Abstract Background The salutary effect of window views on greenery for inpatients in hospitals on length of stay and recovery rate has been repeatedly shown, however, not for psychiatric inpatients. The study assessed the association between a window view on green trees or man-made objects and brightness of the room on length of stay in a sample of psychiatric inpatients from one clinic. Methods Data records of 244 psychiatric inpatients (mean age in years 41.8; SD = 11.8; 59.8% female, length of stay varying between 7 and 100 days) that were admitted between May 2013 and October 2018 with affective disorders were examined. Window view was assessed with images taken from each room and classified into showing man-made objects or green trees. The percentage of green within each image was also calculated as greenness of the view. Brightness was assessed with a luxmeter. Results Although no effect was found for the dichotomous measures (man-made objects vs. green trees), a suppression effect emerged for percentage of green and brightness. The results indicate that both greenness of the window view as well as brightness significantly reduce length of stay in psychiatric inpatients with affective disorders. Conclusions The suppression effect likely results from the characteristics of the windows; the greenest rooms also being the darkest. Due to the infrastructure of the ward, greenness and brightness came at the expense of each other. The results generally support the importance of a view into greenery and natural sunlight for recovery.


At the Electromagnetics Institute, Technical University of Denmark, a C-band high resolution airborne SAR is presently being constructed. The radar uses digital pulse generation with a bandwidth beyond 100 MHz. This ensure large flexibility and a possibility to use predistorted codes to account for a non-perfect transfer function of the modulator and the up-converter. Pulse compression is also performed digitally . The radar data is pre- processed and dumped to a HDDT (high density digital tape) recorder, for later processing on off-line computers. A later phase of the project is concerned with constructing a real-time processor and a display facility to be carried with the radar in the aircraft. The calibration fidelity of the radar has been of great concern and this is reflected in the design in several ways: the analog parts of the radar are temperature stabilized, and several calibration loops are incorporated in the system. The TUD C-band SAR is a single frequency system operating at 5.3 GHz. It is designed to obtain a resolution down to 2 m by 2 m. The maximum range of the system is 80 km and the swath width is between 10 and 50 km depending on the resolution. Both maximum range and swath width are prepared for later upgrading. The radar system is designed for installation in moderate sized jet aircraft. The system parameters are listed in Table 1 and the system block diagram is shown in Figure 1.


The analysis of modern power system becomes more computation intensive, and has to be performed in a dispersed IT infrastructure due to the inherently distributed topology of power system. Grid computing is potentially an ideal solution for electric power system and power network infrastructure also provides potential application field for grid computing because grid computing is most efficient in a large organization. This paper presents a new version of MPI (message passing interface) based on P2P, WD-MPI, in order to exploit the maximum performance in a heterogeneous environment for power system distributed computing. The problems of traditional MPI and some versions of modified MPI to improve its performance on heterogeneous and wide area network are analyzed. The system structure is presented and the design of the system, including asynchronous iterative algorithm, task and resource partition, is presented. The power flow calculation problem of an IEEE 300 bus system is used to compare the performances of the proposed scheme and previous solutions. The test is performed in a grid environment built in campus, which can simulate the behavior of wide area network to some extent. The test results show that the P2P based WD-MPI can give better performance than that of MPICH, MPICH-G2 and Globus solution


Abstract As psychiatric illnesses have correlates in the brain, it is surprising that Cramer et al. make almost no reference to the brain's network character when proposing a network approach to comorbidity of psychiatric diseases. We illustrate how data from combined neuropsychological and functional and structural brain-imaging investigations could inform theoretical models about the role played by overlapping symptoms in the etiology of psychiatric comorbidity and the pathways from one disorder to another.


Multinational companies face serious problems when personnel in their national subsidiaries are not acting in accordance with basic principles of 'proper behavior' and moral standards. In this article a description is given of the way in which an internationally operating bank has formulated four company values, in order to implement basic standards in their organization on a worldwide scale. These values (integrity, respect, teamwork and professionalism) have subsequently been diffused among the bank's subsidiaries by means of a rollout program. This article focuses on this rollout program and the way it has been received in the national subsidiaries of the bank. Data from a comparative survey in 19 countries help to understand the dynamics of this process of formulating, diffusion and reception. The article closes with some points of discussion.


The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of network-level traffic flow relationships in a freeway network with the use of commonly available loop detector data. The impact of the spatial and temporal distribution of congestion in a selected network on the shape and properties of the flow–density relation is investigated, with emphasis on the formation and characterization of hysteresis patterns. Accordingly, a path-dependent characterization of hysteresis patterns in freeway networks is introduced and illustrated conceptually as well as through empirical observations. Comparison of the spatial and temporal distribution of congestion throughout a selected subnetwork on different days suggests a relationship between the size of the hysteresis loop and the inhomogeneity of the traffic distribution. The maximum network average flow is not a constant value but varies across different days. In addition, for the same value of average network occupancy, the variation of occupancy is higher during the recovery period compared with the loading period. The observed large variation in network occupancy during recovery implies the formation of fragmented queues and traffic instability. A chaotic pattern is also to be expected in the networkwide flow–occupancy plane when the spatial distribution of link densities is inhomogeneous and the average network occupancy remains consistently high and roughly unchanged for successive time intervals. Overall, the study results provide a deeper understanding of the properties of networkwide relations on freeway networks.


The COVID-19 pandemic made hotels around the world to experience a huge drop in revenues as lockdowns restricted mobility. For many hotel operators, the rent of the building is one of the most important fixed costs. The Rebus Sic Stantibus clause allows judges to rule that changes can be made to the economic conditions of contracts when a supervening event, not foreseen by the parties, causes economic hardship. This paper analyses, considering different market structures and the degree of product differentiation, how the rent for hotel facilities agreed in long-term contracts will change if the clause is applied now, reducing by law current rents. JEL Classifications: K12, K22, D43, L83


The use of rare-earth elements (Y, Ce, Eu…) in commercial phosphor-converted white light-emitting diodes (pc-WLEDs) raises environmental and geopolitical concerns. Lanthanide-free white emitting phosphors based on amorphous yttrium aluminium borate (YAB) have previously been synthesized by the polymeric precursor (PP) method, showing high internal quantum yields (iQY) and a broad emission band in the visible range. However, yttrium has still been largely present in the amorphous YAB matrix. Here we synthesize zinc aluminium borate (ZAB) powder by the PP method, a novel family of rare-earth-free phosphors producing broad and intense photoluminescence emissions when excited by near-UV from 300 to 400 nm, with high iQYs up to 60%. The photoluminescence band is easily tuneable in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from warm- to cold-white emissions by adjusting either the precursor ratio or the calcination temperature used to prepare the ZAB powders. Finally, we report spectroscopic arguments that reinforce the hypothesis of the molecular origin of the photoluminescence in ZAB phosphors. Our results demonstrate the essential role of the composition (Al/B ratio) and thermal treatment in the transformation and trapping of carbonaceous species (i.e. black carbon or luminescent molecular species) in an amorphous ZAB matrix. This efficient family of phosphors only composed of abundant and non-toxic elements opens the way for the integration of rare-earth-free single phosphors synthesized by wet chemistry into WLED lighting devices.


This article deals with a simple optimization for a level-5 protocol called JRMP (Java's Remote Method Protocol), which is used in a distribution model named Java's RMI (Java's Remote Method Invocation). The main JRMP subprotocol, namely Stream, has been enhanced with a simple and direct multiplexing mechanism that offers the possibility of transferring several parallel request-response interactions without opening new TCP/IP connections. The overhead required to process headers and the advantages stemmed from the approach in terms of response-time are explored on a switched-ethernet benchmark application.


Usual walking speed (WS) is a relatively easy and reproducible tool for detecting mobility impairment. For some reasons, however, geriatric patients might not be able to perform walking tests. Therefore, a subjective assessment could be an alternative method to screen for mobility impairment. In the present paper, we explore the use of the mobility item from the Mini Nutritional Assessment-short form (MNA-sf) to assess mobility and its congruence with walking speed in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. We analyzed retrospective data from 357 patients and found a highly significant correlation between WS and the MNA-sf mobility item. After dichotomization of the MNA-sf mobility score (mobility impairment ≤1 and no impairment >1), AUC for ROC curves showed that the mobility item derived from the MNA-sf reflects fairly well the mobility of geriatric hospitalized patients (AUC = 0.773), while it performs better in ambulatory patients (AUC = 0.838).


OBJECTIVE
To determine the chondrogenic potential of cells derived from interzone tissue, the normal progenitor of articular cartilage during fetal development, compared to that of adult bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal cell isolates. The objective of this study was to compare the chondrogenic potential of fetal musculoskeletal progenitor cells to adult cell types, which are currently used therapeutically to facilitate joint cartilage repair in equine clinical practice. The hypothesis tested was that cells derived from interzone tissue have a chondrogenic potential that exceeds that of adult bone marrow-derived and adipose-derived mesenchymal cell isolates.

STUDY DESIGN
In vitro study.

ANIMALS
Six young adult horses (15-17 months of age) and 6 equine fetuses aged 45-46 days of gestation.

METHODS
Three-dimensional pellet cultures were established under chondrogenic conditions with fresh, primary cells isolated from adult (articular cartilage, bone marrow, adipose, dermis) and fetal (interzone, skeletal anlagen cartilage, dermis) tissues. Cellular morphology, pellet architecture, and proteoglycan synthesis were assessed in the pellet cultures. Steady state levels of ACAN (aggrecan core protein), COL2A1 (collagen type II), and COL1A1 (collagen type I) messenger RNA (mRNA) were compared among these cell types as pellet cultures and monolayer cultures.

RESULTS
Adult articular chondrocytes, fetal interzone cells, and fetal anlage cells generated the largest pellets under these chondrogenic culture conditions. Pellets derived from adult articular chondrocytes and fetal anlage cells had the highest scores on a neocartilage grading scale. Fetal anlage and adult articular chondrocyte pellets had low steady-state levels of COL1A mRNA but high COL2A1 expression. Anlage chondrocyte pellets also had the highest expression of ACAN.

CONCLUSION
Adult articular chondrocytes, fetal interzone cells, and fetal anlage chondrocytes exhibited the highest chondrogenic potential. In this study, adult adipose-derived cells exhibited very limited chondrogenesis, and bone marrow-derived cells had limited and variable chondrogenic potential.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Additional investigation of the high chondrogenic potential of fetal interzone cells and anlage chondrocytes to advance cell-based therapies in diarthrodial joints is warranted.


During sentence processing, whether pragmatic information is integrated immediately and automatically or at a delay is a subject of debate in experimental pragmatics. One test case is that of scalar implicatures, which occur in statements like "some of the students are hardworking", which have both a logical meaning ("at least one is hardworking") and a pragmatic meaning ("not all of them are hardworking"). Default processing accounts hold that the pragmatic meaning of some comes online immediately and effortlessly, whereas context-based processing accounts propose that this meaning is not generated until after the logical meaning. Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies on scalar implicatures typically investigated critical words downstream of the quantifier and were thus not able to address the possibility of immediate construction of scalar interpretations at the moment the quantifier is encountered. Furthermore, effects of lexico-semantic processing and real-world context make it difficult to interpret effects observed in these studies. The present study adopts a picture-sentence design to make the violation immediately detectable when the quantifier is read and to control the context in which the sentence is understood. Participants saw pictures in which several characters are either performing the same activity or different activities, followed by sentences using ―some‖ or " all‖, yielding a 2x2 design including both pragmatic violations (―some‖ sentences after ―all‖ pictures) with matched controls, and purely incorrect assertions (―all‖ sentences after ―some‖ pictures) with matched controls. Crucially, the pragmatic violation cannot be recognized as a violation until after the pragmatic meaning of some is computed. Pragmatic violations and purely logic violations elicited an early N400 effect and a right-lateralized negativity in the 600-900 ms time window, whereas purely logic violations elicited qualitatively different effects in at least the late time window. These results demonstrate that the iv pragmatic meaning of some, which relies on the generation of a scalar implicature, is available to the processor immediately; furthermore, they show that errors based on pragmatic expectations and errors based purely on logic elicit qualitatively different electrophysiological responses. I conclude that these findings are consistent with a default processing account, although they do not rule out a context-driven account.


Following the development of a "Concept Note" for the World Bank Education Strategy 2020, the World Bank engaged in a series of activities to garner feedback about the new strategy. In early 2011, a revised strategy was published entitled, "Learning for All: Investing in People's Knowledge and Skills to Promote Development." The document ranges from explaining the role of education in development to the philosophy behind a new strategy and concludes with details about performance and impact indicators. To bring together the scholarly work and both evidence and expert opinion about the development practices of the Bank, this volume includes chapters/authors with a range of research interests, practical experience, and ideological backgrounds.


Abstract To explore the aesthetic features of folk music, this paper takes the radial basis neural network model as the basis and takes the zither piece "Flowing Water" and "Spring River Flower and Moonlight Night" as the examples, and unearths and analyzes the examples to understand the harmonious beauty, unique beauty and contextual beauty under the aesthetic characteristics. The results show that among the harmonious beauty, the average percentage of the characteristic vocabulary tranquility of the zither piece "Flowing Water" is 80.34% after learning by the radial-based neural network model, and the remaining percentages are 69.56%, 85.35%, 80.27% and 86.30% respectively, which shows that the radial-based neural network-based model can well resolve the characteristic vocabulary in the music through training and learning This shows that the radial basis neural network-based model can, through training and learning, well parse out the characteristic words in the music, and then explore the aesthetic features of the music. From the viewpoint of unique beauty, the musicalization of poetry and the poetization of music have been the main themes from ancient times to the present, with changes of 838% increase and 74.91% decrease, respectively, which also shows that the current degree of our attention to national music is not as much as that of the Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties, and we should strengthen the excavation of national music and create a unique humanistic environment. From the perspective of the beauty of the context, 67.81% of those who listened to "Spring River Moon Night Song" thought that the rhythm and context were full, and 79.48% thought that the theme melody and performance method were eye-catching, but there were still voices of dissatisfaction. Therefore, with the radial basis neural network model, we can intuitively see the aesthetic characteristics of folk music, and we can improve folk music according to its shortcomings so that folk music can be further renewed through a new interpretation.


Based on analyzing the color rendering principle of scanning objects and the causes of color error, a new algorithm of color space conversion for scanning image is proposed. First, some parameters of Neugebauer equation and Yule-Nielson equation are reinterpreted which makes them able to be used for non-dot image and which can only be used for dot image originally. Then, the paper presents the deduction procedures of the color correction equation. Finally the experimental results show that the algorithm may result in more accurate approximation compared with some typical and mainstreams.


Having in mind that rural areas occupy the greatest part of Serbian territory, where agricultural production represents the basic source of income, development of this sector is of great importance not only for local community, but also for entire Serbian rural area. At the end of previous decade in developed European countries it was promoted a model of rural development which assumes multifunctional nature of European agriculture, as well as its development role in economy and entire society. In the first decade of this millennium Serbia has made decision to develop the same concept. By possession of adequate training for utilization of scientific and research methods in identification of local community advantages and disadvantages, as well as for priorities' determination and strategic plans' creation, representatives of local communities will be able to contribute to better and faster development, as well as to a higher quality life in their own rural areas. Education program designed for agricultural producers aims to improve knowledge of registered farm holders (and their family members) in field of business and management. Specific objectives of the training are to increase sales of goods and services in domestic and foreign market, to increase competitiveness in a particular market, to achieve higher profits, to create new jobs and improve living conditions in rural areas. In this paper there are shown the results of the mini-projects that have been implemented by The Institute of Agricultural Economics - Belgrade in the 2006- 2008 period. Those were special educational projects in agriculture and rural development, whereas extension activities were concentrated onto three topics: farm management, support of rural development and improvement of small farms. Implementation of the first and the third project took place on the territory of the South Banat County, while implementation of the second project was conducted on the territory of the Belgrade city communes. By detailed analysis of needs to solve current problems of sustainable agriculture and rural development, there were identified priorities related to investments, strategic planning and tourism. Given the complexity of the programs implementation, educational activities were aimed at a number of holders or members of their registered farms. The dynamics of implementation of projects included introduction and discussion with a number of farmers, and afterwards formation of small group of educational programs users, preparation and making of materials in written and electronic form, a series of theoretical lectures and in the end determination of the result of joint work. 3 Evaluation of projects was related to the determination of the level to which were achieved set objectives, defining the implementation of projects in accordance with the plan, as well as the impact of educational activities to promotion of knowledge concerning business and management. Evaluation of projects is done from 1 to 5, as the highest grade.


The purpose of this review of the 81 publications is to discuss the current national and international data on the prediction of neurological outcomes after sudden circulatory arrest (SCA) using molecular biomarkers. The review discusses the current state of the problem of neurological outcomes after a sudden circulatory arrest, the principal therapeutic measures to improve these outcomes and currently available clinical, laboratory, and instrumental methods of diagnosis and prediction of neurological outcomes after a sudden circulatory arrest.


This paper examines locally developed policy responses to long-term unemployment in the city of Edinburgh: a labour market characterised by relatively lowunemployment and generally high levels of demand. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 115 long-term unemployed people residing in the city, the paper first analyses the complex combination of barriers to work faced by members of this client group. Two recent labour market initiatives, developed by the local authority in partnership with other public and third sector agencies and (in one case) major employers, are then discussed. It is suggested that this locally focused, partnership-based approach may provide a useful model for local policy responses to long-term unemployment, particularly in buoyant labour markets.


Introduction: Evidence has suggested an association between bacterial infection and increased risk of subsequent major mental disorders (MMDs). Whether such association varies with different pathogens remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the risk of subsequent MMDs after exposure to bacterial pathogens in children and adolescents. Methods: Between 1997 and 2012, we enrolled a nationwide cohort of 14,024 children and adolescents with hospitalized bacterial infection, and noninfected controls were 1:4 matched for demographics. There were 11 investigated pathogens, namely, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Hemophilus, Mycoplasma, Tuberculosis, Meningococcus, Escherichia, Chlamydia, and Scrub typhus. The primary outcomes were the subsequent risk of seven MMDs, namely, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficiency hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), tic disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depressive disorder. The secondary outcomes were the subsequent risk of exposure to psychotropic medications. Results: Pooled bacterial infection was associated with increased risk of the six MMDs – ASD (reported as hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals: 13.80; 7.40–25.75), ADHD (6.93; 5.98–8.03), OCD (3.93; 1.76–8.76), tic disorder (6.19; 4.44–8.64), bipolar disorder (2.50; 1.28–4.86), and depressive disorder (1.93; 1.48–2.51) – and exposure to four psychotropic medications, including ADHD drugs (11.81; 9.72–14.35), antidepressants (2.96; 2.45–3.57), mood stabilizers (4.51; 2.83–7.19), and atypical antipsychotics (4.23; 3.00–5.96) compared to controls. The associations among MMDs and specific pathogens varied. Importantly, Streptococcus was associated with the most MMDs (six MMDs), and ADHD was associated with eight bacterial pathogen infections. Conclusions: After bacterial infection, the risk of MMDs increased in children and adolescents compared to controls, and such associations varied with different pathogens. Future studies are warranted to validate our study findings and investigate the potential mechanisms.


Until recently, LNG carriers have been equipped with steam propulsion systems. Boil-Off Gas (BOG) is then fired in the steam generating plant by dual fuel burners. When the amount of BOG is greater than required for propulsion, excess steam is dumped into the main condenser of the steam turbine and cooled down. The main condenser is sized accordingly. This dumping facility is not available for LNG carriers with alternative propulsion systems, however. New ship designs thus require a safe and economical BOG treatment when there is no other use for the gas. Venting to the atmosphere is not considered acceptable for environmental and safety reasons.


ABSTRACT The Research Council of Alberta stratigraphic corehole near Castor, Alberta (RCA Castor 13-34-37-13W4) was cored to a depth of 181.7 m (596 ft.) in 1967. The corehole was spudded in the basal Horseshoe Canyon Formation and continued into the top of the Dinosaur Park Formation. Fifty-six samples were studied for palynology and 44 stratigraphic levels were sampled for magnetostratigraphy. An additional 3 outcrop samples were taken for magnetostratigraphy near Castor to supplement an interval of no recovery in the core. The recovered palynomorphs and their relationship to the magnetostratigraphy support regional correlations developed previously for the Red Deer Valley to Cypress Hills area of southern Alberta. The close magnetostratigraphic correlation between the Castor core and Red Deer Valley sections has enabled the recognition of polarity subchrons 32n.5n to 33n.3n in the Castor core. A hiatus of some 0.3 m.y. occurs below the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in the Castor core. The base of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation is shown to be a little younger in the Castor area than in the Red Deer Valley (32n.6n vs. 32r.1r), suggesting progradation from the west rather than northwest. The Second Castor Sandstone correlates to the Dorothy Sandstone of the Red Deer Valley. End_Page 70-------------------------


This study examined how people choose their path to a target, and the visual information they use for path planning. Participants avoided making contact with an obstacle as they walked to a bookcase and picked up a cup from different locations on a shelf. Participants chose a path with a smaller deviation angle from a straight line to the target and chose a side of the obstacle which was closer to them. Unlike previous studies which have not included a safety margin in their analyses, we found that the right and left safety margins combined to account for 26% of the variability in path planning decision making. In some cases, participants chose a longer path around the obstacle even when the available safety margin which would have resulted in a straight line to the target was large enough to allow passage. Gaze analysis findings showed that participants directed their gaze to minimize the uncertainty involved in successful task performance and that gaze sequence changed with obstacle location. Early in their walk to the target, the greatest allocation of gaze was on the safety margin and target, later in their walk, gaze shifted to the safety margin when it was small, and then gaze shifted primarily to the target after the participant passed the obstacle. Our results of a path selection judgment test showed that the threshold for participants abandoning their preferred side for circumventing the obstacle was 15 cm to the left of the bookcase shelf center.


Digital Humanities Level 1 Start-Up funding ($11,708) was received in support of a series of site visits and planning meetings for personnel working with the born-digital components of three significant collections of literary material: the Salman Rushdie papers at Emory University's Manuscripts, Archives, and Rare Books Library (MARBL), the Michael Joyce Papers (and other collections) at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center at The University of Texas at
Austin, and the Deena Larsen Collection at the Maryland Institute for Technology in the
Humanities (MITH) at the University of Maryland. The meetings and site visits were undertaken with the two-fold objective of exchanging knowledge amongst the still relatively small community of practitioners engaged in such efforts, and facilitating the preparation of a larger collaborative project proposal aimed at preserving and accessing the born-digital documents and records of contemporary authorship. The grant period was September 2008-March 2009. The only specified deliverable was this white paper; however, as the Outcomes and Next Steps sections (below) suggest, a small initial
investment by NEH has yielded significant benefit in the form of infrastructure, knowledge sharing, and future collaboration.


OBJECTIVES
Assess the prevalence and severity of the various complications of operative hysteroscopy, the context in which they occur and the treatments proposed.

METHOD
A single-center observational study from 1/1/90 to 1/1/99 including 2,116 surgical hysteroscopies (resection of a fibroma (782) or polyp (422), section of a septate uterus (199), synechia uteri (90) and endometrectomy (623)).

RESULTS
There were 74 complications (3.5%). The most frequent was uterine perforation (34 cases (1.61%)). There were 13 cases of haemorrhage (0.61%), 16 cases of post-surgical fever (0.76%) and 11 metabolic complications (0.47%). Synechia uteri was the surgical intervention with the greatest risk of complications.

CONCLUSIONS
The complications of surgical hysteroscopy are rare and relatively benign. Uterine perforation appears to predominate. In our study, the risk of complication was enhanced in the case of synechia uteri.


A review of the literature on the factor structure of the Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R) and its precursors makes evident the many problems inherent in this clinical assessment tool as a measure of independent dimensions of symptom distress, particularly in psychiatric patients. The many versions of the Symptom Check List are evaluated on several criteria (e.g., factor stability, factor loadings, proportion of variance, etc.). It is concluded that interpreting nine dimensions for clinical purposes is highly questionable. It is perhaps still a better measure of general distress as was intended in its original version approximately three decades ago.


Phrenology is based on correlating character traits with visible or palpable cranial bumps (or depressions) thought to reflect underlying brain areas differing in size and levels of activity. Franz Joseph Gall, who introduced the doctrine during the 1790s, relied heavily on seeing and feeling skulls when he formulated his theory, as did Johann Spurzheim, who served as his assistant until 1813 and then set forth on his own. But Peter Mark Roget, a British critic of the doctrine, first assailed these methods as too subjective in 1818, and never changed his mind. George Combe, a Scotsman who admired Spurzheim, introduced calipers and other measuring instruments during the 1820s, hoping to make phrenology more like the admired physical sciences. In the United States, the Fowlers also called for more numbers, including measuring distances between the cortical sites above the organs of mind. Nonetheless, phrenologists realized they faced formidable barriers when it came to measuring the physical organs of mind, as opposed to basic skull dimensions. This essay examines the subjectivity that left phrenology open to criticism and shows how some phrenologists tried to overcome it. It also shows how vision and touch remained features of phrenological examinations throughout the numbers-obsessed 19th century. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).


This study reports a pilot experiment of composting of anaerobically digested sewage sludges deriving from the production of biogas in a wastewater treatment plant. Two composting piles (about 15 m3 each) were prepared by mixing 50% and 30% (v/v) sludges with lignocellulosic material. The composting process was monitored through determination of the main physicochemical properties. The stability of the composts was assessed by determination of the respiration index and dehydrogenase activity. The collected data indicated that, at both sludges concentrations, the process produced a compost suitable for agricultural applications as far as the physicochemical properties were concerned. On the other hand, in the pile containing 50% sludges, the maximum temperature of the thermophilic phase was lower than the temperature required (55°C) to ensure the sanitization of the compost. The germination and growth indexes of Lepidium sativum indicated the lack of phytotoxicity of the final materials. The suitability of the composts as field improvers and horticultural substrates has been attested through plant bioassays conducted on maize and chrysanthemum.


Whereas past research on daily job crafting has tended to focus on how job crafting affected employee behaviors, we extend this study by examining the antecedents of job crafting and cross-level moderators such as leader-member exchange (LMX) and resilience. Using experience-sampling methodology, we examined the within-person level relationship between positive affect and job crafting as well as the moderating role of individuals' LMX and resilience on this relationship. Finally, 105 employees completed surveys over 10 days. Results of hierarchical linear models revealed that daily positive affect was positively associated with job crafting. Also, results revealed moderating effects of LMX: the relation between positive affect and job crafting strengthened when employees had low-quality LMX relationship.


Anthocyanins (ACNs) are plant secondary metabolites from the flavonoid family. Red to blue fruits are major dietary sources of ACNs (up to 1 g/100 g FW), being cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (Cy3G) one of the most widely distributed. Cy3G confers a red hue to fruits, but its content in raspberries and strawberries is low. It has a good radical scavenging capacity (RSC) against superoxide but not hydroxyl radicals, and its oxidative potential is pH-dependent (58 mV/pH unit). After intake, Cy3G can be metabolized (phases I, II) by oral epithelial cells, absorbed by the gastric epithelium (1%–10%) and it is gut-transformed (phase II & microbial metabolism), reaching the bloodstream (<1%) and urine (about 0.02%) in low amounts. In humans and Caco-2 cells, Cy3G's major metabolites are protocatechuic acid and phloroglucinaldehyde which are also subjected to entero-hepatic recycling, although caffeic acid and peonidin-3-glucoside seem to be strictly produced in the large bowel and renal tissues. Solid evidence supports Cy3G's bioactivity as DNA-RSC, gastro protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic chemo-preventive and as an epigenetic factor, exerting protection against Helicobacter pylori infection, age-related diseases, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome and oral cancer. Most relevant mechanisms include RSC, epigenetic action, competitive protein-binding and enzyme inhibition. These and other novel aspects on Cy3G's physical-chemistry, foodomics, and health effects are discussed.


This paper develops a model of optimal government debt maturity in which the government cannot issue state-contingent bonds and the government cannot commit to fiscal policy. In contrast to an environment with full commitment, there is a tradeoff between the cost of funding and the benefit of hedging. Borrowing long term provides the government with a hedging benefit since the value of outstanding government liabilities declines when shortterm interest rates rise. However, borrowing long term lowers fiscal discipline for future governments unable to commit to policy, which leads to higher future short-term interest rates. Therefore, lack of commitment ex post increases the government's cost of borrowing long term ex ante. A consequence of this tradeoff is that the slope of the yield curve is increasing in the maturity of newly issued debt. Our main theoretical result is that, as in the case of full commitment, the optimal maturity structure of government debt is tilted to the long end, but it is more flat than in case of full commitment. Our quantitative analysis shows that, in contrast to debt positions under full commitment—which involve a short-term asset position and a long-term debt position, both extremely large relative to GDP—debt positions under lack of commitment are positive at all maturities, much smaller relative to GDP, and have a nearly flat maturity.


In this paper, we propose to study the problem of noisy source coding/denoising. The challenge of this problem is that a global optimization is usually difficult to perform as the global fidelity criterion needs to be optimized in the same time over the sets of both coding and denoising parameters. Most of the bibliography in this domain is based on the fact that, for a specific criterion, the global optimization problem can be simply separated into two independent optimization problems: The noisy image should be first optimally denoised and this denoised image should then be optimally coded. In many applications however, the layout of the acquisition imaging chain is fixed and cannot be changed, that is a denoising step cannot be inserted before coding. For this reason, we are concerned here with the problem of global joint optimization in the case the denoising step is performed, as usual, after coding/decoding. In this configuration, we show how to express the global distortion as a function of the coding and denoising parameters. We present then an algorithm to minimize this distortion and to get the optimal values of these parameters. We show results of this joint optimization algorithm on classical test images and on a high dynamic range image, visually and in a rate-distortion sense.


Microsatellite instability (MSI) represents an accumulation of frameshifts in short tandem repeats, microsatellites, across the genome due to defective DNA mismatch repair (dMMR). MSI has been associated with distinct clinical, histological, and molecular features of tumors and has proven its prognostic and therapeutic value in different types of cancer. Recently, another type of microsatellite instability named elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotide repeats (EMAST) has been reported across many different tumors. EMAST tumors have been associated with chronic inflammation, higher tumor stage, and poor prognosis. Nevertheless, the clinical significance of EMAST and its relation to MSI remains unclear. It has been proposed that EMAST arises as a result of isolated MSH3 dysfunction or as a secondary event in MSI tumors. Even though previous studies have associated EMAST with MSI-low phenotype in tumors, recent studies show a certain degree of overlap between EMAST and MSI-high tumors. However, even in stable tumors, (MSS) frameshifts in microsatellites can be detected as a purely stochastic event, raising the question of whether EMAST truly represents a distinct type of microsatellite instability. Moreover, a significant fraction of patients with MSI tumors do not respond to immunotherapy and it can be speculated that in these tumors, EMAST might act as a modifying factor.


For every positive integer $n$, an infinite family of positive integral solutions of the diophantine equation $x^n - y^n = z^{n+1}$ is constructed.


The grey-brown alluvial soil in northern China was selected as research object, and the feasibility and possibility of real-time analyzing soil para-fueter with NIR spectroscopic techniques were explored. One hundred fifty samples were collected from a winter wheat farm. NIR absorbance spectra were rapidly measured under their original conditions by a Nicolet Antaris FT-NIR analyzer. Three soil parameters, namely soil moisture, SOM (soil organic matter) and TN (total nitrogen) content, were analyzed. For soil moisture content, a linear regression model was available, using 1920 nm wavelength with correlation coefficient of 0.937, so that the results obtained could be directly used to real-time evaluate soil moisture. SOM content and TN content were estimated with a muviaiple linear regression model, 1870 and 1378 nm wavelengths were selected in the SOM estimate model, and 2262 and 1888 nrameter wavelengths were selected in the TN estimate model. The results showed that soil SOM and TN contents can be evaluated by using NIR absorbance spectra of soil samples.


PTTEP's Myanmar Asset Zawtika offshore field is located in the Gulf of Moattama, offshore Myanmar, referred to as the Zawtika Gas Development and Production Area. The area lies approximately 300 km south of Yangon and 290 km west of Tavoy on the Myanmar coast. Zawtika offshore gas field consists of Zawtika Processing and Living Quarter platform (ZPQ) which was designed to provide fully automatic, integrated and centralized platform/ process control, and ZWP1 which is connected to ZPQ via interconnecting bridge and 10 remote wellhead platforms which are ZWP2, ZWP3, ZWP4, ZWP5, ZWP6, ZWP7, ZWP8, ZWP9, ZWP10 and ZWP11, located in the Gulf of Moattama offshore Myanmar.
 In order to prolong field gas potential, the data analysis, planning and management on daily gas potential loss is important to better understand the field behavior. The issues of gas losses are captured and categorized based on difficulties of recovery. "Deferment" is defined as the short-term temporary reduction in Production Availability which results in delay of gas production due to the effects of system constraints/ limitations, scheduled shut down activities on wells or facilities associated with safety, production, maintenance, operation and unplanned interruptions. "Lock-in" is defined as the long-term gas potential reduction that requires longer time and higher investment to solve and unlock that potential.
 Under PTTEP Operation Excellent Management System (OEMS), one of the essential elements for optimized operation is deferment/lock-in potential management. With this importance in focus, this paper discusses Deferment Management Enhancement for PTTEP's Myanmar asset operation which goal is to enhance deferment analysis and management by using data analytics in information technology environment in alignment with PTTEP Digital Transformation direction. The data obtained from this enhancement can be used in short-term and long-term planning activities for production system optimization including project investments, reservoir management and integrated operations planning, and especially in providing in-depth analysis to minimize deferment volume to maximize return on investment.
 Production deferment/lock-in guideline is developed within PTTEP's Myanmar Asset to structure Hydrocarbon Availability Model (HAM) for Zawtika according to PTTEP Operations Standard and define deferment and lock-in gas potential data collection basis and their categorizations. ZPDMS deferment module is then enhanced based on this guideline with the extra capability to facilitate site data entry which has been a problem since start-up due to satellite link constraint from Zawtika offshore field. This enhancement also consolidates lock-in/deferment causes, and coding structures, integrates subsurface potential calculation and surface production data, and introduces key visualization pages (e.g. Deferment Dashboard, etc.) for better deferment management performance analysis.
 After the full implementation of Zawtika Deferment Enhancement project with the help of a digital platform, the gas potential loss due to deferment can be gained back by unlocking the lock-in potential and reducing the unplanned deferment events by troubleshooting as early as possible from the results of effective deferment analysis and planning. As a result, the yearly average of unplanned deferment was reduced from 68 to 34 MMscfd in 2020 and from 34 to 26 MMscfd in 2021 respectively.


Drs. Begemann and Rastetter have revised the original Atlas Der Klinischer Hamatologie und Cytologie of Heilmeyer and Begemann originally published in 1955. The new edition entitled Atlas of Clinical Hematology uses many of the original plates but now incorporates a concise, descriptive text next to each of the illustrations rather than in a separate volume—a vast improvement. The scope of the book is appropriate for the practicing clinical hematologist, and the editors have justifiably removed the sections in the first edition on vaginal, gastric, and liver cytology. The book is divided into two sections. The first deals with methodology, and includes bone marrow aspiration techniques and standard staining procedures. The second and major section contains the illustrations—primarily composite drawings with supportive photomicrographs. Although the editors claim in the first edition that drawings allow better integration of the planes of the three-dimensional image attained through fine focusing a microscope, they have


Based on in-depth interviews with 20 teachers in Singapore and a subsequent survey of 316 teachers, this essay analyses the sources of teachers' work stress and ways of coping. We propose to conceptualize stress and coping as different but related phases of human adaptation. Stress is constituted by threats to what is ultimately valuable to a person as a self in that it hinders and obstructs the consummation or completion of behaviour. Coping requires not only direct action of problem-solving but also pilliative action, which entails finding a perspective from which to re-affirm self as a person. This perspective usually evolves out of intimate and personalized social relations.


Objective
Recent reports have indicated the role of the prokineticin receptor 2 gene (PROKR2) in the etiology of pituitary hormone deficiencies, suggesting a potential role for the PROK2 pathway in pituitary development, in addition to its role in GnRH neuron development. Here, we present the clinical and molecular findings of four patients with PROKR2 mutations.

Methods
We used next-generation targeted sequencing, to screen 25 genes in 59 unrelated patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiency (MPHD), isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency, or idiopathic short stature.

Results
Two different very rare PROKR2 missense alterations classified under pathogenic (NM_144773.4:c.518T>G; NP_658986.1:p.(Leu173Arg)) and likely pathogenic (NM_144773.4:c.254G>A; NP_658986.1:p.(Arg85His)) status were identified in four patients in heterozygous form. Patient 1 and Patient 2 presented with short stature and were diagnosed as GH deficiency. Patient 3 and Patient 4 presented with central hypothyroidism and cryptorchidism and were diagnosed as MPHD. No other pathogenic alterations were detected in the remaining 24 genes related to short stature, MPHD, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Segregation analysis revealed asymptomatic or mildly affected carriers in the families.

Conclusion
PROKR2 dominance should be kept in mind as a very rare cause of GH deficiency and MPHD. Expressional variation or lack of penetrance may imply oligogenic inheritance or other environmental modifiers in individuals with heterozygous carriers.


: Five biopsies from cervical cancer containing human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 DNA sequences confirmed by dot blot analysis were used to study the physical state of HPV 16 DNA in cervical cancer. Southern blots prepared after: 1) sample DNA was cleaved with restriction enzymes which do not digest HPV 16;2) sample DNA was cleaved with restriction enzymes (pstI) capable of digesting HPV 16 DNA; 3) sample DNA was not digested with restriction enzymes; and 4) two-dimensional agarose gel electrophoresis was performed on sample DNA digested with enzymes which do not cleave HPV 16 DNA. It was shown that HPV 16 DNA was integrated into the cellular genome.


Abstract Venezuela possesses a great variety of coastal environments allowing for a high diversity of marine species. However, systematic studies on marine invertebrates are scarce, especially on polychaetes. The family Syllidae is poorly known, and only 14 genera and 42 species have been reported from this country. A total of 13 genera and 26 species the Syllidae were identified from benthic samples collected on different substrata of the northeastern coast of Venezuela. Of these, seven genera and 16 species constitute new records for Venezuela: Odontosyllis guillermoi, Syllides floridanus, Salvatoria clavata, Salvatoria limbata, Sphaerosyllis longicauda, Parapionosyllis longicirrata, Trypanosyllis parvidentata, Trypanosyllis vittigera, Opisthosyllis sp., Syllis amica, Syllis armillaris, Syllis gracilis, Syllis pseudoarmillaris, Syllis vittata, Parasphaerosyllis indica and Myrianida convoluta.


ABSTRACT Hale, H.; Jacques, R.O., and Tolhurst, T.J., 2019. Determining how functionally diverse intertidal sediment species preserve mudflat ecosystem properties after abrupt biodiversity loss. Journal of Coastal Research, 35(2), 389–396. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. As a result of anthropogenic climate change, extreme climatic events have increased in frequency, severity, and longevity. The consequences for community structure after a catastrophic event have been well studied. However, changes in ecosystem functioning that occur after such an event, including ecosystem recovery, are still uncertain. A catastrophic event was simulated in an intertidal sedimentary habitat. Postevent sediment replicates were assigned to one of four recovery scenarios: (1) no recovery, (2) migration recovery, and recovery by differential opportunistic colonisation by (3) the polychaete worm Hediste diversicolor and (4) the mud snail Peringia ulvae, two locally dominant infauna species. These are compared with a control scenario not subjected to the event. The simulated extreme event caused a shift in habitat state due to a reduction in mobile macrofauna abundance and an increase in microphytobenthos biomass. Migratory recovery of species and the simulated opportunistic expansion of a single species ameliorated this shift and, for some metrics, functional compensation for the loss of other species and the preservation of certain ecosystem functions was observed. The dominant species identity during postevent habitat recovery can have considerable effects on important ecosystem processes and functions with consequences that may result in functional regime shifts in a habitat and alter coastal stability.


Self‐assessment using the Business Excellence Model has been in place in Europe since 1990 as a means of obtaining competitive advantage. Describes the history, design and application of the model and self‐assessment in the context of the desire of all organizations to strive for excellence. Emphasizes is on self‐assessment but reference is made to the use of the model of self‐assessment to identify model organizations through the UK Quality Award (UKQA) and European Quality Award (EQA) processes.


Abstract LaVerne, J.A. OH Radicals and Oxidizing Products in the Gamma Radiolysis of Water. The production of OH radicals in the γ radiolysis of water has been examined with radical scavenger techniques employing formic acid. OH radical yields were found to vary from 2.4 radicals/100 eV at the low scavenger concentration limit to 4.2 at a formic acid concentration of 3 M. An inverse Laplace transform technique was applied to the scavenger concentration dependence to obtain the temporal dependence of OH radicals in pure water. It was found that the relative decrease in OH radical yields from 200 ps to 3 ns was virtually the same for the transform of the scavenger data and the directly measured time-resolved results. The absolute yields for the time-resolved experiments are about 10% higher than expected from the present results with scavengers. The agreement can be considered to be good, and reasons for the observed difference are given. Approximately 40% of the OH radicals produced lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide, which is the only other major oxidizing species in the γ radiolysis of water. The net water decomposition for γ rays was found to vary from an initial value of 5.6 ± 0.3 molecules/100 eV to 3.8 ± 0.2 molecules/100 eV at 1 μs.


Ecological agriculture (eco-agriculture) is not only a necessary approach to the sustainable development of agriculture, but also provides a solution to cope with the climate change in the area of agriculture. The development of the eco-agriculture is largely dependent on the advanced theories and technologies, but the perfect legal system is also an integral part to safeguard and promote its development. As a large agriculture production and greenhouse gas emission country, it is important for China to develop the eco-agriculture to transform the mode of agricultural production. Based on the actual conditions, China can learn from the developed countries' mature legal systems and experience to perfect its legal institutions to support the eco-agriculture development.


Testing is essential in developing a successful complex engineering product. System level integration and testing can use between 25 and 50% of development resources. External factors such as legislation and customer requirements drive essential testing whilst internal factors such company experience, affordability and organizational practice frame the overall testing plan. The main objective of this paper is to understand how testing is integrated into the product development process and how different types of testing are scheduled across the stages of product development. The paper reports a case study in a diesel engine company where the balance of virtual and physical testing is a key concern in reducing design time and costs. The importance of dependencies across components, subsystems and tests is highlighted and a model using Design Structure Matrices is proposed. Of particular interest are requirements analysis and FMEA stages where testing is planned and resourced. Integrating physical and virtual testing is more than process optimization of time and cost. It contributes to recasting the design process in response to change, both in new customer requirements and contingently in design changes which arise during product development.


This volume deals with the chronological and spatial conceptions underlying the Book of Jubilees, a Jewish apocalyptic writing of the mid-second century BCE, and shows how in these respects Jubilees forms a bridge between the earlier Enochic tradition and the later Qumran sectarian writings. The book argues essentially that for Jubilees, the consummation of the ages will effect the restoration of sacred space and sacred time, so that all things correspond to God's original will for the creation on earth as in heaven. This book has important implications not only for the study of Jubilees itself and other Jewish writings of the Second Temple period, but also for research on early Christian chiliasm.


Although prior research has found that homes containing firearms and illicit drug and ethanol users are more likely to be the scene of a homicide than homes that do not contain these elements, the authors studied homicides on the streets as well as in homes so as to assess the role of firearms, cocaine, and ethanol in both settings. Using the files of the Chief Medical Examiner, the authors reviewed all 4,468 homicides occurring in New York City in 1990 and 1991. The most frequent places of occurrence were the streets and other outdoor places (49.6 percent) and the victims' homes (19.3 percent). Firearms were the cause of death for 49.6 percent of homicides in the home and 80.3 percent of those on the streets. Use of cocaine and ethanol was found more frequently among victims killed on the streets than those killed at home. In addition, victims killed on the streets were more likely to be male, ages 15-24 years, and African American. Further research in regard to prevention and intervention strategies is needed, keeping in mind the different patterns of homicide on the streets compared with those occurring in other settings.


Abstract.  A Bartlett‐type formula is proposed for the asymptotic distribution of the sample autocorrelations of nonlinear processes. The asymptotic covariances between sample autocorrelations are expressed as the sum of two terms. The first term corresponds to the standard Bartlett's formula for linear processes, involving only the autocorrelation function of the observed process. The second term, which is specific to nonlinear processes, involves the autocorrelation function of the observed process, the kurtosis of the linear innovation process and the autocorrelation function of its square. This formula is obtained under a symmetry assumption on the linear innovation process. It is illustrated on ARMA–GARCH models and compared to the standard formula. An empirical application on financial time series is proposed.


Propolis contains a variety of bioactive components and possesses many biological properties. This study was designed to evaluate potential effects of Brazilian green propolis on glucose metabolism and antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the 18-week randomized controlled study, enrolled patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to Brazilian green propolis group (900 mg/day) (n = 32) and control group (n = 33). At the end of the study, no significant difference was found in serum glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, insulin, aldose reductase or adiponectin between the two groups. However, serum GSH and total polyphenols were significantly increased, and serum carbonyls and lactate dehydrogenase activity were significantly reduced in the Brazilian green propolis group. Serum TNF-α was significantly decreased, whereas serum IL-1β and IL-6 were significantly increased in the Brazilian green propolis group. It is concluded that Brazilian green propolis is effective in improving antioxidant function in T2DM patients.


Many real-world systems involve higher-order interactions and thus demand complex models such as hypergraphs. For instance, a research article could have multiple collaborating authors, and therefore the co-authorship network is best represented as a hypergraph. In this work, we focus on the problem of hyperedge prediction. This problem has immense applications in multiple domains, such as predicting new collaborations in social networks, discovering new chemical reactions in metabolic networks, etc. Despite having significant importance, the problem of hyperedge prediction hasn't received adequate attention, mainly because of its inherent complexity. In a graph with n nodes the number of potential edges is , whereas in a hypergraph, the number of potential hyperedges is . To avoid searching through the huge space of hyperedges, current methods restrain the original problem in the following two ways. One class of algorithms assume the hypergraphs to be k-uniform where each hyperedge can have exactly k nodes. However, many real-world systems are not confined only to have interactions involving k components. Thus, these algorithms are not suitable for many real-world applications. The second class of algorithms requires a candidate set of hyperedges from which the potential hyperedges are chosen. In the absence of domain knowledge, the candidate set can have possible hyperedges, which makes this problem intractable. More often than not, domain knowledge is not readily available, making these methods limited in applicability. We propose HPRA - Hyperedge Prediction using Resource Allocation, the first of its kind algorithm, which overcomes these issues and predicts hyperedges of any cardinality without using any candidate hyperedge set. HPRA is a similarity-based method working on the principles of the resource allocation process. In addition to recovering missing hyperedges, we demonstrate that HPRA can predict future hyperedges in a wide range of hypergraphs. Our extensive set of experiments shows that HPRA achieves statistically significant improvements over state-of-the-art methods.


BACKGROUND In Indonesia, animal protein intake in children is low and might contribute to a high prevalence of stunting. This study was aimed to evaluate the association between animal protein source consumption and stunting in toddlers. METHODS This cross-sectional study obtained secondary data from the Ironcheq questionnaire validation study to detect the risk of iron deficiency in toddlers. The Ironcheq study was carried out in five integrated health service posts (Posyandu) in Jakarta from 2013 to 2014. Data from 172 subjects, consisting of 41 stunted (height-for-age z-score less than -2) and 131 normal children, were analyzed to evaluate the association between animal protein source consumption and stunting using multivariate logistic regression test. RESULTS Stunted children tend to come from a family with low parental education and socioeconomic status. Consuming growing-up milk (GUM) ≥300 ml/day was protective against stunting (adjusted OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.13–0.63), whereas consuming red meat product ≥5 times/week was a risk factor (crude OR 3.70, 95% CI 1.17–11.74), however after adjusted to age, sex, and other variables in the questionnaire, the OR was not significant (adjusted OR 3.64 95% CI 1.00–13.26). CONCLUSIONS A daily consumption of 300 ml of GUM may be considered to prevent stunting in toddlers. Red meat products (sausage, nugget, and meatball), which are commonly consumed because of its practicality, could not be considered as significant animal protein sources because of a wide variation of their nutritional content.


Purpose. To compare pain scores between first-eye and second-eye cataract surgery and to determine the affecting factors. Methods. 106 first-eye and 53 second-eye cataract surgery patients (mean age: 67 ± 13 and 69 ± 10 years, resp.) were enrolled. The patients completed simplified State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and visual analog scale (VAS) for anxiety questionnaires before surgery, and VAS for pain and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale questionnaires after surgery. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded perioperatively. Results. A greater proportion of patients who underwent second-eye surgery reported intraoperative pain compared with first-eye surgery patients (85% versus 35%, P < 0.001). The pain scores were higher in second-eye surgery, while the VAS anxiety score was lower in second-eye surgery. Moreover, 31 patients reported greater pain during second-eye surgery than their first one, with higher pain scores than other 22 patients (P = 0.032 and 0.003, resp.). The VAS pain score of these 31 patients was positively correlated with the differences between the intraoperative and postoperative diastolic BP, mean arterial pressure, and HR. Conclusions. Cataract patients were likely to have more pain during second-eye surgery, which may be related to lower preoperative anxiety. Monitoring perioperative BP and HR may help to identify patients with intraoperative pain.


The reaction of ArPO(3)H(2) (Ar = 2,4,6-iPr(3)-C(6)H(2)) with Cd(CH(3)COO)(2).2H(2)O using various co-ligands such as methanol, dimethylformamide (DMF) and 3,5-dimethylpyrazole (DMPZH) resulted in the formation of tetranuclear assemblies [Cd(4)(ArPO(3))(2)(ArPO(3)H)(4)(CH(3)OH)(4)].3(CH(3)OH) (1), [Cd(4)(ArPO(3))(2)(ArPO(3)H)(4)(DMF)(4)].3(DMF) (2) and [Cd(4)(ArPO(3))(2)(ArPO(3)H)(4)(DMF)(2)(DMPZH)(2)].2(DMF).2(H(2)O) (3). In all of these compounds the tetranuclear cadmium array, containing two five-coordinate and two six-coordinate cadmium atoms, is held together by two mu(4) capping [ArPO(3)](2-) and four anisobidentate mu(2) [ArPO(2)(OH)](-) ligands. Each cadmium atom is bound to an additional ancillary ligand. The reaction of ArPO(3)H(2) with Cd(CH(3)COO)(2).2H(2)O in the presence of the chelating ligand 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) leads to the exclusive formation of the dinuclear assembly [Cd(2)(ArPO(3)H)(4)(bipy)(2)].(CH(3)OH)(H(2)O) (4). The latter contains an eight-membered Cd(2)P(2)O(4) inorganic ring formed as a result of the bridging coordination action of two anisobidentate mu(2) [ArPO(2)(OH)](-) ligands. Each cadmium atom is bound by one chelating bipy and one monodentate [ArPO(2)(OH)](-) ligands. Use of four equivalents of 3,5-dimethylpyrazole leads to the formation of the mononuclear derivative [Cd(ArPO(3)H)(2)(DMPZH)(4)] (5). The molecular structure of the latter comprises of a central cadmium atom surrounded by six monodentate ligands. Four of these are neutral pyrazole ligands that occupy the equatorial plane; the remaining two are anionic phosphinate ligands which are present trans to each other. The thermal analysis of 1 and 4 reveals that the char residue obtained at 600 degrees C consists predominantly of Cd(2)P(2)O(7).


We investigate the Minimal Theory of Massive Gravity (MTMG) in the light of different observational data sets which are in tension within the $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. In particular, we analyze MTMG model, for the first time, with the Planck-CMB data, and how these precise measurements affect the free parameters of the theory. The MTMG model can affect the CMB power spectrum at large angular scales and cause a suppression on the amplitude of the matter power spectrum. We find that on adding Planck-CMB data, the graviton has a small, positive, but non-zero mass at 68\% confidence level, and from this perspective, we show that the tension between redshift space distortions measurements and Planck-CMB data in the parametric space $S_8 - \Omega_m$ can be resolved within the MTMG scenario. Through a robust and accurate analysis, we find that the $H_0$ tension between the CMB and the local distance ladder measurements still remains but can be reduced to $\sim3.5\sigma$ within the MTMG theory. The MTMG is very well consistent with the CMB observations, and undoubtedly, it can serve as a viable candidate amongst other modified gravity theories.


Deterioration of neutron yield in a low-energy plasma focus operated by a single 32 mu F, 15 V, (3.6 kJ) capacitor is observed. When the cumulative discharge energy over successive shots across an insulator sleeve approaches 1.6 MJ, the neutron yield from the device starts deteriorating. The insulator sleeve, when examined, is found to have a approximately 3 mu m thick layer of copper deposit. The contaminated sleeve surface appears rough with a grain-type structure. It is therefore concluded that the degradation of neutron yield in the low-energy device occurs due to Cu deposit on the insulator sleeve surface. The situation may improve if low-sputtering-rate conductors are employed for the electrodes of the device.


The objective of this work was to develop a procedure to ensure good electrical interconnection between the thick film conductor pads and the metal coated walls of via holes. The via metallization technique involves excimer laser ablation of aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate and either an aluminum or copper metal sheet adhesively attached to the substrate. Ablated metal from the attached metal sheet deposits on the interior walls of the laser machined via making a conductive pathway through the via. Resistance was measured for vias processed in several different atmospheres, and the cross-sections of the vias were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX) was performed at various points in the cross section to determine the elements present.


Abstract With increasing consumers demand and tightening of food and environmental regulations, traditional food-processing techniques have lost their optimum performance which gave rise to new and powerful technologies. Ultrasonic is a one of the fast, versatile, emerging, and promising non-destructive green technology used in the food industry from last few years. The ultrasound is being carried out in various areas of food technology namely crystallization, freezing, bleaching, degassing, extraction, drying, filtration, emulsification, sterilization, cutting, etc. Ultrasound is being applied as an effective preservation tool in many food-processing fields viz. vegetables and fruits, cereal products, honey, gels, proteins, enzymes, microbial inactivation, cereal technology, water treatment, diary technology, etc. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on impact and application of ultrasound in food technology.


In vivo estimation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) velocity is crucial for understanding the glymphatic system and its potential role in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Current cardiac or respiratory gated approaches, such as 4D flow MRI, cannot capture CSF movement in real time due to limited temporal resolution and in addition deteriorate in accuracy at low fluid velocities. Other techniques like real-time PC-MRI or time-spatial labeling inversion pulse are not limited by temporal averaging but have limited availability even in research settings. This study aims to quantify the inflow effect of dynamic CSF motion on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for in vivo, real-time measurement of CSF flow velocity. We considered linear and nonlinear models of velocity waveforms and empirically fit them to fMRI data from a controlled flow experiment. To assess the utility of this methodology in human data, CSF flow velocities were computed from fMRI data acquired in eight healthy volunteers. Breath holding regimens were used to amplify CSF flow oscillations. Our experimental flow study revealed that CSF velocity is nonlinearly related to inflow effect-mediated signal increase and well estimated using an extension of a previous nonlinear framework. Using this relationship, we recovered velocity from in vivo fMRI signal, demonstrating the potential of our approach for estimating CSF flow velocity in the human brain. This novel method could serve as an alternative approach to quantifying slow flow velocities in real time, such as CSF flow in the ventricular system, thereby providing valuable insights into the glymphatic system's function and its implications for neurological disorders.


Abstract Introduction The use of cochlear implants and hearing aids (bimodal) has been growing with the expansion of the indication for them, and it is important to ensure protocols so that there is a balance of the loudness regarding the two devices. Objective To evaluate if the limited complex sounds present in the frequency bands of the current devices enable the balance of the loudness in adult users of bimodal stimulation, and to analyze if speech recognition improves after balancing. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study with convenience sampling. The sample was composed of 25 adults who had used either a cochlear implant for at least 6 months or a contralateral hearing aid, with a mean age of 46 years. The balancing of the loudness was performed in an acoustic room with the computer's sound box (0° azimuth at 70 dB SPL). The instrumental sounds were filtered through eight different frequency bands. The patients used both hearing devices and were asked if the sound was perceived to be louder in one of the ears or centrally. The speech test was evaluated with sentence silence (65 dB SPL) and/or noise signal ratio of 0 dB/+ 10 dB in free field at 0° azimuth, before and after balancing. Results: Out of the 25 patients, 5 failed to achieve balance at every tested frequency, and 3 achieved balance at almost every frequency, except 8 kHz. There was a significant difference between the speech recognition test only in silence before and after balancing. Conclusion: Most patients achieved sound equalization at all evaluated frequencies under the complex-sound protocol. Additionally, most patients experienced improved speech recognition after balancing.


The turbulent atmosphere of the Earth limits the resolution of conventional astrography to about 1 arcsec. This resolution is much lower than the theoretical diffraction limit of a large telescope. The quantitative limitations imposed by atmospheric turbulence on image quality for both short- and long-exposure images using statistical methods are developed in order to quantify this problem. The limitations were studied in terms of the transfer function of the telescope-atmosphere system, and the Fourier frequency components of an image of a binary star. The quantitative limitations imposed by the quantum nature of light on image quality are also studied.


This study is set in the context of prison education. Contracted-out employment arrangements are becoming increasingly common and prison education services were put out to tender in 1993. Currently 27 contractors are responsible for education provision within the 138 state run prisons in England and Wales. One consequence of this employment arrangement is that prison-based education staff, working often exclusively within a prison, are employed by an organisation that is not necessarily geographically close to the prison in which they work. This study explores this employment relationship in the context of the psychological contract through investigating the contents of the psychological contracts of prison-based education staff perceived with their employer and with the host prison.

Eighty-five semi-structured interviews, carried out across eleven prisons, used the critical incident technique to uncover prison-based education staff's perceptions of the obligations owed to them by their employer and by the host prison along with their perceptions of the obligations owed by themselves to their employer and to the host prison. Content analysis was carried out on the interview transcripts to reveal a hybrid psychological contract including relational and transactional items with both the employer and the host prison. The results suggest that prison-based education teams develop a strong sense of team identity and demonstrate their commitment to the team through pro-social behaviour in the form of team citizenship. There is also evidence that suggests prison-based education teams operate in a culture of intergroup differentiation which has implications for the way in which prison-education teams are managed.

The academic contributions made by the study along with strategic implications for organisations employing prison-based education teams are discussed and recommendations for practice, both strategic and operational are made.


In freeform feature modeling, the shape domain of current feature modeling systems is extended with freeform shapes. A challenging task in this context is to develop a method for constructing a feature model in an intuitive, yet unambiguous manner, comparable to the construction methods for regularshaped feature models. This paper describes a framework in which it is possible to attach a face of a new freeform, volumetric feature instance to a face of a feature instance already in the model. In this framework, features are represented by configurations of freeform definition points, from which the shape is generated. By using geometric constraints on these definition points and other geometric entities within the model, freeform attachments can be realized. Apparent problems that emerge in this context are positioning of the new feature instance on the freeform attach face, fitting the geometry of the new feature instance to the existing model geometry, and maintenance of valid feature model geometry. The framework accommodates for these issues. Two types of attachment, for a freeform extrusion feature respectively a freeform wrap feature, are elaborated. With the attachments presented here, freeform feature models can be constructed in a fully parametrized, constraint-based way, just like regular-shaped feature models.


BACKGROUND
The global hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients has been previously reported. However, potential influencing factors are unclear. This study aims to uncover the potential influence of obese on hypomethylated CD4+ T cells in SLE patients.

METHODS
Obese SLE patients with body mass index (BMI) > 30 (n=15) and normal weight SLE patients with 18 < BMI < 25 (n=20) were included. SLEADI, nRNP and dsDNA levels in them were detected. Methylation rate of CD4+ T cells isolated from SLE patients was assessed, as well as its correlation to BMI and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEADI) in SLE patients. Subsequently, relative level and catalytic activity of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) were examined. New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W) mice were fed high-fat diet for generating obesity model or normal diet, followed by detection of anti-nuclear-ribonuclear-protein (nRNP) immumoglobulin G (IgG), anti-double-stranded (ds) DNA IgG, methylation rate of CD4+ T cells and DNMT1 level.

RESULTS
SLEADI, nRNP and dsDNA levels were higher in obese SLE patients than normal weight cases. SLEADI was positively correlated to BMI in included SLE patients. Compared with normal weight SLE patients, methylation rate of CD4+ T cells was lower in obese patients. DNMT1 was downregulated in obese SLE patients, and its level was negatively correlated to BMI in SLE patients. Consistently, methylation rate of CD4+ T cells and DNMT1 level remained lower in obese SLE mice than those normally fed mice with SLE.

CONCLUSIONS
Hypomethylated CD4+ T cells extensively occur in SLE patients, which are much more pronounced in obese cases. DNMT1 level is found to be negatively correlated to the methylation rate of CD4+ T cells in SLE patients.


This paper proposes an analysis method to separate the glottal source and vocal tract components of speech that is called Glottal Spectral Separation (GSS). This method can produce high-quality synthetic speech using an acoustic glottal source model. In the source-filter models commonly used in speech technology applications it is assumed the source is a spectrally flat excitation signal and the vocal tract filter can be represented by the spectral envelope of speech. Although this model can produce high-quality speech, it has limitations for voice transformation because it does not allow control over glottal parameters which are correlated with voice quality. The main problem with using a speech model that better represents the glottal source and the vocal tract filter is that current analysis methods for separating these components are not robust enough to produce the same speech quality as using a model based on the spectral envelope of speech. The proposed GSS method is an attempt to overcome this problem, and consists of the following three steps. Initially, the glottal source signal is estimated from the speech signal. Then, the speech spectrum is divided by the spectral envelope of the glottal source signal in order to remove the glottal source effects from the speech signal. Finally, the vocal tract transfer function is obtained by computing the spectral envelope of the resulting signal. In this work, the glottal source signal is represented using the Liljencrants-Fant model (LF-model). The experiments we present here show that the analysis-synthesis technique based on GSS can produce speech comparable to that of a high-quality vocoder that is based on the spectral envelope representation. However, it also permit control over voice qualities, namely to transform a modal voice into breathy and tense, by modifying the glottal parameters.


This study investigated the effect of adding sour cherry pulp into yoghurt on its physicochemical properties, phenolic content, antioxidant activity and sensory characteristics. Sour cherry pulp was added at 0%, 8%, 12% and 16% into the yoghurt, and measures were checked through 14 days cold storage. The increasing sour cherry pulp concentration in yoghurt resulted in increasing pH and whey separation, whereas the values of the other parameters, total solid, fat, protein, ash, titratable acidity and viscosity decreased. During storage, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity in yoghurts ranged from 20 to 81 lg gallic acid equivalent per mg of sample and from 48% to 86%, respectively.


Proteasomes are large protein complexes that play a major role in selective degradation of intracellular proteins. Eukaryotes feature seven different alpha and beta subunits. Two of the vertebrate housekeeping beta-subunits have MHC-encoded homologues that can substitute for the housekeeping counterparts upon interferon-gamma induction. In the present study we report the cloning of invertebrate beta-subunit proteasome epsilon (PRCE), from the marine sponge Geodia cydonium and from the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. Sequence comparisons revealed that the sponge and tunicate proteins are strikingly similar to vertebrate and yeast PRCEs and their MHC-linked counterparts the PRCCs (also termed LMP7), and to a lesser degree also to archaebacterial proteasome subunit beta. Based on this comparison we suggest that all eukaryotic PRCEs and PRCCs feature a cleavable N-terminal propeptide, including the two mammalian PRCEs which appear to have been wrongly predicted from incomplete cDNAs. Our comparative analysis outlines 25 amino acid positions which appear to be unique for PRCCs, distinct from the corresponding residues in metazoan PRCEs.


With the popularity of on-board intelligent devices, the number of vehicle computing intensive applications is also increasing rapidly. Due to the high mobility and limited computing power of the vehicle, and the extensive and changing demand for computing resources of the vehicle terminal, the vehicle often has insufficient computing power. In order to meet the needs of intensive computing applications of vehicle terminals, the computing tasks of vehicles can be unloaded to edge cloud servers (ECSs) with rich resources and high performance to enhance the computing power of vehicle terminals. However, the resource charge of ECS is high, and the scheme needs to consider such issues as ECS signal coverage, long task transmission delay caused by network congestion, and insufficient computing capacity of ECS. Therefore, this study considers unloading the computing tasks of vehicles with insufficient computing resources to nearby vehicles with redundant computing capacity and proposes a resource scheduling method for the Internet of vehicles based on blockchain and game theory. The scheduling of computing resources can reduce the computing workload of buyers' vehicles and improve the operation efficiency of the whole vehicle network.


Malignant gliomas are treated with temozolomide (TMZ) at present, but often exhibit resistance to this agent. Cancer-initiating cells (CICs) have been suggested to lead to TMZ resistance. The mechanisms underlying CICs-based TMZ resistance are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to serve important roles in tumorigenesis and TMZ resistance. In the present study, a sphere forming assay and western blot analysis were performed to detect the formation of CICs and fibroblast activation protein α (FAP-α) protein expression. It was revealed that TMZ resistance promoted the formation of CICs and upregulated FAP-α expression in glioblastoma cells. Over-expressing FAP-α was also demonstrated to promote TMZ resistance and induce the formation of CICs in U251MG cells. In addition, using a reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, it was observed that miR-204 was downregulated in U251MG-resistant (-R) cells. miR-204 expression negatively correlated with the FAP-α levels in human glioblastoma tissues, and it may inhibit the formation of CICs and reverse TMZ resistance in U251MG-R cells. Therefore, it was concluded that miR-204 reversed temozolomide resistance and inhibited CICs phenotypes by degrading FAP-α in glioblastoma.


Food insecurity and hunger, which are on the rise in affluent Western countries, may negatively affect children's physical, social, emotional and cognitive functioning. Although there is growing evidence of the high rate of food insecurity and hunger among Bedouin families and their children in Israel, little is known about how the children themselves experience the problem and how it impacts their life. The present study sought to explore and clarify children's experience of food insecurity. The research population included forty-two Israeli Bedouin impoverished children, aged nine to eleven. The analysis of children's drawing was chosen as the research instrument because it enabled psychological as well as phenomenological insight into the children's experience of food insecurity. This study, however, goes beyond the use of art to assess children's emotional state, because enabling the children to draw food insecurity gave them a strong and communicative public voice of their own. After the study had been completed, the drawings also proved useful in efforts to promote awareness about the personal, community, cultural and social dimensions of the problem and the need for community action and policy change to mitigate and eliminate it.


A Tropical Peatland Combustion Algorithm (ToPeCAl) was first established from Landsat-8 images acquired in 2015, which were used to detect peatland combustion in flaming and smouldering stages. Detection of smouldering combustion from space remains a challenge due to its low temperature and generally small spatial extent. The ToPeCAl consists of the Shortwave Infrared Combustion Index based on reflectance (SICIρ), and Top of Atmosphere (TOA) reflectance in Shortwave Infrared band-7 (SWIR-2), TOA brightness temperature of Thermal Infrared band-10 (TIR-1), and TOA reflectance of band-1, the Landsat-8 aerosol band. The implementation of ToPeCAl was then validated using terrestrial and aerial images (helicopter and drone) collected during fieldwork in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in the 2018 fire season, on the same day as Landsat-8 overpasses. The overall accuracy of ToPeCAl was found to be 82% with omission errors in a small area (less than 30 m × 30 m) from mixtures of smouldering and vegetation pixels, and commission errors (with minimum area of 30 m x 30 m) on high reflective building rooftops in urban areas. These errors were further reduced by masking and removing urban areas prior to analysis using landuse Geographic Information System (GIS) data; improving the overall mapping accuracy to 93%. For comparison, the day and night-time VIIRS (375 m) active fire product (VNP14IMG) was utilised, obtaining a lower probability of fire detection of 71% compared to ground truth, and 57–72% agreement in a buffer distance of 375 m to 1500 m when compared to the Landsat-8 ToPeCAl results. The night-time data of VNP14IMG was found to have a better correspondence with ToPeCAl results from Landsat 8 than day-time data. This finding could lead to a potential merger of ToPeCAl with VNP14IMG to fill the temporal gaps of peatland fire information when using Landsat. However, the VNP14IMG product exhibited overestimation compared with the results of ToPeCAl applied to Landsat-8.


Abstract Land managers regularly use temporal nest protections to reduce the likelihood of raptor nest disturbance or abandonment, but guidelines are not consistent across management boundaries. We assessed alternative nest use (i.e., egg-laying) and nest spacing at 28 Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) territories that were monitored ≥25 yr between 1976 and 2013 (all except seven territories were monitored annually without interruption). Territories contained 1–8 nests (x¯ = 2.9), and average spacing between alternative nests was 0.5 km. Inspection of 21 territories monitored for 26–38 yr without interruption suggested eagles used individual nests an average of every 3.3 yr, laid eggs in any nest within territories an average of every 1.8 yr, and switched nests between 43.3% of consecutive nesting attempts (i.e., egg-laying in discrete breeding seasons). Protecting individual nests for 7 yr, or protecting all nests within a territory for 4 yr after the last documented use of any nest when alternative nests were considered would have protected >90% of all consecutive nesting attempts. These temporal protections are longer than individual nest protections commonly applied by land management agencies (e.g., 3 yr since last use), but shorter than those suggested by Golden Eagle data collected in southwestern Idaho in an area with more alternative nests per territory. We recommend that land managers take a territory approach to Golden Eagle nesting protection, including consideration of local alternative nest-use patterns when possible. Management decisions should be based on the last use of any nest within a territory, including all potential eagle nests within a biologically meaningful distance of one another (e.g., based on local alternative nest spacing) when nest-monitoring data are limited; longer protections should be applied when knowledge of alternative nests is likely incomplete.


Abstract
 This article explores the role Arab music has played in forming Mizrahi identity in contemporary Israeli cinema, focusing on the films "The Ballad of the Weeping Spring", "Testimony" and "Three Mothers", which second and third generation Mizrahi filmmakers born to Jewish immigrants from Arab and Muslim countries made in Israel. Using Arab music, these films display the vast array of historical and imaginary relations between the Jew and the Arab, West and East, Israel and the Middle East. Memory of the Arab-Jewish past is a place that cannot be revisited, even if one can travel to the geographical territory that appears to be a place of 'origin.' As members of the second and third generations born in Israel, these Mizrahi filmmakers cannot reclaim the Arab-Jewish past of which they never really were a part, and so they try to trace musical routes that will take them to places, histories and encounters with people they have not known before. The grounded certainty of their Mizrahi roots is replaced in the films by the contingencies of the routes that the music enabled.


Phymactis papillosa is a rocky shore sea anemone that is commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, from the Gulf of California to Tierra del Fuego, and in the Mar del Plata region, Argentina. The genus Phymactis is closely related to Bunodosoma and, due to character plasticity, a number of misidentifications have occurred. Therefore, the presence of P. papillosa in Argentina has been doubted but the matter had not been investigated in detail. Here we analyse P. papillosa specimens from Argentina and compare them, using molecular and morphological markers, to specimens from the species' type locality. In a phylogenetic analysis using 19 allozyme markers and ribosomal internal transcribed spacers sequences of different sea anemone genera, including all West Atlantic Bunodosoma species, we have found that the specimens from Argentina were genetically divergent from P. papillosa from Chile and closely related to West Atlantic Bunodosoma species. The genetic and morphological analyses indicate that those specimens belong to a new species of the genus Bunodosoma, described here as B. zamponii sp. nov.


Organic reefs are defined in terms of potential to create a wave-resistant structure. The term "bioherm" may be retained for ancient reef-like organic masses of uncertain potential or doubtfully wave-resistant nature. The frames of organic reefs are built by a variety of organisms, and the reef mass includes widely varying but commonly large proportions of interstitial clastics. Post-Paleozoic reefs built by corals and algae presumably grew at depths less than 25 fathoms and in a tropical or subtropical environment. In the case of reefs more than 150 feet thick this implies relative subsidence. For Paleozoic reefs the same general order of magnitude of depth and temperature is believed probable, especially if algae were abundant. Without regard to time, calcareous algae as abundant contributors to reef formation strongly indicate depths less than 50 fathoms and probably less than 25 fathoms. More specific limits of depth are implied by particular families of algae ranging back to Early Ordovician. The presence of calcareous green algae is presumptive evidence of a tropical or subtropical environment. Subequidimensional or irregular organic structures known as patch reefs suggest growth in relatively quiet waters. Such structures generally grade abruptly to adjacent sediments. Table reefs are flat-topped, isolated reef masses of the open ocean, without true lagoons and with or without islands. Some resemble large patch reefs, but others were probably derived from atolls. Linear reefs--fringing reefs, barrier reefs, and the ring-like outer reefs of atolls--are typically wave-fronting structures. The growth forms of their wave-facing elements are characteristically crustose, stubbily branching, or massive. Seaward the linear reefs grade through reef talus to enveloping sediments. The nature of the contact is related to source and sedimentary environment of offshore deposits and to slope of reef front. Fringing reefs and their fore-reef talus should characteristically show abrupt contacts with the land surface which they veneer, and both the reef proper and its talus may contain variable amounts of land-derived detritus. Barrier reefs and the outer reefs of atolls should show complex relationships with lagoonal sediments. The Middle Devonian patch reefs of Michigan are analogous to those of existing seas, and the Middle Silurian reefs of the Great Lakes region were wave-breaking or potentially wave-resisting structures. In the Permian Capitan barrier reef the frame-building organisms presumably were sponges and calcareous algae, but physico-chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate probably contributed to the reef mass. Massive Cambrian bioherms in central Texas appear to have resulted almost entirely from the calcium-precipitating and sediment-binding activities of blue-green algae. Some Scolithus sandstones may be analogous to the annelid reefs of the North Sea. Other structures called reefs or bioherms may be depression fillings or banks of triturated organic materials that were held together, as hey piled up, by concordant deposition of surrounding sediments.


Both shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant tree species may dominate young stands in canyon-bottom forests of the Bitterroot Range. Subsequent dynamics depend on growth characteristics of the colonizing species. Thus, much of the compositional variation arises at stand establishment (initial floristic composition) rather than through a replacement process (relay floristics). Taxus brevifolia, however, may require shelter from other species for establishment. Vertical similarity increases with stand age towards a maximum value of about 75%. Although the importance of Taxus brevifolia and Thuja plicata tends to increase with stand age, convergence on a common climax composition is thwarted by insularity of the canyon bottoms and an average fire cycle (60 years) that is shorter than the normal longevity (120-140 years) of the shortest lived major tree species (Pinus conforta).


An optofluidic device is reported in this paper that can highly improve the robustness of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and provide fingerprint information of proteins with a concentration in the nanogram per liter range within minutes. Moreover, the conformational change of protein can also be obtained using this device. Fabricated by standard photolithography processes, the optofluidic device has a step microfluidic– nanofluidic structure, which provides robust SERS detection. The sensitivity of the device is investigated using insulin and albumin as target analytes at a concentration of 0.9 ng/L. The ability to detect conformational changes of proteins using this technology is also shown by probing these analytes before and after their denaturation.


Experimental research of the pressure drop in the flow of fluid in a pipe that has several local hydraulic resistance. The local hydraulic resistance were the elbow, the sudden expansion, sudden contraction, coupling and sudden turn. The experimental setup also included piezometers, variable area flowmeter, pressure and drain tanks, pump, bimetal thermometer, and a system of valves. The relative position of the elements shown in the hydraulic diagram of the experimental setup. As the liquid medium used water. Designed physical and 3D model of the fluid. Selected tetrahedral mesh model of building bulk. Choice of physical parameters correspond turbulent flow, constant density, steady-state flow with a given mass flow at the inlet section of the pipeline. Volume control method of approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations used for the numerical simulation. Simulation done in the software STAR-CCM+. Found a field of pressure distribution and velocity of the moving fluid. The possibility of an accurate determination of the coefficients local hydraulic resistance of bodies of complex geometry.