OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between drinking (mean quantity and heavy drinking patterns) and alcohol use disorders (AUDs) in the U.S. general population.

METHOD
Data from three telephone National Alcohol Surveys (in 2000, 2005, and 2010) were pooled, with separate analyses for men and women restricted to current drinkers (ns = 5,922 men, 6,270 women). Predictors were 12-month volume (mean drinks per day), rates of heavy drinking (5+/4+ drinks in a day for men/women), and very heavy drinking (8+, 12+, and 24+ drinks in a day). Outcomes were negative alcohol-related consequences constituting abuse (1+ of 4 DSM-IV-based domains assessed by 13 items) and alcohol dependence (symptoms in 3+ of 7 DSM-IV-based domains), together taken to indicate an AUD. Segmentation analyses were used to model risks of problem outcomes from drinking patterns separately by gender.

RESULTS
In the general population, men and women who consumed ≤1 drink/day on average with no heavy drinking days did not incur substantial risks of an AUD (<10%). Men who drank from 1 to 2 drinks/day on average but never 5+ incurred a 16% risk of reporting an AUD (3.5% alcohol dependence). At higher volumes, men and women who indicated higher rates of drinking larger amounts per day and/or involving 8+ and 12+ drinks/day (and even 24+ drinks/day for men) showed much higher risks of experiencing AUDs.

CONCLUSIONS
The findings provide quantitative guidance for primary care practitioners who wish to make population-based recommendations to patients who might benefit by reducing both overall intake and amounts per occasion in an effort to lower their risks of developing AUDs.


This study aimed to analyze the of farmers adoption level of legowo jajar farming system on rice in the Village Ilomangga Tabongo District Gorontalo. The research method used was census method. The number of respondents in this studied was 30 people. They were the total farmers. The results showed that this study, it could be concluded, that the level of adoption of farmers to the system of planting jajar legowo was in the low category. This showed that the adoption rate of farmers on jajar legowo jajar system had not been maximal, because farmers were less looking for information outside the village and agricultural extension had not worked optimally. Could be suggested too that the farmers were expected to be more proactive in receiving and applying all the information gained for the success of their farms.


Background Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by measles virus (MeV). Despite the availability of a safe and cost-effective vaccine, measles is one of the world-leading causes of death in young children. Within Europe, there is a target for eliminating endemic measles in 2015, with molecular epidemiology required on 80% of cases for inclusion/exclusion of outbreak transmission chains. Currently, MeV is genotyped on the basis of a 450 nucleotide region of the nucleoprotein gene (N-450) and the hemagglutinin gene (H). However, this is not sufficiently informative for distinguishing endemic from imported MeV. We have developed an amplicon-based method for obtaining whole genome sequences (WGS) using NGS or Sanger methodologies from cell culture isolates or oral fluid specimens, and have sequenced over 60 samples, including 42 from the 2012 outbreak in the UK. Results Overall, NGS coverage was over 90% for approximately 71% of the samples tested. Analysis of 32 WGS excluding 3' and 5' termini (WGS-t) obtained from the outbreak indicates that the single nucleotide difference found between the two major groups of N-450 sequences detected during the outbreak is most likely a result of stochastic viral mutation during endemic transmission rather than of multiple importation events: earlier strains appear to have evolved into two distinct strain clusters in 2013, one containing strains with both outbreak-associated N-450 sequences. Additionally, phylogenetic analysis of each genomic region of MeV for the strains in this study suggests that the most information is acquired from the non-coding region located between the matrix and fusion protein genes (M/F NCR) and the N-450 genotyping sequence, an observation supported by entropy analysis across genotypes. Conclusions We suggest that both M/F NCR and WGS-t could be used to complement the information from classical epidemiology and N-450 sequencing to address specific questions in the context of measles elimination.


In the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the leukemic promyelocytic cell line HL‐60 will differentiate into mature polymorphonuclear granulocytes. In the present report, we compare chemotactic factor binding and function in HL‐60 cells with that of normal human granulocytes using the chemotactic peptide N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylal‐anine (FMLP) as ligand. The cellular response measured as CL was changed as a result of storage or conditioning of normal peripheral blood cells. With these cells, a conditioning procedure at room temperature resulted in a pronounced increase in the CL response. The increase of the CL response was probably a result of increased expression of cryptic receptors, since the changes of the oxidative response to FMLP was accompanied by increased binding of the peptide to the cell surface. Scatchard analysis revealed that the increased binding was due to an increased number of receptors. In differentiated HL‐60 cells, conditioning neither led to increased production of oxidative metabolites, nor to any increased binding of the peptide. The data thus indicate that many FMLP receptors could reside in a cryptic site that is not accessible to extracellular ligands, and that conditioning results in an increased exposure of these receptors, followed by an increased oxidative response to the ligand in normal cells but not in mature HL‐60 cells.


The hormone estrogen is both a villain and a savior, thought to contribute to the development of breast and uterine cancers but also to protect women against heart attacks and osteoporosis. Now a study of an estrogenlike drug, reported on page 1222 , may help explain the hormone's contradictory personality and open the way to designing drugs that block only its unwanted effects—or mimic only its beneficial ones. The drug, called raloxifene, sends its signals to the genes by different pathways depending on the tissue it is acting on. The natural hormone may owe its many guises to a similar variety of pathways.


Background. Treatment of MDR-TB is complex and chemotherapy course9s outcome depends on many factors. Comorbidities may complicate TB disease and effect treatment response. Aims and objectives. The aim of the study was comparison of chemotherapy response among patients with and those without comorbidities in a setting of individualized MDR-TB care and adequate management of all diseases. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 1970 drug-resistant tuberculosis patients integrated in DOTS+ programme in 2009-2011 years in Georgia. Patients were routinely investigated for HIV, diabetes mellitus (DM) and viral hepatitis. Documentary approved diagnoses of other diseases were taken in account. Dispersive analysis using Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon Two-Sample Test was provided to compare the treatment outcomes of patients with and those without comorbidity. Results. Of 1970 patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis 486(24,7%) had one or more comorbidity. 223 patient(11,3%) had liver diseases, DM-104(5,2%), HIV-72(3,7%), Psychiatric diseases - 53(2,7%), other-55(2,9%). Definition "success" received 966(49%) patient:44,0% with comorbidities vs 50,7%-without(p=0,01),"Default"-30,5% vs 28,4%, "Failure"- 4,1% vs 4,0(p>0,05, CI-95%),"Death"- 10,7% vs 5,7%(p Conclusions. Our cohort study revealed that comorbidities had serious impact on treatment outcomes andwere associated with significant lower successful treatment outcomes and about twice higher death rate.


Agile software development welcomes changes throughout software development - but this implies that agile teams face several dilemmas. When to respond to a change; how to respond; how to manage the change. Our current understanding and support for agile teams during such change management is very limited. Psychological behavioral change models can be used to better understand the behavior of agile teams. Combining our understanding of agile teams and practices with a review of behavior change models, we propose several avenues for studying behavior and behavioral changes in agile teams. Our proposed interdisciplinary approach provides a much needed avenue to acknowledge and address the psychological and behavioral aspects of the humans central to the software engineering process, ultimately assisting with their wellbeing and productivity.


The author argues for a significant social and cognitive transition between the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic in Europe. Between about 300 000 and 200 000 years ago, early Neanderthals developed stone working techniques which combined methods that were previously discrete, began to occupy high-relief terrain and to settle systematically the highly seasonal environments of central and eastern Europe – skill-sets here termed the 'incorporation of difference'. These findings make us rethink the competence of pre-modern hominins and to review, in the author's words, 'the boundaries we erect to police the uniqueness of humanity'.


Based on the Security Council's disparate responses to relatively similar acts of regime violence in Syria and Libya, it seems that the Responsibility to Protect doctrine is heavily influenced by factors other than the substantive act of violence. Accordingly, this paper discusses the legal, but also the strategic and pragmatic factors influencing the use, or abstention from the use, of armed humanitarian intervention. While some critics decry the influence of factors that are seemingly exogenous to Responsibility to Protect, this paper argues that the interplay of law and various matters of strategic concern such as politics, economics, and pragmatics is an unavoidable reality in a world where political actors (the states on the Security Council) decide the legitimacy of interventions. Therefore, this paper contends that the strategic and pragmatic concerns that prevent the use of force in Syria do not make the doctrine ipso facto illegitimate.


Building on work by Schild, De Giacomo and Lenzerini, we establish a tight connection between description logics and hybrid logics. The main aim of the paper is to provide a modal perspective on some of the distinguishing features of description logic. In particular, by working in a hybrid logic setting we are able to develop a model-theoretic understanding of both assertional and terminological information. We also show how to use the connection between description and hybrid logics to transfer results on complexity and expressive power from one to the other.


Erasmus syndrome is the association of silica exposure and subsequent development of systemic sclerosis. Here we discuss five cases that presented with progressive shortness of breath, arthralgia, skin tightening, and Raynaud's phenomenon. History of exposure to silica dust was present in all cases, and further serological (Anti-Scl-70 antibody positive), radiological, and histopathological (skin biopsy) investigations confirmed the diagnosis of systemic sclerosis. Hence the diagnosis of Erasmus syndrome was made. Therefore, careful screening should be done in patients of silicosis with systemic symptoms to rule out any associated connective tissue disorder. Timely diagnosis and early intervention can prevent the patients from developing life-threatening complications and improved quality of life.


Spatiotemporal evolution of earthquake clusters can give insights into fault geometry, triggering process, and potential interaction with fluid and heat. Taiwan is one of the most active orogenic belts with high deformation rate and complex crustal structures, so it is expected to observe seismicity driven by varying mechanisms among different geological processes. For investigating the tectonic complexity and the triggering processes of seismicity in Taiwan, a high-quality and robust catalog of earthquake clusters is critical. This study collected a long-term-effort earthquake catalog from the Central Weather Bureau from 1990/01 to 2018/06 and produced the earthquake cluster and background seismicity catalogs by four different declustering methods. Among which, the statistics-based nearest neighbor approach (NNA) performs most desirably for passing the Poisson process statistic tests while also remaining more events. We further classified the extracted earthquake clusters into the typical mainshock-aftershock (M-A) sequences and the swarms. Most of the M-A sequences are distributed near the Western Foothill. The asperity sizes, duration, and cluster event numbers all show positive correlations with mainshock magnitude. In contrast, the swarms are mainly distributed in the northern and southern Central Range and the northern Hualien regions. The lower correlation of the asperity sizes, duration, and swarm event numbers with the mainshock magnitude is showed in swarms. Moreover, we find that some of the swarm may be driven by fluid diffusion and spatial correlated with the high heat flow and spring regions.


This study aimed to develop a recognition model in order to classify success of agricultural enterprises. To this end, the study investigated the relationship between capitals owned by the enterprise and the success level by using "Neural Network" model. This study was conducted during 2013-2014 in Zanjan County, Islamic Republic of Iran. Data was obtained through a structured questionnaire and holding interviews with 92 enterprise owners, out of 125, involved in producing agrifood. According to the results of data analysis, Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network with Backpropagation algorithm was the appropriate algorithm to cope with the whole scope of the study. Empirical analysis by SPSS indicated that the Multilayer Perceptron consisting of one hidden layer with 6 nodes was an appropriate architecture. Classification Accuracy Rate (CAR) and "Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC)" curve were used to assess the model. Based on CAR of holdout data, the model was able to classify 86.4% of the samples correctly. Also, the study intended to reveal the relative importance of explanatory factors on enterprise success. Results indicated that human and social capitals were the more influential factors, followed by economic and environmental capitals. Therefore, to promote agricultural enterprises, policy makers and managers need to improve software and hardware assets, simultaneously.


The fatigue performance of orthotropic steel bridge decks depends on the magnitude and number of stress cycles applied, and the deck details. The stress induced in a deck plate will be reduced by the presence of a stiff surfacing material. This paper describes how the likely fatigue lifetime of an orthotropic steel bridge deck with asphalt surfacings could be estimated using probabilistic assessment methodology. In particular, the daily variations in temperature, which affect the asphalt surfacings, are considered. An example of application of the methodology to a realistic bridge is described. Introduction Orthotropic steel bridge decks have been selected in the design of long span steel bridges because of their favourable characteristics of their high longitudinal stiffness, light weight and short installation time. Two basic types of longitudinal ribs are used; open ribs, and closed ribs of a trapezoidal or rounded cross section. The closed ribs are more commonly used than the open ribs because open ribs are less torsionally rigid and require more welding. Fatigue cracks, however, have often developed at welded connections in orthotropic steel bridges with closed ribs due to the high number of high magnitude axle loads. Many relevant investigations have been conducted internationally (e.g. Wolchuk 1990; Beamish et al. 2006; Jong 2006; Miki 2006; Sugioka et al. 2007). Six locations of fatigue cracks have been identified (Kolstein 2007): (1) at the welded joint between the deck plate and the longitudinal rib between the crossbeams; (2) at the welded joint between the deck plate and the longitudinal rib at the crossbeam; (3) at the longitudinal rib splice welded joint; (4) at the welded joint between the longitudinal rib and the crossbeam; (5) at the welded joint between vertical stiffener and deck plate; and (6) at the butt welded joint in the No r us e w ith ou t A uth or' s p erm iss ion OBC-08-21 Koichi Sugioka 2 deck plate. The rib-to-deck joints (crack type 1 and 2) have four types of potential fatigue cracks as shown in Figure 1: (A) propagating from the weld root through the deck plate; (B) propagating from the weld root through the weld throat; (C) propagating from the weld toe in the deck plate through the deck plate; (D) propagating from the weld toe in the longitudinal rib through the longitudinal rib. The rib-to-deck joints are generally prone to fatigue failures due to out-of-plane bending moments in the deck plates and longitudinal ribs generated by axle loads. Out-of-plane bending moments result in high local flexural stresses in the deck plates and longitudinal ribs since thicknesses of the deck plates and rib walls are relatively thin. Figure 1 Fatigue cracks at rib-to-deck joint. Fatigue is important for many steel bridge structures, but there are numerous uncertainties in definitions when failure occurs. Current conventional design of steel bridges and fatigue analysis is usually based on S-N curves and the Palmgren–Miner hypothesis. In reality, however, the S-N curves are only available for a limited number of structural details, stated by classification tables of design codes. The conditions governing fatigue cracking are generally the structural geometry, material characteristics, and loadings. These conditions are difficult to assess accurately. Thus, an appropriate analysis of fatigue is required to treat the problem in a probabilistic manner. Temperature effects on asphalt surfacing are also not generally considered in conventional design. The proposed approach to assess fatigue lifetime to cracking has similarities to the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology. An example application of the methodology to the rib-to-deck welded joints of a realistic bridge using Monte Carlo simulation with one thousand samples is described to predict the remaining lifetime considering hourly temperature effects under each condition. Deck plate Longitudinal rib Rib-to-deck weld A C


Behavioural interactions are often analysed in terms of their costs and benefits to the actors [Hamilton, (1964) J. Theor. Biol.7 1–16; Gadagkar, (1993) Trends Ecol. Evol.8 232–234; Foster et al., (2001) Ann. Zool. Fenn.38 229–238]. Using the bumblebee Bombus terrestris, we wish to distinguish between two possible determinants of interaction behaviour between conspecifics, namely kin‐directed behaviour that reflects genetic distance between individuals, or, alternatively, interactions guided by a functional distance between individuals, specifically, with respect to disease susceptibility. We find no relationship between contact rate of individuals and the genetic distance of their respective colonies. Interestingly, we do find a significant negative correlation between contact rate and the distance between the two colonies in susceptibility to a spectrum of parasite strains. This cannot be explained by either of the a priori alternatives so we propose two further testable hypotheses to explain our results.


This paper is concerned with the development of commercial real estate in broadly capitalist economies. Rational project planning for such development is not well advanced. Property advisers agree that the development process is infinitely flexible; circumstances alter cases. There is much objective knowledge about aspects of development, although decisions are often based on subjective personal experience. Academic research from various disciplines has concentrated on the process, providing a framework of ideas but little empirical support. How development projects evolve depends upon structural forces that are not only economic, and the actors who become involved. This paper argues that the nature of the site is also important. Analysis of literature suggests a model based on four "dimensions", structure, actors, site and events. Two case studies from Newcastle upon Tyne and Cape Town are used to test this theory; these were researched largely by interviewing the actors. Software for development is underdeveloped. Financial appraisal packages merely crunch the numbers provided. Existing software does little to alert actors to opportunities, constraints and pitfalls or assist them with decisions. Research should aim to develop decision‐support software of real practical use to actors in the management of projects.


Pasture plots containing white and Caucasian clover were established on a summer-dry coastal Bay of Plenty farm and maintained under dairy grazing into a second year. Of soil dwelling pests, grass grub and Tasmanian grass grub populations increased most rapidly, with fewer present under Caucasian clover. Foliar insect feeding, with up to 26% loss of leaf area in white clover, was caused by lepidopteran larvae of Zizina labradus and indigenous species of Epyaxa. Epyaxa rosearia was the most significant defoliating insect on Caucasian clover. This is the first time that Epyaxa has been implicated as a pest of pasture legumes.


In this paper, a novel agent-based distributed intrusion detection system (IDS) is proposed, which integrates the desirable features provided by the distributed agent-based design methodology with the high accuracy and speed response of the principal component classifier (PCC). Experimental results have shown that the PCC lightweight anomaly detection classifier outperforms other existing anomaly detection algorithms such as the KNN and LOF classifiers. In order to assess the performance of the PCC classifier on a real network environment, the relative assumption model together with feature extraction techniques are used to generate normal and anomalous traffic in a LAN testbed. Finally, scalability and response performance of the proposed system are investigated through the simulation of the proposed communication architecture. The simulation results demonstrate a satisfactory linear relationship between the degradation of response performance and the scalability of the system


Abstract Educators have struggled with teaching and evaluation of the six Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) core competencies since their introduction in 1999. In addition, many authors have questioned the construct validity of the competencies. Concern has also arisen regarding the educational effects of the competencies and the subsequent limitation of resident duty hours, the combination of which have forced unprecedented changes in American graduate medical education. This article attempts to present an understanding of how these events have had direct and indirect effects on the education of residents in colon and rectal surgery, and to provide a framework for educators in colon and rectal surgery to adapt in their curricula.


We examined the underground magnetic field near the lightning channel with low‐frequency magnetic sensor based on SHAndong Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE). Two sensors were deployed, one at 1‐m height above ground and another one at 2‐m depth underground at a distance of 78 m from the lightning channel, and the magnetic pulses during the initial stage of triggered lightning were recorded. The experimental results show that the microsecond‐scale magnetic pulses radiated by the upward lightning leader can be detected in the subsurface space and the magnetic signal is modified by the soil medium. Specifically, the amplitude at the depth of 2 m is attenuated typically more than 55%, and the attenuation decreases as the timescale of the magnetic pulse increases; meanwhile, the peak time of the underground magnetic pulse is delayed by about 0.6 μs, and the half‐peak width of the magnetic pulse is increased by 0.2–0.8 μs (namely, by 20% to 32%). The results of Fourier analysis indicate that the component with relatively high frequency is subject to more attenuation than is the component with relatively low frequency. In addition, the simulation of magnetic field with the channel‐base current by using the transmission line model is consistent with the measurement, indicating that the modification on the waveform characteristics of the lightning pulse measured underground could provide valuable information for retrieving the electromagnetic parameters of soil.


In this audit, the Garda respondents' accounts of contemporary policing in Ireland highlights the increasingly diverse and demanding roles expected of members of An Garda Siochana, of which child protection is now firmly a part.

Chapter 1: Introduction p.1
Chapter 2: The system p.14
Chapter 3: Review and analysis of pulse p.37
3.7 Grounds upon which section 12 was invoked p.61
3.7.1 Suspicion or concern that child is being abused or neglected p.63
3.7.2 Concern for child welfare (public safety) p.65
3.7.3 Suspected emotional abuse p.66
3.7.4 Suspected neglect p.66
3.7.5 Suspected physical abuse p.68
3.7.6 Suspected sexual abuse p.69
3.7.7 Child a danger to self/others p.70
3.7.8 Child under influence of drugs/alcohol p.71
3.7.9 Domestic violence p.71
3.7.10 Mental health issues within child p.72
3.7.11 Mental health issues within parent(s) p.73
3.7.12 Active substance abuse within parents leading to abuse or neglect p.75
3.7.13 Other p.79
3.7.14 No known reason for invocation of section 12 p.82

Chapter 4: Questionnaires reviewed p.112
Chapter 5: Interviews and focus groups reviewed p.154
Chapter 6: General discussion, conclusions and recommendations p.241


The exothermic behavior of nickel aluminides formation from its elemental constituents and its high energy release rate represents a big potential for use in many industrial processes. In this work it was studied the formation reaction of NiAl from Ni and Al powders, looking for its use as bonding material for solid state diffusion joining of nickel and titanium aluminides. The reaction's generated heat is released directly at the bonding zone, promoting the diffusion and making possible the joining at lower temperatures than usual. In this investigation green compacts from a nickel and aluminium were prepared in an equimolar blend; the reactions occurring in the blends were studied by differential scanning calorimetric tests on both, compacted performed calorimetric tests on both, compacted and non compacted powders. Reaction products characterized by scanning electron microscopy and chemically analyzed by energy dispersive X-rar spectroscopy. Non compacted powders ere also characterizes by X-ray diffraction. Differential scanning calorimetric experiments confirmed the exothermic behavior of the reaction between nickel and aluminium, showing that heat release is not an explicit function of heating rate. That release's intensity is conditioned by the heating rate, being higher for faster heating rates; this effect is enhanced by powders compaction pressure, being higher for higher pressures. Before the reaction, non compacted powders remain metallic but, after the reaction several intermetallics are formed, Ni 3 Al, NiAl e Ni 2 Al 3 , resulting in a composition gradient across the particles. Compacted powders also present similar composition gradient. An exception was noticed for powders compacted at 637MPa; when heated at 30oC/min. up to 750oC they show a homogeneous composition of NiAl.


Dog aggression is the behaviour problem that presents more risks for humans and other animals, because of the potential damage that this behaviour can cause. The accidents to aggressive behaviours in dogs, affect millions of people every year. The problem of the aggressiveness in dogs is complex, because this conduct is determined by several different factors. It is described that around 30% of behaviour in dogs, is determined by genetic or intrinsic factors, while the 70% remainder is determined by the environmental factors and conditions that surround the dog.The purpose of the present study is to offer information of different variables that influence the presentation of aggressive behaviours in dogs, so it can be used to generate technical criteria that support an adequate legislation about the control and management of potentially aggressive dogs.The purpose of the present studuy is to offer information of different variables that influence the presentation of aggressive behaviours in dogs, so it can be used to generate technical criteria that support an adequate legislation about the control and management of potentially aggressive dogs.For these purpose opinion polls where applied to: breeders, dog trainers and owners. Eleven breeds were selected: Rottweiler, Pitbull, Akita Inu, Dogo Argentine, Bull Mastiff, Mastin Napolitano, Doberman, Saint Bernard, Great Danish, German Shepard and mixed race dogs.The results show that, for the dogs involved in the study, there is a statistically significant relation between the presentation of aggressive behaviours and the variables breed, sex, relation of the pet with the family group, type of advising received, information of the breed characteristics, place in which the pet was acquired, age of the pet at moment of acquirement, methods utilized to establish the dominance, training and purpose of training. For the breeders of dogs was established that, the parent's selection is mainly based on physical features and pedigree, and in a second place in temperament gestures. In all the breeding places an interview is made to ascertain the living conditions and characteristics of the pet, but if the results are not satisfactory for the breed, only half of the breeders do not sell the dog. Half of the trainers uses physical submission to dominate the dog, and nine of ten polled trainers carry out some training that enhance the protection behaviour and aggressiveness in dogs, these kind of training is most often requested for Rottweiler, Akita Inu, German Shepard.


INTRODUCTION.371 CELLULAR IMMUNITY TO INTRACELLULAR PARASITES.372 ROLE OF "VIRULENCE" FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY.37 TRANSFER OF ACQUIRED RESISTANCE FROM VACCINATED TO NORMALRECIPIENTS 5 MEDIATORS OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY.376 Mononuclear Phagocytes.37 "Activated" Macrophages 8 T-Lymphocytes.381 RELATIONSHIP OF DTH TO CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY.387 INDUCTION OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY WITH VARIOUS TYPES OF VACCINE.388 Living Vaccines Inactivated Whole Cells.389 CellComponents. 390 ROLE OF ADJUVANTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY.392 LITERATURECITED.394


Synthetic aperture sonar imagery often captures features that appear similar to sand waves but are actually pockets of denser water traveling as isolated waves along the seafloor. These pockets of cold water refract acoustic waves like a lens, causing intensity peaks and shadows that resemble medium to large scale sand waves. This work uses dynamic ray tracing to predict the intensity return as affected by refraction. First, we explore the nature of the intensity pattern created by internal waves of various shapes and sizes. Then, we use an optimization-based approach to solve the inverse problem: given an intensity pattern, determine the size, shape, and location of the internal wave that created it.


Terahertz (THz) emission from GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires (CSNW) on silicon (100) substrates was investigated using THz time-domain spectroscopy. The applied magnetic field polarity dependence strongly suggests that THz emission originated from photo-carriers in the CSNWs. Optical excitation of the GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell yielded a wider THz emission bandwidth compared with that of just the GaAs core material. This result is currently attributed to faster carrier lifetimes in the AlGaAs shell. The THz emission spectral data are supported by time-resolved photoluminescence studies.


This article examines the operation and performance of African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights since 2007 when it was constituted. It takes a survey of the historical background of the Commission and considers its establishment, membership and independence in comparative perspective with the Inter- American Commission on Human Rights and former European Commission on Human Rights. It points out that taking into consideration the large size of Africa, it is crucially important that the composition of the Commissioners be enlarged. The article evaluates the functions, failures and achievements of the Commission and evaluates the impediments that hinder the Commission from effective performance of its functions since inception. It argues that while some of the obstacles can be overcome by the amendment of the Charter or adoption of Protocols to the Charter, others require political will by African leaders. The article also answers the question whether, with the establishment of the African Court of Human and Peoples' Rights and African Court of Justice and Human Rights that might replace it, the African Commission should be abolished or the Commission should be strengthened by overcoming the obstacles that hinder it from effective performance of its mandates..


OBJECTIVES
This paper explores several critical assumptions and methodological issues arising in cost-effectiveness analyses of genetic screening strategies in the reproductive setting.

METHODS
Seven issues that arose in the development of a decision analysis of alternative strategies for cystic fibrosis carrier screening are discussed. Each of these issues required a choice in technique.

RESULTS
The presentations of these analyses frequently mask underlying assumptions and methodological choices. Often there is no best choice. In the case of genetic screening in the reproductive setting, these underlying issues often touch on deeply felt human values.

CONCLUSIONS
Space limitations for published papers often preclude explaining such choices in detail; yet these decisions determine the way the results should be interpreted. Those who develop these analyses need to make sure that the implications of important assumptions are understood by the clinicians who will use them. At the same time, clinicians need to enhance their understanding of what these models truly mean and how they address underlying clinical, ethical, and economic issues.


Long DRAM latency is a critical performance bottleneck in current systems. DRAM access latency is defined by three fundamental operations that take place within the DRAM cell array: (i) activation of a memory row, which opens the row to perform accesses; (ii) precharge, which prepares the cell array for the next memory access; and (iii) restoration of the row, which restores the values of cells in the row that were destroyed due to activation. There is significant latency variation for each of these operations across the cells of a single DRAM chip due to irregularity in the manufacturing process. As a result, some cells are inherently faster to access, while others are inherently slower. Unfortunately, existing systems do not exploit this variation. The goal of this work is to (i) experimentally characterize and understand the latency variation across cells within a DRAM chip for these three fundamental DRAM operations, and (ii) develop new mechanisms that exploit our understanding of the latency variation to reliably improve performance. To this end, we comprehensively characterize 240 DRAM chips from three major vendors, and make several new observations about latency variation within DRAM. We find that (i) there is large latency variation across the cells for each of the three operations; (ii) variation characteristics exhibit significant spatial locality: slower cells are clustered in certain regions of a DRAM chip; and (iii) the three fundamental operations exhibit different reliability characteristics when the latency of each operation is reduced. Based on our observations, we propose Flexible-LatencY DRAM (FLY-DRAM), a mechanism that exploits latency variation across DRAM cells within a DRAM chip to improve system performance. The key idea of FLY-DRAM is to exploit the spatial locality of slower cells within DRAM, and access the faster DRAM regions with reduced latencies for the fundamental operations. Our evaluations show that FLY-DRAM improves the performance of a wide range of applications by 13.3%, 17.6%, and 19.5%, on average, for each of the three different vendors' real DRAM chips, in a simulated 8-core system. We conclude that the experimental characterization and analysis of latency variation within modern DRAM, provided by this work, can lead to new techniques that improve DRAM and system performance.


In this paper, we consider the blind multiuser detection problem for asynchronous CDMA systems operating in a multipath environment. Using only the spreading code of the desired user, we first mitigate the effect of multiple access interference (MAI) while employing the constrained optimization. The constant modulus algorithm (CMA) is then applied to reliably recover the transmitted information symbol of the desired user rather than one of the interferers. A computationally efficient adaptive algorithms is also developed. Computer simulations confirm the effectiveness of the new blind approach, and the comparisons with the other blind methods show that a significant performance gain is attained.


Summary Objectives: In this report two cases of partial gastrocnemius muscle avulsion treated with pulsed therapeutic ultrasound are described. Methods: The outcome in these two dogs was evaluated using ultrasonographic imaging and the measurement of ground reaction forces with a force plate. Results: Both dogs showed an amelioration of the clinical signs within one month after commencement of the ultrasound therapy. The follow-up time for these cases was one year and six months respectively. Both of the dogs were free of lameness and had returned to their normal amount of exercise. Palpation of the fabella associated with the muscle injury did not produce any signs of pain. Ultrasonographic imaging did not detect any signs of haemorrhage or oedema, although scarring of muscle fibres was present. The force-plate analyses revealed an improvement. Clinical significance: These results suggest that therapeutic ultrasound could be a beneficial treatment modality for this kind of muscle injury.


Iron-ore is the staple raw material required for manufacturing locks. Iron ore price contributes to the cost of
raw material for Dindigul lock makers. High volatility has been widely observed in the prices of Indian iron
ore market. Irrefutably, the Lock maker's optimism has been battered by volatility and thus critically has an
effect on their economic growth. This study develops and examines the conditional volatility model in an
attempt to confine the prominent features of volatility in iron ore prices prevailing in Indian market
confining to the benefit of Dindigul Lock makers. Results of the study exhibit that the high volatility of iron
ore price is expected when the negative shocks are present. The Centre and State government are
accountable in steering rural development through adequate disbursement of credit in the form of incentives
to the lock makers to buy raw materials at an affordable cost.


Models for human thermal evaluation in extreme environments have played a key role in life support, suit, and crewed vehicle development at NASA for many decades. These models, which include the 41-Node Metabolic Man and Wissler models, among others, have proved excellent tools in predicting survivability without performing costly testing in extreme environments. These models have been limited, however, to predictions in simple 1-D environments rather than the highly directional heat load environments experienced in space exploration. A three dimensional geometric interface to the NASA version of the Wissler human thermal model has been developed in Thermal Desktop to better support exploration suit design. This tool is employed in complex radiation environments to improve prediction of survivability in real environments. This paper describes the composition of this new tool and presents results of its predictions in a representative exploration environment.


Dr. Jensen first states that variability of characteristics is a fundamental fact of all human existence, including those characteristics which are commonly labeled "intelligence," He then reports that the results of intelligence testing are related to consequent behavior, including scholastic performance, occupation, income, and health. The next question is whether heredity or environment is more important in determining ability. Dr. Jensen answers that both are important because without both there could be no intelligence. In answering the question "How much of the variation among persons in a given population is attributable to differences in their environments and how much to differences in their endowments?" Dr. Jensen calls upon the results of a number of studies, including studies of fraternal and non fraternal twins, siblings, and animals to conclude that among white, northern European and North American peoples, genetic factors account for at least twice the differences due to environment. More specifically, he finds the average difference among individuals to be 18 IQ points with 80 percent of this variance (16 points) due to genetic factors and 20 percent (2 points) due to environment. Dr. Jensen's condensation of vast amounts of material into a short presentation may lead many listeners to question his conclusions, but if that hurdle can be surmounted, the talk should stimulate considerable discussion over the questions of


PURPOSE
To compare fluid detection of autosegmented en face to 12-line radial spectral domain optical coherence tomography scan patterns in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

METHODS
Retrospective observational case series. Sixty-seven patients (94 eyes) with neovascular age-related macular degeneration underwent autosegmented en face optical coherence tomography (with associated 304-line raster scan) and 12-line radial scan patterns. Sensitivity and specificity of fluid detection for en face scan and 12-line radial scans were determined by combining radial and 304-line raster scans as a gold standard.

RESULTS
Two hundred and fifty-eight en face and 12-line radial spectral domain optical coherence tomography scans were interpreted. Seventy-five scans (58.1%) had fluid, whereas 54 scans (41.9%) did not. En face scan pattern fluid detection sensitivity and specificity was 89.3% and 61.1%, respectively. Twelve-line radial scan pattern fluid detection sensitivity and specificity was 97.3% and 100%, respectively. The difference in fluid detection between scan patterns was statistically significant (P = 0.01). Decreased central macular thickness was associated with false-positive (P = 0.035) and false-negative (P = 0.01) fluid detection on en face scans.

CONCLUSION
En face optical coherence tomography alone is not as sensitive or specific as the 12-line radial scan pattern in detecting fluid in neovascular age-related macular degeneration. En face scans should be corroborated with other optical coherence tomography protocols to guide clinical decision making.


One of the aspects of the information revolution that has had negative implications for many workers is the erosion of the workplace as a basis for long-term security and collective solidarity. The dramatic pace of technological change, complex restructuring of firms, and continual competitive pressures for rapid innovation that are a central component of the information economy are contributing to fundamental transformations in work and employment. As part of this transformation, the trend towards the centralization of production in large enterprises that was the dominant feature of the industrial era is being superseded by production organized around smaller workplaces connected together in complex, constantly shifting networks operating at multiple spatial scales, from the local to the global. For many workers, one result is greater insecurity, as they increasingly have to update their skills, change jobs and even change careers more frequently. Some analysts have gone so far as to characterize the typical information age worker as a "free-floating individual, connected on-line to a variety of task-performing organizations, ever-competing for resources and personal support, and assuming limited responsibilities towards limited people for a limited time".


The paper specifies a simple search and matching model of the labor market and studies how well the model can describe aggregate Croatian labor market dynamics. The model developed is a discrete-time search and matching model with convex vacancy posting costs and two types of shocks: productivity and separation shocks. The model is estimated on unemployment and vacancy data during the period from 2012 to 2020 by using Bayesian methods. The model fits the data well and the estimation shows that productivity shocks are the main driving force of the fluctuations in the labor market, especially for the case of vacancies and output, while the separation shock process accounts for a large percentage of unemployment fluctuations.


. GPUs has been widely used in scientific computing, as by offering exceptional performance as by power-efficient hardware. Its position established in high-performance and scientific computing communities has increased the urgency of understanding the power cost of GPU usage in accurate measurements. For this, the use of internal sensors are extremely important. In this work, we employ the GPU sensors to obtain high-resolution power profiles of real and benchmark applications. We wrote our own tools to query the sensors of two NVIDIA GPUs from different generations and compare the accuracy of them. Also, we compare the power profile of GPU with CPU using IPMItool.


From the author of Triathlete magazine's popular Complete Triathlon Book comes this follow-up, an invaluable guidebook offering dozens of different training plans for triathletes of all ability and experience levels. The book shows any triathlete how to build up their training every week to hit their ultimate goal, for any distance format - from short sprints and Olympic distance events all the way up to half-Ironman and Ironman races. Good-humoured narrative text accompanies detailed workout schedules and guidelines, as well as weekly goals. 'At-a-glance' and 'week-by-week' breakdown calendars simplify the training process and coaching tips that focus on particular aspects of training appear throughout. In addition the book includes off-season training plans and photo-illustrated supplemental stretching, strength and power exercises.


Background: Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are clonal malignant diseases that represent a group of conditions including polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). The aim of this study was to evaluate possible correlations between JAK2V617F allele burden and clinicohematologic characteristics in Iranian patients with MPNs. We also aimed at determining the correlation between JAK2V617F allele burden and use of cyto reductive treatment (hydroxyurea). Materials and Methods: We performed ARMS-PCR for all MPNs samples and subsequently performed real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for JAK2V617F allele burden measurement using DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes. Results: Two distinct groups of patients were examined at a single time point: group A (n=40; 20 PV, 20 ET) was examined at the time of diagnosis; group B (n=85; 40 PV, 30 ET and 15 PMF) while under treatment with hydroxyurea (HU). The median allele burden of the JAK2 V617F was 72% for PV and 49% for ET patients at the time of diagnosis (p=0.01). For patients with HU treatment, we determined the median JAK2V617F allele burden to be 43%, 40%, and 46.5 % in PV, ET and PMF patients; respectively. HU-treated PV patients had a significant lower %JAK2V617F than PV patients at the time of diagnosis (43% vs. 72%, p=0.005). In ET group, the relationship between the JAK2 V617F allele burden and leukocyte count was significant (p=0.02 and p=0.01 in untreated and treated patients, respectively). Conclusions: Our results showed that patients with PV have a higher JAK2V617F allele burden. Moreover, our study demonstrated that the JAK2V617F allele burden correlates with clinical features in ET group. We also showed hydroxyurea can affect the JAK2V617F allele burden in PV patients.


Author(s): Abrell, Leif M. | Abstract: Research results described here are from experiments conducted in organic chemistry and marine microbiology. Sponge derived chemistry has provided the marine natural products field with a higher percentage of bioactive leads than temstrial plants or microorganisms. Inspection of these bioactive leads reveals structure types that occur in more than one Demosponge or invertebrate species. It has been hypothesized that this trend indicates complex biosyntheses occmring which include microorganisms associated with the sponges. This theme built on circumstantial evidence is discussed first.Initially we investigated jasplakinolide's occurrence from unrelated sponges including Jaspis aff. johnstoni. Fungi were cultured from this sponge to test the possibility of microorganism biosynthetic involvement. From an unidentified culture we discovered the coriolins, previously known from the temstrial fungus Coriolus consors, and new sesquiterpenes named the chloriolins. We tested the biosynthetic potential of C. consors by growing it in liquid broths with varied salt and fresh water media. We characterized a new coriolin type compound and new and known piperazine diones.Fungi were cultured from the sponge Jaspis aff. coriacea including one strain identified as Aspergillus ochraceus. This fungus produced novel chlorinated polyketides named chlorocarolides which appear to have no ecological connection with sponge's known metabolites. However they do appear analogous to the known Aspergillus metabolite carotic acid. Relative stereochemistry of the chlorocarolides was solved by 1H NMR coupling and molecular modeling analysis.Our fungi library isolated from sponge tissue provided culture extracts screened in two ways: for bioactivity using in-house and off-campus cancer-based bioassays, and for large molecular weight compounds using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS). Polyketides isolated include new nectriapyrones and the novel compound 14,15-secocurvularin. ESIMS results assisted our dereplication process of known compounds isolated.We have shown sponges are a good source for isolating fungi cultures and these cultures may be extracted and purified to provide new and bioactive metabolites from polyketide, terpene, and polypeptide structure classes. Our results indicate that the culturable fungi do not influence the biosynthesis of sponges as once hypothesized and that other classes of microorganisms may merit investigation for their ability to influence sponge metabolite biosynthesis.


Spondias purpurea L., is a deciduous tree of tropical America is grown in Mexico and South America, and is originally from the West Indies, the red mombin belonging to the semi fruit acid, astringent yellow flesh, juicy and pleasant aroma, and contains the following components: fat, carbohydrates, fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamins A, C and calories. The objective of this study was to make the incorporation of red mombin in different concentrations of syrup and evaluate them as stuffed with Mozzarella cheese and give added value to these products. Four formulations were established with red mombin syrup between 20 and 40% of sucrose. The physical-chemical characteristics (pH, soluble solids, ash and moisture) were determined by COVENIN methods and a completely randomized design, determined that there were significant differences in soluble solids, ash and moisture as it incorporates the sucrose red mombin syrup. The evaluation of the acceptability of the attributes color, smell, taste, texture, sweetness and appearance of cheeses stuffed with red mumbin in syrup at different concentrations was conducted by an untrained panel of 80 consumers. The Mozzarella cheese stuffed with red mombin in syrup with greater acceptance by consumers was the syrup formulation with 30% sucrose (Wilconxon, p <0.05). The red mombin syrup to be incorporated as fillers in Mozzarella cheese from buffalo milk improves the flavor attributes, color, texture and appearance.


Health care professionals often encounter patients who refuse a recommended treatment plan. Overriding a patient's right to autonomy has ethical, legal, and moral consequences. Incapacity is the determination by a physician that a patient lacks the ability to make informed decisions about his or her health care. The fundamentals needed for evaluating and documenting patients' capacity to make decisions regarding their personal medical care are provided.


Poverty is a problem which always appear in each economy. Whom live in the poverty is the victim from economy system which unbiased in their limitation. During the time economy system tend pay attention to the economy growth compared with result redistributing of development, so the wide of disparity become progressively. In fact, both of the other is not interfere in, exactly it contrary strengthening each other. Economy growth can be done at the same time with result of redistributing development. Here, government is the important roles, with their policy, government can be redistribute result of economy growth so it can be prosperous all the people in the region. The region with have own resources, really have larger opportunity than other region to decrease the poverty. With that properties, government can make a lot of programs to decrease the poverty. But the history indicate that a lot of states which have not resources  get better prosperity than state which rich of resources. The management of resource is the key, if truly managed will become benediction, but if not truly managed it will become curses. Keywords : poverty, economy growth, resources


KONIG. .; SCHWAB, M.: Tectonic Structure of the north-western part of the elke nappe at the northern margin of the Harz Mountains. - Hercynia N.F. 34: 129- 159. The Selke nappe is situated at the northern margin of the Harz Mountains, which is the tectonic border between the Variscan basement and the Triassic-Mesozoic sequence of the subhercynian region. The allochthonous Upper Devonian volcano- sedimentary secquence of about 800 m overlays the parautochthonous Lower Carboniferous rock of the Harzgerode Zone. A new mapping of the area and detailed tectonic examination in the quarry Rieder near Ballenstedt were the basis for a reconstruction of the structural processes that occur at the northwestern part of the Selke nappe. Three factors are responsible for the complex character of the structural cond- itions of the rocks : the nappe tectonics caused by the deposition of the Selke nappe; the northward overthrusting of the Palaeozoic Harz block over the Mesozoic sediments along the northern Harz boundary; and the rotation of single segment of Palaeozoic rock at wrench- fault upthrusting segments , the so called "Sporne". There was no indication for a common deformation between the Palaeozoic and the steeply dipping Cretaceous sandstones of the "Teufelsmauer" which were erected and overturned during the Santonian uplift. Keywords: Rhenoherzynikum, Harz, Harznordrand. Selke-Decke, Tektonik. Grauwacke, Rieder, Ballenstedt


ConsHMM is a method recently introduced to annotate genomes into conservation states, which are defined based on the combinatorial and spatial patterns of which species align to and match a reference genome in a multi-species DNA sequence alignment. Previously, ConsHMM was only applied to a single genome for one multi-species sequence alignment. Here we apply ConsHMM to produce 22 additional genome annotations covering human and seven other organisms for a variety of multi-species alignments. Additionally, we have extended ConsHMM to generate allele specific annotations, which we used to produce conservation state annotations for every possible single nucleotide mutation in the human genome. Finally, we provide a web interface to interactively visualize parameters and annotation enrichments for ConsHMM models. These annotations and visualizations comprise the ConsHMM Atlas, which we expect will be a valuable resource for analyzing a variety of major genomes and genetic variation.


Background : Practicing hand hygiene is a simple yet effective way to prevent infections. Cleaning hands can prevent the spread of germs, including those resistant to antibiotics and are becoming difficult, if not impossible, to treat. On average, healthcare providers clean their hands less than half of the times they should. Aim of the study : This study aimed to apply the health belief model based educational intervention on hand hygiene performance among nurses working in adults and pediatric intensive care units. Materials and methods : A quasi experimental research design was used in this study. The study was conducted at pediatric and adult intensive care unit; at Tanta University Hospital. All available nurses 262who are working in the previously mentioned settings as the following: 118 nurses working in pediatric intensive care unit nurse and 144nurse working in adult intensive care unit. Tools of the study : Four tools were used to collect the data Tool I: Nurses' knowledge regarding Hand Hygiene Structured Questionnaire: it consisted of two parts: Part1 : Socio demographic data of the nurses Part II : Nurses' Knowledge Regarding Hand Hygiene Performance. Tool II : Assessment of Nurses Barriers of Hand Hygiene Performance Questionnaire, Tool III: Hand Hygiene Perception Survey and Tool IV: Hand Hygiene Performance Observational Checklist . Result; the mean score of total hand hygiene performance using soap and water of nurses working in pediatric ICUs were 8. 85±1.02 and 10.10±1.84, while among adult ICUs nurses were 8.37±1.75and10.20±0.80 pre and post the educational intervention respectively. There was a significant difference of both groups in the; five Health Belief Model Construct in addition to nurses' identified barriers of hand hygiene pre and post the intervention. Conclusion and recommendations : Total hand hygiene performance level and HBM construct regarding hand hygiene performance were higher among nurses working in pediatric and adult ICUs nurses post than pre application of the HBM educational intervention. Also, higher mean scores of the barriers of hand hygiene performance among all nurses in both ICUs pre compared to post intervention. Periodic and refreshment educational intervention related to hand hygiene is recommended for adult and pediatric ICUs nurses to improve their hand hygiene performance and further study for barriers in other ICUs is recommended. Keywords: Health Belief Model -Based Educational intervention, Hand Hygiene Performance


Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a new disease of unknown aetiology and probably a new strain of coronavirus is thought to be responsible for the disease. After originating from south-east China it has spread to several countries across the world. Patients of SARS suffer from fever with cough and dyspnoea. The virus spreads by droplet to nearby contacts and has high tendency to spread to the healthcare providers. Since the aetiology is not yet clear exact treatment is not yet defined and hence prevention is of utmost importance.


Newborn and mature inner ears from the guinea pig and the CBA/CBA mouse were explanted to an in vitro system. Special attention was paid to the secretory regions of the labyrinth showing surviving cells during the investigated period of 1 week on organ culture. Cells comprising the stria vascularis and the dark cells of the vestibular organs were both morphologically rather well preserved. Degenerative cytological alterations became apparent towards the end of the culture period.


The diarrhetic shellfish toxin composition in the digestive glands of mussels collected in June 2001 from the Northern Adriatic sea was investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. Along with known yessotoxins (1, 3-6), identified by comparison of their retention times and mass spectra with those of appropriate standards, a new marine toxin, 42,43,44,45,46,47,55-heptanor-41-oxoyessotoxin, 7, was detected. MS/MS experiments were used to gain structural information. 7 represents a new addition to the class of yessotoxins.


Record of cases of coccidiosis infection in Ekiti State were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Veterinary Division, Ekiti State, from 2007- 2009. In 2007, of the 14 cases of coccidiosis infection reported, January had the highest percentage of 71.4% while the least percentage of 7.1% was recorded in May. In 2008, there were 34 cases of coccidiosis reported, October had the highest percentage of 47.1% and the least percentage of 2.9% was recorded in February and July, Also, in 2009 there were 35 cases reported with October having the highest percentage of 40% while April recorded the least percentage of 5.7%. There was no significant difference (t 0.256; P > 0.05) in the percentages of occurrence of coccidiosis between 2007 and 2008. Similarly, the percentage of occurrence of coccidiosis between 2008 and 2009 was not significant (t 0.374; P > 0.05). Measures aimed at eradicating the disease are highlighted.


The development of biodegradable packaging is a challenge, as conventional plastics have many advantages in terms of high flexibility, transparency, low cost, strong mechanical characteristics, and high resistance to heat compared with most biodegradable plastics. The quality of biodegradable materials and the research needed for their improvement for meat packaging were critically evaluated in this study. In terms of sustainability, biodegradable packagings are more sustainable than conventional plastics; however, most of them contain unsustainable chemical additives. Cellulose showed a high potential for meat preservation due to high moisture control. Polyhydroxyalkanoates and polylactic acid (PLA) are renewable materials that have been recently introduced to the market, but their application in meat products is still limited. To be classified as an edible film, the mechanical properties and acceptable control over gas and moisture exchange need to be improved. PLA and cellulose-based films possess the advantage of protection against oxygen and water permeation; however, the addition of functional substances plays an important role in their effects on the foods. Furthermore, the use of packaging materials is increasing due to consumer demand for natural high-quality food packaging that serves functions such as extended shelf-life and contamination protection. To support the importance moving toward biodegradable packaging for meat, this review presented novel perspectives regarding ecological impacts, commercial status, and consumer perspectives. Those aspects are then evaluated with the specific consideration of regulations and perspective in the European Union (EU) for employing renewable and ecological meat packaging materials. This review also helps to highlight the situation regarding biodegradable food packaging for meat in the EU specifically.


The place for personal responsibility within healthcare has been highly contested within academic debate. Meanwhile, leading causes of death within the United States have shifted to chronic disease as a result of lifestyle behaviours suggesting the need for health promotion to take action. In this position paper, I will argue that the less punitive element of personal responsibility implied by health promotion is both ethically justifiable and beneficial as a means of empowering the individual, population and healthcare system as a whole. Several counter-arguments are presented and subsequently refuted: health responsibility unduly places blame upon vulnerable populations; administration of negative sanctions based on health responsibility is difficult; and actions detrimentally affecting health are not certain to be autonomously undertaken by the individual. Arguments in favour are then presented: a dependence of the population upon the healthcare system has been created; empowerment is effective as the central guiding principle of health promotion; and sensible care for oneself should be a duty of citizens, which they are required to fulfill as the healthcare system is not in a position to act as an unlimited resource. As such, health promotion must continue to emphasize the importance of sensible health behaviour as a means of empowering individuals through self responsibility.


Spatial reconstruction of tectonic stresses within the Subpolar Ural quartz crystal-containing province was conducted by the kinematic method [Gushchenko, 1973, 1979] based on the main indicators of tectonic stresses on slickensides. Local stress states (LSS) and general stress fields for large blocks were reconstructed by the method described in [Sim, Marinin, 2015]. In the blocks with numerous occurrences of quartz crystal (Pelingichey and Omega-Shor blocks), the general stress fields is characterized by a stress state close to uniaxial tension, i.e. the Lode-Nadai coefficient µ=–1. In these blocks, thick quartz veins are perpendicular to the tension axis of the general stress field. In the block without quartz crystal (West Saled), the general stress field is characterized by a triaxial stress state or pure shear state (–1˂µσ˂+1). The LSS of the quartz crystal deposits show the following: the stress state of µ=–1 is typical of quartz veins without quartz crystal nests, and a special kind of stress state is reconstructed near the nests with piezoelectric material. It is named a variation of the type of stress state (VTSS), which means that within one tectonic stage, the type of stress state changes approximately as follows: µσ=+1 (40 %), µσ=–1 (40 %), and –1˂µσ˂+1. It means that in the piezoelectric mineral deposits, pulsating tectonic stresses provided for a fluid flow of hydrothermal solutions at the intersection of ore-bearing and ore-controling faults when tension (µ=–1) was replaced with compression (µ=+1), while the orientations of compression and tension axes remained unchanged. Apparently, such a regime was caused by alternating activation of the above-mentioned faults. The tectonic stress reconstructions were performed for 33 mineral deposits and occurrences of quartz crystal. VTSS was determined in 32 deposits; one mineral occurrence is characterized by uniaxial tension. Therefore, we propose using VTSS (variation of the type of stress state) as a criterion for predicting the locations of quartz crystal deposits.


A review. Pd-based membranes have gained great attention since they can be effectively used for gas sepn. or in (catalytic) membrane reactors (MRs). A Pd-based membrane reactor is a device able to combine catalytic reactions with sepn. properties of Pd-membranes which can give big improvements in terms of conversion and/or selectivity for a variety of reactions with respect to a traditional system. A defect free Pd-based membrane allowing only hydrogen to permeate can shift the equil. reaction towards the products and, at the same time, can lead to a prodn. of pure (CO-free) hydrogen useful for fuel cell applications. A Pd-based membrane can also be applied for distributive feeding of hydrogen during methanol prodn. giving an increase of conversion per pass. In this chapter the synthesis of different kinds of Pd-based membranes (self supported, composite dense, composite porous, with high/low Pd content) is introduced and discussed. In the second part of the chapter the use of Pd-based membrane reactors for the efficient pure hydrogen prodn. via different reactions (dry reforming, steam reforming, and partial oxidn. of methane/ethanol) as well as their use in methanol prodn. is considered from both a theor. and an exptl. point of view. The results show that with Pd-based membrane reactors it is possible to obtain both higher conversion and higher selectivity with respect to a traditional reactor operating at the same conditions. Some examples of catalytic membranes (Pd or other noble metals) are also presented.


CONTEXT
Cardiometabolic disease (CMD) frequently occurs in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), with growing awareness surrounding the expansive scope of this problem. As CMD has significant morbidity and mortality, early guidelines-based screening and management have been established. However, the extent to which these guidelines have been adopted are unclear.

OBJECTIVE
Describe physicians' screening and management pattern for CMD in patients with SCI, as compared to SCI-specific CMD screening guidelines, and elucidate variables linked to screening and management patterns.

METHODS
SCI medicine-boarded physicians were surveyed on screening timing for CMD following acute SCI, along with their practice pattern and comfort level managing common CMD risk factors.

RESULTS
Of the forty-seven SCI medicine physicians that responded, 62% felt the ideal timing for CMD screening is 6 months after the acute injury. Of these same physicians, few were screening for insulin resistance and lipid dysregulation prior to 6 months after injury. In addition, less than half felt comfortable writing new prescriptions for anti-glycemic and anti-lipid medications. Furthermore, no association was found between the amount of CMD education with screening or management patterns. Finally, VA-based providers were more likely to screen for CMD within 6 months of injury and were more comfortable managing/starting anti-glycemic medications and statins.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the presence of SCI-specific CMD guidelines, gaps in screening and management practices still exist, most notably with insulin resistance and lipid dysregulation. VA-based providers generally screen and manage CMD risk factors more effectively, and further CMD education could consider emulating VA training modules.


End of Paradise? Luxembourg and Its Banking Secrecy in the Net of Multilateralism

W
hat are the resources of a small state when it is exposed to major international pressure? The manner with which Luxembourg negotiated the end of banking secrecy for more than fifteen years at the European and international levels demonstrates that committed participation, controlling operating rules of international organizations, delaying and imposing conditions, responding to political transformations, and forming alliances are all instruments which allow a small state to defend its interests successfully. Through the study of Luxembourg's resilience, one understands why a multilateral negotiations withdrawal strategy can lead a small state to be deadlocked and should be, therefore, a one-time response to crisis situations. Conversely, even though it is impossible to win in bilateral relations with a large country, it turns out that a selective multilateral engagement strategy can turn a small state into a true force multiplier. ■


Measurements of nuclear spin-dependent parity-violating (NSD-PV) effects provide an excellent opportunity to test nuclear models and to search for physics beyond the Standard Model. Molecules possess closely-spaced states with opposite parity which may be easily tuned to degeneracy to greatly enhance the observed parity-violating effects. A high-sensitivity measurement of NSD-PV effects using light triatomic molecules is in preparation [E. B. Norrgard, et al., Commun. Phys. 2, 77 (2019)]. Importantly, by comparing these measurements in light nuclei with prior and ongoing measurements in heavier systems, the contribution to NSD-PV from $Z^0$-boson exchange between the electrons and the nuclei may be separated from the contribution of the nuclear anapole moment. Furthermore, light triatomic molecules offer the possibility to search for new particles, such as the postulated $Z^{\prime}$ boson. In this work, we detail a sensitive measurement scheme and present high-accuracy molecular and nuclear calculations needed for interpretation of NSD-PV experiments on triatomic molecules composed of light elements Be, Mg, N, and C. The ab initio nuclear structure calculations, performed within the No-Core Shell Model (NCSM) provide a reliable prediction of the magnitude of different contributions to the NSD-PV effects in the four nuclei. These results differ significantly from the predictions of the standard single-particle model and highlight the importance of including many-body effects in such calculations. In order to extract the NSD-PV contributions from measurements, a parity-violating interaction parameter $W_{\text{PV}}$, which depends on molecular structure, needs to be known with high accuracy. We have calculated these parameters for the triatomic molecules of interest using the relativistic coupled-cluster approach.


The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of ovarian cancer on the quality of life of women. We used the single-case-study method for our investigation. We include a description of this method which corresponds to the procedure used in this case. Six main areas were noted, which mirrored the patient's experience: initial confrontation with the diagnosis, change in the woman's perception of her own body, feelings of female inadequacy, concerns about sexuality, fear and doubt, and changes in social life. These points are discussed with respect to the patient, the literature, medical care and medical practice. As a result of this examination it is possible to say that a woman's life is greatly influenced by gynecological disease, although the impact will depend on the woman's age, marital status, and ideas about the illness, all of which are linked to individual factors and the degree of familial and social support. This highlights the importance of the individual care and consultation services provided by oncologists.


A 35‐year‐old woman developed bilateral jugular thrombosis in the seventh gestational week in a twin pregnancy after severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Due to progressive thrombosis and further complications despite anticoagulation therapy, the pregnancy was terminated in the ninth gestational week. Thromboembolic events are a serious complication associated with OHSS after assisted reproduction techniques. In these cases, a pregnancy can usually be protected by administering anticoagulation therapy, but our case shows that there may be exceptions to this. Screening for thrombophilia should be considered in patients who are at risk for OHSS and deep vein thrombosis.


Background Since the SG (Safe Goods) Standards for a baby chair was enacted by Consumer Product Safety Association in 1981, no revision has been made for 30 years. During these years, new types of products to which the SG Standards did not apply became available, serious injuries related to old type chairs were reported, and other issues came up related to a baby chair. Then it is necessary to revise the standard as soon as possible. The purpose of this study is to analyse baby chair-related injury data and revise the safety quality requirements. Methods We analysed 99 baby chair-related injuries that required ambulance transport to identify a specific body part being caught and a part of a chair that caused injury in cooperation with Tokyo Fire Department. Results The body parts caught in a baby pipe chair, a metal-pipe-frame low chair which is usually cheap with simple design, were: fingers (31 cases), feet (18 cases), head/neck (10 cases), toes (8 cases), and ankles (4 cases). Among 99 cases, 10 cases occurred in 0 year old, 28 cases in 1 year old, 26 cases in 2 years old, 13 cases in 3 years old, 14 cases in 4 years old, and 5 cases in 5 years old. When a child's body size is within 25 percentiles, his or her head is bigger than a trunk. Thus, in order to check the entrapment and strangulation hazard, we developed a probe (95×140mm) which mimics a trunk of a child body utilising data on a body trunk jig dimension suited for Japanese infants of National Institute of Technology and Evaluation. The revised standard requires that we must use the developed probe to check injury risk. Conclusions As a result of injury data analysis, we found that children under 2 were more prone to a baby chair-related injury and understood how injury occurred in details. When a child's head is caught in clearance between the parts of a baby chair, it might cause suffocation. We developed a trunk probe to check injury risk for a pipe chair for ages 7–36 months and established a new safety standard requirement. From this standard revision process, we re-learned the importance of injury data analysis to understand how a consumer product is used in our daily lives with children. Members of the committee, including product design professionals did not know how a child is caught in a baby chair. It is very important to remember that not only professionals' opinions and discussions but also injury data should be fully utilised to establish safety quality requirements for consumer products.


Background: In vitro enteral feeding systems were used to investigate the effect that withdrawal of the guidewire from the feeding tube has on bacteria ascending from a patients' stomach or intestine via the feeding tube to the giving set and nutrient container of the feeding system. Methods: Enteral feeding systems were assembled with the feeding tube running into nutrient broth contaminated with Klebsiella aerogenes. The enteral feeding tubes were held in different orientations (horizontal and vertical) to examine the effect in both prostrate and ambulant patients. The guidewire was removed either prior to or after the enteral feeding tube had been inserted into the K. aerogenes broth. Feed was then run through the systems for 24 h, with feed samples being collected from the distal (patient) end of the giving set at 0 and 24 h. Results: After 24 h, 103–108 c.f.u. (colony forming units) K. aerogenes/ml were detected in feed samples taken from the distal end of the giving set in systems where the guidewire had been removed after the enteral feeding tube had been inserted into the contaminated broth (both orientations), but K. aerogenes was not detected in samples from systems in which the guidewire had been removed before the end of the tube was inserted into the broth (both orientations). However, when the latter feed samples were enriched (i.e. incubated at 37 °C for a further 24 h to detect if very low levels of bacteria were present in the original sample), 40% of samples from systems with horizontally orientated tubes, and 20% from systems with vertically orientated tubes were positive for the test organism. K. aerogenes was not detected in any samples of feed taken from the nutrient container or just below the drip chamber. Conclusion: The results demonstrate: (i) that bacteria ascend the feeding tube over a 24-h period (retrograde contamination) and (ii) removal of the guidewire can contribute to the colonization of the lumen of the feeding tube and distal end of the giving set with bacteria from a patients' own flora.


To improve the existing trial-and-error process in designing a microfluidic T-junction, a systematic study of the geometrical (mainly the channel length) effects on the generated bubbly/slug flow was conducted to figure out basic design guidelines based on experimental and theoretical analyses. A driving system with dual constant pressure sources, instead of the commonly used dual constant volume-rate sources (such as two syringe pumps), was chosen in this study. The newly proposed effective pressure ratio (P(e)*) has revealed its advantages in excluding the surface tension effect of fluids. All the data of generated bubbly/slug flow for a given geometry collapse excellently into the same relationship of void fraction and effective pressure ratio. This relationship is insensitive to the liquid viscosity and the operation range is strongly affected by the geometrical effect, i.e., the channel length ratio of downstream to total equivalent length of the main channel in a T-junction chip. As to the theoretical design and analysis of gas-liquid-flow characteristics in a microfluidic T-junction, which is still sporadic in the literature, the proposed semi-empirical model has successfully predicted the operation boundaries and the output flow rate of bubbly/slug flow of different investigated cases and demonstrated its usability.


The aim of this research was to identify nifH and nifHDKYE ′ genes in twenty strains of N2‐fixing heterotrophic bacteria isolated from rice fields in the Yangtze River Plain. Southern hybridization of the total DNA from each strain was performed with the Klebsiella pneumoniae nifHDKYE ′ gene probe (6.2 kb Eco RI fragment from pSA30) and the Azospirillum brasilense nifH gene probe (0.6 kb Eco RI‐Hin dIII fragment from pHU8). We found that Eco RI fragments of total DNA from Aeromonas hydrophila HY2, Bacillus azotoformans FD, Bacillus licheniformis NCH1, NCH5, WH4, Bacillus brevis NC2, Bacillus pumilus NC12, Bacillus cereus NCH2, Citrobacter freundii HY5, HY9, Derxia gummosa HZ5, Pseudomonas mendocina HZ1 and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes WH3 were positively hybridized with both of the probes. Agrobacterium radiobacter HY17, Corynebacterium sp. HY12, YZ and Pseudomonas sp. HY11 had Eco RI fragments hybridized with the K. pneumoniae nifHDKYE ′ gene probe. An Eco RI fragment of total DNA from Bacillus megaterium YY4 was positively hybridized to the A. brasilense nifH gene probe. No hybridization sign was found in the total DNA fragments from Alcaligenes cupidus YY6 and Corynebacterium sp. NC11 hybridized with either of the gene probes. The data provide the number and size of EcoRI fragments of the total DNA hybridized with the nif gene probes for these strains of rarely studied species, suggesting additional evidence for N2 fixing and nif gene diversity of N2‐fixing bacteria in rice fields along the Yangtze River Plain. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


This article examines the outcomes of a Caroline Plummer Fellowship in Community Dance project that I facilitated for people living with cancer. Through the project people with cancer, or those associated with someone living with cancer, were invited to come together to create and perform a dance through a series of ten weekly sessions titled 'A Circle of Life'. In this article I reflect on the experiences of the participants as they moved from different levels of nervous apprehension to a place of confidence and pride. The project involved collaborations with University of Otago Arts Fellows and community artists as we moved through a ten-week period. The findings indicated the motivation of the dancers to continue attending sessions, despite hardship; their sense of pride in being part of something that was larger than themselves; the way the dance permitted them to embody a sense of courage; and finally, in performing, how they managed to share something that genuinely moved an audience.


Twenty four varieties of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), developed by different centres which located at diverse eco-geographical origins of the country, were undertaken in present investigations to determine divergence for seed yield and its 10 component traits. Tocher method of hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to group the varieties. Varieties were grouped into four clusters. All varieties were grouped in four clusters that showed narrow genetics base of Indian varieties. Intra-cluster distance was highest in cluster III followed by cluster II, IV and I. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters III and I are 17.91 and 3.86 respectively. The varieties in cluster I were Hisar Sugandh, Hisar Anand, RCr-20, RCr-435, RCr-436, RCr-446, RCr-684, Swathi, Sadhana, Sindhu, Sudha, Rajendra Swati, GCr-1, GCr-2, CO-1, CO-2, CO-3, CO-4. The variety falling in cluster II is JD-1.The varieties falling in cluster III were NRCSS ACr-1, RCr-41and Azad Dhania-1. The varieties falling in cluster IV were Hisar Surubhi and Pant Haritma. Among the 10 characters studied for genetic divergence, days to 50% flowering contributed the maximum accounting for 49.64% of total divergence, followed by test weight (17.03%).


The current study examines the association between parental support and adolescent sleep under varying levels of family stress. Participants included 316 adolescents (Mage  = 16.40 years, 43% male) and their parents (Mage  = 45.67 years, 91% mothers) from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Both adolescents and parents completed questionnaires and adolescents wore wrist actigraphs and completed self-reports on their sleep for 7 consecutive days. Results indicated that under contexts of family stress, more parental support was linked to longer sleep duration, less sleep variability, and less time spent awake during the night. Findings suggest that under contexts of family stress, cohesive family relationships may provide a sense of stability and security that is necessary for healthful sleep.


This paper outlines the three main field bus type standards: FOUNDATION Fieldbus; WorldFIP; and the CAN bus, each of which have great advantages over traditional instrumentation networking technology. The paper shows, using their specification, how they improve traditional control and data acquisition methods. By analysing the main fieldbus types the paper shows how they are more robust, how they can be used to distribute data around the control system (rather than centralise it in traditional systems), provided increased diagnostic information, are easy to implement, fault confinement, and move simple control operations from the main controller to the local environment. This will help to segment industrial plants into zones which can control themselves. The main control will then be responsibility of high-level control, and interzone communications. The paper concludes by discussing how fieldbusses will answer many of the problems of previous control and data acquisition systems.


This paper presents an intelligent autonomous parking system with multi-functions. The integrated system consists of two sub-systems, namely the Fuzzy-Based Onboard System and control center. Unlike most current auto-parking experiments, this FBOS enables the car to perform both slot detection and parking under two different parking modes. Facilitated by the control center, real-time monitoring is also achieved to reduce chances of error.


This paper deals with the problem regarding the optimal siting and sizing of distribution static compensators (D-STATCOMs) in electrical distribution networks to minimize the expected total annual operating costs. These costs are associated with the investments made in D-STATCOMs and expected energy losses costs. To represent the electrical behavior of the distribution networks, a power flow formulation is used which includes voltages, currents, and power as variables via incidence matrix representation. This formulation generates a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model that accurately represents the studied problem. However, in light of the complexities involved in solving this MINLP model efficiently, this research proposes a mixed-integer convex reformulation. Numerical results regarding the final annual operating costs of the network demonstrate that the proposed mixed-integer convex model is efficient for selecting and locating D-STATCOMs in distribution networks, with the main advantage that it is applicable to radial and meshed distribution grid configurations. A comparative analysis with respect to metaheuristic optimizers and convex approximations confirms the robustness of the proposed formulation. All numerical validations were conducted in the MATLAB programming environment with our own scripts (in the case of metaheuristics) and the CVX convex disciplined tool via the Gurobi solver. In addition, the exact MINLP model is solved using the GAMS software.


This research explains the problem of usury law and its interpretation in financial transactions personally conducted by the public in insurance institutions as well as bank interest from the thought wahbah zuhaili and provide the solution. According to him, usury is divided into the first three types, riba fadh, second, riba yad and third riba nasiah. Wahbah zuhaili argues that the forbidden interest is usury that multiplies both the little and the amount of interest obtained because it is the same as the rib element. The prohibition of usury (usurios) in Islam based on moral and humanitarian considerations because the essence of usury prohibition is the elimination of all forms of economic practice that cause injustice and injustice. And the impact of interest on the economy will lead to a slowdown in economic growth. This method of writing a journal is based on the study of the library by conducting an in-depth review of wahbah zuhaili's books, books, interpretations and writings on bank interest, usury and related to it. The purpose of this writing is to know the laws, practices of usury and solutions in order to avoid the practice of usury inflicted on the economy.


Chest physiotherapy is well supported for the treatment of respiratory complications in adults undergoing mechanical ventilation in intensive care. This narrative literature review aims to establish the current evidence available regarding chest physiotherapy in paediatric intensive care populations, specifically infants. Due to anatomical and physiological differences infants have greater incidence of respiratory complications when ventilated. Search methods: a search of the databases MEDLINE and CINHAL was undertaken. Search terms used related to physiotherapy in paediatric populations and new chest physiotherapy techniques 'chest squeezing' and 'ventilator hyperinflation'. Limits were articles in English, published between 2000-2014. Only three articles were found relating to chest squeezing in children and no literature related to Ventilator Hyperinflation (VHI) and paediatrics. Consequently adult literature has also been included. Results: This review identified that chest physiotherapy may be more advantageous when combined with hyperinflation, yet, failed to identify any significant differences between VHI and Manual Hyperinflation (MHI) as an adjunct. This finding however likely reflects insufficient evidence rather than real equivalence between techniques, thus, identifying a need for further research to investigate how chest squeezing works and whether VHI is more effective than MHI for ventilated infants.


Platelet lysates (PL) contain a selection of proteins and growth factors (GFs) that are known to mediate cell activity. Many of these biomolecules have been identified as chemoattractants with the capacity to induce cell migration. In order to effectively deliver and retain these biomolecules to the site of injury, a scaffold containing PL could be an option. We use poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels consisting of 90 vol % PL to investigate their migratory potential on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Cells exposed to these hydrogels were tracked, resulting in cell trajectories and detailed migratory parameters (velocity, Euclidean distance, directness, and forward migration index). Volumetric swelling ratios, hydrogel mechanical properties, and the release kinetics of proteins and GFs from hydrogels were also assessed. Furthermore, hMSC spheroids were encapsulated within the hydrogels to qualitatively assess cell invasion by means of sprouting and disintegration of the spheroid. Cell spheroids encapsulated within the PL-PEG gels exhibited initial outgrowths and eventually colonized the 3D matrix successfully. Results from this study confirmed that hMSCs exhibit directional migration toward the PL-loaded hydrogel with increased velocity and directness, compared to the controls. Overall, the incorporation of PL renders the PEG hydrogel bioactive. This study demonstrates the capacity of PL-loaded hydrogel constructs to attract stem cells for endogenous tissue engineering purposes.


Residual moisture in hot asphalt-aggregate paving mixtures is a function of aggregate type, environmental conditions, and production rate. This moisture is detrimental to pavement performance. Residual moisture can be controlled, but a simple method is needed to measure the moisture content of asphalt-aggregate paving mixtures during the construction process. Currently the only standardized method for determining moisture content of asphalt-aggregate mixtures is the distillation procedure (ASTM D 1461), a method generally too cumbersome for routine production testing and hence not used in field laboratories. Moisture content measurements on a variety of materials (aggregates and asphalt-aggregate mixtures) with the distillation procedure and with conventional and microwave ovens for drying were compared and analyzed. Drying with a microwave or conventional oven gives slightly higher moisture contents than the distillation procedure. Efficiency of drying is apparently the primary reason for the differences. Considering the magnitude of the observed differences in measured moisture content and the relative difficulty of the D 1461 test procedures, the microwave method is recommended for routine moisture content determination for asphalt-aggregate mixtures.


Precipitation is the most critical input for hydrological models. In this paper we evaluate the usefulness and reliab ility of re-analysed and satellite-based precipitation datasets in driving a large-scale hydrological model for the Beas River basin, a mountainous region in northern India. The spatial and temporal distribution of gridded precipitation in India is compared with raingauge measurements by using three statistical tests. Then a large-scale glacio-hydrological model (GSM-WASMOD), which couples WASMOD-D and a g lacier mass-balance module, is applied for the basin. The three precipitation datasets are used to drive the large-scale GSM-WASMOD for simulating the water balance of the Beas River basin for the period 1997–2001. The model results are compared and assessed based on Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS) and relative volume error (VE). On average, the global gridded satellite-based dataset performs as well as the sparse raingauge data in this region, indicating that the satellite-based dataset can be used as a data source for water resources in basins with little or no ground-based measurements.


Preface List of Tables List of Figures Publisher's Acknowledgements 1. INTRODUCTION: ISSUES IN HISTORICAL SOCIOLINGUISTICS 1.1 Sociolinguistics Backprojection? 1.2 Contemporary Perceptions of Usage 1.3 Sociohistorical Reconstruction 1.4 Research Topics 2. SOCIOLINGUISTIC PARADIGMS AND LANGUAGE CHANGE 2.1 Sociolinguistic Paradigms 2.2 Descriptions and Explanations 2.3 Theoretical Pluralism 2.4 Theory in Historical Sociolinguistics 3. PRIMARY DATA: BACKGROUND AND INFORMANTS 3.1 Data in Historical Sociolinguistics 3.2 Generic and Temporal Concerns 3.3 Tudor and Stuart England 3.4 The Corpus of Early English Correspondence (CEEC) 4: REAL TIME 4.1 The S-Shaped Curve 4.2 Timing Linguistic Changes 4.3 Previous Studies 4.4 The Time Courses of Fourteen Changes 4.5 Conclusion 5: APPARENT TIME 5.1 Ongoing Change in Relation to Age 5.2 Apparent Time in Historical Research 5.3 Previous Studies 5.4 Age Cohorts and Individual Participation in Ongoing Changes 5.5 Conclusion Appendix 5.1: The informants for Figure 5.1. Subject YOU vs. YE Appendix 5.2. Informants for Figure 5.2. 3rd sg -s VS. -TH Appendix 5.3. Informants for Figure 5.3. Which Vs. the Which Chapter 6. GENDER 6.1 The Gender Paradox 6.2 Historical Reconstruction 6.3 Previous Studies 6.4 Gender and Real-Time Linguistic Change 6.5 Conclusion 7. SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 7.1 Social Order in Sociolinguistics 7.2 Reconstructing Social Order 7.3 Previous Studies 7.4 Social Order in Language Change 7.5 Conclusion 8. REGIONAL VARIATION 8.1 Regional Dialects in England Today 8.2 Reconstructing Regional Differences in Tudor and Stuart England 8.3 Previous Empirical Studies 8.4 Regional Variation and Late Middle and Early Modern English 8.5 Conclusion 9. HISTORICAL PATTERNING OF SOCIOLINGUISTIC VARIATION 9.1 Modelling Variability 9.2 Modelling Sociolinguistic Variation Historically 9.3 Previous Empirical Studies 9.4 VARBRUL Analyses of Five Historical Changes 9.5 Summary and Conclusions 10. CONCLUSION 10.1 The Changes in Retrospect 10.2 The Principle of Contingency 10.3 Uninterrupted Continuity of Change? Appendix I: Methodology: how to Count Occurrences Appendix II: Numerical Information Appendix III: The Letter Collections References Author Index Subject Index


The British Committee on Radiation Units and Measurements, with reference to beta radiation from three radionuclides, have recommended values of factors to derive the absorbed dose rate to tissue averaged between 5 and 10 mg cm-2 beneath the skin surface from measurements of the absorbed dose rate to air under conditions of air scatter only (see ibid., vol.19, p.748, 1974). The conversion factors take account of the difference in backscattering between air and tissue, the average mass stopping power ratio of tissue to air and the transmission averaged through 5 to 10 mg cm-2 of tissue. As a result of measurements of the transmission component made after modification of primary standard ionisation chamber used, the value of the conversion factor for 147Pm is to be increased from 0.21 to 0.23. No changes are recommended for 90Sr+90Y of 204Tl.