysiological, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological. Based on the evidence compiled, it seems probable that Dyslexia is a reflection of unconventional brain development and function. Until one tries to understand the aetiology and genetic basis of a disorder, it is not possible to apply appropriate and focused intervention techniques. Needless to say that these findings become important in increasing the functionality of individuals with Learning Disabilities.


The emerging mobility management schemes for the fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks mostly follow the network-based protocol principles, which do not involve the mobile node (MN) in their operation. Such solutions have not been able to meet the ultra-low handover latency requirement in complex mobility scenarios in 5G. These objectives can be potentially achieved through increased involvement of MN in the handover operation, which can now be conveniently effectuated through virtualization technologies. In this regard, the classical host-based Fast Handovers for Mobile IPv6 (FMIPv6) protocol has the potential to offer several benefits due to its distinctive features, such as link-layer assistance for handover preparation, in-advance new care-of address formulation, and buffering services. Several enhancements to the FMIPv6 protocol have also been proposed, which improve its handover performance. Many of these enhancements focus on the baseline FMIPv6 specification, while others aim to enhance its operation by adding support features, such as mobile multicast, vertical handovers, quality of service assurance, as well as security support. Moreover, several enhancements to the access-technology-specific solutions for FMIPv6 have also been proposed. This paper aims to provide a systematic review of FMIPv6 enhancements in order to gain insight into its advantages as well as its shortcomings. Based on the review, this paper also discusses the evolution prospects of FMIPv6 toward 5G. Finally, some of its potential limitations along with possible research directions in the context of 5G are also indicated.