This study investigated whether there was an increase in submissions to scholarly journals in Korea according to journals' field and indexation status in Scopus or Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) in 2020, the year when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic first spread throughout the world. The analysis included 60 journals with esubmission systems operated by M2PI. Yearly and monthly submissions were counted from 2016 to 2020. The yearly proportional change was also calculated. In 2020, submissions soared for medical journals indexed in Scopus/SCIE (49.5%), corresponding to an increase of 36.9% relative to the expected number of submissions. There was also a surge of submissions to these journals from March to July 2020. However, non-medical journals and medical journals not indexed in Scopus/SCIE did not show an increase in submissions. The number of submissions to scholarly journals in Korea was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in a specific subset of journals. The background of the spike in submissions is required to be re-investigated. Editors' burden also should be mitigated through editorial board members' help and publishers' support.


The EPAQ Scales, which measure positive and negative attributes of instrumentality (agency) and expressiveness (communion), were administered along with the Tedium Scale to a random sample of social service managers (n = 245). The strongest correlate of job burnout (tedium) was self-reported passive-aggressiveness, while the interaction of high instrumentality and high expressiveness was associated with lower burnout. The balance of agency and communion measured in persons and their congruence with organizational values in specific occupational environmental contexts (e.g., the social service agency) is proposed as a model for concurrent and longitudinal research studies of tedium and burnout.


We study the shrinking of solitons in the original (2 + 1)-dimensional sigma model. We show that the rate of this shrinking for a single soliton can be estimated analytically. We perform numerical simulations and show that the time dependence of the shrinking of a single soliton is described by a power law.


Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have evolved from a revolutionary concept to widely applied catalysts. We recently reported the ring-expanded N-heterocyclic carbene supported copper(I) boryliminomethanide, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin and noted it reacted with heterocumulenes in a fashion reminiscent of FLPs. We thus set out to explore its reactivity with a range of other substrates known to react with FLPs. This was undertaken by a series of synthetic studies using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray crystallography. (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin was investigated for its reactivity towards water, hydrogen, and phenylacetylene. Its solution stability was also explored. Upon heating, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin decomposed to (6-Dipp)CuCN, which was characterised by SC-XRD and NMR spectroscopy, and pinBtBu. Although no reaction was observed with hydrogen, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin reacted with water to form (6-Dipp)CuC(=N(H)tBu)B(OH)pin, which was structurally characterised. In contrast to its FLP-reminiscent heterolytic cleavage reactivity towards water, (6-Dipp)CuC(=NtBu)Bpin acted as a Brønsted base towards phenyl acetylene generating (6-Dipp)CuCCPh, which was characterised by SC-XRD, IR, and NMR spectroscopy, and HC(=NtBu)Bpin


As a step toward understanding 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria, for which smooth solutions may not exist, we develop a simple cylindrical model to investigate the resistive stability of MHD equilibria with alternating regions of constant and nonuniform pressure, producing states with continuous total pressure (i.e., no singular current sheets) but discontinuities in the parallel current density. We examine how the resistive stability characteristics of the model change as we increase the localization of pressure gradients at fixed radii, which approaches a discontinuous pressure profile in the zero-width limit. Equilibria with continuous pressure are found to be unstable to moderate/high-m modes and apparently tend toward ideal instability in some cases. We propose that additional geometric degrees of freedom or symmetry breaking via island formation may increase the parameter space on which equilibria of our model are physically realizable, while preserving the radial localization of pressure gradients. This is consistent with the possibility of realizing, in practice, 3D MHD equilibria which support both continuously nested flux surfaces (where ∇p ≠ 0) and chaotic field regions (where ∇p = 0).As a step toward understanding 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibria, for which smooth solutions may not exist, we develop a simple cylindrical model to investigate the resistive stability of MHD equilibria with alternating regions of constant and nonuniform pressure, producing states with continuous total pressure (i.e., no singular current sheets) but discontinuities in the parallel current density. We examine how the resistive stability characteristics of the model change as we increase the localization of pressure gradients at fixed radii, which approaches a discontinuous pressure profile in the zero-width limit. Equilibria with continuous pressure are found to be unstable to moderate/high-m modes and apparently tend toward ideal instability in some cases. We propose that additional geometric degrees of freedom or symmetry breaking via island formation may increase the parameter space on which equilibria of our model are physically realizable, while preserving the radial localization of pressure gra...


The article is devoted to topical problems of labor rationing in organizations of the real sector of the economy. First, the author reveals the meaning and essence of labor rationing, gives a retrospective of approaches to labor rationing, clarifies the concept and content of intra-organizational labor rationing in modern conditions. Taking into account the possibilities of using modern information and communication technologies in the organization of labor rationing, due attention is not paid. In this regard, the leading organizations of various types of activities of the Altai Territory studied the features and modern problems of intra-organizational regulation of labor. The provision of the staff and the conditions for training specialists — work rate setters in organizations, the used normative reference books, the applied methods of work rate setting, assessed the quality level of the current labor standards. The author has systematized traditional and modern domestic and foreign methods of microelement rationing of labor. Based on the results of the study, the author presents specific recommendations for building a microelement regulatory framework for an organization in the context of digitalization. Among them deserve the greatest interest, according to the author, specific automated systems and programs for the rationing of labor, as well as the graphic-analytical method and the Gauss method.


Tape springs, defined as thin metallic strips with an initially curved cross section, are an attractive structural solution and hinge mechanism for small satellite deployable structures due to their low mass, low cost, and general simplicity. When mounted at skewed angles to the hinge line, the tapes can be subjected to complex folds involving both bending and twisting of the tape. These folds have been experimentally investigated and theories have been developed to model the resulting opening moment. However, the opening moments of these theories are not equivalent to the opening moment about the hinge line, which is the parameter required in satellite deployment applications. This paper derives a method to determine the hinge moment from the previous theories and compares the theoretical predictions with experimental and finite element results. It uses this model to investigate the predicted hinge moment trends for full deployments of 180°. The model is then applied to a practical spacecraft hinge appli...


We have imposed steady DC electric fields over developing gastrula and neurula stage axolotls, Ambystoma mexicanum. These applied voltages were meant to confound cues provided by endogenous currents and fields that we have measured and believe to be controls of pattern and morphogenesis during early development. Applied voltages in the physiological range (25–75 mV/mm) cause severe disruption of development when imposed over neurulae whose orientation within the field is random or fixed. In the latter case, developmental defects are more likely to occur at that end of the neurula (rostral or caudal) that faces the cathode, or negative pole, of the applied field. In neurulae whose orientation within the field was fixed, the lowest magnitude producing developmental abnormality was between 5 and 25 mV/mm. Physiological measurement of the embryonic transepithelial potential (TEP) when perturbed by artificially applied voltages demonstrates that ectoderm facing the cathode is hyperpolarized, while ectoderm facing the anode is depolarized at all fields strengths tested. These data show that the electrical polarity of embryonic ectoderm is predictably disrupted by applied voltages. Though applied voltages exert this same effect on the ectoderm of gastrulae, exposure only during gastrulation does not lead to developmental abnormality. This observation demonstrates that the applied electric field does not harm the embryo in some non-specific way and further emphasizes the stages of neurulation as those most sensitive to artificially applied or endogenous voltages. These data strongly support the notion the polarized natural voltages within amphibian embryos are controls of their emerging pattern. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.


This paper presents the results of the characterization of solid debris collected from the coolant during the Severe Fuel Damage Scoping Test and the Severe Fuel Damage Test 1-1 conducted in PBF. A variety of analytical techniques was used to characterize the debris samples. Fission product release fractions and particle size distributions were measured, and the probable chemical forms in the debris were identified.


In this paper, we propose a new transparent built-in self-test (TBIST) method to test multiple embedded memory arrays with various sizes in parallel. First, a new transparent test interface is designed to perform testing in the normal mode and to cope with nested interrupts in a realtime manner. The circular scan test interface facilitates the processes of both test pattern generation and signature analysis. By tolerating redundant read/write/shift operations, we develop a new march algorithm called TRSMarch to achieve the goals of low hardware overhead, short test time, and high fault coverage.


The present study is a literature review that emphasizes the necessity of developing measure for child`s early numeracy skills. First of all, the present study searched for evidences of effects of early identification and intervention through the literature review. Even though early identification of child with learning disabilities brings about very complex issues, we stress the need of early identification for at-risk children in mathematical learning. Since mathematical skills are generally developed hierarchically, deficits in informal math knowledge may cause problems in formal math knowledge in school. Thus, for early identification of at-risk children in mathematics, informal knowledge, such as number sense, need to be examined, and investigate normal development pattern. This work is to be the foundation for admitting the importance of early identification in early numeracy, and to be the step forward in developing a standard measure for children with difficulties in mathematical areas.


Since local contrast enhancement is not sufficient for a detailed visibility of an image, global enhancement also cannot be neglected. Among the global contrast enhancement methods, the automatic enhancement method like Global Histogram Equalization is not always desirable to utilize it for some images that some portions are overexposure and some portions are underexposure and no user's choice is available. And for other global enhancement methods, when the number of user defined parameters are more, more number of different choices are available and the enhancement level can be adjusted more accurately. However, the user's convenience is less when more number of user defined parameters. For the sake of user's convenience, the semi-automatic contrast enhancement method using single user defined parameter works better for some images.


Jurassic tetrapod fossils are known from all of the continents, and their distribution documents a critical paleobiogeographic juncture in tetrapod evolution – the change from cosmopolitan Pangean tetrapod faunas to the provincialized faunas that characterize the late Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Two global tetrapod biochronological units (faunachrons) have been named for the Early Jurassic – Wassonian and Dawan – and reflect some Early Jurassic tetrapod cosmopolitanism. However, after the Dawan, a scattered and poorly-dated Middle Jurassic tetrapod record and a much better understood Upper Jurassic tetrapod record indicate that significant provincialization of the global tetrapod fauna had begun. Middle Jurassic tetrapod assemblages include distinct local genera of sauropod dinosaurs, which are large, mobile terrestrial tetrapods, and this suggests marked provinciality by Bajocian time. The obvious provincialism of well known Chinese Middle-Upper Jurassic dinosaur faunas also documents the end of tetrapod cosmopolitanism. The distribution of some Late Jurassic dinosaur taxa defines a province that extended from the western USA through Europe into eastern Africa. Provincial tetrapod biochronologies have already been proposed for this province and for the separate eastern Asian Late Jurassic province. Tetrapod footprints only identify two global assemblage zones, one of Early Jurassic and the other of Middle-Late Jurassic age. The incomplete state of Jurassic tetrapod biochronology reflects both an inadequate record with poor temporal constraints and a relative lack of study of the biostratigraphy of Jurassic fossil vertebrates.


The author injected [1-14C]arachidonic acid into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye, and its metabolism was studied in vivo in the various eye tissues. Incorporation of the radioisotope was analyzed in individual phospholipids and neutral lipids, and its conversion to oxygenated metabolites was evaluated in the three corneal layers and the aqueous humor, iris-ciliary body, lens, vitreous, and "rest of eye." Three hours after injection, 30% of the label was in corneal stroma and 25% in iris-ciliary bodies. The posterior part of the eye retained 40%, and the remainder was distributed unequally throughout other eye tissues. A major portion of the label was located in membrane lipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and triacylglycerols, with the exception of the lens and vitreous where 45% of the labeled arachidonic acid was free. Two hours after a cryogenic lesion had been applied to the cornea (prelabeled with [1-14C]arachidonic acid), there was an increase in cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase products in the aqueous humor with a concomitant increase in the iris-ciliary bodies and decrease in the corneal stroma. When animals were pretreated with indomethacin, formation of cyclooxygenase products was inhibited in various eye tissues, and 5-HETE increased in stroma. These results suggest that a cryogenic injury to the cornea not only affects the immediate site of injury but also elicits a response from other eye tissues, and that the arachidonic acid metabolites appearing in the aqueous humor are a result of the response from several tissues (including the corneal stroma) to the injury.


Background First-line surveillance on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected populations with B-mode ultrasound is relatively limited to identifying hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) without elevated α-fetoprotein (AFP). To improve the present HCC surveillance strategy, the state of the art of artificial intelligence (AI), a deep learning (DL) approach, is proposed to assist in the diagnosis of a focal liver lesion (FLL) in HBV-infected liver background. Methods Our proposed deep learning model was based on B-mode ultrasound images of surgery that proved 209 HCC and 198 focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) cases with 413 lesions. The model cohort and test cohort were set at a ratio of 3:1, in which the test cohort was composed of AFP-negative HBV-infected cases. Four additional deep learning models (MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3) were also constructed as comparative baselines. To evaluate the models in terms of diagnostic power, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, confusion matrix, F1-score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated in the test cohort. Results The AUC of our model, Xception, achieved 93.68% in the test cohort, superior to other baselines (89.06%, 85.67%, 83.94%, and 78.13% respectively for MobileNet, Resnet50, DenseNet121, and InceptionV3). In terms of diagnostic power, our model showed sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and F1-score of 96.08%, 76.92%, 86.41%, and 87.50%, respectively, and PPV, NPV, FPR, and FNR calculated from the confusion matrix were respectively 80.33%, 95.24%, 23.08%, and 3.92% in identifying AFP-negative HCC from HBV-infected FLL cases. Satisfactory robustness of our proposed model was shown based on 5-fold cross-validation performed among the models above. Conclusions Our DL approach has great potential to assist B-mode ultrasound in identifying AFP-negative HCC from FLL found in surveillance of HBV-infected patients.


Association of bone and soft tissues hypertrophy, cutaneous haemangioma and superficial varicosity classically form the Klippel-Trenaunary-Weber syndrome. One case was diagnosed in a 12-year-old patient, admitted for a right lower limb congenital oedema. The goal of this study is to attract clinicians' attention upon this rare affliction with a difficult diagnosis and treatment. Clincally generalised oedema of the right limb was associated with voluminous superficial varicsity. A thrill was present at the internal side of the thigh, with a systolic murmur, indicating an arteriovenous fistula. Phlebography showed dilatation of deep venous network, compressin of the right superficial fermoral vein and doubling left deep femoral vein. Muscular echography revealed the presence of a compressing mass of tissues at the thigh level, which motivated the surgical procedure. It was a muscle in abnormal position trappng the deep vein, which was freed after muscle resection. The patient died 4 days post operatively, from massive pulmonary embolism. Diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaury-Weber syndrome must be considered when facing any congenital lower limb hypertrophy. Phlebography showing deep vascular lesions is an essential method of diagnosis. When surgical treatment is considered, the prevention of thromboembolic complications has to be instituted.


Community Question Answering (CQA) is a well-defined task that can be used in many scenarios, such as E-Commerce and online user community for special interests. In these communities, users can post articles, give comment, raise a question and answer it. These data form the heterogeneous information sources where each information source have their own special structure and context (comments attached to an article or related question with answers). Most of the CQA methods only incorporate articles or Wikipedia to extract knowledge and answer the user's question. However, various types of information sources in the community are not fully explored by these CQA methods and these multiple information sources (MIS) can provide more related knowledge to user's questions. Thus, we propose a question-aware heterogeneous graph transformer to incorporate the MIS in the user community to automatically generate the answer. To evaluate our proposed method, we conduct the experiments on two datasets: $\textMSM ^\textplus $ the modified version of benchmark dataset MS-MARCO and the AntQA dataset which is the first large-scale CQA dataset with four types of MIS. Extensive experiments on two datasets show that our model outperforms all the baselines in terms of all the metrics.


With the launch of the NASA Kepler spacecraft, the number of solar-like stars for which there are high-precision photometric observations available has increased considerably. In order to analyse the data from a large number of stars in a reasonable amount of time, automated pipelines are desirable. Here we present an extension of the OCTAVE (Birmingham–Sheffield Hallam) pipeline, which has been developed as part of the AsteroFLAG collaboration. While the first parts of the pipeline extracted overall oscillation parameters of the stars, here we present a significant extension to that pipeline designed in order to extract individual mode frequencies and amplitudes. The pipeline also attempts to label the detected modes by straightening and then identifying the ridges within the echelle diagrams in an automated manner. Tests have been performed on artificial stars and the pipeline is shown to return estimates of the mode frequencies that are in line with the input parameters. There does appear to be some positive bias in the returned value of the mode amplitudes which must be accounted for when employing the pipeline for real data.


Field development planning activities involve decisions that entail multi-billion-dollar investments. Making right design choices is crucial to the techno-economic success of the project. In this paper we demonstrate how state-of-the-art numerical model-based optimization techniques can support asset teams in this complex decision-making process.
 Optimization of real-life field development cases can be computationally very demanding due to the cost of running large amounts of large-scale reservoir simulations, the large number of variables to be optimized and the necessity of accounting for uncertainties, among other reasons. In this work we employ TNO's EVEReST optimization technology leveraging the StoSAG stochastic gradient-based method to achieve optimized solutions in computationally efficient manner. Besides its computational attractiveness, the StoSAG method also renders the optimization framework flexible to be customized to any specific optimization problem, e.g., optimization of any type of field development decisions, coupling to any industry-standard reservoir simulators and handling any type of objective and constraint functions.
 The optimization framework has been used to optimize the expansion of the development plan of a large field in the Middle East, in particular to support decisions concerning the drilling of (up to) 38 new wells and the upgrading of surface facilities to accommodate incremental production. The challenge is posed by the field being comprised of multiple carbonate reservoirs for which multiple types of decisions need to be optimized, often simultaneously i.e. well target locations, trajectory design features, number and type of wells and their distribution across the different reservoirs as well as the drilling sequence. An economic objective function was used with the operational constraints per reservoir accounted for within the framework.
 Optimization found non-trivial optimal solutions resulting in significant improvements in the economic objective. The optimal strategy revealed improved distribution of wells (and types) among the reservoirs, more suitable drilling order and superior well locations and trajectories compared to the initial strategy. Optimization found well locations and trajectories taking into account complex local well interaction in already densely populated reservoirs with wells. The optimized solutions were benchmarked against the development plan designed by the asset team, and the comparison of strategies confirmed the added value of numerical optimization as a tool to expedite the search of improved development strategies. The nature of the employed optimization method allowed optimized solutions to be achieved with a reduced number of reservoir simulations, which was crucial for the success of this study due to the time-consuming reservoir simulations involved. This showcases the computational advantage of the optimization method and highlights EVEReST as an enabler technology for optimization under uncertainty, where an ensemble of large-scale models is to be considered and the number of required reservoir simulations tends to be even larger.


CASE REPORT
A 60-year-old female patient underwent craniotomy for a cerebral lesion in the frontoparietal lobe. Histologically, it turned out to be a metastasis from an adenocarcinoma. The primary tumor was found in the upper lobe of the left lung. The patient had whole brain radiation therapy only, the lung tumor was not treated. 4 years later, she presented with enlarged cervical lymph nodes. A biopsy showed dilated sinuses filled with histiocytes, but no tumor cells. The diagnosis of sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy was made (Rosai-Dorfman's disease). Without any treatment, the swelling resolved completely a few weeks later. Similar episodes were observed several times in the following years. The patient died more than 7 years after the diagnosis of a metastasizing lung cancer due to pneumonia.

CONCLUSION
In a patient with a pulmonary neoplasm and suspected supraclavicular lymph node spread, Rosai-Dorfman's syndrome should be considered as a rare differential diagnosis.


A host of recent investigations and new theoretical models have advanced our understanding of the neural underpinnings of speech and language in humans. The application of positron emission tomography (PET) techniques to the investigation of language has provided corroborating evidence regarding the role of left hemisphere structures previously associated with language, together with some intriguing new findings. Innovative ideas regarding the ontogeny of language have come from studies of deaf infants who appear to babble with signs in much the same way that hearing infants babble vocally. A number of investigators have focused on the controversial syndrome known as progressive aphasia, and new evidence has supported the importance of this syndrome from both diagnostic (e.g. providing clues regarding neuropathology) and scientific (e.g. yielding information about the organization of lexical access structures in left temporal lobe) perspectives.


The production of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in Argentina is centered in the northwestern region (NWA), where the incidence of root rots and stem diseases caused by Fusarium spp. has increased considerably in recent years. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity levels of isolates of the F. oxysporum and F. solani complexes in different varieties of Virginia Type tobacco. The commercial varieties MB47, PVH229, NC71, K346, K326, and K394 were inoculated with six isolates of both complexes. The variables evaluated were the incidence and severity of the symptoms. The area under the disease progress curves (AUDPC) was calculated and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Also, disease epidemiological models were fitted to the experimental data. The MB47 variety was significantly less infected and the varieties K346, K326, and K394 had the highest AUDPC means, showing susceptibility to the isolates. The disease intensity curves were adequately described by the monomolecular and logistic models. The results provide, for the first time, information about the levels of tolerance to vascular wilt and root rot under controlled conditions for the main varieties of Virginia-type tobacco grown in NWA.
Highlights:

FOSC isolates produced mainly wilting, chlorosis, and growth reduction in tobacco plants; in contrast, FSSC isolates caused root rot, with characteristic necrotic lesions and root rot symptoms.
The highest DSI scores were registered for Fo27 and Fo15, while the lowest DSI score was found for Fs98.
The results obtained from the DSI scores were related to the mean AUDPC values of the isolates.
MB47 and NC71 were significantly less infected than the other varieties, which registered low AUDPC values.


Understanding the factors underlying invasive processes, such as establishment and spread, is critical to predict the occurrence and magnitude of biological invasions. In general, those factors do not only depend on the invader itself, but also on the characteristics of the invaded area. In the metapopulation theoretical framework, landscapes are approximated as networks of discrete habitat patches. These patches are nodes of a network connected by edges that represent dispersal pathways between them. Many properties can be quantified to accurately characterize spatial heterogeneity in the connectivity between patches in a network. Node centrality for instance, measures the contribution of an individual habitat patch to landscape connectivity; highly central nodes are called "hubs". By facilitating individual dispersal, those hubs can promote spread, but also decrease local establishment because of mechanisms like demographic stochasticity and Allee effects. By combining modeling and experimental approaches, we investigated how invasion dynamics are affected by the presence of hubs in a landscape. We first simulated invasions using a stochastic discrete-time metapopulation model. Then we challenged model predictions by performing experimental introductions of minute parasitoid wasps in artificial laboratory landscapes with patches characterized by different levels of centrality.


The study examined the extent of remittances to households in villages around Onigambari Forest Reserve of Oyo State. Multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select 96 respondents and data were collected with the aids of interview schedule. The data were analysis through descriptive analysis. The distribution shows that majority of the respondents were male (75.5%), above 50 years of age (55.3%), married (66%) and 79.8% engaged in farming activities. It was revealed that most (67.0%) of the respondents often received remittances once in a year. The level of receiving revealed at the end of the study that extent of remittance was low. The study concluded that remittances in this study area is not a well-recognized phenomenon in spite of the recognized advantages of a well-articulated remittance management in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that the rural household dwellers should develop a vast communication strategy with their immigrant's children, friends and relatives to ensure adequacy and frequency allocation of remittances.


Objective: The industry of healthcare contains large information, which is difficult to process by manual methods. The large data are too valuable for extracting information and forming relationship from data mining area. Analysis: The experts and experienced doctors are not also available against the large population; sometimes symptoms are also being neglected. The existing system in the medical field is not able to extract all the information and knowledge from the heart disease database. Complex query for the healthcare practitioner to analyze the heart disease is still a challenging task. Finding: This paper is presenting a novel technique like K-Means, Weighted Associative Classifier (WAC) and Prediction Tree C5.0 for analyzing the heart disease and to sort out the existing issues. The K-Means is being used for unsupervised learning cluster within WAC. Initial centroid is being selected by the K-Means, which allow the classifier to extract the record and make a prediction for analyzing the disease with C5.0 prediction tree. The combined technology of K-Means, WAC and Prediction Tree C5.0 will provide a better, integrated, and accurate result over the heart disease prediction. The projected tool is MapReduce with Hive Database in Hadoop open source framework. Hadoop is perfectly compatible for big data projects. Improvements: The approaches for developing an Intelligent System for Heart Disease Prediction with big data mining will be very advantageous by automation of the proposed system K-Means, Prediction Tree C5.0, Weighted Association Classifier (WAC).


Since the first road information board in Japan in 1966, many more have been introduced and have become an indispensable means of providing drivers with information relevant to changing transport conditions. Studies on the visibility of road information boards have been mostly based on empirical approaches. We implement a model of the human visual system to establish a more rational method of designing information boards. We report on a model focused on spatial frequency characteristics. While driving on highways, drivers may be visually stimulated by scenes consisting of a somewhat constant spatial frequency component with some specific orientations. Drivers may be subject to visual adaptation specific to the spatial frequency as well as its orientation. In order to cope with such perceptual phenomena, we simulate the human visual system with a multiple frequency channel model. The model was proposed by Cambell and Robson (1968). The envelope of the set of frequency characteristics constitutes the well-known modulation transfer function. As a preliminary version, each channel is modeled with a set of four Laplacian-of-Gaussian type filters functioning in parallel whose band-pass widths are rather wide, and non-specific to orientation. The model was implemented and applied to Kanji characters in a conventional information board to simulate how they look to a human driver at certain realistic viewing distances. In addition, we examine the spatial frequency characteristics with a set of grating patterns.


We investigate diboson signals in the Standard Model (SM) with an extended Higgs sector, motivated by the excesses in the diboson channels at the LHC. We begin with the unitarity sum-rules of the weak gauge boson scattering assuming the Higgs sector is extended. According to the sum-rules, we discuss the Higgs interpretations of the diboson signals and the consistency with the ATLAS diboson anomaly and other experimental constraints. As a concrete example, we propose a two-Higgs-doublet model where the Yukawa coupling of an extra CP-even scalar with up-type quark is relatively large. The diboson (WW and ZZ) signals can be explained by 2 TeV CP-even Higgs boson, while the partners, the CP-odd and the charged Higgs bosons in the extra doublet, are severely constrained by both the LHC direct search and the indirect search via flavor observables. Especially, in order to avoid the diboson resonance search in the Vh channel, further extensions of the model are required. The diboson excess is correlated with the SM Higgs signals in our framework, so that the precise measurement of the SM Higgs boson is also important to test the Higgs interpretation.


During this global pandemic of COVID-19 infection, it became well known that morbidity and mortality is especially high at the extreme of life especially in certain racial or ethnic groups like Americans and Africans. This is presumed due to low immunity associated with other comorbid conditions like diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, obesity and metabolic syndrome. But the information available on the immune status of COVID-19 patients is limited. Attempts must be made to enhance our understanding of the immune status of COVID-19 patients by revisiting our knowledge on the immune mechanisms of already known coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Early elevation of the serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in SARS and MERS infection suggests a possible same type of cytokine storm-mediated lung damage in COVID-19 patients too. Dysregulation of interferon-1 response and downstream cascade in initial innate immune response at virus entry point has been related to lethal pneumonia in COVID-19 patients. Adaptive response of increased CD8+ levels in COVID-19 patients seems to be useful in mild cases where it causes deteriorating effects in progressed severe disease patients resulting in destruction of type 2 pneumocytes hence inability to regenerate the alveolar epithelium. A phenomenon called cytokine storm activates violent immunological reactions in the lung tissue resulting in ARDS followed by multiple organ system damages in COVID-19 patients. Several immune evading mechanisms are thought to be employed by severe respiratory syndrome virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that might have resulted in its extremely increased contagiousness probably related with its frequent RNA mutations. Failure to develop adequate virus limiting immune reactions by some cured patients warrant monitoring of all recovered patients. This rapid mini review is aimed to enhance our knowledge of the immune status of COVID-19 infected patients with reference to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.


Research on mainstreaming suggests that teachers are often ill prepared, both in terms of knowledge and attitude, to teach handicapped children. The present research investigated whether information about and experience with the handicapped would improve prospective regular education teachers' attitudes toward and knowledge about mainstreaming. In addition, data were gathered and reported on the relationship between teachers' attitudes and knowledge and certain characteristics, including term standing, areas of specialization, and grade-point averages. The results indicated that the teachers did not increase their general knowledge about mainstreaming as a result of only information about or only experience with the handicapped. However, attitudes toward mainstreaming significantly improved as a result of a combination of information about and experience with the handicapped and as a result of only information about the handicapped. The results also indicated that prospective teachers' attitudes toward and knowledge about mainstreaming were not significantly influenced by their term standings, areas of specialization, or grade-point averages.


To identify a speaker's sex, listeners may rely on sex-based differences in average fundamental frequency (F0), but overlap in male and female F0 ranges undermines such judgments. To test accuracy of sex-identification throughout the F0 range, listeners were asked to judge sex based on audio recordings of /ɑ/ spoken on a number of overlapping steady F0s by 10 male and 10 female English speakers. In general, listeners performed above chance (71.6% correct). However, near range extrema, listeners followed an apparent bias toward hearing high F0s as female and low as male; confidence was high when accuracy was high and vice-versa. At mid-range, listeners identified sex fairly accurately but were not very confident in their judgments. In a forced-choice task, vowels close in F0 (but beyond the difference limen) were presented in male-female or female-male pairs. Listeners weakly identified speaker sex (63.3% correct). Identification of the male voice was considerably above chance only when the male had the lower F0 of the pair. Reliance on stereotypes of speaking F0 may bias listeners to hear low F0s as male and high F0s as female, perhaps with a contribution from vocal-tract length information. No strong evidence for a contribution of voice quality obtained.


The aim of this review is to highlight the inadequacies of the current control of African Trypanosomiasis in Nigeria and the need to strengthen the already integrated control approach. African Trypanosomiasis is one of the most devastating diseases of man and animals in Sub-Saharan African countries, Nigeria inclusive. Over the past century numerous methods of control have been developed yet the disease has proved very difficult to eradicate. Current methods to control the disease, in the absence of a vaccine, rely on the use of anti-trypanosomal drugs and vector control. In animals, an additional control method is the use of trypanotolerant breeds of livestock. Unfortunately, all of these methods have disadvantages and none has proved to be ideal. The public health importance of trypanosomiasis, has led to attempts to control the disease nationally and regionally with initiatives such as the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC) of the African union. At the Nigerian Institute for Trypanosomiasis Research (NITR), a combination of control methods is being used for research development and control efforts against the disease. However, diminishing funding for research development and control activities against the disease has hindered this approach. Hence there is a great need to strengthen these integrated approaches for more effective control of trypanosomiasis. Strengthening intersectoral and inter-agency collaboration is greatly advocated in the fight against trypanosomiasis, in order to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of control, as well as enhance the prospect of sustainability and food security as supported by PATTEC. Hence, further fostering the existing relationship with PATEC in a bid towards the eradication of trypanosomiasis from Nigeria.


For the past two decades, modification of 1, 2, 4 triazole nucleus have made a tremendous significance in medicinal chemistry. 1, 2, 4 triazoles and their derivatives are found to have wide variety of pharmacological uses. From literature survey it is well known that triazole heterocycles exhibit manifold importance in the field of medicinal chemistry as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. Triazole is a synthetically versatile substrate used for the synthesis of a large variety of heterocyclic compounds, such as triazole fused with thiadiazole, oxadiazole and as a raw material for drug synthesis. Much work has been carried out on triazoles as potent anti fungal agents and many drugs with triazole nucleus having antifungal properties have come into the market (e.g. Fluconazole, Voriconazole, Itraconzole). This review represents the synthesized 1,2,4 triazole derivatives and their pharmacological profiles which may contribute in future to synthesize various analogs and to develop new pharmacologically less toxic medicines.


The Kanerva Sparse Distributed Memory (SDM) is a mechanism
 for implementing a memory with a huge address space. The
 physical memory consists of substantially fewer locations
 than the virtual address space. In earlier implemen-
 tations of the SDM memory the addresses of all physical
 locations had to be scanned to determine which locations
 to activate. This is time-consuming, and massive parallel
 hardware support is needed for other than small appli-
 cations. This paper introduces a new mechanism for
 finding the active locations. Using this access
 mechanism, the access time may be speeded up several
 orders of magnitude.


In this study, a modified method of handmade cloning (m-HMC), which had been originally developed in sheep, was used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in the dromedary camel. The unique feature of m-HMC over current SCNT methods lies in the use of a simple device (a finely drawn micropipette made of Pasteur pipette) for chemically-assisted enucleation of oocytes under a stereomicroscope with improved efficiency and ease of operation. Using this system, the throughput of cloned embryo reconstitution was increased over 2-fold compared to the control SCNT method (c-NT). Stepwise measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) revealed that method, steps, and duration of SCNT all influenced oxidative activity of oocytes, but their impact were not similar. Specifically, UV-assisted oocyte enucleation was identified as the major source of ROS production, which explained significantly higher total ROS of reconstituted embryos in c-NT compared to m-HMC. Fusion efficiency (95.3±3.3 vs. 75.4±7.6%) and total efficiency of blastocyst development (22.5±3.0 vs. 14.1±4.3%) were significantly higher in m-HMC compared to c-NT, respectively, and blastocysts of transferable quality were obtained in similar rates (41.9±8.2 vs. 48.0±15.2%, respectively). Significance differences were observed in total cell number (155.3±13.6 vs. 123.6±19.5) and trophectoderm (145±9.5 vs. 114.3±15.2), but not inner cell mass (10.3±4.1 vs. 9.3±5.3) counts between blastocysts developed in c-NT compared to m-HMC, respectively. However, expression of key developmental genes (POU5F1, KLF4, SOX2, MYC, and CDX2) was comparable between blastocysts of both groups. The introduced m-HMC method might be a viable approach for efficient production of dromedary camel clones for research and commercial utilization.


The significant increase in wind penetration expected in the near future imposes the requirement that the bulk addition of wind farms to the network should not be detrimental to the overall network-operating characteristics. One way of ensuring this is to aim to provide a wind farm with a dynamic characteristic that is similar to that of a conventional synchronous-generator-based power station. A control strategy is presented that provides a DFIG-based wind farm with a power-response characteristic to network disturbances that dynamically resembles that of a synchronous generator. The DFIG controller is aimed at minimising the effect on network operation that the replacement of a conventional generator by a DFIG-based wind farm will have. A simple but realistic test network that combines synchronous and wind-farm generation has been modelled and used to assess dynamic performance. Simulation results are presented and discussed that demonstrate the capabilities of the new DFIG controller, although these are gained at the expense of losing some of the damping provided by conventional DFIG operation.


Reconstructing natural videos from fMRI brain recordings is very challenging, for two main reasons: (i) As fMRI data acquisition is difficult, we only have a limited amount of supervised samples, which is not enough to cover the huge space of natural videos; and (ii) The temporal resolution of fMRI recordings is much lower than the frame rate of natural videos. In this paper, we propose a self-supervised approach for natural-movie reconstruction. By employing cycle-consistency over Encoding-Decoding natural videos, we can: (i) exploit the full framerate of the training videos, and not be limited only to clips that correspond to fMRI recordings; (ii) exploit massive amounts of external natural videos which the subjects never saw inside the fMRI machine. These enable increasing the applicable training data by several orders of magnitude, introducing natural video priors to the decoding network, as well as temporal coherence. Our approach significantly outperforms competing methods, since those train only on the limited supervised data. We further introduce a new and simple temporal prior of natural videos, which - when folded into our fMRI decoder further - allows us to reconstruct videos at a higher frame-rate (HFR) of up to x8 of the original fMRI sample rate.


A switch block M with W terminals on each side is said to be universal if every set of nets satisfying the dimension constraint (i.e., the number of nets on each side of M is at most W) is simultaneously routable through M (Y.W. Chang et al., 1996). We present an algorithm to construct N-sided universal switch blocks with W terminals on each side. Each of our universal switch blocks has (/sub 2//sup N/)W switches and switch-block flexibility N-1 (i.e., F/sub S/=N-1). We prove that no switch block with less than (/sub 2//sup N/)W switches can be universal. Further, the decomposition property of a universal switch block provides a key insight into its layout implementation with a smaller silicon area. We also compare our universal switch blocks with others of the topology associated with Xilinx XC4000-type FPGAs. Experimental results demonstrate that our universal switch blocks improve routability at the chip level.


This study aimed to discover (1) whether the use of film is effective to improve students' pronunciation ability and (2) the students' response toward film in improving their pronunciation. The study applied a quantitatve study in a private High School in Bandung. The participants of this study were class X IPA 2 and X IPS 2 with total 60 students. The data were gathered from test and interview. The result of this study showed that the use of film in teaching English pronunciation does not give major improvement. However, the students responded positively toward film as teaching media. Furthermore, the use of film in teaching enhances students' motivation in learning English. This research suggests that the use of film could be useful for educational purpose.


It is often difficult to deal with the problem of 2D-face recognition under unconstrained conditions. The objective of this study is to develop an original method that overcomes such obstructions. The proposed approach combines a holistic method, the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to a local method, the Steerable Pyramid (SP). All tests were run on IV2 database, with challenging variability and including 3500 to 5000 comparisons by experiment from 315 different people. The followed protocol was established in the first evaluation campaign on 2D-face images using the multimodal IV2 database. Comparison with five submitted algorithms as PCA, LDA and LDA/Gabor provides satisfying results.


The article presents the results of the pyrolysis products from waste tires. Pyrolysis was meted out at (400-800°C) for 2 hr in absence of oxygen. The yield of char range from (0.479 - 0.3104). By chemical treatment of char with NaOH solution the modified char was produced. The physical and chemical properties were studied (optimum temperature, proximate analysis and Boehm titration for surface functional groups) for original and modified chars. Isotherm for pure and multicomponent system for three components (phenol, 4-aminophenol and 4-chlorophenol) were studied. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to describe the sorption of phenolic compounds for single-solute isotherms and the modified extended Langmuir and extended Freundlich gave information results for competitive system. Langmuir model was the best fit for experimental results. The capability of the studied char to adsorb phenols were in the order: 4-chlorophenol > 4-aminophenol > phenol.


Papillomatous transformation of the gallbladder was found in a patient with metachromatic leukodystrophy who presented with an abdominal mass. Cholecystectomy was performed, and involvement of the gallbladder was confirmed by metachromatic stains and electron microscopy.


For Christian missionaries, education was a deliberate, systematic and sustained effort to transmit new ideas which would ultimately lead to the transformation of the Luhyia society. The main aim of missionary education was to teach Africans how to read the Bible and serve as teacher-evangelists. Missionaryeducation was, however,generally of low quality; heavily religious in tone and purpose and under the direction of teachers with minimal training. And as Education became an important drawing card in the emerging colonial order, African began to demand for more and relevant education from the mission schools.It was thus the general weakness of missionary education and the demands by Africans that forced the colonial government to move to direct and show the missionaries how education should be run. The government, decided to steer a course of action which, while largely meeting the aspirations of Africans, was not to be repulsive to the missionaries. A colonial government effort in streamlining African education was witnessed in the establishment of various commissions, the Department of Educationand Education Ordinances. These bodies outlined various policies in the education sector. In turn these polices led to an increased interaction between Christian missions, the colonial government and the Local Native Councils in the provision of education in western Kenya. Indeed, the ability of Africans to translate threats into actions enabled them to exercise real and effective leverage within the government and Christian mission educational system.


Numerous studies conducted in developed countries demonstrate that persons living with a with severe mental illness (SMI) are at elevated risk for HIV infection. Fewer studies have addressed this topic in the developing world, and no study has evaluated the effects of a risk reduction intervention. Because risk reduction requires adequate knowledge regarding HIV-related transmission and prevention strategies, the current study sampled patients diagnosed with SMI in India and assessed (a) knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, and (b) short-term retention of knowledge following HIV risk reduction education. Patients were assessed for HIV knowledge at baseline, received an HIV educational program, and then were re-assessed for their knowledge one and five days later. The results indicated a poor level of baseline knowledge, which improved following education; knowledge gains were sustained at five days. Men, and patients with college education, demonstrated better knowledge. However, significant gains in knowledge were observed among all patients regardless of gender, education, psychiatric diagnosis, and prior sexual risk behavior. The findings indicate that a brief, HIV-focused educational intervention can help to improve knowledge among Indian psychiatric patients.


This article is a theoretical review for describing multimodal literacy in elementary school learning. The exposure in this article is based on the application of multimodal literation. This paper relates to the pedagogic aspect of the implementation of multimodal literacy learning in the view of constructivism. Learning aims to prepare students for the era of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution. The idea of Literation has now changed because at this time it relates to digital content. Thus, multimodal literacy needs to be examined to explain the role of multimodal literacy in elementary school learning


Proposes a new method to extract the masses of the components of single-lined spectroscopic binary stars. This approach is based on the Richardson-Lucy iterative inversion technique. First, the authors apply this method to derive the mass-ratio distribution from a mass-function distribution assuming a constant mass of the primary. Then, the authors generalize the method in order to derive the distribution of the companion mass given a certain distribution of the primary mass. The method proves to be easy to implement, mathematically founded, and at the same time very efficient. The authors present applications to three cases of astrophysical interest.


It is advantageous to use edge orientation information from an edge detector when trying to find lines in an image using a Hough transform algorithm. Such methods have to balance between two competing problems: (1) to reduce interference between different line segments in the image; and (2) to allow for increased orientation uncertainties particularly near junctions of lines. To counter both these problems the authors show that a smooth voting kernel which is a function of differences both in orientation and distance from the line, can give superior results. They compare these results with the results obtained from using the standard Hough implementation as well as an implementation with a kernel which varies smoothly with separation but remains independent of differences in orientation.<<ETX>>


A theoretical model has been developed to investigate the influence of wavefront aberrations on the signal in a shift-multiplexed holographic data storage system.


Volume Averaging Theory (VAT), an effective and rigorous approach for study of transport (laminar and turbulent) phenomena, is used to model flow and heat transfer in porous media. The modeling is based on a simple pore level network. The primary difficulties in applying VAT to straight capillary networks, the many unknown integral and differential terms that are needed for closure, are overcome. VAT based modeling of pore level transport in straight capillaries results in two sets of scale governing equations. One scale is the upper scale VAT equations which describe ensemble properties for flow and heat transfer in porous media. The other scale is the lower scale laminar and turbulent transport equations that represent flow and heat transport in each straight pore capillary. It is how the unknown VAT terms in the upper scale equations can be estimated using the relationships between upper scale properties and lower scale properties. Exact closures and mathematical procedures are developed for the turbulent regime, extending the previous laminar regime work. Numerical results for turbulent and laminar transport in straight capillary porous media are shown in this paper.


ABSTRACT The human sex chromosomes provide a striking example of how sex chromosomes can become modified in gene content and structure (i.e. become heteromorphic). Why sex chromosomes in humans and other lineages can reach such levels of heteromorphy is not clear. One hypothesis posits that mutations with antagonistic effects between males and females can drive recombination suppression and subsequent differentiation between X and Y chromosomes. Here, we tested this hypothesis by focusing on strepsirrhine primates (lemurs and lorises) that have much lower sexual dimorphism and opportunities for sexually antagonistic mutations than haplorrhines (apes and monkeys). We sequenced seven strepsirrhine species and identified the pseudoautosomal boundary (PAB), the border between recombining and non-recombining regions on the sex chromosomes. We found that during primate evolution, the PAB has remained unchanged in strepsirrhines whereas several recombination suppression events have occurred in haplorrhines, supporting the view that sexually antagonistic mutations have driven sex chromosomes heteromorphy in primates.


Modern heterogeneous microand nanostructures usually integrate modules fabricated using various materials and technologies. Moreover, it has to be emphasized that the macro and micro nanoscale material parameters are not the same. For this reason it has become crucial to identify the nanomechanical properties of the materials commonly used in microand nanostructure technology. One of such tests is a nanowear test performed using the atomic force microscope (AFM). However, to obtain quantitative measurement results a precision calibration step is necessary. In this paper a novel approach to calibration of lateral force acting on the tip of an AFM cantilever is discussed. Presented method is based on application of known lateral force directly on the tip using a special test structure. Such an approach allows for measurements of nanowear parameters (force, displacement) with the uncertainty better than ±3%. The calibration structure designed specifically for this calibration method is also


Aim: The rapid growth in the number of ground users over recent years has introduced the issues for a base station of providing more reliable connectivity and guaranteeing the reasonable quality of service (QoS). Thanks to the unique features of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), such as flexibility in deployment, large coverage range and lower cost, UAVs can help the base station to provide wireless connectivity to the ground users, e.g., in rural and remote areas. As the energy limitation is the main concern for UAVs, the motivation is to provide uninterrupted connection to ground users in the next generation wireless networks using solar powered UAV-assisted air networks. Methods: The research uses global horizontal irradiance (GHI) data from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, small cell power ratings for communication, and UAV parameters. In addition, the TensorFlow library and Python programming language were also used to develop machine learning models and simulate the UAV flying time. Results: In this paper, we develop a novel resource management system for UAVs, which consists of an energy harvesting deep learning model to predict the future power harvested from the solar panel and a consumption model which determines user arrival rate. With energy consumption and harvesting predictions, the resource management system adaptively switches the power consumed by a UAV for communication. In addition, based on the future energy availability and user's arrival rate, the resource management system communicates with other UAVs and enables energy coordinating scheduling among multiple UAVs to support user communications. The experiment results demonstrate that by using adaptive energy scheduling among UAVs, the flying time of the UAVs is improved by 40% during nighttime and by 37% when performing energy coordination among multiple UAVs. Conclusion: In this work, the UAV based communications have been researched. To understand more about UAVs and air segments, some literature review has been done based on previous works. Finally, alteration of the transmission power using several methodologies has been accomplished to increase the flying time of the UAV.


Responding to the editor's request for a brief report on Prooftexts' coverage of Yiddish and American-Jewish literatures, this article singles out for praise the magazine's conception of an organic, comprehensive, Jewish literary history and its emphasis on contextual studies, which are particularly important in the still-underdeveloped field of Yiddish. Certain articles are highlighted for furthering these aims. Modern theoretical approaches, including feminism, are shown to be in tension with the magazine's original priorities and will put its direction to test in the coming years.


Magnetic nanoparticles display a range of unique properties of interest to fields such as water treatment, drug delivery, catalysis, and many more. Widespread use of magnetic nanoparticles relies heavily on one's ability to separate them effectively from other media, for example in water treatment. In this work, an efficient method to separate magnetic nanoparticles from organic solvent using magnetic ionic liquids is demonstrated for the first time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, and microscopy were employed to investigate the authors' model system. This work will greatly impact future directions in the science of separating nanoparticles and applications of ionic liquids.


This paper presents an innovative design for reducing the impact of secondary flows on the aerodynamics of low-pressure turbine (LPT) stages. Starting from a state-of-the-art LPT stage, a local reshaping of the stator blade was introduced in the end-wall region in order to oppose the flow turning deviation. This resulted in an optimal stator shape, able to provide a more uniform exit flow angle. The detailed comparison between the baseline stator and the redesigned one allowed for pointing out that the rotor row performance increased thanks to the more uniform inlet flow, while the stator losses were not significantly affected. Moreover, it was possible to derive some design rules and to devise a general blade shape, named 'snaked', able to ensure such results. This generalization translated in an effective parametric description of the 'snaked' shape, in which few parameters are sufficient to describe the optimal shape modification starting from a conventional design. The "snaked" blade concept and its design have been patented by Avio Aero. The stator redesign was then applied to a whole LPT module in order to evaluate the potential benefit of the 'snaked' design on the overall turbine performance. Finally, the design was validated by means of an experimental campaign concerning the stator blade. The spanwise distributions of the flow angle and pressure loss coefficient at the stator exit proved the effectiveness of the redesign in providing a more uniform flow to the successive row, while preserving the original stator losses.


In this paper we give criteria for the existence of a common fixed point of a pair of mappings in 2-metric spaces and establish common fixed and coincidence point theorems for certain classes of contractive type mappings. The results presented here generalize, improve and unify a number of fixed point theorems given by Cho (1), Imdad et al. (5), Khan and Fisher (11), Kubiak (14), Murthy et al. (17), Rhoades (25), Singh et al. (34)and others.


AIMS AND METHOD The need for training to prepare mental health professionals to assess and

manage risks is now well established. This paper reports on the development,

delivery and evaluation of interprofessional clinical risk training in Salford

and Manchester since 1998. A training-needs analysis was carried out, followed

by post-training evaluation and an impact-monitoring questionnaire. RESULTS The training was very well received by participants, with over 90% of them

meeting the objectives and 100% of respondents reporting that the training had

a positive impact on their clinical practice more than 12 months

afterwards. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The evaluation of the training demonstrates that a properly planned and

delivered 2-day clinical risk assessment course can have a positive impact on

the practice of clinicians in mental health services. However, this should be

seen only as an introductory course, as more advanced risk training is

required. This is currently being delivered and planned.


Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) communication delays and data frame losses play a critical role in designing of wide-area damping systems driven by synchrophasor technology. While there are a plethora of simulation-based studies addressing this issue, empirical results from actual PMUs deployed in the field are rare. This paper provides important insights into the characterization of PMU communication delays and data frame losses based on empirical results collected from a utility IP network. Additionally, efforts are also made to elicit design requirements considering the above PMU data quality problems. Furthermore, three distinct delay-robust wide-area damping control schemes parameterized according to the proposed requirements are validated against the empirical delays and data frame losses. Time-domain simulation results suggest that the control schemes in question can effectively stabilize the power system in all of the tested scenarios.


3 Abstract - Soccer is a sport practiced worldwide, on all continents. It is considered an intermittent activity of high intensity and long duration, in which movements that re- quire great strength and speed, such as jumps and sprints, result in high levels of muscle microtrauma, hampering athletes' training and recovery. The present study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of changes in different markers of physiological demand result- ing from a soccer match in healthy individuals. Ten healthy male physical education students participated in the study and were evaluated in two matches: the semi-final and final games of the college tournament at the federal university where they studied. Blood samples were collected from each volunteer pre- and post-match. Cortisol, IL-6 and CK concentrations were increased after the match (p < 0.05). Testosterone and alpha-actin concentrations did not change. Our results indicate that changes in some of the acute response markers evaluated in players before and after competitive soccer matches provide important information for planning training or recovery, as well as nutritional strategies for improving performance.


BACKGROUND: B-mode ultrasound can be used to measure diaphragm thickness at the zone of apposition. We believe it is necessary to develop normal values for diaphragm thickness at rest in a large group of healthy subjects and compare them with international results. METHODS: Ultrasound measurements of diaphragm thickness at expiratory rest were taken in 109 healthy individuals, with results stratified by sex, body mass index, and thorax circumference. The following methods were used for analysis and interpretation. Multivariable databases with descriptive statistical analyses were made. The Pearson chi-square test was used to evaluate the distribution between variables. Additionally, mean and SD values were calculated. For standardization, the data were separated by sex within a 95% CI, and we calculated a Z test. A 95% CI was also constructed for proportion analyses. RESULTS: One hundred nine healthy volunteers were included in the study, and the correlation between the body mass index and thorax circumference values with a Pearson chi-square test resulted in an r = 0.69. Additionally, the average value of diaphragmatic thickness was 0.19 ± 0.04 cm (95% CI 0.17–0.20 cm) for men and 0.14 ± 0.03 cm (95% CI 0.13–0.15 cm) for women (P = .001). There was no relation between body mass index thorax circumference, and diaphragmatic thickness. CONCLUSION: Real-time ultrasound of the diaphragm is a simple, inexpensive, and portable imaging technique that can provide qualitative anatomical information. The findings in this study show that sonographic diaphragm evaluations can be applied to the general population.


Crime re-enactments broadcast on television encourage witnesses to provide information regarding unsolved crimes. However, given that eyewitness memory can be altered through exposure to post-event information, it is possible that crime re-enactments may influence the memory of eyewitnesses. The current studies examined the effects of crime re-enactments on eyewitness memory. In two experiments (Experiment 1 with a distractor task, Experiment 2 without a distractor task), participants were shown one of three versions of a crime video that differed in their ambiguity. One week later half of the participants viewed a crime re-enactment. All participants then completed a guided free- and cued-recall task regarding the original event. Across both studies, exposure to the re-enactment did not improve eyewitness memory; instead, participants who viewed the re-enactment were more likely to accept the misinformation in the re-enactment. The findings shed light on potential issues with using crime re-enactments to elicit eyewitness accounts.


Abstract. Recent advancements in 3D city modelling and emerging trends in implementing and realising Digital Twins motivate the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (JUPEM) to develop and implement SmartKADASTER (SKiP) Phase 2. SmartKADASTER Phase I was a precursor to this system, and it primarily focused on applying two-dimensional (2D) spatial data for 3D spatial analysis. CityGML was used as the data model for various Levels of Detail (LoD) in this new initiative to represent city models across the Greater Kuala Lumpur region. SmartKADASTER however, lacks strata information. Therefore, to integrate strata information into the SKiP citymodel environment, an Application Domain Extension (ADE) for CityGML has been developed to convert existing Strata XML to StrataGML, a CityGML-compliant data output format. This paper describes the purpose of the SmartKADASTER initiative in Section 1. Section 2 explains additional context for the initiative as well as some backgrounds. Section 3 discusses the conversion workflow and ADE definitions, followed by a brief discussion of visualisation in Section 4 and a project summary in Section 5.


My object in presenting the history of a fatal case of pemphigus limited to the mucous membranes is to bring before you a case seen almost from its incipiency to a few days prior to the patient's death, a dermatosis so rare that its existence has been denied by a majority of dermatologists, Brock and Bernier claiming to have seen but four cases. History. —Mrs. B., aged 37, a thin, nervous woman, the mother of five living children, was born at Pittsburg, Pa., of German parents. She had the usual diseases of childhood and developed into a strong, healthy woman. She married at the age of 24. Her health commenced to deteriorate after a miscarriage due to overlifting. One year previous to the illness under consideration, Feb. 15, 1904, she experienced her first chill, which lasted two hours. Later in the day she menstruated. A year later she had a


This paper is focused on the LNEC experience regarding the development and operation of continuous vibrations monitoring systems in large concrete dams. The goal is to emphasize the importance of the combined use of monitoring data and numerical models for Seismic and Structural Health Monitoring (SSHM) of Dams. The SSHM system installed in Cabril dam (132 m high), in operation since 2008, is described. The design and implementation of this system, including hardware and software, was the result of a long-term LNEC research program, still on-going. The SSHM system software was developed in order to automatically perform the analysis of collected data, including the automatic comparison with numerical results from 3DFE models. Similar systems have been installed in other large dams in Portugal.


Over the last decade, novel materials such as graphene derivatives, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), other two-dimensional (2D) layered materials, perovskites, as well as metal oxides and other metal nanostructures have centralized the interest of the scientific community [...].


Solar cell efficiency as a function of the energy gap has been simulated by calculating the output current characteristics of the devices based on the distribution of charge carriers, obtained from the solution of the Poisson equation and the Continuity equation. The hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) based solar cell, has simulated in the form of one-dimensional single junction p/i/n. The junction structure of a-SiC:H/a-Si:H/a-Si:H designed have the thickness of 0,015 μm/0,550 μm/0,030 μm, respectively. For simulation, the energy gap has considered constant in the p and n layers, whereas the i layer varies according to the empirical data of energy gap obtained from the deposition parameters of filament temperature. Simulations performed using the finite element method supported by FEMLAB software. Based on simulation results, obtained the highest efficiency of 9.35% corresponds to the lowest energy gap data of 1.706 eV for layer i. This appropriates to the filament temperature of 800C and subsequently used as the optimum deposition parameters of the material. Keyword: Energy gap, efficiency, FEM, solar cell, hydrogenated amorphous silicon


The increasing prevalence of elemental thermocouples, Au/Pt and Pt/Pd, in place of those using alloys of platinum and rhodium, has dramatically reduced measurement uncertainties at temperatures above the range of platinum resistance thermometers, to the extent that the single largest contribution to the uncertainty budget is often that due to the inhomogeneity of the Seebeck coefficient in the thermoelements along the length. This uncertainty must be estimated as an upper limit because the temperature gradient experienced by the thermocouple during calibration may be very different to that used in the field. In the worst case uncertainties of hundreds of mK are possible, although often the profiles are quite similar and the uncertainties are much lower than this. Here a method is presented for quantitatively determining the uncertainty in emf arising from inhomogeneity, by employing an experimentally determined sensitivity as a function of distance along the thermocouple, and numerically evaluating the effect of this sensitivity by considering its influence on all possible linear temperature gradients that the thermocouple can experience. It is then possible to determine the uncertainty due to the inhomogeneity within a desired confidence interval.


Accurate simulation of nonlinear acoustic waves is essential for the continued development of a wide range of (high-intensity) focused ultrasound applications. This article explores mixed finite element formulations of classical strongly damped quasilinear models of ultrasonic wave propagation; the Kuznetsov and Westervelt equations. Such formulations allow simultaneous retrieval of the acoustic particle velocity and either the pressure or acoustic velocity potential, thus characterizing the entire ultrasonic field at once. Using non-standard energy analysis and a fixed-point technique, we establish sufficient conditions for the well-posedness, stability, and optimal a priori errors in the energy norm for the semi-discrete equations. For the Westervelt equation, we also determine the conditions under which the error bounds can be made uniform with respect to the involved strong dissipation parameter. A byproduct of this analysis is the convergence rate for the inviscid (undamped) Westervelt equation in mixed form. Additionally, we discuss convergence in the $L^q(\Omega)$ norm for the involved scalar quantities, where $q$ depends on the spatial dimension. Finally, computer experiments for the Raviart--Thomas (RT) and Brezzi--Douglas--Marini (BDM) elements are performed to confirm the theoretical findings.


Gary Stewart pointed on the map of Canada to a brown swath of western boreal forest that stretches from the border of Ontario and Manitoba, across four provinces and several territories, and up through Alaska. Canada's 2.0 million square kilometers of western boreal forest includes 20–30% of wetlands—bogs, fens, marshes, shallow lakes, and river deltas. The forest of spruce, aspen, poplar, and other trees historically has been heavily and naturally disturbed by fires.

Until recently, though, this vast region was fairly undisturbed by human activity, according to Stewart, manager of conservation programs for the western boreal forest region for the non-profit Ducks Unlimited Canada (DU). A 1986 North American Waterfowl Management Plan did not even include any perceived threats to Canada's western boreal forest, which DU says is the second-most important waterfowl breeding area in North America, after the Prairie Pot-holes region in Canada and the United States. The 13 million breeding ducks supported by the boreal forest are a primary reason for DU's interest, though the group's concern extend to habitat, wetlands, and other biodiversity


Objectives To compare effectiveness of warfarin and antiplatelet exposure regarding both thrombotic and bleeding events, following surgical aortic valve replacement with a biological prosthesis(bioSAVR). Methods The study included all patients in Sweden undergoing a bioSAVR during 2008–2014 who were alive at discharge from the index hospital stay. Exposure was analysed and defined as postdischarge dispension of any antithrombotic pharmaceutical, updated at each following dispensions and categorised as single antiplatelet (SAPT), warfarin, warfarin combined with SAPT, dual antiplatelet (DAPT) or no antithrombotic treatment. Exposure to SAPT was used as comparator. Outcome events were all-cause mortality, ischaemic stroke, haemorrhagic stroke, any thromboembolism and major bleedings. We continuously updated adjustments for comorbidities with any indication for antithrombotic treatment by Cox regression analysis. Results We identified 9539 patients with bioSAVR (36.8% women) at median age of 73 years with a mean follow-up of 3.13 years. As compared with SAPT, warfarin alone was associated with a lower incidence of ischaemic stroke (HR 0.49, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.70) and any thromboembolism (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.94) but with no difference in mortality (HR 0.94, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.13). The incidence of haemorrhagic stroke (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.07 to 3.51) and major bleeding (HR 1.67, 95% CI 1.30 to 2.15) was higher during warfarin exposure. As compared with SAPT, DAPT was not associated with any difference in ischaemic stroke or any thromboembolism. Risk-benefit analyses demonstrated that 2.7 (95% CI 1.0 to 11.9) of the ischaemic stroke cases could potentially be avoided per every haemorrhagic stroke caused by warfarin exposure instead of SAPT during the first year. Conclusion In patients discharged after bioSAVR, warfarin exposure as compared with SAPT exposure was associated with lower long-term risk of ischaemic stroke and thromboembolic events, and with a higher incidence of bleeding events but with similar mortality.


We demonstrate control of the surface plasmon polariton wavevector in an active metal-dielectric plasmonic interferometer by utilizing electrooptic barium titanate as the dielectric layer. Arrays of subwavelength interferometers were fabricated from pairs of parallel slits milled in silver on barium titanate thin films. Plasmon-mediated transmission of incident light through the subwavelength slits is modulated by an external voltage applied across the barium titanate thin film. Transmitted light modulation is ascribed to two effects, electrically induced domain switching and electrooptic modulation of the barium titanate index.


The current latitudinal and elevational range of mountain pine beetle (MPB) is not limited by available hosts. Instead, its potential to expand north and east has been restricted by climatic conditions unfavorable for brood development. We combined a model of the impact of climatic conditions on the establishment and persistence of MPB populations with a spatially explicit, climate-driven simulation tool. Historic weather records were used to produce maps of the distribution of past climatically suitable habitats for MPB in British Columbia. Overlays of annual MPB occurrence on these maps were used to determine if the beetle has expanded its range in recent years due to changing climate. An examination of the distribution of climatically suitable habitats in 10-year increments derived from climate normals (1921-1950 to 1971-2000) clearly shows an increase in the range of benign habitats. Furthermore, an increase (at an increasing rate) in the number of infestations since 1970 in formerly climatically unsuitable habitats indicates that MPB populations have expanded into these new areas. The potential for additional range expansion by MPB under continued global warming was assessed from projections derived from the CGCM1 global circulation model and a conservative forcing scenario equivalent to a doubling of CO2 (relative to the 1980s) by approximately 2050. Predicted weather conditions were combined with the climatic suitability model to examine the distribution of benign habitats from 1981-2010 to 19412070 for all of Canada. The area of climatically suitable habitats is anticipated to continue to increase within the historic range of MPB. Moreover, much of the boreal forest will become climatically available to the beetle in the near future. Since jack pine is a viable host for MPB and a major component of the boreal forest, continued eastward expansion by MPB is probable.


BACKGROUND
Despite the renewed interest in citizenship education, relatively little is known about effective ways to realize citizenship education in the classroom. In the literature on citizenship education, dialogue is considered to be a crucial element. However, there is very little, if any, empirical research into the different ways to stimulate dialogue.

AIM
The main aim of this study is to arrive at an understanding of how citizenship education can be integrated in history classes. The focus is on the effect of a dialogic approach to citizenship education on students' ability to justify an opinion on moral issues.

SAMPLE
Four hundred and eighty-two students in the eighth grade of secondary education.

METHODS
Two curriculum units for dialogic citizenship education were developed and implemented. The two curriculum units differed in the balance between group work and whole-class teaching. Students' ability to justify an opinion was assessed by means of short essays written by students on a moral issue. The effectiveness of both curriculum units was compared with regular history classes.

RESULTS
Students who participated in the lessons for dialogic citizenship education were able to justify their opinion better than students who participated in regular history lessons. The results further show a positive effect of the amount of group work involved.

CONCLUSION
The results of this study indicate that a dialogic approach to citizenship education as an integral part of history classes helps students to form a more profound opinion about moral issues in the subject matter. In addition, group work seems to be a more effective method to implement dialogue in the classroom than whole-class teaching.


Macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) is a member of the chemokine family of proinflammatory mediators. In addition to its inflammatory roles, MIP-1alpha has been shown to be active as an inhibitor of primitive hemopoietic cell proliferation. Indeed, a dysfunction in this inhibitory process has been postulated to contribute to leukemogenesis. Research has been aimed at characterizing the receptor involved in cellular inhibition by MIP-1alpha. This study demonstrates that of all the beta-chemokines tested, only MIP-1alpha is capable of inhibiting primitive hemopoietic cell proliferation. Because no MIP-1alpha-specific receptors have been identified, this suggests that inhibition is mediated by an uncharacterized receptor. Further evidence for the involvement of a novel receptor in this process is the equivalent potencies of MIP-1alphaS and MIP-1alphaP variants of human MIP-1alpha and the fact that primitive cells from bone marrow derived from individual MIP-1alpha receptor null mice display a full response to MIP-1alpha inhibition.


This text is a working paper on the social resilience of the Internet, which means who can change how we do end-to-end best effort digital communication and how can they change it. I assume a bottom up organized version of the Internet and focus on the Internet itself. The texts goes through varying factors capable of through social means changing what the Internet is through intention or error, and concludes that a changing world order has the greatest impact on what the Internet will be in the future.


Summary
Induced regurgitants from Mexican bean beetles, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant, and bean leaf beetles, Cerotoma trifurcata Forster, fed on southern bean mosaic virus-infected Black Valentine bean, contained concentrations of virus comparable to those in crude sap from infected leaf tissue. The virus in regurgitant of either beetle was not inactivated by storage in vitro at room temperature for 7 days. Regurgitants inhibited infection when pooled and mixed with purified virus. When beetles were fed on Pinto bean leaves dipped in purified virus concentrations of 1 or 10 mg virus/ml buffer, the amount of virus in the regurgitants and serial transmission levels by both beetles were related to the concentration from which acquisition occurred. A reduction in transmission levels with time after acquisition feeding occurred at different rates for each species of beetle and was associated with decrease of virus in the regurgitant. Mexican bean beetles but not bean leaf beetles which had fed on bromophenol blue-impregnated leaf tissue produced blue-coloured regurgitant and deposited the dye on feeding areas.


In the present work, a convenient and straightforward approach to the preparation of borylated amidines based on the closo-dodecaborate anion [B12H11NCCH3NHR]−, R=H, Alk, Ar was developed. This method has two stages. A nitrile derivative of the general form [B12H11NCCH3]− was obtained, using a modified technique, in the first stage. On the second stage the resulting molecular system interacted with primary amines to form the target amidine products. This approach is characterised by a simple chemical apparatus, mild conditions and high yields of the final products. The mechanism of the addition of amine to the nitrile derivative of the closo-dodecaborate anion was studied, using quantum-chemical methods. The interaction between NH3 and [B12H11NCCH3]− ammonia was chosen as an example. It was found that the structure of the transition state determines the stereo-selectivity of the process. A study of the biological properties of borylated amidine sodium salts indicated that the substances had low toxicity and could accumulate in cancer cells in significant amounts.


Nations around the world are uncertain and anxious about Iran's intentions in the Middle East and the wider global arena. Its current president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, has made no secret of his opposition to Western society, particularly Israel, and his desire to acquire nuclear weapons. However, as Anthony H. Cordesman and Martin Kleiber point out, Ahmadinejad does not necessarily speak for the Iranian clerical regime, who operate in a cloud of secrecy and also directly control Iran's military. Given the ambiguous nature of Iran's global objectives, this new study focuses on the tangible aspects of Iran's military forces and takes an objective look at the realistic threats that Iran poses to the region and the world. The authors systematically assess each aspect of Iranian military forces from their conventional armies to their asymmetric threat via proxy wars in the region. Much attention in national security debates is paid to Iran's intentions without first understanding its capabilities. Lacking such a fundamental understanding, much of this speculation tends to be wasted and irrelevant to what could actually happen in the event of a conflict. Cordesman and Kleiber's study provides, in meticulous detail, a basis for understanding the realistic threat that Iran poses to the Northern Gulf.


Current characteristics of Colombian paramos are closely related with the human presence; the history of this relation, based on evidence from climatological, palinological and cartographical studies, suggest interesting conclusions for ecosystem conservation and the surrounding Andean forests. The first paramo interventions were sporadic; later, the human imprint tended towards ritualistic livelihoods, and it is in the colonial times when dynamic transformation occurred, extending paramos both altitudinally and latitudinally. Today, in order to inform conservation policy it is important to keep in mind how the human presence influences the ecosystem transformation, to manifest Andean mountains' management strategies and policies with a string of facts of the human livelihood and the natural history of the mountains in tropical America.


The quickly increasing demand for sustainable energy and materials requires researchers to develop highly efficient and stable catalytic materials for the hydrogenation of carbon–oxygen bonds into chemicals and fuels. Cu-based catalysts have been attracting tremendous attention in gas-phase catalytic reactions, such as the water-gas shift, CO oxidation and NOx reduction reactions. In particular, the C–O bond hydrogenation reaction is an economical and environmentally friendly way to produce alcohols. However, the instability of Cu-based catalysts has become a great challenge for industrial application. The majority of publications discuss the instability of Cu-based catalysts for reactions involving the hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate, methyl acetate, furfural, or CO2 to alcohols. This review briefly summarizes the roots of Cu-based catalyst deactivation and introduces five strategies for improving their stability, as well as the evolution of copper species during preparation and reaction and a novel Cu-based catalyst technology.


Strategic responses of organizations can be triggered by both environmental and organizational antecedents. Even though environments impose some constraints on organizations, they still have a range of response. We find that newspapers, in Turkey, have three different identities. One rooted in journalistic values. One rooted in running the newspaper as a business. And one rooted in maintaining its leadership role. These identities trigger three different transitive strategic responses. A transitive response is one in which an organization has an attack and a fall-back position. Further, we show how the link between an organization's identity and its strategic response is moderated by the dominance of relations with institutional environment and the dominance of relations with technical environment. We tested these ideas in a pilot test with supportive interviews, and then in a large scale quantitative study.


Since the "One Belt And One Road" initiative put forward by President Xi Jinping in 2013, Fujian province and ASEAN countries have responded to the call to actively carry out economic and trade cooperation, and the trade volume between Fujian province and ASEAN has significantly increased. With the success of the second negotiation on upgrading China-ASEAN free trade area, the trade cooperation between Fujian and Asean has been further deepened, Fujian province should give full play to its geographical advantages in the core area of the maritime Silk Road and actively engage in economic and trade cooperation and cultural exchanges with Asean countries. Based on the implementation of the "One Belt And One Road initiative" in our country as the background, China- ASEAN free trade area upgrade negotiations success and in Fujian province, the present situation of the bilateral trade volume of import and export trade between ASEAN and the analysis, from both sides of the policy, political, economic and with ASEAN countries respective development present situation of Fujian province and so on various aspects step Some Suggestions on how to play their respective advantages to create a win-win situation.


Nanoemulsions are a colloidal particulate system that offer unique potential for therapy and imaging of disease. Due to their physical and chemical properties, they have gained attention in the field of cancer therapy and imaging. A wide variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents can be loaded in the shell and core of particles, while at the same time being able to carry different site-specific antibodies/ligands/peptides for targeting specific types of cancer. Due to significant advancements in cancer theranostics provided by nanoemulsions, this review aims to highlight important types of nanoemulsions that have been developed for cancer therapy and imaging (i.e., theranostics). The different types of synthesis methods and techniques for controlling the size, shape, and structure of emulsions for cancer targeting (i.e., passive and active) will be discussed, with the bioimaging (e.g., through their optical/magnetic/radioactive properties) and therapeutic applications of nanoemulsions emphasized. Graphical abstract


This article, first, proposes a new approach to quantum fields in terms of category algebras and states on categories. Quantum fields and their states are respectively defined as category algebras and states on causal categories with partial involution structures. It is pointed out that, by utilizing category algebra and states on categories, relativity and quantumness can be directly integrated as a category theoretic structure and as a noncommutative probabilistic structure, respectively. Second, based on a Clebsch dual field theoretical model, it is made clear that a dressed photon (DP) field originates from a transition of the spacelike momentum of the Majorana field to a timelike one. This model derives a maximum size of the DP that has already been found by experimental studies. It is pointed out that, in the case where the paired timelike Majorana particle and anti-particle have anti-parallel spins, the pair annihilation creates a DP with a spin 0. The light converted from this DP can be a unique light field with spin 0, which behaves as a particle. It is experimentally confirmed that a cluster of photons emitted from an Si-LED behave as such a particle. Finally, a quantum walk model is employed to analyze the experimentally confirmed phenomena of DP energy transfer between nano-particles. Its theoretical bases are described based on the theory of category.


Developing nonlinear optical nanodevices compatible for the current silicon chip industry is of great interest. Modified silicene, with its single atomic silicon thickness, has become a rising material. Here, on the basis of first-principle calculations, two-dimensional halogen and hydrogen saturated silicene are proposed to be competing candidates for strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) material workings in the mid-IR range. The SHG coefficient is more than 10 times larger than KH2PO4 (KDP) with high electron cloud deformability around halogen atoms. Also the Si–H absorption peak is within the range of 2102–2140 cm–1 (4673–4757 nm), red-shifted compared to 3300 cm–1 (3030 nm) of C–H in graphane. In addition, the two-dimensional material construction method can be extended to other novel two-dimensional single-element materials, including borophene, phosphorene, germanene, arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of decompresion through double-incision of foot dorsum on the treatment of osteofascial compartment syndrome of the foot under the monitoring of saturation of blood oxygen.

METHODS
From January 2000 to June 2007, 26 cases of osteofascial compartment syndrome of the foot were decompressed through double-incision of foot dorsum under the monitoring of saturation of blood oxygen, and relaxation suture or skin grafting were operated within 3 to 10 days after decompressing. Among them, 22 patients were males and 4 were females, with an average age of 36.3 years old ranging from 22 to 68 years. According to AOFAS system, the pain, function, autonomic activities and support were evaluated.

RESULTS
All patients were followed-up for from 6 to 43 months with the average of 19 months. All patients were healed. According to AOFAS system, the total scores increased from preoperative (30.4 +/- 8.02) to postoperative (92.5 +/- 5.0) (t = 3.13, P < 0.01); the results were excellent in 21 cases, good in 4 and poor in 1.

CONCLUSION
The patients of fracture-dislocated, swelling and injured in the soft tissue because of severe violence should observed closely on osteofascial compartment syndrome of the foot early. Feet are operated and thoroughly decompressed as soon as it is diagnosed as the compartment syndrome. Osteofascial compartment syndrome of the foot decompressed by foot dorsum double-incision is convenient and satisfied, and the operation is performed by internal fixation if it is displacedly fractured at the same time.


Parelius worked as local medical officer in the western parts of Norway. He wrote poems and medical articles, most of which were published in journals. This article is a biography.