The semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering (SIDIS) process is considered. It is proposed a theoretical procedure allowing the direct extraction from the SIDIS data of the first moments of the polarized valence distributions and of the first moment difference of the light sea quark polarized distributions in the next to leading (NLO) QCD order. The validity of the procedure is confirmed by the respective simulations.


Silicic vitric tuffs of the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area, west of Izmir (Turkey), are partly altered to authigenic zeolites and clay minerals. Mordenite and clinoptilolite-heulandite accompanied by smectite are the main alteration products of the tuffs. Scanning electron microscope examination indicates that mordenite forms mainly from a gel-like precursor and to a lesser degree from volcanic glass. Mordenite and clinoptilolite-heulandite have formed by the hydrolysis and dissolution of silicic vitric tuffs by thermal waters which circulated through the fracture zone into porous vitric tuffs. These thermal waters, which resulted from mixing of thermal (Na-Cl type) and groundwaters, provided the extra Na and Ca that are necessary for the formation of mordenite. Various percentages of calcite are present in the altered tuffs. The enrichment of calcite in the altered tuffs indicates that thermal waters supply Ca, sourced from dissolution of Triassic carbonate rocks.The alteration minerals in the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area do not seem to be laterally zoned. The occurrence of the zeolites seems to be related to inferred fracture zones trending NE—SW. These fracture zones are important because they provide porosity and permeability in the tuffs for zeolite formation. The large glass content and permeability of tuffs accompanied by the favorable hydrochemical condition resulted in zeolitization of the Alaçatı (Çeşme) area.


Introduction Who is this book for? How is this book different? The rationale and history behind the contributions from a researcher and from an information specialist Features of the book Layout of the book PART ONE: GETTING INFORMATION Preliminaries What is a literature review? Terminology used in this book Different styles of review Two styles or approaches A critical approach Knowledge and literature Why and when will you need to review the literature? The research question and the literature review What is appropriate literature? Choosing which style of review: a traditional narrative review or a systematic review Project management Searching for Information Introduction Develop online searches by identifying key words and creating a search record The range of information sources available for complex searches. What do you need from a resource to make it appropriate for locating journal articles for your review? Reading Skills Introduction Be analytical in your reading Where to start Reading techniques - scan, skim and understand Reading different types of material Grey literature: non academic sources and policy reports Recording and note making From Making Notes to Writing Introduction Note-making From notes to writing Writing - critical writing and types of argument Making a value judgment and bias PART TWO: USING INFORMATION The Traditional Review Overview of the debate Types of review: critical, conceptual state of the art, expert and scoping Draw up an analytical framework - how to sort the material Moving to analysis and synthesis The presentation of your review Summarizing the gap - dare to have an opinion. Writing up Your Review Overview A short summary A self-standing review Abstract, executive summary and annotated bibliography Writing the review Key words or phrases to help you move from stage 1 to stage 2 The 'so what' question, originality and making a value judgment The Systematic Review Overview Definitions Development of the review protocol Formulating the review question Documenting your progress Locating studies and sources of information Selecting studies: inclusion and exclusion criteria Appraisal - assessing the quality of research Data extraction Synthesis, drawing conclusions, what the review shows Evolving formats of systematic review Meta- Analysis Overview What is meta-analysis? Can I use meta-analysis to summarise the results of my systematic review? Undertaking your meta-analysis Displaying the results of a meta-analysis Is your meta-analysis free from bias? Performing a sensitivity analysis Referencing and Plagiarism Introduction Why is referencing important? What do you need to reference? How many references should I provide? When and how to reference Referencing systems Where to find citation information you need Plagiarism Copyright Conclusion Summary Appendices Appendix 1: Further reading Appendix 2: Critical review checklist Appendix 3: Systematic review online resources Appendix 4: Resources for meta-analysis Glossary


The aim of the investigation was to make some reconstructions on the existing stove used for cooking and baking and to obtain the combined cooker-boiler which will fulfill the demands of European standard EN 12815. Implementation of modern scientific achievements in the field of combustion on stoves and furnaces fired on biomass was used. During the investigations four various constructions were made with different fresh air inlet and secondary air supply with the intention to obtain more complete combustion with increased efficiency and reduced CO emission. Three different fuels were used: firewood, coal, and wood briquette. A numerous parameters were measured: fuel weight changes during the combustion process, temperature of inlet and outlet water, flue gas composition (O 2 , CO, SO 2 , CO 2 , NO x ), flue gas temperature, ash quantity ect. The result of the investigations is the stove with the efficiency of more than 75% - boiler Class 1 (according EN 12815) and CO emission of about 1 %v/v. The results obtained during the measurements were used as parameters for modeling of combustion process.


Remote health monitoring plays a significant role in research areas related to medicine, neurology, rehabilitation, and robotic systems. These applications include Human Activity Recognition (HAR) using wearable sensors, signal processing, mathematical methods, and machine learning to improve the accuracy of remote health monitoring systems. To improve the detection and accuracy of human activity recognition, we create a novel method to reduce the complexities of extracting features using the HuGaDB dataset. Our model extracts power spectra; due to the high dimensionality of features, sliding windows techniques are used to determine frequency bandwidth automatically, where an improved QRS algorithm selects the first dominant spectrum amplitude. In addition, the bandwidth algorithm has been used to reduce the dimensionality of data, remove redundant dimensions, and improve feature extraction. In this work, we have considered widely used machine learning classifiers. Our proposed method was evaluated using the accelerometer angles spectrum installed in six parts of the body and then reducing the bandwidth to know the evolution. Our approach attains an accuracy rate of 95.1% in the HuGaDB dataset with 70% of bandwidth, outperforming others in the human activity recognition accuracy.


The multifunctional mammalian protein YB-1 is involved in multiple DNA- and mRNA-dependent events in the cell and regulates gene expression at different levels. The intracellular localization and relative mRNA content of YB-1 in the breast tumors were studied. The presence of cells with nuclear YB-1 localization in the tumor cell population is a poor predictor that correlates with larger tumors (more than 5 cm). The high YB-1 mRNA content in the breast tumors promotes metastasis of small neoplasms and patients with breast cancer who have high tumor tissue YB-1 mRNA levels may referred to as an early distant metastasis risk group. The findings suggest that combined determination of YB-1 intercellular localization and mRNA levels can ensure a more reliable prognosis of breast cancer.


Purpose

This exploratory paper investigates gamification as a medium for knowledge workers to interact with each other. The purpose of this paper is to open the discussion around the sustaining impact that gamification might have on knowledge management (KM).

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs an exploratory literature review investigating the current state of the art in relation to KM and gamification; this literature review serves as the starting point of subsequent theorizing.

Findings

Based on the literature review the authors theorize that the use of gamification in KM can go far beyond the motivational aspects. To name just a few uses of gamification, it can help in: supporting flexibility, facilitating transparency and therefore improving trust, visualizing skills and competences as well as generating requirements for new competences and promoting a collaborative environment among the knowledge workers.

Research limitations/implications

This paper opens the discussion around KM and gamification and suggests a wide range of areas for further research.

Practical implications

In this paper the authors argue that by looking at gamification as more than just a set of tools for improving motivation and engagement a company can address some pitfalls of a particular type of knowledge workers.

Originality/value

Gamification is a new, but increasingly popular approach, which has been shown to be powerful in many areas. This paper is novel in that it initiates a dialogue around the impact that gamification might have on KM.


The MuCap experiment at the Paul Scherrer Institute has measured the rate Λ(S) of muon capture from the singlet state of the muonic hydrogen atom to a precision of 1%. A muon beam was stopped in a time projection chamber filled with 10-bar, ultrapure hydrogen gas. Cylindrical wire chambers and a segmented scintillator barrel detected electrons from muon decay. Λ(S) is determined from the difference between the μ(-) disappearance rate in hydrogen and the free muon decay rate. The result is based on the analysis of 1.2 × 10(10) μ(-) decays, from which we extract the capture rate Λ(S) = (714.9 ± 5.4(stat) ± 5.1(syst)) s(-1) and derive the proton's pseudoscalar coupling g(P)(q(0)(2) = -0.88 m(μ)(2)) = 8.06 ± 0.55.


The estimation of sonar system performance in uncertain environments requires the transfer of sound speed, bathymetric and sea surface uncertainty to propagation uncertainty. Currently, methods of estimating the transfer of environmental uncertainty have been based on Monte Carlo simulation of acoustic propagation through an ensemble of environments, or on simplifying assumptions about the physics of propagation either through inhomogeneous media or in the presence of non-separable boundary conditions. In this paper we introduce the polynomial chaos expansion method, which allows the integration of the differential equations of acoustic propagation over a basis expansion that is orthogonal with respect to the probability distribution function describing the environmental variability. The resulting solution converges in a relatively small number of expansion coefficients and may be used to estimate any statistical property of the acoustic field, such as its mean value and its variance


Cellular elements in cerebellar nuclei were studied in humans aged 22-90 years. Series of horizontal sections of cerebellar nuclei, stained with hematoxylin-eosin, were examined. Numbers of neurons and glial cells were determined in standard section area and their ratio (glial index) was calculated. It is established that in the process of aging the number of neurons decreases, while that one of glial cells increases. The degree of these changes increases in the process of ontogenesis.


Decision trees are one of the most easy to use tools in decision analysis. Problems where decision tree branches are based on random variables have not received much attention. This paper introduces a successful application of a Special Purpose Simulation (SPS) program in developing a Decision Tree module that is part of a unified Decision Support System (DSS) template. The DSS template consists of three modules: Decision Tree (DT), shortest and longest path Dynamic Programming (DP) Network, and Cost / Time (CT) Estimate network. The DT module integrates with other modules and allows users to model decision trees with variables that are based on probabilistic random numbers. This paper introduces the DSS-DT module and shows its advantages.


This article describes the advances made in the development of a specific optical spectrometer based on the Optical Feedback-Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy technique for exploring past climate by probing the original composition of the atmosphere stored in the ice sheet of a glacier. Based on significant technological progresses and unconventional approaches, SUBGLACIOR will be a revolutionary tool for ice-core research: the optical spectrometer, directly embedded in the drilling probe, will provide in situ real-time measurements of deuterium isotopic variations (δ(2)H ) and CH4 concentrations down to 3500 m of ice depth within a single Antarctic season. The instrument will provide simultaneous and real-time vertical profiles of these two key climate signatures in order to evaluate if a target site can offer ice cores as old as 1.5 million years by providing direct insight into past temperatures and climate cycles. The spectrometer has a noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 2.8 × 10(-10) cm(-1) Hz(-1/2), corresponding to a detection limit of 0.2 ppbv for CH4 and a precision of 0.2‰ on the δ(2)H of H2O within 1 min acquisition time.


Many government agencies are still using manual systems developments in processing data when the computer is becoming more sophisticated, so can help the processing of data. Management still using the system manually, often cause problems such as information becomes ineffective and efficient, and hard search on the data when needed. This is what happens on one of the Institute of Irrigation government agencies during the processing of archived data. In this context, the authors are interested in creating a system Computerized archiving. In this study discusses the process archiving system, Data Flow Diagrams (DFD), Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), Normalization and programs using Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.


Abstract Context: Assessment of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) is included in the National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners' Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA Level 2-Performance Evaluation (COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE). The scores earned for OMT should be equivalent among all raters regardless of which technique is scored or which rater is scoring the performance. As a quality assurance measure, selected examination dates and the encounters within the administration of COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE are scored by 2 raters: first by a "live" rater and next by a quality assurance rater. Neither rater knows if he or she is the first or second rater. Objective: To compare candidate's scores recorded for OMT on COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE to determine whether differences exist among raters and techniques scored. Methods: The authors evaluated candidate performances that took place from July through November 2012. For each performance, 2 raters scored the same technique or different techniques using the OMT scoring rubric. Discrepancies between scores were compared using t tests. Statistical significance was set at P<.05 for most analyses. Results: Of the 708 performances, there was no statistically significant difference in scoring whether the OMT raters scored the same technique or different techniques when the students performed more than 1. There were no statistically significant differences between these results and instances when only a single technique was performed and scored. Conclusion: The present study provides reliability evidence for the use of the global OMT scoring tool in the evaluation of OMT in COMLEX-USA Level 2-PE.


The frequency response function (FRF)-based substructuring technique has been previously proposed for computing the vibratory response of complex built-up structures with moderately high-modal density characteristic. This is because it has the advantage of being able to incorporate experimental component FRFs directly into its spectral formulation. However, the accuracy of this technique is frequently hindered by spectral distortion problem due to amplification of errors in the FRF-matrix during an inversion calculation. To analyze the influence of error amplification, its inherent FRF-matrix inverse problem is mathematically transformed into an over-determined set of linear algebraic equations. The least-squares (LS) and total least-squares (TLS) solution schemes are proposed to handle this new formulation. It is then shown that these two proposed algorithms can lead to some improvements in the predictions but cannot eliminate the influence of error completely. To further achieve more accurate dynamic coupling response, the truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD) scheme is proposed to work in conjunction with the LS and TLS algorithms. Its effectiveness in reducing the influence of pre-existing errors in the FRF-matrix when applying this type of substructuring technique to a two-component system is investigated theoretically and computationally. This study also led to the discovery of certain new condition under which the TSVD scheme is most effective.


While a number of scholars have evaluated the strategies driving congressional decisions to delegate regulatory authority to administrative agencies, the literature has been largely restricted to evaluating the relationship between Congress and its administrative agent. I argue that this presents an incomplete picture of implementation given that it is typically carried out by multiple administrative actors that interact in multiple contexts and that share political principals. Such arrangements for overlapping jurisdiction and interagency organizations provide opportunities for agencies to learn from one another about the constraints of the political environment within which they are operating. This paper provides a preliminary examination of the extent to which administrative agencies can learn from other agencies the preferences of shared political principals and use that information to reshape their regulatory strategies. Using original data on Court of Appeals litigation directed at administrative agencies from the 93rd to the 113th Congress, as well as congressional delegation to administrative agencies within the text of the Statutes at Large, I provide preliminary evidence that when an agency observes a closely-linked agency facing legal constraints, it reshapes its own regulatory strategy so as to provoke less costly litigation. The results pave the way toward further, more in-depth examination of the spillover effects of bureaucratic punishment and the ways in which this inter-agency learning takes place over time.


Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have transformed the genetics study of human diseases; this is an era of unprecedented productivity. Exome sequencing, the targeted sequencing of the protein-coding portion of the human genome, has been shown to be a powerful and cost-effective method for detection of disease variants underlying Mendelian disorders. Increasing effort has been made in the interest of the identification of rare variants associated with complex traits in sequencing studies. Here we provided an overview of the application fields for exome sequencing in human diseases. We describe a general framework of computation and bioinformatics for handling sequencing data. We then demonstrate data quality and agreement between exome sequencing and exome microarray (chip) genotypes using data collected on the same set of subjects in a genetic study of panic disorder. Our results show that, in sequencing data, the data quality was generally higher for variants within the exonic target regions, compared to that outside the target regions, due to the target enrichment. We also compared genotype concordance for variant calls obtained by exome sequencing vs. exome genotyping microarrays. The overall consistency rate was >99.83% and the heterozygous consistency rate was >97.55%. The two platforms share a large amount of agreement over low frequency variants in the exonic regions, while exome sequencing provides much more information on variants not included on exome genotyping microarrays. The results demonstrate that exome sequencing data are of high quality and can be used to investigate the role of rare coding variants in human diseases.


In maintaining the efficiency of coal mining, the stability of roadway plays a significant role, as it is closely related to the production of coal and the safety of personnel. In deep underground coal mines, the rheological deformation of roadway normally occurs, which affects its service life. To address this problem, in this paper, a novel high-efficiency Jet Grouting (JG) technique was presented, and its control effect on roadway stability was investigated. A creep test of a coal specimen in a laboratory scale was performed, and its creep behavior was revealed. The rheology of the coal mass surrounding the roadway was further analyzed according to the field-monitoring results of roadway deformation. A time-dependent numerical model with a Burger-creep visco-plastic model (CVISC) was established and validated by comparing the calculated displacement with in-situ measurement. The JG technique was tested in the field, and its applicability and practicability were confirmed. According to the validated model and field test results of JG, a numerical model with CVISC by JG support was established to analyze the effect of JG on the roadway. The results showed that the JG support can effectively reduce roadway deformation, optimize stress conditions, and reduce the extent of the plastic zone around the roadway. The rheological properties of the soft coal roadway were constrained and long-term stability was ensured. This pioneering work can guide the application of JG for the stability control of roadways and promote the sustainability of coal mining efficiently.


Introduction: Splanchnic vein thrombosis [SVT] is a challenging disease, because of the concurrent increased risk of bleeding and potentially lifethreatening complications. We aimed to explore the actual management of SVT in a large prospective cohort and to report clinical outcomes during follow-up. Methods: Consecutive SVT patients were enrolled in a multicenter international registry, from 2008 to 2012. Clinical outcomes (major bleeding; vascular events, defined as venous or arterial thrombosis; mortality) were collected. A propensity score [PS], created from baseline characteristics of patients receiving the two main treatments (different dosages of parenteral anticoagulants vs vitamin K antagonists [VKAs]), was used to estimate the effect of therapeutic strategies. We here report the results of the 12-month follow-up. Results: 613 patients were enrolled; mean age 53.1±14.8 years; 62.6% males. Initially, 143 patients were not anticoagulated; 175 received parenteral anticoagulants only (mean duration 6.28±4.21 months) and 295 started VKAs (9.67±3.53 months). Major bleeding occurred in 25 patients, 16 on treatment (4.53/100 patientyears [pt-y]) and 9 off treatment (5.45/100 pt-y); vascular events in 47 patients, 27 and 20 (7.93/100 pt-y vs 11.85/100 pt-y); death in 79 patients, 44 and 35 (12.35/100 pt-y vs 20.30/100 pt-y). Solid cancer, ascites, anemia and thrombocytopenia were inversely associated with the prescription of VKAs in a binary logistic regression. Using PS based on these variables, we matched 102 patients treated with VKAs with 102 patients treated with parenteral anticoagulants. Major bleeding occurred in 5.88% vs 0.98% for VKAs and heparin, respectively; vascular events in 2.94% vs 8.82%; mortality in 5.88% vs 18.63%. Conclusions: In our cohort of SVT patients, the incidence of vascular and bleeding events at 1-year follow-up was relevant. Although the PS matching did not allow for a complete balance of heterogeneity, in designated patients VKA treatment appeared to be sufficiently safe.


This data represents the geographic area described in Title 50 CFR Part 622.435 (a)(2)(ii), Fisheries of the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and South Atlantic, Subpart S— Reef Fish Fishery of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, Seasonal closures applicable to broad categories of fish or to all fishing, Red hind spawning aggregation areas as of 6/27/14.


PREPARATION: Take care to chop the onion fine. To keep from crying when you chop it (which is so annoying!), I suggest you place a little bit on your head. The trouble with crying over an onion is that once the chopping gets you started and the tears begin to well up, the next thing you know you just can't stop. I don't know whether that's ever happened to you, but I have to confess it's happened to me, many times. Mama used to say it was because I was especially sensitive to onions, like my great-aunt, Tita.


The Constitution of Russia states that women have the same right to education and professional employment and have the right to equal pay for equal work. However, similarly to most countries, gender asymmetry is observed in Russian labor market. In recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on the topic of gender socialization and its connection to professional self-determination. Our article is devoted to the gender-related aspects of school students' career choice. We rely on the most recognized methodology in Russia developed by A.G. Shmelev's group: computer-assisted test battery "Proforientator".Our research has shown statistically significant differences in future career preferences of male and female students aged between 14 and 18 in all spheres, with the exception of "Communication". Young men of early adolescence showed great interest in such professional spheres as "Technology", "Science", "Business", "Sign", and "Risk" while high school girls showed a strong inclination to "Art" and "Nature". Thus, thisdistribution of preferences can be considered as a gender-dependent. Our study has also identified masculine characteristics in females and feminine characteristics in males in the formation of their professional interests. We believe that it is important to take into account the process of gender socialization when working to support the professional self-determination of young people. The revealed regularities require further research.
Keywords: gender, gender socialization, professional self-determination, interests. professional spheres, professional orientation.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Purpose: Polymorphism in carcinogen detoxification enzymes, NAT2 and GSTT1, has been suggested as susceptibility factor for DNA damage and lung cancer. However, little information is available on DNA adduct burden in lung tissue and polymorphisms in NAT2 and GSTs gene. We investigated the independent and combined effect of metabolic gene polymorphisms NAT2 and GSTs in lung cancer north India patients.

Aim: Present study was conducted to examine: 1) whether GSTT1 Null and NAT2 genotypes have combined risk factors for Lung cancer, 2) To study possible association of tobacco smoking with NAT2 and GSTT1 null genotype of these patients.

Materials and Methods: This case control study was undertaken over a period of 19 months and included 100 Lung cancer patients and 145 controls. The GSTT1 Null and NAT2 genotypes were identified by PCR-RFLP method in peripheral blood DNA samples. Genotypes frequencies and the association of the genotypes among patients and controls group were assessed by X2 test and Binary Logistic regression.

Results: The NAT2 slow acetylator genotype frequency of slow or fast acetylator genotypes was not significant in lung cancer patients alone (OR = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.69 - 2.03, p value = 0.583).when we combined GSTT1Null/NAT2 slow, then we found no significant association (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.47 - 1.54, p value = 0.610) between case and controls. While on comparing data with smoker as well non-smoker NAT2 polymorphism have no association but GSTT1 null have significant association (P=0.004) in smoker patients.

Conclusion: These data demonstrate that there have no combined affect GSTT1 Null NAT2 slow acetylator genotype did not associated with the risk of developing lung cancer in North Indian population when compared with controls.

Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting.

Citation Format: Rajni Kant Shukla, Surya Kant, Sandeep Bhattacharya, Balraj K. Mittal. Synergistic effects of NAT2 and GSTT1 null polymorphism in lung cancer: a study from North India. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2222. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2222


The gas-perturbed liquid model of Zhang et al. (1995) is modified in an effort to improve its prediction of the minimum liquid velocity of fluidization, Ulmf, of a bed of solid particles in the presence of a low or moderate cocurrent flow of gas. Variants of the model are considered where the buoyancy term is based on the gas-liquid mixture, instead of the liquid alone, and with the frictional pressure gradient given by several alternative equations to the Ergun equation employed in the original gas-perturbed liquid model. All versions of the model provide similar dependence on such factors as gas velocity, particle diameter, particle density and liquid viscosity as those seen experimentally. The mixture buoyed equation with the drag based on an equation suggested by Foscolo et al. (1983) gives improved predictions over the original Zhang et al. (1995) model, but the best overall agreement is with buoyancy based on the liquid alone and the first term in the drag equation with the Carman (1937) constant of 180 instead of Ergun's 150. The predictions are sensitive to the minimum fluidization voidage, which is measured, assumed, or estimated. Further work is required to investigate minimum liquid fluidization velocities experimentally for particles of density closer to that of the liquid, and for high-viscosity liquids.


PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review explores the policy implications of findings from the HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN 052) treatment as prevention (TasP) study.

RECENT FINDINGS
To date, the potential of antiretrovirals to prevent sexual transmission of HIV by infected persons has been grounded in observational cohort, ecological, mathematical modeling, and meta-analytic studies. HPTN 052 represents the first randomized controlled trial to test the secondary prevention benefit of HIV transmission using antiretroviral treatment in largely asymptomatic persons with high CD4 cell counts.

SUMMARY
The US National HIV/AIDS Strategy has among its key goals the reduction of incident HIV infections, improved access to quality care and associated outcomes, and the reduction in HIV-associated health disparities and inequities. HPTN 052 demonstrates that providing TasP, in combination with other effective prevention strategies offers the promise of achieving these life-saving goals. But HPTN 052 also highlights the need for cautious optimism and underscores the importance of addressing current gaps in the HIV prevention, treatment, and care continuum in order for 'TasP' strategies to achieve their full potential. Among these are necessary improvements in the capacity to expand HIV testing, facilitate effective linkage and retention in care, and improve treatment initiation, maintenance, and virus suppression.


Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising biomedical agents in terms of both imaging and therapy, exhibiting excellent physical and chemical characteristics. The actions of AuNPs can be remotely controlled using strong near-infrared (NIR) light, associated with minimal lateral invasion. Employing the photoacoustic (PA) principle, AuNPs integrate imaging and temperature control, affording both diagnosis and treatment mediated by NIR light. We here review recent progress in the theranostic field employing AuNPs to both PA and photothermal ends.


Abstract The developmental potential of adult somatic nuclei after nuclear transfer (NT) into enucleated, in vitro-matured oocytes was evaluated in a dwarf breed of goat (BELE: Breed Early Lactate Early). Somatic donor cells were obtained from two different sources: 1) adult granulosa cells (GCs) and 2) fetal fibroblasts. Primary GCs were obtained from follicular aspirants after laparoscopic oocyte pick-up (LOPU) and were cryopreserved immediately. Frozen aliquots of cells were thawed and cultured until confluent and were then cultured in low serum for 4 days before use in NT. Immature oocytes were obtained by LOPU and matured before enucleation and NT. Ninety-one adult GC-derived NT embryos were transferred into eight recipients, four of which were confirmed pregnant (50%) at Day 30 by ultrasound. Fifty-four male fetal fibroblast-derived NT embryos were transferred into six recipients, one of which was confirmed pregnant (17%). All pregnancies were maintained through term. Four recipients delivered seven female kids (three sets of twins) derived from the GC cultures (7.7% of embryos transferred). The other recipient delivered two male kids (3.7% of embryos transferred). Birth weights were within the normal range for dwarf goats. One female twin and one male twin died at birth; the remaining kids appeared healthy and normal. DNA analysis confirmed that the kids were genetically identical to their respective donors. These results demonstrated that adult caprine somatic cells could direct normal development after NT.


PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
We conducted a retrospective radiographic study to identify and quantify medial and lateral misalignments in candidates for total knee arthroplasty.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
We studied a discontinuous series of 101 patients (164 knees) among candidates for total knee arthroplasty seen between 1990 and 2002. We selected a random sample for study. Exclusion criteria were any history of fracture, surgical treatment, rheumatoid disease, or congenital disorder. A first group of 136 genu varum knees was identified in 82 patients (mean age 72 years, mean weight 79 kg). A second group of 28 genu valgum knees was identified in 19 patients (mean age 67 years, mean weight 71 kg). The standard radiograms were digitalized for semi-automatic measurements using the Metros software. We recorded overall deformation, femoral valgus, tibial varus, HKA angle, HKS angle (mechanical/anatomic axis of the femur) and angle C (horizontal inclination of the ankle to the ground). All measures were compared between each other for each patient to search for relations.

RESULTS
In the genu varum group (136 knees), mean overall deformation was 9 degrees , mainly due to tibial misalignment (5.5 degrees ) with a 1 degrees femoral valgus component. The HKS angle was 6.3 degrees , and lateral joint gap 4.3 degrees ; the C angle was 4 degrees . Overall varus followed tibial varus (p<0.01). Ankle inclination followed tibial varus (p<0.01). In the genu valgum group (28 knees), overall deformation was 4.2 degrees , mainly due to femoral misalignment (5.6 degrees) with 1 degrees tibial varus and a medial joint gap of 2 degrees . The HKS angle was 4.7 degrees and the mean C angle -4 degrees . Overall valgus was related to femoral valgus (p<0.001). Tibial varus was greater with greater femoral valgus (p<0.01). In both groups, the HKS angle was smaller with greater femoral valgus.

DISCUSSION
Semi-automatic measurements on digitalized films enabled excellent reproducibility. Causes of error were related to limb rotation at acquisition. This study showed that genu varum worsens because of tibial wear followed by ligament distension, while for genu valgum, worsening predominantly results from femoral wear. The ankle joint line was nearly horizontal in one-third of the limbs, even when there was a major misalignment of the lower limb. The HKS angle was quite variable in both morphotypes, but was smaller with greater femoral valgus in both groups.

CONCLUSION
Measuring all components involved in medial and lateral knee misalignment is very useful for understanding the morphotype of each individual knee before performing osteotomy or implanting a knee prosthesis.


In previous studies, the relaxant, anticholinergic (functional antagonism) and antihistaminic effects of Nigella sativa have been demonstrated on guinea pig tracheal chains. Therefore in the present study, the relaxant effects of 5 different methanolic extracts (20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% methanolic fractions) of Nigella sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pigs were examined. The relaxant effects of four cumulative concentrations of each fraction (0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2.0 g%) in comparison with saline as negative control and four cumulative concentrations of theophylline (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mM) were examined by their relaxant effects on precontracted tracheal chains of guinea pig by 60 mM KCl (group 1) and 10 μM methacholine (group 2, n = 7 for each group). In group 1, all concentrations of 100% methanolic extract showed significant contractile effect on guinea pig tracheal chains (p<0.05 to p<0.01). In group 2, all concentrations of theophylline and methanolic extracts showed significant relaxant effects compared to that of saline (p<0.05 to p<0.001). The relaxant effect of different concentrations of al fractions were significantly greater in group 2 compared to group 1 experiments (p<0.001). There were significant positive correlations between the relaxant effects and concentrations for theophylline and all fractions in group2 (p<0.05 to p<0.001). These results showed a potent relaxant effect for 20% methanolic extract and weaker relaxant effect for other fractions from Nigella sativa on tracheal chains of guinea pigs.


The aim of the present paper is to determine how parental stature measurements should be used to "correct" birth weight in order to improve the diagnosis of small or big-for dateness. A first approach, based on the pattern of coefficients of correlation between maternal and paternal weight and height, and birth weight (Tab. I), may be criticized for two reasons: 1) it does not take into account the possible variations of this pattern of correlations from one subcategory (for instance of age) of the sample to another and ii) it makes no difference between "genetic" and "environmental" components of parental influence on birth weight. A second approach takes into account the variations of parental stature measurements, of birth weight and of the pattern of correlations according to mother's age (Tabs. II and III). Briefly: The correlation between birth weight and mother's weight increases, the correlation between birth weight and father's weight decreases when mother's age increases (except for mother's older than 34), and these coefficents have the same value in the youngest group (mothers less than 21). These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of the predominance of the "genetic" component in the youngest group, which leads to the establishment of the coefficients to apply to each parental stature measurement by means of a multiple regression analysis carried out on this only group (Tab. IV). For the whole population, the correction must finally be calculated using the weights of parents at 20 years (or, if unknown, an approximate value). The correction is about ten grams per kilogram of mother's and eight grams per kilogramm of father's weight deviations from the mean values of the population to which they belong.


The paper aims to examine the relationship between various types of motivation and satisfaction as well as turnover intentions of public university lecturers. Intrinsic motivation is found to affect both satisfaction and turnover, while for extrinsic motivation, only one type has a significant effect on satisfaction. The web-based questionnaire with convenience sampling was chosen to approach target respondents. Data was collected by sending a link of the questionnaire to the lecturers' email. There were 700 questionnaires collected. Of which 681 valid responses, after screening out unusual questionnaires. In order to fulfill these aims, the authors employed structural equation modeling with maximum likelihood method supported by AMOS software with 681 valid samples. The evidence confirms the high correlation between intrinsic motivation and satisfaction for university lecturers which has been shown in previous studies. With regard to extrinsic motivation, extrinsic regulation (material) is found to have a positive influence on satisfaction, meaning financial rewards and job security will lead to his contentment while introjected regulation is a source of dissatisfaction. The results also demonstrate that intrinsic motivation is negatively correlated with turnover intentions. A person who is interested in the job itself is less likely to leave his or her job due to a keen passion for it.


OBJECTIVES
This study investigated the effect of different monitor calibration modes under various ambient lighting conditions on the ability of observers to recognize proximal carious lesions of varying depths.

METHODS
7 observers evaluated 100 teeth for proximal carious lesions on standardized digital radiographs using 3 set-ups: (1) pre-calibrated monitor for high ambient light (higher than 1000 lux), (2) pre-calibrated monitor for low ambient light (less than 50 lux) and (3) Barten calibration (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) on the monitor in dimmed ambient light (less than 50 lux). Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted for all observations. The criterion standard was histological examination of the teeth. The effects of three conditions were compared using a paired t-test. The level of significance was set to p < 0.05.

RESULTS
No significant difference was found in diagnostic accuracy for the detection of any type of proximal carious lesions between the different calibration modes of the monitor according to different ambient light levels.

CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence that any difference between ambient light levels affects the ability to detect carious lesions in digital radiographs as long as the monitor was calibrated in accordance with the surrounding light level.


Fully screen-printed zinc-manganese dioxide (Zn|MnO2) batteries can power printed electronics devices. However, large-scale market implementation of such batteries has been impeded due to complexity in manufacturing and insufficient long-term stability. This work looks at key production parameters of current collector passivation, calendering of electrodes, electrode spacing and interfacial area and evaluates their effect on battery performance. Many commercially available conductive inks used to screen-print current collectors were developed for other applications and suffer power consuming parasitic side reactions inside electrochemical cells. A practical strategy to avoid corrosion of metallic current collectors adversely affecting battery performance is to print carbon black passivation layers, which is employed in this work. The stability of printed current collectors and passivation layers in common electrolyte solutions has been addressed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments to identify pinhole-related anodic peak currents. Current integration over time enabled quantification and comparison of the passivation capability of individually fabricated protective carbon black layers. Printed layer thicknesses of at least 7 µm were required for the avoidance of pinholes in the protective passivation layers. The protective functionality was further enhanced by printing of passivation layer thicknesses of up to 25 µm and modification of the printing process to double prints wet-on-dry. Coplanar Zn|MnO2 batteries have a lower manufacturing complexity than stack-type batteries but lower interest in coplanar batteries can be attributed to reduced electrical and electrochemical performance due to layout-specific issues. Batteries comprising series connections or smaller gap widths between electrodes are typically printed to overcome these limitations. The focus of this study is the optimisation of battery performance characteristics by process and layout modification while enhancing processability on a wide range of screen printing machines. Thus, coplanar batteries prepared were calendered as part of the systematic electrode post-treatment. Battery layouts were modified by incremental gap width enlargement and a gap length extension. Individual effects of the electrical performance were monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements and discharge experiments. Calendering of zinc anodes reduced charge transfer resistances of the batteries. Gap width extensions in a range between 1 mm and 5 mm showed only marginal impact on discharge performance metrics. Increase of the electrode interfacial area resulted in an improved current capability, raised short circuit currents by 45 %, and enhanced the durability against mechanical stress and thermal intake during battery activation and encapsulation. This work contributes to the optimisation of fully screen-printed coplanar Zn|MnO2 batteries by a predictable stability of passivation layers and an improved battery performance by Zn electrode calendering. Reduced requirements on registration due to increased electrode spacing and an enhanced process stability during encapsulation enable production of printed batteries at industrial-scale.


Traffic congestion control is becoming a popular field of research due to the rapid development of the automotive market. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have become the core research technology for numerous application possibilities related to road safety. Road congestions have been a serious issue of all time since the nodes have high mobility and transmission range is limited, resulting in an interruption of communication. One of the significant technical challenges faced in implementing VANET is the design of the routing protocol, providing adequate information and a reliable source for the destination. We proposed a novel mechanism unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-assisted ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol (UAVa) for current-time traffic information accumulation and sharing to the entire traffic network and to control congestions before it happens. The UAV-assisted (UAVa) protocol is dedicated to urban environments, and its primary goal is to enhance the performance of routing protocols based on intersections. We compared the overall performance of existing routing protocols, namely ad hoc on-demand distance vector. The simulations were done by using OpenStreetMap (OSM), Network Simulator (NS-2.35), Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO), and VanetMobiSim. Furthermore, we compared the simulation results with AODV, and it shows that UAV-assisted (UAVa) AODV has significantly enhanced the packet delivery ratio, reduced the end-to-end delay, improved the average and instant throughput, and saved more energy. The results show that the UAVa is more robust and effective and we can conclude that UAVa is more suitable for VANETs.


Norepinephrine (NE) is a key neurotransmitter in the central and sympathetic nervous systems, whose content fluctuates dynamically and rapidly in various brain regions during different physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, it remains a great challenge to directly visualize and precisely quantify the transient NE dynamics in living systems with high accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and, in particular, high temporal resolution. Herein, we developed a series of small-molecular probes that can specifically detect NE through a sequential nucleophilic substitution-cyclization reaction, accompanied by a ratiometric near-infrared fluorescence response, within an impressively short time down to 60 ms, which is 3 orders of magnitude faster than that of present small-molecular probes. A unique water-promoted intermolecular proton transfer mechanism is disclosed, which dramatically boosted the recognition kinetics by ∼680 times. Benefiting from these excellent features, we quantitatively imaged the transient endogenous NE dynamics under external stimuli at the single living neuron level and further revealed the close correlations between NE fluctuations and Parkinson's disease pathology at the level of acute brain slices and live mouse brains in vivo.


A solid-phase extraction technique has been examined for pretreatment of colorimetric determination of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in sediment extracts. The SRP was effectively collected as a molybdophosphoric acid complex by a cartridge column packed with polystyrene divinylbenzen resin. The complex adsorbed on the resin was eluted with a small aliquot (<5 ml) of 0.5 M NaOH solution. The recovered SRP was then determined by the standard molybdenum blue method. Compared with the solvent-extraction technique which has been generally used by previous workers, the present method consists of much easier procedures, and precision and recovery of this method are sufficiently high. The method was then applied for the determination of iron-bound P (Fe-P) in sediment samples from the Tamagawa Estuary. The results suggest that Fe-P in sediments is an important source of P in estuarine and coastal ecosystems through releasing phosphate to estuarine water with increasing salinity.


The success of a company depends on several components that are interconnected and mutually supportive of one another. These components are the quality of service and customer satisfaction. There are five dimensions of characteristics that can be used to measure and assess the extent to which the company is able to provide quality services related to customer satisfaction, namely: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible. This study aims to identify and analyze how much influence the quality of service to the level of satisfaction experienced by customers who use the services of Post Office Semarang. The study method used in this study is the method of interviews, questionnaires, and literature study using a Likert scale and the sampling method used was accidental sampling of 100 samples. The analytical method used was simple and multiple method regression analysis. Based on the result analysis, variable the reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible, have a positive influence of the customer satisfaction. Variable empathy have the most influence is as much as 39,8%. Variable tangible have influence of 39%, Variable reliability have influence of 32,9%, Variable responsiveness have influence of 24,4% and variable assurance have influence of 35,9%. Simultaneously a variable the reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangible, having contributions amounting to 72,2% of the customer satisfaction.


An environmental and geochemical investigation of 33 surficial sediments of the continental shelf north and north east of Lesvos Island Greece was undertaken to study the mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments and understand the distribution and sources of various major and trace elements. Texturally all the sediments contain high amounts of mud and clay indicating a uniform facies at depths between 30m - 300m. The sediments are a mixture of terrigenous components (albite, K-feldspar, muscovite, quartz, illite, amphibole and biogenic components (calcite, Mgcalcite, aragonite). Pyrite and glauconite are ascribed to diagenesis. There are four distinctive groups of elements each of which includes related elements, derived from different natural sources on land or in the marine basin. The first group (Ca, Sr) reflects the biogenous carbonate fraction and is negatively correlated against every other element determined. A second (Si, Al, Fe, Na, K, Ti, Ba and Zr) group reflects the aluminosilicate minerals derived from the alteration of volcanic rocks, and a third group (Mg, Ni, Cr, C and Zn) reflects the aluminosilicate minerals derived from the alteration of ultrabasic rocks (peridotites) and the organic carbon. The group of Fe, Mn, Zn and Y is a diagenetic association reflecting the distribution of these elements with pyrite. The association of Cu with Zn reflects a mineralization control in the sediment area. Finally, La and Ce are associated with the K-bearing minerals, while P is related to K and Fe-finegrained minerals. The concentrations of heavy metals in the sediments are normal comparing to the contents of other AEGEAN SEA sediments and are due to natural lithogenic sources.


Lipases resistant to inhibition and denaturation by methanol are valuable tools for biotechnological applications, in particular for biofuel production. Microbial lipases have attracted a great deal of interest because of their stability at high concentrations of organic solvents. Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) is tested here for robustness towards methanol in terms of conformational stability and catalytic activity in transesterification assays. This lipase turns out to be even more tolerant than the homologous and better characterized enzyme from Burkholderia glumae. BCL unfolding transition, as monitored by far-UV circular dichroism (CD) and intrinsic fluorescence, displays a Tm above 60°C in the presence of 50% methanol. The protein unfolds at low pH, and the organic solvent affects the nature of the denatured state under acidic conditions. The protein performs well in transesterification assays upon prolonged incubations at high methanol concentrations. BCL is highly tolerant to methanol and displays particularly high conformational stability under conditions employed for transesterification reactions. These features depict BCL as a promising enzyme for biofuel industry.


Social media has become a slogan in emotion and sentiment analysis. In today's era Social media networking sites are almost used by everyone. Social media users share their feelings, thoughts, and experiences with other people by short messages. Short messages are composed of emoticons, slangs, noises, irrelevancies and words. Thus, preprocessing becomes the challenging task for Sentiment analysis. This experiment is performed to evaluate the impact of pre-processing on social data for sentiment classification particularly for slang words. This paper focused on identification of important slang words and to evaluate their impact on sentiment analysis of social media posts. The proposed scheme collects bigrams, trigrams of slang and exploits different features for better results of sentiment classification. N-grams are used for bindings and conditional random fields (CRF) to determine the importance of slang words. Experiments declare that this proposed scheme increases the accuracy of Sentiment analysis. Keywords : Pre-processing, normalization, sentiment analysis Cite this Article Rafiya Jan, Afaq Alam Khan. Preprocessing of Social Media Posts. Recent Trends in Programming Languages. 2018; 5(1): 14–18p.


. A (central) arrangement is a finite family of one-codimensional subspaces of a vector space $V$ . We study the module of logarithmic forms with poles along the hyperplanes. We use a certain cochain complex and its cohomological groups to prove that cohomological properties of the module are closely related to the explicit structure of the module.


ABSTRACT Recruitment of leukocytes is essential for eventual control of virus infections. Macrophages represent a leukocyte population involved in the first line of defense against many infections, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Through presentation of antigens to T cells and production of cytokines and chemokines, macrophages also constitute an important link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here, we have investigated the chemokine expression profile of macrophages after HSV infection and the virus-cell interactions involved. By reverse transcription-PCR and cDNA arrays, we found that HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 induced expression of the CC chemokine RANTES/CCL5 in murine macrophage cell lines and peritoneal cells. The CXC chemokine BCA-1/CXCL13 was also induced in peritoneal cells. Twenty-six other chemokines tested were not affected. Accumulation of RANTES mRNA was detectable after 5 h of infection, was sensitive to UV irradiation of the virus, and was preceded by accumulation of viral immediate-early mRNA and proteins. The viral components responsible for initiation of RANTES expression were examined with virus mutants and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells expressing a dominant negative mutant of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). The PKR mutant cell line displayed reduced constitutive and HSV-inducible RANTES expression compared to the control cell line. HSV-1 mutants deficient in genes encoding the immediate-early proteins ICP4, ICP22, and ICP27 remained fully capable of inducing RANTES expression in macrophages. By contrast, the ability of an ICP0-deficient HSV-1 mutant to induce RANTES expression was compromised. Thus, HSV selectively induces expression of RANTES in macrophages through a mechanism dependent on cellular PKR and viral ICP0.


Purpose
This paper introduces the concept of knowledge sabotage as an extreme form of counterproductive knowledge behavior, presents its typology, and empirically demonstrates its existence in the contemporary organization.

Design/methodology/approach
Through the application of the critical incident technique, this study analyzes 177 knowledge sabotage incidents when employees intentionally provided others with wrong knowledge or deliberately concealed critical knowledge while clearly realizing others' need for this knowledge and others' ability to apply it to important work-related tasks.

Findings
Over 40% of employees engaged in knowledge sabotage, and many did so repeatedly. Knowledge saboteurs usually acted against their fellow co-workers, and one-half of all incidents were caused by interpersonal issues resulting from the target's hostile behavior, failure to provide assistance to others, and poor performance. Knowledge sabotage was often expressed in the form of revenge against a particular individual, who, as a result, may have been reprimanded, humiliated or terminated. Knowledge saboteurs rarely regretted their behavior, which further confirmed the maliciousness of their intentions.

Practical implications
Even though knowledge saboteurs only rarely acted against their organizations purposely, approximately one-half of all incidents produced negative, unintentional consequences to their organizations, such as time waste, failed or delayed projects, lost clients, unnecessary expenses, hiring costs, products being out-of-stock, understaffing, or poor quality of products or services. Organizations should develop comprehensive knowledge sabotage prevention policies. The best way to reduce knowledge sabotage is to improve inter-personal relationships among employees and to foster a friendly and collaborative environment.

Originality/value
This is the first well-documented attempt to understand the phenomenon of knowledge sabotage.


In this work we present results on the measurement of the drift mobility and the mobility-lifetime product of charge carriers in a 16-pixellated CdZnTe detector. For the determination of an interaction position based on the pulse rise-time method in a CZT detector, it is necessary to characterize the transport properties governed by drift mobility and lifetime for electrons and holes. In order to extract the transport properties of an electron and a hole, we bombarded 5.5-MeV alpha particles from a 241Am source and 81-keV gamma rays emitted from a 133Ba source on the negatively biased contact of the CZT detector. A time-of-flight (TOF) method was used to measure the electron drift mobility at room temperature whose value turned out to be 906.4 cm2/V⋅ s. With the Hecht's equation, the electron mobility-lifetime product was also determined from the bias-dependent alpha response and was equal to (9.88 ± 2.33) × 10−3 cm2/V. On the other hand, the hole mobility-lifetime product was evaluated by a model based on the average charge collection efficiency which accounts for the absorption probability with a given photon energy. By using a single parameter fitting of the model, we obtained the hole mobility-lifetime product of (8.28 ± 0.17) × 10−4 cm2/V.


Background Patients with Fabry disease (FD) on reduced dose of agalsidase-beta or after switch to agalsidase-alfa show a decline in chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and a worsened plasma lyso-Gb3 decrease. Hence, the most effective dose is still a matter of debate. Methods In this prospective observational study, we assessed end-organ damage and clinical symptoms in 78 patients who had received agalsidase-beta (1.0 mg/kg) for >1 year, which were assigned to continue this treatment (agalsidase-beta, regular-dose group, n=17); received a reduced dose of agalsidase-beta and subsequent switch to agalsidase-alfa (0.2 mg/kg) or a direct switch to 0.2 mg/kg agalsidase-alfa (switch group, n=22); or were re-switched to agalsidase-beta after receiving agalsidase-alfa for 12 months (re-switch group, n=39) with a follow-up of 88±25 months. Results No differences for clinical events were observed for all groups. Patients within the re-switch group started with the worst eGFR values at baseline (p=0.0217). Overall, eGFR values remained stable in the regular-dose group (p=0.1052) and decreased significantly in the re-switch and switch groups (p<0.0001 and p=0.0052, respectively). However, in all groups males presented with an annual loss of eGFR by –2.9, –2.5 and −3.9 mL/min/1.73 m² (regular-dose, re-switch, switch groups, all p<0.05). In females, eGFR decreased significantly only in the re-switch group by −2.9 mL/min/1.73 m² per year (p<0.01). Lyso-Gb3 decreased in the re-switch group after a change back to agalsidase-beta (p<0.05). Conclusions Our data suggest that a re-switch to high dosage of agalsidase results in a better biochemical response, but not in a significant renal amelioration especially in classical males.


Robots have been a part of the popular imagination since antiquity. And yet the idea of a robot — a being that exists somehow in the twilight between machine and person — continues to fascinate. Privacy, data protection and physical integrity will be structurally influenced by the pervasive integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics. Can we find ways to control this development or do we just have to live with the disintegration of privacy as we know it? Will the new rules by the GDPR on data protection suffice to protect our personal data or are these processes in the AI era impossible to regulate? How vulnerable is AI concerning the processing of our personal data? Do we still care about our privacy, if we increasingly share our personal information with other parties? What should our itinerary for the future be when attempting to create an acceptable solution? In this article these questions are discussed but the answers lie in actions for the future.


When surveying a modern community with a good fossil record, two components are recognizable: species with a fossil record (immigrants to the Recent, I) and species without a fossil record (originating in the Recent, O). How many species will emigrate into the future is, of course, unknown. If we treat a slice of time in the past as representing the "present", older geologic time-slices as the past and younger geologic time-slices as the "future", four components are recognizable. The I's can be divided into immigrants which become emigrants, IE, and immigrants which become extinct, IX; while the O's are those originating that emigrate, OE, and those originating which become extinct, OX. Thus, the total number of species observed is S = IE + IX + OE + OX. The "future" consists of emigrants in time, E = IE + OE. The question arises as to whether or not information gleaned from such an approach is transferable to modern communities. With this in mind, we selected five Cenozoic time-slices and examined these four components of benthic foraminifera in the Salisbury-Albemarle Embayment (SAE) of the North American Atlantic coastal plain. In all the fossil communities the species are distributed about equally (± 10%) between O and I components. The OX component averages about half of the O species and are often rare. These species can be regarded as failed "evolutionary trials" and are a minimum estimate for extinction. Of the five fossil communities, three are balanced where OE = IX so that I = E and the total number of extinctions is TX = IX + OX = O. In balanced communities all of the components can easily be predicted, if one is known. In the two unbalanced communities, OE > IX so that E > I. In these two cases, IX is small and, consequently, TX ≈ OX. Based on our observations of the fossil foraminiferal communities of the SAE, we would predict that about half of the observed species in a modern community will be extinct within two to three million years. A minimum estimate, the OX component, constitutes about a quarter of the observed species. While many of the OX species occur rarely, survivorship of species with a fossil record (I) cannot be predicted on the basis of abundance. Consideration of the time slices also indicates that the local foraminiferal community depends on continual transfer of species into and out of a regional species pool. Consequently, if other organisms behave like foraminifera, any conservation efforts must be directed toward a large geographic area.


Adiponectin (ADPN), a hormone produced by adipose tissue, facilitates gastric relaxation and can be a satiety signal in the network connecting peripheral organs and the central nervous system for feeding behavior control. Here, we performed preclinical research by morpho-functional analyses on murine gastric fundus smooth muscle to add insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning ADPN action. Moreover, we conducted a clinical study to evaluate the potential use of ADPN as a biomarker for eating disorders (ED) based on the demonstrated gastric alterations and hormone level fluctuations that are often associated with ED. The clinical study recruited patients with ED and healthy controls who underwent blood draws for ADPN dosage and psychopathology evaluation tests. The findings of this basic research support the ADPN relaxant action, as indicated by the smooth muscle cell membrane pro-relaxant effects, with mild modifications of contractile apparatus and slight inhibitory effects on gap junctions. All of these actions engaged the ADPN/nitric oxide/guanylate cyclase pathway. The clinical data failed to unravel a correlation between ADPN levels and the considered ED, thus negating the potential use of ADPN as a valid biomarker for ED management for the moment. Nevertheless, this adipokine can modulate physiological eating behavior, and its effects deserve further investigation.


Blood platelets are highly sensitive circulating subcellular sensors that respond to a multitude of stimuli with a change of their resting discoid shape into more rounded structures processing blebs and pseudopodia. The platelet outline can be automatically segmented from digital images and shows a fractal behaviour. Due to the sensitivity of platelet shape change to preanalytical influencing factors, a highly standardized examination procedure is necessary in order to obtain reliable and reproducible results. In the current work, a completely standardized analytical procedure comprised of standardized sample preparation, robotic image acquisition and algorithmic image analysis is described and validated using calibration objects of different size. The system allows for the user independent examination of fractal and Euclidean geometrical properties from unfixed and unstained samples of soluble objects. The results presented demonstrate the large intra and inter slide reproducibility and the ability of the system to clearly identify and separate smaller and larger particles as well as aggregates and objects out of focus. As the system is ideally suited for the examination of slides at higher throughput, it will enable and expedite the examination of the platelet shape features of larger cohorts of patients. Hence, it might provide an ideal basis for the examination of possible preanalytical constraints and therefore help to improve our knowledge about the physiological and pathophysiological meaning of platelet shape change. Correspondence to: Dr. Max-Joseph Kraus, Robert-Koch-Str. 9 82031 Grünwald, Germany, Tel: +49-89-64954228; Fax: +49-89-64963485; E-mail: email@example.com


Abstract The objective of the present study was to identify the Prolactin Receptor (PRLR) gene polymorphism related to litter size traits. The study included 101 Topigs 20 line of sows with 426 litters. The traits studied were: Total Number of Born (TNB), Number of Born Alive (NBA), Number of Still Born (NSB), and Number of MUMmified (NMUM) piglets. Polymorphism was identified with the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Allelic and genotype frequencies and deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were verified with the chi-square test. Analysis of litter size traits was performed using the General Linear Model, which included the potential environmental effects. Additive and dominant allele variances were observed by the regression procedure. In the studied population of sows, the frequency of heterozygotes (0.5149) for PRLR gene exceeded the total number of AA (0.0198) and BB (0.4653) homozygotes, which resulted in a high proportion of B allele (0.7228). The results for PRLR showed statistically significant (P<0.05) differences in first parity sows between BB and AB genotypes for TNB and NBA. Significant differences (P<0.05) were recorded in third parity sows between BB and AB genotypes for NBA, and in AA genotype versus AB and BB genotypes for NMUM. The fourth and subsequent parity sows of AA genotype had a significantly higher (P<0.05) rate of NBA as compared with those of AB and BB genotypes. In all parities analysed, the difference between the BB and AB genotypes for NBA was statistically significant (P<0.05). Interpretation of the results at the levels of phenotypes and either additive or dominant variance was quite difficult due to the small number of AA homozygous sows. The calculation model yielded a significant effect (P<0.05) as well as tendency (P<0.1) for the mentioned effects except for age at first farrowing.


Abstract : In the past year the DOD BRCP CDMRP Postdoctoral Fellowship has supported my training in translational breast cancer research as part of an interdisciplinary team of scientists using nanotechnology to develop new therapies for breast cancer that activate apoptosis in breast tumor cells. As a member of the Northwestern University Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center I have been able to participate in exciting lecture series and conferences as well as obtain further training in biologic techniques from Cancer Center Core facilities to study cancer biology. I have been working to develop pro-apoptotic nanotherapeutics directed against basal-like breast cancer using a novel nanotechnology platform pioneered by my mentor Prof. Stupp. Our original plan was to combine nanoparticles that induce breast cancer apoptosis through the actions of pro-apoptotic Smac and Trail peptides; we have focused on Trail given our success using this peptide to target and kill cancer cells. Accomplishments include: 1) We have further refined biologically active Trail peptide amphiphile (PA) nanofibers and shown similar binding characteristic to the target receptor 2) We have coassembled Trail PAs with PEGylated PAs and encapsulated paclitaxel to construct a multivalent targeted chemotherapeutic 3) We have demonstrated efficacy of the proapoptotic nanoparticles using a mouse model of basal-like breast cancer.


The aim was to describe contemporary surgical procedures for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. The 4 most commonly performed surgical procedures for the treatment of SUI were reviewed using standardized terminology. We addressed the history and evolution of the procedures as well as the mechanisms of action by which they work. Efficacy and safety data were also presented. Midurethral Sling, Pubovaginal Sling, Retropubic Colposuspension, and Urethral Bulking are safe and effective procedures. Midurethral Sling, Pubovaginal Sling, Retropubic Colposuspension, and Urethral Bulking are contemporary procedures for the treatment of SUI in women.


Macrophages/foam cells localized in cholesterol- and triglyceride-rich regions of atherosclerotic plaques express high levels of tissue factor (TF), the essential cofactor and receptor of factor VIIa. It is not clear whether modified lipoproteins, for which several agonistic effects on macrophages have been described, are independent stimuli of TF expression in these cells. Therefore, we studied the effect of short-term (1 day) and long-term (4 to 7 days) incubation of human monocyte-derived macrophages cultured in suspension with modified and native LDLs or VLDLs on the expression of TF mRNA, antigen, and activity. We used native LDL or VLDL, moderately oxidized LDL or VLDL, severely oxidized LDL or VLDL, acetylated LDL, and beta-VLDL at a protein concentration of 100 microg/mL. Cholesterol loading occurred within 9 hours after the addition of acetylated LDL and continued during long-term incubation. Incubation of severely oxidized LDL for 7 days resulted in a slight increase in cholesterol content. Triglyceride loading was observed during short-term and long-term incubation with native and modified VLDLs. Neither cholesterol nor triglyceride loading resulted in expression of TF. Bacterial LPS still could induce TF expression in lipid-laden macrophages. Our results show that incubation with modified lipoproteins or lipid loading does not lead to TF expression in monocyte-derived macrophages cultured in suspension. This suggests that induction of TF expression in foam cells in the atherosclerotic lesion is triggered by additional or other components.


This study examined the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling. We show that French children in Grades 3 and 4 appear to use morphological information in spelling; spelling of sounds for which there are several alternatives was more accurate in derived than in nonderived words. The link between morphological awareness and spelling seems to be general, given that morphological awareness correlated with multiple spelling scores, including those that did not involve morphology. Further, the relationship between spelling and morphological awareness seems to be affected by both the developmental level of the child and the phonological structure of the items in the morphological awareness task. We discuss the implications of this research for clarifying the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling.


: The relationship between wound healing and nutritional depletion is well accepted, although more specific aspects of repair remain to be established. Additional speculation surrounds the validity of assessment parameters as well as the constituents of replacement therapy. Even in view of this controversy the fact of the matter remains clear; adequate nutriture is one of the most fundamental of patient needs. Hence, the goal of nursing care should focus on the early recognition and intervention of nutritional deficits. Correction of potential and actual deficiency states promotes tissue restoration and reduces associated wound complications.


A technique is developed for calculating the elastic constants of a uniaxial fibre-reinforced composite in which long fibres are arranged on a square lattice. Infinite series Airy stress functions are utilized. The boundary value problem for a unit cell is solved numerically by truncating the infinite series and satisfying the boundary conditions at discrete points. For certain systems of practical interest graphical results are presented for the variation of elastic constants with fibre volume fraction.


In Mexico, the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy uses the term income poverty, for this purpose it uses the minimum welfare line, which refers to people whose income is insufficient to acquire the recommended basic basket, equivalent to the value of the food basket per person and that of the welfare line, similar to the previous denomination of patrimonial poverty, equivalent to the value of the food and non-food basket per person per month. Constitutionally, the minimum wage must cover the needs of a family in the material, social and cultural aspect and to provide education. The study period was from January 2002 to June 2020. The information was processed in the statistical program SAS. The objective of this paper was to estimate the percentage change rate of the national consumer price index, prices of the rural and urban food basket and of general minimum wage to explain the differential between the latter and verify its effect when being above or below the percentage change of the national consumer price index and the VPPCA. In episodes of high inflation, mainly in the food aspect, periods 2004, 20072009, 2012-2013 and 2017, the SMG barely compensated part of the increase, with the panorama accentuating in 2017; however, significant increases that occurred since 2015 and in recent periods (2019 and 2020) in the nominal SMG by 16 and 20% have been important in reducing the gap between the real SMG.


Silicon epitaxy has been studied for the fabrication of solar cell structures, with the intent of optimizing efficiency while maintaining suitability for space applications. SiH2CL2 yielded good quality layers and junctions with reproducible impurity profiles. Diode characteristics and lifetimes in the epitaxial layers were investigated as a function of epitaxial growth conditions and doping profile, as was the effect of substrates and epitaxial post-gettering on lifetime. The pyrolytic decomposition of SiH4 was also used in the epitaxial formation of highly doped junction layers on bulk Si wafers. The effects of junction layer thickness and bulk background doping level on cell performance, in particular, open-circuit voltage, were investigated. The most successful solar cells were fabricated with SiH2 CL2 to grow p/n layers on n(+) substrates. The best performance was obtained from a p(+)/p/n/n(+) structure grown with an exponential grade in the n-base layer.


In The Reorder of Things: The University and Its Pedagogies of Minority Difference, Roderick A. Ferguson asserts, "[H]ow we read, write, [and] design a minority difference culture has everything to do with the kind of minority communities that we imagine and institutionalize and might become the very question of our own reinvigorated interdisciplinary life" (230). His latest work expands our understanding of the ways contemporary regimes of power incorporate, reconfigure, and manage modes of difference. Ferguson brings together literary, critical, and historical analysis and engages a "critique of relations" that theorizes how minority cultural forms and practices express "complex relationships between institutionality and textuality in the post-civil rights movement" (17). Focusing on the impact of the student movements of the 1960s and 1970s that resulted in the institutionalization of interdisciplinary fields such as ethnic studies and women's and gender studies, the book considers how power normalizes difference. Ferguson analyzes narratives produced during the institutional transformations of the 1960s and 1970s and contemporary literary texts that represent the social upheavals of that period. In so doing, he traces a critical genealogy of oppositional and disidentificatory practices during the post-Civil Rights era and considers how student movements created opportunities for systems of power to develop policies of absorption regulating minority difference. Ferguson begins with Jacques Derrida's notion of institutions and the archive in order to illustrate how the university, as a representative of the state and an adaptive archival power, has incorporated rather than repudiated difference so as to refine its practices of exclusion and regulation. For example, as Ferguson argues in Chapter Two, the Lumumba-Zapata movement (1969-72) at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) responded to dominant institutions that defined minorities as subjects that could be integrated, included, and conditioned to achieve upward mobility through participation. This


Wittgenstein offers three objections to the idea of aesthetics as a branch of psychology: (i) Statistical data about people's preferences have no normative force. (ii) Artistic value is not instrumental value, a capacity to produce independently identifiable – and scientifically measurable – psychological effects. (iii) While psychological investigations may bring to light the causes of aesthetic preferences, they fail to provide reasons for them. According to Wittgenstein, aesthetic explanations (unlike scientific explanations) are poignant synoptic representations of aspects of a work, and the criterion of success of an aesthetic explanation is that it satisfies the addressee. He repeatedly remarked that they resemble philosophical explanations, which also try to dispel puzzlement or confusion. The difference, however, is that whereas in philosophy we deal with general conceptual problems, aesthetic explanations typically concern individual responses to particular works of art.


Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

Although genomic copy number aberrations (CNAs) of gastric carcinoma at the advanced stage have already been extensively characterized by array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) analysis, those of gastric carcinoma in situ (CIS) are still poorly understood. Furthermore, no reports have demonstrated correlations between CNAs and histopathologic features of gastric adenoma. In this study, we investigated CNAs of 20 gastric CISs (Vienna category 4.2), 20 adenomas including 7 low-grade adenomas (LGA; Vienna category 3) and 13 high-grade adenomas (HGA; Vienna category 4.1), using oligonucleotide-based array CGH. The most frequent aberrations in CIS were gains at 8q (85%) and 20q (50%), and losses at 5q (50%) and 17p (50%), suggesting that these CNAs are involved in the development of CIS. We found that the pattern of CNAs in HGA was quite different from those in LGA. The most frequent CNAs in HGA were gain at 8q (62%) and 7pq (54%), whereas those in LGA were gain at 7q21.3-q22.1 (57%) and loss at 5q (43%). Interestingly, gains at 8q and 7pq, both of which occurred most frequently in HGA, were not detected in any cases of LGA. Of note, 8q gain was detected most frequently in both HGA and CIS but undetected in LGA. Since HGA is believed to have a higher risk of progression to invasive carcinoma than LGA, these data suggest that 8q gain is important for the malignant transformation of gastric adenoma.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3908. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3908


Abstract The often-anthologized story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard is typically regarded as the earliest example of heroic English prose, perhaps a summary of an earlier oral tale. Until recently, relatively little attention has been paid to its context within the A MS of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Given this text's association with King Alfred, this article locates the tale within the broader context of Alfredian writing on the morality of rule and, in particular, royal wisdom. Rather than simply endorsing the loyalty of fighting men to their lord, the tale also warns of the dangers of royal folly and the consequences of unrighteous rule.


The current study aimed at exploring the role of social media in Lifelong informal Learning among a sample of social media users through investigating the extent of their use of different types of social media and the various fields of knowledge and sciences acquired through this use. Furthermore, the study aimed at investigating the users' estimation of the both positive and negative roles in lifelong informal learning in addition to the effect of some variables. The study was administered in the summer of 2018 among 210 people chosen by using the snowball sampling method to represent different sectors of the Palestinian society. To collect the required data, an electronic questionnaire was employed. Results revealed that the social media applications were the most used which scored a high degree (87.4 % ) , chatting applications were the second which scored (83 % ,the third was video sharing applications (73.6% ), the fourth was scored by the forums (68.3% ), the fifth was scored by the free sites (67.5 % ) the last and the least was the blogs (51.2%). The study also found that the three highest fields followed by the users included the religious knowledge and intellectual beliefs, education and lastly health and medicine. It was also found that the social media plays a a positive role in lifelong informal learning as revealed by 87.5% of the sample of the study while 84.8 % of the sample stated that social media have a negative role in the society.


This paper demonstrates that overnight returns are subject to highly persistent biases and examines the profitability of overnight-only investments in that context. Overnight returns tend to exceed their intraday counterparts, and the paper first reconciles these patterns by introducing a model that factors in recurring biases. This model identifies one fifth of stocks as having positive and statistically significant overnight biases. Investing overnight in these stocks in the next year yields twice the market's return for a third of the market beta. Results have also implications for daytime investors as these stocks average negative returns intraday. Implementation costs and issues are discussed.


Background and Objective Via direct sequencing, we have recently identified six common polymorphisms in angiotensin receptor-like 1 (AGTRL1) gene, and found only two polymorphisms were significantly associated with hypertension in a family-based analysis on 1,015 southern Han Chinese. Extending our previous work and considering the ubiquity of epistasis in determining disease susceptibility, we, in this study, sought to explore the potential interaction of AGTRL1 gene six polymorphisms with hypertension in a large northeastern Han Chinese population. Methods and Results This was a case-control study involving 1,009 sporadic hypertensive patients and 756 normotensive controls. Data were analyzed by Haplo.Stats and multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) softwares. There were no deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all polymorphisms. The genotypes and alleles of rs7119675 and rs11544374 differed significantly between the two groups (P<0.0005), even after the Bonferroni correction. Under three genetic models, significant association was consistently observed for rs7119675 and rs11544374, and this association was independent of confounding factors. Taking rs7119375 as an example, the odds of having hypertension was 2.46 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 2.06–2.94), 2.82 (95% CI: 2.29–3.46) and 3.97 (95% CI: 2.37–6.64) under additive, dominant and recessive models (P<0.001), respectively, whereas the adjusted risk estimates were slightly attenuated but still significant. The frequencies of most derived haplotypes differed significantly between patients and controls. Haplotype-phenotype analyses indicated marginal association for triglyceride (PSim = 0.011) and total cholesterol (PSim = 0.025) in patients and for triglyceride in controls (PSim = 0.023). The overall best MDR model included rs11544374, rs7119375 and rs948847 with the maximal testing accuracy of 0.737 and cross-validation consistency of 10 out of 10 (P<0.0001). Further interaction entropy graph suggested that the interaction of rs7119375 with rs11544374 and rs948847 was strongly antagonized. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that AGTRL1 genetic polymorphisms might contribute to the development of hypertension independently and/or through complex interaction.


Congenital spinal lipomas as a form of dysraphism are frequently reported in literature. A few studies have highlighted their histologic features and found them different from lipomas in other parts of the body. In a review of eight cases of spinal lipomas, we found heterotopic tissue in seven. Neural tissue, muscle, bone and cartilage were frequently encountered. The presence of meningothelial cells in one case was an unusual finding. These findings support the concept of their hamartomatous origin. Malignancy, occurring later in life in one of the heterotopic elements is known, though uncommon, and is one of the reasons, besides neurologic deficit, for long term follow-up. (Indian J Pedlatr 1999; 66 : 940-944)


Abstract : We seek to understand the effective behavior of thermoelectric composites using rigorous homogenization technique in this project. In the last three years, our accomplishment includes: (1) rigorous analysis of thermoelectric field distribution and effective properties of layered thermoelectric structures, showing that their effective figure of merit is not bounded by the constituent phases, in contrast to the previous claim; (2) identification of condition for optimal conversion efficiency of layered structures, wherein the compatibility of optimal current density of individual phases is found to be the key; (3) extending the analysis of layered structures to the core-shell type of composites that are appropriate for many applications; (4) development of asymptotic analysis and homogenization of one-dimensional thermoelectric composites, for which closed-form solutions can be obtained; and (5) development of asymptotic analysis and homogenization of two- and three-dimensional thermoelectric composites, for which finite element simulations have been implemented. This set of theoretical and computational techniques can be used to guide the design and optimization of thermoelectric composites with optimal conversion efficiency.


Objective is to assess the association between a specific genotype and the response to monoxide in patients with androgenic alopecia. Methods and materials: This study was conducted with the participation of thirty five androgenic alopecia patients. The presence of G<A single nucleotide polymorphism in the sulfotransferase 1A1 gene is detected by restricted fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction technique. Result:  In this study, it was found that the levels of response to monoxide  are differ with different genotypes of the sulfotransferase 1A1 gene, and there is significant association between  the allele type and the response to monoxide. The G allele is significantly associated to the response in a p- value of 0.016 and also there is significant association to the GG genotype in a p- value of 0.0011, while it is insignificant to the GA genotype. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the monoxide is effective for those patients who are carrying the GG genotype of the sulfotransferase 1A1 gene, and that can be used as a genetic test to predict the response monoxide.


Sequences encoding RNase P RNAs from representatives of the last remaining classical phyla of Bacteria have been determined, completing a general phylogenetic survey of RNase P RNA sequence and structure. This broad sampling of RNase P RNAs allows some refinement of the secondary structure, and reveals patterns in the evolutionary variation of sequences and secondary structures. Although the sequences range from 100 to <25% identical to one another, and although only 40 of the nucleotides are invariant, there is considerable conservation of the underlying core of the RNA sequence. RNase P RNAs, like group I intron RNAs but unlike ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs or other highly conserved RNAs, are quite variable in secondary structure outside of this conserved structural core. Conservative regions of the RNA evolve by substitution of apparently interchangeable alternative structures, rather than the insertion and deletion of helical elements that occurs in the more variable regions of the RNA. In a remarkable case of convergent molecular evolution, most of the unusual structural elements of type B RNase P RNAs of the low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria have evolved independently in Thermomicrobium roseum , a member of the green non-sulfur Bacteria.


The conditions for a good silage process start with good wheather and choice of crop, then choice of harvesting machinery. The shorter and more mechanically treated crop, the better quality of the forage. (Pauly 1994). This study has examined the variations in chopping length depending on harvest method. Precision choppers works with a rotating chopping cylinder, where the crop is cut into pieces. The crop flow into the cylinder is determined of the specific speed of two rolls, which has influense of the chopping length. Silagewagons works with a fixed chopping length, which is determined of the distance between the knifes. The distance is the same on both waggons in this study.
Samples has been taken out and then sorted after length. The length fractions in the model was 100 mm. To be able to decide dry matter and weigh percent the different fractions were put in scale bowls. Before the sorting all of the sample were weighed.
The results of this study shows that choppers have a very big amount of forage in that fraction which the machinery is adjusted for. Both choppers are able to maintain their mainly chopping length under 40 mm. The JF-chopper had most of forage in the interval 20-40 mm. They were adjusted for 12, respectively 14 mm but can be adjusted down to 5, respectively 4 mm chopping length.
Silagewagons have more longer straw materials than the choppers. That is because of the construction, which only makes it possible to cut it in 35 mm. Even though they have cut twice as long, they cut the silage to an acceptable length. In difference to the precision choppers, the silagewaggons distribute the silage more between the fractions. The biggest sample is in the fraction 40 – 60 mm. They have the same differ from the theoretical chopping length as the choppers, even though the choppers are able to process the silage shorter.
Pottingers silagewagon can carry 22 m3 extra per load compared to the Sahlstroms equipage. That means that 30 % less loads needs to be transported from the field. It halves the cost from windrow to silo, based on our calculation.
It is important what adjusted value of chopping length means in the reality, when the real value seems to be longer than the adjusted. On a silagewagon the chopping length can be longer by taking away knifes but that is hardly desirable when you want it as short as possible. A chopper has the ability to cut much shorter pieces of the forage but has a several more adjustment possibilities to observe. Often you set the machine for one cutting length and then adjust it again if the result isn´t acceptable. Generally for these different kind of harvest machinery is that it is very important to keep the knifes sharp.
The conclusion after the study is that choppers are most suitable for bunker silos, because of that the silage is properly processed and does only need good cover and packing to achieve high silage quality. Shortcut carriages are more suitable for silaging in a tube or in a towersilo. In a tube the forage is processed further by a packing roll, in a towersilo the crop is processed by a throw fan.


The development of new imaging and optogenetics techniques to study the dynamics of large neuronal circuits is generating datasets of unprecedented volume and complexity, demanding the development of appropriate analysis tools. We present a comprehensive computational workflow for the analysis of neuronal population calcium dynamics. The toolbox includes newly developed algorithms and interactive tools for image pre-processing and segmentation, estimation of significant single-neuron single-trial signals, mapping event-related neuronal responses, detection of activity-correlated neuronal clusters, exploration of population dynamics, and analysis of clusters' features against surrogate control datasets. The modules are integrated in a modular and versatile processing pipeline, adaptable to different needs. The clustering module is capable of detecting flexible, dynamically activated neuronal assemblies, consistent with the distributed population coding of the brain. We demonstrate the suitability of the toolbox for a variety of calcium imaging datasets. The toolbox open-source code, a step-by-step tutorial and a case study dataset are available at https://github.com/zebrain-lab/Toolbox-Romano-et-al.


This article argues that the nationalist ideology of racial harmony and equality-which contemporary academics have called the "myth of racial harmony"-emerged during the anti-colonial Hispano-American wars of early nineteenth century. Factors such as the participation of blacks and mulattos in the patriot army, the elite's fear of a racial war, and the powerful nationalist ideology that appeared during those wars compelled the new Hispano-American nations to "solve" their racial conflicts by creating a nationalist myth of racial harmony and equality. The article analyzes the intellectual and ideological aspects of this process. It discusses how citizenship was denied to people of African descent during Constitutional debates in Cadiz, and how patriot discourse, as a result of such debates and the mobilization of blacks and mulattos for the patriots, started to equate the rights of pardos with the fight against the colonial system, and patriotism with racial harmony. A new and powerful nationalist ideology was thus created, infl uencing race relations over the next two centuries.