Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) - commonly denoted whiplash injury - resulting from vehicle impacts, is a worldwide epidemic. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically between 10-25 km/h) and in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts are however the most common in the accident statistics. Since the middle of the 1960s, statistical data has shown that females have up to three times higher risk of sustaining whiplash injuries than males, even under similar crash conditions. Studies have indicated that there may be characteristic differences in the rear impact dynamic response between males and females. The 50th percentile male dummy might thus limit the assessment and development of whiplash prevention systems that adequately protect both male and female occupants. Data from volunteer tests is needed to establish the dynamic response for females and males. Such data is fundamental for developing future occupant mathematical and/or mechanical models for crash safety development and assessment. These models can be used, not only as a tool in the design of protective systems, but also in the process of further evaluation and development of injury criteria.
The aim of this study was to quantify the differences in dynamic response between average sized females and males in low-speed rear impacts.
Two rear impact volunteer studies were conducted. In the first study, data for the 50th percentile female were extracted from a previously performed rear impact car-to-car crash test series with female and male volunteers at 4 km/h and 8 km/h. In the second study, a sled test series was performed with 50th percentile female volunteers at 5 km/h and 7 km/h. In both studies, response corridors for the female volunteers were generated and compared with previously published corridors for the 50th percentile male. Additionally, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) values, head-to-head restraint distances and contact times were compared for the female and male volunteers in both studies.
The overall result showed differences between the females and the males in the dynamic response and in the NIC values. For example, the head x-acceleration peaks were on average higher and earlier for the females; the head, T1, and head relative to T1 x-displacement peaks were on average lower and earlier; the initial head-to-head restraint distance was on average smaller for the females, resulting in earlier head-to-head restraint contact time for the females.


In this paper, we study the graph realization problem in the Congested Clique model of distributed computing under crash faults. We consider {\em degree-sequence realization}, in which each node $v$ is associated with a degree value $d(v)$, and the resulting degree sequence is realizable if it is possible to construct an overlay network with the given degrees. Our main result is a $O(f)$-round deterministic algorithm for the degree-sequence realization problem in a $n$-node Congested Clique, of which $f$ nodes could be faulty ($f<n$). The algorithm uses $O(n^2)$ messages. We complement the result with lower bounds to show that the algorithm is tight w.r.t the number of rounds and the messages simultaneously. We also extend our result to the Node Capacitated Clique (NCC) model, where each node is restricted to sending and receiving at-most $O(\log n)$ messages per round. In the NCC model, our algorithm solves degree-sequence realization in $O(nf/\log n)$ rounds and $O(n^2)$ messages. For both settings, our algorithms work without the knowledge of $f$, the number of faults. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first results for the graph realization problem in the crash-fault distributed network.


Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus species) have gained considerable attention of food technologist and nutritionist for their nutraceutical properties. Oyster mushrooms are considered as functional foods due to their richness in functional food ingredients. In recent times, consumption of these mushrooms has increased considerably due to their numerous health benefits. These are potential sources of bioactive components, which are sufficient enough for prevention and treatment of various lifestyle diseases. There are about 200 different species in the genus Pleurotus and these are commonly referred to as "oyster mushrooms".The study aimed to grasp a collective information on nutraceutical and processing aspects of highly perishable but nutritious oyster mushroomPleurotus ostreatus is the most commonly consumed species all over the world due to its superior flavor, taste and nutraceutical properties. It acts as a source of natural antioxidants which might be beneficial for human health in preventing or reducing oxidative damage. Nutritionally, these species are rich sources of proteins, dietary fibres, β-glucan, vitamin B-complex, vitamin C and minerals. They contain higher proportions of certain amino acids such as methionine, cystine and aspartic acid than other edible mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms have been reported to possess hypocholesterolemic, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-carcinogenic, hepatoprotective, anti-viral activities and act as natural resources of immunotherapy activities. The use of these mushrooms can overcome the deficiency of protein in the developing countries where there is unavailability or unacceptability of good quality proteins from animal sources because of religious restrictions.Because of the occurrence of abundant nutritional ingredients and other bioactive components in P. ostreatus, they have a great scope as a potential source for the development of functional or specialty foods for value addition of deficient foods so as to alleviate the nutritional deficiency diseases from society.


ARTIST STATEMENT Afanassy Pud (Fainzilber Eugeny) was born in Leningrad in 1951 and lives there now. He earned a doctor of science degree from the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. Since 1983, he has been a member of the Partnership of Experimental Fine Art in Leningrad, and his work has been shown in all of the partnership's exhibitions. Before 1989, Afanassy Pud's works were frequently deleted from exhibitions by government authorities and the KGB. Since then, his work has been seen in many exhibitions in Russia, Germany, Austria, and the US.


Chronic Kidney Disease is one of the most critical illnesses nowadays and proper diagnosis is required as soon as possible. Machine learning technique has become reliable for medical treatment. With the help of a machine learning classifier algorithms, the doctor can detect the disease on time. For this perspective, Chronic Kidney Disease prediction has been discussed in this article. Chronic Kidney Disease dataset has been taken from the UCI repository. Seven classifier algorithms have been applied in this research such as artificial neural network, C5.0, Chi-square Automatic interaction detector, logistic regression, linear support vector machine with penalty L1 & with penalty L2 and random tree. The important feature selection technique was also applied to the dataset. For each classifier, the results have been computed based on the following factors given below: (i) full features, (ii) correlation-based feature selection, (iii) Wrapper method feature selection, (iv)Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression, (v) synthetic minority over- sampling technique with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression selected features, (vi) synthetic minority oversampling technique with full features. From the results, it is marked that LSVM with penalty L2 is giving the highest accuracy of 98.86% in synthetic minority over-sampling technique with full features. Along with accuracy, precision, recall, F- measure, area under the curve and GINI coefficient have been computed and compared results of various algorithms have been shown in the graph. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression selected features with synthetic minority over-sampling technique gave the best after synthetic minority over-sampling technique with full features. In the synthetic minority over-sampling technique with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator selected features, again linear support vector machine gave the highest accuracy of 98.46%. Along with machine learning models one deep neural network has been applied on the same dataset and it has been noted that deep neural network achieved the highest accuracy of 99.6%.


We describe a theory of creative activity through the development and use of mathematical tools in the analysis of time series. The time series analyzed include empirical series and biotic and chaotic series generated by recurrent functions. Embeddings are used to measure the dimensionality of a series, and analyses of isometries of Euclidean norms at various embeddings reveal the relatively simple processes that generate and combine with complex structures. These tools identify and measure diversity, novelty, and complexity in complex natural processes and in mathematical bios. The presence of these properties shows that creative processes result from deterministic interactions among relatively simple components, not only from random accident.


A cross-border approach to exploration, appraisal and development is important in mature basins such as the North Sea, where the 'low hanging fruit' have long gone. This approach emphasizes the need to see the basin as one geological entity, in order to maximize economic recovery and prepare the area for the energy transition. This volume offers an up-to-date, 'geology-without-borders' view of the stratigraphy, sedimentology, tectonics and oil-and-gas exploration trends of the entire North Sea basin, along with the challenges associated with differences in data continuity and nomenclature across median lines. This volume includes overviews of cross-border play statistics, lithostratigraphic naming conventions and exploration performance through to new facies models for cross-border areas. As such, this volume will be a valuable reference for every geoscientist working in the North Sea for years to come.


Research on the use of Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square (PLS-SEM) related to Learning Management System LMS has developed very rapidly. However, in these studies, it was not explained how to choose the best model used to evaluate the relationship among latent variables in the model. This study aims to select the best SEM-PLS model related to evaluating the use of LMS in Discrete Mathematics learning based on the criteria of Q2, AIC, AICu, AICc, BIC, HQ, and HQc. Data obtained from a survey of 109 3rd semester students who took Discrete Mathematics courses at STMIK IKMI Cirebon using 5 latent variables. The Main Model is formed based on all research latent variables and evaluated by stages 1) PLS-Algorithm, 2) Bootstrapping and 3) Blindfolding. Based on the Main Model, 16 alternative models are created with the same manifest variables as the Main Model. The best model is determined based on the highest Q2 value, and the least AIC, AICu, AICc, BIC, HQ and HQc values. The results of the study show that the Main Model is better based on the Q2 value compared to other models in this study. Different results are obtained if the AIC, AICu, AICc, BIC, HQ and HQc criteria are used, where Model C2 and B2 are the best models based on these criteria


I f successful agricultural production depends on a variety of socioeconomic, political, and environmental factors, what happens when many of these simultaneously stand against success? Th is is the case for the Puerto Rican coff ee industry, in which several decades of low yields and high costs have caused many to abandon farming altogether. Those who remain face the challenges by virtue of an optimism largely centered on national pride. Now, the economic decline on the island in the 2010s and the devastation caused by Hurricane María in 2017 have potentially created an opportunity for Puerto Rico to restructure the governance of its coff ee farming sector. Such change is pressing in light of the local government's emphasis on neoliberal policies and the climate projections indicating enhanced potential for tropical storms of similar catastrophic magnitudes. The coming era of coffee farming on


A particular group among children, who have difficulties in mastering skills of social and everyday orientation, is the category of children with disorders of the autistic spectrum, characterised by their corresponding specifics of mental and social development.
The article describes the experience on programmes development and implementation of the approaches aimed specifically at the development of social and household skills in children with ASD (autism spectrum disorder). The psychological and pedagogical fundamentals of work on improvement of the formation of social and everyday orientation skills in children with autistic spectrum disorders are considered.
Disorders of the autistic spectrum, a peculiar disorder of the child's mental development, determine the features of mastering the skills of social and household orientation. Such peculiarities of development determine the development of behavioural skills in everyday life and society as the specificity of the functioning of higher mental functions, stereotypy, rigidity of behaviour, limitations of social contacts with adults, problems of the process of consistent activity. The development of social and household orientation in children with autism spectrum disorders requires the implementation of special purposefully organised activities that consider both the structure and peculiarities of this type of disorder and the social situation of the development of a specific child.


Abstract In this short review I address certain issues and predictions that arise from the position papers by Erteschik-Shir, and by Fox and Pesetsky. The two proposed analyses are radically different, so I have made no attempt to relate them in terms of their properties. In section 1 I discuss some underlying issues in the architecture of grammar assumed by Erteschik-Shir, and in section 2 I evaluate some of the predictions generated by Fox and Pesetsky's approach. In section 3 I draw some more general conclusions about what consequences Object Shift shows us concerning the organization of grammar, and the nature of grammatical principles. While my remarks mainly address problems or drawbacks that I see with the proposals in the two position papers, they both offer a stimulating account of OS and explore the wider implications of the natures of their enterprises, and deserve fuller consideration beyond the present venue, consideration that they will surely receive.


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Infestation by rice and fruit bugs (Heteroptera) became a nationwide problem in Japan in the early 1970s. Nine rice bug species and three fruit bug species have been designated as economically important. Cropping restrictions for rice produced fallow paddy fields where various rice bugs reproduced and became abundant. Plautia crossota stali, Halyomorpha halys and Glaucias subpunctatus are dominant species of fruit bug that cause damage to a range of fruit crops. However, they require cones in order to complete their life cycle. Coniferous trees planted in the 1950s bore cones after 20 years. A dry and hot summer contributes to good masting the following year and good cone production, in turn, contributes to the abundance of fruit bugs in the third year. Thus, there is strong circumstantial evidence that land‐use changes were responsible for the abundance of both rice and fruit bugs during the last 30 years. Poleward range expansion was observed in Nezara viridula, Leptocorisa chinensis, G. subpunctatus and Paradasynus spinosus. A survey conducted to assess winter mortality revealed that every 1 °C rise in mean winter temperature resulted in a reduction of about 15% in winter mortality of N. viridula and H. halys in localities where the mean winter temperature ranges from 2 to 6 °C. In general, species with low developmental zero (T0) and small thermal constant (K) show the greatest increase in annual number of generations. Species with a high T0 for preoviposition period show the greatest increase in reproductive activity, while overwintering insects with a lower T0 tend to appear earlier in response to the elevation of temperature. Numbers of warnings issued by the prefectures on the occurrence of rice bugs and fruit bugs were correlated. Recent global warming operates in various ways, (e.g. by increasing annual number of generations, reproductive activity and food, to produce such correlation). There are no substantial bug problems in Korea where no significant land‐use changes have occurred. Rice bug outbreaks in Japan are predicted to become less frequent in the future, because there is no further scope for cropping restriction. Planting of coniferous trees has been continuously decreasing since 1970, but the area of coniferous forest is still almost the same. This suggests that the fruit bug problem will continue for the foreseeable future.


In order to prepare the interchange between and the unification of North and South Korea, it is needed to establish the development direction of irrigation reservoirs and formulate technological and political directions for preparing effectively against the demand of agricultural countermeasure information like the analysis of rural comprehensive development projects and the present state of agricultural land of North Korea. The purpose of this research is to construct the database of agricultural productive infrastructures and analyze the present state of irrigation reservoirs of the Yeseong River Basin in North Korea using SPOT-5 satellite imagery. As a result of the research, we were able to not only design classification items but establish method and precedure for producing thematic maps related agricultural productive infrastructure without on-site survey by analyzing present condition related to agricultural water of the basin. And we intend to provide basic data for analyzing suitabile locations of irrigation reservoirs in the basin by performing basin extraction, volume evaluation of the existing reservoirs, scale cultivative lands, benefit area fo the reservoirs, and the existing agricultural water system. In addition, we were able to understand the problem and limit in constructing the database related agricultural productive facilities.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the temperature and relative humidity influence in the life cycle, mortality and fecundity patterns of Triatoma rubrovaria. Four cohorts with 60 recently laid eggs each were conformed. The cohorts were divided into two groups. In the controlled conditions group insects were maintained in a dark climatic chamber under constant temperature and humidity, whereas triatomines of the ambiental temperature group were maintained at room temperature. Average incubation time was 15.6 days in the controlled conditions group and 19.1 days in the ambiental temperature. In group controlled conditions the time from egg to adult development lasted 10 months while group ambiental temperature took four months longer. Egg eclosion rate was 99.1% and 98.3% in controlled conditions and ambiental temperature, respectively. Total nymphal mortality in controlled conditions was 52.6% whereas in ambiental temperature was 51.8%. Mean number of eggs/female was 817.6 controlled conditions and 837.1 ambiental temperature. Fluctuating temperature and humidity promoted changes in the life cycle duration and in the reproductive performance of this species, although not in the species mortality.


First-principles density functional theory calculations have achieved great success in the exciting field of low-dimension magnetism, in explaining new phenomena observed in experiments as well as in predicting novel properties and materials. As known, spin–orbit coupling (SOC) plays an extremely important role in various magnetic properties such as magnetic anisotropy, magnetostriction, magneto-optical effects and spin-dynamics. Using the full potential linearized augmented plane wave approach, we have carried out extensive investigations for the effects of SOC in various materials. Results of selected examples, such as structure and magnetic properties of Ni/Cu(001), magnetism and magnetic anisotropy in magnetic Co/Cu(001) thin films, wires and clusters, magnetostriction in FeGa alloys and magneto-optical effects in Fe/Cr superlattices, are discussed.


Background Enroll-HD is a clinical research platform that includes at its core an observational, prospective study of HD. The objectives of Enroll-HD are: 1) enhance the design and expedite the conduct of clinical trials; 2) improve the understanding of the phenotypic spectrum and disease mechanisms; 3) foster good clinical care. Over 17,200 participants (15,466 currently active) have been recruited from 17 countries and 161 study sites. The data collected from these participants is monitored using a rigorous risk-based process. Recoded data and biosamples are made available to researchers. Enroll-HD also serves as a registry that can be used to facilitate recruitment, by identifying potentially eligible participants who can be invited by investigators to participate in clinical trials. Selection criteria (e.g. local CAG, UHDRS TMS) can be queried to generate listings of participants potentially eligible for a given clinical trial. To improve support for future clinical trials, the study will now start to prioritize the recruitment of premanifest and early-stage participants. Platform studies are clinical studies that utilize at least one or more Enroll-HD platform services. These services include site feasibility, study guidance documents and templates, potentially eligible participant listings, study set-up support, monitoring and data management. The Enroll-HD Clinical Training Portal is an online resource launched in January 2017 where HD research personnel can complete and maintain study-relevant training, presently UHDRS Motor Certification (all users) and GCP (Enroll-HD Study users only). There are currently more than 1300 registered users, and it enables faster, more cost-effective start-up of clinical trials and studies, standardizes the quality of training, and reduces workload at sites.


We present an efficient measure of overlap between two co-linear segments which considerably decreases the overall computational time of a Segment-based motion estimation and reconstruction algorithm already exist in literature. We also discuss the special cases where sparse sampling of the motion space for initialization of the algorithm does not result in a good solution and suggest to use dense sampling instead to overcome the problem. Finally, we demonstrate our work on two real data sets.


Multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) is commonly considered to suffer from non-stationary environments and exponentially increasing policy space. It would be even more challenging when rewards are sparse and delayed over long trajectories. In this paper, we study hierarchical deep MARL in cooperative multiagent problems with sparse and delayed reward. With temporal abstraction, we decompose the problem into a hierarchy of different time scales and investigate how agents can learn high-level coordination based on the independent skills learned at the low level. Three hierarchical deep MARL architectures are proposed to learn hierarchical policies under different MARL paradigms. Besides, we propose a new experience replay mechanism to alleviate the issue of the sparse transitions at the high level of abstraction and the non-stationarity of multiagent learning. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches in two domains with extremely sparse feedback: (1) a variety of Multiagent Trash Collection tasks, and (2) a challenging online mobile game, i.e., Fever Basketball Defense.


Peptide histidine isoleucine, a 27 amino acid peptide with close amino acid sequence homology to vasoactive intestinal peptide and secretin, is distributed throughout the mammalian intestinal tract, where it has been localised to intramural neurones. An intestinal perfusion technique has been used to study the effect of intravenous peptide histidine isoleucine (44.5 pmol/kg/min) on water and electrolyte transport from a plasma like electrolyte solution in human jejunum in vivo. Peptide histidine isoleucine infusion produced peak plasma peptide histidine isoleucine concentrations in the range 2000-3000 pmol/l, flushing, tachycardia and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure. Peptide histidine isoleucine caused a significant inhibition of net absorption of water, sodium, potassium and bicarbonate and induced a net secretion of chloride, these changes being completely reversed during the post-peptide histidine isoleucine period. These findings suggest that endogenous peptide histidine isoleucine may participate in the neurohumoral regulation of water and electrolyte transport in the human jejunum.


The incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been rising worldwide in parallel with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. NAFLD refers to a spectrum of liver abnormalities with a variable course, ranging from nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), eventually leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays a prominent part in the regulation of endogenous metabolic genes in NAFLD. Recent studies have suggested that PXR has therapeutic potential for NAFLD, yet the relationship between PXR and NAFLD remains controversial. In this review, PXR is proposed to play a dual role in the development and progression of NAFLD. Its activation will aggravate steatosis of the liver, reduce inflammatory response, and prevent liver fibrosis. In addition, the interactions between PXR, substance metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and gut microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver were elucidated. Due to limited therapeutic options, a better understanding of the contribution of PXR to the pathogenesis of NAFLD should facilitate the design of innovative drugs targeting NAFLD.


Authors report one case of psychiatric manifestations of Steinert's disease, with biological data. They compare it with historical and actual descriptions of these manifestations, particularly for clinical and biological symptomatology. Main hypothesis is a central localization of this polysystemic process, under a genetical determinism.


Forty strains of micrococci representing all the 8 biochemical types of Baird-Parker (4) were examined for their content of bacterial agglutinogens and antigens sensitizing normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes. Special attention was paid to the urinary pathogens of type 3. Agglutination of the strains in 10 rabbit immune sera against all biochemical types, before and after absorption, showed that the Micrococcus strains have a number of agglutinogens without any systematic pattern. The majority of the agglutinogens are shared by many strains, irrespective of biochemical type. Agglutinogens characteristic of the biochemical types were not demonstrated. Strains of the same biochemical type were, as a rule, not more related antigenically than strains of different types. The indirect haemagglutinations revealed that the micrococci have several shared antigens sensitizing normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes to agglutination in Micrococcus and Staphylococcus aureus immune sera.


Introduction and objectives To improve our understanding of the dynamic interplay between non-coding and coding RNA species, we developed solution-based methods to capture the entire endothelial transcriptome. In contrast to microarrays and CHIP-based methodologies, there was no pre-specification of RNA target sequences, and the identity of the DNA strand of origin was preserved. Methods Triplicate confluent primary human microvascular endothelial cells (Promocell GmbH) were cultured in the presence and absence of TGF-beta stimuli relevant to pulmonary arteriovenous malformations and hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Following rRNA-depletion of total RNA, seven libraries were prepared using Illumina reagents, and 8 pM of each library used for cluster generation and sequencing on Genome Analyser II. Algorithms for aligning reads to NCBI36/hg18 and GRCh37/hg19 included Bowtie, TopHat and Seqmap. Validations were performed using quantitative rt-PCR. Results More than 2 Gigabases of sequence was generated. Transcriptome-wide profiles were similar between libraries, with sixteen types of RNA species detected including 146 micro (mi)RNA families (47 broadly conserved), and 10,749 protein-encoding mRNAs representing ~5.5% of mapped reads. Alignments to endothelial mRNAs/miRNAs were substantially higher than to gene loci for non-endothelial mRNAs/miRNAs. mRNA exon alignments demonstrated sharp exon boundary delineation, but replicate alignments to non-repetitive intronic regions involved in multi-exon deletions in HHT patients. There was an inverse relationship between alignments depths and qt-PCT cycle thresholds (Ct), where single alignments were detectable, and Ct values of 20 generated by 0.02 nM spiked RNA. Across all experiments in replicate donor/treatment RNAs, for a panel of single open reading frame miRNA genes, RNASeq alignments (gene strand read counts normalised to the total number of valid reads and exon/locus size) explained 72% of the variance of qt-PCR cycle threshold (p < 0.0001). Dynamic whole transcriptome profiling is in progress. Conclusions These novel directional next generation RNA sequencing methods provide new insights for mutational mechanisms, and a systems approach to dissection of regulatory and target RNA networks relevant to human disease.


Next generation ultrabright light sources will operate at megahertz repetition rates with temporal resolution in the attosecond regime. For an X-Ray Free Electron Laser (FEL) to operate at such repetition rate requires a high quantum efficiency (QE) cathode to produce electron bunches of 300 pC per 1.5e-6 J incident laser pulse. Semiconductor photocathodes have sufficient QE in the ultraviolet (UV) and the visible spectrum, however, they produce picosecond electron pulses due to the electron-phonon scattering. On the other hand, metals have two orders of magnitude less QE, but can produce femtosecond pulses, that are required to form the optimum electron distribution for high efficiency FEL operation. In this work, a novel metallic photocathode design is presented, where a set of nano-cavities is introduced on the metal surface to increase its QE to meet the FEL requirements, while maintaining the fast time response.Photoemission can be broken up into three steps: (1) photon absorption, (2) electron transport to the surface, and (3) crossing the metal-vacuum barrier. The first two steps can be improved by making the metal completely absorbing and by localizing the fields closer to the metal surface, thereby reducing the electron travel distance. Both of these effects can be achieved by coupling the incident light to an electron density wave on the metal surface, represented by a quasi-particle, the Surface Plasmon Polariton (SPP).The photoemission then becomes a process where the photon energy is transferred to an SPP and then to an electron. The dispersion relation for the SPP defines the region of energies where such process can occur. For example, for gold, the maximum SPP energy is 2.4 eV, however, the work function is 5.6 eV, therefore, only a fourth order photoemission process is possible. In such process, four photons excite four plasmons that together excite only one electron. The yield of such non-linear process depends strongly on the light intensity.In this work, the structure consisted of rectangular nano-grooves (NGs) arranged in a subwavelength grating on a metal surface is presented that provides a dramatic increase in the metal's absorption, field localization, and field enhancement. When light is polarized perpendicular to the orientation of the grooves a standing SPP wave is excited along the vertical walls in the NGs, that act as Fabry-Perot resonators. By adjusting the geometry of the NGs and the period of the subwavelength grating the resonance can be fine tuned to a desired position, for example, the laser fundamental wavelength, anywhere from the UV to the near infrared (NIR).Two types of gratings are presented: (a) a gold grating with period of 600 nm, and (b) an aluminum-gold grating with a period of 100 nm; both with resonance at 720 nm. In each case, strong on-resonance absorption was observed, with over 98% for grating (b). Unlike the grating-coupled SPP waves, where the angle is well defined by the momentum matching condition, the resonant NGs allow coupling to the standing modes at a range of angles of incidence, referred to as the angular bandwidth. A new model for the on-resonance absorption based on the ensamble action of the NGs is presented that serves as the basis for a design of an NG grating with an ultrawide spectral as well as angular bandwidth. For sample (b), the angular bandwidth is 80 degrees, corresponding to an opening angle of 160 degrees.The photoemission enhancement for such a grating was measured to be seven orders of magnitude for a four-photon photoemission. This is an incredible result demonstrating the power of the plasmonic grating presented, which is an efficient light trapper and field enhancer for a non-linear processes. These results demonstrate that the metal photocathode prepared with a NG grating on the metal surface will provide sufficient pulse charge driven by a 1e-6 J 15 fs pulsed laser at 800 nm for the optimum FEL operation.


To be forced to make a choice of nationality following a revolutionary upheaval is a trying experience. It becomes traumatic when one is, or feels oneself to be, part of the "privileged class" in a plural society in which the "natives" are about to achieve supreme political power. The Eurasians of Indonesia are a group of mixed descent closely tied to the land of their birth, but culturally and politically oriented to a society thousands of miles away along the shores of the North Sea. F. H. de Hoog, charismatic chairman of the powerful Eurasian League from 1928 to 1939, referred to the Eurasians as the "vanguard" of the Dutch population in the Netherlands. He emphasized that Eurasians were imbued with Dutch culture and would stand or fall with Dutch rule.1 In 1949, the "vanguard" was cut off.


Most studies of deforestation rely on land-cover data interpreted from satellite images. However, it is often difficult, particularly in moist forest areas, to obtain cloud-free images. Dropping or imputing missing values from satellite data relies on the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA), which implies that clouds are independent of the occurrence of forests. We test whether IIA holds for the case of Madagascar. We reject IIA for the amount of forest lost, demonstrating that estimates of deforestation and studies that use deforestation data from satellite images could potentially be biased without the proper corrections for cloud cover. (JEL Q23)


Rapid-onset psychotic rebound is uncommon on discontinuation of most antipsychotic drugs, as might be expected for antipsychotic drugs with (hypothetically) indirect actions at their final target receptors. Rapid-onset psychosis is more common on withdrawal of clozapine, which might be expected if its action is direct. Drugs other than clozapine (notably thioridazine) may have hitherto unrecognised similarities to clozapine (but without danger of agranulocytosis), and may be useful in treatment of refractory psychosis. Quetiapine fulfils only some criteria for a clozapine-like drug. Clinical response to neuroleptics varies widely at any given plasma level. Haase's "neuroleptic threshold" concept suggests that the dose producing the slightest motor side effects produces most or all of the therapeutic benefit, but analyses presented here suggest that antipsychotic actions are not subject to a sharp "all-or-none" threshold but increase over a small dose range. This concept could provide a method for quantitative determination of individualized optimal doses.


Ché L. Smith: Model Selection for Nonnested Linear Mixed Models (Under the direction of Lloyd J. Edwards) The selection of an adequate and parsimonious model among suitable candidates is an essential aspect of the model-building process. Model selection approaches have been widely studied for the univariate linear model and other models arising from cross-sectional data. As researchers increasingly rely on linear mixed models (LMMs) to characterize longitudinal data, there is a need for improved techniques for selecting among this class of models which requires specification of both fixed and random effects via a mean model and variancecovariance structure. The model selection process for LMMs is further complicated when fixed and/or random effects are nonnested between models. Presently, information criteria such as AIC and BIC dominate model selection criteria used to compare nested and nonnested LMMs. This dissertation explores the development of a hypothesis test to compare nonnested LMMs based on extensions of the work begun by Sir David Cox. Particularly, we address the complex issue of estimating the variance of Cox test statistics through the use of parametric bootstrapping. Various information criteria have been modified for this purpose, but recent investigations have all led to inconclusive results as to which criterion is the best to select among LMMs. We also consider the use of the Extended Information Criterion (EIC) as an improvement on the more commonly used AIC. Application to observed data demonstrates the viability of both the Cox Test and the EIC to select among nonnested LMMs.


Objective: Antiplatelet therapy is essential in neuroendovascular therapy to avoid periprocedural thromboembolic events. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the relationship between platelet aggregation analysis by VerifyNow assay system (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA, USA) and thromboembolic complications. Methods: Seventy-two neuroendovascular procedures were performed between March 2013 and February 2015 in this institution. There were 41 males (56.9%) and their mean age was 69.9 years. Meanwhile, there were 31 females (43.0%) and their mean age was 62.7 years. In all cases, clopidogrel (CLP) was used as one of the periprocedural antiplatelet therapy. All patients were measured CLP response as P2Y12 Reaction Units (PRU) value using VerifyNow assay system (Accumetrics, San Diego, CA, USA) with the whole blood sample collected from the long sheath located at the femoral artery. All patients received diffusion-weighted image (DWI) on MRI at 1–4 days after the procedure. The occurrence of thromboembolic events was recorded and the relationship between CLP response and DWI hyper-intensity area (HIA) positive was analyzed. Appropriate cut-off value to predict thromboembolic events was examined. Results: Symptomatic thromboembolic complications occured in three patients (4.1%), and each PRU value was all over 226. CLP hypo-responder in our study recognized 46 patients (63.8%) as cut-off PRU value set 208. As the result of cut-off value defined as CLP hypo-responder, with regard to PRU more than 208, a significant difference appear in DWI HIA positive or negative, but with regard to PRU more than 230, a significant difference is not recognized. Conclusion: In our study, CLP response measured by VerifyNow assay system is well correlated with the periprocedural thromboembolic events in neuroendovascular procedure. The cut-off value of PRU in neuroendovascular therapy is not still defined, but CLP hypo-responder defined PRU value more than 208 might be meaningful in neuroendovascular therapy performed to Japanese. We should make the custom-made periprocedural anti-platelet therapy according to personal response.


The log-rank test is frequently used to compare survival curves. While sample size estimation for comparison of binomial proportions has been adapted to typical clinical trial conditions such as noncompliance, lag time, and staggered entry, the estimation of sample size when the log-rank statistic is to be used has not been generalized to these types of clinical trial conditions. This paper presents a method of estimating sample sizes for the comparison of survival curves by the log-rank statistic in the presence of unrestricted rates of noncompliance, lag time, and so forth. The method applies to stratified trials in which the above conditions may vary across the different strata, and does not assume proportional hazards. Power and duration, as well as sample sizes, can be estimated. The method also produces estimates for binomial proportions and the Tarone-Ware class of statistics.


Acute severe asthma is the most severe acute complication of infant asthma. The aim of our study was to specify its characteristics in the Tunisian infant and analysis his initial medical care. It is a retrospective study included 34 infants less than 3 year old, admitted during the period from January 1, 1995 to December 31, 2000. The acute severe asthma was induced by a respiratory viral infection in 80 % of cases. The delay hospitalisation was upper than 48 hours in 56 % of the cases. Before admission, corticosteroids were not instituted in 84 % of the cases. The initial examination noted neurological disorders in 52 % of cases and hemodynamic disorders in 8 % of cases. All patients received beta2 adrenergic and intravenous corticosteroids. Intravenous aminophylline was used in 68 % of patients. Mechanical ventilation was necessary among 6 patients. The evolution was complicated: pneumothorax (3 cases), hypokaliemia (3 cases), inappropriate secretion of ADH syndrome (1 case). There were 2 deaths. Acute severe asthma forces a correct evaluation of the severity of the asthmatic disease in order to adapt the long-term therapy.


The health center has to play an important role in promoting community health and satisfying a variety of community health needs and demands in the decentralized Korea. The nearly enacted Community Health Act compels every health center to make its own health plans which intend to deal with local health problems and plan its future health care. This obligation is obviously a big burden to most health centers. They do not have experiences in and abilities of making local health care plans. In order to establish a systematic community health plan, health centers have to concentrate their efforts on enhancing the ability of making health care plan through gathering and analysing the local health informations. However, it is very difficult in reality. This is simply because it will take long time to accomplish these activities. It seems natural that various professionals and researchers participate in carrying out the process of making community health plan in the initial stage. No standardized methodology and analysing framework exist even in the health professional society. Nonetheless, it is common to introduce survey research methodologies in analysing consumer's health care utilization and cost, and in identifying factors influencing health behaviors. Many researchers and professionals have applied social survey methodologies in obtaining information on providers and health policy makers as well. The authors have found that few studies have ever utilized local health data stored at the self-employed medical insurance society as the data source of planning activities. The purpose of this study is to illustrate the usefulness of the data stored at the Sung-Dong Gu Self-employed Medical Insurance Society in establishing the community health plan. The major contents of this study are as follows ; 1. frequency of utilization by age, area, sex, type of medical care institutions, and some major diseases 2. Medical treatment by type of medical care institutions, by classification of 21 diseases, by frequency of three-character categories 3. Medical treatment of major neoplasm and some chronic diseases by age, sex, and area. The conclusion of this study is that it is of great potentiality to find out the local health problems and to use them in blueprinting the community health plan through comparing the frequency of medical utilization analyzed by a variety of variables with NHI health data or the health data from survey research.


Clinical and histologic observations of 14 marginal tissue clefts associated with improper floss manipulation are presented. Newly acquired lesions were characteristically inflamed, ulcerated and symptomatic while clefts of chronic duration were asymptomatic and un-noticed by the patient. Cleft sites exhibiting varying degrees of epithelialization generally presented apical bifurcations suggesting reinjury by the patient during lateral positional shifts of the floss. The terminology "flossing cleft" is suggested by the authors to describe linear or V-shaped interdental marginal tissue deformities that result from dental floss-induced injury. While these clefts may serve as a potential source of bacteremia during vigorous flossing and associated oral tissue manipulation, in no instances were they determined to constitute a morphologic impediment to effective plaque control efforts.


We analyze shapes of overdense regions (clusters and superclusters) in controlled N-body simulations of gravitational clustering with power-law initial spectra P(k) ∝ kn, n = -3, -2, -1, 0. At values of the density just above the percolation transition, the number of distinct (isolated) clusters peaks, and we use this "natural threshold" to study the shapes and multiplicity function of clusters and superclusters. We find that the extent of both filamentarity and pancakeness increases as the simulation evolves, the former being appreciably larger than the latter at virtually all epochs and for all spectra considered by us. Our results also show that high-density regions within very massive clusters/superclusters are likely to be noticeably filamentary or pancake/ribbon-like when compared to the less dense regions within these objects. We make a detailed study of two moment-based "shape statistics" proposed, respectively, by Babul and Starkman (BS) and Luo and Vishniac (LV) and find that both LV and BS have certain built-in limitations: LV is biased toward oblate structures and tends to overemphasize this property, and neither BS nor LV correctly describe the shape of strongly curved or topologically nontrivial objects. For instance, a thin filamentary torus and a ribbon are both described by BS and LV as being pancakes! By contrast, "Shapefinders," a new shape diagnostic not constructed from density moments but from Minskowski functionals, does not suffer from these limitations and appears to faithfully reproduce the shapes of both simple and topologically complex objects.


Most researches on laser drilling focus on the reduction of the hole taper to improve the hole quality. However, tapered microholes are very useful in some industry applications. In this paper, a new method of laser drilling tapered microholes by tilting and rotating the workpiece is put forward and corresponding experimental installation is setup. The relationship between workpiece coordinate system and laser processing coordinate system is established to eliminate the hyperbolic error induced by this method. The microhole is machined through rotating the workpiece and the machining speed is achieved with laser beam circle motion by the galvanometer system. The tapered microholes are obtained on ceramic and high temperature alloy materials using the present method and the taper accuracy can be improved through the compensation strategy. High reliability and repeatability ensure that this method can be applied in industry application.


Dysmenorrhea (dysmenorrhoea or painful periods) is a medical condition of pain during menstruation that interferes with daily activities, defined by ACOG (American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Still, dysmenorrhea is often defined simply as menstrual pain or at least menstrual pain that is excessive. A 19yr old girl presented frequent dysmenorrhoea which was increasing in intensity and finally a lump was palpable on the left lower abdomen. She was treated surgically. A big mass size of a cricket ball was removed by laparotomy and patient was relieved from intractable dysmenorrhoea. Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.5(2) 2014: 351-352


The aim of the current study is to develop an efficient model which can predict low-energy compatible microstructures in ferroelectric bulks and film devices and their dynamic behaviour. The results are expected to assist in the interpretation of microstructure observations and provide a knowledge of the possible domain arrangements that can be used to design future materials with optimum performance.Several recent models of ferroelectric crystals assume low energy domain configurations. They are mainly based on the idea of fine phase mixtures and average compatibility, and can require intensive computation resulting in complex domain configurations which rarely occur in nature. In this research, criteria for the exact compatibility of domain structure in the form of a periodic multi-rank laminate are developed. Exactly compatible structure is expected to be energetically favourable and does not require the concept of a fine mixture to eliminate incompatibilities. The resulting method is a rapid and systematic procedure for finding exactly compatible microstructures. This is then used to explore minimum rank compatible microstructure in various crystal systems and devices. The results reveal routes in polarization and strain spaces along which microstructure can continuously evolve, including poling paths for ferro- electric single crystals. Also, the method is capable to generate all possible exactly compatible laminate configurations for given boundary conditions. It is found that simple configurations are often energetically favourable in conditions where previous approaches would predict more complex domain patterns. Laminate domain patterns in ferroelectrics are classified and corre- lated with observations of domains in single crystals, showing good agreement.The evolution of microstructures under applied mechanical and electrical loads is studied. A variational method, which minimises the overall energy of the crystal is developed. A new concept of transitional "pivot states" is introduced which allows the model to capture the feature that the microstructure in ferroelectric crystal switches between possible domain patterns that are energetically favourable, rather than assuming one particular domain pattern throughout. This model is applied to study the hysteresis responses of barium titanate (BaTiO3) single crystals subjected to a variety of loads. The results have good agreement with experimental data in the literature. The relationship between domain patterns and ferroelectric hysteresis responses is discussed.


In her Master''s Project, Lucia Longhi [Longhi ''85] has implemented an exploratory program, called uci, for interpolating triangular Gregory patches between cubic boundaries. This work is a continuation of the research in the area of smooth surfaces interpolation. First, a symmetric version of the polygon tessellating program, ugese [Gigus ''85], has been developed. It splits faces of a polygon into bilaterally symmetric convex parts. Second, uci has been extended to include quadrilateral Gregory patches; this reduces the occurrence of asymmetric creases in the interpolating surfaces. Third, several new approaches are discussed to represent the surface with Bezier and Gregory patches and to determine the corresponding control vertices. Fourth, a method for subdivision of triangular Gregory patches into Bezier patches is described.


Objective: Cold therapy has been pointed out as beneficial treatment for acute injuries. Stretching exercises have been widely used during last decades for prevention and recovery purposes. Functional performance tests have evolved in a mode of determining an athlete´s functional ability. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of ice immersion and a guided-stretching exercises protocol to the lower extremity on functional performance in a student, female population.
Methods: Twenty-five female physical activity students volunteered to participate in this study. We used a pretestpostest design with an untreated control group. Before and immediately following the treatment, subjects performed these functional performance tests: the squat jump (SJ), the counter-movement jump (CMJ), 30-m sprint, and 1000- m run. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a control group (n=9) or 2 experimental groups: ice immersion/no stretching (n=8); no ice immersion/stretching (n=8). The experiment was repeated two hours later the same day and two days later. The postest procedures were performed as previously described. The average of the two test trials for jumping functional performance tests was used for comparison.
Results: Results showed no significant differences among these routines on functional performance scores. ANOVA analysis revealed no significant differences among these routines on functional performance scores. The 30-m sprint (p<0.24) and 1000-m run (p<0.01) scores were significantly improved in control group on day 1, and SJ test data showed a marked reduction (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Immediate effects of cold immersion and guided-stretching exercises on functional performance in the lower extremity should be considered with caution. Further research is necessary to investigate the possible mechanisms and any short-term effect caused by these approaches.


A direct-conversion X-ray sensor array using amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin-film transistor (TFT) based active pixel sensor (APS) readout circuit coupled with a stabilized amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor for large-area digital imaging applications is presented. The pixel readout circuit employs a novel two-transistor (2T) active/passive pixel architecture that enables a compact pixel circuit for high-resolution sensor arrays with high large-area fabrication reliability. The X-ray detector consists of an in-house fabricated 150 mum pixel pitch 2-TFT pixel coated with an 80 mum thick a-Se photoconductor. A detector dark current of 110 pA/cm2 at 10 V/mum electric field, and a controllable pixel conversion gain up to 8.4 nA/mR with a quantum efficiency of 60% was measured. Capabilities such as voltage programmable gain and dynamic range control, as well as nondestructive readout during X-ray exposure are demonstrated. The detector in this work represents a highly promising technology for high-resolution X-ray digital imaging, adaptable to a wide range of applications owing to its gain and dynamic range programmability.


Low velocity impacts on composite plates often create subsurface damage that is difficult to diagnose. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors can be used to detect subsurface damage in composite laminates due to low velocity impact. This paper focuses on the prediction of impact loading in composite structures as a function of time using a support vector regression approach. A time delay embedding feature extraction scheme is used since it can characterize the dynamics of the impact using the sensor signals. The novelty of this approach is that it can be applied on complex geometries and does not require a dense array of sensors to reconstruct the load profile at the point of impact. The efficacy of the algorithm has been demonstrated through simulation results on composite plates and wing structures. Trained using impact data at four locations with three different energies, the constructed framework is able to predict the force-time history at an unknown impact location to within 12 percent for a composite plate and to within 10 percent for a composite wing when the impact was within the sensor network region. Experimental validation is also presented on carbon fiber reinforced polymer wings showing low prediction errors even with small training sets.


Background and aims: Recently, increasing Beige/Brown Adipose Tissue (BBAT) - a hyper-metabolic tissue in human body – has been a promising tool to combat metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, which are associated with some cancers. Therefore, it seems that increased BBAT could reduce cancer incidence, which it is not agreed with the results of a number of studies. By considering the findings of observational and experimental studies, we aimed to review existing evidence for the link between BBAT hyperactivity and carcinogenesis. Methods: A systematic review of either published or e-published literatures from 1946 up to July-2016 was carried out using PRISMA guidelines. Scientific databases and search engines including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid, PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalKey and ProQuest were searched systematically using key terms including "cancer", "neoplasm", "malignancy", "carcinoma", "tumor", "metastasis", "oxidative stress", "free radicals", "oxidant", "brown", "beige", "brite", "adipose", "adipocyte" and "fat" in combination. This search was limited on English reported original research that were thoroughly appraised and included in this review. Results: Some in vitro and in vivo studies met the selection criteria. The production of a significant amount of free radicals by uncoupling chain protein 1 (UCP1) in the BBAT mitochondria has frequently been investigated. This could be as the main contradiction of a hyperactive-BAT. Furthermore, the link between BBAT activity and risk of cancer has been reported in a limited number of observational studies, esp. with breast cancer. Hence, BAT hyperactivity has been reported to be accompanied by the browning process of white adipose tissue (producing beige fat) in some experimental and observational studies that could deteriorate cancer cachexia through increasing metabolism. The production of free radicals along with increasing metabolism and energy expenditure of the human body has been suggested as possible mechanisms. Conclusion: It is concluded that although BBAT hyperactivity could have a potential role in carcinogenesis and cancer-induced cachexia, more human studies are required to focus on BBAT involvement in carcinogenesis.


Background: With the advent of metagenomics, many large studies have been conducted with the quest of better understanding gut microbiota changes in relation to varying health conditions. Significant findings have been made for diseases such as cirrhosis, colorectal cancers, inflammatory bowel diseases and others, yet one that stands out is obesity for which conflicting results have been reported in the literature. Methods: Here, we built and analyzed a cross-study dataset of healthy and obese individuals looking for major changes in the the taxonomic and functional composition of their metagenomes. Results: Our results suggest that the overweight and normal subjects have no strong dissimilarity in their metagenomes composition. Significant differences were observed when comparing the obese and the non-obese individuals in their functional and taxonomic profiles. Conclusion: In this study, we report the most significant changes that we observed and discuss their potential implication in the obesity condition.


A key plant species (Senecio L.) not only is a vital multilevel functional medicinal material of indications of respiratory tract infections, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, enteritis, dysentery, but also it is a widely distributed wide plant species. This plant species is widely distributed elevation from 500m to 1500m in six landscapes in Shan County of China. However, understanding dynamics of stems moisture of the plants is difficult along elevation. Herein showed that relations between stems moisture of the species and elevation is a significant positive connection from 500m to 1000m (P<0.01) as well as relationships between stems moisture of this species to elevation is a significant negative connection from 1000m to 1500m (P<0.01). This study provides six types and eco-adaptation for finding new species. Therefore, this study has theoretical and practical significance for plants protection along elevation and environmental gradient over the spatial-temporal-environmental-disturbance scales (STEDS) in the multilevel green space diversity.


A survey of agricultural price and trade policy instruments of Central European countries since the beginning of economic transition indicates several similar patterns of instrument choice among the transition economies. We find that the common pattern of agricultural policy choices in Central European countries mirrors many important features of the Western European experience. In addition, we also find that free trade associations and international agreements have and will increasingly limit the set of agricultural price and trade policy instruments available to governments.


Several authors have proposed studying randomly forced turbulent flows (e.g., E. A. Novikov,Soviet Physics JETP,20(5), 1290 1965). More recently, theoretical investigations (e.g., renormalization group) have focused on white-noise forced Navier?Stokes equations (V. Yakhot and S. A. Orszag,J. Sci. Comput.1(1), 3 1986). The present article aims to provide an appropriate numerical method for the simulation of randomly forced turbulent systems. The spatial discretization is based on the classical Fourier spectral method. The time integration is performed by a second-order Runge?Kutta scheme. The consistency of an extension of this scheme to treat additive noise stochastic differential equations is proved. The random number generator is based on lagged Fibonacci series. Results are presented for two randomly forced problems: the Burgers and the incompressible Navier?Stokes equations with a white-noise in time forcing term characterized by a power-law correlation function in spectral space. A variety of statistics are computed for both problems, including the structure functions. The third-order structure functions are compared with their exact expressions in the inertial subrange. The influence of the dissipation mechanism (viscous or hyperviscous) on the inertial subrange is discussed. In particular, probability density functions of velocity increments are computed for the Navier?Stokes simulation. Finally, for both Burgers and Navier?Stokes problems, our results support the view that random sweeping is the dominant effect of the large-scale motion on the small-scales.


AbstractHuman-system interaction may be improved by using proactive systems that detect, measure, and assess a user's cognitive state in real time via diagnostic neurophysiological sensors and appropriate classification methods. The electroencephalography (EEG) task engagement index (TEI), a ratio of EEG power bands (beta/(alpha + theta)), may be used to track how cognitively engaged a person is in a task. In the present study, we performed statistical tests of significance on task engagement indices computed from EEG recorded from six healthy participants who performed five separate cognitive tasks. For all participants, we found a statistically significant difference in task engagement indices between the five cognitive tasks. Also, we used task engagement indices as inputs to support vector machines (SVMs) to allow identification and offline classification of cognitive engagement. We designed six separate multiclass SVMs to classify five cognitive tasks for the participants. The average classification ...


Sand transport rates were measured using a vertical sand trap along the intertidal zone of a beach in North Devon, England, together with simultaneous monitoring of the wind speed on the beach and moisture levels in the surface layers of sand. The results of 88 sand trap samples in a wide range of wind speeds showed that moisture levels up to 14%, in the top 1–2 mm of the beach sand, have no discernible effect on the transport rates. Transport rates measured from areas of the beach where the moisture was below this level are compared with the rates predicted by seven expressions based on theoretical and wind tunnel research together with the empirical results of other published research. Measured transport rates range from 0.0001 to 0.22 kg m-1 s-1. The results indicate that expressions based on a power relation between the wind speed and the transport rate, and which include a threshold velocity term, provide the best estimates of the observed transport rates.


HPLC size exclusion chromatography experiments showed that during inactivation at 40-70 degrees C of the extracellular proteinase from Pseudomonas fluorescens 22F small molecular mass fragments were formed, indicating that autoproteolysis was at least one of the major causes of inactivation. The formation of small molecular mass fragments and the reaction order indicated that intermolecular autoproteolysis was more likely than intramolecular autodigestion. This was confirmed by computer simulations. The rate constants and the activation enthalpy (delta H++) and entropy (delta S++) for the reactions of the intermolecular autoproteolysis model were derived from computer simulations. delta H++ and delta S++ of the unfolding reaction were 504 kJ mol-1 and 1252 J mol K-1 respectively. delta H++ and delta S++ of the refolding reaction were strongly temperature dependent. The estimates for the enthalpy (delta H0) and entropy (delta S0) difference between the folded and unfolded state as derived from the reaction rate constants of unfolding and refolding were subject to large deviations, owing to accumulation of errors in the estimation of the kinetic characteristics.


The multiple injury of the mandible was modeled experimentally in 27 adult mongrel dogs with subsequent fixation using a device for transosseous osteosynthesis. The special features of soft tissue hemodynamics in the injury zone and contralateral symmetrical part were studied. It has been determined that the unidirectional changes in functional properties of the arterial bed vessels occur under the conditions created, and these changes are more marked on the injury side and characterized by vasodilatation. Circulation in the injury zone doesn't recover by the end of fixation. Performing the measures directed for the improvement of vascular elastotonic properties during mandibular fracture treatment will allow to decrease the degree of hemodynamics disorders in paraosseous tissues, as well as will have a positive effect on a final clinical outcome.


Object recognition systems have shown great progress over recent years. However, creating object representations that are robust to changes in viewpoint while capturing local visual details continues to be a challenge. In particular, recent convolutional architectures employ spatial pooling to achieve scale and shift invariances, but they are still sensitive to out-of-plane rotations. In this paper, we formulate a probabilistic framework for analyzing the performance of pooling. This framework suggests two directions for improvement. First, we apply multiple scales of filters coupled with different pooling granularities, and second we make use of color as an additional pooling domain, thereby reducing the sensitivity to spatial deformations. We evaluate our algorithm on the object instance recognition task using two independent publicly available RGB-D datasets, and demonstrate significant improvements over the current state-of-the-art. In addition, we present a new dataset for industrial objects to further validate the effectiveness of our approach versus other state-of-the-art approaches for object recognition using RGB-D data.


With the recent upsurge in experimental efforts toward fabrication of short-channel graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) for analog and high-frequency RF applications-where the advantages of distinctive intrinsic properties of gapless graphene are expected to be leveraged-a critical understanding of the factors affecting both output and transfer characteristics is necessary for device optimization. Analyzing the device characteristics through ballistic electronic transport simulations within the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism, we show that a doping in the drain underlap region can significantly improve the quasi-saturation behavior in the GFET output characteristics and, hence, the output resistance and intrinsic gain. From this understanding, we provide a unified and coherent explanation for seemingly disparate phenomena-quasi-saturation and the recently reported three-terminal negative differential resistance in GFETs. We also investigate the scaling behavior of cutoff frequency and comment on some of the observed scaling trends in recent experiments.


The EU Water Framework Directive clearly integrates economics into water management and policy making, and economics is to have a decisive role in the development of the programme of measures and the new river basin management plans. This paper provides a brief overview of the contribution of the EU GENESIS project with the application of different economic or hydro-economic methods and approaches for analyzing and/or selecting sustainable cost-efficient measures and management strategies to achieve a good quantitative and chemical groundwater status in six selected case studies across Europe that differ in their physical settings, drivers, pressures, impacts, and management and policy issues. Three main economic approaches have been employed: hydro-economic modelling combining simulation and optimization techniques, non-market valuation (choice experiment) and econometric analysis to derive relevant policy insight from specific surveys in the area. The Bayesian network technique was also tested to assess the impacts of several polices for integrated multiobjective groundwater management. Given that any feasible policy has to be designed considering the conditions of the legal and institutional framework, a in-depth analysis of the legal and institutional conditions was


A 45-year-old male patient presented with paralysis of slow onset in the right forearm and hand muscles. Electromyographic assessment revealed severe denervation in the muscles innerved by the posterior interosseous nerve. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a tumoral mass compressing the nerve. The patient underwent surgical excision with an initial diagnosis of lipoma. Surgical exploration and a biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. Active wrist movements and digital extension were possible after three weeks and the patient resumed full strength six weeks after the operation.


Bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis was used during the past six years for palliative treatment of 34 children with complex cardiac disease with a low pulmonary blood flow and a functional common ventricle. The age at the time of operation was 5 months to 16 years (median 55 months). Two children (5.9%) died soon after operation and one patient died in conjunction with reoperation seven months later. After operation a significant increase of saturation and decrease of the haematocrit occurred in all patients. The condition of 31 patients during an out-patient check-up 2-64 months after operation was satisfactory and postoperative examinations revealed a satisfactory function of the anastomosis.


BACKGROUND
This study investigates the association between self-rated health and the time spent in sedentary behavior (SB), low light-intensity physical activity (LLPA), high light-intensity physical activity (HLPA), and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), by controlling for demographics, socioeconomic status, and chronic diseases.

METHODS
A total of 1665 participants (55% women) completed a questionnaire about demographics, chronic diseases, and anthropometric characteristics and provided objective physical activity data on time in SB, LLPA, HLPA, and MVPA, using an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer. Association between self-rated health and activity data was explored in a compositional data analysis.

RESULTS
The multinomial logistic regression analysis showed a significantly lower time spent in MVPA in proportion to time in other movement behaviors (SB, LLPA, and HLPA) for participants who rated their health as alright or poor compared with excellent (P < .001). Participants with poor, compared with excellent health, spent about a third of the time in MVPA (17 vs 50 min), marginally higher time in HLPA (134 vs 125 min), more time in LLPA (324 vs 300 min), and similar time in SB (383 vs 383 min), accounting for confounders and time in other movement behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS
Promoting MVPA, as opposed to time in other movement behaviors, is suggested to be beneficial for excellent self-rated health.


To grasp meltwater chemistry and geochemical processes influencing hydrogeochemistry, major ion chemistry of the glacial lake Satopanth Tal was carried out to provide relevant details on the dissolved ions sources, weathering, and hydrogeochemical processes as well as anthropogenic activities taking place throughout the lake setting. Twenty-one surficial water samples were collected and 12 different physicochemical parameters were analyzed to understand the hydrogeochemistry of the study area. The mean pH value was estimated to be 6.9 in the lake water, which indicates a marginally acidic. The ionic contribution through the organic matter decomposition has been indicated by the observation of dominancy of the total anions over the total cations. The most abundant anion was Cl− in Satopanth Tal, while Ca2+ and Mg2+ were significant cations in the water. The high ratios of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/TZ+, (Ca2+ + Mg2+)/(Na+ + K+), HCO3̶/(Ca2+ + Mg2+), and the higher Ca+/ Na+, Mg+/ Na+ and HCO3̶/ Na+ ratio indicate the supremacy of the weathering of carbonate as a significant source of dissolved ions in the study area's lake water. The lower equivalent ratios of Na+/Cl− and K+/Cl− are measured and substantially comparable results are observed that have been expected from the Gibbs plot and the stable isotope analysis suggests a reasonably significant contribution to the chemical composition of the Satopanth Tal water by these ions from atmospheric precipitation. The correlation and factor analysis show that water chemistry at Satopanth Tal is primarily influenced by weathering processes such as weathering of carbonate and silicate, pyrite oxidation.


The heat storage technology can improve the performance of a solar thermal utilization system effectively. This work studied the effect of phase-change materials (PCMs) on thermal stratification in a heat storage tank. A 60 l sodium acetate trihydrate heat storage tank with 331.15 K phase-change temperature was designed and fabricated. A mathematical model was built to simulate the discharge process in the water tank, and the temperature distribution during the discharge process was obtained. The computational fluid dynamics model was verified by the experimental data. Furthermore, the Ri, the fill efficiency, and the MIX number were adopted to extensively analyze the performance of a heat storage tank with different positions of PCMs with the variation of flow rates. The results indicated that the distance between the isothermal surfaces of 303.15 K and 348.15 K in PCM1, PCM2, PCM3, and PCM4 were 11.75 cm, 11.13 cm, 10.52 cm, and 9.28 cm, respectively, with 9 l/min of flow velocity when t* = 0.7, showing that the thermal stratification was improved as the position of the PCMs got closer to the inlet. The PCMs' half-life (the liquefaction rate reached 50%) was prolonged as the inlet flow rates increased. As the flow rate increased from 1 l/min to 5 l/min, the half-life of PCM4 delayed from a dimensionless time of 0.5 to a dimensionless time of 0.9. Moreover, when the flow velocity was 9 L/min, the liquefaction rate of PCM4 remained at 1. The calculated values of fill efficiency and Richardson number were higher than the experimental data slightly, while the MIX number was smaller than the experimental results. The experimental and calculated values of root mean square error (RMSE) increased with the increasing inlet flow velocity and the lowering of the positions of the PCMs.


Background: The aberrant methylation included hypermethylation and hypomethylation plays significant role in the progression of many kind of cancers but poorly investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: GSE123781 and GSE87053 were used to identify the differential methylation regions (DMRs) by R software. the targeted genes regulated by DMRs were predicted by wANNOVAR. The biological process, cellular component, molecular function and cell pathways of common targeted genes between GSE123781 and GSE87053 were analyzed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway (KEGG) enrichment analysis. The hub genes in common targeted genes both associated with cancer biological process and cancer cell pathways were identified by protein to protein interaction network (PPI). Finally, the expression level of hub genes and correspondence relationship with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient survival were confirmed by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Results: There are 372 common targeted genes regulated by DMRs between GSE123781 and GSE87053 and RUNX family transcript factor 1 (RUNX1), phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 (PIK3R1), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma (PIK3CG), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta (PIK3CD), laminin subunit beta 1 (LAMB1), integrin subunit alpha M (ITGAM), interleukin 2 receptor subunit alpha (IL2RA), interleukin 10 (IL10), FYN proto-oncogene, Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN), cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CCR1) are hub genes in common targeted genes. Furthermore, RUNX1, PIK3R1, PIK3CD, LAMB1, ITGAM, IL2RA, IL10, FYN, CHRM1 and CCR1 differentially expressed in HNSCC tissues and the overexpressed genes PIK3CD, LAMB1 and IL10 could lead to the decrease of HNSCC patient survival. Conclusions: PIK3CD, LAMB1 and IL10 both differentially expressed and regulated by DMRs are quite associated with the progression of OSCC and the survival of HNSCC patients, which has much potential to be new biomarkers in targeted therapy of OSCC.


Background: Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common human pathogen causing community-ac-quired pneumonia. There is little information on the recent antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of S. pneumoniae in Busan and Gyeongnam of Korea. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae at 4 university hospitals in Busan and Gyeongnam. Methods: We collected and analyzed the antimicrobial susceptibility results of 850 S. pneumoniae strains isolated from regional 4 university hospitals during the last 2 years from July 2013 through June 2015. Results: Among 850 S. pneumoniae strains, 635 strains were isolated from respiratory specimens, fol-lowed by blood (N=121), CSF (N=13), and others (N=81). Antimicrobial susceptibility rates to penicillin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone were 79.4%, 76.6% and 83.6%, respectively. The resistant rates to erythromycin and clindamycin were 80.9% and 68.2%, respectively. The resistant rates to levofloxacin were 9.2%. There were some differences in resistant rates by age groups, years, and specimen types. Conclusion: We found the changes of antimicrobial resistance of S. pneumoniae during the last 2 years. It is necessary to monitor the antimicrobial susceptibility of S. pneumoniae regularly for empirical therapy and for early detection of the changes of resistance. (Ann Clin Microbiol 2016;19:48-53)


The elimination of mixed errors is a key preprocessing technology for the area of digital elevation model data analysis, which is important for further applying data. We associated group sparsity with the low-rank uniqueness of local transformations of mixing errors to effectively remove mixing errors in data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 1 (SRTM 1) based on the sparseness of low-rank groups. First, the stripe-error structure that appeared globally in multiple directions was able to be better represented locally using group-sparse regularization and the uniqueness of the data in the low-rank direction of the local range and using variational ideas to constrain the gradient direction of the data to avoid redundant elimination. Second, the nonlocal self-similarity of the weighted kernel norm was used to remove random noise. Finally, the proposed model for eliminating mixed errors was solved using an algorithm based on the multiplier method of alternating direction. Experiments using simulated and real data found that the proposed low-rank group-sparse method (LRGS) eliminated mixed errors in both visual and quantitative evaluations better than the most recent processing methods and existing dataset products.


Permanent magnet synchronous machines are well suited for hybrid electric vehicles due to their unique merits. However they have two major drawbacks i.e. high cost and small speed range. In this paper an optimal design of a permanent magnet machine is presented. A reduction of permanent magnet material for a constant torque and an extension in speed and torque ranges are chosen as the optimization aims. For this purpose the analytical model of the permanent magnet synchronous machine is derived and the appropriate design algorithm is devised. The genetic algorithm is then employed to optimize some machine specifications. Finally the finite element method is used to validate the designed machine.


Frege famously argued that truth is not a property or relation. In the "Notes on Logic" Wittgenstein emphasised the bi-polarity of propositions which he called their sense. He argued that "propositions by virtue of sense cannot have predicates or relations." This led to his fundamental thought that the logical constants do not represent predicates or relations. The idea, however, has wider ramifications than that. It is not just that propositions cannot have relations to other propositions but also that they cannot have relations to anything at all. The paper explores the consequences of this insight for the way in which we should read the Tractatus. In the "Notes on Logic" the insight led to Wittgenstein's emphasis on "facts" in any attempt to understand the nature of symbolism. This emphasis is continued in the Tractatus. It is central to his view that propositions are facts which picture facts which prevent us from construing such picturing as a relation between what pictures and what is pictured. It illuminates the importance of context principle with regard to the distinction between showing and saying to which Wittgenstein attached so much importance and it underlies the non-relational view of psychological propositions which he advocates. Finally, if propositions by virtue of sense cannot have predicates or relations the paradox at the end of a work which consist largely of propositions about propositions becomes intelligible.


The relationship between the saccharide chain on the endothelial cell surface and the permeability of intracerebral blood vessels has been studied. In the present study, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was perfused into capillaries in the area postrema of the normal Mongolian gerbil, where the blood brain barrier (BBB) is known to lack, and into intracerebral blood vessels, the BBB of which had been destroyed by experimentally induced brain ischemia. The light microscopic features of the sections from WGA-perfused brain tissues of the normal gerbil revealed that most of the blood vessels, including capillaries in the brain parenchyma, showed positive findings (the reaction induced a very distinct staining of the vascular wall) from which the course and structure of the fine vessels could be determined. The reaction to WGA on the diaphragma fenestra (DF) in capillaries in the area postrema was relatively weak, and DF without the reaction were occasionally revealed by electron microscopy. The gerbil, in which cerebral ischemia had been induced, also showed partial defect of the reaction with WGA on the luminal side of the endothelial cells. The results of the present experiment suggest some degree of correlation between the saccharide chains, including the specific monosaccharide of WGA, on the endothelial cell surface and permeability. It was considered that lectin can be used as an index for morphological observations, suggesting an alteration in function of the endothelial cell membrane. In addition, the perfusion method in this experiment suggested the possibility of distinguishing pinocytotic vesicles from pits of cell membranes.


Volume 6, no. 5, e01491-15, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01491-15. Influenza viruses A, B, and C were inadvertently labeled "no target" in Table S1 in the supplemental material. The revised table indicates that these viruses are targeted by the VirCapSeq-VERT probe set. The file for Table S1 has been replaced online. Published 16 May 2017 Citation Briese T, Kapoor A, Mishra N, Jain K, Kumar A, Jabado OJ, Lipkin WI. 2017. Erratum for Briese et al., "Virome capture sequencing enables sensitive viral diagnosis and comprehensive virome analysis." mBio 8:e00615-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio .00615-17. Copyright © 2017 Briese et al. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. Address correspondence to Thomas Briese, email@example.com. ERRATUM


This paper reports about the operation of the automated and electric ParkShuttle at the Rivium Businesspark in the Netherlands. The ParkShuttles operate without a driver on a designated lane where crossing traffic is managed with barriers. The second and current generation ParkShuttles have been operating since 2005. Having been operational for over 10 years, the ParkShuttle operation may be considered 'proven technology'. The Rivium ParkShuttle is the only operational automated shuttle application without a steward on board. In this paper we also look forward to operation on public roads in 2020.


Regardless of good hygiene and management, a significant number of dogs are lost every year due to deadly attack of parvo virus. The immunization schedules recommended by the World Small Animal Veterinary Association (WSAVA) do not have exclusive suggestions on dogs living in Bangladesh. The WSAVA Vaccination Guidelines Group (VGG) suggested that vaccination recommendations that apply to a developed country may not be appropriate for a developing country. Due to inadequate sero-monitoring, emergence and re-emergence of Parvo viral infection following immunization is a common event. Therefore, the current study is designed to establish a definite guideline for Parvo viral immunization in dogs. We immunized group of dogs with commercially available parvo virus vaccine Nobivac Dog®, and a second dose was injected 14-days following the initial dose. Sera samples were collected before starting injections and 7-day following 1st and 2nd dose of vaccinations. We performed Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) to detect protective serum IgG titer against the canine parvo virus type 2 antigen. Demographic data of the participated animals was compared to the status of antibody titer. Findings of this study revealed that two-shots of immunizations with a booster injection of 2-3 weeks apart from the primary immunization is essential to develop positive titer. The purebred female dogs of older than three-months had higher IgG when compared to local, crossbred, male and younger dogs. The results will provide valuable information to establish National Guidelines for Immunizations in Dogs of Bangladesh for effective prevention and control of this deadly disease.


An overall view of the history of electronic computing in France could be based on four major dates, each of them being a turning point for most of the organizations, companies, and people involved. Our history starts in 1947-1948. In 1947, the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) concluded a contract with the Logabax Company to build Couffignal's machine, the first electronic digital calculator designed in France. In the winter of 1947-1948, Francois-H. Raymond created the SEA (Societe d'Electronique et d'Automatisme). Meanwhile at the University of Grenoble, Jean Kuntzmann started courses in applied analysis, and a computing bureau equipped with desk calculators was established. In 1948 the management of the Compagnie des Machines Bull decided to invest in electronics. We can also mention that the same year the "Compagnie Electra-Comptable" hired its 1,OOOth employee and changed its name to IBM France. and economic' events also had their "sociological" side: in 1955, France had only a few scattered computer specialists (H. Boucher recalled, in his article to appear in a later issue), that he used to collect documents on American and British machines, and to write programs for them, without having actually seen a computer!); two years later a professional group was thriving, with its associations (AFCAL, AFRA), its publicity machine, and its journals (Automatisme and Chifies).


Background & Aims: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide, killing >730,000 people every year. Almost all gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas, which exhibit considerable heterogeneity between patients. We sought to identify subtypes of gastric adenocarcinomas that have particular biological properties and responses to cytotoxic drugs. Methods: Robust unsupervised clustering of 248 gastric tumors based on global gene expression revealed three major subtypes. We developed a classifier, GC-Class ("Gastric Cancer Classifier") for the three subtypes and validated it in a second set of 70 tumors. We then determined the distinct genomic and epigenomic properties and drug sensitivities of the subtypes. We determined drug sensitivities of primary tumors by multivariate Cox proportional hazard modeling using clinical survival data. We determined drug sensitivities in cell lines using previously reported data and high-throughput screening of 158 compounds in 23 gastric cancer cell lines. Results: There are three major subtypes of gastric adenocarcinoma: "invasive," "proliferative," and "metabolic". The subtypes show systematic differences in genomic and epigenetic characteristics and in drug response. Proliferative-subtype tumors show high genomic instability and DNA hypomethylation. Metabolic-subtype cancer cell lines are preferentially sensitive to fluorouracil, and, in two independent groups, patients with the metabolic-subtype tumors benefited significantly from fluorouracil treatment. Invasive-subtype tumors have characteristics in common with cancer stem cells, and cell lines in this subtype are particularly sensitive to PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. Conclusions: The molecular classification of gastric cancers reported here is reproducible and biologically and therapeutically meaningful, and it holds promise as a basis for selecting and developing therapies tailored to particular subtypes. Citation Format: Zengdeng Lei, Nian Tao Deng, Hermioni Zouridis, Iain Beehaut Tan, Chia Huey Ooi, Tatiana Ivanova, Shenli Zhang, Minghui Lee, Jeanie Wu, Anna Ngo, Sravanthy Manesh, Alex Boussioutas, Bin Tean Teh, Liang Kee Goh, Horst Flotow, Patrick Tan, Steven G. Rozen. Molecular subtypes of gastric cancer show systematic differences in response to PI3K inhibitors and fluorouracil. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1200. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1200


At the business meeting on April 20, 1994 it was voted that SIGARCH adopt this set of guidelines to aid program chairs on matters of policy at SIGARCH sponsored conferences (e.g., ISCA, ASPLOS, and so on). Amendments to the guidelines would be voted on at SIGARCH business meetings. There are several options in these guidelines, so the program chair will report which options were selected in the chair's message that appears in the proceedings. To ensure that the guidelines are part of a tradition that is not forgotten, ACM will include them as part of the conference proceedings of the International Symposium on Computer Architecture (and thereby appear in Computer Architecture News once a year).


Abstract Examines Dickens's influence on Mervyn Peake, taking in their respective writing styles, artistic convictions, thematic explorations of class, and representations of the city. Uses J.R.R.Tolkien to tease out affiliations between Peake and Dickens by way of contrast with a third figure. Suggests that Peake forged a vital link between Dickensian fiction and a new generation of urban fantasy authors.


The constitutional structures and traditions that promote corporatism are the main obstacles to economic dynamism and inclusion in societies. Corporatism is the cause of Argentina's "reversal of development" from the 1930s to the present. If the normative and imperative rules in Constitutions change both incentives and culture, some questions arise: how should we design Constitutional rules that promote economic dynamism? At the same time, is a bad political economy, as occurs in a corporatist economy, promoted by government officials because it allows their perpetuation in government? A corporatist economy could be the basis of a perverse political culture where utility-maximizing leaders will embark on destructive economic policies to enhance their own personal power unless they are appropriately constrained. The Argentine Constitutional economy has both poor incentives and a poor Constitutional culture, which prevent the development of both dynamism and inclusion. Strategic political considerations push rulers into bad economic policies. At the same time, a strong corporate culture favours the resulting mix of authoritarianism, stagnation and social exclusion.