The study investigates the demographic characteristics related to the consumption of snail meat in Bori, Nigeria. A structured questionnaire was administered to 48 respondents who were systematically selected from 24 households in the study area. Data analysis was by the use of both descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (chi-square) statistics. Findings of the study revealed that most of the respondents are male, single, between 20 and 30 years and have formal education. Also it was found that most respondents earn between N1, 000 and N10, 000 as income. Consumption level (number of snails) of snail meat was found to be high (70.83%), but frequency (number of times) of consumption was low (93.75%). The study found no significant relationship between gender, marital status, age, education, income and consumption level of snail meat. However, significant relationship was found between frequency of snail meat consumption and gender, marital status, education. It was recommended that government and non government-owned livestock extension organizations in the area should intensify awareness about importance of snail meat and also encourage domestication of snails.
(Af. J. of Livestock Extension: 2003 2: 54-57)


This research was conducted at the Seventh Grade students of MTs. Negeri 1 Palu. It was quasi experimental research as design. The sample was Seventh B and Seventh C consisting 30 students each. The data was collected from the Test (Pre-test and Post-test). The findings of the research shows that the application of tree technique can increase students' Vocabulary mastery. The result of pretest shows the average score of the experimental group is 65.13, while the average score of the control group is 72.92. Meanwhile, the result of the posttest reveales that the average score of the experimental group is 74.59, while in the average score of the control group is 68.06. The difference in vocabulary scores of the experimental group and the control group is 6.53. It shows that the average score of the experimental group is higher than the control group. Using t-test, the calculated  t-value is found 7.287. It is higher than the t-table value which is 2.019. From the calculation, it can be stated that there is a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. The researcher concludes that the students can increase their vocabulary mastery through the use of tree technique. Furthermore, with this technique the students are able to explore their new vocabularies.


Pure glycerin is widely used for conservation of anatomical parts, which is very efficient and not toxic to the handlers. Nevertheless pure glycerin is extremely expensive and unaffordable for many anatomy laboratories. The purpose of the study was to demonstrate the viability of semi-purified glycerin from biodiesel production for preservation of anatomical parts. Fifteen hearts and 30 kidneys from pigs were studied. The glycerin from a biodiesel plant had the following composition: 80.5% glycerol, 12.8% humidity, 6.3% NaCl and 0.4% fatty acids. The organs were measured, analyzed and photographed before and after preservation protocol. The semi-purified glycerin caused no reduction in the dimensions of anatomical structures (mass, height and width) of statistical difference. Characteristics of consistency and flexibility of the anatomical parts was preserved. Additionally the costs and the production of toxic gases were reduced. The main achievement of this study was preservation of the morphological characteristics and improvement of the teaching and learning process.


Tumors frequently exploit homeostatic mechanisms that suppress expression of IL-12, a central mediator of inflammatory and anti-tumor responses. The p40 subunit of the IL-12 heterodimer, encoded by IL12B, is limiting for these functions. Ovarian carcinoma patients frequently produce ascites which exerts immunosuppression by means of soluble factors. The NFκB pathway is necessary for transcription of IL12B, which is not expressed in macrophages freshly isolated from ascites. This raises the possibility that ascites prevents IL12B expression by perturbing NFκB binding to chromatin. Here, we show that ascites-mediated suppression of IL12B induction by LPS plus IFNγ in primary human macrophages is rapid, and that suppression can be reversible after ascites withdrawal. Nuclear translocation of the NFκB transcription factors c-REL and p65 was strongly reduced by ascites. Surprisingly, however, their binding to the IL12B locus and to CXCL10, a second NFκB target gene, was unaltered, and the induction of CXCL10 transcription was not suppressed by ascites. These findings indicate that, despite its reduced nuclear translocation, NFκB function is not generally impaired by ascites, suggesting that ascites-borne signals target additional pathways to suppress IL12B induction. Consistent with these data, IL-10, a clinically relevant constituent of ascites and negative regulator of NFκB translocation, only partially recapitulated IL12B suppression by ascites. Finally, restoration of a defective IL-12 response by appropriate culture conditions was observed only in macrophages from a subset of donors, which may have important implications for the understanding of patient-specific immune responses.


Cognitive impairment is pervasive in schizophrenia and is a major cause of poor functioning and caregiver burden. However, there are few treatments specifically aimed at helping families cope with a relative's cognitive difficulties and reducing the effects of cognitive impairments on the client's daily functioning. Family-directed cognitive adaptation (FCA) is a 16-session treatment developed to address this need. In this article, we provide a rationale for the development of FCA, describe the program itself, and summarize a pilot study aimed at evaluating the acceptability and feasibility of the treatment. We conclude with a case example of a family who participated in the program.


Polymer-based materials are made electrically conductive by combining with a particulate conductive material. Instead of using high aspect-ratio conventional fillers, such as fibres and flakes, highly porous silver nanopowders were produced for using in polymer matrix composites. Such powders were produced by inert gas condensation (IGC) in a helium atmosphere with or without additional oxygen. The effect of oxygen content on the size, morphology and specific surface area of the particles were determined. In addition, powders were annealed at 100, 150, 200 and 300°C for 60 minutes and the sintering behaviour of particles depending on oxygen content was assessed.


Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) is an annual non wood plant which has shown great potential as an alternative source of papermaking fiber. No information is available on kenaf cultivation in south-Iran in spite of the need to replace imported long fibers through local production of alternative sources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of kenaf cultivars and harvest times on component yield and fiber quality. Six cultivar of kenaf (Cubano, Niger, Cuba 2032, 9277, 7551 and 7566) were planted on May 19, 2007 in the research farm of Agronomy Department Gorgan University. The three harvest times are 85, 105 and 135 days after planting. Result showed that bast yield, stem yield, bast: stem ratio and total dry matter, were affected by harvest time.  Bast to stem ratio in second harvest time was more than any other times (40.02). Niger cultivar was the best cultivar for stem yield, bast yield and total dry material, also Cubana 2032 and Cubano were the best cultivar for bast to stem ratio with 40.41 and 40.00% respectively. Fiber morphology results showed that interaction between cultivar and harvest time was significant. The bast fiber length increased with plant age in all cultivars except Cuba 2032. Although core fiber length increased with age in 7551, 7566, 9277 and Cuba 2032 cultivars but it decreased, in Niger and Cubano cultivars. The result indicated that kenaf bast fiber were long and slender, while the core fiber were much shorter and wider. Morphology analysis indicated that bast and core fibers were significantly different. The bast fiber dimension was better than the core in the production of quality paper.

 Key words: Hibiscus cannabinus, kenaf, harvest time, cultivar, yield, fiber morphology.


To produce quality textile products, many stable synthetic dyes are invented. However, textile wastewater discharged into the environment contains a large amount of dyes which are bio-recalcitrants and stable to heat and solar radiation. These toxic contaminants impact negatively the environment for a long time and poison plants, animals, and human. In this study, Heterogeneous Electro Fenton  process with Fe3O4-Mn3O4 as a catalyst was used for textile wastewater treatment. Graphite electrodes were chosen for their stability and good conductivity. Three operating factors greatly affected the removal efficiency are current density, pH and catalyst dosage. Response surface methodology was applied to find empirical mathematical models for these factors, then find an accordant operating condition for treatment which provides high removal efficiency and low operating cost. Investigated ranges scaled in previous studies were: current density (10 – 20 mA/cm2), pH (3 – 5), and catalyst dosage (0.5 – 1.5 g/l). At current density of 17.03 mA/cm2, pH of 3.77, catalyst dosage of 1.17 g/l, the treatment reached its optimum condition, COD and Color removal efficiencies were 93.3 % and 99.2 %, respectively, where COD and Color values in the effluent are 56 mg/l and 16 Pt-Co.


Purpose of review The aim of this study is to review the recent literature on disasters' impact on the course of psychotic spectrum disorders (PSDs) and how people with PSD fare during a disaster, including the effects of COVID-19. Recent findings Several, but not all, studies examining disasters including earthquake-affected communities and refugee populations have found increased incidence of PSDs. Studies have been inconsistent regarding psychosis incidence in COVID-19 patients. Meanwhile, patients with PSD have been found to cope poorly in recent disasters including flooding and a nuclear accident. Patients with schizophrenia appear to be at particular risk during COVID-19 due to such issues as poor awareness of health precautions and the psychiatric impact of lockdown. However, novel methods including telepsychiatry have allowed care of this population to remain consistent during COVID-19. Summary There is conflicting evidence as to the association between disasters and onset of PSD, and further study is needed to elucidate this link. Patients with PSDs are more likely to fare worse during disasters. Novel approaches to delivery of care have helped offset the psychiatric risks to PSD patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. These approaches may be applicable to other disaster scenarios or to general outpatient care.


Copper-dioxygen (CuO2) adducts are frequently proposed as intermediates in enzymes, yet their electronic and vibrational structures have not always been understood. [Cu(eta1-O2)TMG3tren]+ (TMG3tren = 1,1,1-tris{2-[N2-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidino)]ethyl}amine) features end-on (eta1) O2 coordination in the solid state. Described here is an investigation of the compound's solution properties by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, density functional calculations, and oxygen isotope effects. The study yields two major findings. First, [Cu(eta1-O2)TMG3tren]+ is paramagnetic due to a triplet electronic structure; this is in contrast to other copper compounds where O2 is bound in a side-on manner. Second, the oxygen equilibrium isotope effect upon O2 binding to copper(I) (18O EIE [triple bond] K(16O16O)/K(16O18O) = 1.0148 +/- 0.0012) is significantly larger than those determined for iron and cobalt eta1-O2 adducts. This result is suggested to reflect greater ionic (CuII-O2-I) character within the valence bond description. A revised interpretation of the physical origins of the 18O EIEs upon O2 binding to redox metals is also advanced along with experimental data that should be used as benchmarks for interpreting 18O kinetic isotope effects upon enzyme reactions.


In the modern business environment with high turbulence and complexity, an organization's force to create and sustain competitive advantage lies in what it knows, not what it owns. Establishment of a knowledge management in organization will ensure sustainable competitive advantage because the intellectual capital has become the primary bases of core competencies and the key to superior performance. The transition from industrial to knowledge society, effective use of knowledge is one of the deciding factors in the struggle for competitiveness because it will ensure the rationality, efficiency and flexibility in operations, and only through the realization of those graphics company can gain a competitive advantage on the market.


Targeting short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) such as methane (CH4), tropospheric ozone (O3) and atmospheric aerosols has been proposed as an effective method of reducing the rate of near-term warming, due to their considerable contribution to climate change and relatively short atmospheric lifetimes. Many SLCPs are also air pollutants, presenting the opportunity to simultaneously tackle both climate change and air quality. The aim of this thesis is to improve understanding of factors controlling SLCPs and their role in global climate. Model simulations using the TOMCAT chemical transport model and the SOCRATES radiative transfer model are used to explore sources of uncertainty and variability of SLCPs, as well as potential as mitigation strategies.
Recent evidence from proxy-records indicates that fire and biogenic emissions were likely larger in the pre-industrial era than in the present-day. Greater emissions of O3 precursors CO and NOx in revised pre-industrial emissions inventories result in increases in simulated pre-industrial tropospheric O3 concentrations, decreasing the pre-industrial to present-day radiative forcing (RF) of tropospheric O3 by up to 35%.
The variability of CH4 and tropospheric O3 during El Nino is largely driven by changes in fire emissions. During the 1997 El Nino, enhanced fire emissions of CO suppressed oxidant availability and extended CH4 lifetime, causing a 7.5 ppb yr-1 increase in simulated global CH4 growth rate in 1998. Increased fire emissions also
-2
lead to an increase in O3 RF of 0.03 Wm , while meteorological effects decrease
-2 O3,reducingtroposphericO3RFby0.03Wm ,thusresultinginasmallnetchange
to tropospheric O3.
The potential of targeting SLCPs as a mitigation strategy is also assessed by investigating the climate and air pollution impacts of various emission reduction measures. It is found that maximum technically feasible reductions of anthropogenic emissions reduce global air pollution, however the removal of cooling aerosol results in an accelerated rate of warming, surpassing 2°C by 2050. Targeted measures which decrease emissions of only warming components enables mitigation of global mean temperature change of up to 0.3°C by 2050, but does not combat the growing problem of air pollution.


Exact Tolman solutions are used to analyse the implications if the galactic number has a fractal form out to a distance of about 150 Mpc in a universe which is homogeneous on the large scale. It is concluded that such a model requires either a non-linear Hubble law or a very low density if galaxies trace the total matter distribution.


A prospective study of 30 patients with closed distal femur fractures (AO classification A, C) of both sexes & above 18 years of age managed surgically by Distal Femoral Locking Compression Plate with the aim of finding its efficacy in terms of union rate (time to union), time of mobilization, functional results, radiological results & complications over a period of 1 year. Minimum of 6 months & maximum of 16 months follow up was done. Patients were evaluated both clinically as well as radio logically at 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 6 months, 9 months & 12 months. Result of the study showed that the average time to union was 3.83 months. The average range of flexion obtained postoperatively was 111.37°. Two contractures & decreased knee movements, four mal-alignment/mal-union, one implant failure & one infection were the residual complications in our study. Mean Neer's score was 80.20. Excellent results were seen in 15 cases, satisfactory in 11, unsatisfactory in 3 & 1 case of failure was seen. So the results showed that Locking Compression Plate (LCP) system, is a safe & reliable implant for distal femur fractures AO types A & C.


Three tribes of Nirvaninae, namely, Balbillini (two genera and three species), Nirvanini (five genera and 26 species), and Occinirvanini (one genus and one species), occur on the Indian suncontinent. The tribes, genera, and species are redescribed, illustrated, and keyed. New taxa recognized are Balbillus indicus n. sp. (India: Kerala), Stenotortor subhimalaya n. sp. (India: West Bengal), Kana bispinosa n. sp. (India: Tamil Nadu), K. nigropicta n. sp. (India: Kerala), Sophonia bakeri n. sp. (India: Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh; Nepal), S. bifida n. sp. (India: West Bengal), S. complexa n. sp. (India: Meghalaya), S. complicata n. sp. (India: Mizoram, Meghalaya), S. Keralica n. sp. (India: Kerala), Nirvana peculiaris n. sp. (India: Mizoram, Meghalaya), and N. striata n. sp. (India: Werst Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh). The genus Quercinirvana Ahmed & Mahmood (type species: Q. Longicephala Ahmed & Mahmood) is treated as a junior synonym of Sophonia Walker. Kana signata Distant and Nirvana greeni Distant are suppressed as junior synonyms K. illuminata and N. linealis , respectively, and are transferred to Sophonia . Three other species transferred to Sophonia are Kana modesta Distant, Quercinirvana longicephala Ahmed & Mahood, and Nirvana insignis Distant. The relationship among various genera are dicussed briefly. The genera Crispina Distant and Mohunia Distant are exluded from Nirvaninae.


Homocysteine and alcohol consumption The plasma concentration of homocysteine concentration can change due to alcohol intake. While the effect of moderate alcohol consumption on the concentration of homocysteine, and on the cardiovascular and neurological diseases is consistent, the excessive alcohol consumption is associated with an increased plasma homocysteine level. Clinical signs in alcohol withdrawal syndrome are explained by over stimulation of NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptors. Elevated levels of homocysteine demonstrate an agonistic effect at postsynaptic level and cause convulsion and exititoxic neuronal death. Some research findings imply a possible relationship of neurological and cardiovascular diseases with homocysteine levels. There may be connection between cortical, subcortical and cerebellar changes in alcohol dependency and hyperhomocysteinemia. Folate deficiency may be responsible for hyperhomocysteinemia and a risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Literature data suggest that there is a correlation between hyperhomocysteinemia and other psychiatric diseases. Studies are needed to clarify the ethiopathogenetic relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia and the comorbidity of alcohol dependency and some psychiatric diseases. In this article the literature on relationship between homocysteine and alcohol consumption has been reviewed since 1985 with using database search for alcohol dependence and homocysteine relationship.


Behavioural simulation is the common alternative to the costly electrical simulation of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulators (/spl Sigma//spl Delta/Ms). This paper explores the behavioural modelling and simulation of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/Ms by using hardware description languages (HDLs) and commercial behavioural simulators, as an alternative to the common special-purpose behavioural simulators. A library of building blocks, where a HDL has been used to model a complete set of circuit non-idealities, influencing the performance of /spl Sigma//spl Delta/Ms, is introduced. Three alternatives for introducing /spl Sigma//spl Delta/M topologies have been implemented. Experimental results of the simulation of a fourth-order 2-1-1 cascade multi-bit /spl Sigma//spl Delta/M are given.


The main purpose of this paper is to axiomatize the join of the variety DPCSHC of dually pseudocomplemented semi-Heyting algebras generated by chains and the variety generated by D2, the De Morgan expansion of the four element Boolean Heyting algebra. Toward this end, we first introduce the variety DQDLNSH of dually quasi-De Morgan linear semi-Heyting algebras defined by the linearity axiom and the variety JIDSH of JI-distributive dually quasi-De Morgan semi-Heyting algebras, and present some properties thereof. We then give an explicit description of simple (= subdirectly irreducible) algebras in the variety JIDLNSH1 of JI-distributive dually quasi-De Morgan linear semi-Heyting algebras of level 1 by applying the results of [24] and [25], from which we deduce our main theorem that says that JIDLNSH1 is the join of the variety DPCSHC and the variety V(D2), solving the problem mentioned above. We give some applications of this theorem. First, it is shown that the lattice of nontrivial subvarieties of JIDLNSH1 is isomorphic to (ω + 1) × 2, where 2 is the 2-element chain. Then we present (small) bases for all of the subvarieties of JIDLNSH1. Finally, we show that all subvarieties of DPCSHC have the amalgamation property. The paper concludes with some open problems for further investigation.


Fifteen new diterpenoid glycosides (1a-n, 2) were isolated from an Argentine collection of the bitter fern Gleichenia quadripartita along with the known flavonoid glycoside afzelin. Structure elucidation was accomplished by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and by high-resolution MS analyses. In addition, X-ray crystallographic analysis of a monocrystal of 1a as well as chemical derivatization of 1h and 1m were performed to confirm their structures.


An intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) fluorescent sensor 1 using a dansyl moiety as the fluorophore and an azathia-crown ether as the receptor was designed, synthesized and characterized. The ions-selective signaling behaviors of the sensor 1 were investigated in CH(3) CN-H(2) O (1:1, v/v) by fluorescence spectroscopy. It exhibited remarkable fluorescence quenching upon addition of Hg(2+), which was attributed to the 1:1 complex formation between 1 and Hg(2+), while other selected metal ions induced basically no spectral changes. The sensor 1 showed a rapid and linear response towards Hg(2+) in the concentration range from 5.0 × 10(-7) to 1.0 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) with the detection limit of 1.0 × 10(-7) mol L(-1). Furthermore, the whole process could be carried out in a wide pH range of 2.0-8.0 and was not disturbed by other metal ions. Thus, the sensor 1 was used for practical determination of Hg(2+) in different water samples with satisfactory results.


This article explains an IP waiver will have a limited impact on meeting the emergency medical requirements. That being so why are countries like India and South Africa putting extreme diplomatic efforts to succeed in this Patent waiver initiative? There is no clear answer. I tempt believe, more than seeking an immediate relief, it is an apostolic behaviour towards this rotten IP regime. I wish it leads to a larger debate on Intellectual Property rights and inequities of the IP regime and the TRIPs agreement. Many, including me, believe that the TRIPS agreement merely provided an advantage to industrialized countries. It has only helped in intellectual colonisation. TRIPs enslaved poor and underdeveloped countries and consistently made them dependant on the mercy of larger industrialized economies for technologies. It retarded innovation in less privileged economies.

The current patent system is facilitating the evergreening of patent protection. Creating patent thickets, pooling the patents, generating unfair advantage for themselves and depriving an equal opportunity to new entrants and startups. Many say that the duration of a patent granted is more than what is proportionate to the economic value of the effort. We need to remember that patent as a concept evolved as a reward for disclosure for facilitating further innovation. However, over a period of time, it has become a tool to impose monopoly and prevent competition. In many sectors, technology becomes obsolete in less than five years and granting a patent for 20 years is merely helping to prevent new technology innovations. Yes, discussion on patent waiver helps in creating a platform for discussion for overhauling the IP regime. If that is the real intent, then worth appreciation on that count.


Single Echo Acquisition Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (December 2004) Mary Preston McDougall, B.S., Texas A&M University; M.S.E., Johns Hopkins University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Steven Wright The dramatic improvement in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan time over the past fifteen years through gradient-based methods that sample k-space more efficiently and quickly cannot be sustained, as thresholds regarding hardware and safety limitations are already being approached. Parallel imaging methods (using multiple receiver coils to partially encode k-space) have offered some relief in the efforts and are rapidly becoming the focus of current endeavors to decrease scan time. Ideally, for some applications, phase encoding would be eliminated completely, replaced with array coil encoding instead, and the entire image formed in a single echo. The primary objective of this work was to explore that acceleration limit – to implement and investigate the methodology of single echo acquisition magnetic resonance imaging (SEA MRI). The initial evaluation of promising array coil designs is described, based on parameters determined by the ability to enable the imaging method. The analyses of field patterns, decoupling, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) that led to the final 64-channel array coil design are presented, and the fabrication and testing of coils designed for 4.7T and 1.5T are described. A detailed description of the obtainment of the first SEA images – 64xNreadout images, acquired in a single echo – is provided with an evaluation of those images and highly accelerated images (through parallel imaging techniques) based on SNR and artifact power. Finally, the development of methodologies for various MR applications is described: applications that would particularly benefit from the speed of the imaging method, or those to which the method or the tool (array coil) lends itself. These applications include, but are not limited to, 3D imaging (phase encode in the slice select direction), resolution-enhanced imaging, large-scale (field-ofview) microscopy, and conformal surface imaging. Finally, using the primary enablement of the method – the ability to obtain complete MR images at speeds limited only by the time it takes to acquire a single echo – is presented with a discussion of extremely high frame rate imaging.


A multibarrell electrode designed for the location of the His bundle (HB) in open-chest dogs is described. The barrels may be used for the introduction of electrodes into the region of the HB for recording or pacing or for the injection of formaldehyde into the area to produce atrioventricular block.


There is an increasing interest in the anisotropy of mudstone systems mainly due to seismic anisotropy caused by change in wave velocity and polarization with propagation direction. Therefore, the study was to evaluate the variability in the mud clast distribution in the heterolithic sequences present in the Lambir Formation. Mud clasts show differences in size, shape, thickness, continuity and orientation with respect to the general bedding attitude. The clasts are generally ellipsoidal in shape despite some of them being subrounded. It is evident that the amount of energy needed to transport the larger mud clasts was more than that needed to transport the finer sand grains. The origin of mud clasts remains debatable as the energy setting in which it occurs is generally not in favor of the stability of this feature. Results suggest that size variation of mud clasts with increasing distance from the base could be quite erratic in some places despite a general trend of fining upwards. We introduce the term "fabric anomaly" to describe this feature. The Lambir Formation has tremendous variability at various scales of observation. The fabric anomaly exhibited by mud clasts has the potential to impact critical properties of the clastics.


Aluminum 6061 is a common alloy which is widely used in aerospace and yacht construction industry. Generally machining of aluminum alloys inherently generates high chip sticking on tool face and changes the tool edge geometry, which not only reduces tool life but also impairs the product surface quality. This study investigated the tool life and tool wear mechanisms besides evaluating surface roughness in various cutting conditions to attain finest possible surface with minimum tool wear. Turning experiments performed under dry orthogonal cutting of Al6061 using carbide CVD tri-phase coated inserts with constant depth of cut, various cutting speeds and feed rates. Insert's flank and rake faces analyzed to assess wear mechanisms. Additionally Scanning electron microscope (SEM) employed to clarify different types of wear. Surface integrity and effect of built up edge in deviating surface roughness were studied in each cutting condition. Additionally results of experiments demonstrated that built up edge took over cutting edge and with sacrificing surface roughness, tool life increased by decreasing pace of abrasive wear propagation on flank face. According to these experiments the main reasons of flank wear were abrasive and adhesion of aluminum on tool face.


Radiative surface temperature has been widely used in past to estimate surface energy balance components from field to regional scales. This approach has been applied successfully over surfaces with near full vegetation cover; however, large discrepancies between measured and simulated surface fluxes have been observed over surfaces with sparse vegetation cover. The reason for these discrepancies is that the assumption that radiative surface temperature can be assimilated to aerodynamic surface temperature is not correct over sparsely vegetated surfaces. In the study an empirical parameterization relating aerodynamic surface temperature to radiative temperature and the leaf area index is used to estimate sensible heat flux over sparse shrub in the central east site during the Hapex Sahel experiment. The result shows that this parameterization leads to reasonable estimates of sensible heat flux, the RMSE was about 50 Wm/sup 2/.


The northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) decline has become a cause celebre of wildlife conservation during the past 2 decades. With few exceptions, current broad-scale population trends show ongoing erosion in bobwhite numbers across most of the species' range. The causes of these declines are ultimate factors exacerbated by certain proximate factors. Ultimate factors are centered on the loss and fragmentation of habitat. Proximate factors such as predation and disease also may be present. The impacts of some factors, such as climate change, remain unknown but may influence bobwhite population trajectories over the long term. Progress has occurred in bobwhite conservation efforts since 1990 and has culminated in the formation of the National Bobwhite Technical Committee and the publication of the Northern Bobwhite Conservation Initiative. The vast majority of prevailing agricultural, forestry, and to some extent rangeland land uses in the United States continue as threats to bobwhite population persistence in the foreseeable future. Land-use patterns that once sustained widespread abundance of northern bobwhite during the early 20th century clearly are past and likely never to return. Landscape features that sustain and elevate northern bobwhite populations will only be maintained as a function of purposeful management actions directed at saving and creating usable space. © The Wildlife Society, 2012


We linguistically compare computer programming with mathematics, revealing that the algorithmic (second-person) nature of the first makes it distinctly different from the third-person character of mathematics. But, in reviewing the literature [e.g., HAWAII INT'L CONFER SYSTEM SCIENCES, 1985: 3060316; & NOTICES, Amer Math Soc 24: A-313 and 25: A-463, 1978], we show that this algorithmic nature implies that every computer program is a mimic of a decider, or decision-making process, and therefore a simulation model (of something, of some process).
The conclusion becomes of pertinence in view of the established isomorphism [cf. SIMULATION: STATISTICAL FOUNDATIONS AND METHODOLOGY, 1972 (1970)] between the six-stage model-building process of simulation methodology and the Scientific Method, as the latter has been conducted historically. Thus, the credibility of computer programs becomes the age-old question of the truth of any other scientific writing/report, since Science is that human activity devoted to the very explanation for (i.e., to seeking the truth about) a naturally occurring phenomenon.
As importantly, this six-stage model-building process which we humans conduct extra-corporeally is one-to-one isomorphic to the six-stage chemical model-building process which has ensured biological survival [cf. AN EPISTLE TO DR. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, 1975 (1974)]: first "used" by plants and animals in chemico-genetic models for survival and then "employed" (non-consciously, of course) by the "higher" animals via chemico-neural modelling to enhance day-to-day survival.
We provide several examples to reveal the distinction between computer programming and mathematics, then move to the titular theme, using as examples the presently widespread bibliographical retrieval software: actually, simulation models of the reference librarian (or researcher) at work.


In recent years, the necessity for fast, accurate and less memory-intensive techniques to analyze nonlinear circuits has grown as technology has advanced. The harmonic balance (HB) method is a powerful tool and it has been used for some time in nonlinear circuit analysis. In order to keep up with the vast requirements of circuit design, the harmonic balance method is modified to make it fast, more accurate and require less memory. In the modified harmonic balance (MHB) method, circuits are analyzed by calculating voltages and currents of nonlinear components in the time domain and those of linear components in the frequency domain. After that, an iteration scheme is performed in which the voltage and current values have to be transformed from one domain to the other for each single iteration. A key point to reduce the analysis time and minimize the memory required is to use an efficient way to transform from one domain to another. One-dimensional Fourier transformations are used to convert from the time domain to the frequency domain and visa versa. The current and voltage values are handled using a vector matrix for each nonlinear element instead of using Jacobian matrices.


ABSTRACT A child's illness and admission in a hospital are stressful and can negatively affect the child and his/her caregivers. The stress is further exacerbated when a child is critically ill and has been admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). The effects can be reduced when caregivers of the sick children are present and involved in decision making and actual care of their hospitalized children, a care model called family-centered care. Malawi has adopted family-centered care model in the newly instituted Mercy James Pediatric ICU. Little is known about experiences of caregivers with FCC in Malawi. This qualitative study was therefore conducted to explore experiences of caregivers on their involvement in decision making and care at Mercy James Pediatric ICU in Blantyre, Malawi. This was a descriptive qualitative study with a sample size of fifteen participants, however, data saturation was reached with ten participants. One on one in-depth interviews were conducted among a purposively selected sample of ten caregivers whose children had been discharged from the PICU. Content analysis was deductively and manually undertaken to analyze data with the aid of delve software to organize the data. Findings show that not every caregiver was involved in the decision making of their children's care, and if they did, it was not adequate. Barriers to effective involvement such as using a foreign language had a negative impact on comprehensive involvement of caregivers in decision making for their children's care. All participants were, however, involved in the physical care of their children. It is important that health care workers should continuously encourage caregivers to get involved in the decision making and care of their children.


Even though rare earth metals are indispensible in modern technology, very little quantitative information other than combined rare earth oxide extraction is available on their life cycles. We have drawn upon published and unpublished information from China, Japan, the United States, and elsewhere to estimate flows into use and in-use stocks for 15 of the metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y. Here, we show that the combined flows into use comprised about 90 Gg in 2007; the highest for individual metals were ∼28 Gg Ce and ∼22 Gg La, the lowest were ∼0.16 Gg Tm and ∼0.15 Gg Lu. In-use stocks ranged from 144 Gg Ce to 0.2 Gg Tm; these stocks, if efficiently recycled, could provide a valuable supplement to geological stocks.


New techniques in the harvest of deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flaps have become introduced as a result of modern imaging technologies that can allow virtual surgery to be achieved preoperatively. With computed tomographic angiography, individual anatomy can be appreciated in detail to a level not previously appreciated. These imaging techniques can be successfully used to guide DIEP flap surgery. 'Optimal' perforators can be selected based on size, location, intramuscular and subcutaneous course, and their association with motor nerves. Flap design can be safely achieved based on the cutaneous distribution of perforators. Abdominal wall closure can be improved based on the abdominal contour seen with imaging. Preoperative planning can aid patient selection, plan all aspects of the operative technique, reduce operating time and improve operative outcomes.


The Integrated Data Base (IDB) Program has compiled historic data on inventories and characteristics of both commercial and DOE spent fuel; also, commercial and U.S. government-owned radioactive wastes through December 31, 1992. These data are based on the most reliable information available from government sources, the open literature, technical reports, and direct contacts. The information forecasted is consistent with the latest U.S. Department of Energy/Energy Information Administration (DOE/EIA) projections of U.S. commercial nuclear power growth and the expected DOE-related and private industrial and institutional (I/I) activities. The radioactive materials considered, on a chapter-by-chapter basis, are spent nuclear fuel, high-level waste (HLW), transuranic (TRU), waste, low-level waste (LLW), commercial uranium mill tailings, environmental restoration wastes, commercial reactor and fuel-cycle facility decommissioning wastes, and mixed (hazardous and radioactive) LLW. For most of these categories, current and projected inventories are given through the calendar-year (CY) 2030, and the radioactivity and thermal power are calculated based on reported or estimated isotopic compositions. In addition, characteristics and current inventories are reported for miscellaneous radioactive materials that may require geologic disposal.


In wireless communications, fading is deviation of the attenuation affecting a signal over certain propagation media. The fading may vary with time, geographical position or radio frequency, and is often modeled as a random process. A fading channel is a communication channel comprising fading. Fading mitigation techniques are used to avoid the attenuation presented in a wireless communication system. Adaptive systems are the examples of the fading mitigation techniques. In this paper an adaptive system is simulated using MATLAB, which can switch its transmission and reception characteristics according the bit error rate (BER) between the sent and received data. The system will commute in a certain value that will be established by the user. The characteristics of the system b a s e d o n t h e standard wireless communication system. S o , an adaptive system was created with two modes: one with only modulation (64QAM) and the other with modulation (64QAM) and coding (Reed Solomon (64,48). The BER value is established by the user, getting a more efficient system according to the necessities.


The objective of this study was to develop a microstructure characterization technique to capture the multi-phase nature of asphalt concrete using x-ray microfluorescence. This study examines the morphology and positions of aggregates, sand mastic and air void phases of asphalt concrete. Three different samples with targeted air void levels of 4%, 7%, and 10% were analyzed using an X-ray microscope. The cylindrical asphalt specimens were cut into slabs and then polished, and finally white zinc-oxide powder was pressed into the voids. The zinc-oxide powder helped to discern air voids from aggregate and mastic. After sample preparation, elemental maps were constructed using characteristic Kα x-rays from the following elements: aluminum, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, and strontium. The relative intensities of pixels in the elemental maps were used to categorize pixels in each image according to sand mastic, air voids, and aggregate using multi-spectral analysis techniques. Air void contents in the three images (A, B and C) are correlated to those computed from the asphalt concrete. It was found that the air void contents in the three images (A, B) are highly correlated to those computed from the asphalt concrete. The images were utilized to calculate aggregate gradations and compared with the real gradation. It is concluded that the microstructure characterization technique to capture the multi-phase nature of asphalt concrete using x-ray microfluorescence was moderately successful.


The paper considers the problem of beamforming design for a multi-cell network of downlink users, who either harvest energy or decode information or do both by receiving signals from the multi-antenna base station (BS) within a time slot and over the same frequency band. Our previous contributions have showed that the time-fraction based energy and information transmission, under which first the energy is transferred within the initial fraction of time and then the information is transferred within the remaining fraction, is the most efficient design alternative both in terms of its practical implementation and network performance. However, at the time of writing, both energy and information beamforming has only been implemented for proper Gaussian signaling (PGS), which has limited the network's throughput. Although the network throughput could be improved in some specific scenarios by using non-orthogonal multi-access (NOMA), this may compromise the user secrecy. In order to circumvent the above implementations, we conceive improper Gaussian signaling (IGS) for information beamforming, which enables the network to substantially improve its throughput in any scenario without jeopardizing the user secrecy despite its low-complexity signal processing at the user end. A simpler subclass of IGS is also considered, which also outperforms NOMA PGS and works under any arbitrary scenario.


The performance gain of space time transmit diversity (STTD) for coded OFDM systems using space time block coding (STBC) is investigated. In particular, it is proposed to use pilot patterns, which are orthogonal in both the frequency and time directions. Therefore, to obtain channel estimates from the separate transmit antennas the receiver can use either adjacent pilots in the frequency direction or adjacent pilots in the time direction.


The development of regionalised hydrological models or procedures for estimating flow duration statistics has been the subject of international research since the 1970s. Historically these models have been based on multivariate statistical models that relate flow statistics to the physical and climatic characteristics of a catchment. The a priori classification of catchments has often been a component of this analysis. This paper discusses the background to the development of such models, with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom; it describes a new region of influence approach to estimating flow duration statistics and compares the performance of this method with current multivariate regression based methods for estimating flow duration statistics within the United Kingdom.


: The isotonographic rapid test is a short tonographic test lasting about two minutes. One gram weights maintain the isotonia. The C values seem to provide a good means of distinguishing between normal and glaucomatous eyes.


City Branding is a autentity of a city and must managed properly, applied and become a culture and behavior for both the apparatus and the citizens of the city. In managing a city and establishing city branding, a strong research is required to map changes in the environment, the target market, the city's competitors and the changes that occur within the city itself. In addition to research, a combination of other communication and marketing strategies is important to consider the implementation of city branding. Based on the background, this research aims are to: first, to know the characteristics of citizen social media users in the city of Bogor, secondly, describing and analyzing the communication of the branding of Bogor, the third, explaining and analyzing Branding of the city of Bogor. The methods used in this study are descriptive analysis, and the rate of score. The results found in the study explained that the management of the city's branding could combine the strengths of primary and secondary communications in the city, especially on social media to elicit the sense of meaning a city refers to the model Branding of the city hexagon.


The X10 programming language is intended to ease the programming of scalable concurrent and distributed applications. X10 augments a familiar imperative object-oriented programming model with constructs to support light-weight asynchronous tasks as well as execution across multiple address spaces. A crucial aspect of X10's runtime system is the scheduling of concurrent tasks. Work-stealing schedulers have been shown to efficiently load balance fine-grain divide-and-conquer task-parallel program on SMPs and multicores. But X10 is not limited to shared-memory fork-join parallelism. X10 permits tasks to suspend and synchronize by means of conditional atomic blocks and remote task invocations.
 In this paper, we demonstrate that work-stealing scheduling principles are applicable to a rich programming language such as X10, achieving performance at scale without compromising expressivity, ease of use, or portability. We design and implement a portable work-stealing execution engine for X10. While this engine is biased toward the efficient execution of fork-join parallelism in shared memory, it handles the full X10 language, especially conditional atomic blocks and distribution.
 We show that this engine improves the run time of a series of benchmark programs by several orders of magnitude when used in combination with the C++ backend compiler and runtime for X10. It achieves scaling comparable to state-of-the art work-stealing scheduler implementations---the Cilk++ compiler and the Java fork/join framework---despite the dramatic increase in generality.


What relationships can be formed between labor and liberty when labor is no longer necessarily experienced as the social indicator of alienation from liberty in the economy? It was Marx who first painstakingly developed these issues, formulating the theory of two reigns, that of necessity and that of liberty, within the context of the communist Utopia. Nonetheless, his positioning of the problem entailed a whole series of ambiguities. In basing ourselves on Andre Gorz's analyses, we will demonstrate the dependence of all thought about liberation on a philosophy of liberty that assumes, or fails to assume, a certain irreducible depth of any human collective, an inevitable heteronomy of the human condition.


A deep physical analysis of the classical electromagnetic problem of calculating the radiation pattern of a dipole located in a dielectric medium 1 at certain distance from the interface to a different dielectric medium 2 is presented. It is shown that an anomalous behavior in the direction of the maximum of the radiation pattern appears. This singularity is physically meaningless. This is shown by applying the Bernstein's theorem and showing that it is violated.


Images are often affected by different noise interference in the transmission process. The noise cause wrong information in image analysis. To reduce noise, the simple and easy method is that receiving a few images once time and averages those images to get an average image. But, this method casts huge time cost. If it is difficult to obtain the image, the method is more infeasible. The median filter has better performance for impulse noise and the average filter has good results for lower Gaussian noise. This paper presents a method based on median filter to filter extreme value and designs an adaptive mask according to the number of extreme value in the mask. Then, calculating the similarity for each pixel in the mask and giving weights to pixels in the mask by the principle of proportionality. To do so, the present method can achieve the goal which is removing high-intensity impulse noise and reducing mixed noised interference.


BACKGROUND. Influenza and other winter respiratory viruses cause substantial morbidity among children. Previous estimates of the burden of illness of these viruses have neglected to include the emergency department, where a large number of patients seek acute care for respiratory illnesses. This study provides city- and statewide population estimates of the burden of illness attributable to respiratory viruses for children receiving emergency department–based care for respiratory infections during the winter months. METHODS. The number of patients ≤7 years of age presenting to the emergency department of an urban tertiary care pediatric hospital with acute respiratory infections was estimated by using a classifier based on presenting complaints. The rates of specific viral infections in this population were estimated by using the rates of positivity for respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and enterovirus. Local emergency department market share and US Census data enabled determination of the rates of emergency department visits in the Boston, Massachusetts, area and in Massachusetts. RESULTS. During the 11-year study period, the mean yearly number of patients ≤7 years of age presenting to the study emergency department during the winter season was 17397. On the basis of the respiratory classifier, the mean number of patients with an acute respiratory infection was 6923, or 398 per 1000 emergency department visits. In the city population, the mean number of emergency department visits for acute respiratory infections was 17906, which is equivalent to 113.9 per 1000 children residing in the city, and in the state population the mean number was 61529, or 94.5 per 1000 children residing in the state. At the state level, 23114 of the visits were for respiratory syncytial virus, 5650 for influenza, 1751 for parainfluenza virus, 2848 for adenovirus, and 798 for enterovirus. For patients 6 to 23 months of age in the state population, there were 19860 emergency department visits for acute respiratory infections, or 168 per 1000 children in this age group, with 6235 visits resulting from respiratory syncytial virus and 2112 resulting from influenza. CONCLUSION. There is a high incidence of emergency department visits for infectious respiratory illnesses among children. This important component of health care use should be included in estimates of the burden of illness attributable to influenza and other winter respiratory viruses.


this paper, geometrically and materially non-linear finite element analyses were performed to study the crease behavior of thin membranes. The cross-section of the membrane was modeled with 2-dimensional plane strain elements. To simulate the creasing process, the韓國航空宇宙學會誌905membrane mesh was folded, compressed to prescribed crease gauge by activating two rigid contact surfaces, and then released to give the crease topology. Various crease gauges were considered to investigate the effect of crease intensity on the initial deployment angle. The crease geometry was also obtained by experiments and the results were compared.


Primary spontaneous coronary artery dissection occurs rarely. Compared to usual acute coronary syndromes, it occurs in relatively young people, particularly in women in the peripartum or early post-partum period. The etiology of spontaneous coronary artery dissection remains unclear; there have been less than 150 cases reported in the literature, and only 28 cases documented in the left main coronary artery. This article reports the clinical course of a patient with primary spontaneous left main coronary artery dissection who was treated with coronary artery bypass grafting after clinical steadiness.


This paper argues that the increased wage inequality observed in recent years is driven by changes in management compensation. The analysis is conducted within the framework of a two-sector search model with heterogeneous employees and heterogenous jobs i.e. employees with different educational levels who work in either management or the non-management sector of a firm. Individuals employed in the non-management sector search for management jobs while employed. This model characterizes the labor market flows, the firm's structure and the employee composition as well as the wage distribution in the firm. Using the personnel records from a large pharmaceutical company, the parameters of the model are estimated. This allows us to conclude that the increased wage inequality observed is due to amplified within and between group wage inequality which is driven by an increased gap between management and non-management wages.


Bacterial collections are invaluable tools for microbiologists. However, their practical use is compromised by imprecise taxonomical assignation of bacterial strains. This is particularly true for soft rotting plant pathogens of the Pectobacterium genus. We analysed the taxonomic status of 265 Pectobacterium strains deposited at CIRM-CFBP collection from 1944 to 2020. This collection gathered Pectobacterium strains isolated in 27 countries from 32 plant species representing 17 botanical families or from nonhost environments. The MLSA approach completed by genomic analysis of 15 strains was performed to update the taxonomic status of these 265 strains. The results showed that the CIRM-CFBP Pectobacterium collection harboured at least one strain of each species, with the exception of P. polonicum. Yet, seven strains could not be assigned to any of the described species and may represent at least two new species. Surprisingly, P. versatile, recently described in 2019, is the most prevalent species among CIRM-CFBP strains. An analysis of P. versatile strains revealed that this species is pandemic and isolated from various host plants and environments. At the opposite, other species gathered strains isolated from only one botanical family or exclusively from a freshwater environment. Our work also revealed new host plants for several Pectobacterium spp.


OBJECTIVE
Plasma concentrations of lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, were measured in 59 non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients with and without vascular complications, and 21 non-diabetic healthy subjects.

RESULTS
The plasma log Lp(a) levels were found to be significantly increased in the NIDDM patients (1.40 +/- 0.36) compared with the healthy subjects (1.02 +/- 0.53; p < 0.05). Plasma Lp(a) levels in NIDDM patients with diabetic vascular complications (1.51 +/- 0.27) were significantly higher than those of the NIDDM patients without diabetic vascular complications (1.23 +/- 0.43) and healthy subjects (p < 0.05). There were significant correlations between plasma log Lp(a) levels and apolipoprotein B (apo B) in all NIDDM patients (r: 0.68, p < 0.05). No correlation was observed between Lp(a) levels and age, sex, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose, haemoglobin Alc, the mode of treatment, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein Al levels in all patients.

CONCLUSIONS
It was concluded that Lp(a) was a risk factor for angiopathy in NIDDM patients and the patients who have a high plasma Lp(a) concentration should be kept under strict glycaemic control.


Gilbert and Richards (2000) have performed a service by pointing out that visible light photography, especially when enhanced by digital manipulation, offers new capabilities for data analysis. Such widely used programs as Adobe PhotoshopTM make it practical to enhance data that are present but perhaps not terribly obvious in photographs. I have used some of these "tricks" myself to make the patterns of muscle fibers more apparent, and to analyze spatial relationships among them (Ledoux et al., 2001). I disagree, however, with their statements that digital cameras are the way to go. They are not necessary, and it can be argued that they are not an appropriate choice when the best quality images are needed. Film cameras have the advantages over digital cameras of higher resolution, greater color depth, and a greater tonal range. This will not always be true but it is now, especially with low-resolution digital cameras. One rule of thumb I have seen is that a 6-megapixel camera is needed to produce an 8" 3 10" print with detail comparable to a film image, and that ignores questions of color and shading. When great detail and subtlety are not called for, digital cameras do have the advantage of allowing results to be obtained quickly, and, in fact, the quality may be more than adequate for the sort of work Gilbert and Richards are doing. Another factor is cost. A high-end digital camera is expensive. The NikonTM D1 Gilbert and Richards use produces images of about 2.7 megapixels, and sells for over $4,000 without a lens. Extremely high-quality film cameras are available for a small fraction of that price. In addition, 35-mm film can be converted to digital images very easily and inexpensively. For example, the Kodak PhotoCDTM is a system that converts slide or negative images into digital form at resolutions up to about 6 megapixels (or about 25 megapixels if needed, at higher cost). The cost per slide at a professional photo lab is about $2.00. One PhotoCD holds about 100 images and the images can be imported into such programs as Photoshop for manipulation. The lab I use has a standard two-day turnaround, and offers 24-hour service as an option. There is one more factor that might be important in some cases: permanence. Digital formats and media type seem stable over the short range, but may not be over longer periods. A case in point: a few years ago, SyquestTM produced removable disks that were an industry standard; today they are essentially out of business. There is talk of CDs being replaced by higher capacity media similar to DVDs. Five years or so ago, 10" tape reels were common, but today I wouldn't know where to find a tape reader for them. Also, there is limited information on the long-term stability of the media themselves, while film can be stored for decades with little or no degradation. The authors claim that it is possible to use a smaller f-stop with digital cameras than with film cameras, thereby increasing the depth of field. I think that in most laboratory situations, except perhaps when conditions limit the amount of light that can be used, it is rather simple to adjust the lighting to allow a smaller f-stop. Some systems allow flash photography with through-the-lens control of the flash, which has the additional advantage of eliminating motion artifacts when camera and subject cannot be rigidly fixed. It is also worth noting that at high magnifications, using a diaphragm to increase depth of field degrades image resolution because of diffraction effects. Finally, I want to correct one small error. C-mount lenses are not regular 35-mm camera lenses. They are most commonly used in 16-mm cine and video cameras, and cover a film or CCD area of 0.5–0.67 inches. This is adequate for the CCDs used in most digital cameras, because they are usually much smaller than a 35-mm film frame, and adapters for the lenses are available. I am glad to see that The New Anatomist published an article on the use of digital photography in expanding the scientific value of images, but I also think that it is important to note that there are different ways of doing so.


The use, production and incentives provided by the state of electric and hybrid vehicles are increasing day by day. In this context the development of internal communication systems and control systems are increasing quickly. Smart control units are started to take the place of the mechanical parts that were used in the combustion engines. As result, process speeds are increased, reaction times are become shorter and more smart control units are started to develop. Beside the developed systems, the work done in order to decrease the process times improved the semiconductor sector. Increased processing speeds allow all units on the vehicle to be controlled by intelligent units, but also allow the monitoring of all these systems from a different center. As these systems continue to develop, autonomous vehicle systems that we see today and which we will encounter more frequently in the nearfuture will ensure safe driving and become traceable. In this project a VCU and a telemetry system that can controls and follow this system will be developed. VCU system is aiming that an internal safe and secure communication system by CAN Bus protocol with the aspects of isolation and immune to the EMI and other kind of interference. In the concern of system safety and testability VCU will be designed as two main sections. The sections to be designed as control unit and telemetry unit will be integrated into the vehicle by creating a modular structure. RF and GSM protocols will be placed on the telemetry unit and a flexible telemetry system with alternative will be installed.


This paper is concerned with transient thermoelastic problem in which we need to determine the temperature distribution and thermal deflection of a thin clamped rectangular plate when the boundary conditions are known. Integral transform techniques are used to obtain the solution of the problem. t y x f z t z y x T h z     


It has been proposed to use plants as elements of biologically-based life support systems for long-term space missions. Three roles have been brought forth for plants in this application: recycling of water, regeneration of air and production of food. This report discusses recycling of water and presents data from investigations of plant transpiration water quality. Aqueous nutrient solution was applied to several plant species and transpired water collected. The findings indicated that this water typically contained 0.3-6 ppm of total organic carbon, which meets hygiene water standards for NASA's space applications. It suggests that this method could be developed to achieve potable water standards.


The development and verification of the Charring Ablating Thermal Protection Implicit System Solver is presented. This work concentrates on the derivation and verification of the stationary grid terms in the equations that govern three-dimensional heat and mass transfer for charring thermal protection systems including pyrolysis gas flow through the porous char layer. The governing equations are discretized according to the Galerkin finite element method with first and second order implicit time integrators. The governing equations are fully coupled and are solved in parallel via Newton's method, while the fully implicit linear system is solved with the Generalized Minimal Residual method. Verification results from exact solutions and the Method of Manufactured Solutions are presented to show spatial and temporal orders of accuracy as well as nonlinear convergence rates.


Objective:  To determine the occurrence and severity of oral mucositis (OM) and the factors associated with the onset of severe oral mucositis (SOM) in pediatric cancer patients.  Material and Methods: This was a longitudinal and prospective study with 85 children and adolescents (aged 0 to 19 years) admitted to the Pediatric Oncology Sector of Napoleao Laureano Hospital between November 2016 and July 2019. The patients' sociodemographic and epidemiological information, as well as hematological and biochemical parameters, were obtained from their medical charts. The oral mucosa of study participants was assessed through the modified Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) at baseline and after the 2nd, 5th and 10th week of antineoplastic treatment. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test to determine the factors associated with the occurrence of SOM (p<0.05) .  Results: The occurrence of OM was more frequent in the 2nd (60%), 5th (40.9%) and 10th week (43.2%) of antineoplastic treatment. During the follow-up period, SOM was more frequent in the 5th week (34.7%), followed by the 2nd (32.3%) and 10th weeks (29.7%). There was no association between the occurrence of SOM and the patient's age, type of tumor, chemotherapy regimen, and hematological and biochemical parameters .  Conclusion:  The occurrence of oral mucositis in pediatric cancer patients was significant, especially in the 2nd week of antineoplastic treatment. Severe oral mucositis was more prevalent in the 5th week of treatment and was not associated with any of the study variables.


Introduction: The Soviet cultural legacy Sevket Akyildiz and Richard Carlson Part 1: Central Asia 1924-1991: Implementing a Soviet culture and society 1. 'Learn, learn, learn!' Soviet style in Uzbekistan: Implementation and planning Sevket Akyildiz 2. The emancipation of women in Soviet Central Asia from 1917 to 1940: Strategies, successes, and failures Jacqui Freeman 3. The Soviet construction of Kazakh batyrs Harun Yilmaz 4. The concept of traditional music in Central Asia: From the revolution to independence Alyssa Moxley 5. Political, economic and historical foundations of Central Asian cinema Barry Mowell 6. Socialist realism: Cooperation and challenge among non-Russian Central Asian writers Alva Robinson 7. The Second World War in Central Asia: Events, identity, and memory Alex Calvo 8. Becoming Soviet in Turkmenistan: The unseen influence of the 'special settlers' Isaac Scarborough Part 2: The challenges of independence 9. The failure of liberal democratisation in Kazakhstan: The role of international investment and civil society in impending political reform Richard Carlson 10. Social networking practices: Continuity or rupture with the Soviet past? Frederick Lamy 11. National identity formation in post-Soviet Central Asia: The Soviet legacy, primordialism, and patterns of ideological development since 1991 Diana T. Kudaibergenova 12. Deconstructing communal violence during the civil war in Tajikistan: The case of the Pamiris David P. Straub 13. The relics of 1991: Memories and phenomenology of the post-Soviet generation Christopher Schwartz


This paper expounds the necessity of the access education of library for the freshmen, and from three aspects probes into the measures of doing well the access education of library for the freshmen.


As is often the case with cell culture, normal human endometrial epithelial cells show a low, squamous shape with flattened nuclei and lack three-dimensional morphology in in-vitro culture systems. Here we report the first well-differentiated epithelial culture system using basement membrane extracts (BME) from an Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm tumour (EHS tumour). In this model, BME regulated the reconstruction of glandular formation and subsequent reformation of the epithelium by epithelial cells. An electron microscopic study clearly indicated that there were two distinct types of cells grown on the substrate. The first, having a high columnar shape, formed the glandular epithelium, and the second, having a cuboidal shape, covered the surface of the BME. Study of epithelial reformation indicated that the regeneration of superficial epithelium could occur, following the development of the glandular formation, in a helix-like pattern. Total protein secretion was greater when the cells were grown on the BME than on plastic. Thus, normal human endometrial epithelial cells cultured on the BME assumed a phenotype and morphology characteristic of those in vivo.


Spotting signal patterns with varying lengths has been still an open problem in the literature. In this study, we describe a signal pattern recognition approach for continuous and simultaneous classification of a tracked hand's posture and gestures and map them to steering commands for control of a robotic wheelchair. The developed methodology not only affords 100\% recognition accuracy on a streaming signal for continuous recognition, but also brings about a new perspective for building a training dictionary which eliminates human intervention to spot the gesture or postures on a training signal. In the training phase we employ a state of art subspace clustering method to find the most representative state samples. The recognition and training framework reveal boundaries of the patterns on the streaming signal with a successive decision tree structure intrinsically. We make use of the Collaborative ans Block Sparse Representation based classification methods for continuous gesture and posture recognition.


We investigate thresholds of percolation in two-phase macroscopically inhomogeneous media. It is shown that, unlike standard percolation behavior there are systems in which effective kinetic coefficients of two-phase macroscopically inhomogeneous media have two percolation thresholds. As examples, thermoelectric and galvanomagnetic phenomena in such media are considered.


Injuries of the fingertips are often but not always of a simple, easily healing kind. If there are complications they are induced by the severity of the trauma itself or because the patient himself or the physician treating the injury is misjudging its severity. This leads to an inadequate therapy, which may very well be the cause of a dramatic development, ending in loss of function of the injured hand if it comes to the worst. By the means of some selected examples the pitfalls in the treatment of fingertip injuries shall be pointed out.


This focuses on the electrical machine design for a 7000 HP synchronous drive system using high-field permanent magnet (PM) motors for retrofit of a hybrid electric drive to the U.S. Navy DDG-51 FLT 3 ship. A dual system is described which has each module rated at 3500 HP, 6000 rpm and connected to the output propeller shaft through a two-stage gearbox. The system is intended to operate at 12 knots or lower speed allowing the main LM-2500 gas turbine main propulsion drive to be powered down and saving 15-17% in propulsion energy. In the hybrid mode, electrical power is furnished from the ship's 450 Volt 60 Hz electrical bus and converted to 200 Hz variable frequency through four IGCT based bi-directional converters to each drive motor. Aspects of the PM machine design which are special to this system include the use of 16-phase windings for lower harmonic content, larger damper winding arrangements and high strength rotor magnet containment. The PM stator contains a rapid internal fault detection (IFD) system for 1/4 cycle isolation of winding faults. Liquid-cooled machine designs with power density in the range of 6.0 to 12.0 kW/kg are shown. The overall system produces a total harmonic distortion of about 1.0% at the 450 Volt terminals at partial or full load in both motor and regeneration modes.


The A alpha subunit of human protein phosphatase 2A forms crystals in space group P2(1) with cell dimensions a = 104.0, b = 174.9, c = 168.2 A, and beta angle = 90.2 degrees. At cryogenic temperatures, the crystals diffracted to a resolution limit of approximately 3.0 A. Based on the unit cell dimensions and a calculated molecular mass of 65,277 Da, the Matthews coefficient suggests eight molecules per asymmetric unit. Two native data sets were collected to a nominal resolution of 3.0 A and merged to provide a set that is 93% complete, with Rsym of 9.9%.


MOTIVATION
An ontology of biological terminology provides a model of biological concepts that can be used to form a semantic framework for many data storage, retrieval and analysis tasks. Such a semantic framework could be used to underpin a range of important bioinformatics tasks, such as the querying of heterogeneous bioinformatics sources or the systematic annotation of experimental results.

RESULTS
This paper provides an overview of an ontology [the Transparent Access to Multiple Biological Information Sources (TAMBIS) ontology or TaO] that describes a wide range of bioinformatics concepts. The present paper describes the mechanisms used for delivering the ontology and discusses the ontology's design and organization, which are crucial for maintaining the coherence of a large collection of concepts and their relationships.

AVAILABILITY
The TAMBIS system, which uses a subset of the TaO described here, is accessible over the Web via http://img.cs.man.ac.uk/tambis (although in the first instance, we will use a password mechanism to limit the load on our server). The complete model is also available on the Web at the above URL.


The influence of compositional changes in the SiO 2 –Fe 2 O 3 binary oxide system on the reduction behavior of carbon-bearing compact was investigated at 1 223–1 373 K. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the adsorption behaviors of O–Si–O on various FeO surfaces in order to explore the mechanism of the conversion of FeO to Fe–Si–O phase. Chemical analysis, SEM-EDX, and XRD were carried to characterize the conversion mechanisms. According to experimental results, silica causes the decrease of the metallization ratio by hindering the reduction of FeO to Fe and facilitating the reaction of FeO to Fe–Si–O phases. The size of metallic iron granules diminishes gradually and the boundary between the iron phase and the slag phase becomes less obvious with increasing silica content, which greatly increases the contact probability of SiO 2 /liquid phases and FeO. For the three adsorption sites, the adsorption energies of Si atoms onto FeO surfaces are all obviously larger than that of the reducing gases, making it extremely difficult for the reducing gases to remove O atoms from FeO surfaces, as the DFT results show. Moreover, it is easier to form the Fe–O–Si phase on the FeO (110) surface since the adsorption energy of O–Si–O onto this surface is greater than that onto the FeO (100) and FeO (111) surfaces. Additionally, the charge of the O (FeO) 2p orbital, the Si 3p orbital, as well as the 3s, 3p, and 3d orbitals of the Fe atom take charge of the formation of Si–O–Fe bond.


Resuming anticoagulation therapy after a potentially life-threatening bleeding complication evokes high anxiety levels among clinicians and patients trying to decide whether resuming oral anticoagulation to prevent devastating and potentially fatal thromboembolic events or discontinuing anticoagulation in hopes of reducing the risk of recurrent bleeding is best. The available evidence favors resumption of anticoagulation therapy for gastrointestinal tract bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage survivors, and it is reasonable to begin postbleeding decision making with resuming anticoagulation therapy as the default plan. After considering factors related to the index bleeding event, the underlying thromboembolic risk, and comorbid conditions, a decision to accept or modify the default plan can be made in collaboration with other care team members, the patient, and their caregivers. Although additional information is needed regarding the optimal timing of anticoagulation resumption, available evidence indicates that waiting ∼14 days may best balance the risk of recurrent bleeding, thromboembolism, and mortality after gastrointestinal tract bleeding. When to resume anticoagulation after intracranial hemorrhage is less clear, but most studies indicate that resumption within the first month of discharge is associated with better outcomes.


I argue that using a traditional biological account of parenthood causes problems for determining who counts as a parent for the purposes of filial obligations in alternative family structures. I then argue that a better way to understand parenthood is as a role. People who fill the role of parents are parents, regardless of their biological ties to a child. Next, I argue that children can have more than two parents and so can have filial obligations to more than two people. I then demonstrate that understanding parenthood as a role allows us to correctly account for who should be a parent in cases of adoption, surrogacy, and extended families. In the final section I discuss three related worries about allowing a child to have more than two parents.


Based on a quantitative approach, this paper presents some of the preliminary results of a research project focused on the analysis of the motivations that encourage citizens to actively participate in online news media, using the mechanisms provided by their websites, and through open social network platforms. The findings show that, although there is a widespread discourse of distrust in connection to journalists and the traditional media institutions, as well as general criticism of the actual practices of journalists, the common understanding of the participatory dimension of the media does not entail discourses of change or modification of the existing hegemony. Instead of turning to alternative sources, such as citizen journalism or non-traditional media, or taking the lead by creating their own content, citizens prefer to continue to respect journalism as a profession and the traditional media institutions as the main producers of news as well as the most trusted sources of information. Furthermore, although in previous studies audience participation "in" the media has been highlighted, the findings of this research show that the practice of user recommendation or dissemination of media content through social networks has been adopted by a large number of citizens.


Abstract : Polymeric materials that may be exposed on spacecraft to the hostile environment beyond the earth's atmosphere have been subjected to atomic oxygen, electron bombardment, and ultraviolet radiation in terrestrial experiments. Atomic Oxygen: Evidence is presented for the utility of an inexpensive asher for determining the relative susceptibility of organic polymers to atomic oxygen. Kapton, Ultem, P1700 polysulfone, and m-CBB/BIS-A (a specially formulated polymer prepared at NASA-Langley) all eroded at high rates, just as was observed in shuttle experiments. Radiation: Films of Ultem, P1700 polysulfone, and m-CBB/BIS-A were irradiated with 85-keV electrons. The UV/VIS absorbance of Ultem was found to decay with time after irradiation indicating free radical decay. The tensile properties of Ultem began to change only after it had been exposed to 100 Mrads. The effects of dose rate, temperature, and simultaneous vs. sequential electron and UV irradiation were also studied.


We describe the results of a series of 96-h enclosure experiments conducted using water from stations in the northern San Francisco Estuary (SFE) along a gradient in ammonium (NH4) and nitrate (NO3) concentrations. Using dual-labeled 13C/15N tracers, we followed the timing and sequence of primary (carbon, C) production and phytoplankton nitrogen (N) use during experimental phytoplankton blooms. Our results show that diatoms consistently drive the phytoplankton blooms in the enclosures. By tracing both C and N uptake we provide clear evidence that high rates of C uptake are linked to phytoplankton NO3, and not NH4, use. Results from kinetics experiments demonstrated higher specific uptake rates (VMAx) for NO3 compared to NH4 in the SFE. Finally, dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrient drawdown ratios in the enclosures from the chronically high NH4 regions of the SFE were substantially lower than predicted from the Redfield ratio, suggesting suppressed C uptake, in relation to other elemental uptake. Our conceptual model of the DIN interactions that lead to higher primary production and phytoplankton blooms in the SFE suggests that higher rates of primary production that accompany phytoplankton NO3 uptake are sufficient to outpace phytoplankton losses, leading to blooms, compared to the lower rates associated with NH4 uptake (only 20% of that based upon NO3). Historical changes in wastewater practices have increased the proportion of NH4 to the DIN pool in the SFE leading to reduced access to NO3 by phytoplankton. This may help to explain some of the reduced primary production and phytoplankton biomass observed there since the 1970s. 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


Electron transfer crucial to bioenergetics is ubiquitously present in biological systems
but most of them escape from direct observations. By using tryptophan and its
derivatives with 1-CH3, 2-CH3, 5-CH3 and 5-OH substitutions as model molecules,
we have unambiguously demonstrated successive two-electron transfer to tryptophan
as well as electronic and vibrational excited molecular dissociation with mass
spectrometry. The ultra-short time delay between two electrons down to
sub-attosecond over a distance less than 10 Å was found to cause the strong coupling
of electronic and vibrational excitations that was validated by the observation of
radical-radical coupling. Intramolecular H migrations along with two-electron
transfer was demonstrated with H/D exchange and 13C stable isotope labeling. This
proposed technique allows us to observe the ultrafast electron transfer from
tryptophan to the heme group in myoglobin proteins. It bridges electron transfer to
energy transfer that has been revealed in FRET alone. FeII (porph•‐) and FeI
(porph•‐)
resulting from one- and two-electron transfer, respectively, have been unambiguously
identified


The efíiciency of a modified sewage stabilization pond system in Ixtapan de la Sal, Mexico, was evaluated. The system was formed by an anaerobic pond with an highrate clarifier, and a facultative and a maturation pond. Physical (temperature and conductivity), chemical (pH, DO, BOD5, COD and solids) and biological variables (total and fecal coliform and fecal Streptococcus) were measured every two weeks through a six month period. A fissure in the clarifier wall caused the system to break down, letting raw organic matter of the clarifier go into the anaerobic pond and to the rest of the system. Two performance periods were established according to the observed changes in the ponds (color, odor, presence of flocs). Removal efficiencies during the first period (BOD5 = 84%, COD = 70 % , total coliform = 99 % , fecal coliform = 97 %) were higher than those of the second period (BOD5 = 82 % , COD = 18%, total coliform = 80%, fecal coliform = 85%). The BOD5 removal in both periods were similar and adequate. Removal of the remaining variables were significantly lower. Nevertheless, the system fulfilled in both periods most of the standards imposed by the Mexican Legislation. When working properly, the modified system reached removal efíiciencies similar to those obtained in the original system that used another facultative pond. The modified system implied reducid construction area as well as reduced function and maintenance costs.


Raskin is part of the poverty alleviation program, the activity-based social protection of the family in the fulfillment of basic needs for the poor. Raskin have multiple functions, namely strengthening the food security of poor families, as advocates for improving the quality of Human Resources (HR), supporting rice farming and other sectors and increase the economic empowerment of the region. Therefore, which is the case in this study is the problem during the distribution of the Autonomous Raskin to RTS-PM. This study aims to describe the implementation of rice for the poor program autonomous District of Bengkalis 2015 and to find out what the factors that cause the occurrence of irregularities in the implementation of policies rice for the poor program autonomous District of Bengkalis 2015. This study uses qualitative research methods to the data types used primary data and secondary data obtained from the data source research informants. Data collected through interviews and documentation, and then analyzed to provide an overview of the research results. The results of this study addressing that policy rice program for poor communities in the District of Bengkalis autonomous going well. Factors that cause aberrations include: data collection RTS-PM is not on target, lack of socialization of the Raskin program autonomous, lack of oversight by the government, the policy goals Raskin autonomous imprecise, the lack of clarity of communication between relevant organizations, and their rejection of the implementers of the policy of autonomous Raskin program. Keywords: Policy Implementation, Regional Autonomy, Raskin


Lactobacillus rhamnosus is usually regarded as a nonpathogenic, commensal organism. We report a case of L. rhamnosus sepsis in a preterm, extremely low birth weight infant not associated with probiotic administration. Our case and literature review indicate that L. rhamnosus should be considered a potentially pathogenic organism. Microbiologic identification is important for optimal treatment as many are resistant to commonly used antibiotic regimens.


The knob‐associated histidine‐rich protein (KAHRP) plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of Plasmodium falciparum malaria by forming membrane protrusions in infected erythrocytes, which anchor parasite‐encoded adhesins to the membrane skeleton. The resulting sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in the microvasculature leads to severe disease. Despite KAHRP being an important virulence factor, its physical location within the membrane skeleton is still debated, as is its function in knob formation. Here, we show by super‐resolution microscopy that KAHRP initially associates with various skeletal components, including ankyrin bridges, but eventually colocalizes with remnant actin junctions. We further present a 35 Å map of the spiral scaffold underlying knobs and show that a KAHRP‐targeting nanoprobe binds close to the spiral scaffold. Single‐molecule localization microscopy detected ~60 KAHRP molecules/knob. We propose a dynamic model of KAHRP organization and a function of KAHRP in attaching other factors to the spiral scaffold.


Global Positioning System (GPS) is a global navigation satellite system that provides geo-location and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth. Machine operation track, turning pattern, effective time of field operation, field capacity, field efficiency, machine idle time, etc. can be evaluated precisely by using geo-referenced data recorded by a GPS receiver during field operations. Highly precise GPS receivers are expensive and unaffordable for farmers and farm operators in Bangladesh. Keeping this in mind the scope of an affordable and easy to handle GPS receiver was explored in the study. A GPS receiver was used to record the data generated by combine harvester and mini combine harvester during harvesting. Data were recorded during the harvesting period of Boro season (April-May, 2018) at Bangladesh Agricultural University farms and at fields of Voroshakathi village of Wazirpur upazila in Barisal district. GPS receiver recorded data were processed by Microsoft Excel and analyzed by ArcGIS. Heading change analysis of combine harvester and mini combine harvester made it clear that turning of mini combine harvester was easier than combine harvester. It was also visible that change of heading was more frequent and extreme in combine harvester than in mini combine harvester. ArcGIS was used to show the findings on map. Using GPS receiver on harvesting machines can help in decision making for appropriate farm management.


Gerodontology is still understanding itself as a special field that is caring for elderly persons in the 4th stage of life needing nursing and generally living in an institution. In spite of all efforts that have been made, oral health of this population has not really improved. The reason for this lies in the fact that the causes of oral diseases which we face in institutions occur much earlier, in the so-called 3rd stage of life, in which the elderly are living at home and care for their daily life more or less independently. Oral problems arising in this stage of life are closely related to the increase of chronic diseases. The latter and the following social consequences significantly affect dental care ability. Excluding these health risks in the 3rd age e. g. through a systematic medical and social screening of the elderly in the dental office, it will be unlikely to succeed in improving oral health of elderly persons living at home and thus of those in institutions.


Abstract: The water samples were collected from the 22 km segment III of Yamuna River from Okhla barrage. This segment receives water from 17 sewage drains of Delhi, Western Yamuna Canal (WYC), upper Ganga canal via Najafgarh drain and Hindon cut canal. Hence, the water samples collected were used to determine the presence of Chromium, Nickel and Lead through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The concentration of these heavy metals were much above the maximum permissible limits set by WHO. This was bound to have its influence on the riverine flora and fauna. To evaluate this, two popularly consumed fish species such as Channa striatus and Heteropneustes fossilis were caught and the bioaccumulation of these heavy metals were estimated in different organs (liver, kidney, gill and muscle). It was found that Cr accumulated the most in these organs (gill being most influenced) in both the species. The accumulation of all these heavy metals were above MPL set by World Health Organisation (WHO) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Histopathology was also conducted where heavy damages were observed in both liver and kidney of both the species.


Mirjana Lozanovska is Associate Head of School International and Senior Lecturer in the School of Architecture and the Built Environment at Deakin University, Geelong. She has twenty years' experience as an architectural educator, with expertise in teaching architectural theory and architectural design. Her work is driven by a focus on the creative ways that architecture mediates human dignity and identity. This has shaped her approach and role in design, architectural education and research, including the theorising of migration and architecture.


With the goal to improve the integration of multiple travel modes into traditional roadway designs, many jurisdictions have considered road diets, characterized by reductions in vehicular traffic lanes and reallocation of right-of-way for other modes. Studies show that road diets can improve safety without slowing automobile traffic, but benefits for pedestrians and bicyclists have not been widely documented. To address this gap, this study examined the effects of a road diet project in Davis, California. Data were collected on the number of bicyclists and pedestrians at key intersections and automobile travel times along the corridor before and after the road diet treatment. Every intersection that was studied experienced a statistically significant increase in the number of bicyclists during the morning or the evening peak period or during both. On average across all intersections studied along the corridor, the number of bicyclists who used Fifth Street increased by 243%, but the change in pedestrian volume was not statistically significant. Contrary to common fears about road diets, automobile travel times decreased a statistically significant amount during the evening peak. This study demonstrated that road diets can benefit bicyclists without negative effects on automobile travelers.


We have studied far-infrared coherent radiation with S-band linacs at Laboratory for Electron Beam Re-search and Application (LEBRA) at Nihon University and at Kyoto University Free Electron Laser. We have already developed a couple of terahertz-wave sources based on coherent synchrotron radiation and coherent transition radiation, which have been applied to spectroscopic research. Moreover, we developed coherent edge radiation (CER) at the downstream bending magnets in the FEL sections. Because the edge radiation has an annular shape distribution characterized by the asymmetric first-order Laguerre-Gaussian mode, the CER can be extracted from an optical cavity of the FEL system without a diffraction loss of the FEL beam. The root-mean-squared bunch length of the electron beam was evaluated by measuring the CER spectra, which was about the same level as the FEL micropulse width. Although the infrared FELs at LEBRA had a long slippage length, the FEL energy became higher as the bunch length was shorter. The CER intensity can be a guidepost enhancing the FEL power because of the existence of their correlation.


For fixed s ≥ 3, we prove that if optimal Ks-free pseudorandom graphs exist, then the Ramsey number r(s, t) = t as t → ∞. Our method also improves the best lower bounds for r(Cl, t) obtained by Bohman and Keevash from the random Cl-free process by polylogarithmic factors for all odd l ≥ 5 and l ∈ {6, 10}. For l = 4 it matches their lower bound from the C4-free process. We also prove, via a different approach, that r(C5, t) > (1 + o(1))t 11/8 and r(C7, t) > (1 + o(1))t. These improve the exponent of t in the previous best results and appear to be the first examples of graphs F with cycles for which such an improvement of the exponent for r(F, t) is shown over the bounds given by the random F -free process and random graphs.