BACKGROUND
This study aims to translate the Caregiver Difficulties Scale (CDS) into Turkish language and to reveal its reliability and validity in Turkish informal family caregivers of children with cerebral palsy (CP).

METHODS
This study included 130 participants (39.9 ± 7.8 years; range 24-58 years; 106 females and 24 males). Demographic properties of participants, relationship with the care recipient, income, caregiving time, CP type, and diseases of the child (e.g., epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and congenital heart disease) and the caregiver were recorded. The Caregiver Difficulties Scale (CDS), Caregiver Well-Being Scale (CWBS), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were used for data collection. The internal consistency of the CDS was assessed using the calculation of Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A test-retest interval of 2-weeks was used to assess the reliability. The intercorrelation of variables was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to find the predictive power of CDS scores for depression.

RESULTS
A total of 130 family caregivers of children with CP completed the test/retest procedures. The Cronbach alpha coefficients were found as 0.878 for the test and 0.852 for the retest. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) value was found between 0.83 and 0.90 for test-retest reliability of the CDS. In addition, the CDS showed a significantly strong correlation with CWBS-activities of living subscale and WHOQOL-BREF psychological, physical, and environment domains, as well as a significantly moderate correlation with CWBS basic needs subscale, BDI, and WHOQOL-BREF general health, and social domains. CDS score that are >46 resulted in a sensitivity of 81.48% and a specificity of 73.79% for moderate-severe depression.

CONCLUSION
The Turkish version of the CDS is a valid and reliable measure for caregiver burden of family caregivers of children with CP.


Arbitrators have the duty to be and remain impartial and independent of the parties. Impartiality requires that an arbitrator neither favors one party nor is predisposed as to the question in dispute. Independence requires that there should be no actual or past dependent relationship with the parties that may, or at least may appear to, affect the arbitrator's freedom of judgment. However, it is not just the linking of arbitrators to any of the parties that can undermine their impartiality and independence, but also a link to one of the parties' counsels. In particular, this article deals, from the Italian perspective, with the issue of whether a counsel and an arbitrator who share the same office may be appointed for the same arbitration proceeding without disregarding the duty of impartiality and independence of the arbitrator.


Chronic diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and diabetes mellitus, require long-term management, which daily telenurse monitoring can provide. The aim of the present feasibility study was to determine if using a telenursing protocol with home monitoring during a 12 week implementation could also identify early signs of deterioration and factors correlated with participants' change in status, while attaining patient acceptance and satisfaction. The purposive sample of 43 participants provided 4533 combined days of monitoring. Outcome feasibility indicators were the range of triggering protocol alerts (70~100%) and diagnoses with exacerbations (20~29.3%). Highly correlated were participants' activity limitation and palpitations with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, activity limitation and ineffective sputum clearance with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and fatigue with diabetes. Acceptance and adherence were high with daily monitoring, including "feelings of safety," and "understanding own condition". Telenursing with home monitoring indicated a trend to accurately detect early-stage changes. Participant acceptance was acceptable. It would be feasible to conduct a randomized, controlled trial using this model with some modifications.


In this article the status of some taxa of fern genus Dryopteris Adans. s. str. (Dryopteridaceae Ching) is analyzed in South Caucasus. Based on the critical treatment of herbarium material both collected by authors in various regions of Azerbaijan and that deposited in BAK and LE, as well as analysis of relevant literature, D. talyschensis (Askerov et A. Bobr.) Askerov et U. Aktcay, D. schorapanensis Askerov, D. iranica Fras.-Jenk., and D. raddeana (Fomin) Fomin are recognized as worthy being accepted at the rank of a species, and D. borreri (Newm.) Newm. ex Oberh. et Tavel, D. remota (A. Br. ex Doll.) Druce, and D. assimilis S. Walker are prior names for the other South Caucasian representatives of the genus. Dryopteris talyschensis known before as D. raddeana var. talyschensis Askerov et A. Bobr. (Asgarov, Bobrov, 1972) by its morpho-biological and ecological featers differs considerably from D. raddeana which is a relic and endemic species of hircanian flora. Dryopteris schorapanensis initially (Askerov, 1978) described as a hybrid, later, based on morphological and cytogenetic studies, has been proven to be a distinct apomictic triploid species (Johns et al., 1996; Fraser-Jenkins, 2007). Similarly, it was demonstrated that D. affinis subsp. coriacea Fras.-Jenk. is rather widespread in the Caucasus, possess original morphology and should better be treated as another apomictic triploid species, D. iranica . Although Fraser-Jenkins (1977, 1986) considered D. raddeana as D. pallida (Bory) Fomin subsp. subsp. raddeana (Fomin) Fr.-Jenk., we accepte it with species status. Finally, the names D. borreri , D. remota , and D. assimilis are recognized as prior for D. affinis p. p., D. kemulariae , and D. expansa p. p., respectively.


This paper discusses the impact of the atmosphere–ocean coupling on the large-scale organization of tropical convection simulated by an idealized global model applying the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP; superparameterization). Because the organization resembles the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), the results contribute to the debate concerning the role of atmosphere–ocean coupling in tropical intraseasonal oscillations. The modeling setup is an aquaplanet with globally uniform mean sea surface temperature (SST) of 30°C (tropics everywhere) in radiative–convective quasi equilibrium. The simulations apply an interactive radiation transfer model and a slab ocean model with a fixed oceanic mixed layer depth. Results from several 80and 100-day-long simulations are discussed, where the only difference between the simulations is the prescribed oceanic mixed layer depth, which varied from 5 to 45 m. A simulation with a very deep oceanic mixed layer is also performed to represent constant-SST conditions. The simulations demonstrate that the interactive SST impedes the development of large-scale organization and has insignificant impact on the dynamics of mature MJO-like systems. The impediment is the result of a negative feedback between the large-scale organization of convection and SST, the convection–SST feedback. In this feedback, SST increases in regions of already suppressed convection and decreases in regions with enhanced convection, thus hindering the large-scale organization. Once developed, however, the MJO-like systems are equally strong in interactive and constant-SST simulations, and compare favorably with the observed MJO. The above impacts of the atmosphere–ocean coupling contradict the majority of previous studies using traditional general circulation models, where, typically, an enhancement of the intraseasonal signal occurs compared to prescribed-SST simulations. An explanation of this discrepancy is suggested.


To the Editor: —I desire to call attention to the statement appearing in your editorial, "Epidemic Meningitis" (The Journal, June 2, 1917), in which you state that, according to experiments in England, some of the meningitis serum as obtained under market conditions seems to be without sufficient virtue to have any curative effect, and in this respect we are "still at the mercy of the manufacturers unless fortunate enough to be able to secure the serum from institutions for research, such as the Rockefeller Institution for Medical Research or the Research Laboratory of the Board of Health, New York City." In a recent issue ofThe Journal, it was also stated that much of the serum manufactured by commercial laboratories was of doubtful potency. I am quite sure that you will agree that such sweeping statements as these are without sound basis. As a matter of fact, based on the


The aims of this study were to estimate the energy indices, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and compare the energy balance of open field strawberry production under furrow and drip irrigation systems in Kurdistan province, west of Iran. Data used in this study were obtained from 24 strawberry growers using a face to face questionnaire method in 2014. In order to convert inputs and output into energy equivalents, energy equivalent coefficients were applied. The results indicate that total energy consumption in strawberry production was 16,206.83 and 16,525.69 MJ.ha-1, whereas the total energy output was 38,950.00 and 52,385.70 MJ.ha-1 in furrow and drip irrigation systems, respectively. Energy use efficiency and net energy in the drip irrigation system were higher than the furrow irrigation system. Nitrogen fertilizer was the major energy consumer in both of the irrigation systems. From an environmental viewpoint, the total GHG emissions were 764.28 and 1,284.19 kg CO2 equivalent ha-1 in the furrow and drip systems, respectively. In the furrow system, the nitrogen fertilizer and diesel fuel had the highest share in GHG emissions, with 51.76 and 20.72 percent of the total, respectively, but in the drip system, machinery had the highest share in GHG emissions, with 53.11 percent of the total.


Response rates under random-interval schedules are lower when a brief (500 ms) signal accompanies reinforcement than when there is no signal. The present study examined this signaled-reinforcement effect and its relation to resistance to change. In Experiment 1, rats responded on a multiple random-interval 60-s random-interval 60-s schedule, with signaled reinforcement in only one component. Response resistance to alternative reinforcement, prefeeding, and extinction was compared between these components. Lower response rates, and greater resistance to change, occurred in the component with the reinforcement signal. In Experiment 2, response rates and resistance to change were compared after training on a multiple random-interval 60-s random-interval 60-s schedule in which reinforcer delivery was unsignaled in one component and a response-produced uncorrelated stimulus was presented in the other component. Higher response rates and greater resistance to change occurred with the uncorrelated stimulus. These results highlight the significance of considering the effects of an uncorrelated signal when used as a control condition, and challenge accounts of resistance to change that depend solely on reinforcer rate.


This paper deals with multipath-based positioning and tracking in off-body channels. An analysis of the effects introduced by the human body and the implications on positioning and tracking is presented based on channel measurements obtained in an indoor scenario. It shows the influence of the radio signal bandwidth on the human body induced field of view (FOV) and the number of multipath components (MPCs) detected and estimated by a deterministic maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm. A multipath-based positioning and tracking algorithm is proposed that associates these estimated MPC parameters with floor plan features and exploits a human body-dependent FOV function. The proposed algorithm is able to provide accurate position estimates even for an off-body radio channel in a multipath-prone environment with the signal bandwidth found to be a limiting factor.


The "Artists in Exile" surrealist group portrait of 1942 arguably marks a moment of recognition and inclusion for Leonora Carrington as well as, paradoxically, her moment of "exoticization" and temporary exclusion from Anglo-American criticism at large. The existing literature on Carrington is already unfairly weighted towards her early career in the late 1930s and early 1940s, when indeed she would go on to produce radical and challenging paintings, sculptures, novels, tapestries, plays, set designs and costumes well into her nineties. So why another reading of Carrington's wartime output? For one, it is useful to present a clearer timeline of her movements and locations, and secondly, it is necessary to review her intermedial contributions to the surrealist magazines of this period. This paper will propose that Carrington was, in fact, at the heart of the avant-garde during this period, a point which has provided fertile ground for future-feminist revisionary commentaries such as Marina Warner, as well as more recent historiographies and creative reinterpretations by Lucy Skaer. A reconsideration of Carrington's output from this wartime interlude in New York City, including her short story "White Rabbits" (1941) and her Untitled etching for VVV Portfolio (1942), provides insights into her instinctual avant-garde senses of liminality and transgression as well as evidencing the profound respect and acknowledgement her peers held towards her.


When countries emerge from a civil war, accountability and compensation for harms done are crucial for peacebuilding. However, post-civil war governments face uncertain political contexts, delegation problems, difficulties building trust among former combatants, deficits of central administrative capacity, and incentives to reward supporters. Given these challenges, they are unlikely to be able to fairly distribute financial compensation. In Nepal, the awarding of internationally funded compensation for conflict-related losses provides a very tangible test regarding whether factional opportunism or broader public interest considerations guide post-conflict allocations. We hypothesize that without effective institutions, compensation will be skewed in favour of those in power and not proportional to harms suffered. Using individual-level data, we analyse who benefited from the post-conflict settlement, showing those killed by Maoist perpetrators, those sympathetic to the state and members of the state armed forces were more likely to be compensated, a biased, hence unfavourable, outcome for peacebuilding.


Afghanistan and Pakistan hold a vital position in the U.S. counter-terrorism strategy. However, there are many disputes in the anti-terror cooperation among Afghanistan, Pakistan and the U.S. for years. Obama's "Afghanistan—Pakistan strategy" aims to combat the al-Qaeda, improve the security situation in the region and ensure that the U.S. is no longer the subject of terrorist attacks. Nevertheless, the U.S. financial crisis and the current economic downturn will force the US to reduce its comprehensive military activities in the long run, which clashes with its current strategy in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The lack of laws in Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as cultural and special historical circumstances will plague the South Asian Association for regional anti-terrorism cooperation. Through the implementation of anti-terror strategy, the U.S. wants to restore the leading position in the region.


The novel concept of "impurity engineering in CZochralski (CZ) silicon " for large scaled integrated circuits has been reviewed. By doping with a certain impurities into CZ silicon materials intentionally, such as nitrogen (N), germanium (Ge) and even carbon (C, with high concentration), internal gettering ability of CZ silicon wafers could be improved. Meanwhile, void defects in CZ silicon wafer could be easily eliminated during annealing at higher temperatures. Furthermore, it was also found that the mechanical strength could be increased, so that breakage of wafers decreased. Thus, it is believed that by impurity engineering CZ silicon wafers can satisfy the requirment of ultra large scale integrated circuits.


INTRODUCTION
Semantic verbal fluency (SVF) is the most commonly used test in the evaluation of normal and pathological functioning, whether it be clinically or experimentally. Several studies have suggested that the age, schooling and culture of the subject all affect performance in this test. To date no research has been conducted that proves whether there are differences between subjects who speak the same language but who come from different countries.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Data from the 'animals' category of the SVF in adult Spanish-speaking subjects and also the influence exerted by culture, age and schooling on the outcomes in this test were both submitted to analysis. The aforementioned variables were compared with the data reported by five research groups.

RESULTS
The SVF test yields similar data from one Spanish-speaking country to another, provided that the subjects' age and schooling are taken into account. The differences found in this study may be due to variations in the way the tests are administered and scored rather than any cultural effect. We propose a standardised method of applying the test, so as to allow these variables to be unified in the future.

CONCLUSION
Age and schooling are factors that determine performance in the SVF, although this is not true of culture.


This article comparatively examines forms of (im)mobility among refugees and asylum seekers (RAS) in coping with dispersal process, restrictive migration policies and local socio-economic characteristics in three cities of Northern Italy. Drawing on qualitative data, it sheds light on the everyday forms of (im)mobility of RAS to resist structural barriers limiting their opportunities to access jobs and welfare services. The Results show that people's capacity to overcome barriers depends upon individual characteristics and informal networks, and is shaped by particularities of local contexts. While people's regular legal status is considered an important resource in achieving goals, refugees and holders of international protection often have to adopt (im)mobility practices to access resources in contexts that do not facilitate their integration. This article highlights the inefficiency of integration and reception policies and advances the theoretical debate on the link between being (im)mobile and agency by calling authors to pay more attention to the (in)voluntary nature of spatial (im)mobility. Finally, it shows the ambivalent outcome of (im)mobilities in terms of agency, highlighting the implications for individuals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Primary hepatic angiosarcoma (PHA) is a rare disease with high malignancy. Due to the low incidence, atypical clinical symptoms and signs, it is often misdiagnosed, which results in missing timely treatment, and subsequently influencing the therapeutic effect and prognosis. A case of hepatic angiosarcoma with acute abdominal pain as the first symptom was reported in First Hospital affiliated to Jilin University in Match, 2017. Computed Tomography (CT) examination for this patient was misdiagnosed as a ruptured hemangioma of the liver, and emergency interventional embolization for hemostasis was performed. Blood routine was monitored several times after the operation, which indicated active bleeding. We performed laparotomy and excised the tumor, which was pathologically confirmed as hepatic angiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells expressed CD31 and CD34. After the operation, the family members gave up treatment due to economic limitations and other reasons, and the patient died on the second day after discharge.


Previous experiments and models show that the pressure to communicate can lead to the emergence of symbols in specific tasks. The experiment presented here suggests that the ability to use deictic gestures can reduce the pressure for symbols to emerge in co-operative tasks. In the gesture-only condition, pairs built a structure together in Minecraft, and could only communicate using a small range of gestures. In the gesture-plus condition, pairs could also use sound to develop a symbol system if they wished. All pairs were taught a pointing convention. None of the pairs we tested developed a symbol system, and performance was no different across the two conditions. We therefore suggest that deictic gestures, and non-referential means of organising activity sequences, are often sufficient for communication. This suggests that the emergence of linguistic symbols in early hominids may have been late and patchy with symbols only emerging in contexts where they could significantly improve task success or efficiency. Given the communicative power of pointing however, these contexts may be fewer than usually supposed. An approach for identifying these situations is outlined.


Abstract Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality encountered in clinical practice. Several medications are associated with hyponatremia. Proton pump inhibitors were reported to cause hyponatremia in one large Swedish population-based study and small observational studies or case reports. This article presents the results of a single-center retrospective case-control study based on a US patient population that examined the association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and significant hyponatremia. Cases were 792 hospitalized patients with hyponatremia, extracted from 473,000 patient encounters over 6 years, and matched controls were 774 hospitalized patients with normal serum sodium levels whose risk factors for hyponatremia were comparable to those of the study cases. The results showed that use of proton pump inhibitors for at least 30 days prior to hospital admission was significantly higher in patients with hyponatremia than in patients who had normal serum sodium levels (32.7% vs 23.3%, respectively, odds ratio 1.6, P < 0.001). Also, proton pump inhibitor use was nonsignificantly higher among patients with recurrent hyponatremia in subsequent hospitalizations compared with patients who did not have recurrence of hyponatremia (35.5% vs 30.4%, respectively, odds ratio 1.3, P = 0.13). To our knowledge, no prior US population-based study addressing such an association has been published.


Abstract : We present a dependent-type system for a lambda-calculus with explicit substitutions. In this system, meta-variables, as well as substitutions, are first-class objects. We show that the system enjoys properties like type uniqueness, subject reduction, soundness, confluence and weak normalization.


OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the attention levels, of Turkish children and adolescents with Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in on-line education classes with healthy controls. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional, internet-based, case-control study that recruited 6–18 years old patients diagnosed with ADHD and receving treatment and healthy controls from eight centers. The measurements used in the study were prepared in the google survey and delivered to the participants via Whatsapp application. RESULTS Within the study period, 510 children with ADHD and 893 controls were enrolled. Parent- rated attention decreased significantly in both groups during on-line education classes due to COVID-19 outbreak (p<0.001; for each). Children and adolescents with ADHD had significantly elevated bedtime resistance, problems in family functioning difficulties than control children according to parental reports (p=0.003; p<0.001; p<0.001, respectively). Furthermore, bedtime resistance and comorbidity significantly predicted attention levels in on-line education. CONCLUSION Our findings may underline the need to augment student engagement in on-line education both for children without attention problems and those with ADHD. Interventions shown to be effective in the management of sleep difficulties in children as well as parent management interventions should continue during on-line education.


The development of tuberculosis in both parts of Germany between 1950 and 1990 is compared. From 1950-1965 morbidity and mortality were significantly greater in the former GDR than in the FRG. Figures have somewhat increased in the FRG since 1965; a breakdown according to indigenous and alien population shows that the development of the disease among Germans has been approximately the same in both parts of Germany. For the last ten years the proportion of cases of acute infectious tuberculosis has remained almost unchanged in both the GDR and the FRG. A comparison of the development of infant tuberculosis does not disclose any influence exercised by BCT vaccination on the epidemiology.


The lung area has very complicated structure which consists of the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, and the pulmonary vein. So it is difficult for even medical doctor to understand the spatial relationships among the tumor, the bronchus, and the blood vessels. Here we present a 3D image analysis method of lung areas using thin slice CT images, and we apply this system to the differential diagnosis such as malignant or benign decision of abnormal tissues. This system consists of two steps: 1) the analysis of the structure of the lung area; and 2) the visualization of classified pulmonary organs for quantitative analysis.


We consider the source-channel separation architecture for lossy source coding in communication networks. It is shown that the separation approach is optimal in two general scenarios and is approximately optimal in a third scenario. The two scenarios for which separation is optimal complement each other: the first is when the memoryless sources at source nodes are arbitrarily correlated, each of which is to be reconstructed at possibly multiple destinations within certain distortions, but the channels in this network are synchronized, orthogonal, and memoryless point-to-point channels; the second is when the memoryless sources are mutually independent, each of which is to be reconstructed only at one destination within a certain distortion, but the channels are general, including multi-user channels, such as multiple access, broadcast, interference, and relay channels, possibly with feedback. The third scenario, for which we demonstrate approximate optimality of source-channel separation, generalizes the second scenario by allowing each source to be reconstructed at multiple destinations with different distortions. For this case, the loss from optimality using the separation approach can be upper-bounded when a difference distortion measure is taken, and in the special case of quadratic distortion measure, this leads to universal constant bounds.


Hybrid simulation is important to the modern power systems which include high frequency components such as HVDC or FACTS with switching processes. Full digital model has its limit on its finite simulating frequency due to its discreteness, as a result , it's not available to describe the high frequency responses accurately and a more efficient simulating method-the digital-analog hybrid model comes into being, which's based on circuit substitution theorem. An interfacing method via node overlap is presented in this paper: the node voltage variable from interface point is outputted through D/A channel to form analog Thevenin source branch, meanwhile, the digital Norton source of interface branch is formed from the branch current variable inputted via A/D channel. Then the discriminate of model stabilization is deduced, based on which the hybrid model is proved to be conditional numerical stable system. Finally the digital-analog model interfacing experiments for verification is performed.


. This study presents results from apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology to investigate the thermal history and exhumation dynamics of the Rio Negro-Juruena basement, situated within the western Guiana Shield of the Amazonian Craton. AFT dating and associated thermal history modelling in South America has largely been restricted to the plate's margins (e.g. Andean active margin, Brazilian passive margin and others). Our paper reports on low-temperature 10 thermochronological data from the internal part of the western Guiana Shield for the first time. This area is part of a vast cratonic lithosphere that is generally thought to be stable and little influenced by Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics. Our data however show AFT central ages ranging from 79.1 ± 3.2 Ma to 177.1 ± 14.8 Ma with mean confined track lengths of ca. 12 µm. Contrary to what might be expected of stable cratonic shields, inverse thermal history modeling indicates a rapid basement cooling event in the early Cretaceous. This cooling is interpreted as a significant exhumation event of the basement 15 that was likely driven by the coeval extensional tectonics associated with back-arc rifts in the Llanos and Putumayo-Oriente-Maranon basins. The extensional tectonics facilitated both basement uplift and subsidence of the adjoining basins, increasing erosional dynamics and consequent exhumation of the basement rocks. The tectonic setting shifted in the late Cretaceous from extensional to contractional, resulting in reduced subsidence of the basins and consequential diminishing cooling rates of the Guiana Shield basement. Throughout the Cenozoic, only gradual, slow subsidence occurred in the study area due to 20 regional flexure linked to the Andean orogeny. Comparative analysis with low-temperature thermochronology data from other West Gondwana cratonic segments highlights that exhumation episodes are highly controlled by tectonic inheritance, lithospheric strength, and proximity to rift zones. This study underscores the complex interplay between tectonic events and the response of cratonic lithosphere over geological time scales and highlights extensional settings as an important geological context for craton exhumation


Colloid cysts of the 3rd ventricle, diagnosis and treatment. 11 patients with colloid cyst of the 3rd ventricle were diagnosed and treated at the Department of Neurosurgery the Medical University of Warsaw, between 1987 and 1996. The patients comprised 5 females and 6 males, aged 22 to 58 years. Mean time from the occurrence of the first symptoms to surgery was 23 months, although this varied in individual cases from 8 days to 10 years. In the majority of patients, the leading symptoms were: headaches, nausea, vomiting and papilloedema, comprising symptoms of high intracranial pressure. Slowly progressing symptoms of organic brain damage syndrome were observed in 5 patients. Preoperative diagnosis was based on CT of the head in 8 patients, on NMR in 2 and on both CT and NMR in 1 patient. At the first stage of treatment, a ventriculo- peritoneal Y-shunt was used in 3 patients to eliminate symptoms of high intracranial pressure. All patients then underwent radical surgery. 9 patients were treated by craniotomy in the frontal region with incision of the cortex and then through the lateral ventricle and interventricular foramen. 1 patient was operated by craniotomy and through the terminal lamina of the 3rd ventricle. In 1 case the cyst was evacuated via neuroendoscope. There were no cases of mortality among our patients. Full recovery occurred in 8 patients. In 3 patients symptoms of organic brain damage syndrome observed prior to surgery remained, but in a lesser degree, which may be a result of the correct diagnosis being established too late. In over 5 years' follow-up, no cases of recurrence were observed.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an infrastructural approach to metadata modelling and a generalised meta-model for recordkeeping metadata. This meta-model is an attempt to support interoperability between disparate systems, and particularly, between sets of ostensibly incommensurate record documentation.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation used a reflective design-science investigation comprising interviews adaptive literature review, creation of conceptual models and the design and instantiation of a proof-of-concept system.

Findings

The investigation confirms that recordkeeping interoperability between disparate ontologies is achievable through a meta-model approach. In particular, the meta-model carefully defines relationships between entities with specific semantics that enable the development of interoperable domain schemas.

Practical implications

A meta-model for recordkeeping metadata facilitates the development of recordkeeping systems that possess interoperability-by-design.

Social implications

Recordkeeping systems that conform to the meta-model can, therefore, transcend the immediate transactional context and support participatory recordkeeping in terms of a plurality of stakeholder world views and agency in records.

Originality/value

This paper is one of the few reporting design-science approaches to recordkeeping informatics and one that has used a meta-model approach for recordkeeping metadata design. In contrast to most empirically determined metadata schemas, the top-down design approach has produced a schema from a wide variety of ontological sources.


We summarize a recent work on the subject title. The Dirac equation in a curved spacetime depends on a field of coefficients (essentially the Dirac matrices), for which a continuum of different choices are possible. We study the conditions under which a change of the coefficient fields leads to an equivalent Hamiltonian operator H, or to an equivalent energy operator E. In this paper, we focus on the standard version of the gravitational Dirac equation, but the non-uniqueness applies also to our alternative versions. We find that the changes which lead to an equivalent operator H, or respectively to an equivalent operator E, are determined by initial data, or respectively have to make some point-dependent antihermitian matrix vanish. Thus, the vast majority of the possible coefficient changes lead neither to an equivalent operator H, nor to an equivalent operator E, whence a lack of uniqueness. We show that even the Dirac energy spectrum is not unique.


14 A stationary low pressure system and elevated levels of precipitable water provided a nearly continuous source 15 of precipitation over Louisiana, United States (U.S.) starting around 10 August, 2016. Precipitation was heaviest 16 in the region broadly encompassing the city of Baton Rouge, with a 3-day maximum found at a station in 17 Livingston, LA (east of Baton Rouge) from 12–14 August, 2016 (648.3 mm, 25.5 inches). The intense 18 precipitation was followed by inland flash flooding and river flooding and in subsequent days produced 19 additional backwater flooding. On 16 August, Louisiana officials reported that 30,000 people had been rescued, 20 nearly 10,600 people had slept in shelters on the night of 14 August, and at least 60,600 homes had been 21 impacted to varying degrees. As of 17 August, the floods were reported to have killed at least thirteen people. 22 As the disaster was unfolding, the Red Cross called the flooding the worst natural disaster in the U.S. since 23 Super Storm Sandy made landfall in New Jersey on 24 October, 2012. Before the floodwaters had receded, the 24 media began questioning whether this extreme event was caused by anthropogenic climate change. To provide 25 the necessary analysis to understand the potential role of anthropogenic climate change, a rapid attribution 26 analysis was launched in real-time using the best readily available observational data and high-resolution global 27 climate model simulations. 28 The objective of this study is to show the possibility of performing rapid attribution studies when both 29 observational and model data, and analysis methods are readily available upon the start. It is the authors 30 aspiration that the results be used to guide further studies of the devastating precipitation and flooding event. 31 Here we present a first estimate of how anthropogenic climate change has affected the likelihood of a 32 comparable extreme precipitation event in the Central U.S. Gulf Coast. While the flooding event of interest 33 triggering this study occurred in south Louisiana, for the purposes of our analysis, we have defined an extreme 34 precipitation event by taking the spatial maximum of annual 3-day inland maximum precipitation over the 35 region: 29–31 oN, 85–95 oW, which we refer to as the Central U.S. Gulf Coast. Using observational data, we 36 find that the observed local return time of the 12-14 August precipitation event in 2016 is about 550 years (95% 37 confidence interval (C.I.): 450-1450). The probability for an event like this to happen anywhere in the region is 38


The strip shape for the stainless steel process has made an issue of the strip quality, and hence the shape control method is developed at the Sendzimir rolling mill (ZRM). ZRM is a stainless cold rolling mill and has actuators for the shape control. They are first intermediate rolls and top crown rolls, which are controlled horizontally and vertically, respectively. The shape control of the stainless steel rolling process has difficulty in obtaining the symmetrical shape. The objective of the shape control is to minimize the shape deviation and to maintain stable state, which keeps symmetrical shape pattern in the lateral direction. The method of the shape recognition employs a least squares method and neural network. The shape deviation is the difference between the target shape and actual shape and is controlled by the fuzzy shape control. The fuzzy shape control using operator's informative knowledge is proposed in this paper. The experiments are carried out online for various stainless materials and sizes. The productivity of the rolling process has increased from 9.0 to 9.4 tons per hour.


Probability judgments for packed descriptions of events (e.g., the probability that a businessman does business with a European country) are compared with judgments for unpacked descriptions of the same events (e.g., the probability that a businessman does business with England, France, or some other European country). The prediction that unpacking can decrease probability judgments, derived from the hypothesis that category descriptions are interpreted narrowly in terms of typical instances, is contrasted to the prediction of support theory that unpacking will generally increase judged probabilities (A. Tversky & D. J. Koehler, 1994). The authors varied the typicality of unpacked instances and found no effect of unpacking with typical instances (additivity) and a negative effect with atypical instances (superadditivity). Support theory cannot account for these findings in its current formulation.


Background: Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly important health problem in Kenya. As type 2 diabetes is characterised by a variable period o f metabolic abnormalities prior to clinical diagnosis, microvascular complications may be present at or soon after the diagnosis of diabetes. The microvascular complications cause significant morbidity and even mortality yet their development and progression is largely preventable through modification of associated modifiable risk factors such as smoking, dyslipidemias, hypertension and hyperglycaemia. Their most effective management is therefore through primary and secondary intervention measures. There is no local data as to the prevalence of these complications and risk factors in the recently diagnosed type 2 diabetics. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy, polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and microalbuminuria as a marker of nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients, and the prevalence of some associated risk factors within 2 years of the clinical diagnosis of diabetes. Materials and methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study undertaken in the diabetic outpatient clinic of Kenyatta National Hospital. Type 2 diabetic patients were recruited and underwent a clinical evaluation and screening for retinopathy, polyneuropathy, autonomic neuropathy and nephropathy. Laboratory tests undertaken were fasting blood sugar, glycated haemoglobin Ale, lipid profile , serum creatinine and a semiquantitative microalbuminuria assay. Results: 100 patients were studied. The mean age of the patients was 53.7 ± 9.3 years. Family history of diabetes and hypertension was present in 48% and 24% of the patients respectively. 28% of the patients had a smoking record although current smokers were 7%. Obesity was frequently seen with 66% classifying as obese and this was preponderant in females (p<0.05). Hypertension was noted in 50% of which 24% were newly detected, none of the hypertensives was achieving optimal blood pressure control. Ideal glycaemic control was being achieved in only 29% of the patients. Dyslipidemias were also frequently observed. Diabetic polyneuropathy was present in 28%, autonomic neuropathy in 27%, albuminuria in 26% and retinopathy in 7%. Over 50% of the patients presented with at least one complication. Conclusion: The prevalence of microvascular complications is already quite high at or soon after diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in our patients. They have also a high prevalence of associated modifiable risk factors. Prevention strategies are warranted and justified by the high prevalences at primary, secondary and tertiary levels.


Healthy community development in cities, workplaces and educational settings has been the focus of considerable research, policy and practice activity. Healthy community development emphasizes changing health determinants. While the theory is appealing, engaging community members to translate theory into action is challenging. This paper outlines a framework for healthy community development which brings together cross-sector community members to change health determinants. Use of the VOICE framework in a long term project with a university campus is described. In the project, campus community members work as co-researchers to assess the health of the community, identify priority issues, mobilize existing resources, and create health-promoting change. Project achievements have included improvements in campus community health and increases in research and healthy community development capacity of all types of co-researchers. This paper focuses on the engagement of students and faculty as co-researchers and outcomes for each group from participation. Outcomes for non-academic co-researchers (other community members) are briefly described. Related literature on community service learning and undergraduate student researchers is reviewed. Other campuses and communities can easily adapt the VOICE framework and engagement strategies to change health determinants in their settings.


In this paper, we present MayoNLP's results from the participation in the ScienceIE share task at SemEval 2017. We focused on the keyphrase classification task (Subtask B). We explored semantic similarities and patterns of keyphrases in scientific publications using pre-trained word embedding models. Word Embedding Distance Pattern, which uses the head noun word embedding to generate distance patterns based on labeled keyphrases, is proposed as an incremental feature set to enhance the conventional Named Entity Recognition feature sets. Support vector machine is used as the supervised classifier for keyphrase classification. Our system achieved an overall F1 score of 0.67 for keyphrase classification and 0.64 for keyphrase classification and relation detection.


Abstract Background and Aim: Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most prevalent diseases in broiler poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens connected with significant economic losses. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Mymensingh district of Bangladesh to assess the prevalence of C. perfringens through toxinotyping molecular assay and confirm the risk factors for NE, including antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) status of the isolates. Materials and Methods: We included 40 small-scale commercial broiler farms randomly selected from two subdistricts of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. As an individual sample, 240 cloacal swabs, and as a pooled sample, 40 drinking water, 40 workers' hand washing, 40 litter swab, and 40 feed samples were collected and evaluated by culture, biochemical, and molecular assays. A pretested semi-structured interview questionnaire was employed to capture flock-level data on risk factors from the farm owners. The flock-level data on risk factors were assessed through univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses with p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Overall flock-level prevalence of C. perfringens was estimated to be 10.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 7.5-13.6%). Litter swab (pooled) was found to be highly contaminated with C. perfringens (25.0%, 95% CI: 12.7-41.2%) followed by the cloacal swab (10.4%, 95% CI: 6.9-15.0%) and feed sample (5.0%, 95% CI: 0.6-16.9%). History of coccidia infection (Adjusted odds ratio =33.01, 95% CI: 2.14-507.59, p=0.01) was significantly associated with flock-level C. perfringens infection status. In this study, 78.1% isolates were found as multidrug-resistant as they demonstrated resistance to 3-5 antimicrobial agents. Conclusion: Evidence-based control options need to be taken through the uses of prebiotics and probiotics, biosecurity, and hygienic measurement, including control of coccidia infection, is needed to lessen the NE infection and AMR related to this pathogen in small-scale commercial broiler poultry.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Twenty-four-hour urine creatinine excretion is a reliable approximation of muscle mass. Whether changes in urine creatinine predict clinical outcomes in persons with CKD is unknown. This work studied the relationship between urine creatinine and patient and renal survival in people with CKD not requiring renal replacement therapy.

DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS
This longitudinal cohort study included incident stages 3-5 CKD patients referred to the renal clinic at the University Federico II in Naples between January of 1995 and December of 2005. Clinical data and urine creatinine were updated at each visit. Main outcomes were all-cause mortality and kidney failure requiring dialysis.

RESULTS
This study enrolled 525 individuals and followed them for a median of 6 years (range of 4 months to 15 years). Urine creatinine excretion declined by 16 mg/d per year (95% confidence interval, 14 to 19) in participants with CKD stages 3a, 3b, and 4, and it remained stable in participants with stage 5 CKD. Per each 20 mg/d decline in urine creatinine, mortality increased by 3% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.05), and the risk of initiating dialysis increased by 2% (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 1.03). These associations were independent of body mass index and GFR.

CONCLUSIONS
In persons with CKD stages 3 and 4, urine creatinine declines at a rate of 16 mg/d per year. Lower urine creatinine excretion predicts greater risk of kidney failure and patient mortality.


We present a novel, fast (exponential rate adaption), ab initio (hyper-parameter-free) gradient based optimizer algorithm. The main idea of the method is to adapt the learning rate $\alpha$ by situational awareness, mainly striving for orthogonal neighboring gradients. The method has a high success and fast convergence rate and does not rely on hand-tuned parameters giving it greater universality. It can be applied to problems of any dimensions n and scales only linearly (of order O(n)) with the dimension of the problem. It optimizes convex and non-convex continuous landscapes providing some kind of gradient. In contrast to the Ada-family (AdaGrad, AdaMax, AdaDelta, Adam, etc.) the method is rotation invariant: optimization path and performance are independent of coordinate choices. The impressive performance is demonstrated by extensive experiments on the MNIST benchmark data-set against state-of-the-art optimizers. We name this new class of optimizers after its core idea Exponential Learning Rate Adaption - ELRA. We present it in two variants c2min and p2min with slightly different control. The authors strongly believe that ELRA will open a completely new research direction for gradient descent optimize.


Background Prematurity is the most important risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a significant cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Premature infants may exhibit a high risk of NEC due to developmental immaturity of the gastrointestinal tract and inability to respond appropriately to pathogenic stimuli, as compared to a more mature intestine. Purpose We used TNF-alpha as a proinflammatory marker to assess the inflammatory response to pathogenic bacteria and their products, during late embryonic and early postnatal gut development. Methods Timed pregnancies in C57BL/6J mice allowed accurate dating of neonatal mice. These mice were sacrificed at embryonic day 18 (sterile gut) and at postnatal days +16 and +21 for development of an ex vivo system of mouse intestinal infection. Intestines were isolated in 2 cm sections and surgically opened lengthwise to expose epithelia. Intestinal sections were washed in warm HBSS+ and then treated with or without wild-type Salmonella typhimurium or LPS in RPMI media at 37C, 5% CO2 for 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. Media was collected for further analysis. Proinflammatory response was measured by ELISA for TNF-alpha. Summary of Results Older mice demonstrated a larger proinflammatory response, as measured by increased TNF-alpha secretion, as compared to the embryonic day 18 mice. Peak response occurred 2-3 hours after being stimulated by the bacteria or LPS. Conclusions Our preliminary data indicate that the immature intestine is not appropriately responding to pathogenic stimuli. We further speculate that initial colonization of the neonatal intestine with normal flora may play a key role in regulating this response. Further experiments with gnotobiotic mice will help delineate the exchange of prokaryotic and eukaryotic signals involved.


In this paper, we propose a 3-stage framed packet switch using an internal speedup of 2 to avoid any control loop between any two stages of the switch. The switch segments the arriving variable-length packets at each input port into fixed-size cells and assembles the cells into frames. Then the frames are switched across the shared buffers to their destined output ports, and the cells are reassembled into packets before being transmitted to the next hop. We have designed a broad class of work-conserving scheduling algorithms for the proposed switch, and they are analyzed to be stable, i.e. achieving 100% throughput, under any admissible traffic. To gain more insights into the switch practical performance, an extensive performance evaluation study is conducted using computer simulations. Our results demonstrate that the worst-case performance can be bounded. In addition, we are able to achieve a high throughput-delay performance comparable to that of the padded frame switch which uses a much more complicated scheduling algorithm [1].


This presents a record of Australia's first utopian commune, established in Victoria in 1852 and lasting until 1889. Its strong, charismatic leader, Johann Krumnow, and the "peculiar" ways of the communards led to their vilification by the press as a wicked cult, full of sexual deviance and other misdemeanors. In truth they established a safe haven for Aborigines, a refuge for homeless people, and one of Australia's first woman's shelters, as well as a system for efficiently managing a large farm and supporting nearly fifty people.


Current machine learning algorithms are designed to work with huge volumes of high dimensional data such as images. However, these algorithms are being increasingly deployed to resource constrained systems such as mobile devices and embedded systems. Even in cases where large computing infrastructure is available, the size of each data instance, as well as datasets, can be a bottleneck in data transfer across communication channels. Also, there is a huge incentive both in energy and monetary terms in reducing both the computational and memory requirements of these algorithms. For nonparametric models that require to leverage the stored training data at inference time, the increased cost in memory and computation could be even more problematic. In this work, we aim to reduce the volume of data these algorithms must process through an end-to-end two-stage neural subset selection model. We first efficiently obtain a subset of candidate elements by sampling a mask from a conditionally independent Bernoulli distribution, and then autoregressivley construct a subset consisting of the most task relevant elements via sampling the elements from a conditional Categorical distribution. We validate our method on set reconstruction and classification tasks with feature selection as well as the selection of representative samples from a given dataset, on which our method outperforms relevant baselines. We also show in our experiments that our method enhances scalability of nonparametric models such as Neural Processes.


Nowadays agile methodologies have been developed, and are used in organizations because companies face highly competitive and globalized markets with constant changes (Arias, 2020). The paper is going to be based on "Lean Manufacturing" which is a system that aims to eliminate waste from the process through continuous and systematic improvement, without generating waste or defective products. The case of the study is based on solving the problem of low productivity for a textile company in Peru, which had been caused by the excessive waiting times between operations and manual activities with a higher percentage of defective products, for example, 7% in the clothing area. In this paper first, we recollected the actual information like batches, the floor plan, production costs, etc. within we simulated the as-is and after that the as-if. This article uses the "Lean Manufacturing" methodology and with it, the losses of products in manual processes will be minimized, going from 10% of safety stock to 6% per order. This goal is going to achieve optimizing transfer times between areas and eliminate those activities that do not generate value for the company, using tools such as "5S", "Value Stream Mapping", "Acceptance Control Charts", "Just In Time", "Process Reengineering" and "Simulation". Through simulation with the Arena software, the results were validated, achieving an improvement in the reduction of times by 5.8% and increased productivity by 4.1% thanks to tools such as VSM, line balance, and control charts. The importance of this study is the findings can be replicated in other papers from the textile industry.


Two types of generalized dislocated metric spaces are introduced. Also, we prove some fixed point theorems in these spaces. These theorems are different generalizations of a fixed point theorem of Hitzler and Seda [P. Hitzler, A.K. Seda, Dislocated topologies, J. Electr. Engin. 51 (2000) 3–7]. Finally, we give applications on our results.


Adverse selection and moral hazard are different types of information asymmetry in the insurance market, but their empirical evidence cannot be separated using the traditional positive risk-coverage correlation test. In this paper, we use a new method to disentangle adverse selection and moral hazard, which is to test for the correlation between the past and current claim numbers under experience rating. We conduct the test on the auto insurance data from a Chinese large domestic insurer from 2010-2013. We expect that the serial correlation of claim numbers would be negative under moral hazard but positive under adverse selection because the experience-based rating could incentivize drivers to take more precautions after a claim occurs, which can reduce the number of claims in the next period. However, drivers with high risk should have a consistently high number of claims over time because their risk type does not change dramatically in a short period. Our empirical result shows a negative correlation between the past and current claim numbers, indicating that moral hazard is more critical than adverse selection in this auto insurance market. Besides, the negative coefficient has a larger magnitude for drivers whose no-claim discount rate is higher since these drivers would face a more significant increase in premiums once a claim occurs. We further examine the design of insurance product in this market to investigate why moral hazard is significant. We find that the option of waiving coinsurance liability is underpriced so that over 90 percent of drivers in the sample choose to buy full insurance. Hence, we propose that the regulators should have less stringent regulation on product design and rate.


The transcription factor MAFB epigenetically facilitates Notch1-induced T cell leukemia. New targets, better mouse model for leukemia T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs) are often caused by mutations in the gene encoding Notch1, which mediates cell-cell contact signaling in embryonic development and adult tissue maintenance. However, mice expressing these mutants frequently fail to develop T-ALL. Pajcini et al. found that the transcription factors MAFB and ETS2 increased the expression of Notch1 target genes in mouse and human T-ALL cells by recruiting histone acetyltransferases. Expressing MAFB enhanced the development of Notch1-mutant T-ALL in mice. Because Notch1 is critical for the maintenance of various healthy adult tissues, developing a way to inhibit MAFB or its interacting partners may be a more targeted therapy for leukemia patients. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the cell-cell contact signaling protein Notch1 are common in human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALLs). However, expressing Notch1 mutant alleles in mice fails to efficiently induce the development of leukemia. We performed a gain-of-function screen to identify proteins that enhanced signaling by leukemia-associated Notch1 mutants. The transcription factors MAFB and ETS2 emerged as candidates that individually enhanced Notch1 signaling, and when coexpressed, they synergistically increased signaling to an extent similar to that induced by core components of the Notch transcriptional complex. In mouse models of T-ALL, MAFB enhanced leukemogenesis by the naturally occurring Notch1 mutants, decreased disease latency, and increased disease penetrance. Decreasing MAFB abundance in mouse and human T-ALL cells reduced the expression of Notch1 target genes, including MYC and HES1, and sustained MAFB knockdown impaired T-ALL growth in a competitive setting. MAFB bound to ETS2 and interacted with the acetyltransferases PCAF and P300, highlighting its importance in recruiting coactivators that enhance Notch1 signaling. Together, these data identify a mechanism for enhancing the oncogenic potential of weak Notch1 mutants in leukemia models, and they reveal the MAFB-ETS2 transcriptional axis as a potential therapeutic target in T-ALL.


The period between 1830 and 1930 witnessed significant cultural change in respect of brass instruments, and their imaging – used both in commercial advertising and more widely – reflect their cultural context and reveal about their performance idioms. The article examines the advertisements and imagery employed by European brass instrument manufacturers and music publishers, as well as the Conn advertising campaigns of the 1920s in the USA. It also looks at the images through which brass bands promoted themselves. A significant concern is the importance of military imagery and military endorsement in both the marketing of brass instruments and the imaging of brass bands in the 19th and early 20th centuries, and the way in which this became obsolete by the 1920s. The band of John Philip Sousa represented the culmination of military imagery as a serious influence on brass playing – that is, both its high point and its conclusion. The demise of such military connotations marks a significant shift in the definition of brass idioms in the twentieth century.


Abstract This paper describes a corpus methodology developed in the course of investigations of three small subcorpora of texts: fiction by Conrad, nineteenth-century accounts of exploration, and adventure fiction. Stemming from observations that both high and lower frequency words in text are of interest in relation to meaning and structure, a 'stratified approach' integrates different levels of frequency by grouping words in a text into a series of frequency bands, identified from a reference corpus, then examining the most recurrent words within each band. This approach shows up, in particular, the ways in which topic and theme are lexicalized, and connotative lexis is associated with lower frequencies. In addition to exemplifying the approach and demonstrating its applications, the paper argues that any set of words, identified as significant through frequency, still involves selection, and that information which is derived quantitatively should not be interpreted as if wholly objective.


This paper deals with design of a watering system for a large number of potted plants that form part of a landscape. Installation of the system was motivated by a desire to save labour, time and water. The system now in operation consists of delivery rings to which are attached large number of microtube emitters. Each emitter takes water to one pot, each ring caters to a cluster of 20 to 25 pots. More can be added when needed. Flow rate from emitters can be varied by changing the length of tube. Cost of the system was Rs.5800/- and it takes care of about 600 potted plants. Presently no provision has been made for fertigation of filtering, which is proposed to be added later.


Seed germination is a complex process involving several stages, starting with the imbibition of water and ending with the emergence of the radicle. In the current study, we address the observation of an unexpected pH shift during the imbibition of maize grains. We used direct pH measurements of soak water, the pH indicator methyl red, and anatomical analysis to shed light on the acidification associated with maize (Zea mays L.) germination, a largely overlooked phenomenon. Our work shows that acidification during imbibition of maize grains is a two-step process: (i) early, rapid acidification (pH values up to 4.4), in which protons stored in the (dead) pericarp/testa are mobilised and rapidly diffuse into the surrounding medium, and (ii) late, delayed acidification (pH values just below 6), starting hours after contact of grains with water, representing an active transport process caused by living cells of the seed. We discuss the physiological mechanisms and ecological relevance of environmental acidification during maize grain germination.


Experiences of online collaborative learning are increasingly part of what recent advances in technology to support computer-mediated interaction allow us to include in undergraduate courses. These experiences can range from simple conversations and socialisation to complex virtual teamworking projects. The sequence of such experiences needs to be structured and managed so that there is a developmental dimension both within a single course and also over a student's degree programme. When we consider existing models for learning, group working, and software process, none of them adequately incorporate a sense of development. In the light of reflection on our own experience of designing and delivering a virtual teamworking course, we present a new, helical model for online collaborative learning. This model, in addition to emphasising the cyclic nature of the collaborative activities undertaken by teams tasked with solving a complex problem, also incorporates a developmental dimension, based on reflection at the end of successive phases of the problem solving process.


Abstract.  This paper reviews recent literature around sexuality, health care and the older person. The construction of sexuality and the importance of sexuality to older people are discussed, as is sexual diversity in old age, and sexuality and health. Also discussed are the myths and stereotypes associated with this topic, and the medical, social, healthcare, and institutional barriers to sexuality and sexual health in later life.


Thin layer chromatography resolved nine major compounds from the 60%-methanol extractables from PI 227687 soya bean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) leaves. The flavonoids, daidzein, an unidentified flavonoid X2 (Rf 0·19), glyceollins, sojagol and coumestrol exhibited antifeedant and/or antibiotic effects against the larvae of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni Hb. The results indicate that several compounds in PI 227687 soya beans contribute to its antifeedant and/or antibiotic effects against T ni. The role of these compounds in plant resistance to insects is discussed.


Chronic interstitial lung disease complicates collagen vascular disorders in more than 5% of cases and is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. An alveolitis characterizes the early phases of the lung lesion; perpetuation of this inflammatory process may result in irreversible pulmonary fibrosis and respiratory failure. In this chapter, we review the role of conventional studies (such as chest radiographs and pulmonary function tests) and newer diagnostic modalities (such as bronchoalveolar lavage, gallium scanning, and thin-section computed tomographic scanning) to identify patients with active alveolitis who are at risk for functional deterioration. While optimal treatment is controversial, the role of corticosteroids, immunosuppressive/cytotoxic, and antifibrotic agents is discussed.


In this paper we address the problem of energy-efficient event detection in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Duty cycling is a fundamental approach to conserving energy in WSNs. However, it brings challenges to event detection in the sense that an event may be undetected or undergo a certain delay before it is detected, in particular when sensors are low duty-cycled. We investigate the fundamental relationship between event detection and energy efficiency. Based on a simplified network model, we quantify event detection performance by deriving the closed forms of detection delay and detectability. We also characterize the intrinsic tradeoff that exists between detection performance and system lifetime, which helps flexible design decisions for WSNs. In addition, we propose a completely localized algorithm, CAS, to cooperatively determine sensor wakeups. Without relying on location information, CAS is easy to implement and scalable to network density. Theoretical bounds of event detection are also studied to facilitate the comparative study. Comprehensive experiments are conducted and results demonstrate that CAS significantly improves detection performance.


For a degenerate hyperbolic equation of the second kind, and with a spectral parameter are studied the Cauchy problem, Cauchy-Goursat and Goursat in a new class of generalized solutions and is given an example that shows the importance of introducing the concept of such a class. Some operators with Bessel functions in the nucleus are introduced and their basic properties are studied. The important identities of these operators are helped to find an explicit representations of the stated problems.


Introduction Over the last decade, minimally invasive modalities have been adopted for the management of colorectal cancers. The COREAN and the MRC-CLASICC trial have established the benefits of laparoscopic surgery in rectal cancers in terms of decreased postoperative pain, shortened hospital stay and speedy recovery. A rapid post operative recovery is essential for initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy especially in stage II-III rectal cancers. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the type of surgery (Laparoscopic or Open) had any bearing on the time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (TIAC) after complete radical surgical proctectomy. Method A subset of 181 consecutive patients of operable rectal cancer, who underwent curative resection (laparoscopic or open) and who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy between July 2013 and Dec 2014 at the Tata memorial Centre, were studied. The time of initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (TIAC) after curative resection of rectal cancers and the factors determining the same were studied in an univariate as well as a multivariate analysis. The factors that were analysed were type of surgery (Laparoscopic or open), age, gender, presence of complications and BMI. Results Fivety seven patients underwent laparoscopic and 124 patients underwent open resection of rectal tumours. 88.4% of the tumours were cT3+ and 61.3% of the tumours were N+ at initial staging. Overall, 90.6% of patients received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy prior to surgical resection. After surgery, 6–8 cycles of Single agent Capacetabine (CAP)(8.3%) or Capacetabine with Oxaliplatin (CAPEOX)(91.7%) were the chemotherapeutic agents administered. The median duration of hospital stay was (7.17days vs 10.64 days; p = 0.89) in the laparoscopic and open groups respectively. Overall complications were seen in 17.6% (32/181) of patients, eight in the laparoscopic arm and 24 in the open groups. The median time to start adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery was (21.6days vs. 23.73days; p = 0.94) in the laparoscopic and open groups respectively nor did it influence the duration of postoperative hospital stay. The presence of a surgical complication, however, was associated with a longer TIAC (p = 0.001). On univariate and multivariate analysis, the type of surgery (p = 0.398) did not influence the time of initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. The only factor that influenced the TIAC was the presence of post operative complications (p = 0.001). Conclusion To conclude, while laparoscopic surgery has its benefits of shorter hospital stay, fewer complications, our study shows that laparoscopic surgery does not lead to an earlier start of adjuvant chemotherapy. Disclosure of interest None Declared.


This paper evaluates the usefulness of different methods for measuring aminothiols and disulfides in biological fluids. The major approaches usually involve liquid or gas-liquid chromatography. Techniques tested and currently used by the authors are discussed.


More than half a million shipments and over one billion live animals were imported to the United States since 2000. The majority of these were aquatic organisms, including approximately 1.1 billion fishes. Imported fishes are a major source of revenue for the pet industry and aquaculture, but can be a nuisance if they escape or are released into the wild. Over 200 fish species have been introduced to the United States following importation, many of which threaten ecosystems and infrastructure. Although fishes constitute the majority of animal imports, they receive minimal attention from regulatory agencies. Moreover, poor record keeping at ports make it impossible to assess the diversity of fishes imported, making species‐specific risk analysis and prevention programs difficult. As a global leader in wildlife trade, the United States is well positioned to set standards that promote safe and responsible trade practices. To date, the nation has languished, though there are mechanisms for improvement.


We study the superfluid to Mott‐insulator transition of bosons in an optical anisotropic lattice by employing the Bose‐Hubbard model living on a two‐dimensional lattice with anisotropy parameter κ. The compressible superfluid state and incompressible Mott‐insulator (MI) lobes are efficiently described analytically, using the quantum U(1) rotor approach. The ground state phase diagram showing the evolution of the MI lobes is quantified for arbitrary values of κ, corresponding to various kind of lattices: from square, through rectangular to almost one‐dimensional.


A dynamic model is proposed in order to simulate sandhopper (Talitrus saltator) population dynamics under various scenarios. It was built under the Stella simulation software and so far it has attained the calibration and verification stages. The basic structure of the model depends on the simulation of the number of animals in each age class (45 days). A von Bertalanffy growth curve has been adjusted to the treated field data. From this equation another one expressing the instantaneous growth rate was extracted and used to calculate the growth. The number of individuals in each age class increases due to the ageing process i.e. new individuals coming from the previous age classes. The number of animals in the first age class increases due to recruitment. Fertility is related to the weight of females, therefore the recruitment is predicted by knowing the average weight and the number of females present. The outputs from each age class are the ageing and mortality. Three types of recruitment were tested: 1. A single and long reproduction period only dependent on the day of the year. 2. More than one reproduction period but also dependent on the day of the year. (2 and 3 periods). 3. Reproduction dependent on the temperature and day length. Each of these types involved a different set of equations therefore the comparison of the results of each type acts (sensu lato) as a form of sensitivity analysis. Satisfactory results were accomplished by some of the model variants described above. A simple alternative approach to these model variants was also tested with the best results. No size dependent fertility and no parallel structures to simulate growth in size or weight were considered. In addition the use of shorter age classes (28 days) was also experimented.


This study is analysing the latest trend 'Social Television' and its affects on their audiences. Investigating each element of 'Social Television', what is impacting the audience experiences, looking at both commercial television and university channels in how they demonstrate this, with participants from ITV and Channel 4 contributing their opinions. This project does this by outlining key elements of 'Social Television' such as the 'backchannel', 'two-screen experience' and 'social media'. A survey has been conducted to assess what the impact of 'Social Television' is on the audience, by questioning in what method is social media being expended for and whether the audiences are combining both. All results from the survey and interviews conducted by the participants will be analysed, collecting clear themes and opinions to weigh up in order to answer whether the impact is positive trend and what will determine its future.


Impulse activity of the lumbar ventral horn interneurons evoked by stimulation of afferent nerves of both hindlimbs is shown to be modulated (facilitated or inhibited) by descending volleys from the cerebral motor cortex. Facilitation was of short duration and did not exceed 35-40 ms. Duration of inhibition varied from 125 to 350 ms; in a few cases it lasted up to 500 ms. Polysynaptic reactions evoked in one and the same neuron by activation of different inputs were modulated differently: some of them could be depressed, while others--enhanced or unchanged. It is suggested that such differentiation is due to specific organization of these afferent inputs. Central latency of the test response was another main factor determining the type of its cortical modulation. Polysynaptic responses with a central delay less than 5 ms were facilitated or unchanged (in a few cases--depressed) while responses with central delay more than 5 ms were always depressed. Reactions with a latency more than 10 ms were depressed most deeply. Possible mechanisms and ways of transmission of corticofugal inhibition and facilitation are discussed.


The landscape of ground-based gamma-ray astronomy is drastically changing with the perspective of the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). For the first time in this energy domain, CTA will be operated as an observatory open to the astronomy community and produce data that will be publicly released to a large community of scientists. In the context of Cherenkov astronomy, the data processing stages imply both assumptions and comparison to dedicated simulations. As a consequence, "Provenance" information is crucial to the end user in order to interpret the high level data products and there are thus strong requirements to ensure data quality, reliability and trustworthiness. Among those requirements, traceability and reproducibility of the data products can be answered by structuring and storing the provenance information for each data product. We are partners in ASTERICS DADI and developed several pieces of software to enable the tracking of provenance information for the large-scale complex astronomical observatory CTA and a web-based data diffusion prototype, in close relation with the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA).


We report the establishment of a novel cell line from a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. The initial growth of this cell line was dependent on the presence of the stromal cell and cytokine interleukine 3. Subsequently, a stroma and cytokine-independent cell line was established, named SH-2. The cell line has proliferated continuously in vitro for more than 24 months. The SH-2 cell line showed identical chromosomal alterations to that of the initial bone marrow aspiration specimen, demonstrated a t(16;17))(q24;q12) translocation accompanied by deletions of y and 17 and triple 19.Chromosome painting FISH and Multi-FISH conformed the karyotype.SH-2 cells expressed myeloid antigens CD13, CD33 and MPO, SH-2 co-expressed NK markers CD16 and CD56. The loss of one p53 allele were proven by chromosome painting, FISH. A point mutation of CAG to CAT at codon 576 of extron 5 in another p53 allele was found by direct sequencing of DNA. Neither Epstein-Barr virus nor mycoplasma was not detected in SH-2 cells. DNA fingerprinting confirmed the authenticity of the cell line. Cytokines of GM-CSF,IL-3,IL-6,SCF,IL-4 and IL-5 can improve the proliferation of SH-2. SH-2 has colony formality and tumorigenic capacity in nude mice. The breakpoints of chromosomes 16 and 17 were localized RP11-356C4(16q24.3)and between BAC clone RP1-161P9 and RP11-47L3 corresponding to 17q12. The establishment of an myelocytic leukemia cell line with t(16;17)(q24;q12) could be valuable for the study of leukemogenesis and for the research of cloning the new gene involved in the t(16;17)(q24;q12) translocation.


Performance and reliability of content access in mobile networks is conditioned jointly by the number and location of content replicas deployed at the network nodes. The endeavour of this work is to address such an optimization problem with a distributed, lightweight solution that handles network dynamics. We devise a mechanism that lets nodes share the burden of storing and providing content, so as to achieve load balancing, and decide whether to replicate or drop the information so as to adapt to a dynamic content demand and time-varying topology. Simulation results show that our mechanism, which uses local measurements only, is: (i) extremely precise in approximating an optimal solution to content placement and replication; (ii) robust against network mobility; (iii) flexible in accommodating variation in time and space of the content demand.


Future IoT systems are tightly constraint by cost and size and will often be operated from an energy harvester's output. Since these batteryless systems operate on intermittent energy they have to be able to retain their state during the power outages in order to guarantee computation progress. Due to the lack of large energy buffers the state needs to be saved quickly using residual energy only. In related work, the state is retained in-place by replacing all flip-flops with state retentive flip-flops (SRFF), which are powered by auxiliary supplies for retention or incorporate non-volatile memory cells. However, these SRFFs increase the power consumption during active operation impairing the overall systems efficiency. In this paper, we present a scan-chain based state retention approach, where the state is moved to memory using only 4.5pJ/b. Since our approach does not introduce any power overhead, this energy cost pays off after an on-time of just 100us compared to state-of-the-art in-place solutions. Moreover, compared to a software mechanism, our approach requires 6.6x less energy to move the state and is 5.8x faster.


The present work evaluates the molluscicidal activities of certain plant extracts (water suspension, Cold water, Boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extract) against Biomphalaria alexandrina. Preliminary screening tests conducted on 10 plant species that belong to 9 different families showed that the higher potency was recorded for Agave celsii, Ammi visnaga and Chenopodium ambrosioices. Also, exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant extracts led to a significant reduction in the survival and in the growth rates as well as in their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. The results obtained also revealed that the glucose concentration increased in haemolymph, while soft tissue glycogen and protein contents were decreased. The activities of Hexokinase, pyruvatekinase and lactate dehydrogenase were also significantly reduced in response to treatment, while adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the tissue of the snails was significantly increased.


FOR A great many years there have been presented under this heading certain basic vital statistics data for the United States, drawn from the provisional report published by the National Center for Health Statistics. This year's provisional report, published July 31, 1964, as Vol. 12, No. 13, of the Monthly Vital Statistics Report, was shortly followed, through an innovation of processing final data more rapidly, by Advance Final Natality Data, Vol. 13, No. 6, September 14, 1964, and, just as this manuscript was being submitted, by Advance Final Mortality Data, Vol. 13, No. 8, November 2, 1964. Thus, for the first time, the present report may be made without the reservations relative to later correction.


Logic languages are well suited for declaratively solving computational problems that require knowledge representation and reasoning. Object-oriented programming languages benefit from mature software ecosystems featuring rich libraries and developer tools. Several integration solutions exist that allow a software system to be decomposed into a combination of modules implemented in both a logic and an object-oriented language. Unfortunately, significative amounts of boilerplate code must still be written to accomplish the required interoperability. In addition, such approaches often are not amenable to custom context-dependent reification of objects in the logic world and custom mappings of arbitrary logic terms to objects in the object-oriented world. Furthermore, in the specific case of Prolog-Java integration, existing solutions are often compatible with only a single or a restricted set of Prolog engines and thus suffer from portability issues. To address these problems, we introduce a portable framework, relying on linguistic integration, for transparently and (semi-)automatically enabling communication between routines in these two worlds, as well as a simple mechanism for customising how native artefacts in one language should be reified in the other language. We validate our approach with case studies requiring a seamless integration of declarative programs in Prolog with libraries belonging to the Java ecosystem


The fever-inducing effect of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is well known, and human blood is extremely responsive to this pyrogen. Recently, the safety of LPS-containing food supplements and probiotic drugs as immune-stimulants has been questioned, although these products are orally taken and do not reach the bloodstream undigested. The concerns are understandable, as endotoxaemia is a pathological condition, but the oral uptake of probiotic products containing LPS or Gram-negative bacteria does not pose a health risk, based on the available scientific evidence, as is reviewed here. The available methods developed to detect LPS and other pyrogens are mostly used for quality control of parentally applied therapeuticals. Their outcome varies considerably when applied to food supplements, as demonstrated in a simple comparative experiment. Products containing different Escherichia coli strains can result in vastly different results on their LPS content, depending on the method of testing. This is an inherent complication to pyrogen testing, which hampers the communication that the LPS content of food supplements is not a safety concern.


Introduction: The role of salt in the diet is very important, however what effect will lead to its entry into the organism depends on the amount of salt ingested. Elevated salt intake is a risk factor for hypertension, heart disease, adversely affects the kidneys, helps the development of osteoporosis. The aim was to examine sodium intake in the student population through an objective assessment of nutrition students and the students' subjective experience of salty foods and salty foods influence on the organism.Methods: The research is cross-sectional study, which is carried out in April 2010 among students at the University of Sarajevo.Results: More than half of students from the FHS considers that the greatest amount of salt into the body, adding salt to food during the meal, 34% considered that it was during the preparation of food by 10% of processed products in the food industry and 4% said that it was the intake of salt, which naturally found in foods. Not in a group of students there who suffer from hypertension, while in their families the disease is present.Conclusions: Subjects eat a quantity of salt that are well above the recommended. This problem must be approached in a more organized educational, health educational and research terms.


We present a simple and efficient wave function ansatz for the treatment of excited charge-transfer states in real-space quantum Monte Carlo methods. Using the recently introduced variation-after-response method [E. Neuscamman, J. Chem. Phys. 145, 081103 (2016)], this ansatz allows a crucial orbital optimization step to be performed beyond a configuration interaction singles expansion, while only requiring calculation of two Slater determinant objects. We demonstrate this ansatz for the illustrative example of the stretched LiF molecule, for a range of excited states of formaldehyde, and finally for the more challenging ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene molecule.


I Looking for Eden: the garden in the ancient world gardens before Rome Egypt Rome. II The earthly paradise: the Middle Ages the Islamic garden Mughal India. III Labours in perfection: Italy France. IV The genius of the place: the English garden before the revolution the landscaping of England the English landscape garden outside of England. V Gardens of the East: the Chinese garden the Japanese garden. VI The New World: colonial American gardens the changing American landscape Victorian garden dilemmas 20th-century solutions.


This paper was generated from the findings from my Doctoral project research; titled "Effects of Keller's Motivational Model on Instructional Outcomes in Fine Art at Junior Secondary School (JSS) Level". This research unveiled issues of gender differences to the fine art subject at JSS level. In this study three different motivational levels of instructions was developed namely: Motivationally Minimized Instruction (MMI), Motivationally Enhanced Instruction (MEI) and Motivationally Saturated Instruction (MSI). Two methods of Instructions were employed namely: AFRREV LALIGENS, Vol.2 (2), May, 2013 Copyright © IAARR 2013: www.afrrevjo.net/laligens 105 Indexed: African Researches Review Online: www.arronet.info Conventional Lesson Plan (CLP) and the ARCS Lesson Plan, acronym for ARCS is (A) Attention, (R) Relevance, (C) Confidence and (S) Satisfaction. The results show that there was significant difference Ho between the male and female students in the fine arts class in the Junior Secondary School (JSS) in the area of Relevance and also significant difference when taught with Motivationally Saturated Instruction (MSI).Finally the finding show the gender responds to the Keller's ARCS motivational strategies model.


The present paper deals with methodological aspects of Italian quantitative sociolinguistic
research. It discusses a number of projects, showing the increasing vitality of this
approach, which, despite being rooted in international mainstream research, displays
considerable scientific novelty. Special attention is paid to the projects carried out by the
Centre d'Etudes Linguistiques pour l'Europe (Milan), the Free University of Bozen/
Bolzano and the research group of the Atlante linguistico della Sicilia at the CSFLS.
Within these projects the quantitative sociolinguistic approach is discussed in depth. New
means of discussing the data are explored that go beyond their mere statistical presentation
and offer ways of interpreting the linguistic reality of multilingual situations without the
bias of possible previous assumptions by the researcher. Italian quantitative projects
comprise large sociolinguistic polls conducted throughout Europe as well as more focused
studies on specific multilingual situations. Particular attention will be given to the
treatment of sociolinguistic data at both macro and micro levels of analysis. It will be
shown that in Italian research, quantitative sociolinguistics always goes hand in hand with
qualitative and dialectal research.


Two types of electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagents were developed in the past 10 years in our laboratory. The development of the first type of reagent, trifluoromethanesulfenate I, which is highly reactive toward a variety of nucleophiles, was based on an unexpected discovery in the initial design for the development of an electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent with a hypervalent iodine skeleton. A structure-activity study disclosed that α-cumyl trifluoromethanesulfenate (reagent II) without the iodo substituent is equally effective. Subsequent derivatization let us develop an α-cumyl bromodifluoromethanesulfenate III that could be used for the preparation of [18F]ArSCF3. To remediate the low reactivity of the type I electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent for Friedel-Crafts trifluoromethylthiolation of electron-rich (hetero)arenes, we designed and prepared N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin IV, which exhibits broad reactivity toward various nucleophiles, including electron-rich arenes. A comparison of the structure of N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin IV with that of N-trifluoromethylthiophthalimide showed that the replacement of one carbonyl group in N-trifluoromethylthiophthalimide with a sulfonyl group made N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin IV much more electrophilic. Thus, the replacement of both carbonyls with two sulfonyl groups would further increase the electrophilicity. Such a rationale prompted us to design and develop the current most electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent, N-trifluoromethylthiodibenzenesulfonimide V, and its reactivity was much higher than that of N-trifluoromethylthiosaccharin IV. We further developed an optically pure electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolating reagent, (1S)-(-)-N-trifluoromethylthio-2,10-camphorsultam VI, for the preparation of optically active trifluoromethylthio-substituted carbon stereogenic centers. Reagents I-VI now constitute a powerful toolbox for the introduction of the trifluoromethylthio group into the target molecules.


Background: Lenabasum is an oral CB2 agonist that attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in SSc animal models and showed clinical benefit with acceptable safety in a Phase 2 trial in dcSSc. Objectives: Test efficacy and safety of lenabasum in a Phase 3 trial in dcSSc. Methods: Subjects ≥18 years old with disease duration ≤ 6 years were randomized 1:1:1 to lenabasum 5 mg, 20 mg, or placebo (PBO), all BID, with stable background immunosuppressant therapy (IST) allowed. The primary efficacy endpoint was ACR CRISS score, and secondary endpoints were ΔmRSS, ΔHAQ-DI, and ΔFVC, all at Week 52 for lenabasum 20 mg vs PBO. Results: 363 adults were dosed; 37 (10%) stopped study drug early, with only 1 subject (PBO cohort) stopping due to adverse event (AE). Baseline demographics were similar among groups. Disease duration was ≤ 3 years in 60% and 66%, mean mRSS score was 22.0 and 23.3, and background IST was used by 89% and 84% of lenabasum 20 mg and PBO groups, respectively. Safety results showed serious AEs and severe AEs occurred in 9.2% and 5.8% vs 14.6% and 13.0%, respectively, of lenabasum 20 mg and PBO groups. Efficacy results (Table) demonstrated: • No significant differences were seen in primary and secondary efficacy endpoints. Primary MMRM analyses with treatment-by-time-by-subgroup interactions showed that background mycophenolate (MMF) significantly influenced the outcome •oSubjects on no IST with disease duration ≤3 years were only 7% of PBO subjects and showed little improvement on PBO, in line with other dcSSc trials in which IST was restricted. Post-hoc subgroup analyses of these subjects on no IST suggested improvement in ΔmRSS and ΔHAQ-DI, for lenabasum 20 mg vs PBO •uUnexpectedly high improvement occurred in PBO subjects receiving IST, notably those on MMF started within 2 years of baseline •nPost-hoc analyses of subjects on established IST (MMF or, if no MMF, ≥ 1 non-MMF IST started > 2 years before baseline) suggested improvement in ΔFVC% (nominal P = 0.0386) and ΔFVC mL (nominal P = 0.0481) for lenabasum 20 mg vs PBO. Improvement in FVC was also seen in subjects on established IST who had ILD at baseline, lenabasum 20 mg vs PBO •mACR CRISS score demonstrated a ceiling effect and correlated most highly with ΔmRSS (r = -0.739) and moderately with MDGA (-0.432), HAQ-DI (-0.362), FVC% (0.366), and PtGA (-0.288) Conclusion: Lenabasum was safely used in this study. Unexpectedly high improvement on background IST, especially MMF, has not been previously reported at this level. The primary endpoint was not met. Post-hoc analyses showed greater improvement in lenabasum- vs PBO-treated subjects who were not on background IST and those on established IST, including subjects with ILD. Disclosure of Interests: Robert Spiera Consultant of: Abbvie, Roche-Genetech, GSK, CSL Behring, Sanofi, Janssen, Chemocentryx, Formation Biologics, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Grant/research support from: Roche-Genetech, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chemocentryx, Corbus, Formation Biologics, Sanofi, Inflarx, Astra Zeneca, Kadmon, Masataka Kuwana Speakers bureau: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai, Janssen, Consultant of: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai, Corbus, Grant/research support from: Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chugai, MBL, Ono Pharmaceuticals, Tanabe-Mitsubishi, Dinesh Khanna Shareholder of: Eicos Sciences, Inc (less than 5%). Leadership/Equity position – Chief Medical Officer, CiviBioPharma/Eicos Sciences, Inc, Consultant of: Acceleron, Actelion, Abbvie, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, CSL Behring, Corbus, Gilead, Galapagos, Genentech/Roche, GSK, Horizon, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Sanofi-Aventis, and United Therapeutics, Grant/research support from: NIH, Immune Tolerance Network, Bayer, BMS, Horizon, Pfizer, Laura Hummers Consultant of: CSL Behring, Boehringer Ingelheim, Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals. Corbus, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medpace, Kadmon, Cumberland, CSL Behring, Tracy Frech Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Wendy Stevens Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Jessica Gordon Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals. Research funding for EICOS Pharmaceuticals and Cumberland Pharmaceuticals., Suzanne Kafaja Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Marco Matucci-Cerinic Consultant of: Actelion, Janssen, Inventiva, Bayer, Biogen, Boehringer, CSL Behring, Corbus, Galapagos, Mitsubishi, Samsung, Regeneron, Acceleron, MSD, Chemomab, Lilly, Pfizer, Roche, Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Oliver Distler Consultant of: Consultancy relationship and/or has received research funding in the area of potential treatments for systemic sclerosis and its complications from (last three years): Abbvie, Acceleron Pharma, Amgen, AnaMar, Arxx Therapeutics, Baecon Discovery, Blade Therapeutics, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, ChemomAb, Corbus Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Galapagos NV, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, GSK, Horizon (Curzion) Pharmaceuticals, Inventiva, iQvia, Italfarmaco, iQone, Kymera Therapeutics, Lilly, Medac, Medscape, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Serodapharm, Topadur, Target Bioscience and UCB., Eun Bong Lee Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Yair Levy Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Jae-Bum Jun Consultant of: Consultant to Boehringer Ingelheim Korea, Jeil Pharma, Dae Woong Pharma, Kwangdong Pharma, and Sama Pharma., Grant/research support from: Investigator for study sponsored by Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Scott Constantine Employee of: Employee of Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Nancy Dgetluck Employee of: Employee of Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Barbara White Employee of: Employee and stockholder of Corbus Pharmaceuticals, Daniel Furst Consultant of: Corbus, Galapagos, Pfizer, CSL Behring, Mitsubishi Tanabi, Actelion, Amgen, Novartis, Roche/Genentech, Gilead, Talaris, and Boehringer Ingelheim., Grant/research support from: grants from Corbus, Galapagos, GSK, Pfizer, Talaris, CSL Behring, Mitsubishi Tanabi, Christopher Denton Consultant of: Consultancy fees and/or honoraria from Corbus, Actelion, GlaxoSmithKline, Bayer, Sanofi, Galapagos, Inventiva, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, CSL Behring, Acceleron, Horizon, Arxx Therapeutics