Purpose of reviewSeveral advances have been made in characterization of the molecule that carries human neutrophil antigen (HNA)-2a, NB1 glycoprotein, the gene that encodes NB1 glycoprotein, CD177, and the role of antibodies to HNA-2a in transfusion reactions. Recent findingsNB1 glycoprotein binds to the endothelial cell adhesion molecule, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), and participates in neutrophil transmigration. The overexpression of neutrophil CD177 mRNA has become a useful, but nonspecific biomarker of myeloproliferative diseases, especially polycythemia vera. CD177 mRNA overexpression is also a biomarker of a subset of patients with essential thrombocythemia who are at increased risk of thromboembolic complications. In patients with myeloproliferative disorders CD177 mRNA overexpression is secondary to a gain-of-function mutation in JAK2, JAK2 V617F. NB1 glycoprotein is co-localized on neutrophil plasma membranes with proteinase 3 and a complex of NB1 glycoprotein and proteinase 3 may initiate the activation of neutrophils by antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. The inadvertent transfusion of antibodies to HNA-2a with blood components frequently causes pulmonary transfusion reactions. SummaryThe expression of CD177 is an important biomarker of myeloproliferative diseases, NB1 glycoprotein is a ligand for PECAM-1 and it may have a role in Wegener's granulomatosis, and antibodies to HNA-2a frequently cause pulmonary transfusion reactions.


This report describes a case of spurious neutropenia caused by EDTA-dependent in vitro agglutination of neutrophils. After raising the temperature of the sample to 37 degrees C the agglutination was irreversible, but it resolved completely after addition of kanamycin. Previously this method has been shown to be effective in EDTA-dependent pseudo-thrombocytopenia, but this is the first report demonstrating successful application in EDTA-dependent pseudo-neutropenia.


We present calculations of the dynamics of highly ionized gas (HIG) clouds that are confined by external pressure, and are photoionized by AGN continuum. We focus on the gas that is seen, in absorption, in the X-ray spectrum of many AGN and show that such gas can reach hydrostatic equilibrium under various conditions. The principal conclusion is that the clouds can be accelerated to high velocities by the central X-ray source. The dynamical problem can be reduced to the calculation of a single parameter, the average force multiplier, 〈M〉. The typical value of 〈M〉 is ∼10 suggesting that radiation pressure acceleration by X-rays is efficient for L/LEdd≳0.1. The terminal velocity scales with the escape velocity at the base of the flow and can exceed it by a large factor. The typical velocity for a HIG flow that originates at R=1017 cm in a source with Lx=1044 erg s−1 is ∼1000 km s−1, i.e. similar to the velocities observed in several X-ray and UV absorption systems.

Highly ionized AGN clouds are driven mainly by bound–free absorption, and bound–bound processes are less important unless the lines are significantly broadened or the column density is very small. Pressure laws that result in constant or outward decreasing ionization parameters are most effective in accelerating the flow.


Translating an existing research instrument into another language is cheaper and faster than developing a new instrument. This may explain why many science educators have translated instruments developed and validated in English into different languages for measuring the variable(s) of interest for different cultures. The quality of the translation technique may affect the validity of the results in science education studies. This study aimed at exploring the science education researchers' research instrument translation techniques: a) as a major purpose study, b) to be used in cross-cultural studies, and c) to measure variable(s) of interest in different culture. Articles published in three journals were selected for review, namely: Research in Science Education (105 issues), International Journal of Science Education (347 issues), and International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education (60 issues). The analysis revealed that a forward translation of the quantitative instruments from the source language to the target language is the most commonly used translation technique by the science education researchers (61.5 %). However, it may not ensure cultural equivalence for the target instrument when researchers use it in cross-cultural studies. Thus, consensus among science educators on how to translate an instrument, which is validated in one culture, to be used in a different culture is needed. Based on the findings, some educational implications of interest for the translation approaches are discussed.


Noise degrades the performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems working in real condition. The mismatch between the training and recognition conditions is considered the main factor involved in this degradation, and most methods for robust ASR are focussed on its minimization. In this work, we compare robust methods for ASR based on (a) the compensation of the noise effects and (b) the adaptation of the acoustic models to noise con-ditions. We propose a method for the adaptation of the acoustic models to the noise conditions based on a statistical formulation. In this method, each Gaussian is adapted to the noisy environment according to the estimated noise conditions. Recognition experiments have been carried out using speech acquired in real car environments. The results show the statistical formulation for adaptation provides an accurate method for robust ASR.


The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the authoritative
European environment node and hub, and a key initiator within
networks of knowledge co-creation, sharing and use in European
Union (EU). It ensures the quality, availability and
accessibility of environmental data and information needed to
support strategic area: informing policy implementation and
assessing systemic challenges. It actively communicates data,
information and knowledge to policymakers, the public, research
communities and others (nongovernmental organizations,
businesses) as well as to regional and international processes
including those of the United Nation and its specialised
agencies and promotes information governance as a driver of
public empowerment and behavioural change. In the past few
years the EEA's environmental information systems as well as
environmental modelling with the support of environmental
software systems have been supporting decision making processes
within the EU Systems have undergone rapid development and grew
up to support the knowledgebase of European Commission and EU
member countries. Specifically, new infrastructure to support
supply services (collection of data); networking (knowledge
management); workflows (planning, automation, quality
management); development of final products and public services
(reports, web sites, public data and information services) were
put in place. EEA strengthens the infrastructure for
environmental data and information sharing both at the EEA and
in the European Environment Information and Observation Network
with Member Countries, taking into account the Shared
Environmental Information System (SEIS) and the Infrastructure
for Spatial Information in Europe (INSPIRE) developments. The
paper presents the framework for the of development of EEA
environmental software systems and information services
accepted in Multiannual Working Plan of the EEA for 2014 – 2018
and its implication for ICT.


In 2004, Virginia State Senate Joint Resolution 131 led to a study of services for sexual assault victims in Virginia. (Barbosa, Carmody, Gainey, Payne,Plichta, Sajko, Vandecar-Burdin, 2005) Utilizing a variety of research methodologies, the study examined the response by law enforcement, criminal justice, medical and social service agencies. It also included interviews with sexual assault victim advocates and focus group interviews with various professionals. This article summarizes major findings from the focus groups as well as the in-depth interviews with twenty- three sexual assault victim advocates in Virginia. It highlights the challenges they face and recommendations for change.


This paper proposes an optimized, low-complexity methodology that combines Joint Source-Channel Coding (JSCC) based on Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding and scalable Multiple Description Coding (MDC) mechanisms for error-resilient data transmission over error-prone packet-based channels. Additionally, we report a comparative theoretical analysis between (i) MDC, and FEC-based scalable JSCC for sources encoded using (ii) Single Description Coding (SDC) and (iii) MDC. Our analysis assumes ideal source coders that can achieve the theoretical performance bounds for a Gaussian source. This source model is independent of the actual implementation and therefore allows to draw conclusions on the theoretical performance of these approaches and to determine which methodology should be employed in specific transmission scenarios.


The present paper reviews and updates the stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of the coastal basin of Tanzania during the Mesozoic times based on the interpretation of existing palaeontological and stratigraphical information and supplemented by recent fieldwork investigations by the author.
Tectonic events largely controlled the evolution of the coastal basin of Tanzania and the Indian Ocean. These included the Karoo rifting during Permo-Triassic, the break up of the Gondwana Supercontinent, which started with rifting in the Triassic period, the opening of the Somali basin in the Middle Jurassic, and the Cenozoic rifting along the East African rift system. The Karoo rifting created a zone of weakness that led to the fragmentation of the Gondwana Supercontinent.
The Early Jurassic continental sediments developed in the graben-like structure with occasional marine incursions reflecting ancient seaways on the ocean side. The early Middle Jurassic oolitic limestones developed along the shoreline forming the marine carbonate platform. During these times, the area was periodically under fresh water influence. During Bajocian-Bathonian times, the whole of Tanzanian coast was completely under marine conditions though restricted to shallow sea in which coral reefs could grow. It was during these times that a stable continental shelf developed. However, the stability of the shelf was later affected by the reactivation of the Tanga Fault pattern. As a result, the sediments from the provenance including the Bajocian-Bathonian coral reefs were reworked and transported by means of gravity flow and fluvial influence, and deposited in a fault controlled shallow basin at Msolwa to form sub-marine fans. From the Callovian to Kimmeridgian, the main facies included the transgressive low energy shale and septarian marls rich in fossils, particularly ammonites. During this period, an open marine environment was predominant. This transgressive episode was succeeded by a regressive phase during Lower Cretaceous in which sandstone deposits were predominant. The Upper Cretaceous transgressive sediments (shales and marls) lie unconformably over the regressive older deposits, marking the topmost part of the Mesozoic sequence in the study area. Tanz. J. Sci. Vol.29(1) 2003: 1-16


Injection of anti-type II collagen Ab and LPS induces arthritis in mice. The levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 alpha, MIP-2, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) in the hind paws increased with the onset of arthritis and correlated highly with arthritis scores. The level of TNF-alpha was also elevated, but only transiently. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed increases in cytokine and chemokine mRNA. To elucidate the contribution of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in arthritis development more directly, recombinant proteins, neutralizing Abs, and knockout mice were used. The injection of rIL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, but not IL-6 or chemokines, induced arthritis when mice were i.v. preinjected with anti-type II collagen Ab. However, a single injection of recombinant cytokines or chemokines into the hind paws did not induce swelling. Arthritis development was inhibited by neutralizing Ab against IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, or MIP-1 alpha. In contrast, the inhibitory effect by anti-MIP-2 Ab was partial and, surprisingly, Abs to IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 showed no inhibitory effect. Furthermore, arthritis development in IL-1R(-/-) mice and TNFR(-/-) mice was not observed at all, but severe arthritis was developed in IL-6(-/-) mice. These results suggest that IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha play more crucial roles than IL-6 or chemokines in this model. Because arthritis was also developed in SCID mice, the development of arthritis in the Ab-induced mice model is due to a mechanism that does not involve T or B cells.


Singapore's transborder industrialization projects in China and India have received much attention. This regionalization initiative was intended to set in place a strategic configuration for the city-state to restructure its domestic industries and, pari passu , retain important linkages with contiguous, low-cost environments. Our study reports on Singapore's pioneering, albeit lesser-known, project - Batamindo Industrial Park – in neighboring Batam Island, Indonesia, and finds that the strategic intent of this policy gambit remains stymied by non-economic, socio-political complexities in the host environment, and the economics of competition from other industrial estates in the vicinity of this prototype, remains to be addressed.


We analyze the radio interference from a broadband power line (BPL) system operating between 2 MHz and several tens of megahertz. The overhead medium-voltage power line is modeled as a three-phase set of parallel wires above a lossy earth. A near-exact solution, based on previous approaches for infinitely long lines, is presented for the fields from arbitrarily long lines. A closed-form approximation is then derived for the far (radiation) field using the saddle-point method. Emissions are computed by considering a BPL section of specified length between repeaters, and the maximum allowable excitation voltage versus frequency is computed by assuming compliance with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) field strength limits. These calibration results are used to study the interference to terrestrial, airborne, and ionospheric services. We show, based on our power-line model, that 1) terrestrial interference can be significant under FCC compliance; 2) interference into airborne receivers is potentially significant, and therefore, current rules prohibiting BPL use at selected frequencies in the 2-50 MHz band and at 75 MHz are appropriate; and 3) there is no threat from BPL deployments to high frequency and very high frequency ionospheric channels.


Accelerated atherosclerosis is very common in hemodialysis (HD) patients and is related to morbidity and mortality. The aortic knob width (AKW), which can easily be calculated on chest radiographs has also been found to be related to atherosclerosis in patients with normal renal function. The importance of AKW in HD patients is not known. The current study is aimed to investigate factors associated with increased AKW in HD patients. The study participants had their medical history taken and a physical examination conducted, with calculation of dialysis adequacy and AKW. AKW was calculated from the chest x-rays at the end of the dialysis session, when the patients were in their dry weight. A total of 91 HD patients and 65 patients with normal renal function (as a control group) were included. The mean of the AKW was 35.0±5.8 mm in HD patients and 26.6±4.3 mm in the control group (P<0.0001). Stepwise linear regression analysis of both groups combined revealed that age (P: 0.001), male gender (P<0.0001), systolic BP (P<0.0001), presence of HD treatment (P: 0.016), and albumin levels (P: 0.021) were inde-pendently related with increased AKW. On the other hand, in HD patients stepwise linear regression showed that age (P<0.0001), pre-dialysis systolic BP (P: 0.003), male gender (P<0.0001), being a non-smoker (P: 0.002), total cholesterol (P: 0.001), and intact parathormone levels (P: 0.005) were independently associated with increased AKW. In conclusion, AKW is increased in HD patients when compared with the normal population. These preliminary findings may enhance the use of chest radiography as a screening method, and if confirmed, can assist risk stratification in HD patients.


Highly degenerate Ga‐doped Si (100) has been prepared using 4 keV liquid‐metal ion gun implantation and rapid thermal annealing, and has been studied using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Si 2p core electron measurements provide the most direct experimental evidence of annealing‐promoted tetrahedral SiGa bonds. The Ga, as high as 10 at. % after annealing at 500 °C, was found to occupy substitutional sites close to the surface. The surface concentration decreased with increasing annealing temperature. We find that the full width at half maximum of the Si 2p core levels increases with increasing substitutional Ga concentration. This can be explained by bond‐length and bond‐angle deviations of nearby SiSi bonds caused by SiGa bond formation and the resultant net static charge variations in the silicon lattice. We discuss the binding energy shift of both the Si 2p core level and the valence‐band maximum produced by SiGa bonding.


The ingestion of convected vorticity by a high-solidity rotating blade row is a potent noise source in modern aeroengines, due largely to the high level of mutual aerodynamic interactions between adjacent blades. In order to model this process we solve the problem of determining the unsteady lift on an infinite cascade of finite-chord flat plates due to an incident vorticity wave. The method of solution is the Wiener–Hopf technique, and we consider the case of the reduced frequency, Ω, being large, allowing application of asymptotic analysis in the formal limit Ω → ∞. This approach yields considerable simplification, both in allowing the truncation of an infinite reflection series to just two terms, and in allowing algebraic expressions for the Wiener–Hopf split functions to be found. The unsteady lift distribution is derived in closed form, and the accuracy of the asymptotic Wiener–Hopf factorization demonstrated for even modest values of Ω by comparison with exact (but less tractable) methods. Our formulae can easily be incorporated into existing noise prediction codes: the advantage of our scheme is that it handles a regime in which conventional numerical approaches become unwieldy, as well as providing significant physical insight into the underlying mechanisms.


To reduce computational complexity of signal processing and improve performance of data detection, receiver structures that are matched to the physical channel characteristics are investigated. A decision-feedback equalizer is designed which relies on an adaptive channel estimator to compute its parameters. The channel estimate is reduced in size by selecting only the significant components, whose delay span is often much shorter than the multipath spread of the channel. This estimate is used to cancel the post-cursor ISI prior to linear equalization. Optimal coefficient selection (sparsing) is performed by truncation in magnitude. The advantages of this approach are reduction in the number of receiver parameters, optimal implementation of sparse feedback, and efficient parallel implementation of adaptive algorithms for the multichannel pre-combiner, the fractionally-spaced channel estimators and the short feedforward equalizer alters. The receiver algorithm is demonstrated using real data transmitted at 10 kbps over 3 km in shallow water.


Time-use research can provide important insights for different research questions. However, many time-use measures do not capture seasonal differences, qualitative dimensions of time use, and activities that are considered less 'important' or 'desirable'. To address these issues, this article proposes spot phone calls as a new method for measuring time use. The spot phone calls methodology was piloted as part of a research project on time use of adults and children in northern Uganda. In different periods of the year, participants were called on their phones at different times of the day to be asked about their time use. The method was cost and time effective and made it possible to identify and understand seasonal differences in time use. It captured emotional and relational aspects of time use and accounted for activities that were undercounted in other measures, such as 'doing nothing' and men's participation in unpaid care and domestic work. This article calls for the method to be tested with a larger sample.


This work investigates the distributed detection of carbon dioxide (CO2) release from storage tanks caused by the opening of pressure relief devices via inexpensive sensor devices in an industrial context. A realistic model of the dispersion is put forward in this paper. Both full-precision and rate-limited setups for sensors are considered, and fusion rules capitalizing the dis-persion model are derived. Simulations analyze the performance trends with relevant system parameters.


Relativistic electron precipitation (REP) from the outer radiation belt into Earth's atmosphere poses risks for satellites and affects Earth's climate, producing ozone‐destroying compounds. Characterizing the spatial extent of REP events, which are periods of precipitation localized in space and time, is important for quantifying these effects and improving understanding of outer radiation belt dynamics, allowing quantification of the relative roles of atmospheric and magnetopause particle loss. Following Shekhar et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024716), who used 16 s resolution data from particle detectors onboard NOAA's Polar‐orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) and the ESA's Meterological Operational (MetOp) Satellites, we work to more precisely determine the spatial extent of REP events using higher‐resolution (2 s) data from the same instruments. We algorithmically search through 6 years of data (October 2012 to December 2018) from a maximum of seven simultaneously orbiting satellites, identifying REP events and determining their start and end times and locations. We find that the majority of events are highly localized spatially and, unlike Shekhar et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024716), we do not observe a cluster of broad events around midnight magnetic local time (MLT). Based on case studies, we suggest that this discrepancy results from the differences in data resolution, indicating that the broad regions of precipitation around midnight MLT identified by Shekhar et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024716) may be composed of several adjacent but narrowly confined regions of precipitation, potentially with independent causes. Additional work is necessary to further classify events and identify their likely mechanisms.


Agrarian reform cannot be limited to a linear process of land distribution. It involves a societal restructuration that affects power relations, multi-level governance structures, the (re)spatialization of juridical legitimacy and symbolic boundaries between sociocultural groups (ethnicity). This paper analyses the consequences of the major Bolivian agrarian reforms of 1953, 1996 and 2006 for the current process of setting up the 'plurinational' state under the government of Evo Morales. Using a historical and sociopolitical approach, we show that the ethnically differentiated devolution of individual and collective tenure rights has resulted in an institutional segmentation along ethnic boundaries that gives rise to a growing polarization between the two socially constructed categories of indigenous people and peasants. This institutional segmentation is not limited to agrarian questions but also affects other domains, such as political processes related to territorial autonomies. The current government is trying to maintain a neutral position by giving priority to large-scale national programmes of economic development.


Objectives: (1) To develop a cadaveric temporal-bone preparation to study the mechanism of hearing loss resulting from superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SCD) and (2) to assess the potential usefulness of clinical measurements of umbo velocity for the diagnosis of SCD. Background: The syndrome of dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal is a clinical condition encompassing a variety of vestibular and auditory symptoms, including an air-bone gap at low frequencies. It has been hypothesized that the dehiscence acts as a "third window" into the inner ear that shunts acoustic energy away from the cochlea at low frequencies, causing hearing loss. Methods: Sound-induced stapes, umbo, and round-window velocities were measured in prepared temporal bones (n = 8) using laser-Doppler vibrometry (1) with the superior semicircular canal intact, (2) after creation of a dehiscence in the superior canal, and (3) with the dehiscence patched. Clinical measurements of umbo velocity in live SCD ears (n = 29) were compared with similar data from our cadaveric temporal-bone preparations. Results: An SCD caused a significant reduction in sound-induced round-window velocity at low frequencies, small but significant increases in sound-induced stapes and umbo velocities, and a measurable fluid velocity inside the dehiscence. The increase in sound-induced umbo velocity in temporal bones was also found to be similar to that measured in the 29 live ears with SCD. Conclusion: Findings from the cadaveric temporal-bone preparation were consistent with the third-window hypothesis. In addition, measurement of umbo velocity in live ears is helpful in distinguishing SCD from other otologic pathologies presenting with an air-bone gap (e.g., otosclerosis).


Introduction
Most women who quit smoking during pregnancy will relapse postpartum. Interventions for sustained postpartum abstinence can benefit from understanding prenatal characteristics associated with treatment response. Given that individuals with psychiatric disorders or elevated depressive symptoms have difficulty quitting smoking and that increases in depressive symptoms prenatally are common, we examined the relevance of psychiatric diagnoses, prenatal depressive symptoms, and stress to postpartum relapse prevention intervention response.

Methods
Pregnant women (N = 300) who quit smoking during pregnancy received intervention (with specialized focus on mood, weight, and stress [STARTS] or a comparison [SUPPORT]) to prevent postpartum relapse. As previously published, nearly one-third and one-quarter of women achieved biochemically-confirmed sustained abstinence at 24- and 52-weeks postpartum, with no difference in abstinence rates between the interventions. Women completed psychiatric interviews and questionnaires during pregnancy. Smoking was assessed in pregnancy, and 24- and 52-weeks postpartum.

Results
Psychiatric disorders did not predict sustained abstinence or treatment response. However, treatment response was moderated by end-of-pregnancy depressive symptoms (χ2 = 9.98, p = .002) and stress (χ2 = 6.90, p = .01) at 24- and 52-weeks postpartum and remained significant after including covariates. Women with low distress achieved higher abstinence rates in SUPPORT than in STARTS (37% vs. 19% for depressive symptoms; 36% vs. 19% for stress), with no difference for women with high symptoms.

Conclusions
Prenatal depressive symptoms and stress predicted differential treatment efficacy in women with low symptoms, not in women with high symptoms. Diagnostic history did not predict treatment differences. Future research to address prenatal distress may help tailor postpartum relapse prevention interventions.

Implications
We examined prenatal history of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric distress as moderators of response to postpartum smoking relapse prevention intervention that either included or did not include added content on mood, stress, and weight concerns. For women with lower psychiatric distress, the added focus is not necessary, as these women achieved greater sustained abstinence in the less-intensive treatment. Understanding which women need which level of care to sustain abstinence can help allocate resources for all postpartum former smokers. These findings underscore the importance of perinatal symptom monitoring and promoting behavioral health more broadly in pregnant and postpartum women.


Skeletal abnormalities have been reported on numerous occasions in patients who have received high doses of vitamin A and its derivatives. Recently, a new derivative, isotretinoin (Accutane, Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc.), has become available for the treatment of cystic acne. Ninety-six patients treated for a minimum of four months with low doses of this drug at two University centers have shown overall good to excellent clinical responses. However, ten of these patients have developed small pointed excrescences on the anterior margins of cervical, thoracic, or lumbar vertebral bodies. The findings are of unknown clinical significance but show some similarities to the spinal findings in DISH syndrome. Follow-up studies will be obtained, but, at the present time, the drug still can be recommended for patients who have severe cystic acne because of the excellent clinical response.


Importance of the field: Since the introduction of taxane-based chemotherapy for advanced solid tumors in the 1990s, the median overall survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer increased from 2 years to almost 5 years. Similarly, the 5-year overall survival for ovarian cancer has increased from 30% to more than 40%. Areas covered in this review: Patupilone is a novel cytotoxic compound, with similar microtubule-binding and apoptotic properties of taxanes and is active in taxane-resistant cell lines. Over 1200 patients have been treated with patupilone in Phase I – III clinical trials and a wealth of knowledge has accumulated about this compound. This review discusses current pharmacology and data from clinical trials with patupilone from the last seven years. What the reader will gain: We present a comprehensive summary of data from Phase II and III trials, as well as an overview of currently accruing trials. Take home message: Although patupilone has not demonstrated superiority over pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in a large Phase III trial in relapsed or refractory ovarian cancer, its evaluation is continuing in a range of other malignancies, especially in primary or secondary tumors of the CNS.


In this article I consider recent policies on care provision in Japan, including the employment of immigrant workers. My discussion is framed by Michel Foucault's concepts of 'biopower' and 'biopolitics': a mode of governmentality focused on the management of populations. In the current age of economic globalization, however, biopolitics also crosses national boundaries. Raewyn Connell has described a 'global gender order' whereby gender relations are shaped by power structures which transcend the level of the nation-state. This involves the connections between different local gender orders and gender orders which transcend the scale of the nation-state. The migration of care workers involves gendered structures in both sending and receiving countries, in interaction with other dimensions of difference, including class, caste, ethnicity and racialized positioning. In order to understand the relationships between the providers and receivers of care, it is necessary to bring together the insights of the nation-focused concept of biopolitics and the multileveled perspective of the 'global order of inequality' and the 'global order of difference'. Between the local and the global, there are also regional orders of inequality and regional orders of difference; care work involves relationships which are put into practice at local, intimate, interpersonal and embodied levels.


A case of precocious puberty in a 7-year-old boy with a tumor of the pineal region is reported. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels were elevated in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Endocrinological evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis demonstrated a normal prepubertal response. The tumor was resected and proved to be an immature teratoma. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels were markedly elevated in the tumor cyst fluid. Sexual precocity regressed and human chorionic gonadotropin levels in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid fell to normal after surgery, suggesting that the precocious puberty was secondary to ectopic human chorionic gonadotropin production by the pineal teratoma.


The design of biomimetic nanomaterials that can directly influence the behavior of cells and facilitate the regeneration of tissues and organs has become an active area of research. Here, the production of materials based on nano‐hydroxyapatite composites in scaffolds with nanofibrous and nanoporous topographies, designed to mimic the native bone matrix for applications in bone tissue engineering, is reported. Human mesenchymal stem cells grown on these nanocomposites are stimulated to rapidly produce bone minerals in situ, even in the absence of osteogenic supplements in the cell‐culture medium. Nanocomposites comprising type I collagen and nano‐hydroxyapatite are found to be especially efficient at inducing mineralization. When subcutaneously implanted into nude mice, this biomimetic nanocomposite is able to form a new bone matrix within only two weeks. Furthermore, when the nanocomposite is enriched with human mesenchymal stem cells before implantation, development of the bone matrix is accelerated to within one week. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study provides the first clear in vitro and in vivo demonstration of osteoinduction controlled by the material characteristics of a biomimetic nanocomposite. This approach can potentially facilitate the translation of de novo bone‐formation technologies to the clinic.


Electromagnetic pulse massage mimics the current signal of human nerve fibers by conducting a weak current to the deeper layers of the skin, which makes the muscle fibers contract and imitates massage techniques such as pounding and kneading, thus achieving a relaxing effect on the cervical spine. Wearing stability of such products largely affects the effectiveness and comfort of massage. This paper aims to investigate the wearing stability and influencing factors of electromagnetic pulse neck massagers. Three representative neck massagers were used for testing, and subjective ratings of fit were collected from 58 participants (29 males, 29females), along with measurements of wearing slipping distance and neck dimensions. The results showed that females wore the neck massager significantly more loosely than males and had a longer slipping distance of 10.256mm. Moreover, the correlation analysis indicated that the wearing fit was strongly correlated with Middle Neck Width (MNW), moderately correlated with Middle Neck Girth (MNG), weakly correlated with Root Neck Girth (RNG) and Front Neck Length (FNL), which was a guideline for the design of size and grading for neck massages.


Two important correlations have been obtained to calculate the maximum coolant temperature and the Nusselt number in the wake (the flow recirculating zone) downstream of blockages in 19-pin sodium-cooled bundles. These correlations can be applied to predict the maximum temperature rise and the average heat transfer coefficient behind small non-heat-generating blockages in the fuel assemblies of the FFTF and the CRBR for the wide range of flow and power conditions. Experiments with partial blockages in simulated LMFBR fuel assemblies have been performed at the THORS facility (formerly called FFM) of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Nineteen-pin sodium-cooled bundles were used, which had the same pin diameter and pitch as the CRBR and the FFTF fuel assemblies.


Objective(s): This study aimed to investigate hypothyroidism's effects on endometrial receptivity, creating an experimental hypothyroidism model in female rats. Materials and Methods: To induce hypothyroidism in rats of Hipotiroid-ER and Treatment-ER groups, 0.05% 6-propyl-2-thiouracil was freshly added to their drinking water for 8 weeks and then the endometrial receptivity model was applied and sacrificed on the fifth day. In the Treatment-ER group, after sc-administration of 0.8 µg/100 g L-thyroxine for 10 days, the endometrial receptivity model was applied to the rats and sacrificed on the fifth day. Results: In the histopathological evaluation, epithelial degeneration, vacuolization, enlargement of the uterine glands, and morphological disorders were observed in the endometrial layer of the Hypothyroid-ER group. However, these pathologies were significantly alleviated in the Treatment-ER group. Integrin β3, integrin αvβ3, LIF, and HOXA10 immune reaction intensities were high in the Control-ER and Treatment-ER groups, while in the Hypothyroid-ER group, integrin β3, integrin αvβ3, LIF, and HOXA10 immunoreactivity intensities were low. Also, while MUC1 immunoreactivity was high in the Hypothyroid-ER group, it was low in the other groups. In biochemical analysis, a significant increase in the TSH and progesterone levels and a significant decrease in the FT4, E2, FSH, and LH levels in the Hypothyroid-ER group compared with the Control-ER group were observed. Also, all hormone levels were significantly ameliorated in the rats of the Treatment-ER group compared with the Hypothyroid-ER group. Conclusion: The results obtained showed that hypothyroidism had a significant effect on endometrial receptivity—the histopathological and biochemical changes caused by hypothyroidism in the experimental rat model were ameliorated with L-thyroxine treatment.


The analysis of geopolitical situation of modern Georgia, which was folded after the war with Russian Federation of 2008, is carried out in the article. The conclusion is that for Georgia the fiveday war not only didn't reach the intended goal of becoming independent from the Russian Federation but also resulted in a military defeat. However, the five-day war did not affect the policy of the Georgian authorities and their pro-Western stance, and participation in energy projects.


Objective: Multi-modal functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can be used to make predictions about individual behavioral and cognitive traits based on brain connectivity networks. Methods: To take advantage of complementary information from multi-modal fMRI, we propose an interpretable multi-modal graph convolutional network (MGCN) model, incorporating both fMRI time series and functional connectivity (FC) between each pair of brain regions. Specifically, our model learns a graph embedding from individual brain networks derived from multi-modal data. A manifold-based regularization term is enforced to consider the relationships of subjects both within and between modalities. Furthermore, we propose the gradient-weighted regression activation mapping (Grad-RAM) and the edge mask learning to interpret the model, which is then used to identify significant cognition-related biomarkers. Results: We validate our MGCN model on the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort to predict individual wide range achievement test (WRAT) score. Our model obtains superior predictive performance over GCN with a single modality and other competing approaches. The identified biomarkers are cross-validated from different approaches. Conclusion and Significance: This paper develops a new interpretable graph deep learning framework for cognition prediction, with the potential to overcome the limitations of several current data-fusion models. The results demonstrate the power of MGCN in analyzing multi-modal fMRI and discovering significant biomarkers for human brain studies.


Fin-isher R (XPFR) files was reported in several studies. However, the impact of this efficiency on the debris extrusion is unknown. Therefore, this study was planned to evaluate the amount of apically extruded debris using these instruments during retreatment. Methods: Forty-five mandibular premolar teeth were instrumented with ProTaper Next system and filled with gutta-percha and an epoxy resin-based sealer using single cone technique. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups according to the file used for root filling material removal (n = 15): Reciproc, Re-ciproc + XPF, Reciproc + XPFR. Apically extruded debris was collected in pre-weighed Eppendorf tubes. The dry weight of the extruded debris was calculated by subtracting the weight of the empty tube from that of the tube containing debris. Distribution of data was determined by Shapiro–Wilk test. Groups were compared with one-way analysis of variance. The significance level was set at p = .05. Results: All file systems were associated with apical debris extrusion. No statistically significant difference was found among groups (p> .05). Conclusion: XPF and XPFR files when used as a supplementary file for improving retreatment have no significant effect on the amount of apically extruded debris.


Abstract Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a stable toxin produced by fungal strains of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is commonly found in a variety of food products, including dried fruit, coffee, and spices, raising concerns about their safety. This study was aimed to quantify OTA levels in different food products using HPLC with fluorescence detection. The pre-treatment process was optimised by employing immunoaffinity columns with Tween 20 to effectively remove interfering substances. An analytical method was developed, validated, and applied for OTA analysis in dried fruit, spices, and coffee samples. The validation procedure included determining detection and quantification limits, linearity, precision, and accuracy, as per the criteria specified by AOAC International. The validated method was successfully applied for OTA analysis in the selected food samples. Furthermore, health risk assessment was conducted based on the average intake and body weight of the Korean population. From the results, concentrations of OTA in the samples were found to be very low and therefore concluded not to pose significant threats to consumer health.


This research aims to create Digital Elevation Model (DEM) manually, presenting information DEM Rawatamtu sub-watershed and evaluate DEM produced. A method of creating DEM using software ArcGIS 10 with input data obtained from digitazion map in a geocentric manner Indonesia (RBI) and survey the scorching tile with global positioning system (GPS). DEM that has been created having spatial resolution 10 meters with a height 3032,44 m.dpl maximum and minimum 33,82 m.dpl. Information from Rawatamtu subwatershed such as contour (showing the condition of the surface of the land), slope (showing the level of the steepness of the land), aspect (showing the direction of the slope), 3 dimensional display (visualize land forms in 3D), and line of sight (determine the state of a place can be seen from elsewhere). Based on the test results, DEM made manually with spatial resolution 10 meters, the level of error is relatively small and could describe characteristic of topography the watershed of more detailed. Keywords : DEM, watershed management, RBI's maps, GPS


This article is the write-up of a rapporteur talk given at the 34th ICRC in The Hague, Netherlands. It attempts to review the results and developments presented at the conference and associated to the vibrant field of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy. In total, it aims to give an overview of the 19 gamma-ray sessions, 84 talks and 176 posters presented at the 34th ICRC on this topic. New technical advances and projects will be described with an emphasis given on the cosmic-ray related studies of the Universe.


A palladium/zinc co-catalytic system was established and successfully utilized in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions of N-sulfonylimines with alcohols as hydrogen sources. Simple alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and benzyl alcohols are all variable hydrogen sources that can reduce various N-sulfonylimines to the corresponding chiral amines with high optical purities in presence of this co-catalytic system. Primary mechanistic study revealed that the reaction may initiate with a Pd-hydride intermediate.


Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) states that all available information is immediately reflected in the price of any asset or financial instrument, so that it is impossible to predict its future values making it follow a pure stochastic process. Among all financial markets FOREX is usually addressed as one of the most efficient. This paper proposes a methodology to test the efficiency of the EURUSD pair taking only into consideration the price itself. A novel categorical classification of all possible single candlestick patterns is presented based on adaptive criteria. Candlestick patterns predictive power is evaluated from a statistical inference approach, where the mean of the average returns of the strategies in out-of-sample historical data is taken as test statistics. No net positive average returns are found in any case after taking into account transaction costs. More complex candlestick patterns are considered feeding supervised learning systems with the information of past bars. Fractional differences applied to close prices are found to be more informative than integer differences for all supervised learning systems studied (decision trees, random forest and AdaBoost) that are used as classifiers for learning the conditions for which winning trades happen. AdaBoost is found to reach the highest learning score among all three different classifiers employed.


This paper investigates models supporting isomorphic formalisation of separate rules and exceptions in legislation. It is shown that models which allow for nonmonotonic reasoning make possible isomorphic formalisation in cases where models based on standard logic do not. Three models of the first kind will be discussed and compared: one using applicability clauses which are assumed to hold unless the opposite can be proven; and two using conflict resolution metarules based, respectively, on notions of specificity and priority.


Cation exchange is a versatile post-synthetic method to explore a wide range of nanoparticle compositions, phases, and morphologies. Recently, several studies have expanded the scope of cation exchange to magic-size clusters (MSCs). Mechanistic studies indicated that MSC cation exchange undergoes a two-stage reaction pathway instead of the continuous diffusion-controlled mechanism found in nanoparticle cation exchange reactions. The cation exchange intermediate, however, has not been well-identified despite it being the key to understanding the reaction mechanism. Only indirect evidence, such as exciton peak shifts and powder x-ray diffraction, has been used to indicate the formation of the cation exchange intermediate. In this paper, we investigate the unusual nature of cation exchange in nanoclusters using our previously reported CdS MSC. High-resolution mass spectra reveal two cation exchanged reaction intermediates [Ag2Cd32S33(L) and AgCd33S33(L), L: oleic acid] as well as the fully exchanged Ag2S cluster. Crystal and electronic structure characterizations also confirm the two-stage reaction mechanism. Additionally, we investigate the Cu/CdS MSC cation exchange reaction and find a similar two-stage reaction mechanism. Our study shows that the formation of dilutely exchanged intermediate clusters can be generally found in the first stage of the MSC cation exchange reaction. By exchanging different cations, these intermediate clusters can access varying properties compared to their unexchanged counterparts.


Coherently manipulating multipartite quantum correlations leads to remarkable advantages in quantum information processing. A fundamental question is whether such quantum advantages persist only by exploiting multipartite correlations, such as entanglement. Recently, Dale, Jennings, and Rudolph negated the question by showing that a randomness processing, quantum Bernoulli factory, using quantum coherence, is strictly more powerful than the one with classical mechanics. In this Letter, focusing on the same scenario, we propose a theoretical protocol that is classically impossible but can be implemented solely using quantum coherence without entanglement. We demonstrate the protocol by exploiting the high-fidelity quantum state preparation and measurement with a superconducting qubit in the circuit quantum electrodynamics architecture and a nearly quantum-limited parametric amplifier. Our experiment shows the advantage of using quantum coherence of a single qubit for information processing even when multipartite correlation is not present.


This important cluster of perspectives on practice and prospect in business history derives from a fall 1998 colloquium held at Bocconi University in Milan, sponsored jointly by the Institute for Economic History, the Italian Association of Business Historians (ASSI), Reading University, and Johns Hopkins University. The collection echoes its support team's transnational diversity, presenting an opening set of conceptualizing essays, eleven concise national/regional overviews, and four closing chapters that identify themes for comparative business history. Both a snapshot of the discipline's preoccupations in the late 1990s and a handbook of historiography and work then in progress, Business History around the World is a volume every reference library should own. For practicing historians and graduate students, in my view, parts one and three will have more durable utility than the portraits of "Area Patterns" in between. Lou Galambos leads off by nailing two central, contemporary dilemmas for the field: identity—what are the objects of research and communication in business history?—and boundaries—what distinguishes business history from other histories, and to whom are we speaking? He tables the question of whether Alfred Chandler's durable influence has become an intellectual straitjacket and instead summarizes the range of internal and external critiques and alternative approaches. Galambos slips, though, when discussing the postmodern perspective. Although he labels it "this intensely ideological brand of business history," he categorizes the core claim that has long sustained the field ("that, all other things being equal, the institutions that make available the most goods and services are the best for society" [pp. 28–29]) as simply "an assumption," as if this were not also an intensely ideological assertion. Nonetheless, scholars will do well to savor Galambos's tough-minded prose and the implication that multiplying vectors of research are remapping the field.


In this paper, a multiagent-based model is used to study distributed energy management in a microgrid (MG). The suppliers and consumers of electricity are modeled as autonomous agents, capable of making local decisions in order to maximize their own profit in a multiagent environment. For every supplier, a lack of information about customers and other suppliers creates challenges to optimal decision making in order to maximize its return. Similarly, customers face difficulty in scheduling their energy consumption without any information about suppliers and electricity prices. Additionally, there are several uncertainties involved in the nature of MGs due to variability in renewable generation output power and continuous fluctuation of customers' consumption. In order to prevail over these challenges, a reinforcement learning algorithm was developed to allow generation resources, distributed storages, and customers to develop optimal strategies for energy management and load scheduling without prior information about each other and the MG system. Case studies are provided to show how the overall performance of all entities converges as an emergent behavior to the Nash equilibrium, benefiting all agents.


Near‐field optical microscopies and spectroscopies seek to investigate materials by combining the best aspects of optical characterization and scan‐probe microscopy techniques. In principle, this provides access to chemical, morphological, physical and dynamical information at nanometer length scales that is impossible to access by other means. But a number of challenges, particularly on the scan‐probe front, have limited the widespread application of near‐field investigations. This work describes how recent probe engineering and technique innovation have addressed many of these challenges. This Feature Article begins with a short overview of the field, providing perspective and motivation for these developments and highlighting some key improvements. This is followed by a more in‐depth description of the near‐field advances developed at the Molecular Foundry, a national nanoscience User Facility–advances that provide groundwork for generally‐applicable nano‐optical studies. Finally, a discussion is provided of what progress is still needed in order to realize the ultimate objective of translating all optical measurements to the nanoscale.


Purpose: The archives gathered in this collection engage in the current COVID-19 moment They do so in order to attempt to understand it, to think and feel with others and to create a collectivity that, beyond the slogan "we are in this together", seriously contemplates the implications of what it means to be given an opportunity to alter the course of history, to begin to learn to live and educate otherwise Design/methodology/approach: This paper is collectively written by twelve academics in March 2020, a few weeks into the first closing down of common spaces in 2020, Victoria, Australia Writing through and against "social isolation", the twelve quarantine archives in this paper are all at once questions, methods, data, analysis, implications and limitations of these pandemic times and their afterlives Findings: These quarantine archives reveal a profound sense of dislocation, relatability and concern Several of the findings in this piece succeed at failing to explain in generalising terms these un-new upending times and, in the process, raise more questions and propose un-named methodologies Originality/value: If there is anything this paper could claim as original, it would be its present ability to respond to the current times as a historical moment of intensity At times when "isolation", "self" and "contained" are the common terms of reference, the "collective", "connected" and "socially engaged" nature of this paper defies those very terms Finally, the socially transformative desire archived in each of the pieces is a form of future history-making that resists the straight order with which history is often written and made © 2020, Emerald Publishing Limited


Objective: This study aimed at evaluating the cost-utility of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) in men affected by postprostatectomy severe urinary incontinence and identifying the most cost-effective alternative among the various devices analyzed in Italy.Methods: A 5-year cycles Markov model was developed to simulate the disease evolution. The analysis compared conservative therapy, ZSI 375®, single-cuff (SC) AMS 800TM, and double-cuff (DC) AMS 800TM. A Probabilistic Sensitivity Analysis (PSA) was performed. One thousand Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to generate the Cost-Effectiveness Acceptability Curve for each intervention strategy. A sensitivity analysis on the price of the device was conducted.Results: From the Italian National Health Service perspective, DC AMS 800TM was the most cost-effective alternative in comparison with conservative therapy, with an Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) value equal to € 12,893. From the NHS + patient perspective, both the AMS 800TM devices (SC and DC) were dominant in comparison with conservative therapy. From the societal perspective, ICER was dominant for all the alternatives considered in terms of cost-effectiveness. The PSA showed that DC AMS 800TM had a greater probability to be cost-effective with respect to the other strategies considered in the analysis. The sensitivity analysis on the price of the device showed that in all the cases analyzed the incremental cost per QALY gained would be below € 25,000.Conclusions: This cost-utility analysis confirms that AUSs are cost-effective options in the Italian context with respect to conservative therapy. Among AUSs, DC AMS 800TM has the greatest probability to be cost-effective.


Our work deals with accumulative roll bonding (ARB) of pure Mg sheet (0.9mm thickness) and of Al5052 sheet (0.5mm). A stacking of Al-Mg-Al was firstly rolled to 50% reduction at 400°C and secondly ARB has been processed up to 3 cycles. In such multilayers as well as highly mixed composites of two-phased system texture development, phase reactions and strain accumulation are of basic interest, which needs a combination of different experimental methods for characterization. The present paper deals with the global texture evolution measured by thermal neutrons to average always over the whole sample thickness, SEM and optical microscopy indicates the macroscopic development of Mg and Al layers. The initial materials show typical and strong basal plane texture of hexagonal Mg (17.9mrd) and a recrystallization texture of cubic Al (8.5mrd). Co-deformation of Al/Mg/Al leads to strong decrease of both textures, whereas Mg has always a much stronger texture than Al5052. ARB processing produces only weak Al-textures. After sandwich-rolling and 1 cycle ARB rotated cube is observed in Al5052, which does not exist after 2 and 3 cycles of ARB.


Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC

A paradox of clinical oncology is that while chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT) can induce dramatic tumor responses, they do not translate into commensurate improvements in patient survival. To address this paradox, we have proposed a hypothesis that posits that apoptotic genetic material released from tumor cells into the circulation can enter healthy cells at distant sites to induce oncogenic transformation that masquerade as metastasis (Nature Clinical Practice Oncology 2007;4:203). Implicit in this hypothesis is the suggestion that CT and RT, by inducing tumor cell apoptosis, may encourage dissemination of cancer by a process of "remote de novo oncogenesis".

To test this hypothesis, we purified circulating chromatin fragments (PCFs) from sera of 40 cancer patients, both before and after CT or RT, and from 40 age and sex matched healthy donors, and added them to cells in culture. PCFs from all samples tested readily entered the recipients and triggered a DNA damage response (DDR) evidenced by the activation of H2AX and proteins of DDR and apoptotic pathways, namely, ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), p53 and Caspase3. The DDR induced the integration of the incoming PCFs into the mouse cell genomes, and some of the genes contained within the PCFs were found to be expressed as human proteins. The extent of DDR induction by PCFs from the various samples followed the order: post- CT/RT > pre- CT/RT > healthy donors. When diverse cell types of human and mouse origin were exposed to PCFs, DDR was activated in all of them indicating that this activation was not cell-type specific but was universal in nature. When injected into mice, PCFs got stably integrated into the genomes of cells of their vital organs. Cultured cells exposed to PCFs showed numerous chromosomal aberrations as well as numerical increase and amplification of centrosomes within 48 hours, indicating an early onset of chromosomal instability. The treated cells exhibited a sequence of morphological changes within a span of 6 days that included: cell cycle arrest increase in cell size apoptosis senescence. By day 8, rapidly dividing resurgent cells with altered morphologies, some of which were apparently oncogenically transformed, arose to surround the senescent cells and ultimately to fill the dish. In contrast to PCFs, DNA purified from PCFs, or directly from serum, had no biological activity. When PCF-treated cells were injected into immuno-deficient mice, tumors developed in 26 % of the injected animals.

Our results clearly identify circulating chromatin fragments as novel DNA damaging agents that are capable of entering and integrating into healthy cell genomes to induce chromosomal instability and malignant transformation. These novel findings provide strong support for our proposal for a mechanism of metastasis that implicates a process of "remote de novo oncogenesis."

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-103.


A heat-stable microtubule-associated protein (MAP) with relative molecular mass 250 000, termed 250-kDa MAP, was purified from bovine adrenal cortex. It is classified as a MAP subspecies distinct from MAP1, MAP2, tau, and MAP4, as judged from its electrophoretic mobility, heat stability and immunoreactivity. Purified 250-kDa MAP was able to bind to taxol-stabilized microtubules, although it lacked the ability to polymerize purified tubulin into microtubules. Western-blot analysis showed that this MAP was expressed ubiquitously in mammalian tissues. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that polyclonal antibodies raised against 250-kDa MAP stained many punctate structures in the cytoplasm of cultured cells. Blurry cytosolic staining was also observed. Judging from the result of nocodazole treatment, the punctate structures were associated with the microtubule network throughout the cytoplasm, while cytosolic 250-kDa MAP colocalized with free tubulin. Under electron microscopy, 250-kDa MAP has the appearance of a hollow sphere of about 12 nm diameter.


As human populations move into cities they are increasingly isolated from the natural world, with associated negative impacts on health and well-being. However, as cities renew themselves through urban redevelopment and climate-adaptation, opportunities arise to improve people's access to urban green areas that can be informed by modeling the network of urban open spaces. Recent research identified the need for multi-criteria indices of access to urban green spaces. Including open spaces such as empty lots, ground- and air-spaces surrounding buildings, and spaces associated with roads and other linear features can improve planning for urban greenspaces by identifying areas of opportunity for additional greening. Further, the gradient of interconnections among open spaces can be used to prioritize urban greening locations to build green networks. We modelled all open-space connections across 605 km2 in Seoul, population 10.3 million, using Omniscape, a landscape connectivity model. We combined the resulting open-space connectivity map with distance-based indices for existing urban parks and street trees. Combining these criteria permits rank-prioritization of locations where new green spaces would most improve residents' access. We found 2910 of 3375 (86.2%) locations where urban green spaces already exist within 300 m for city residents. Of the remaining 465 locations, 276 are in areas with the lowest-open space connections. For urban street trees, 44.3% of the 2588 km of the city's major roads are already planted with street trees. Of the remainder, 210 km (8.1%) are located in the areas with the least connections to green spaces. Nine new urban parks would provide relief for the most highly-impacted areas, where the flow of open space is lowest and where no green spaces are available within 300 m. The integration of a spatial model typically used for conservation assessments with city planning provides useful additional context for building urban health.


As the mobile telephone becomes universally available in developing countries, the impacts of this technology have been documented in various publications. However, a review conducted by Donner and Escobari (2010) shows that there has been a lack of research into micro- and small enterprises (MSEs). This exploratory research aims to contribute to filling this gap by presenting a qualitative case study of the impacts of mobile telephone use on microenterprises in the carpentry and cabinet-making sector in a poor neighborhood of Lima. Inspired by the Cluster Theory, the study demonstrates that: 1) the carpentry and cabinet-making sector in Villa El Salvador (VES) is mainly made up of a concentration of microenterprises and not an agglomeration; 2) the benefits of mobile telephone use are most evident in marketing and client relations, not in production; and 3) mobile telephone use is integrated into a social reality and the benefits are perceived in relation to existing socioeconomic relationships, rather than via a transformational effect.


The Advanced Light Source (ALS) is a 1.9-GeV, third-generation synchrotron optimized for the production of VUV and soft X-rays from undulators. There is also a hard X-ray program at the ALS, which is based around three 6-T superconducting bending magnets [1] that shift the critical energy from 3 keV to 12 keV. The extreme conditions beamline at the ALS is situated on Beamline 12.2.2, which benefits from radiation produced by one of these superbend sources. The beamline is designed for X-ray diffraction, X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray imaging of samples held in diamond-anvil high-pressure cells (DACs). In a DAC, samples are on the order of 10 to 50 μm in diameter and 10 to 30 μm thick and are contained in a metal gasket of typical inner diameters of 100 to 150 μm. For high-quality diffraction patterns with little or no contamination from diffraction from the gasket, the X-ray beam size needs to be on the order of 10 μm × 10 μm.


A novel bacterial strain, NIBR3T, was isolated from a Microcystis aeruginosa culture. Strain NIBR3T was characterized as Gram-negative, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and aerobic. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain NIBR3T was most closely related to Mesorhizobium carbonis B2.3T (=KCTC 52461), Mesorhizobium oceanicum B7T (=KCTC 42783) and Mesorhizobium qingshengii CCBAU 33460T (=HAMBI 3277), at 98.7, 97.2 and 97.2% similarity, respectively. Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that three strains [strain NIBR3T with the previously reported two Mesorhizobium species (M. carbonis B2.3T and M. oceanicum B7T)] formed a distinct cluster from other Mesorhizobium type strains. The average nucleotide identity of strain NIBR3T relative to M. carbonis B2.3T , M. oceanicum B7T, and M. qingshengii CCBAU 33460T was found to be 84.3, 79.4 and 75.8 %, with average amino-acid identities of 85.1, 74.8 and 64.3 %, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values of 27.6, 22.6 and 20.7 %, respectively. The genome size and genomic DNA G+C content of NIBR3T were 6.1 Mbp and 67.9 mol%, respectively. Growth of strain NIBR3T was observed at 23-45 °C (optimum, 33 °C), at pH 6-11 (optimum, 8) and in the presence of 0-4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The major polar lipids in this novel strain were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-10. Summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) was the most abundant cellular fatty acid in strain NIBR3T. Based on genotypic characteristics using our genomic data, strain NIBR3T was identified as a member of new genus, Aquibium gen. nov., with the two aforementioned stains. The type strain f the novel species, Aquibium microcysteis sp. nov., is NIBR3T (=KACC 22092T=HAMBI 3738T). We also reclassified Mesorhizobium carbonis and M. oceanicum as Aquibium carbonis comb. nov. and A. oceanicum comb. nov., respectively.


The idea of makerspace in a library is one that has re-emphasized the importance of library spaces in today's digitally controlled society. Makerspace as a concept promotes creative learning, critical thinking, communication, collaboration and problem solving skills among people and also inspires them to shift from being passive consumers to active creators. The library makerspace provide space for people of all ages to build prototypes, explore new ideas and build something together, thus, enhancing human capacity building among library users. Consequently, this paper theoretically examined makerspace as a library tool for capacity building in developing countries. The concept of makerspace, makerspace tools, and the best practices for effective makerspace were discussed. The paper also explored makerspace as a library tool for capacity building as well as the challenges faced in creating library makerspace. The paper concluded that library makerspace provide a safe place for people to feel comfortable creating and using powerful tools without feeling pressured.


Abstract Introduction: Premature ventricular complex (PVC) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia, which in some circumstances can lead to syncope, arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy and sudden death. In idiopathic PVCs, the first choice of treatment is radio-frequency ablation. Identification of the substrate location makes it possible to determine the ablation site, leading to an increased success rate. Complications are related mainly to the ablation technique, peri-procedural anticoagulation therapy, and the access site. Pericardial tamponade is a rare complication. A case in which the ablation procedure of idiopathic PVCs, complicated by cardiac tamponade, is presented in this paper. Case presentation: A 56-year-old female presented with symptomatic premature ventricular contractions. She had frequent palpitations, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance for ten years. Holter-monitoring demonstrated a total burden of 30,549 PVCs with monomorphic morphology, and with both bigeminal and trigeminal patterns. Surface ECG suggested a left-sided, left aortic cusp localization of the PVC, with a possible epicardial origin. Three-dimensional mapping was performed including the RVOT (right ventricular outflow tract) region, aorta, and coronary sinus. The ablation clinical status suggested a cardiac tamponade, which was confirmed by echocardiography. Radioscopy-controlled pericardial puncture was performed with the extraction of 300 ml of blood. Following this maneuver, the general status of the patient improved. During follow-up checks after twenty-four hours, Holter-monitoring recorded 5000 PVCs with a significant improvement in the clinical status of the patient. Discussions: Pericardial tamponade after radio-frequency ablation is a rare complication. The risk of tamponade in a right chamber perforation is more dangerous in patients on anticoagulation therapy or with pulmonary hypertension. In order to prevent this side effect complication of the interventional procedures, certain safety maneuvers should be followed, including the use of irrigated-type catheters, or when possible, contact force catheters, ensuring invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring during intervention, and after heparin administration and the determination of ACT every twenty minutes. Transthoracic echocardiograph examination and pericardial puncture set should be readily available in the electrophysiology laboratory.


Reusing of treated wastewater effluent, which is normally discharged to the environment from municipal waste water treatment plants, is receiving an increasing attention as a reliable water resource. The volume of this resource may be worthily taken into consideration in the planning and implementations of water resources projects. Currently most of the Middle East countries have developed their own experience in this field, however, among these countries Iraq has nothing to do in this field, a case which make one feels sorrowful. Therefore, in this work, such techniques have been analytically discussed, and handy systems of drip irrigation methods for using treated waste water in Iraq have been proposed. Moreover, in this paper, a pioneer research study has been carried out as a leading effort on this promising field of recycling wastewater usage in Iraq. For the time being, it has been detected that about 1 million cubic meters in the city of Baghdad only is disposed every day to Tigris river after getting secondary treatment, It has been shown that in 2020 the amount of wastewater in the city of Baghdad may increased to as much as (4388264) m3/day, which (if treated) may irrigate as much as (43882)hectare of industrial crops, or to be used for planting a green belt of trees surrounding the whole city of Baghdad, this could help in damping the dust storms which became a predominant phenomena in the last few years. It is also shown that the concept of decentralizat ion sewage treatment plants and separation of gray water in source may be the most dare steps to be taken by the authorities to comply with the new era of water reuse management in Iraq.


The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) is a picture of oculomotor alterations, ataxia and confusion presented in chronic alcoholics. It has more rarely been described in non alcoholic patients with malnutrition. The case of a patient with ulcerous peptic disease of long evolution who consulted for a picture compatible with WKS following clinical manifestations of repeated vomiting secondary to complete pyloric stenosis is presented. The peculiarity of the picture and the convenience of prevention in malnourished patients receiving intravenous glucose sera is discussed.


Previous studies in exercising animals have demonstrated that the extravascular lung water accessible to measurement by dilution methodology increases in the transition from rest to low-level exercise and thereafter does not change with progress to high-level exercise. In normal humans, similar systematic examination is essential to provide a background for the interpretation of changes in measured extravascular lung water in pathophysiological states. Moreover, such an examination might provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying the change in the pulmonary diffusing capacity with exercise. We therefore measured both the pulmonary extravascular lung water (by use of the triple indicator-dilution technique) and the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide in 11 subjects, seated on an exercise bicycle, at rest and usually during two levels of exercise. The central blood volume increased by 50% with a tripling of the cardiac output. The accessible lung water increased from an average of 2.16 g/kg to 2.55 g/kg in the transition from rest to low-level exercise, but it did not increase further at the higher level of exercise. The simultaneously measured diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (single breath and steady state) continued to increase over the whole range of cardiac outputs. We infer that the proportion of the pulmonary parenchyma perfused by blood flow increases slightly in the transition from rest to low-level exercise but increases no further at the higher level of exercise. The continued increase in the pulmonary diffusing capacity over the range in which the estimated lung water values do not change appears to imply that part of this increase may be blood flow dependent rather than dependent on the recruitment of additional surface for exchange.


Introduction/Background The aim of the World Ovarian Cancer Coalition Every Woman Study was to address the evidence gap relating to the experiences of women with ovarian cancer globally, with a view to improving survival and quality of life. Reports show 20% of UK women do not receive any treatment, and 15% of women die within 2 months of diagnosis. The chief concerns of European clinicians involved in the study were poor access to specialist surgeons, and delays in diagnosis contributing to poor performance status of women. Methodology 1531 women from 44 countries participated in an online survey. Given global 5-year prevalence, results achieve a confidence level of 95% with a confidence interval of ± 2.5%. Some statistically significant country differences were seen compared to the average for all (p<0.01 and *p<0.05). 37 clinicians from 15 countries were consulted. Results There were wide European variations in a number of metrics relating to the time period leading up to treatment including: women who did not know about ovarian cancer (Hungary 50.9%, Italy 56.3%*, Average 69.1%, Germany 79.3%); proportion of symptomatic women consulting a doctor (Germany 63.3%, Average 78.3%, UK 87.7%); proportion visiting a doctor within one month (Germany 77.3%, Spain 62.2%, Average 46.3%): diagnosis within one month of visiting doctor (UK 30%, Average 43.2%, Italy 62.3%); total estimated time to diagnosis (21.3 weeks in Germany to 31.5 weeks in Italy: proportion treated by gynaecologic oncologists in high volume centres where established networks and guidelines exist (e.g. Germany 50–60%, UK over 90%). Conclusion The study shows wide variations between European countries in the experiences of women leading up to diagnosis and treatment, with no one country without barriers. This suggests there are opportunities to optimise the patient pathway in this critical time period, to ensure as many women as possible are able to start treatment. Disclosure None of the authors have any conflicts of interest to disclose in relation to this Study. The study was funded by the World Ovarian Cancer Coalition (WOCC). WOCC received grants and pro bono support to enable translation of the women's survey from the following: Tesaro, Roche, Merck Pfizer Alliance.


Purpose
Organizations need to find ways to survive in unpredictable, dynamic and rapidly changing environments. The development of organizational capabilities, such as relational, is a dynamic process of adaptation, which seeks to adjust to an unstable environment. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to analyze, through a systematic review (SR), 36 articles, which discuss the influence of strategic alliances on the dynamic capabilities (DCs) process.

Design/methodology/approach
Through this systematic literature review, articles published in international journals were categorized in terms of their objectives, thematic axes and the research methodologies applied and evidences, to explore their methodological, theoretical and organizational practice contributions.

Findings
The results clarified the antecedents, implications and relevance of the relationship between strategic alliances in different countries and their DCs. The findings make it possible to determine directions for new studies that may support the advancement of this field of research.

Research limitations/implications
Studies from this SR point out that alliance is: a flexible vehicle of learning; a way to transfer effective knowledge in partner firms and to generate combinations of resources; and a superior means of access to technological capabilities and other complex capabilities. Those aspects would be difficult to be developed in the firms without the help of partnerships. This can encourage the reconfiguration of existing resources and capabilities. These reconfigurations can lead to deliberate evolutionary adaptations in these firms, which will build relational DCs.

Practical implications
As managerial implications, an alliance allows for the development of capabilities to detect new opportunities, and for the development of the reconfiguration or expansion of the existing resource base in the firm. Thus, alliances, once properly managed and with well-defined structure and purpose, can help firms achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Alliances can serve as a type of strategic choice or an alternative that can enable companies to cope with unstable, global and competitive environments permeated by (new) threats and opportunities.

Originality/value
This SR paper highlighted, in a specific and consistent topic, the suggestions for future research related to the process of DCs and its relationship with strategic alliances, motivating new research works.


Medical applications in Machine Learning (ML) algorithms is well-being state on analyzing the different attributes that have a high impact on getting illness. Cancer is one amoungof the human disease where researchers are still struggling for the complete cureness and it is also unpredictable. Cancer is a heterogeneous disease and its treatment varies from one type to another and can inculcate different phases. Throat cancer is a tumor that spreads throughout the voice box (larynx), tonsils, or throat (pharynx). In the initial stage, it is actively recommended to diagnose throat cancer and get proper medication. Deep Learning (DL) image processing techniques and ML techniques are used to effectively predict the throat cancer specifically for the supervised learning classification algorithms. This paper reviewed theML and DLbased researchactivities undertaken to classify cancer of the throat cancer.


The current study investigates the factor structure of the Work Values Questionnaire (WVQ) which measures how important each of 44 different features of a job are to the respondent. Over 750 international working professionals, primarily from the UK, completed a survey which included the WVQ, and measures of self-perceived success. Factor analysis (both exploratory and confirmatory) was conducted to extract factors and facets. Structural equation modeling was used to compare model fit, and the extracted facets were regressed on subjective work success. The results show that the scales fit a coherent and interpretable model with two factors and six facets, fitting an intrinsic-extrinsic factorial structure, consistent with previous research. Work values and demographics accounted for between 13% and 17% of the variance in subjective work success. Three facets were significant predictors of work success: the intrinsic facets Affiliation and Recognition were positive predictors, and the extrinsic facet Security was a negative predictor, of perceived work success. Limitations and implications of this research are considered.


This thesis describes a new prototype tool that automatically generates a secure F# implementation of any protocol described in the Spi calculus. Type systems were previously proposed for analysing the security of both Spi calculus processes and F# implementations. The thesis investigates a formal translation from the Spi calculus to F# that is proved to preserve typability, and therefore the security properties of the original protocol are preserved.


Recent versions of office suites are using new XML-based formats. OpenOffice.org and GoogleDocs, for example, use the Open Document Format (ODF) and Microsoft Office 2007 uses Office Open XML (OOXML). Both formats have now been accepted as international standards. This article outlines the history of the process that has left us with two functionally similar, but not fully compatible document formats.


Aims: The effects of diffuse transcranial electrical stimulation on somatic and behavioral changes in anaesthetized and unanaesthetized normal male and female Wister rats was studied.
Method: Diffuse transcranial electrical stimulation (0-25v, frequency 90Hz,pulse width 1ms) was administered via two electrodes clipped to the ear lobes of the rat.
Results: DTES causes apparent-irritability, apprehension, micturation, and piloerection and increase activity in unanaesthetised wistar rats at voltage below 10v. Tonic-clonic seizures were observed at voltages above 10v. In anaesthetized normal wistar rats, DTES has no effects on the rats at voltages below 20v. At voltages 20v and above, tonic- clonic seizures were observed.
Conclusion: These results suggest that higher voltages are needed to induce seizures in anaesthetized rats than unanaesthetized wistar rats. Some of the response to diffuse transcranial electrical stimulation can be abolished or attenuated by administering anaesthetic. Key words: DTES, Hypermotility, Anaesthesia, Urethane, Wistar rats. Highland Medical Research Journal Vol.2(1) 2004: 33-36


269 Abstract: ESWL is an effective and noninvasive method of treatment for patients with urinary stones. However, especially in the treatment of larger stones impact of the small stone particles in the lower ureter (steinstrasse) is a serious complication that affects the result of the procedure. If the renal unit has not been catheterized before the ESWL procedure, removal of these particles by open surgical or endoscopic intervention within a very short time is mandatory. A total of 1576 renal unit were treated by ESWL with the Dornier MPL 9000 lithotripter from April 1991 to April 1995. Steinstrasse was observved in 81 patients (5.1%). Of these 81 cases stone fagments passed spontaneously in 56 (69.1%) and were treated successfully with repeat ESWL in 6 (7.4%), ureteroscopic management 14 (17.3%) or open ureterolithotomy in 5 (6.2%). In the treatment of steinstrasse, treatment modality depends on the factors as location and siz e of the fragment, leading larger fragment with following multipl sandy particles and existence of septic symptoms requiring emergency treatment. Prevention is important and recognition that percutaneous nephrostomy, debulking procedures and Double-J stent do not always prevent steinstrasse. Cautionary approaches include maximum debulking before ESWL, attention to the amount of stone burden treated at a single ESWL session and careful timing in cases with significant bilateral disease. Nihat SATAR Saban DORAN Reha OZKECELI R. K. TURKYILMAZ


Determinants of Dutch trade union membership are analysed for the years 1979, 1987 and 1995. By means of a decomposition method it is established that changing characteristics of the working population primarily caused the union decline between 1979 and 1987, whereas the recovery afterwards can be entirely attributed to changing unionization behaviour. A further application of the decomposition method shows that the contribution of the separate explanatory variables to shifts in the density rate is less straightforward than the results of the first analyses suggest.


ABSTRACT In industrial scale recombinant protein production it is often of interest to be able to translocate the product to reduce downstream costs, and heterologous proteins may require the oxidative environment outside of the cytoplasm for correct folding. High-level expression combined with translocation to the periplasm is often toxic to the host, and expression systems that can be used to fine-tune the production levels are therefore important. We previously constructed vector pJB658, which harbors the broad-host-range RK2 minireplicon and the inducible Pm/xylS promoter system, and we here explore the potential of this unique system to manipulate the expression and translocation of a host-toxic single-chain antibody variable fragment with affinity for hapten 2-phenyloxazol-5-one (phOx) (scFv-phOx). Fine-tuning of scFv-phOx levels was achieved by varying the concentrations of inducers and the vector copy number and also different signal sequences. Our data show that periplasmic accumulation of scFv-phOx leads to cell lysis, and we demonstrate the importance of controlled and high expression rates to achieve high product yields. By optimizing such parameters we show that soluble scFv-phOx could be produced to a high volumetric yield (1.2 g/liter) in high-cell-density cultures of Escherichia coli.


This document amends the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Schedule for Rating Disabilities by revising the portion of the Schedule that addresses neurological conditions and convulsive disorders. The effect of this action is to provide detailed and updated criteria for evaluating residuals of traumatic brain injury (TBI).


Volatile emissions produced by the combustion of fossil fuels may be converted on a catalyst to less harmful products. During lean combustion an excess of oxygen in the exhaust gases together with a catalyst effectively oxidizes carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water. This leaves a deficit of reductants to reduce nitrogen oxides. In order to manage the conversion of nitrogen oxides into nitrogen a commonly used technology is selective catalytic reduction (SCR). In the SCR system an extra reductant such as ammonia or hydrocarbons are added to complete the conversion of nitrogen oxides. During the last few years SCR-systems for mobile applications using urea as an onboard source of ammonia have been developed and commercialized. Commonly, a solution of urea and water (commercially known as AdBlue) is injected trough an atomizer upstream of the catalyst. However, several problems still exist with the urea-SCR system. During conversion of the urea into ammonia and isocyanic acid stable high molecular compounds that can accumulate within the exhaust gas system may form. The abundance of these by-products depend on the conditions under which the urea is injected. In order to optimize spraying conditions new models and more fundamental knowledge of the urea decomposition processes are needed. In this thesis flow reactor experiments using Differential Scanning Calorimetery (DSC), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Mass Spectrometry (MS) have been undertaken to study the pyrolysis of urea. Results show that the conditions under which urea is pyrolyzed governs which by-products are formed. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to simulate the injection and decomposition of AdBlue for a urea-SCR application. New models for the decomposition and evaporation of urea have been developed and exhibit remarkable agreement with data found in the literature. The results from the CFD simulations were found to be sensitive to which sub models that were used.


This paper presents bisymmetric dual iron core linear motor stage for heavy-duty high precision applications such as large area micro-grooving machines or high precision roll die machines. In this stage, two iron core linear motors are installed in laterally symmetric way to cancel out the attractive forces. Main focus was given to analyzing the effect of cogging force and moment for two different layouts, which are symmetric and half-pitch shifted ones. Experimental results showed that the symmetric layout is more adequate for high precision applications because of its clear moment cancellation effect. It was also verified that the effect of the residual cogging moment can be suppressed further by increasing the bearing stiffness. One problem of the symmetric layout is added cogging force which hinders smooth motion, but its effect was relatively small compared with that of moment cancellation


It is well known that Chern-Simons Theories are in the constrained systems and their total Hamiltonians become identically zero, because of their gauge invariance. While treating the constraints quantum mechanially, it will be expected taht there remain the quantum fluctuations due to the uncertainty principle. Using the projection operator method (POM) and the theory of dynamical constraints, such fluctuation terms are systematically derived in the case of Abelian Chern-Simons theory. It is shown that these terms produce the effective mass in the complex scalar fields coupled to the CS fields.


The amber nano fibres are bio-active composites which could be applied in three-dimensional printing. The idea of using the amber for creating a new 3D printing material, including technological composition of the innovative amber nano and micro fibres is based on the hypothesis that organic compounds of succinite have an effective impact on living cells, including reparative, stimulating, for sedative effects as well protective properties from electro-magnetic field. To produce amber nano fibres, bioactive components were used that were isolated from the succinite and tested (in vitro) in the scientific laboratories. Three-dimensional printing is an emerging technology, which has been initially used to design and generate three-dimensional structures mainly for transplantation therapies. This process, which can be used for a variety of polymers, is becoming an increasingly essential component of biotechnological advancements. This article discusses the foundations of this technology, namely the processes used in conventional three-dimensional printing; it also discusses tissue engineering, a discipline of which new implementations of this technology are used as bio printing. The shortcomings of tissue engineering are addressed, including the failure of existing technology to manufacture nanofiber-based constructs used in blood vessels, cartilage, artery valves, tendon, cardiac muscle valves, muscle, and cornea. From this need for nanofiber processing, electrospinning is proposed as a possible roadmap for imminent tissue engineering threedimensional printing technologies, and finally, the latest integration of this technology with three-dimensional printing is addressed, highlighting the existing shortcomings in maintaining mandatory nano resolutions.


PURPOSE
Respiration control by hypnosis is a method in reducing the detriment to the healthy organs or organizations for patients during radiotherapy, especially for lung and abdomen cancer (Fig.1). It's hypothesized that there exists alterations neurological brain activity during the hypnosis state of respiratory motion control in comparison with resting state.

METHODS
Thirteen healthy volunteers were organized to participate in a hypnosis experiment that consisted of two sectional scans of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), rest state condition (RSC) scanning and hypnosis state condition (HSC) scanning. In addition, the coronal section of the lung was scanned during both conditions. During the hypnosis scan, the volunteers were under the hypnotists' guidance to keep peace and stable respiration. To evaluate the altered physiological performance of hypnosis in the respiratory control, three conventional indicators ALFF/fALFF (0.01-0.08Hz) and ReHo, were applied to identify the difference.

RESULTS
Compared with RSC, HSC showed significant (p<0.05) higher ReHo in superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, frontal lobe, middle occipital gyrus, parietal lobe, cerebellum anterior Lobe and lingual gyrus, and left brainstem (Fig.2). While significant lower ReHo in middle frontal gyrus, superior frontal gyrus, inferior semi-lunar lobule, sub-lobar and limbic lobe (Fig.2). As for the ALFF results, significant higher value of HSC was observed in superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, cerebellum anterior lobe, lingual gyrus, sub-lobar, limbic lobe, and lower in cerebellum posterior lobe, inferior semi-lunar lobule, inferior parietal lobule right middle frontal gyrus, cerebellar tonsil (Fig.3). The results of fALFF were similar to ALFF (Fig.4). The above results demonstrated that most significant regions of brain were uniform between ReHo and ALFF/fALFF.

CONCLUSION
Hypnosis is a new psychological and helpful technology for respiration control. This study provides new insights of neurological brain activity during hypnosis of respiration control. This work is supported by grants from Guangdong Innovative Research Team Program of China (Grant No. 2011S013), National 863 Programs of China (Grant Nos. 2012AA02A604 and 2015AA043203), the National High-tech R&D Program for Young Scientists by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No. 2015AA020917).


With the development of modern methods of clinical diagnosis and pathologic study, it has become universally recognized that arterial aneurysms, in the great majority of cases, particularly aneurysms involving the arch of the aorta, are due to syphilis. Other etiologic factors of clinical importance, although ranking far below syphilis, are bacterial or so-called mycotic infections of arteries, trauma (most frequently in connection with war wounds) and arteriosclerosis. Extremely rare causes are congenital defects of vessels, adhesions pulling the artery wall outward (traction aneurysms), vascular tumors and chemical erosion, such as may occur in the walls of gastric ulcer or carcinomas. In horses, a parasitic worm, the Strongylus armatus , has caused aneurysms involving most commonly the mesenteric artery. Bacterial infections may invade the vessel wall either from the outside or from within. Those coming from without are usually due to the extension of infection to the vessel walls from neighboring or