The unique thermal and mechanical properties offered by shape memory alloys (SMAs) present exciting possibilities in the field of aerospace engineering. When properly trained, SMA wires act as linear actuators by contracting when heated and returning to their original shape when cooled. It has been shown experimentally that the overall shape of an airfoil can be altered by activating several attached SMA wire actuators. This shape-change can effectively increase the efficiency of a wing in flight at several different flow regimes. To determine the necessary placement of these wire actuators within the wing, an optimization method that incorporates a fully-coupled structural, thermal, and aerodynamic analysis has been utilized. Due to the complexity of the fully-coupled analysis, intelligent optimization methods such as genetic algorithms have been used to efficiently converge to an optimal solution. The genetic algorithm used in this case is a hybrid version with global search and optimization capabilities augmented by the simplex method as a local search technique. For the reconfigurable wing, each chromosome represents a realizable airfoil configuration and its genes are the SMA actuators, described by their location and maximum transformation strain. The genetic algorithm has been used to optimize this design problem to maximize the lift-to-drag ratio for a reconfigured airfoil shape.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
The purpose of this randomized study was to compare the efficacy of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) plus long chain triglycerides (LCT) with LCT alone in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions in patients with various hematologic malignancies who underwent a hematopoietic peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplantation.

METHODS
Of 36 patients entering into this study, 18 received MCT + LCT (group I) and the remaining 18 received LCT alone (group II) in TPN solutions. Patients were comparable regarding age, gender, donor-recipient gender, diagnosis, body weights, blood group differences and number of infused CD34(+) cells/kg. Post - transplant parameters such as duration of platelet and neutrophil engraftment, coagulation parameters, number of days of febrile neutropenia and antibiotic administration, plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and albumin levels, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and first 100 day mortality were compared in both groups.

RESULTS
Median days of neutrophil >0.5 x 10(9)/l and platelet of >20 x 10(9)/l in group I and group II were 15 (range, 8-21), 11 (10-29) and 14 (range, 9-31), 13 (9-18) respectively (P>0.05). Median days of febrile neutropenia in group I and II were 10 (range, 4-23) and 7 (2-13) respectively (P=0.01). Median days of antibiotic administration in group I and II were 12 (range, 6-22) and 8 (4-25) respectively (P=0.04). Pre, peri- and post-transplant coagulation parameters such as PT, aPTT, and fibrinogen did not differ significantly between two groups (P>0.05), as well as plasma glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, albumin levels, GVHD and first 100 day mortality.

CONCLUSION
There was no difference between patients receiving MCT + LCT (group I) and LCT alone (group II) in TPN solutions regarding duration of engraftment and coagulation parameters, but numbers of median days of febrile neutropenia and days of antibiotic administration were significantly shorter in patients receiving LCT alone (group II) than those receiving MCT + LCT (P<0.01 and 0.04 respectively).


The central premise of this research is the belief that using the Web non-visually is cognitively burdensome and tedious due to its complex, sight-centered design. There exists a literature gap on visually impaired (VI) users' perceptions and experiences regarding Web site complexity. This paper reports the findings from a survey of 50 visually impaired individuals regarding perceived complexity and usability of a popular shopping Web site and its less complex version. Results show that significant gains in usability could be achieved by reducing complexity in Web design. A theoretical model of perceived complexity and associated propositions are presented to guide future research on improving the VI user experience of Web sites and Web applications.


Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer among women with over 230,000 incidences diagnosed every year. A typical breast cancer surgery might include but is not limited to, biopsies, breast conservation surgery or mastectomies. Moreover, these surgeries usually cause soreness in the shoulder and arms which in turn affect the ability of the patient to perform simple everyday activities.Lymphedema, another serious side effect of these surgeries, when coupled with radiation therapy, can appear in breast cancer patients during months or even years after the treatment ends. Lymphedema is a condition in which high-protein fluid collects beneath the skin and causes swelling, redness and discomfort. This condition occurs in breast cancer patients when lymph nodes are damaged or removed during the procedures.Research suggests that early physiotherapy as well as exercises can reduce the risk of lymphedema. Monitoring the progress during these exercises can be a first step in diagnosing lymphedema. Along with better prognosis, the patients can observe the benefits of early diagnosis with insurance coverage, since most insurance companies do not cover treatments associated with advanced stages of lymphedema. The initial stretching workouts, done during recovery, target the range of motion of the shoulder that is affected by the surgery. This range of motion, determined by the severity of the surgery, improves over time. These exercises can then be used to drain the lymph nodes and help retain flexibility in the affected muscles. A monitoring device engineered to provide data about the extent of recovery would be a significant aide to both the patients and healthcare professionals.The intent of the paper is to introduce a distinctive device that monitors workouts and uses the data as a motivating factor for the patient as well as an early detection system for lymphedema. The device shows the effort that the patient has put for each workout into user friendly real time graphs. Patients and healthcare professionals can then use this data and graphs to identify problem areas in the recovery process. Preliminary tests of this device, which are presented in this paper, showed promising results in accuracy and repeatability as the device calculated and displayed graphs which were a quantified estimation of the range of motion and workout effort of the user.Copyright © 2014 by ASME


Laboratory
 angular distributions (LAB ADs) have been measured for the Li+HF (v=1, j=1) reaction in a crossed
 molecular beam experiment at the collision energies 0.231 eV and 0.416 eV and compared with the results
 of extensive quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations performed on the most recent ab initio potential energy
 surface (PES) for this system. The calculations also include the collision energy dependence of the integral and
 differential cross sections in the range 0.025–0.5 eV (2.4–48.2 kJ mol−1). In particular, the total QCT integral
 reactive cross sections have been found to be in very good agreement with recent quantum mechanical (QM)
 calculations carried out on the same PES by Lara et al. (J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 9391). In addition, the triple
 scattering angle–recoil velocity differential cross section has been calculated in order to simulate
 the experimental LAB AD. An excellent concordance between both sets of data has been found, indicating
 that the reaction
 of Li
 with HF in
 v=1 can be very well described
 by QCT calculations on the mentioned PES.


The need to belong theory proposes that all human beings need social connections. However, dismissive avoidant individuals claim to be comfortable without close relationships and appear to be indifferent to how other people think of them. The current studies examined the association between dismissing avoidant attachment and the desire to feel accepted by others. In Study 1, high-dismissive participants reported experiencing higher than average levels of positive affect and state self-esteem after learning that other participants accepted them. In Study 2, high-dismissive participants felt better about themselves and experienced higher levels of positive affect after learning that in the future they would be successful in interpersonal relative to independent domains or controls. The results of these studies suggest that dismissive avoidants do not represent a counterexample to the hypothesis that all human beings have a fundamental need and desire to belong.


This paper addresses the maximal lifetime scheduling problem in sensor surveillance systems. Given a set of sensors and targets in an area, a sensor can watch only one target at a time, our task is to schedule sensors to watch targets and forward the sensed data to the base station, such that the lifetime of the surveillance system is maximized, where the lifetime is the duration that all targets are watched and all active sensors are connected to the base station. We propose an optimal solution to find the target-watching schedule for sensors that achieves the maximal lifetime. Our solution consists of three steps: 1) computing the maximal lifetime of the surveillance system and a workload matrix by using the linear programming technique; 2) decomposing the workload matrix into a sequence of schedule matrices that can achieve the maximal lifetime; and 3) determining the sensor surveillance trees based on the above obtained schedule matrices, which specify the active sensors and the routes to pass sensed data to the base station. This is the first time in the literature that the problem of maximizing lifetime of sensor surveillance systems has been formulated and the optimal solution has been found


ABSTRACT Autophagy maintains cellular quality control by degrading organelles, and cytosolic proteins and their aggregates in lysosomes. Autophagy also degrades lipid droplets (LD) through a process termed lipophagy. During lipophagy, LD are sequestered within autophagosomes and degraded by lysosomal acid lipases to generate free fatty acids that are β-oxidized for energy. Lipophagy was discovered in hepatocytes, and since then has been shown to function in diverse cell types. Whether lipophagy degrades LD in the major fat storing cell—the adipocyte—remained unclear. We have found that blocking autophagy in brown adipose tissues (BAT) by deleting the autophagy gene Atg7 in BAT MYF5 (myogenic factor 5)-positive progenitors increases basal lipid content in BAT and decreases lipid utilization during cold exposure—indicating that lipophagy contributes to lipohomeostasis in the adipose tissue. Surprisingly, knocking out Atg7 in hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons also blocks lipophagy in BAT and liver suggesting that specific neurons within the central nervous system (CNS) exert telemetric control over lipophagy in BAT and liver.


In this paper, we consider the average-consensus problem with communication time delays and noisy links. We analyze two different cases of coupling topologies: fixed and switching topologies. By utilizing the stability theory of the stochastic differential equations, we analytically show that the average consensus could be achieved almost surely with the perturbation of noise and the communication time delays even if the time delay is time-varying. The theoretical results show that multi-agent systems can tolerate relatively large time delays if the noise is weak, and they can tolerate relatively strong noise if the time delays are low. The simulation results show that systems with strong noise intensities yield slow convergence.


Although interest in smart shopping carts is increasing, both retailers and consumer groups have concerns about how real-time spending feedback will influence shopping behavior. Building on budgeting and spending theories, the authors conduct three lab and grocery store experiments that robustly show that real-time spending feedback has a diverging impact on spending depending on whether a person is budget constrained ("budget" shoppers) or not ("nonbudget" shoppers). Real-time spending feedback stimulates budget shoppers to spend more (by buying more national brands). In contrast, this feedback leads nonbudget shoppers to spend less (by replacing national brands with store brands). Furthermore, smart shopping carts increase repatronage intentions for budget shoppers while keeping them stable for nonbudget shoppers. These findings underscore fundamental unexplored differences between budget and nonbudget shoppers. Moreover, they have key implications for both brick-and-mortar and online retailers as well as app developers.


Methylmercury (MeHg), the organic form of mercury (Hg), is a neurotoxin that bioaccumulates and magnifies through trophic transfer up the aquatic food chain, moving from the primary producers to the top predators and causing health problems in humans. The purpose of this study was to identify biogeochemical features of the watershed that lead to elevated levels of methyl mercury concentrations in the water in 10 stream subcatchments. The % wetland, proximity of wetland to the stream and the slope of the subcatchment, dissolved organic carbon, watercolor, conductivity, pH, sulfate and iron were shown to influence methyl mercury concentrations. Duplicate water samples (1L) were taken on a weekly basis between March 2005 and May 2007 and analyzed for MeHg using the GC-AFS for species detection. Many of these variables are covariables, where the slope of the river drainage basin is of critical importance. Shallow slopes are characterized by wetlands and waterlogged soils that result in watersheds with high DOC concentration, low pH and high iron concentration. In these soils, oxygen is low and iron is reduced to the more soluble form and binds to DOC, giving rise to color. MeHg production in these regions is also favored and MeHg binds to DOC and, thus, export from the watershed into the stream, especially during precipitation events.


A fifty year old Nigerian Igbo woman presented with subacute combined degeneration of the cord, hyperpigmentated spots on the palms and soles, white eye lashes, grey hairs, clonic?tonic convulsions and heart failure. She had had intractable anaemia despite multiple blood transfusions and hematinics for more than two years.
Subsequent clinical observations and investigations showed the patient to have pernicious anaemia (PA). This metabolic anaemia is considered rare in the Africans and florid multi-organ involvement has rarely been reported in the African. It is however associated in the blacks with high morbidity and mortality due to the fact that the illness is often misdiagnosed and patients present late for diagnoses and treatment. In the case of our patient, the clinical course was reversed with vitamin B12 treatment.
The protean clinical presentations, the use of available and affordable investigations and the dramatic response to parenteral vitamin B12 therapy are presented. Key Words: Pernicious Anaemia, Nigerian Igbo Woman. Journal of College of Medicine Vol.9(1) 2004: 38-39


Cow's Milk Allergy (CMA) is one of the most common food allergies presented during infancy and childhood. The diagnosis and management of CMA is a complex task. First and foremost, CMA is manifested by a variety of symptoms classified by their type of mediation (either IgE and/or non-IgE responses), organ systems involved, and the onset of the reaction. Second, although several guidelines for the management of CMA have been published worldwide, they differ in their recommendations. To our knowledge, no global consensus exists for the management of the different symptoms associated with CMA. This review provides a table to compare three widely accepted published guidelines to enable the reader to easily navigate and compare the nutritional recommendations to be followed depending on the symptomatology. This review is intended to represent a practical tool to assess the nutritional recommendations for the management of CMA.


Many parasites infect multiple species and persist through a combination of within- and between-species transmission. Multispecies transmission networks are typically constructed at the species level, linking two species if any individuals of those species interact. However, generalist species often consist of specialized individuals that prefer different subsets of available resources, so individual- and species-level contact networks can differ systematically. To explore the epidemiological impacts of host specialization, we build and study a model for pollinator pathogens on plant-pollinator networks, in which individual pollinators have dynamic preferences for different flower species. We find that modeling and analysis that ignore individual host specialization can predict die-off of a disease that is actually strongly persistent and can badly over- or underpredict steady-state disease prevalence. Effects of individual preferences remain substantial whenever mean preference duration exceeds half of the mean time from infection to recovery or death. Similar results hold in a model where hosts foraging in different habitats have different frequencies of contact with an environmental reservoir for the pathogen. Thus, even if all hosts have the same long-run average behavior, dynamic individual differences can profoundly affect disease persistence and prevalence.


Abstract Infant massage is the oldest and most popular touch therapy known to man. Role in ruralcommunities is still held by the midwife. Lack of knowledge of mothers on infant massagetechniques, could result in the mother can not properly massage their infants would likely occur a result of unwanted things that could be fatal for infants.The purpose of this study was determine maternal knowledge about massage techniques on infants aged 0-12 months.The methodused is descriptive survey approach. Samples taken in this study were mothers who had infantaged 0-12 months in the Village District Bulurejo Diwek Jombang District, in a way probabililisampling with cluster sampling technique, number of population is 116 by the number of samplused 89 respondents who carried out the month June 2012. The instrument used was questionnaire. From the results showed 42.7% knowledgeable enough about the massatechniques on infants aged 0-12 months, 34.8% and 22.5% knowledgeable both lesknowledgeable. It is expected that the mothers further enhance knowledge of massage techniqueon infants aged 0-12 months with more consultation with local health workers, following tcounseling's and find information in various media such as books, internet, television, radio, andso forth, so the mother can increase knowledge. Key words: Knowledge Capital, Technical Massaging the Baby Ages 0-12 Months


This letter discusses the effects of device geometry, such as channel layer thickness and multiple-gate structure on hetero-gate-dielectric tunneling field-effect transistors (HG TFETs). According to simulation results, contrary to conventional TFETs or MOSFETs, HG TFETs show improved subthreshold swing (SS) for increasing channel thickness or decreasing number of gates. The trend with on-current ION depends on operating voltage VDD.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Multitarget FISH (mFISH) is a technique allowing for simultaneous detection of multiple targets sequences on the same slide through the choice of spectrally distinct fluorophore labels. The mFISH could represent a useful tool in the field of precision oncology. Areas covered: This review discusses the potential applications of mFISH technology in the molecular diagnosis of different solid and hematological tumors, including non-small cell lung cancers, melanomas, renal cell carcinomas, bladder carcinomas, germ cell tumors, and multiple myeloma, as commonly required in the clinical practice. Expert Opinion: In this emerging era of the tailored therapies and newer histo-molecular classifications, there are increasing numbers of predictive and diagnostic biomarkers required for effective clinical care. The mFISH approach may have several applications in the common clinical practice, improving the molecular diagnosis in terms of time, cost and preservation of biomaterial for tumors with a limited amount of tumor available. The mFISH provides several advantages compared to other high-throughput technologies; however, it requires high level of expertise required to interpret complex results.


OBJECTIVES
The authors present a clinical report of an imperforate syringocele diagnosed on a male patient and treated by laparoscopic surgery.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A forty-four year old patient attends the emergency room with acute urinary retention. With a former history of mild obstructive voiding symptoms, he presented, at rectal examination, a bump on the left rectal wall. This patient also underwent urethrocistoscopy, sonography and retrograde urethrography. To establish the diagnose, Computerized Tomography (CT) scan and MRI were used.

RESULTS
The syringocele marsupialization by laparoscopic surgery, allowed the resolution of the clinical problem, with a good outcome. The patient was discharged 48 hours after surgery, with no need of a vesical catheter. A six month follow-up showed no recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS
The syringocele is a rare deformity which usually is asymptomatic. Of acquired or congenital etiology, it can be classified in four different morphological types: simple, perforate, imperforate and ruptured. The most frequent treatment is the marsupialization of the syringocele by endoscopic surgery, leaving a broad opening of the cavity to the urethra. Some authors recommend an open surgery excision, specially in the presence of an abscess. The laparoscopic approach becomes a minimally invasive alternative with good therapeutically outcome. In the incidentally discovered asymptomatic patients, an expectant approach is the correct approach.


Public markets are mostly seen as quite rushy and untidy places but waste management is necessary as far as health and environmental issues are related especially in fruit and vegetable markets. Biomethanation and Composting are seemed to be lucrative processes for Bio-energy generation and manure production in recent years under Waste-to-Energy program. A case study was conducted in Talaad Thai which is the largest fruit and vegetable market of Thailand so far; organic waste generation per day is 90 tonnes per day almost but mismanagement of that waste is real issue, even in so modern era there is no suitable technology to manage it. So, keeping in view this problem, we conducted a study which not only provided best solution to manage organic waste of market but also investigated internal issues of vendors and administration of the market. So, all those who are interested in knowing that how to manage waste especially organic waste and how to make profit from this junk should read it and you will find the possible way to solve it. This would also serve as source of updated information for those who are interested in developing country''s environmental issues.


Summary form only given. Multisite resource selection and task scheduling is paid more and more attention under the grid environment nowadays with the emergence of high speed WAN. Especially in a distributed computational grid, multisite resource selection and scheduling can significantly reduce the average execution time of grand applications with a limited demand in communication. Therefore we present a CGRS resource selection algorithm based on a new density-based grid resource-clustering algorithm, and implement it in our scalable environment. The analysis and experimental results show the correctness and effectiveness of our resource selection algorithm.


Psychological contracts are dynamic. This paper contributes to the understanding of psychological contract dynamics in relation to the impact of organizational changes, by testing a dynamic temporal framework, which consequently highlights the role of trigger events, the appraisal process, goal- setting and coping on the psychological contract. In total 23 semi-structured interviews following Critical Incident Technique were carried out to in three department at three Universities of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands. Focusing empirically on evolving phenomena enables the exploration of temporal progressions of activities as elements of explanation and understanding. The findings highlight the process nature of psychological contracts in organizational change and, in particular the temporal, intra- individual dynamic process of recontracting. This paper contributes to the literature of breach by allowing better understanding of the source of breach by adding triggers to the concept. Although the depth and width of disruptions strongly influences the rest of the change process, limited attention has thus far been paid to the source of the dynamics, the nature of the trigger, how this affects employees' psychological contracts and what determines their possible impact. Although the data are very rich, the limited sample size limits generalizability. Further research should focus on replicating results in other settings and testing the model in quantitative longitudinal as well as experimental setups. The proposed framework is of value to practitioners involved in large scale reorganizations by developing a better and deeper understanding of employees' responses and by identifying possible strategies to facilitate organizational change.


The research focuses on the identification of types of social and preventive work with women in women's consultations and maternity clinics to prevent abandonment of a newborn. The purpose of the research is to identify typical problems and needs of mothers in risk of abandoning a newborn. In the article, authors describe results of in-depth interviews of mothers who have been, or are at high risk of abandoning a newborn. Identified problems authors grouped into two main groups: psychological and social problems. In addition, the authors conducted a series of focus groups with health workers in delivery departments and women's consultations, and as a result - suggested a categorization of factors influencing on abandoning a child in the first two years. These factors were grouped by the authors into two main categories: "personal" and "reference" factors. Further, based on expert survey of social workers, the authors developed recommendations for providing various social and preventive services to mothers who are willing to abandon a child. Developed recommendations reflect the following types of support: psychological support, social-pedagogical support, medical support and rehabilitation


UNDER steady load conditions, materials in gas turbines are subject to various forms of static and alternating stresses. Changes in the operating conditions such as starting, load variations and shut down cause additional thermal stresses which limit the permissible rate of these changes in service. In stationary plants these effects can be minimized by adjustment of the starting and shut down procedure or by protection of the sensitive parts with a cooling flow. In gas turbines for propulsion purposes load changes are governed by external conditions, are more frequent and take place at a higher rate. The consequent thermal stresses are then referred to as thermal shocks. Various methods for testing the resistance of materials to thermal shocks have already been suggested and applied. However, they differ very widely, and no quantitative, or even comparable figures are available as yet.


The purpose of this paper is to develop models that would enable predicting student success. These models could improve allocation of students among colleges and optimize the newly introduced model of government subsidies for higher education. For the purpose of collecting data, an anonymous survey was carried out on the last year of undergraduate degree student population using random sampling method. Decision trees were created of which two have been chosen that were most successful in predicting student success based on two criteria: Grade Point Average (GPA) and time that a student needs to finish the undergraduate program (time-to-degree). Decision trees have been shown as a good method of classification student success and they could be even more improved by increasing survey sample and developing specialized decision trees for each type of college. These types of methods have a big potential for usage in decision support systems.


Effective techniques for post-silicon validation are required to better evaluate functional correctness of increasingly complex multi and many-core SoCs. However, there is little data evaluating the coverage of post-silicon validation efforts on industrial-scale designs. In this paper, we address this knowledge gap by instrumenting a nontrivial SoC with on-chip coverage monitors to measure the coverage achieved by typical post-silicon validation tests, such as booting the operating system (OS). We compare coverage achieved pre and post-silicon, and also measure the area overhead required to monitor post-silicon coverage. Our results show that the typical test of booting the OS often achieves high coverage, well correlated to what is achieved by pre-silicon directed tests, but in some blocks the coverage can be low or markedly different between pre and post-silicon, highlighting the importance of post-silicon validation in general and post-silicon coverage measurement in particular.


Although the Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MOAI) implemented Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) in rice production, farmers' application of GAPs is decreasing. This study was conducted to examine farmers' perception of GAPs and the determinants of that perception. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a random selection of 315 farmers. By applying principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, the study found that all component technologies of GAPs have relative advantages and visible benefits. However, these component technologies of GAPs in rice production are perceived as relatively difficult to apply by farmers. According to the result of the binary logit model, determinants of farmers' perception were gender, education, farmland size, access to credit, income from crop production, contact with extension agents, receiving agricultural information, and receiving training in GAPs in rice production. Some agricultural policies and extension activities are needed to enhance farmers' perceptions of the compatibility of GAPs in rice production. First, the implementation of GAPs in rice production should focus mainly on low-income farmers who own small amounts of farmland. Second, MOAI should reform the credit plan for farmers who wish to accept GAPs in rice production. Third, extension workers should have regular contact with farmers to enhance farmers' perception of the compatibility of GAPs in rice production. Finally, more agricultural information should be provided, especially for farmers who have larger farms and higher income, concerning the advantages of using GAPs in rice production.


Existing models of atmospheric conductivities and ion densities derived from the ion production rates in the middle atmosphere due to cosmic rays do not take into account the effects produced by aerosols and their particle size distribution. A modified 13 ion model by Mitra is used to compute the small ion densities in the troposphere and stratosphere as against the simple 6 ion scheme which is applicable to the D-region of the ionosphere. Incorporating the measured height profile of integrated aerosol concentrations into the 13 ion scheme along with the laboratory data on aerosol-neutral attachment, aerosol ion-small ion and aerosol positive and negative ion recombination coefficients, the equilibrium condition small ion densities are computed and compared with the small ion densities in the absence of aerosols. On an average it is found that the small ion densities are reduced by about 4% in the presence of normal aerosol particles. The computations when repeated to take into account the aerosol size distributions by assuming a suitable power law distribution, the influence of aerosol appears to be reduced to about 0.1%. However, it is found that for relatively large size aerosol particles the effect continues to be appreciable. This indicates that during a volcanic eruption when the aerosol size distribution gets altered considerably towards bigger size aerosol particles, a large hole in the small ion densities may appear till this anomalous condition returns to normal aerosol condition after a period of about a few months.


Parental monitoring and warmth have traditionally been studied in the context of White, middle-class families. This article explores optimal levels of these parenting behaviors in preventing adolescent psychopathology in impoverished, urban high-crime areas while accounting for child perceptions of neighborhood danger. In this study, data were collected longitudinally at 2 time points 1 year apart from a sample of 254 African American young adolescents (T1: M age = 12.6 years, 41% male) and their parents. Parental monitoring and warmth, child perception of neighborhood danger, and child internalizing and externalizing behaviors were measured using questionnaires. Child internalizing behaviors were also measured using a time sampling technique capturing in vivo accounts of daily distress. Findings indicated associations between parental monitoring and children's externalizing behaviors along with linear and quadratic associations between parental monitoring and internalizing behaviors. Monitoring and warmth were differentially related to symptoms depending on neighborhood danger level. When children perceived less danger, more monitoring related to less externalizing. When children perceived more danger, more warmth related to less internalizing. In addition, adolescents' perceptions of neighborhood danger emerged as equally strong as monitoring and warmth in predicting symptoms. This study underscores the influence of carefully considering parenting approaches and which techniques optimally prevent adolescents' externalizing, as well as prevent internalizing difficulties. It also highlights how context affects mental health, specifically how perceptions of danger negatively influence adolescents' psychopathology, emphasizing the importance of initiatives to reduce violence in communities.


It had been suggested that phencyclidine (PCP) and sigma opioids exert their similar psychotomimetic effects through a common receptor. Recently, however, there have been several reports demonstratin significant differences between the binding of PCP and SKF 10,047, a sigma opioid agonist, which suggests that there may be distinct PCP and sigma opioid receptors. If these differences in binding represent different receptors, then there may be different endogenous ligands for each receptor. Using porcine brains, which have already been used to isolate and purify an endogenous ligand for the PCP receptor, another factor has been isolated that inhibited the binding of [3H]‐(+)SKF 10,047 and not the binding of [3H]‐PCP. This factor appears to be a peptide or protein because incubation of the active fraction with pronase, a nonspecific peptidase, eliminated the ability of the procine fractions to inhibit the binding of [3H]‐(+)SKF 10,047. These findings suggest the existence of an endogenous ligand for sigma opioid receptors, which is different from the previously identified endogenous ligand for PCP receptors.


Behçet's disease (BD), a multi-organ inflammatory disorder, is associated with the presence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) HLA-B*51 allele in many ethnic groups. The possible antigen involvement of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain related gene A transmembrane (MICA-TM) nonapeptide (AAAAAIFVI) has been reported in BD symptomatic patients. This peptide has also been detected in HLA-A*26:01 positive patients. To investigate the link of BD with these two specific HLA alleles, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied on the MICA-TM nonapeptide binding to the two BD-associated HLA alleles in comparison with the two non-BD-associated HLA alleles (B*35:01 and A*11:01). The MD simulations were applied on the four HLA/MICA-TM peptide complexes in aqueous solution. As a result, stabilization for the incoming MICA-TM was found to be predominantly contributed from van der Waals interactions. The P2/P3 residue close to the N-terminal and the P9 residue at the C-terminal of the MICA-TM nonapeptide served as the anchor for the peptide accommodated at the binding groove of the BD associated HLAs. The MM/PBSA free energy calculation predicted a stronger binding of the HLA/peptide complexes for the BD-associated HLA alleles than for the non-BD-associated ones, with a ranked binding strength of B*51:01 > B*35:01 and A*26:01 > A*11:01. Thus, the HLAs associated with BD pathogenesis expose the binding efficiency with the MICA-TM nonapeptide tighter than the non-associated HLA alleles. In addition, the residues 70, 73, 99, 146, 147 and 159 of the two BD-associated HLAs provided the conserved interaction for the MICA-TM peptide binding.


In this work we present a method to estimate a 3D face shape from a single image. Our method is based on a cascade regression framework that directly estimates face landmarks locations in 3D. We include the knowledge that a face is a 3D object into the learning pipeline and show how this information decreases localization errors while keeping the computational time low. We predict the actual positions of the landmarks even if they are occluded due to face rotation. To support the ability of our method to reliably reconstruct 3D shapes, we introduce a simple method for head pose estimation using a single image that reaches higher accuracy than the state of the art. Comparison of 3D face landmarks localization with the available state of the art further supports the feasibility of a single-step face shape estimation. The code, trained models and our 3D annotations will be made available to the research community.


A hot central star illuminating the surrounding ionized H II region usually produces very rich atomic spectra resulting from basic atomic processes: photoionization, electron-ion recombination, boundbound radiative transitions, and collisional excitation of ions. Precise diagnostics of nebular spectra depend on accurate atomic parameters for these processes. Latest developments in theoretical computations are described, especially under two international collaborations known as the Opacity Project (OP) and the Iron Project (IP), that have yielded accurate and large-scale data for photoionization cross sections, transition probabilities, and collision strengths for electron impact excitation of most astrophysically abundant ions. As an extension of the two projects, a self-consistent and unified theoretical treatment of photoionization and electron-ion recombination has been developed where both the radiative and the dielectronic recombination processes are considered in an unified manner. Results from the Ohio State atomic-astrophysics group, and from the OP and IP collaborations, are presented. A description of the electronic web-interactive database, TIPTOPBASE, with the OP and the IP data, and a compilation of recommended data for effective collision strengths, is given.


CONTEXT
The modified side-bridge exercise is designed for some special situations in which it is impossible to tolerate the compressive load on the side supported during the side bridge, such as in the older people with a hip or knee replacement and even in athletes with shoulder pain.

OBJECTIVES
To examine the effects of 3 modified side-bridge exercises on the spinal stability muscles compared with traditional side-bridge (TSB) exercises for healthy men.

DESIGN
The effects of different exercises on the muscle activities of the external oblique (EO), internal oblique (IO), and quadratus lumborum (QL) during TSB exercise, both legs lift on side lying (BLLS), torso lift on a 45° bench while side lying (TLBS), and wall side bridge (WSB) were analyzed with the 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance.

SETTING
This study was conducted in a university hospital laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 20 healthy men were recruited for this study.

INTERVENTIONS
The participants performed TSB, BLLS, TLBS, and WSB in a random order.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Surface electromyography measured the muscle activity of the EO, IO, and QL. A 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance assessed the statistical significance of the EO, IO, and QL muscle activity. When there was a significant difference, a Bonferroni adjustment was performed.

RESULTS
BLLS and TLBS showed similar effects to TSB in the EO, IO, and QL muscle activity, whereas WSB showed significantly less QL muscle activity than TSB (P < .05). Moreover, TLBS was significantly greater in the muscle activity of QL and EO than WSB (P < .05).

CONCLUSION
BLLS and TLBS may be effective rehabilitation techniques to activate EO, IO, and QL in patients who are unable to perform TSB as spine stability exercises.


The sea urchin egg has thousands of secretory vesicles known as cortical granules. Upon fertilization, these vesicles undergo a Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. G-protein-linked mechanisms may take place during the egg activation. In somatic cells from mammals, GTP-binding proteins of the Rho family regulate a number of cellular processes, including organization of the actin cytoskeleton. We report here that a crude membrane fraction from homogenates of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sea urchin eggs, incubated with C3 (which ADP-ribosylates specifically Rho proteins) and [32P]NAD, displayed an [32P]ADP-ribosylated protein of 25 kDa that had the following characteristics: i) identical electrophoretic mobility in SDS-PAGE gels as the [32P]ADP-ribosylated Rho from sea urchin sperm; ii) identical mobility in isoelectro focusing gels as human RhoA; iii) positive cross-reactivity by immunoblotting with an antibody against mammalian RhoA. Thus, unfertilized S. purpuratus eggs contain a mammalian RhoA-like protein. Immunocytochemical analyses indicated that RhoA was localized preferentially to the cortical granules; this was confirmed by experiments of [32P]ADP-ribosylation with C3 in isolated cortical granules. Rho was secreted and retained in the fertilization membrane after insemination or activation with A23187. It was observed that the Rho protein present in the sea urchin sperm acrosome was also secreted during the exocytotic acrosome reaction. Thus, Rho could participate in those processes related to the cortical granules, i.e., in the Ca2+-regulated exocytosis or actin reorganization that accompany the egg activation.


Both vancomycin- and teicoplanin-resistant laboratory mutants of Staphylococcus aureus produce peptidoglycans of altered composition in which the proportion of highly cross-linked muropeptide species is drastically reduced with a parallel increase in the representation of muropeptide monomers and dimers (Sieradzki, K., and Tomasz, A. (1997) J. Bacteriol. 179, 2557–2566; and Sieradzki, K., and Tomasz, A. (1998) Microb. Drug Resist. 4, 159–168). We now report that the distorted peptidoglycan composition is related to defects in penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4); no PBP4 was detectable by the fluorographic assay in membrane preparations from the mutants, and comparison of the sequence of pbp4 amplified from the mutants indicated disruption of the gene by two types of abnormalities, a 17-amino acid long duplication starting at position 305 of thepbp4 gene was detected in the vancomycin-resistant mutant, and a stop codon was found to be introduced into the pbp4 KTG motif at position 261 in the mutant selected for teicoplanin resistance. Additional common patterns of disturbances in the peptidoglycan metabolism of the mutants are indicated by the increased sensitivity of mutant cell walls to the M1 muramidase and decreased sensitivity to lysostaphin, which is a reversal of the susceptibility pattern of the parental cell walls. Furthermore, the results of high performance liquid chromatography analysis of lysostaphin digests of peptidoglycan suggest an increase in the average chain length of the glycan strands in the peptidoglycan of the glycopeptide-resistant mutants. The increased molar proportion of muropeptide monomers in the cell wall of the glycopeptide-resistant mutants should provide binding sites for the "capture" of vancomycin and teicoplanin molecules, which may be part of the mechanism of glycopeptide resistance inS. aureus.


The performance of two similar gas TPCs used in past low energy particle physics experiments are briefly described. The first was installed in the Gotthard underground laboratory to search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe. The second, MUNU, was operated near the Bugey nuclear reactor to study ee− → ee− scattering. The advantages of the design are presented, along with the limitations. Ideas to improve the performance, for future experiments in low energy, low rate, particle physics are presented. The emphasis is put on the search for the neutrinoless double beta decay of 136Xe.


Kathmandu valley has been urbanizing rapidly but the planning of neighborhoods is limited to land readjustments and housing developments. The focus of such development is to provide either the service plots or ready to move in housing stock. Residential Environment Satisfaction (RES) has been used as a concept to measure the perceptual dimension neighborhood planning. Moreover, neighborhood safety is a key priority while considering RES. This paper aims to examine the relationships between various factors related to the safety as a measure of the RES in the planned residential neighborhood in Kathmandu Valley. Since the planned cities or communities seem to have better residential satisfaction, the case study area surveyed upon is Purano Sinamangal Town planning, a land pooling area nearly at junction to three major districts of Kathmandu valley. Various factors have been taken as a measure for neighborhood safety including physical and socio-psychological variable. This research is based on a mixed method. A figure of 109 households was determined as sample household size and individual representatives were interviewed for the survey. The research finds that perception of safety is very high depending on the ethnic groups while it is also significant in case of occupation that the respondent holds. The reason for safety highly was found to be dependent upon good street design, the presence of good neighbors and provision of security patrols. Also, annoyance factors such as disturbances from street and vehicles, crimes, neighborly disputes were found to make the neighborhood unsafe. The research concludes that safety is a major concern for RES and it had been perceived by the residents through significant of good neighborly relation and safety measures in road planning and design.


The present paper investigates the incidence of payroll taxation and more generally labor income taxation in a search and matching model. The model considers a production function with different type of workers, allowing to understand the interactions between segmented labor markets. Furthermore, the equilibrium is reach through a double process of intra-firm wage bargaining ex post and labor demand ex ante. The model is derived analytically for linear tax function differentiated for worker type, and numerically for non-linear tax functions. The bargaining power parameter is interpreted as reflecting the intra-segment substitutability, in parallel to the inter-segment substitutability deriving from the production function and the segment size and productivity. Some standard results are found, such as the wages, unemployment and incidence increasing with respect to bargaining power; or the payroll tax burden falling mainly on workers. Moreover, it is shown that over-shifting of payroll taxes on net wages may happen. It is also shown that a stronger bargaining power induced weaker direct effect of taxes but larger crossed effects on other segments. In addition, marginal incidence decreases with respect to the payroll tax level and is therefore significantly lower than mean incidence, which may induce an underestimation of overall incidence by empirical analyses. This also induces a marginally decreasing effect on loabor costs of payroll tax cuts.


Visible and infrared (IR) imagery taken by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites, and in-situ data from aircraft and field observations are used to examine oil spills during the 1991 Persian Gulf War. In AVHRR IR imagery from January 19 to February 10, 1991, several "hot spots" were detected in the vicinity of the center of the larger oil spill regions. These "hot spots", with apparent IR-skin temperatures of about 2-4/spl deg/C above the surrounding sea surface temperature (SST) in daytime, were embedded in a region with IR temperatures 1-3/spl deg/C below the surrounding SST. This is consistent with previous laboratory IR observations of varying oil layer thickness. The "hot spots" weakened and disappeared at night. The IR oil spill signal became very weak after February 15. Only under favorable ocean and weather conditions did the AVHRR visible channel show patches of contrasting albedos in the oil spill regions. Using specialized image enhancements, thick and thin oil layers and the oil/water boundary in the IR imagery could be inferred. The IR-detected oil spill areas corroborated well with surface observations.<<ETX>>


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the value of assisted achievement total mesorectal excision (TME) through the extending intersphincteric plane.

METHODS
From February 2006 to April 2010, 65 patients with low rectal cancer underwent assisted implementing TME through the extending intersphincteric plane under direct vision and achieved sphincter preservation. The clinical data was summarized and analyzed retrospectively. Follow-up visits were conducted on complications and oncological outcomes.

RESULTS
The mean operation time was (245 ± 42) minutes, and the mean intraoperative blood loss was (114 ± 76) ml. There was no postoperative mortality. Postoperative complications included 2 cases of anastomotic leak, 13 cases of anastomotic stenosis, 2 cases of early postoperative inflammatory ileus, 1 case of urinary tract infection, and 1 case of incision infection. Distal margins and circumferential resection margin of all specimens were negative. For pathological stage, there were 26 cases at stage pTNMI, 17 cases at stage pTNMII and 22 cases at stage pTNMIII. The mean follow-up time was (47.9 ± 18.9) months. 10 patients were lost to follow up, 15 cases had distant metastasis or local recurrence in, and 8 cases died of tumor metastasis at the latest follow up. Local recurrence occurred in 3 cases, including recurrence in presacral region, metastasis of lymph node at the left side in pelvis cavity, and metastasis at the sacrum at 35, 36, and 52 months postoperatively. There was no anastomotic recurrence. Log-rank survival analysis showed 5-year cumulative survival rate was 100%, 93.3%, and 63.1% in TNM stage I, II, and III, respectively. The cumulative disease-free survival rate was 96.2%, 83.3%, 44.8% in TNM stage I, II, and III, respectively.

CONCLUSION
It has a good oncological effect and was an advantageous procedure to assist achievement total mesorectal excision (TME) through the extending intersphincteric plane as surgeons encountered with difficulties from transabdominal TME.


Causal explanations that individuals use to explain events in their lives are referred to as explanatory style. Three dimensions: internal-external, stable-unstable, and global-specific have most frequently been measured. Internal, stable, global explanations for negative events represent a pessimistic style, whereas these same explanations for positive events are considered optimistic. Explanations for negative events that are stable and global are considered to reflect hopelessness.
The psychometric properties of the most commonly used measure of explanatory style for children, the Children Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ; Kaslow, Tanenbaum & Seligman, 1978) are poor. This is a limitation to research and theoretical advancement. Four studies were conducted in this project to investigate the measurement of explanatory style in 9-12 year old children.
In Study 1, children (N = 173) completed the CASQ in a group to investigate the psychometric properties of the composite scales and subscales and the relationship between explanatory style and depressive symptoms. Internal consistency and inter-item correlations of the composite scales and subscales were poor. Regression analyses showed explanatory style for negative events (pessimism or hopelessness) made weak but significant unique contributions to the explanations of depressive symptoms.
Study 2 (N = 72) investigated the stability of the CASQ scales longitudinally. The internal consistency and inter-item correlations for the CASQ scales were poor. The stability of explanatory style was low. The predicted relationship between depressive symptoms and explanatory style was found to be inconsistent, emerging at Time 1 but not at Time 2, 12 months later. Study 3 (N = 79) examined the forced-choice response scale of the CASQ using a fuzzy set approach. A fuzzy set scale which uses a Likert-type response that ranged from completely true to completely false was used to determine how well a child's response of choice, their natural response, matched both the selected and non-selected response from the CASQ. Items on the CASQ that measure both pessimism and hopelessness were found to be a poor match to the natural responses of children. Little separation was found between the selected and non-selected responses for all items. The internal consistency of the CASQ was poor when the forced choice scoring approach was used. When Likert-type fuzzy values were used, good internal consistency was obtained. Providing a wider range of responses, obtained using fuzzy values, produced a more sensitive measure of the components of explanatory style.
When the CASQ was scored according to the forced choice protocol weak, significant relationships were found between explanatory style and depressive symptoms, and explanatory style and neuroticism. There were no significant relationships found for either pessimism or hopelessness, with either depression or neuroticism using Likert-type fuzzy values.
Study 4 elicited spontaneous causal explanations following success or failure on tasks that were familiar or unfamiliar. Task familiarity was manipulated. Using an interview format, children (N = 111) responded to questions, eliciting causal explanations, following task success or failures. Likert-type scales measured the internality, stability or globality of the explanation. Results showed that, following failure on two familiar tasks, acceptable levels of internal consistency were obtained on the subscales used to produce the measure of hopelessness and for the composite measure of hopelessness. This same pattern did not emerge following failure on combinations of familiar and unfamiliar events or on two tasks that were unfamiliar. Stable and global explanations and the composite measure of hopelessness, following failure on familiar tasks, were also positively related with depressive symptoms but not neuroticism. These results show that a reliable measure of hopelessness can be obtained from spontaneous explanations for failure at familiar events. Under these conditions the theoretically predicted relationship between explanatory style and depressive symptoms emerges.
Conclusions were drawn about the theoretical conceptualisation of explanatory style and measurement recommendations were made that apply to 9- to 12-year-old children. Explanations for familiar events produced a consistent measure of explanatory style. The use of a Likert-type response scale to assess agreement with internal, stable, global components were shown to improve scale reliability. The findings are discussed in relation to theory and the measurement of explanatory style in children.


In the preceding paper (Waylen 1978) it was shown that without introducing special assumptions, the propagation of gravitational waves in the early universe is described by a set of covariant equations that follow from the variation of Einstein's field equations. In this paper the propagation of gravitational waves is studied in more detail in the general homogeneous and isotropic Friedmann universe with negative curvature. The covariant equations which describe the propagation of the waves are found to imply that the ten purely gravitational wave-potentials must satisfy eight transversality conditions. These conditions uncouple the wave equations that govern the propagation, and all ten uncoupled equations are found to be identical with the one scalar telegraph equation. The dispersion term of the telegraph equation vanishes only in the universe whose equation of state is p = ⅓ρ.


A model for the grain signal is presented, which includes the effect of frequency-dependent scattering and attenuation. This model predicts that the expected frequency increases with scattering and decreases with attenuation. Homomorphic processing was used for spectral smoothing, and the selection of parameters for optimal performance was examined. Experimental results are presented that show both the upward shift in the expected frequency with grain boundary scattering and the downward shift with attenuation. Furthermore, it is shown that the expected frequency shift can be correlated with the grain size of the material. It is important to point out that the quantitative relationship between the average grain size and the expected frequency shift (either upward or downward) is dependent on the type of material, the quality of grain boundaries, and the characteristics of the measuring instruments.<<ETX>>


Introduction of the role of polymer melts viscosity measurements for the flow behaviour characterization as well as outline of the possibility to evaluate viscosity data with regard of presentation of accessible experimental devices and identification of potential problems demonstrated in the form of flow instabilities, was the main target of presented Bachelor´s thesis. The wall slip was chosen as flow instability of polymer melt, which is possible to observe for certain materials as phenomenon inherence of so-called "slip-stick" behaviour, when the molecular adhesiveness at surface alternates with its desorption causing the short-term wall slip connected with more or less periodic surface failures of the material leaving the capillary exit. Finally the possible utilisation of the knowledge of polymer materials flow behaviour is presented and discussed in the form without and with different flow correction, for example for modelling of technology processes purposes, when application of apparent uncorrected viscosity values could be the reason of wrong design of processing device causing resulting production instability. Theoretic presentation of viscosity data evaluation was verified in practical part of the Bachelor theses using selected polymer melts flow behaviour description. Their characterization was carried out employing high-pressure capillary viscometer Goettfert Rheograph 50. Experimental setup was implemented concerning the onset and development of flow instabilities caused by polymer melt slip on the capillary wall. Attending failures of adhesive and cohesive forces on the polymer melt and capillary surface interface negatively affects results of experimental evaluation of shear and elongational viscosities wall slip was determined via Mooney correction. Its evaluation was presented on three various types of polyolefin materials high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), as typical representatives of polymer melts having molecular structure promoting or suppressing the tendency to slip. Two measuring modes available on the capillary rheometer used were applied in order to determine shear viscosity controlled shear rate and controlled pressure and these were compared.


Abstract
Objective: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common long term complications associated with reduced nerve conduction and blood flow. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of oral supplementation of α-lipoic acid (600 mg/day) on peripheral, sensory and motor nerve conduction and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus with peripheral neuropathy.
Methods: A total of 20 patients were enrolled in this study, then randomly allocated to two groups control (n=10) and intervention group (n=10). Patients in control group received only oral hypoglycaemic treatment and in intervention group received α-lipoic acid (600 mg/day) oral supplementation along with their oral hypoglycaemic treatment for a period of 3 months. Nerve conduction and glycaemic control were measured at the base line and at the end of 3 months by using specific methods.
 Results: In intervention group α-lipoic acid supplementation significantly improves 6 of 15 electrophysiological parameters of nerve conduction. Distal latency of peroneal (mean ± SD 5.13 ± 0.52 vs 4.92±0.55; p<0.02), median (mean ± SD 3.66 ± 0.76 vs 3.53±0.63; p<0.03) & ulnar motor nerves (mean ± SD 2.91 ± 0.32 vs 2.82±0.36; p<0.01), and Nerve Conduction Velocity of peroneal (mean ± SD 42.0 ± 3.07 vs 43.4±2.13; p<0.03), median (mean ± SD 51.4 ± 3.31 vs 52.2±3.59; p<0.01) & ulnar motor nerves (mean ± SD 51.0 ± 5.84 vs 52.1±5.46; p<0.03) shows significant improvement.
Conclusion: Oral supplementation of α-lipoic acid was found to be effective in improving motor nerve conduction of upper and lower extremities in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.


Efficiency of mobile investigation process (Smartphone Forensics) is associated with its evidence analysis phase. This phase rests on collection and location of all evidence and their temporal, functional and relational combinations. High volume of these sets evidence, its complexity and size of relations between the different data types may complicate the evidence analysis phase and crime reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a temporal and functional analysis method based on Data mining (unsupervised classification). We introduce a new technique of clustering ascending based on dynamic causality and events reconstruction (SMS and Calls) in time, in this case, we can help an investigator to identify anomalies and information on crime and to provide a global vision of all events through all collected evidences.


The appearance of gamification dates back about a decade and since this tool has been increasingly used not only in the entertainment sector but also in the industry, army, education, health and others. Studies suggest that this approach may provide added value outcomes, in particular in the users' motivational and engagement areas, in a wide range of fields such as customer relations, skills learning, physical exercises, health management, etc. On the other hand, the consequences and potential risks related to its use remain insufficiently understood and have started to become the object of research in the last years. This chapter aims at exploring and deepening the understanding of the possible threats resulting from the use of software gamification at both the individual and collective levels. To do so, an integrative literature review was carried out on studies examining the negatives effects and challenges of this tool so as to identify the possible adverse impacts arising from them. Overall, results would show that an inadequate gamification design and implementation and its implications in terms of a flawed rewarding system and ethical issues may entail perils such as demotivating users, engendering mistrust, health issues and tarnishing the gamification credibility as well as that of the management in charge of it.


This research aims to find out the figurative language in Michael Jackson song lyrics. Therefore, the researchers formulated a question as the problem. As follows: (1) what are the kinds of figurative language in Michael Jackson�s song lyrics? (2) What is the dominant type of figurative language in Michael Jackson�s song lyrics? This research used Perrine theories to analysis kinds of figurative language in Michael Jackson song lyrics. There are 12 types of figurative language according to Perrine they are: simile, metaphor, personification, apostrophe, synecdoche, metonymy, symbol, allegory, paradox, hyperbole/overstatement, understatement, and irony. The researchers used qualitative design because data are collected by using document in form of word and a procedure of systematic analysis of context text (words, phrase, sentences, document, etc), analysis content by qualitative enable researchers to understand the text by grouping words that have same meaning into categories. The researchers used ten song from the website Genius.com as an instrument to find the data to be analyzed based types of figurative language. The researchers finding showed that are 6 types of figurative language that found in Michael Jackson�s Songs namely: personification, apostrophe, metaphor, hyperbole, simile and symbol. While, there are 6 types of figurative language weren�t found in Michael Jackson�s Songs namely: synecdoche, metonymy, allegory, paradox, understatement, and irony. After analyzing all the data the researchers found the types of figurative language are dominantly used in Michael Jackson�s songs are hyperbole consists of 11 sentences (30%).


This paper discusses three cases where design was carried out at the intersection between public sector and citizen communities. Based on three dominant traditions meeting there--public (municipal) decision-making, Web 2.0 and participatory design--we identify challenges and solutions regarding participation and engagement of municipal workers and citizens. While this intersection is exactly where a new form of democratic participation could develop, the three traditions were, nonetheless, far from easily combined in the specific cases. The challenges that we have identified are to: Identify win-win situations, rather than to maximize participation; to work with motivation for long-term projects across municipality and communities; to identify and work with early movers, and not just representative citizens; and to create space for local municipal agencies to develop bottom-up technological solutions. The multiplicity of co-existing traditions of involvement need more focus in the future development of participatory design.


The numerical approximation of dissipative initial value problems by fixed time-stepping Runge–Kutta methods is considered and the asymptotic features of the numerical and exact solutions are compared. A general class of ordinary differential equations, for which dissipativity is induced through an inner product, is studied throughout. This class arises naturally in many finite dimensional applications (such as the Lorenz equations) and also from the spatial discretization of a variety of partial differential equations arising in applied mathematics.
It is shown that the numerical solution defined by an algebraically stable method has an absorbing set and is hence dissipative for any fixed step-size h > 0. The numerical solution is shown to define a dynamical system on the absorbing set if h is sufficiently small and hence a global attractor A_h exists; upper-semicontinuity of A_h at h = 0 is established, which shows that, for h small, every point on the numerical attractor is close to a point on the true global attractor A. Under the additional assumption that the problem is globally Lipschitz, it is shown that if h is sufficiently small any method with positive weights defines a dissipative dynamical system on the whole space and upper semicontinuity of A_h at h = 0 is again established.
For gradient systems with globally Lipschitz vector fields it is shown that any Runge–Kutta method preserves the gradient structure for h sufficiently small. For general dissipative gradient systems it is shown that algebraically stable methods preserve the gradient structure within the absorbing set for h sufficiently small. Convergence of the numerical attractor is studied and, for a dissipative gradient system with hyperbolic equilibria, lower semicontinuity at h = 0 is established. Thus, for such a system, A_h converges to A in the Hausdorff metric as h → 0.


The present study evaluated the effects of postnatal intermittent hypoxia on locomotor activity and neuronal cell survival in early adulthood rats. During a critical period of brain development on postnatal day (PD) 7-11, male rat pups were exposed to intermittent hypoxia and randomly assigned to three experimental groups: (1) intermittent hypoxia, (2) normoxia, and (3) control (unhandled). One and a half months later on PD56, a behavioral test was conducted, and cell survival was estimated in the hilus, dental gyrus, and CA1 and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens shell and core, dorsal and ventral striatum, and prefrontal cortex. Our results showed that intermittent hypoxia produced hyperactivity that correlated well with psychomotor agitation observed in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, post-hypoxic rats exhibited a reduction of the number of neurons in the hilar region of the hippocampus and dorsal striatum, structures that have been neuropathologically associated with schizophrenia.These findings suggest that intermittent hypoxia can modify the pattern of locomotor activity and selectively affect neurons in rats tested in early adulthood.


Objectives: We examined the extent to which home and community-based services (HCBS) spending affected the likelihood of nursing home (NH) placement among black and white HCBS users with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD). Methods: The study population included new HCBS users with ADRD between 2010 and 2013 (N = 1,046,200). Results: We found that a one hundred dollar increase in monthly HCBS spending was associated with a 0.3 percentage points decrease in the NH placement rate among Whites, but a 0.3 percentage points increase in the NH placement rate among Blacks. The overall NH placement rate was 68.2% and 56.7% for Whites and Blacks, respectively. Discussion: A higher HCBS spending was associated with a decreased likelihood of NH placements for Whites but not for Blacks. It is important to understand how states' HCBS expansion efforts influence Blacks and Whites with ADRD so that resources can be tailored to communities with different race-mix.


In the submitted review the authors summarize briefly knowledge on the mechanism of action of chondroprotective substances and the present state of their use in clinical practice. The authors mention also the chondroprotective action of some non-steroid anti-rheumatic drugs.


Two typing schemes for Clostridium difficile based on slide agglutinations and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) have been described. We compared the reference strains of each typing system with a simplified PAGE method using whole cells and Coomassie blue staining. The method was also applied to clinical isolates and immunoblots were performed with a monospecific serum directed against a major band of low molecular weight. The results indicated the great heterogeneity of Clostridium difficile strains complicated by antigenic subdivision for strains belonging to the same electrophoretic type.


ABSTRACT Disputes over acquaintance rape typically center on the issue of whether the alleged victim consented to sex. Disputed sexual encounters often take place when one or both involved parties is sexually aroused, and this arousal might influence the extent to which the parties perceive sexual consent. Two studies tested the effects of men's sexual arousal on their interpretations of the extent to which 25 hypothetical female behaviors reflected sexual willingness. Arousal was manipulated via written fantasies (Study 1) or exposure to erotic material (Study 2). Manipulated arousal and individual differences in rated arousal were each associated with greater perceptions of female sexual willingness. Manipulated arousal was significant only for single men in Study 2. Findings suggested present-state sexual arousal affects single men's interpretations of women's sexual willingness. Men's sexual arousal might prominently contribute to misunderstandings in sexual communication.


This study examines the social role of women in the perspective of the Qur'an. Women are part of Islam and women have an important position in Islam. Islam is very respectful of women, Islam also considers women and men to have the same position. Where Islam strongly recommends education for women, as well as having social roles that are no less important than men, it is proven by the existence of female public figures in the fields of politics, economics, health, and so on. Women also have a role in their families and households, because women are leaders in their households and even complement and need each other. There is no cotomy and role discrimination between men and women. This research shows that women and men have the same rights and roles to actualize themselves in society.


This study examined the relationship of student use of campus recreation facilities (CRFs) with retention and graduation rates at a large, public, Midwestern Carnegie doctoral-extensive university. Tinto's interactionalist theory of student departure provided the conceptual framework. An extensive review of the literature on the relationship between academic performance and recreation facility use identified a set of critical explanatory predictors. Although anecdotal evidence and studies of student perceptions support the contention that use of CRFs promotes social integration, thereby increasing the likelihood of persistence, few studies have employed both actual CRF visit counts to quantify use and advanced statistical methods to analyze the data. The linking of visitation data to individual student records is a unique component of this preliminary study. Maximum likelihood estimated models were used to identify which factors were related to retention and graduation. Results show positive associations between CRF usage and both first-year retention and 5-year graduation.


AIM
This study aimed to examine the effect of foot baths on the cardiac parasympathetic outflow of five pregnant (31-32 weeks; mid-pregnancy) women and 16 non-pregnant women.

METHODS
The cardiac parasympathetic outflow was assessed by using the respiratory variability of the R-R interval under controlled breathing according to three different methods: (i) respiratory sinus arrhythmia; (ii) a respiratory-synchronized component of the power spectrum of R-R interval variability with a fast Fourier transform; and (iii) a high-frequency component (HF at 0.15-0.40 Hz) of the power spectrum of R-R interval variability with a maximum entropy method.

RESULTS
The rate and amplitude of spontaneous respiration and arterial blood pressure at rest were the same between the non-pregnant and pregnant women. However, the baseline R-R interval was shorter and the respiratory-synchronized and HF components of the power spectrum of R-R interval variability were smaller in the pregnant women, indicating a decreased baseline cardiac parasympathetic outflow with mid-pregnancy. Although a foot bath for 15 min did not significantly affect the systemic hemodynamics and body temperature of both groups, the foot bath reduced the respiratory arrhythmia and the respiratory-synchronized and HF components of the power spectrum of R-R interval variability in both groups. The reduction in the respiratory R-R interval became more prominent in the pregnant group.

CONCLUSION
A foot bath, used as part of midwives' daily nursing care, is able to decrease the cardiac parasympathetic outflow of pregnant women.


The present study evaluated the effectiveness of a treatment that combined techniques from cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) to alleviate the psychological distress and symptom severity resultant from psychotic-type disorders. This treatment (EVoLVE Therapy; an acronym for Exposing Virtues of Living Valued Existences) was designed to primarily target the psychological distress associated with psychosis and secondarily to facilitate improvement in psychotic-type symptoms. Participants in this study were selected based on previous diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and other psychiatric disorders with psychotic features. Seven participants, who each had been long-term consumers of mental health services, completed 10 weeks of therapy. Postgraduate clinical psychology students, in training to become professional psychologists, delivered supervised therapy using a structured treatment manual written by the researchers. Pretreatment, posttreatment and 5-week follow-up data were collected, using a variety of measures to assess the effectiveness of treatment. Results were very encouraging, with some clients making considerable improvements at the end of therapy and at the 5-week follow-up assessment. All 7 participants showed a decrease in symptom severity after treatment. In addition, 6 out of the 7 participants reported an improved quality of life and marked improvements in both positive and negative affect were also evident.


Fungal biodiversity is still mostly unknown and their presence in particular ecosystems such as freshwater habitats is often underestimated. The ecological role that these fungi play in freshwater environments mainly concerns their activity as decomposers of litter and plant material. At present, it is estimated that 3870 species belong to the ecological group of freshwater fungi (13 phyla and 45 classes). In this survey, we provide an overview of the Italian freshwater fungal diversity on the basis of the field and literature data. In the literature, data on freshwater fungi are fragmentary and not updated, focusing mainly on northern Italy where the most important lakes and rivers are present, while data from central and southern Italy (including Sicily and Sardinia) are almost completely ineffective. In particular, Ascomycota are reported in only 14 publications, most of which concern the freshwater environments of Lombardia, Piemonte, and Veneto. Only one publication explores the biodiversity of freshwater Basidiomycota in the wetlands of the Cansiglio forest (Veneto). The field observation allowed for us to identify 38 species of Basidiomycota growing in riparian forest of Italy. However, the number of fungi in freshwater habitats of Italy is strongly underestimated and many species are still completely unknown.


In 2001, over 18000 deaths in the United States were caused by automobiles leaving the lane and colliding with a fixed object in the environment. Despite recent advances in vehicle safety, the responsibility for avoiding collisions with objects in the environment remains solely with the driver. Though humans are quite adept at this task, they are far from infallible. This work presents a potential field framework for active lanekeeping assistance that seeks to prevent accidents from lane departures. This control concept assumes by-wire technology to add control inputs (steering and braking) on top of the driver commands. The potential field concept passively couples the vehicle to the environment, seamlessly adding control inputs when necessary to aid in the lanekeeping task. For a lanekeeping assistance system, safety is of primary importance. The potential field framework provides mathematical safety guarantees for the lanekeeping performance while creating a system that works cooperatively with the driver. This thesis covers the general control structure, a method of incorporating stability and performance objectives in the potential field framework, and a Lyapunov-based method for bounding the lateral motion of the vehicle subjected to time-varying disturbances. This bounding technique is extremely general and is applicable to a wide variety of dynamic systems. The technique provides an excellent bound on the lateral motion of the vehicle in the presence of road curvature disturbances. The potential field controller is implemented on a 1997 Corvette C5 modified to include steer-bywire. The experimental results validate the theoretical lanekeeping performance of the system. The results also show that the theoretical bounds are a useful tool for the design of a potential field controller and quantitatively guarantee the nominal safety


Motivated by the growing demand for interactive environments, we propose an accurate real-time 3D shape reconstruction technique. To provide a reliable 3D reconstruction which is still a challenging task when dealing with real-world applications, we integrate several components including (i) Photometric Stereo (PS), (ii) perspective Cook-Torrance reflectance model that enables PS to deal with a broad range of possible real-world object reflections, (iii) realistic lightening situation, (iv) a Recurrent Optimization Network (RON) and finally (v) heuristic Dijkstra Gaussian Mean Curvature (DGMC) initialization approach. We demonstrate the potential benefits of our hybrid model by providing 3D shape with highly-detailed information from micro-prints for the first time. All real-world images are taken by a mobile phone camera under a simple setup as a consumer-level equipment. In addition, complementary synthetic experiments confirm the beneficial properties of our novel method and its superiority over the state-of-the-art approaches.


The problems of relapse and recidivism have received increasing attention in smoking research over the past ten years. Researchers and clinicians alike have come to understand smoking as a complex process consisting of a number of stages. This paper reviews recent models and theories of the change process as well as those studies which have examined the determinants of the quitting process. Finally, the implications of these developments for smoking cessation strategies directed at the prevention of relapse are discussed.


To enhance the solution-processed thin-film transistor (TFT) performance, we proposed a TFT with self-passivated multistacked active layers (SP-MSALs). This structure exhibited self-protection in the active layer as compared with the conventional TFT structure. The self-passivation layer prevented the leakage current path at the back-channel region, thus improving the field-effect mobility (μFET) and the positive bias stress (PBS) reliability. In addition, it was very stable in the exposed environment even for 150 h. As a result, the proposed SP-MSAL TFT caused the threshold voltage shift (ΔVTH) under PBS to improve from 8.2 to 4.2 V as compared with the conventional MSAL TFTs.


Sidelobe structures on classical radar cross section graphs are a consequence of discontinuities in the surface currents. In contrast, quantum radar theory states that sidelobe structures on quantum radar cross section graphs are due to quantum interference. Moreover, it is conjectured that quantum sidelobe structures may be used to detect targets oriented off the specular direction. Because of the high data bandwidth expected from quantum radar, it may be necessary to use sophisticated quantum signal analysis algorithms to determine the presence of stealth targets through the sidelobe structures. In this paper we introduce three potential quantum algorithmic techniques to compute classical and quantum radar cross sections. It is our purpose to develop a computer science-oriented tool for further physical analysis of quantum radar models as well as applications of quantum radar technology in various fields.


Although numerous descriptive measures have been proposed for assessing model fit when analysing frequency tables, the two-point mixture index of fit proposed by Rudas, Clogg, and Lindsay possesses features that make this index especially appealing in many applied research settings. In particular, the index has an intuitive interpretation that does not depend upon the specific nature of the model being assessed and is not sensitive to sample size. Also, the index can be applied when models are fitted to virtually any frequency table. This paper summarizes the underlying theory and addresses issues of estimation for goodness-of-fit tests for one-way or multi-way frequency tables as well as for certain latent variable models. In addition, a new approach for estimating a lower confidence bound for the index is presented.


Macro/microporous silk/nano-sized calcium phosphate scaffolds (SC16) with bioactive and superior physicochemical properties are currently being developed. In this study, we evaluated the new bone formation ability in rat femur of the SC16 scaffolds in vivo, using silk fibroin scaffolds (S16) as control. The CaP distribution profile in the scaffolds was characterized by micro-computed tomography and the CaP phase was found to be distributed homogeneously in the SC16 scaffolds. Mineralization was only observed in SC16 scaffolds, and both scaffolds gradually degraded with time. By staining the explants, new bone growth was observed directly on the SC16 surface and with higher density than that observed on the S16 scaffolds. These results demonstrated that the SC16 hybrid scaffolds are osteoconductive and can be good candidates for bone tissue engineering as they promote superior de novo bone formation.


CASE DESCRIPTION The primary subject matter of this case is the formation of a comprehensive wedding center in Kentucky. The case is positioned to present the business formation process and the search for partners and financing for a new business venture. It also involves turning a number of fragmented product and service providers in the wedding industry into a one-stop center, representing a new product/service combination. More specifically, the case deals with the human issues and challenges in selecting among a number of disparate partners and determining their potential equity stake, investment, and obtaining funding for the business. Secondary issues examined in the case include assessing the new venture idea based upon actual narrative among the potential founders and excerpts from their business plan. Students should be able to directly identify with the wedding industry and the young couple in the case. Family business challenges also emerge into the case and the owners struggle to make the decisions necessary to turn their business idea into a reality. The case has a difficulty level of two or three, and is best utilized in a junior or senior-level entrepreneurship, small business, strategic management, marketing of services or product/service development course. This case is very appropriate for undergraduate courses as: 1) students can relate to this industry, 2) the human issues demonstrate the challenges involved in starting a business, 3) and the financial analysis is fundamental and straightforward. It is an excellent case for in-class discussion in a 50 to 75-minute class period and should include debate of alternative issues, particularly when parts B and C of the case (included) are used to follow-up on the main case decisions and actions in the following class meeting. It lends itself to role- playing of the key participants involved, particularly the discussion with the various potential partners over options for structuring the business. The case requires two hours of preparation. CASE SYNOPSIS Julie had long dreamed of starting a wedding center. In her business plan, she wrote: "Anchored by an attractive wedding chapel capable of seating 350 people, the complex will include retail shops that offer floral, catering, dresses and tuxes, photography and video, accessories and possibly even a travel agency, beauty salon and jeweler. To complete the offerings, a large expandable reception hall with a complete commercial kitchen and bar will allow the complex to provide every need associated with a complete wedding. Landscaping will be designed to accommodate outdoor weddings, as well as, create a garden setting to the surroundings." With her husband's support and the help of his entrepreneurship professor and her wedding planning colleagues, her dream might become a reality. This case involves a couple's efforts to turn a home-based wedding planning business into a one-stop shopping center offering customers every aspect needed for a complete wedding event. It represents an effort by a recent business graduate to take a business plan developed in an entrepreneurship course from a class project to reality. The proposed center will include wedding planning services, dresses and formal wear, photography, florist and catering services, as well as a wedding chapel and reception facilities. By offering customers the opportunity for one-stop shopping for their wedding, the involved businesses should have a competitive advantage over established concerns that only offer individual components. The case provides a first-hand account of the excitement and frustrations involved in developing an entrepreneurial idea and obtaining financing to turn the dream into an actual business venture. Careful discussion of the case should enable the business students to better understand (1) structuring the "deal" for a new venture, (2) weighing the pros and cons of both debt and equity financing, (3) vertically and horizontally integrating a fragmented industry, (4) searching for appropriate and acceptable venture partners, (5) personality challenges in running a family business, (6) the personal decisions involved in starting a business, (7) analyzing market potential and assessing a new business venture, and (8) understanding the consequences of poor credit and the importance of conducting due diligence on all potential acquisitions. …


The world will have more than 50 billions devices connected to the internet in 2020. Most of them will belong to the "Smart Objects" category. They are part of the Internet of Things world and it becomes fundamental to understand what this new paradigm involves. The IoT will enter our lives comprehensively and silently but bringing about an important change for every one. More and more smart objects will be used by everyone in public spaces, houses or industries. It will be a revolution: the Internet will be not only in devices designed for communication but also in "everyday objects".
Today the IoT world is fragmented, with a myriad of custom and proprietary solutions. Fragmented does not mean distributed: the IoT, belonging to "everyday objects" must be dis- tributed but nowadays it is fragmented in communication solutions and in protocols stack. The "average user" is confused, he/she has to deal with multiple and different technologies, UIs and conventions. Every vendor and producer has a univocal way to develop systems and provide users with services. It is fundamental, for a technology which will become global, to have a sort of standard to conform to.
This thesis has the aim to bridge the gap between the IoT and the standardized web tech- nologies. In order to do that it is necessary to create a reliable, neutral and universal middleware which can uniform the description of the smart entities. It is necessary to find a common lan- guage to describe the smart things or, more generally, the smart spaces. The description should be exchanged among different systems without creating confusion and ambiguity. The vehicle for the exchange of information must be a file which can be easily exchanged on the network and parsed rapidly when received. My work analyzes all these requirements and develops a pro- totype to show how it is possible to control the IoT world - which, by definition, is distributed - through a centralized end point.


We present here an electrochemical sensor microsystem for the monitoring of pH. The all-polymeric device is comprised of a cyclic olefin copolymer substrate, a 200 nm-thin patterned layer of conductive polymer (PEDOT), and a 70 nm electropolymerized layer of a pH sensitive conductive polymer (polyaniline). The patterning of the fluidic (microfluidic channels) and conductive (wiring and electrodes) functional elements was achieved with a single soft PDMS mold via a single embossing step process. A post-processing treatment with ethylene glycol assured the functional enhancement of the electrodes, as demonstrated via an electrical and electrochemical characterization. A surface modification of the electrodes was carried out, based on voltammetric electropolymerization, to obtain a thin layer of polyaniline. The mechanism for pH sensing is based on the redox reactions of the polyaniline layer caused by protonation. The sensing performance of the microsystem was finally validated by monitoring its potentiometric response upon exposure to a relevant range of pH.


We develop an equivalence between the diagonal slices and the perpendicular slices of 3D Young diagrams via Maya diagrams. Furthermore, we construct the fermion representation of quantum toroidal algebra on the 3D Young diagrams perpendicularly sliced.


ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to evaluate nutrient content and DM determination methods of dry milling byproducts. In Exp. 1, nutrient composition was determined for wet distillers grains plus solubles (WDGS) and modified distillers grains plus solubles (MDGS) from 6 ethanol plants with 10 samples collected per day, across 5 d, and sampling was repeated over 4 separate months. Mean composition was 31.0% CP, 11.9% fat, 0.84% P, and 0.77% S (DM basis). Coefficients of variation for DM content were greater for some plants than others, and variation occurred within and across days. Variability was small for CP and P, whereas fat differed among ethanol plants. Large variation in means and CV were observed for S in period 1, but variation subsequently decreased. Coefficients of variation for S were similar for samples collected within the same day and across days. In Exp. 2, samples of WDGS, MDGS, Dakota Bran Cake, and distillers solubles were used to determine DM content by drying samples at 105°C for 3, 8, and 24 h and 60°C for 24 and 48 h, vacuum oven drying, toluene distillation, and Karl Fischer titration. Compared with toluene distillation, drying at 105°C resulted in less DM (P ≤ 0.10) and vacuum drying and Karl Fischer titration resulted in greater DM (P


ABSTRACT The present study was conducted to determine the toxic dose response of a chronic dietary Zearalenone (ZEA) in weaned young rats. Sixty, 21-day-old, Sprague Dawley female rats were randomly allocated to five groups of four replicate cages containing three rats. Rats were fed diets with increasing amounts of ZEA (0, 0.5, 0.9, 1.8 and 3.6 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Daily feed intake was reduced (P < .05) by feeding the ZEA diets with 0.9 and 3.6 mg ZEA/kg feed. Rats fed the diet containing 1.8 mg ZEA/kg increased (P < .05) the body weight gain (BWG) and reduced (P < .05) feed conversion rate (FCR) as compared to the control group. The two highest levels of dietary ZEA also increased (P < .05) the weight of the uterus. However, ovaries' weight, timing of vaginal opening and the inter-oestrous interval were not affected by increasing the doses of dietary ZEA (P > .05). Similarly, serum concentrations of total protein, follicle-stimulating hormone and alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphate activities were not altered by the ZEA treatments. In conclusion, our results indicated that a chronic dietary consumption of ZEA at concentrations of 1.8 mg ZEA/kg increases the BWG and the uterus weight of weaning female rats.


In this article, I briefly survey the ethnographic research literature on childhood in the 20th century, beginning with the social and intellectual contexts for discussions of childhood at the turn of the 20th century. The observations of Bronislaw Malinowski and Margaret Mead in the 1920s were followed by later ethnographers, also describing childhood, some of whom criticized developmental theories; still others were influenced initially by Freudian and other psychoanalytic theories and later by the suggestions of Edward Sapir for research on the child's acquisition of culture. The Six Cultures Study led by John Whiting at midcentury was followed by diverse trends of the period after 1960—including field studies of infancy, the social and cultural ecology of children's activities, and language socialization. Ethnographic evidence on hunting and gathering and agricultural peoples was interpreted in evolutionary as well as cultural and psychological terms. The relationship between ethnography and developmental psychology remained problematic.


The Russian Federation is facing crucial dietary problems which burden the health care sector to an increasing degree. In order to correct this trend explanations for the observed mostly unhealthy diets are needed. Therefore the main target of this study was to find evidence about the main determinants of a healthy diet in the Russian Federation based on household production theory. In order to do that a healthy eating index for the Russian population was calculated according to the Diet Quality Index-International and used to describe the nutrition quality of the Russian diet. In a next step an empirical model was developed. In this model sociodemographic/socioeconomic variables were extended by the psychological variables such as overall dissatisfaction, financial dissatisfaction, scepticism/fear, and knowledge. The empirical results do support the hypothesis of a psychological influence on the healthy eating index.


The occurrence of malignant histiocytic lymphomas (MHLT) after an intrapleural inoculation of silica and the presence of a hyperplastic or granulomatous reaction to the silica were confirmed in cesarean-derived barrier-maintained inbred W rats. A specific hyperplastic reaction in the silica granulomas preceded the appearance of MHLT. Hyperplastic changes were observed when the absolute monocyte count at weeks 25-30 was slightly higher than that seen in the controls. Silica injected intrapleurally penetrated the thymus tissue but the carbon and coal dusts and the silica, which was administered by other routes, did not involve the thymus. Also, silica was the sole dust, when introduced into the coelomic cavities that produced MHLT, which grew rapidly on entering the thymus. Rats that died with MHLT had widespread dissemination with malignant foci situated most consistently above the diaphragm.