This article, "The Fugitive Disentitlement Doctrine and Immigration Proceedings," is the first significant article to assess the permissibility of the fugitive disentitlement doctrine's application in immigration proceedings. That doctrine permits the dismissal of an appeal, either administrative or judicial, where the noncitizen fails to report for a scheduled removal or otherwise fails to abide by a lawful order.The article reviews the general development of the fugitive disentitlement doctrine in the United States Supreme Court, before more narrowly focusing on how the doctrine has been applied by the Board of Immigration Appeals and the courts of appeals in immigration cases. This review establishes that the doctrine's application in immigration proceedings is a natural and permissible outgrowth of its broader development. The article concludes by attempting to distill guiding principles for how the doctrine should be applied in immigration cases so as to maximize respect for the courts and agencies while ensuring adequate access to these fora to noncitizens seeking to challenge their removal orders.


Serpentinized massif peridotite in the Xugou, Su-Lu ultrahighpressure (UHP) metamorphic belt, eastern China, preserves texturally old (porphyroclastic) orthoand clinopyroxene with up to two generations of lamellae of garnet, clinopyroxene and Mg-chromite. Their crystallographic orientation with respect to the host pyroxene is consistent with an origin by solid-state exsolution. Comparison of integrated mineral chemistry with simplified and natural chemical datasets suggests that both aluminous precursor pyroxenes were in equilibrium at a minimum pressure of 4 GPa and within a temperature range of about 1300^15008C. Steep isopleths of Ca in orthopyroxene imply that exsolution occurred during cooling. Al diffusion modelling suggests growth of widely spaced lamellae in orthopyroxene down to about 9008C. Integrated Al contents between wide lamellae record a minimum of 4 GPa pressure during cooling. Compositionally uniform exsolved minerals were formed at 4·3 0·3 GPa and 730 308C and reflect a cratonic geotherm with about 33 mWm 2 surface heat flow. The peridotite matrix mineral assemblage of olivineþ orthopyroxene garnet Mg-chromite clinopyroxene phlogopite records strain-induced recrystallization that partially to completely replaced precursor porphyroclasts. The recrystallized minerals lack lamellar exsolution. Recrystallized orthopyroxene, with Al2O3 at 0·13 wt %, indicates conditions of 5·5 0·3 GPa and 760 308C, which are higher-grade metamorphic conditions than those preserved in the chemically equilibrated exsolution microstructures. Both estimates overlap with the range reported for the Early Mesozoic UHP metamorphism in the region (4·0^ 6·7 GPa and 760^9708C).Major element melt models applied to previously published Xugou peridotite data suggest high degrees of melt extraction (30^35 %) in the garnet peridotite stability field (3^ 4·5 GPa) until garnet and clinopyroxene exhaustion. Coincidence in pressure and in the order of temperature of equilibration of precursor pyroxenes and peridotite melting implies that peridotite formation occurred at 135 km depth in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) beneath the Archaean North China Craton. Subsequent refertilization, mineral exsolution and chemical re-equilibration during long-term cooling in the SCLMoccurred prior to deformation and incorporation of the mantle fragment into the continental crust during UHP metamorphism at a minimum depth of 170 km. Because the Xugou precursor pyroxenes and peridotite formed at depths greater than the regional SCLM (c. 90 km), we infer that the orogenic peridotite massif formed part of the former hanging wall of the Archaean SCLM, which delaminated after the Late Mesozoic.


Sodium bicarbonate is so unstable that the rate of decomposition is strongly affected by even trace amount of water in the powder. Variously hydrated species may be formed on the surface as decomposition products from sodium bicarbonate to sodium carbonate. In order to clarify the decomposition-mechanism and chemical-stability of the material, a method of quantitative analysis has necessarily been developed to determine the minute amount of free water and crystalline water related to variously hydrated salts. Preceded to the present work, therefore, four analytical methods established so far were examined to select the suitable method for the present object. The Karl-Fischer titration method combined with a moisture evaporator was finally selected by adding an analytical process, in which the dehydration amount-time profile is deconvoluted into several different peaks corresponding to the state of water. The fractional evaporation of various states of water enables the quantitative analysis without any pretreatment of the sample. This fractional quantitative analysis may be explained by the difference of thermal-stability among those of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate hydrate and sodium sesquicarbonate.


In this paper, we present a construction of improved geometric Goppa codes which, for the case of r<2g, are often more efficient than the current geometric Goppa codes derived from some varieties, which include algebraic curves, hyperplanes, surfaces, and other varieties. For the special case of a plane in a three-dimensional projective space, the improved geometric Goppa codes are reduced to linear multilevel codes. For these improved geometric Goppa codes, a designed minimum distance can be easily determined and a decoding procedure which corrects up to half the designed minimum distance is also given.


Recent experiments with rotational diffusion of a probe in a vibrated granular media revealed a rich scenario, ranging from a dilute gas to a dense liquid with cage effects and an unexpected superdiffusive behavior at large times. Here we set up a simulation that reproduces quantitatively the experimental observations and allows us to investigate the properties of the host granular medium, a task not feasible in the experiment. We discover a persistent collective rotational mode which emerges at a high density and a low granular temperature: a macroscopic fraction of the medium slowly rotates, randomly switching direction after very long times. Such a rotational mode of the host medium is the origin of the probe's superdiffusion. Collective motion is accompanied by a kind of dynamical heterogeneity at intermediate times (in the cage stage) followed by a strong reduction of fluctuations at late times, when superdiffusion sets in.


The oscillations of a spherical body consisting of hot electron-nuclear plasma are considered. It is shown that there are two basic modes of oscillations. The estimation of the main frequencies of the solar core oscillation gives a satisfactory fit of the calculated spectrum and the measurement data.


Main results of researches of the electric erosive discharge afterglow plasma, of the fireballs being formed by this plasma and having some particular but deep similarities to the ball lightning are given. The analysis of our results and results of some other authors has allowed to specify the nature of radiation and stability of the shape for a dust-gas chemical fireball, to make series of assumptions concerning the mechanism of these properties. The experimental results and considerations of the given work can be interesting for physics of plasma with different kinds of condensed state, for an ascertainment of the chemiluminescence mechanism of the flame, as well as for a bead lightning understanding and for improvement of ball lightning laboratory analogues.


This article presents a weak law of large numbers and a central limit theorem for the scaled realised covariation of a bivariate Brownian semistationary process. The novelty of our results lies in the fact that we derive the suitable asymptotic theory both in a multivariate setting and outside the classical semimartingale framework. The proofs rely heavily on recent developments in Malliavin calculus.


This study explores an adolescent ambassador program that promotes substance abuse awareness in rural villages, and studies its effects on self-esteem, peer influence, and family communication. This school-based intervention was part of a larger program that mentored adolescent youth as change agents to promote health and social awareness in rural communities in India, in alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goal 3 (good health and wellbeing). One hundred and forty-three ambassadors between 8 and 18 years of age, representing rural communities in 23 economically challenged villages across 11 states of India, participated in the study. Adolescents were mentored to implement substance abuse awareness programs among their peers and the village community. During the training, the ambassadors used a variety of didactic, creative, and technological modalities. Pre- and post-analyses assessed ambassadors' self-esteem, personal substance use, perceptions of peer substance abuse, comfort with discussing substance abuse, and perceptions of social support. Ambassadors' self-esteem increased significantly. In addition, positive changes related to the perception of parents' and friends' attention, as well as comfort in addressing substance abuse topics with others, were observed.


Abstract : Whether the new U.S. administration can pursue its policy of multilateralism depends significantly on general-public and European leadership perceptions of the United States. The ability of the administration to pursue policies of enlargement1 and multilateralism will depend in part on how the U.S. administration can shape European views. European desires today are pulled in different directions. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the disappearance of its hegemonic role in Eastern Europe have created the expectation that, with Germany unified and the European Union (EU)2 and NATO extending their embrace eastward, the time has come for Europe to regain control of its own future. However, a number of factors drive European policymakers back to a sense of dependency on the United States: the unsettling distinction between the prosperous West European countries and their poor East European neighbors, concern about a security vacuum in Eastern Europe accentuated by violence in the Balkans, a stagnant economy, latent worries about the course of a newly unified Germany, and uncertainty about the domestic evolution of Russia. This report examines the views of European leaders and the general public of the new U.S. administration, their significance in European adjustment to a post- Cold War era, and their effect on the ability of the United States to pursue a policy of multilateralism in dealing with European and global issues. The report is based on the premise that the United States retains a double interest in Europe.


Mice vaccinated orally with heat-killed cells of serovar O3 of Yersinia enterocolitica were protected only against fecal excretion of the homologous serovar, whereas Formalin-killed cells provided cross-protection against serovar O9 and vice versa. Serovar IVA of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, when Formalin-killed, also provided cross-protection against Y. enterocolitica. On the other hand, Serratia liquefaciens and serovar O6 strains did not furnish cross-protection.


During the current COVID-19 pandemic, we are required to comply with health protocols, especially by reducing activities outside the home or office while there are some activities that are impossible to do in the WFH (work from home) style. as a result we are required to leave the house with some personal protective and safety equipment such as masks and virus hand sanitizers, such as vehicle doors, city bus handles (handlebis) and even elevator buttons, in this study I tried to offer a solution to the spread of Covid through To reduce the use of IoT (Internet technology of Things) which is implemented in the form of Health-based Home Automation & Office Automation, with the help of this technology, all manual devices that must be operated with a touch-based system change. Voice recognition or voice/speech so that the spread of Covid can be reduced and the chain of spread of Covid itself is broken © Review of International Geographical Education


This article was written to explain the understanding, process, and role of the teacher in curriculum administration. The method used to compile this article is a systematic literature review (SLR). Curriculum administration is the whole process of planned and earnest activities to help, and direct and foster the teaching and learning situation to run effectively and efficiently for the achievement of predetermined educational goals. In general the curriculum administration process consists of planning, implementation, supervision, evaluation.


Pythonids are fascinating extant reptiles comprising exclusively non-venomous Old-World taxa and including some of the largest known snakes (Murphy and Henderson, 1997). Being thermophilous reptiles, they are distributed in tropical and sub-tropical areas in sub-Saharan Africa, southern and southeastern Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and Australia (Schleip and O'Shea, 2010; Wallach et al., 2014; Head, 2015). The most wellknown genus is Python, which recent molecular studies have nevertheless suggested partitioning into different genera (e.g., Rawlings et al., 2008; Reynolds et al., 2014). The fossil record of Python (sensu lato) is not adequately known; however, it still denotes a more extensive geographic distribution with the genus reaching Europe (Romer, 1870; Rage, 1976, 1984, 2003; Ivanov, 2000; Szyndlar and Rage, 2003; Head, 2015). Accordingly, in Asia the genus achieved a broader geographic distribution during the Neogene and Quaternary, with sporadic finds having been described during the past 130 years (Lydekker, 1888; Noetling, 1901; Hoffstetter, 1964; Rage, 1982; Rage et al., 2001; Head, 2005). Here we describe fossil vertebrae attributable to Python from the middle Miocene (late MN 5) hominoid locality of Pasalar, Turkey, which is one of the richest and most diverse mammal localities of that age across Eurasia (Andrews and Tobien, 1977; Alpagut, 1990; Alpagut et al., 1990, 2016; Andrews, 1990, 1995; Andrews and Alpagut, 1990; Ersoy et al., 2008; Kelley et al., 2008; Valenciano et al., 2019). The Pasalar Python represents the first fossil record of the genus from Anatolia. The material shows some general resemblance to the geographically proximate but enigmatic early Miocene Greek taxon Python euboicus, but due to the fact that the latter species is poorly known and its holotype and only known specimen is lost, we refrain from assigning the Anatolian specimens to that species and only refer them as Python sp. The Pasalar specimens represent the westernmost Asian occurrence of Python, confirming a rather wide Palearctic occurrence of the genus during the early and middle Miocene. Institutional Abbreviations—BP, Bursa-Pasalar collection, Pasalar Excavation Site, ustafakemalpasa, Turkey; EUNMH PV, Natural History Museum of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey; GMH, Geiseltalmuseum of Martin-Luther Universitat Halle-Wittenberg, now referred to as the Geiseltalsammlung, housed as part of the Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen, Halle, Germany; HNHM, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary; MDHC, Massimo Delfino Herpetological Collection, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; MNCN, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain; MNHN, Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France; NHMUK, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom; NHMW, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Vienna, Austria; PIMUZ, Palaontologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; ZPW, Institute of Palaeontology, Wroclaw University, Poland; ZZSiD, Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland


Abstract Economic and financial analysis is a method of knowing the mechanism of formation and modification of the economic phenomena by their decomposition into the component elements and by identifying the factors of influence. The object of decomposition by elements or factors may be a result (structural analysis), or a change in the result from a basis of comparison (causal analysis). In the present paper I propose an analysis of the investments according to the number of passengers and the consumption of energy on national transport modes in Romania within a period of 15 years, respectively between 2000 and 2015. For this purpose the data that will be used was published by the National Institute of Statistics, namely three indicators: investments in transport infrastructure, the weight of each mode in passenger transport and the consumption of energy by modes of transport. Energy consumption by modes of transport is the final energy consumption of transport activity by modes of transport, expressed in tones oil equivalent (toe). The quantities of energy used in international maritime and air transport and pipeline transport are not included. The main types of fuels used are the main fuels covered by petroleum products, electricity and small amounts of gas and biofuels. The weight of each mode in passenger transport is defined as the percentage share of each mode of transport in total domestic passenger transport. The modes of transport considered are: a) cars, b) buses and coaches, and c) trains (metro and trams and light metro are excluded). Domestic passenger transport includes data referring only to national transport, irrespective of the nationality of the transport vehicle. The weight is calculated from the passenger-km indicator (pkm), defined as the transport of a passenger over one kilometer. The investments in the transport infrastructure represent the construction works carried out for the development of the transport infrastructure. In order to carry out the statistical analysis of the investments in the transport infrastructure, the number of passengers and the energy consumption in transport modes in Romania, multiple linear regression models and time series analysis will be used.


Background: Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was found to be a valuable predictor of the risk of congenital malformations. Other studies documented diabetic complications in subjects with HbA1c at the pre-diabetic levels.
Objectives: This study was done to compare serum levels of zinc, magnesium and selenium between pregnant women with normal glycemic control, diabetes and pre-diabetes.
Subjects/Methods: The data was part of a large prospective cohort study aimed at identifying some preventable risk factors that cause congenital malformations among Saudi women. 1103 healthy first trimester pregnant were randomly selected from antenatal clinics in twenty one health care centers and two hospitals at Al-Madinah Al- Monawarah, KSA. Clinical history, examination and lab analysis were done (serum levels of magnesium, zinc, selenium, and HbA1c). Subjects were classified by their HbA1c levels as normal (HbA1c<5.7%), pre-diabetic (HbA1c 5.7<6.5%), and undiagnosed type 2 diabetics (HbA1c≥6.5%), comparison in the lab results was done between the groups.
Results: About 78. 9% (870 subjects) had normal HbA1c, 19.1% (211 subjects) had HbA1c in the range of prediabetes and 1.99% (22 subjects) had HbA1c>6.5% denoting undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
Serum levels of nutrients were significantly lower among pre-diabetics compared to normal subjects, same results were obtained when comparing diabetics and pre-diabetics and diabetics and normal subjects. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of HbA1c and zinc, magnesium and selenium.
Conclusion and Recommendations: Changes in serum levels of zinc, magnesium and selenium occurs at the pre-diabetic stage and precedes the development of diabetes & may be responsible for medical complications that are recently reported at this stage. Studies should be done for re-establishment of safe target levels of HbA1c.


Bioabsorbable materials enable temporary implantation without the need for subsequent implant removal. The aim of the present experimental study was to evaluate the suitability of a fibrous bioabsorbable implant made of poly-L/D-lactide (PLDLA) 96/4 fibres as an episcleral implant. The general tissue reactions were evaluated in subcutaneous tissues in rats in follow-up periods ranging from 3 days to 48 weeks. The episcleral tissue reactions were studied in rabbits with follow-up periods of one, three, five and 48 weeks. A silicone sponge implant was used as a control material and operations were performed using similar technique with both implants. Tissue reactions were located just around the implant area and consisted of an acute inflammatory reaction in the early follow-up periods, continuing as a foreign body inflammatory reaction. With episcleral implants there were no inflammatory cells seen within the sclera or in the retinal layers, and the structure of the retina and the cornea was also normal. The biocompatibility was good in the 48 week follow-up despite the relatively high surface area of the fibrous implant. The material had not degraded by 48 weeks. The indentation effect by the PLDLA implant (diameter of 3–3.5mm) was lower than that achieved with the silicone sponge implant (diameter 4mm). The depth of indentation decreased over time in both groups with comparable rates over the follow-up period of 5 months. The duration of the indentation effect was sufficient to be used for scleral buckling in retinal detachment surgery. In conclusion, the biocompatibility of a fibrous implant made of PLDLA 96/4 placed subcutaneously and episclerally was good in the follow-up lasting 48 weeks despite the relatively high surface area of the implant. The fibrous implant made of PLDLA 96/4 seemed to be welltolerated by ocular tissues and the indentation effect was sufficiently long.


: In this article, I examine two memoirs by the American Zen Buddhist author Shozan Jack Haubner. Within the contemporary genre of American Zen autobiographical literature, Haubner's books are special in that they explore Zen awakening as driven by the body. Penetration, pregnancy and sickness are the main figures Haubner uses to show how his autobiographical protagonist accesses the Buddhist truth of no-self. Though these books can thus be said to map an ascetic quest for the erasure of individuality, this quest proceeds not through the imposition of will onto the body, but the body imposing its will on the self. Because this is somewhat different from how the ascetic self is usually theorized, I propose to call Haubner's main character a "postmodern ascetic".


An accurate network linear programming (NLP) algorithm for the hydraulic analysis of water pipe networks is developed and compared with direct equation solving techniques. Accuracy is achieved by the use of a novel iterative scheme in which successive linear approximations to the nonlinear head loss equations are refined for each pipe in the region of the emerging solution. The use of primal-dual and simplex method NLP solvers in the iterative strategy is investigated, with a hybrid scheme being shown to reduce execution times by an order of magnitude. Nevertheless, the direct equation solving algorithm of Todini and Pilati remains much more efficient than the best NLP algorithm. A new algorithm for the analysis of locally controlled feedback devices is developed for inclusion in the NLP strategy. The uniqueness of pipe network hydraulic solutions is also investigated. Although some doubt has been expressed regarding uniqueness of solutions to networks that contain locally controlled feedback devices, evidence of nonuniqueness has not been forthcoming. Arguments in support of unique solutions for such networks are presented.


Abstract : Future NATO operations will continue to take place in remote and austere environments far from fixed medical facilities. Not only is access to advanced medical technology lacking in such operational environments, but the use of certain basic medical devices can also be severely inhibited. The common acoustic stethoscope is rendered useless when ambient noise levels exceed 80-85 dBA. Noise cancelling electronic stethoscopes with mechanical impedance-matched transducer designs can extend the useful range up to 90 dBA. Unfortunately many operational environments exceed this threshold. The noise level in an air ambulance can reach 120 dBA, rendering even advanced electronic stethoscopes unusable. A need exists for a stethoscope that can detect heart and lung auscultation in the presence of fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft, as well as in ambulances and other operational environments where the ambient noise level precludes auscultation with a standard stethoscope. Possessing this capability can help prevent unnecessary loss of life by allowing combat medics to identify pneumothoraces and loss of intubation integrity conditions that would otherwise go undetected. This is basic medical care available in medical fixed facilities everywhere, but currently not available to our deployed medical personnel operating in high noise environments. The U.S. Army has partnered with Active Signal Technologies to develop a dual-mode noise-immune stethoscope (NIS) capable of operating in a standard electro-mechanical (acoustic) mode, or a unique Doppler mode. The Doppler mode allows auscultation in high-noise environments. Because even modern military vehicles do not produce acoustic energy at the ultrasound carrier frequencies of 2-3 MHz, the use of an ultrasound transmitter/receiver provides an essentially noise-free auscultation channel for the NIS.


There has long been a need for a book that summarizes the geology of Ohio. The good news is that this is a decent book, indispensable to anyone interested in Ohio geology, and is thus well worth its modest cost.

After a 33-page introductory section, the book breaks its coverage into four parts: first, two major sections comprising 114 pages on the western till plains and 155 pages on the eastern uplands (the Allegheny Plateau); second, two smaller sections on the Lake Erie lakeshore and the Ohio River valley (37 pages on each). This allows a logical treatment, starting with the oldest bedrock and the simpler glacial deposits, followed by younger bedrock and more complex glacial deposits. Each section has its own introductory material, and then within each section Dr. Camp provides a few pages of general treatment for a new area, a map of the area (based on a road section plus adjacent terrain), and additional descriptions of the geology along the road. The book makes extensive use of "side trips" to cover particular points of interest.

The maps are especially successful. They are bicolor maps, similar but superior to ones I have seen in earlier Roadside Geology volumes. They consist of black/white, grey, and diverse shades of brown with inlaid patterns that work amazingly well; they pack a lot of information into extremely sophisticated and attractive diagrams. Black-and-white photographs are abundant (almost two for every three pages). They are serviceable, and the non-historical ones must look quite good in original glossy prints (well framed; clearly an effort to get winter and spring photos of many outcrops before leaves cover everything up), but the publication quality is unexciting: I do not think people will ever thumb through the book and buy it on account of the photos.

Dr. Camp …


BACKGROUND
The recent sport promotion and healthy boom brought increasing the sport population. Running especially is the most popular activity. Various urinary abnormalities are induced by strenunous exercise. Hematuria has been found after various sports activities and noted as sports hematuria by some studies. We evaluated relation between hematuria and running as the most popular sport in summer.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Urine samples were obtained from 109 healthy volunteers participated in 5 km run, at rest before and immediately after running. We could evaluate 90 of all and investigate counts and morphpology of urinary red cells by microscopic finding of urine sediments and analysis of flowcytometry for urinary cells.

RESULTS
Eighty-three subjects had increased counts of urinary red cells after running. Of these, 32 had counts above the normal range, microscopic hematuria (RBC above 3/hpf). In analysis of these 32 had dysmorphic pattern mostly.

CONCLUSION
This study confirms that exercise induces hematuria easily and sports hematuria has a glomerular source chiefly.


A modified Ambient Ion Monitor‐Ion Chromatograph was utilized to monitor the composition of water‐soluble fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and precursor gases at the Bakersfield, CA, supersite during Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) in May and June of 2010. The observations were used to investigate inorganic gas/particle partitioning, to derive an empirical relationship between ammonia emissions and temperature, and to assess the performance of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. The water‐soluble PM2.5 maximized in the morning and in the evening because of gas/particle partitioning and possibly regional transport. Among the PM2.5 constituents, pNO3− was the dominant chemical species with campaign average mass loading of 0.80 µg m−3, and the mass loadings of pNH4+ and pSO42− were 0.46 µg m−3 and 0.53 µg m−3, respectively. The observed HNO3 (g) levels had an average of 0.14 ppb. Sub‐ppb levels of SO2 (g) were measured, consistent with the absence of major emission sources in the region. Measured NH3 (g) had an average of 19.7 ppb over the campaign and demonstrated a strong relationship with temperature. Observations of ammonia were used to derive an empirical enthalpy for volatilization of 30.8 ± 2.1 kJ mol−1. The gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile PM2.5 composition was driven by meteorological factors and limited by total nitrate (TN) in this region. CMAQ model output exhibited significant biases in the predicted concentrations of pSO42−, NH3 (g), and TN. The largest model bias was in HNO3 (g), with an overprediction of an order of magnitude, which may be due to missing HNO3 (g) sinks such as reactive uptake on dust in the CMAQ framework.


Location analytics offers statistical analysis of any geo- or spatial data concerning user location. Such analytics can produce useful insights into the attractions of interest to travellers or visitation patterns of a demographic group. Based on these insights, strategic decision-making by travel marketing agents, such as travel package design, may be improved. In this paper, we develop and evaluate an original method of location analytics to analyse travellers' social media data for improving managerial decision support. The method proposes an architectural framework that combines emerging pattern data mining techniques with image processing to identify and process appropriate data content. The design artefact is evaluated through a focus group and a detailed case study of Australian outbound travellers. The proposed method is generic, and can be applied to other specific locations or demographics to provide analytical outcomes useful for strategic decision support.


This case describes a furcal perforation in a mandibular first molar accompanied by furcal lesion which has been managed after one month. Root canal treatment was performed; subsequently, the defect was repaired with calcium enriched mixture (CEM) cement. The endodontically treated tooth was restored with amalgam. A 24-month recall showed no evidence of periodontal breakdown, no symptoms, in addition to completes healing of furcal lesion. According to physical and biological properties of the newly introduced CEM cement, this novel material may be suitable for sealing and repairing the perforations. The present case report supports this hypothesis.


Beam-splitter emission strongly influences the spectra measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) as it affects the entire phase behavior, in particular in emission spectroscopy. The various radiation contributions of the scene and the FTS itself have different phases in the complex spectrum. As a specific feature, the radiation of the beam splitter is rotated by approximately pi/2 relative to the scene effective radiation. By classical methods of phase correction, the radiation components of different phases are mixed in the complex plane, which may lead to serious errors in the calibrated spectra. For this reason, the nature of the FTS phase has been studied, and a statistical phase determination method has been developed. It allows us to determine the phase function of the scene by minimizing the correlation between the imaginary and the real parts of the complex spectrum and by reducing the variance of the imaginary part. Thus phase accuracies of 10 to 30 mrad can be achieved. In addition, the remaining error of the phase can be calculated for each individual spectrum. The total phase error and its effect on the spectra are discussed.


Investment is often more than merely about simple movements of capital and seeking for financial gain. For the People's Republic of China it has been linked to issues like acquiring badly needed know-how and technology, or supporting diplomatic or soft power strategies. Investment and hosting of business from the Republic of China (Taiwan) carries with it a whole host of implications. Forbidden in the era of martial law under the KMT, in the late 1980s and into the 1990s these restrictions were relaxed. What had been a mere trickle in the era just after reform and opening up, started in the mainland in 1978, had become a floodgate by the time the People's Republic joined the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 2001.


Lately, many of the educational circles use LMS to conduct electronic learning. This is because the COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on the teaching and learning process. Therefore, the government took a policy to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus by carrying out social restrictions. This requires that teaching and learning activities, which were initially carried out in person and face-to-face, must be done online or remotely, which of course creates new problems for teachers and students. Some of the problems that exist include students' ignorance when the lecturer gives assignments, or even the internet problems faced by some students. In previous studies, several researchers used a usability scale to obtain data from multiple users. However, in this case, the authors collected data through interviews with several users regarding what they needed regarding LMS. From the data obtained, the researcher thinks that the LMS is less effective for online learning due to the lack of features contained therein. One of the features needed by some users is the notification feature to find out the latest information that has been shared.


In experiments on rats a positive correlation was demonstrated between the changes in the fatty-acid composition of hepatocytic intracellular membrane phospholipids and blood plasma high density lipoproteins. The data obtained evidence the existence in the blood of several mechanisms of alpha-tocopherol deficiency action on hepatocytic phospholipids and blood plasma protein-lipid complexes.


The UK government has announced a review of bonuses paid to consultants, to make the system more transparent and consistent with other public sector pay schemes.

The review will be undertaken by the independent Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration, alongside other NHS organisations, the British Medical Association, and the committees that make the awards in England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.

The review will firstly consider whether bonuses on top of basic pay are necessary "in order to recruit, retain, and motivate the necessary supply of consultants." It will look at the international medical job market; and one aim will be to maintain a comprehensive provision of consultants across the NHS. It has been asked to consider total compensation levels for consultants and "to make observations (rather than recommendations) on basic pay scales."

Secondly, the review will consider the need for incentives to encourage and reward excellent quality of …


San Francisco-Use of a larger ablation optical zone size in customized laser-vision correction procedures can minimize surgery- induced increases in higher-order aberrations as well as increases in higher-order aberrations that occur with increasing pupil size, said Scott M. MacRae, MD, at the annual meeting of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. Furthermore, the relationship between pupil size and measured higher-order aberrations emphasizes the importance of performing wavefront measurements with an aperture diameter that is at least 6 mm and preferably greater than the mesopic pupil diameter in order to obtain relevant data, Dr. MacRae said.


Adams' catalyst in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) (400) has been found to be a superior solvent over the ionic liquids by severalfold in promoting the hydrogenation of various functional groups. Both the catalyst and PEG were recycled efficiently over 10 runs without loss of activity, and substrate cross contamination was not observed despite a change in the substrate four times.


Objective: To determine the percentage of cross-transmissions in an intensive care unit (ICU) with high nosocomial infection (NI) rates according to the data of the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System. Setting: A 14-bed surgical ICU of a 1,300-bed, tertiary-care teaching hospital. Method: Prospective surveillance of NIs during a period of 9 months. If an NI was present, the isolates of the following indicator pathogens were stored and typed by species: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterobacter species. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed for typing of S. aureus strains and arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction was applied for the other pathogens. The presence of two indistinguishable strains in two patients was considered as one episode of cross-transmission. Results: Two hundred sixty-two patients were observed during a period of 2,444 patient-days; 96 NIs were identified in 59 patients and the overall incidence density of NI was 39.3 per 1,000 patient-days. For 104 isolates, it was possible to consider typing results. Altogether, 36 cross-transmissions have lead to NIs in other patients. That means at least 37.5% of all NIs identified were due to cross-transmissions. Conclusion: Because of the method of this study, the percentage of NIs due to cross-transmission identified for this ICU is an "at least number". In reality, the number of cross-transmissions, and thus the number of avoidable infections, may have been even higher. However, it is difficult to assess whether the percentage of NIs due to cross-transmission determined for this ICU may be the crucial explanation for the relatively high infection rate in comparison to other surgical ICUs.


Governments must decide how much to pay their civil servants as well as what sorts of other rewards they should provide to those employees. These governments are faced with the need to attract high-quality personnel to government while also maintaining some frugality for political as well as fiscal reasons. The amount and manner in which public servants are rewarded varies markedly across countries. Some of these differences are a function of economic factors, but a number of other factors such as political cultures and the centrality of the public service to economic management of the country are also important. Public servants receive their pay and benefits while employed, but in many instances a good deal of their lifetime income is received after they leave government and are employed in the private or the quasi-public sector. Further, in some political systems public sector pensions are generous and consume a significant proportion of the public budget. The question of rewards for being a public servant is both empirical and normative. A number of contending principles can be used to guide decision makers when choosing patterns of regards, but politics is often the dominant factor.


Abstract Researchers and clinicians have suggested that overuse injuries to the lower back and lower extremities of figure skaters may be associated with the repeated high impact forces sustained during jump landings. Our primary aim was to compare the vertical ground reaction forces (GRFs) in freestyle figure skaters (n = 26) and non-skaters (n = 18) for the same barefoot single leg landing on a force plate from a 20 cm platform. Compared with non-skaters, skaters exhibited a significantly greater normalised peak GRF (3.50 ± 0.47 × body weight for skaters vs. 3.13 ± 0.45 × body weight for non-skaters), significantly shorter time to peak GRF (81.21 ± 14.01 ms for skaters vs. 93.81 ± 16.49 ms for non-skaters), and significantly longer time to stabilisation (TTS) of the GRF (2.38 ± 0.07 s for skaters vs. 2.22 ± 0.07 s for non-skaters). Skaters also confined their centre of pressure (CoP) to a significantly smaller mediolateral (M–L) (25%) and anterior–posterior (A–P) (40%) range during the landing phase, with the position of the CoP located in the mid to forefoot region. The narrower and more forward position of the CoP in skaters may at least partially explain the greater peak GRF, shorter time to peak, and longer TTS. Training and/or equipment modification serve as potential targets to decrease peak GRF by distributing it over a longer time period. More comprehensive studies including electromyography and motion capture are needed to fully characterise the unique figure skater landing strategy.


BACKGROUND
Periodontitis has been shown to be closely related to diabetes, which was recently found to be associated with lower serum creatinine. Conversely, several studies have suggested a positive relationship between periodontitis and abnormally high concentrations of serum creatinine associated with renal dysfunction, seemingly contradicting the above. This study evaluates periodontal status and serum levels of creatinine within the normal range to resolve this apparent contradiction.

METHODS
A comprehensive health examination of 907 Japanese males, 49 to 59 years old, was performed from 2000 to 2002. A blood sample was collected from the antecubital vein after an overnight fast. The periodontal parameters were periodontal probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (AL). We examined the association between serum creatinine concentration within the normal range and periodontal parameters.

RESULTS
Serum creatinine concentration within the normal range was inversely correlated with mean PD and mean AL. In multivariate linear regression analyses, every 0.1-mg/dL increment in serum creatinine concentration was associated with a 0.064-mm decrease in both mean PD and mean AL (P <0.05) after adjusting for confounding variables.

CONCLUSION
This study finds a significant inverse association between normal serum creatinine concentration and periodontal disease.


: The process of accumulation of paramagnetic centres in UV-irradiated solutions of simple proteins at 77 degrees K has been studied. A kinetic equation describing the accumulation of radicals in protein is obtained. Experimentally obtained curves of radical accumulation coincide with the theoretical ones.


The functional anatomy of the cervical spine, the biomechanics of lesions due to rear end collisions, the human behaviour of victims of these collisions and the influence of insurance, legislation, court decisions and the modalities and duration of treatment are discussed in a survey of the literature on lesions of the cervical spine due to rear end collisions. The problems posed by changed court rulings on lesions of the cervical spine due to rear end collisions are mentioned, as well as the danger of producing a "whiplash" compensation epidemic. It appears that immediate treatment of the lesion avoiding manipulation, long immobilization and delay in decisions on compensation may reduce the frequency, intensity and duration of symptoms. The symptoms usually remit after settlement of compensation and seldom give rise to substantial disability. The prevention of lesions of the cervical spine and head due to rear end collisions will only be possible if car safety engineers succeed in preventing rear end collisions and/or in ending hyperextension by appropriate devices. The head supports in use today are not sufficient to prevent hyperextension of the cervical spine.


Objectives:Preliminary data suggest that antibiotic discontinuation in patients with negative quantitative bronchoscopy and symptom resolution will not increase mortality. Because our hospital algorithm for antibiotic discontinuation rules out ventilator-associated pneumonia in the setting of negative quantitative bronchoscopy cultures, we compared antibiotic utilization and mortality in empirically treated, culture-negative ventilator-associated pneumonia patients whose antibiotic discontinuation was early versus late. Design:Retrospective, observational cohort study. Setting:Eight hundred sixty-seven bed, tertiary care, teaching hospital in Hartford, CT. Patients:Eighty-nine patients with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and a negative (<104 colony forming units/mL) quantitative bronchoscopy culture between January 2009 and March 2012. Early discontinuation patients (n = 40) were defined as those who had all antibiotic therapy stopped within one day of final negative culture report, whereas late discontinuation patients (n = 49) had antibiotics stopped later than one day. Measurements:Univariate analyses assessed mortality, antibiotic duration, and frequency of superinfections. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the effect of early discontinuation on hospital mortality. Results:Patients had a mean ± SD Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score of 26.0 ± 6.0. Mortality was not different between early discontinuation (25.0%) and late discontinuation (30.6%) patients (p = 0.642). Antibiotic duration (days) was also not different for patients who died vs. those who survived (Median [interquartile range]: 3 [1–7.5] vs. 3 [1.75–6.25], respectively, p = 0.87), and when controlling for baseline characteristics and symptom resolution, only Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score was associated with hospital mortality on multivariate analyses. There were fewer superinfections (22.5% vs. 42.9%, p = 0.008), respiratory superinfections (10.0% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.036), and multidrug resistant superinfections (7.5% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.003), in early discontinuation compared with late discontinuation patients. Conclusions:In this severely ill population with clinically suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia and negative quantitative bronchoalveolar lavage cultures, early discontinuation of antibiotics did not affect mortality and was associated with a lower frequency of MDR superinfections.


Background: Food safety can be defined as the confidence degree that the food will not cause any harm or sickness to the consumer when it is prepared, served and consumed based on its intended use. A secure food is a food that is physically, chemically and biologically ready to be consumed when it is prepared according to its main purpose and does not loses its nutritional value. Aim of Study: The purpose of this study to assess the knowledge and practices regarding food safety among the food handlers. Method: A descriptive cross sectional survey based study was conducted in Food Street, ShahiQilaha, Lahore. Convenience sampling  technique was used to collect the data from respondents. Closed ended questionnaire was used. Data was gathered from food handlers working in Food Street, Shahi Qilaha, Lahore. SPSS version 20 was used to analyze the data and descriptive statistics applied. Result: In our study, almost all of the food-handlers were aware of the critical role of general sanitary practices in the work place, such as using gloves (88.0%). On disease transmission, 56.0% of the food- handlers had knew that Salmonella is a food borne pathogens and 74.0% were known that hepatitis A is a food borne pathogen, 44.0% respondents knew about the AIDS transmitted by food. Only 56.0% participants knew the temperature of 65° should keep for ready food and this knowledge with their experience. Conclusion: In generally the food handlers have satisfactory knowledge in the areas of food safety, personal hygiene and sanitation procedures. But they do not use strict hygienic practices during processing and handling food products. The most important issues are the lack of knowledge regarding refrigeration temperatures, lack of knowledge concerning cross-contamination and its control.


The main objective of this thesis is to investigate, using the dialectical method, why human rights are not only just emancipatory in the international context but are also often used for the legitimation of repressive policies. The argument in this thesis accepts that human rights have an important role in the general development of international law, and that their historical development has had a transformational effect on international politics. My thesis is that political groups have sought to mould political and social interactions by questioning and reshaping both the definitions and the system of human rights. In doing so, those actions – defined as political power – are used to legitimise new social and political constellations by changing the legal definitions of rights and by erecting new forms of protection.

In the development of my argument, I analyse first the different historical moments in which significant transformations and redefinitions of human rights occurred. For that, I will identify two processes: the formalisation of rights (emancipatory) and their de-formalisation (repressive). Secondly, I will seek to show that these processes are politically constituted in a dialectic that operates in the implementation of such rights by the State in both domestic and international spheres. I shall then provide an interpretation that tries to explain how this dialectic has helped legitimise the system of international human rights. As a result, it can be observed that while in the West there was, domestically, an emancipatory movement able to formalise rights that progressively reached larger social groups, the same cannot be said for those who lived in the colonial world. Internationally, there have been different interpretations that prevented the expansion and implementation of human rights on the same basis as in the domestic sphere. The dialectic of emancipation and repression, therefore, can be visualised by looking, historically, at political struggles between formalising and de-formalising forces.


To improve scalability and understandability of search-based refactoring, in this paper, we propose a formulation based on graph transformation which allows us to make use of partial order semantics and an associated analysis technique, the approximated unfolding of graph transformation systems. We use graphs to represent object-oriented software architectures at the class level and graph transformations to describe their refactoring operations. In the unfolding we can identify dependencies and conflicts between refactoring steps leading to an implicit and therefore more scalable representation of the search space. An optimisation algorithm based on the Ant Colony paradigm is used to explore this search space, aiming to find a sequence of refactoring steps that leads to the best design at a minimal costs.


Abstract In this paper I suggest a way that an already promising view on ethical art criticism can account for the value of mediocre artworks which endorse morally commendable perspectives. In order for the view I call prescriptive ethicism to deal with such cases of critical ambivalence, it must take account of the interaction between moral content and form in art. Such interaction is seen in the way the aesthetic features of an artwork partly determine its moral value, or success in providing ethical insight. I argue that if a work lacks the kind of moral value which is determined by the interaction between form and content, then we have little reason to engage with that work. When a work expresses an otherwise commendable moral attitude in a clumsy or trite manner, while it is clearly compromised aesthetically, it is also compromised ethically. For such a work forfeits the ability to reveal new aspects of ethical life.


SUMMARY
EcoGene.org is a genome database and website dedicated to Escherichia coli K-12 substrain MG1655 that is revised daily using information derived from the biomedical literature and in-house analysis. EcoGene is a major source of annotation updates for the MG1655 Genbank record, one of only a few Genbank genome records that are updated by a community effort. The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database, built by The National Center for Biotechnology Information, comprises a set of duplicate Genbank genome records that can be modified by the NCBI staff annotators. EcoGene-RefSeq is being developed as a stand-alone internet resource to facilitate the usage of EcoGene-based tools on any of the >2400 completed prokaryotic genome records that are currently available at the RefSeq database.

AVAILABILITY
The web interface of EcoGene-RefSeq is available at http://www.ecogene.org/refseq.

CONTACT
firstname.lastname@example.com or email@example.com.


A new synthesis of (2S,3R)-[3',3',3'-2H3]-valine has been completed and (2S,3S)-4-fluorovaline has been synthesised for the first time. Both compounds have been prepared by routes involving stereoselective addition to the (S)-pyroglutamate derivative and are available for studies in several areas of bio-organic chemistry.


An outbreak of Q fever occurred in February–April 2014 among workers at a waste-sorting plant in Bilbao (Spain). The outbreak affected 58.5% of investigated employees, 47.2% as confirmed cases (PCR and/or serology) and 11.3% as probable cases (symptoms without laboratory confirmation). Only employees who had no-access to the waste processing areas of the plant were not affected and incidence of infection was significantly higher among workers not using respiratory protection masks. Detection by qPCR of Coxiella burnetii in dust collected from surfaces of the plant facilities confirmed exposure of workers inside the plant. Animal remains sporadically detected among the residues received for waste-sorting were the most probable source of infection. After cleaning and disinfection, all environmental samples tested negative. Personal protection measures were reinforced and made compulsory for the staff and actions were taken to raise farmers' awareness of the biological risk of discharging animal carcasses as urban waste.


Modern methods for axial compressor design are capable of shaping the blade surfaces in a three-dimensional way. Linking these methods with automated optimization techniques provides a major benefit to the design process. The application of nonaxisymmetric contoured endwalls is considered to be very successful in turbine rotors and vanes. Concerning axial compressors, nonaxisymmetric endwalls are still a field of research. This two-part paper presents the recent development of a novel endwall design. A vortex created by a nonaxisymmetric endwall groove acts as an aerodynamic separator, preventing the passage vortex from interacting with the suction side boundary layer. This major impact on the secondary flow results in a significant loss reduction by means of load redistribution, reduction in recirculation areas, and suppressed corner separation. Part I of this paper deals with the endwall design and its compressor application. The resulting flow phenomena and physics are described and analyzed in detail. The second paper presents the detailed experimental and numerical investigation of the developed endwall groove. The measurements carried out at the transonic cascade wind tunnel of DLR in Cologne, demonstrated a considerable influence on the cascade performance. A loss reduction and redistribution of the cascade loading were achieved at the aerodynamic design point, as well as near the stall condition of the cascade. This behavior is well predicted by the numerical simulation. The combined analysis of experimental and numerical flow patterns allows a detailed interpretation and description of the resulting flow phenomena. In this context, high fidelity 3D-Reynolds-averaged Navier―Stokes flow simulations are required to analyze the complex blade and endwall boundary layer interaction.


ABSTRACT: Few herbicides are currently registered in Brazil for weed control in wheat. The objective of this research was to determine the wheat crop selectivity and the response of Lolium multiflorum to pyroxsulam. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Paraná, Brazil. At the proposed commercial rates of 15 and 18 g a.i. ha-1 pyroxsulam did not cause visual injury above 10% in wheat. Pyroxsulam caused >10% injury in wheat at one location (Cascavel) when applied at 21, 30, 36 and 42 g a.i. ha-1; however, the crop fully recovered from the injury by 28 days after application and did not have an adverse effect on wheat grain yield, regardless of the rate applied. Pyroxsulam applied at 15 or 18 g a.i. ha-1 provided excellent control (>85%) of Lolium multiflorum in both trials.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths all over the world. Therefore, it has gained importance in the development of new chemotherapeutic strategies to identify anticancer agents with low side effects, reliable, high anticancer potential, and specific to lung cancer cells. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is an important therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment because of its overexpression in tumor cells. Here, we aimed to examine the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite, in A549 cells by comparing it with the commercial chemotherapeutic drug carboplatin and also to investigate whether the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid occurs via TrxR1‐targeting. The IC50 value of diffractaic acid on A549 cells was determined as 46.37 μg/mL at 48 h, and diffractaic acid had stronger cytotoxicity than carboplatin in A549 cells. qPCR results revealed that diffractaic acid promoted the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through the upregulation of the BAX/BCL2 ratio and P53 gene in A549 cells, which is consistent with the flow cytometry results. Furthermore, migration analysis results indicated that diffractaic acid impressively suppressed the migration of A549 cells. While the enzymatic activity of TrxR1 was inhibited by diffractaic acid in A549 cells, no changes were seen in the quantitative expression levels of gene and protein. These findings provide fundamental data on the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid on A549 cells targeting TrxR1 activity, suggesting that it could be considered a chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer therapy.


In 1996, we published an editorial 'Ketamine, mechanism(s) of action and unusual clinical uses' in the British Journal of Anaesthesia. In that editorial, we described the pharmacology of ketamine including bronchodilator, anti-shock, and neuroprotective actions along with some unusual clinical applications. The editorial has been cited more than 130 times in total with around 10 citations every year, which implies that ketamine is still of interest to a wide audience. However, as ketamine anaesthesia is associated with cardiovascular hyperdynamics and disturbing emergence reactions, this agent is often avoided, despite the ease with which these adverse reactions can be prevented by pre-administration, co-administration of sedatives, or both such as benzodiazepines, propofol, dexmedetomidine, or droperidol. In the past 15 yr, ketamine has been reported to possess several new clinically beneficial properties such as potentiation of opioid analgesia, prevention of opioid-induced acute tolerance and spinal ischaemia, anti-inflammatory actions, preventive effects on recall and awareness during general anaesthesia, and anti-tumour actions. In this 'update' editorial, we have focused on these potential clinical advantages of ketamine.


AbstractInfections with Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the most the most common, sexually transferred and is responsible for genital warts, cervical cancers and a growing number of head and neck cancers. Knowledge about how HPV16 interacts with the infected cell to regulate its gene expression is essential for therapeutic development. Here, we show that the viral E5 protein which may contribute to carcinogenesis can only be expressed efficiently during the early infection. E5 is the last open reading frame (ORF) on the early pre-mRNAs. Therefore, its expression requires removal of upstream, inhibitory E7 and E1 ORFs by alternative splicing. Alternative splicing is also required for HPV16 later gene expression together with an inhibition of the early polyadenylation signal. We report that induction of the DNA damage response (DDR) by alkylating agent melphalan caused both an activation of late gene splicing and inhibition of the early polyadenylation signal. The connection between induction of DDR and HPV16 late gene expression by melphalan was dependent on ATM signaling and caused an accumulation of phosphorylated BRCA1 on HPV16 DNA. BRAC1 also interacted with splice factors U2AF65 and hnRNPC that were recruited to HPV16 mRNAs to generate a expression of late, L1 and L2 HPV16 mRNAs. The ATM-branch of the DDR is hijacked by HPV for productive viral replication prior to late gene expression. Therefore, we suggest that HPV16 also has evolved to utilize the connection between DDR and RNA-processing for late gene activation. Finally, we investigated the presence of methylated N6-adenosine (m6A) on HPV16 mRNAs in connection to regulation of alternative splicing. Here, we report that HPV16 mRNAs undergoes methylation and that the proteins associated with m6A affects viral splicing. In particular, splicing of mRNAs that express the viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 were affected in a mutually exclusive manner. The same pattern was also observed for mRNAs expressing viral replication proteins E1 and E2. Further investigations will reveal the true regulatory importance of m6A for splicing of these mRNAs. In conclusion, this thesis identifies the main E5 mRNA, connects HPV16 late gene expression to the DDR and suggests a regulatory function of m6A in HPV16 alternative splicing. (Less)


Abstract The aim of the current study was to determine the growth-promoting-effect of Cordyceps militaris, known as a medicinal mushroom, on Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus acidophilus. To evaluate the best growth-promoting activity of the test substrates including glucose, inulin, and at different concentrations of C. militaris (0.5%, 1%, and 2%), the cell counts, optical density (OD), prebiotic activity scores, and postbiotics (lactic, acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) were determined. The highest cell count was found for L. casei in media containing 0.5% C. militaris and for L. acidophilus in media containing 1% C. militaris. In the case of both strains, the OD values of the medium with C. militaris (1%) and (2%) increased similar to those of glucose. The prebiotic activity scores for both strains were positive. The concentration of lactic acid ranged from 0.56 to 8.07 g L−1 for L. casei and 0.82 to 5.38 g L−1 for L. acidophilus. Moreover, propionic acid was the highest among short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by both strains. According to the results of the present study, the tested Lactobacillus species can utilize C. militaris as carbon source and is able to form postbiotics in the media.


Abstract The major river systems of India, i.e. the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra river systems originating in the Himalayan region, are considered the lifeline of the Indian subcontinent. The main sources maintaining the flow of the Himalayan rivers are snow/glacial melt runoff, rainfall runoff and base flow. The Beas River originates from Beas Kund Glacier in the Himalayan region and flows down to join the Sutlej River, which is a tributary of the Indus River system. In the present study two approaches, namely hydrologic modelling and isotope analysis, have been applied to estimate the contribution of snow and glacier melt. Samples of streamflow, rainfall and snow for isotopic analysis were collected daily from April to September and weekly from October to March during 2010 and 2011. The isotope analysis of samples reveals that the snow/glacier melt contribution to the Beas River at Manali is 50% of the total flow during these 2 years. Snowmelt runoff modelling has been carried out using the SNOWMOD model, and the snow/glacier melt runoff contribution is calculated to be 52% of the total flow during the same period. These findings indicate that the results obtained from the two approaches are similar.


Software-defined networking (SDN) has received tremendous attention from both industry and academia. The centralized control plane in SDN has a global view of the network and can be used to provide more effective solutions for complex problems, such as traffic engineering. This study is motivated by recent advancement in SDN and increasing popularity of multicasting applications. We propose a technique to increase the resiliency of multicasting in SDN based on the subtree protection mechanism. Multicasting is a group communication technology, which uses the network infrastructure efficiently by sending the data only once from one or multiple sources to a group of receivers that share a common path. Multicasting applications, e.g., live video streaming and video conferencing, become popular, but they are delay-sensitive applications. Failures in an ongoing multicast session can cause packet losses and delay, which can significantly affect quality of service (QoS). In this study, we adapt a subtree-based technique to protect a multicast tree constructed for OpenFlow switches in SDN. The proposed algorithm can detect link or node failures from a multicast tree and then determines which part of the multicast tree requires changes in the flow table to recover from the failure. With a centralized controller in SDN, the backup paths can be created much more effectively in comparison to the signaling approach used in traditional multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) networks for backup paths, which makes the subtree-based protection mechanism feasible. We also implement a prototype of the algorithm in the POX controller and measure its performance by emulating failures in different tree topologies in Mininet.


In the present paper, the authors sum up results of acupuncture treatment of 35 cases of facial spasm. Of the 35 cases, 14 were male and 21 female, ranging in age from 19 to 62 years and in the disease duration from 1 week to 21 years. Shallow needling was applied to the surrounding region of Ahshi points (the twitching locus), Hegu (LI 4), Taichong (LR 3), etc., once daily, 4 weeks altogether. In addition, according to syndrome differentiation, other acupoints as Fengchi (GB 20), Waiguan (TE 5), Zusanli (ST 36), Sanyinjiao (SP 6), etc. were supplemented. After treatment, out of the 35 cases, 26 (74.3%) were cured, 5 (14.3%) experienced markedly improvement, and the rest 4 (11.4%) cases had a certain degree of amelioration. The key point for treating facial spasm is applying shallow needling around the twitching muscles.


In a conventional speed sensorless stator flux-oriented (SFO) induction motor drive, when the estimated speed is transformed into the sampled-data model using the first-forward difference approximation, the sampled-data model has a modeling error which, in turn, produces an error in the rotor speed estimation. The error included in the estimated speed is removed by the use of a low pass filter (LPF). As the result, the delay of the estimated speed occurs in transients by the use of the LPF. This paper investigates the problem of a conventional speed sensorless SFO system due to the delay of the estimated speed in the field weakening region. In addition, this paper proposes a method to estimate exactly speed by using Luenberger observer. The proposed method is verified by the simulation and experiment with a 5-hp induction motor drive.


The A3243G mutation of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is main contributing factor for many common diseases, including diabetes mellitus and mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS). In this study we aimed to understand the association between A3243G mutations with maternal inherited diabetes with deafness using Allele specific tetra ARMS PCR technique. In this study, we collected the blood samples from normal human and medically diagnosed diabetic subjects with maternal history.Allele-specific Tetra ARMS PCR for the A3243G mutation was performed in the presence of two sets newly designed primers.A successful PCR product with a single 475bp from wild condition was obtained and two bands at 475bp and 275bp were observed from mutant condition. To validate the results, we also conducted DNA sequencing for both the samples. The sequenced data is compared using bioinformatics tools and it is 100% matched with PCR results. We suggest that ARMS PCR method will be considered to be suitable candidate to diagnose the mutation responsible for maternally inherited diabetes with deafness.


Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to play important roles in key brain functions such as pain perception, cognition, and emotion. Different forms of homosynaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression have been studied in ACC synapses. However, heterosynaptic plasticity such as synaptic tagging has not been reported. Here, we demonstrate synaptic tagging in the ACC of adult male mice by using a 64-channel multielectrode array recording system. Weak theta burst stimulation (TBS), normally inducing early-phase LTP or No-LTP in most of the activated channels, produced late phase-LTP (L-LTP) in a majority of channels when a strong TBS was applied earlier to a separate input within a certain time window. Similar to hippocampus, synaptic tagging in the ACC depends on the synthesis of new proteins. Tail amputation-induced peripheral injury caused a loss of this heterosynaptic L-LTP and occluded strong TBS-evoked L-LTP as well. Together, we provide the first report of the synaptic tagging-like phenomenon in the ACC of adult mice, and the loss of synaptic tagging to amputation may contribute to injury-related cognitive changes and phantom limb sensation and pain. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT ACC is an important cortical region involved in many brain functions. Previous studies have dissected the molecular mechanism of multiple types of homosynaptic plasticity of ACC synapses. Here, we report a novel form of heterosynaptic plasticity occurring in the ACC. This newly identified, protein synthesis-dependent neocortical synaptic tagging is sensitive to peripheral tail amputation injury and may provide basic mechanisms for synaptic pathophysiology of phantom pain and related cognitive changes.


Multiple sclerosis and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis are demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system that can present initially as an acute focal demyelinating syndrome. We report an 11-year-old girl who initially presented with intractable vomiting and hypertension and later developed a subacute onset of focal neurologic (brainstem) signs. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a large solitary demyelinating lesion of the brain stem consistent with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Because of the morbidity associated with biopsy and its questionable value in the course of management of this patient, she was treated empirically with aggressive supportive measures and high-dose corticosteroid therapy. She had near full recovery, with only minimal neurologic sequelae. Six months later, she presented with similar focal neurologic signs, and a new lesion was found on MRI. Because of the separation of her two episodes in time and central nervous system location, a diagnosis of multiple sclerosis was made. Herein, we use this patient to illustrate the difficulty in distinguishing acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from multiple sclerosis in patients who present initially with an acute focal demyelinating syndrome. (J Child Neurol 1995;10:476-480).


The relationships between the natural variability and CO 2 -induced response over the Pacific region are investigated in terms of the spatial anomaly pattern of SST, sea level pressure and precipitation by a multi-model intercomparison analysis, based on the 18-model results contributing to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. The analysis indicates that the CO 2 -induced response pattern is related with the model natural variability modes, ENSO and AO. In the tropical Pacific, an ENSO-like global warming pattern is simulated by the majority of the models, with mostly El Nino-like change. In the Arctic region, an AO-like global warming pattern is simulated by many models, with the positive definite AO-phase change, if AO-like. It is suggested that the increase in meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere, and the lower stratosphere, provides a preferable condition for the positive AO-like change in the high latitudes by intensifying the subtropical jet, while the increase in the static stability provides a preferable condition for the El Nino-like change in the low latitudes, by reducing the large-scale ambient circulations. However, the sign of the mass (SLP) anomaly is incompatible over the North Pacific, between the positive AO-like change and the El Nino-like change. As a result, the present models cannot fully determine the relative importance between the mechanisms inducing the positive AO-like change and inducing the ENSO-like change, leading to scattering in global warming patterns in regional scales over the North Pacific.


Identification of the onset of vegetation greenup is a key factor in characterizing and monitoring vegetation dynamics over large areas. However, the relationship between greenup onset dates estimated from satellite imagery and the actual growth stage of vegetation is often unclear. Herein, we present an approach for comparing pixel-level onset dates to regional planting and emergence information for agricultural crops, with the goal of drawing reliable conclusions regarding the physical growth stage of the vegetation of interest at the time of greenup onset. To accomplish this, we calculated onset of greenup using MODIS 250 m, 16-day composite NDVI time series data for Kansas for 2001 and a recently proposed methodology for greenup detection. We then evaluated the estimated greenup dates using the locations of 1,417 large field sites that were planted to corn, soybeans, or sorghum in 2001, in conjunction with United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) weekly crop progress reports containing crop planting and emergence percentage estimates. Average greenup onset dates calculated for the three summer crops showed that the dates were consistent with the relative planting order of corn, sorghum, and soybeans across the state. However, the influence of pre-crop vegetation (weeds and "volunteer" crops) introduced an early bias for the greenup onset dates calculated for many field sites. This pre-crop vegetation signal was most pronounced for the later planted summer crops (soybeans and sorghum) and in areas of Kansas that receive higher annual precipitation. The most reliable results were obtained for corn in semi-arid western Kansas, where pre-crop vegetation had considerably less influence on the greenup onset date calculations. The greenup onset date calculated for corn in western Kansas was found to occur 23 days after 50 percent of the crop had emerged. Corn's greenup onset was detected, on average, at the agronomic stage where plants are 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 inches) tall and the crop begins its rapid growth.


Using the Informatics Organizing Research Model (Effken, 2003) to add context to the information gleaned from ethnographic interviews of seven chief nurse executives (CNEs) currently leading integrated delivery systems, the author concluded nurse executives can no longer depend exclusively on American Organization of Nurse Executives (AONE) competencies as they outsource their responsibility for information technology knowledge to nurse informaticians, chief information officers, and physicians. Although AONE sets out a specific list of recommended information technology competencies for system CNEs, innovative nursing practice demands a more strategic, broader level of knowledge. This broader competency centers on the reality of CNEs being charged with creating and implementing a patient-centered vision that drives health care organizations' investment in technology. A new study identifies and validates the gaps between selected CNEs' self-identified informatics competencies and those set out by AONE (Simpson, 2012).


Ultra-steep spectrum (USS) radio sources are good tracers of powerful radio galaxies at z > 2 . Identification of even a single bright radio galaxy at z > 6 can be used to detect redshifted 21cm absorption due to neutral hydrogen in the intervening IGM. Here we describe a new sample of high-redshift radio galaxy (HzRG) candidates constructed from the TGSS ADR1 survey at 150 MHz. We employ USS selection ( α ≤ − 1 . 3 ) in ∼ 10000 square degrees, in combination with strict size selection and non-detections in all-sky optical and infrared surveys. We apply flux density cuts that probe a unique parameter space in flux density ( 50 < S 150 < 200 mJy) to build a sample of 32 HzRG candidates. Follow-up Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) observations at 1.4 GHz with an average beam size of 1 . 3 arcseconds ( (cid:48)(cid:48) ) revealed ∼ 48% of sources to have a single radio component. P-band (370 MHz) imaging of 17 of these sources revealed a flattening radio SED for ten sources at low frequencies, which is expected from compact HzRGs. Two of our sources lie in fields where deeper multi-wavelength photometry and ancillary radio data are available and for one of these we find a best-fit photo-z of 4 . 8 ± 2 . 0 . The other source has z phot = 1 . 4 ± 0 . 1 and a small angular size ( 3 . 7 (cid:48)(cid:48) ), which could be associated with an obscured star forming galaxy or with a 'dead' elliptical. One USS radio source not part of the HzRG sample but observed with the VLA nonetheless is revealed to be a candidate giant radio galaxy with a host galaxy photo-z of 1 . 8 ± 0 . 5 , indicating a size of 875 kpc.


Abstract The purpose of this study is to develop a conceptual model for explaining the process of how salespeople's innovativeness leverages sales performance by introducing the organizational learning-based factors such as sales team tacit knowledge exchange, value-based selling capability, and a positive selling ambiance initiative in the selling process to enhance sales performance. The novelty of this study is its construction of a conceptual model that adopts the organizational learning framework both in cultivating the organizational memory of salespeople working in a sales organization and in processing organizational memory for leveraging capabilities that lead to better sales performance. The acceptance of the proposed hypotheses demonstrated the importance of organizational learning-based factors in supporting the success of salespeople in the consumer product market.


To investigate the nature of the 140 kDa glycoprotein in the trabecular meshwork, polypeptides were extracted with either urea/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/beta-2-mercaptoethanol (BME) or guanidine hydrochloride followed by pepsin digestion. After electrophoresis and immunoblotting with anti-type-VI-collagen antibodies, a single fraction of molecular weight 140 kDa was identified in the urea/SDS/BME extracts. Pepsin solubilization revealed two immunoreactive fractions (molecular weights 75 and 85 kDa) that comigrated with purified, pepsin-solubilized type VI collagen. By using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and primers specific for the alpha 2(VI) chain of type VI collagen, a single PCR product was obtained, which corresponded to the expected size of 137 base pairs, from the total RNA extracted from the trabecular meshwork ex vivo. Southern hybridization with the antisense oligonucleotide probe of the alpha 2(VI) chain confirmed that the amplified sequence was specific. The results show that the trabecular meshwork contains a significant amount of type VI collagen and that trabecular cells express the mRNA coding for the alpha 2(VI) chain of this glycoprotein. The presence of type VI collagen in the trabecular meshwork is implicated in cell-extracellular matrix interactions at this site, and its abnormal accumulation in glaucomatous and aging eyes probably signifies a defect in the function of the trabecular cells in these eyes.


Conflictual processes unfolding in legal and political social fields as well as commemorative events differentially shape social memories, including memories about genocides, in line with their rules of the game and institutional logics. News media subsequently process mnemonic struggles—carried out in law, politics, and commemorations—submitting them to the rules and norms of journalism before their messages reach the public. This article explores these processes for struggles pertaining to memories of the Armenian genocide. It is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of 259 English language newspaper articles published in the United States that report about a court case, a legislative process, and commemorative events. Our analysis identifies distinct patterns of representations. Differences are in line with the institutional logics of the legal and political fields and the epistemic potential of commemorative rituals, even as they interact with the logic of the journalistic field that mediates those accounts.


Background: Osteoarthritis' (OA) pathophysiology is a complex and evolving subject, resulting in different phenotypes1. There is a known association between cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) and OA, but its subjacent mechanism remains under-documented2. Pursuing this logic of direct systemic effect on joints by CV comorbidities2, new therapeutic approaches could be reached. Objectives: To determine the impact of CV comorbidities on knee OA, based on radiographic rate of progression and the need for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods: Cohort retrospective study among non-obese patients with primary knee OA, seen at a Portuguese hospital between 2017 and 2020. Clinical records were reviewed for sociodemographic and clinical data [age at the diagnosis, radiographic scoring through Kellgren Lawrence (KL) classification system at baseline (diagnosis) and 5 years later, KL progression and time to TKA]. CVRF such as Essential Arterial Hypertension (EHA), Dyslipidemia (DLP) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) prior to the OA diagnosis, as well as medication history were also recorded. Comparison of both cohorts, with and without the mentioned CVRF, was performed. Results: A total of 304 patients with knee OA were eligible, 86 (28.3%) men and 218 (71.7%) women. Of those with CVRF (n=169), 121 (71.6%) were women and the mean age was 74.47±0.59 years. Among them, 129 (76.4%) had EAH, 122 (72.2%) had DLP, and 52 (30.8%) had T2DM. Five (3%) were treated with fenofibrate, 114 (67.5%) with statins, 40 (23.7%) with metformin, and 4 (2.4%) with liraglutide. Of those without CV risk factors (n=135), 97 (71.9%) were women and the mean age was 71.36±0.83 years. The presence of CVRF was associated with higher KL score (moderate to severe) at baseline [OR=2.118 (CI 95%: 1.264-3.549)] and 5 years later [OR=14.960 (CI 95%: 3.439-65.079)], faster KL progression, i.e., 2-grade worsening [OR=2.755 (CI 95%: 1.205-6.299)], and greater need for TKA [OR=3.781 (CI 95%:2.257-6.335)]. However, there was no association between the number of CVRF and progression of the KL score nor the rate of this progression, as well as between the number of CVRF and the need for TKA. EAH was associated with higher KL score at baseline [OR=1.819 (CI 95%: 1.108-2.987)] and 5 years later [OR=17.921 (CI 95%: 2.382-134.835)] but not with faster KL progression. It also associated with a greater need for TKA [OR=3.320 (CI 95%:1.197-5.750)]. DLP was associated with higher KL score at baseline [OR=1.843 (CI 95%: 1.120-3.030)] and 5 years later [OR=7.709 (CI 95%: 1.772-33.530)], as well as with faster KL progression [OR=2.560 (CI 95%: 1.249-5.246)], and greater need for TKA [OR=2.493 (CI 95%: 1.457-4.268)]. T2DM was associated with higher KL score 5 years after OA diagnosis [OR=1.103 (CI 95%: 1.059-1.148)], but not with KL score at baseline nor the occurrence of KL score progression during those first 5 years of disease or the need for TKA. Metformin, liraglutide, statins or fenofibrate use (either compounded or isolated) showed no statistically significant association with any of the following: KL score at baseline and 5 years later, occurrence of KL progression, and need for TKA. Time to TKA was not statistically different between patients with or without these medications. The number of medications used was not associated with KL progression or the need for TKA. Conclusion: CVRF contribute globally to OA progression. Patients with EAH and DLP showed worse radiographic expression of OA features and greater need for TKA, with DLP patients having faster KL progression. The presence of more than one CVRF was not associated with an increased disease progression, and cardiovascular therapeutic medications were not associated with an overall protective role. This study highlights the importance of acting on preventive measures for CVRF, in OA management. References: [1] Deveza et al. Clinical and experimental rheumatology vol. 37 Suppl 120,5 (2019): 64-72. [2] Orcha et al. Revue du Rhumatisme vol. 87 Suppl 1 (2020): A244. Disclosure of Interests: None declared.


ABSTRACT Variation in The Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene in The Two White Cockatoo Species (Cacatua alba and C. molucensis). DNA sequence variation in the 791-bp of mitochondrial cytocrome b gene in the two white cockatoo species (C. alba and C. moluccensis) were analyzed in this study. Two pairs of internal primers used to amplify two fragments of cytochrome b from 30 individuals cockatoo. The results show that there were genetic variations among individuals of C. alba and C. moluccensis. Twenthy eight haplotypes occured in 30 individuals studied; 14 haplotypes (Hca1-Hca14) in 16 individuals of C. alba, and 14 haplotypes (Hcm1-Hcm14)in 14 individuals of C. moluccensis. Hca5 was dominant and owned by 3 individuals (H37, KBS62, 28, BBP88). Within C. alba there were 18 variable sites, 0.00701 of nucleotide diversity (Pi), 0.975 ± 0.035 of haplotype diversity (Hd), and 0.005 ± 0.002 of mean genetic distance. Whitin C. moluccensis there were 18 variable sites, 0.00830 of Pi, and 0.9999 ± 0.028 of Hd, and 0,010 ± 0.002 (0.001-0.010) mean genetic distance. Divergence between C. alba and C. moluccensis was 0.064 ± 0.088 %. Neigbor-joining (NJ) analysis showed two main clusters consisted of : C. alba and C. moluccensis separately, and indicated that although there were some variations in the DNA sequences, but the individuals within a species remain clustered in the same cluster. Key words: genetic variation, mitochndrial cytochrome b, cockatoo bird, Cacatua alba, Cacatua moluccensis


The energetic and structural relationships of various CH4BX (X = Li to Br) isomers were elucidated at HF/6-311+G**, B3LYP/6-311+G**, and G3 levels of theory. The relative stabilities of bisected, eclipsed, bridged, and cyclic XCH2BH2 species, as well as their global minima, are determined by the electronegativity and the basicity of X. Alternatively, CH3BHX structural isomers are the global minima when X is a methyl group or an element with at least one lone-pair. Eclipsed BX rather than BH CH3BHX conformers are generally preferred, but the energy differences are small.


The growing prominence of diaspora communities around the world has led to increased recognition of the role they play in the domestic affairs of their respective homelands. Current research in the field of ethnic conflict has begun to focus on transnational ethnic linkages, identifying and analysing a wide range of processes through which they affect political and social outcomes. However, the overall impact of these relationships on civil conflict is still poorly understood. Although existing quantitative research in this area is limited, there is some evidence to suggest that, under certain circumstances, diaspora groups pose a risk to intrastate security by increasing the probability of civil war. Approaching the issue from a state fragility perspective, this paper challenges the notion that transnational ethnic linkages are primarily detrimental, proposing instead that kin groups with the greatest capacity to mobilize resources are more likely to promote stability. The results of the analysis support this hypothesis, indicating that larger, more geographically concentrated diasporas located in high-income, democratic host states typically have a stabilizing effect on fragile home communities.


This paper is concerned with the analysis of any convoluted surface in two or three dimensions which has a self-similar structure, and which may simply be defined as a mathematical surface or as an interface where there is a sharp change in the value of a scalar field F(x) (say from 0 to 1). The different methods of analysis that are related to each other here are based on spectra of the scalar which have the form Γ(k) ∝ k-p, the Kolmogorov capacity DK of the interface or D'K of the intersections of the interface with a plane or a line (both being defined by algorithms for counting the minimum number of boxes of sizes ∊ either covering the surface or its intersection), and the Hausdorff dimensions DH, D'H (which are defined differently). It is demonstrated that interfaces with a localized self-similar structure around accumulation points, such as spirals, may have non-integer capacities DK and D'K even though their Hausdorff dimension is integer and equal to the topological dimension of the surface. It is explained how the same surface can have different values of DK and D'K over different asymptotic ranges of ∊. There are other (fractal) surfaces where both DH and DK are non-integer which are convoluted on a wide range of scales with the same form of self-similarity everywhere on the surface. Distinctions are drawn between these two kinds of interface which have local and global self- similarity respectively. If the intersections of the interface with any line form a set of points that is statistically homogeneous and independent of the location and orientation of the line and also that is self-similar over a sufficiently wide range of spacing that a capacity D'K can be defined, it is shown that the scalar F has a power spectrum of the form of (1) and that the exponent p is related to D'K by p + D'K = 2. This quite general result for interfaces is verified analytically and computationally for spirals. In experiments with scalar interfaces in different turbulent flows at high Reynolds and Prandtl number, K. R. Sreenivasan, R. Ramshankar and C. Meneveau's measurements showed that D'K = 0.33 for values of ∊ within the inertial range and D'K = 0 for smaller values (in the microscale range). The values of p derived from (2) are consistent with the theory of G. K. Batchelor and many measurements of scalar spectra. For fractal interfaces with global self-similarity, the values of DH of an interface and D'H of the intersections of the interface with a line, have been shown previously to be related simply to each other by the topological dimension E of the interface so that DH = D'H + E. No such theorem exists in general for the Kolmogorov capacities DK and D'K. But it is shown analytically and computationally that for the case of spirals, over a certain range of resolutions ∊, DK = D'K + E. This corresponds in practice to the measurable range of typical experimental spirals with fewer than about five turns. Over a range of smaller length scales ∊, where a larger number of turns is resolved and which is experimentally difficult to measure, (3) is not correct. The result (3) has been previously suggested based on experimental results. Finally we demonstrate that interfaces for which there is a well-defined value of capacity (which is indeed the case for spirals of three turns) are only found to have self-similar spectra if there is a much wider range of length scales (e. g. more than 50 turns of the spiral) than is needed for the capacity DK to be measurable. As well as demonstrating this computationally, this is proved mathematically for interfaces having a particular class of accumulation points whose intersections with straight lines form a self-similar sequence of points xn ∝ n-α; the power spectrum of F only tends to the self-similar form (1) if (∊min/∊max)1-D'K≪ 1, whereas the capacity measure simply requires that ∊min/∊max ≪ 1. So when D'K > 0, the criteria for the spectra requires a wider range of scales in the convolutions of the interface. This is consistent with the finding that reliable measurements of DK can be computed from measurements of interfaces in laboratory experiments, but in the same experiments computations of spectra are often not of the form (1). Therefore, despite this apparent discrepancy with the general result (2) (which implies a value of p given a value of D'K), the above theoretical argument supports the deduction from such experiments that if a non-integer value of DK is measured, the interface does indeed have a self-similar structure; but it is not self-similar over a wide enough range of length scales to satisfy (2). Consequently, for turbulent flows, stating that the capacity should have its asymptotic value rather than (as is usual) the spectrum should be equal to its asymptotic form (e. g. in (1) p = 5/3) may be the correct necessary condition for deciding whether, in a given flow, the interfaces have the characteristic structure found at very high Reynolds number. Many of the results here may be of value in other scientific fields, where convoluted interfaces are also studied.


The suitabilities of major agricultural residues were assessed as papermaking feedstocks. All the examined agricultural residues were assumed as potential candidates for substituting hardwood fibers in mixed pulp blends from a fiber morphological perspective. Wheat, barley, rice, rapeseed, maize, sunflower, sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk, and two genotypes of miscanthus grass underwent identical maceration. The fiber length, fiber width, cell wall thickness, and lumen diameter were measured to calculate the slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio. The average fiber length ranged from 0.50 mm ± 0.32 mm (MG-S-02-V) to 1.15 mm mm ± 0.58 mm (sugarcane bagasse). The fiber width ranged from 10.77 μm ± 3.28 μm (rice straw) to 22.99 mm ± 5.20 mm (sunflower stalk). The lumen diameter ranged from 4.52 μm ± 2.52 μm (rice straw) to 13.23 μm ± 4.87 μm (sunflower stalk). The cell wall thickness ranged from 3.02 μm ± 0.95 μm (rice straw) to 4.80 μm ± 1.48 μm (sunflower stalk). The slenderness ratio, flexibility coefficient, and Runkel ratio values ranged between 28.08 to 58.11, 37.97 to 60.8, and 0.62 to 1.68, respectively. Wheat, maize, rapeseed, sugarcane bagasse, and coconut husk were found to be appropriate residue sources for papermaking feedstocks.


The most common surgical approaches to adrenal gland tumors were analyzed. New original approach in adrenal surgery--transcostal lumbotomy--was developed and used in 175 patients. It is demonstrated that transcostal lumbolaparotomy has the best spatial parameters of surgical wound compared with other known approaches in adrenal surgery.


Web‐OPACs not only offer simplified access to library holdings for end‐users but also enable librarians to add value to their catalogue data. One feature which has become almost a standard for new library software is including links to full‐text or multimedia documents corresponding to a particular citation. Other features which have not yet become common but will soon do so include: links to publishers, links to corporate sources, and links to journal titles. The latter usually provide tables of contents, and sometimes also offer direct access to full‐text documents for subscribers. Online database providers have acknowledged these new possibilities, librarians soon will. So when migrating library software to new products or new releases, such issues should be observed.


Abstract. Conventional non-destructive testing methods for crack detection
provide just a snapshot of fatigue crack evolution at a specific location in
the moment of examination. The crack luminescence coating realizes a clear
visibility of the entire crack formation. The coating consists of two layers
with different properties and functions. The bottom layer emits light as
fluorescence under UV radiation. The top layer covers the fluorescing one and
prevents the emitting of light in case of no damage at the surface. Several
different experiments show that due to the sensitive coating even the early
stage of crack formation can be detected. That makes crack luminescence
helpful for investigating the incipient crack opening behavior. Cracks can be
detected and observed during operation of a structure, making it also very
interesting for continuous monitoring. Crack luminescence is a passive method
and no skilled professionals are necessary to detect cracks, as for
conventional methods. The luminescent light is clearly noticeable by unaided
eye observations and also by standard camera equipment, which makes automated
crack detection possible as well. It is expected that crack luminescence can
reduce costs and time for preventive maintenance and inspection.