441 Metastasis is the principal cause of death from breast cancer. The extravasation of cancer cells from the circulation is thought to be a critical step in metastasis, and is difficult to model in vitro. We are using Electric Cell Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) as a model of cancer cell extravasation through monolayers of endothelial cells. This assay is based on the measurement of changes in resistance across a 250-um electrode to the flow of small AC currents. When cells are plated onto electrodes in modified culture slides, current flow is impeded proportional to the adhesion and attachment of the cells. Extravasation of cells through an endothelial monolayer plated onto the electrodes is detected by a drop in resistance values, corresponding to the increased flow of current as the endothelial cells retract. The assay was used to compare the extravasation abilities of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 and isogenic variants established from metastases in the brain and lungs of nude mice. Compared with the original cell line and the lung metastasis-derived variant, the brain metastasis-derived 231-BR3 variant had greater ability to form experimental brain metastases. The 231-BR3 cells also had greater potential to extravasate through a monolayer of rat brain endothelial cells, indicated by a sharp decline in ECIS resistance values by 6 - 8 h after plating the cancer cells. Scanning electron microscopy of the co-cultures showed the appearance of gaps between endothelial cells as cancer cells penetrated the monolayer. The 231-BR3 cells release more vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) than MDA-MB-231 cells. VEGF promotes vascular permeability, disrupts endothelial barrier function, and thus may facilitate the extravasation of metastatic cells. Expression of VEGF in 231-BR3 cells was significantly suppressed using siRNA (control = 1,350 pg /ml vs. siRNA treated = 25 pg/ml, measured by ELISA ). The cells with silenced VEGF showed reduced extravasation in the ECIS assay. Pre-treatment of the endothelial cell monolayers for 1 hr with an inhibitor of VEGF-receptor tyrosine kinases (PTK787) also attenuated the extravasation of 231-BR3 cells. The results suggest that high VEGF expression contributed to the enhanced extravasation ability of 231-BR3 cells.
 Conclusions: The ECIS assay can provide novel information about interactions between metastatic cells and endothelial cells, and the molecules involved in the process of extravasation. The assay can be used as a tool to identify the molecular regulators of cancer cell extravasation.
 Supported in part by the DOD Breast Cancer Research Program, award # W81XWH-06-2-0033.


This paper assesses whether domestic costs of reserve accumulation –and in particular monetary costs– constitute an eventual limit to the process in emerging markets. We find that sterilization is the first measure to deal with these costs. Then, we turn to study whether diminishing ability to deal with the monetary inflows through sterilization is an effective limit to the process, Indeed, when the scope for sterilization is reduced, accumulation diminishes. However, this constraint, albeit relevant in practice, has not constituted an effective limit to accumulation, hitherto. JEL Classification: E58, F36, G15


mulations suchas routesof administration, formulation design,bioavailabilityandbioequivalence, and formulation and chemical modifications for prolongingdrug action.Part 2 is divided into chaptersaccording to therapeutic categories. It contains specific formulation and therapeutic issuesassociated withthedifferent therapeutic categories andbodysystems. Usability: The references in this text are current and relevant. It is very easy to navigatedue to the clear format, content, and structureof the text. Highlights:This bookfillsa much-needed purpose. It contains an excellentpreface,whichexplainsits purpose.It containssolid material on the basic conceptof formulations and then outlinesthe importance and impactof formulations on clinicaldecision makingand the role of the pharmacistas a pharmaceutical expert and clinician.At the same time, the book addresses specifictherapeutic issuesassociated withdifferent doseformsfor eachtherapeutic area.For example, the"Respiratory Disorders"chapterincludes notonly the inhalation systems usedin the treatmentof respiratory disorders but also the pathophysiology and therapeutic treatment options for different respiratory disorders. References and a listof learning pointsappearat theend of eachchapter. Limitations: Perhaps it wouldbe helpful for pagenumbers to be listed on thesummary contentpagesthroughout the text.However, this limitation is virtually negligible. Comparison with Other Related Books or Products: This book is uniquein its marriage of pharmaceutical formulations, therapeutics, and theroleof pharmacists as clinical treatment decision-makers. Reviewer's Summary: Gibaldi's DrugDelivery Systems in Pharmaceutical Care is an excellent textfor the training clinical pharmacist. It is basedon the principleof integrating knowledge acrosspharmacydisciplines,whichis an approach to education that pharmacy educators have beenstriving towardfor years.Students as wellas educators wouldbenefit fromit.


The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of house type and early feed restriction on performance and fat deposition of unsexed broilers. Four hundreds seven-day old unsexed broilers (Arbor Acres CP 707) were distributed into eight treatment groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. Two types of house (cage vs litter) and four levels of feeding ( ad lib. , 75% ad lib. , 50% ad lib. and 25% ad lib. ) were tested as treatment factors. Broilers were feed-restricted for 6 days from 7 to 13 days of age and thereafter they were fed ad lib. Feed intake of restricted broilers during restriction period was calculated from feed consumed by ad lib. group in the previous day. Results showed that unsexed broilers raised in litter had higher body weight (P<0.05), lower abdominal fat and higher triglyceride concentration at 42 days of age (P<0.05), and lower liver fat and higher carcass percentage at 56 days of age (P<0.05). Early feed restriction reduced body weight of 42-day old unsexed broilers except for broilers fed 75% ad lib. At 56 days of age, restricted broilers had similar body weight to those fed ad lib. At 56 days of age, broilers fed 25% ad lib. had lower FCR (P<0.05), lower abdominal fat (P<0.05) and lower triglyceride concentration (P<0,05). In conclusion, unsexed broilers fed 25% ad lib. showed compensatory growth with better FCR and lower fat accumulation at 56 days of age. Broilers raised in litter had higher body weight and lower abdominal and liver fat deposition. Key words: House type, early feed restriction, fat deposition, unsexed broilers


As a radiologist, I want to highlight a few facts about HRCT chest. Generally the referring physicians have some confusion about the examination. At times we get referrals of HRCT chest of patients who have focal lung lesions, or we get referrals of HRCT chest with contrast, or HRCT chest is advised by clinicians for pulmonary embolism. So I would like to highlight a few facts about chest CT, particularly HRCT chest.
The examination of HRCT chest is done without contrast. The lung parenchyma is traceable to the lung periphery and secondary pulmonary lobules are seen. In cases of interstitial lung disease, the site and pattern of involvement usually leads us to correct diagnosis, as for example, if the disease is sited at lung bases with honeycombing, this case is almost 100% specific for idiopathic interstitial fibrosis. Interstitial pattern of disease is recognizable in its initial stages and treatable causes of this disease can be reversed. Similarly, areas of air trapping on HRCT can point towards a diagnosis of obliterative bronchiolitis/emphysema and coupled with expiratory scan can accurately make the diagnosis.


Introduction: Previous study showed that Synbiotics might have beneficial effect in human and animal colitis like ulcerative colitis. However, it is not well known that the influence of Synbiotics for tumorigenesis in colon cancer. The aim of present study was to investigate the influence of Synbiotics in colon cancer mouse model and colitis associated cancer mouse model. Methods: Mouse stains carrying colon epithelium-preferential Apc mutation (CPC;Apc mice), that show sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas are used in this study. We also used CPC;Apc mice consumed 1%Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) as colitis associated colon cancer model, developing apploximately fourfold more adenomas and adenocarcinomas than CPC;Apc not consumed. At first, 9 of CPC;Apc mice were administerated symbiotics (Probiotics (Lactobacillus) 0.1g + Prebiotics (Oligosaccharide) 10mg/0.3ml/body) between 7 and 20 age in weeks and 10 was not administerated. Secondaly, using 9 of CPC;Apc consumed 1%DSS was administrated Symbiotics, 8 of not administrated, 7 of only Probiotics, and 7 of only Prebiotics. Body weight was measured weekly. Fecal microbial analysis was performed. At sacrifice in 21 age in weeks, the small and large bowel were histologically assessed. Results: Synbiotics administration group has no differences of tumorigenesis comparing to control group (tumor incidence rate(88.9%(8/9) vs. 62.5% (5 / 8); control vs. Synbiotics; p = 0.21)average tumor number(3.2 vs. 2.1; p = 0.38), average tumor greatest diameter 5.8 vs. 5.1 mm; p = 0.51). Using CPC;Apc consumed 1%DSS, Symbiotics administration group showed inhibiting morbidity (50% (8 / 16) vs. 80% (8 / 10); control vs. Synbiotics; p = 0.04) and weight loss, and less tumor incidence than control (18.8 vs. 9.6; control vs. Synbiotics; p = 0.01). On the other hands, administration of probiotics or prebiotics alone had no significant differences of tumorigeneis. Conclusion: This data suggest that Synbiotics administration may have influence of inhibiting tumorigenesis in the colitis associated colon cancer. Citation Format: Yasufumi Saito, Takao Hinoi, Tomohiro Adachi, Manabu Shimomura, Masashi Miguchi, Hiroaki Niitsu, Masatoshi Kochi, Hideki Ohdan, Kazuhiro Sentani, Naohide Oue, Wataru Yasui. Impact of synbiotics administration on tumorigenesis of colon cancer mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2303. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2303


In a feeding trial with rabbits for eight weeks, soya bean (control diet) was substituted by sieving wastes of the Egyptian clover seeds (GSPB, treated diet) to study its possibility, effects and economics for rabbits. This substitution had been succeed; since the treated diet had improved (than the control diet) either of final live body weight of rabbits, daily and total live body weight gain, feed intake and conversion, economic efficiency, boneless meat, and chemical composition of the rabbits' meat without any adverse effect on rabbits' health. So, this substitution is recommended when GSPB is available.


ABSTRACT Ye, Y.; Chen, K.; Zhou, Q.; Xiang, P.; Huo, Y., and Lin, M., 2018. Impacts of thermal discharge on phytoplankton in Daya Bay. In: Liu, Z.L. and Mi, C. (eds.), Advances in Sustainable Port and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 83, pp. 135–147. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. A monthly survey on the species composition of phytoplankton was conducted at 14 stations in Yaling Bay, Dapeng Bay and the mouth of Daya Bay in 2016, and 4 stations were selected as main sections to analyze the effects of thermal discharge on the phytoplankton community structure. In this study, the 12 months in 2016 were divided into the high temperature period and the low temperature period with 25°C as the boundary. The results suggested that the response of phytoplankton to elevated water temperature was significantly different during different periods: during the high temperature period, algae proliferated, among which diatom was the dominant species; during the low temperature period, diatom was still the dominant species, but its abundance fell significantly. During the low temperature period, however, Phaeocystis globosa and Akashiwo sanguinea were dominant species, dinoflagellate was not the dominant species, but its abundance rose. During the high temperature period, the proportion of Chaetoceros spp. rose to above 60%. Mechanical loading, high temperature, high pressure and residual chlorine from the nuclear power plant might damage or kill some phytoplankton cells, so in the drainage outlet area, the abundance of phytoplankton was lower than that in other stations and the diversity index of phytoplankton species was low. Thermal discharge increased zooplankton biomass during the low temperature period, and the top-down effect led to a high mortality rate of edible phytoplankton, while non-edible phytoplankton became the dominant species in the community. Compared with historical surveys, from the trial operation of the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant to 2016, the water temperature difference between the core sea areas directly affected by thermal discharge and the rest of the areas became large first and then small, and the data showed that too high water temperature may reduce phytoplankton abundance and species diversity, while appropriately high water temperature may increase them.


Bearing in mind the dilemmas of public security in Brazil, this research aims to investigate the potential use of crowdsourcing in public security. The Delphi method (a structured use of expert knowledge) was employed in order to clarify issues related to its adoption, required resources, and impacts on investigative activity, among others, and, in this case, the research was conducted together with members of the judicial police who perform investigative work. Two rounds of consultation were conducted, with 29 respondents in the first round and 21 respondents in the second round. Results show wide acceptance with regard to information sharing among public security professionals and citizens; however, there is no consensus among experts about the effectiveness of actions involving direct participation of senior management, such as investments or planning of crowdsourcing strategic actions aimed at the general public. This indicates an absence of long-term strategic policies and the existence of institutional obstacles for the full exploitation of new technologies in the sphere of public security.


Analyses of data using Rasch models, including the special case of matched case-control studies, are common applications of conditional likelihood in which the usual inferential procedures are applied only after conditioning on an approximately ancillary statistic. Another common approach to the analysis of Rasch models is to integrate the nuisance parameters over a mixing distribution, using the marginal likelihood obtained as the basis for inference. We show that the full conditional likelihood can always be obtained exactly via the marginal approach, given a particular choice of mixing distribution, and derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the two approaches to agree. Previous work has shown that with sufficient flexibility in the mixing distribution, the maxima of the marginal and conditional likelihoods will be equivalent under concordance criteria. Our argument requires no such criteria, and for any dataset guarantees the equivalence of the whole of the two likelihoods, not just their maxima. This substantially enhances the previous results and provides an alternative derivation for any existing conditional analysis. We give examples of mixing distributions that guarantee the agreement of the two approaches, and explore equivalence classes of such distributions, together with some of their attractive symmetry properties. Our argument also allows for the adaption and extension of analytic techniques already widely used with Rasch data, and in particular with matched case-control studies; potential applications of these advances are illustrated with several examples. These include new numerical algorithms for evaluating the conditional likelihood without directly specifying its computationally awkward functional form, inferences about complex functions of the parameters of interest obtained using existing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, powerful measures of goodness of fit derived from likelihood contributions that are ignored by the conditional approach, and the justifiable addition of prior knowledge to existing conditional analyses.


Many image authentication methods have been proposed, in recent years, to protect image authenticity and integrity, but most have ignored the dangers of counterfeit attack. In this paper, we propose a new image authentication method, using a vector projection technique, for safety and security in digital systems based on a PKI cryptographic framework. In this method, the vector projective square (VPS) pair of each block can be calculated by a vector projection technique, and we prove that an attacker cannot forge a counterfeit image with the same VPS pair as the original image. In addition to addressing counterfeit attacks, we also propose a new remedial algorithm which applying non-uniform B-spline to repair the modified image. This paper, therefore, has five goals: (1) to verify image authentication, (2) to verify the integrity of an image received, (3) to locate any parts that were illegally modified or counterfeited, (4) to provide security against counterfeit attacks and (5) to repair the illegally modified parts.


Background, Aims and Methods

Threshold concepts are transformative, but also likely to be troublesome, for undergraduate students. Metacognitive activities that expose students to the structural complexity of a threshold concept and are organized in terms of the Structure of Observed Learning Outcomes (SOLO) taxonomy have been shown to improve student learning outcomes in a third year engineering course (Meyer et al., 2015). The current study aimed to emphasise to a large cohort of first year biology students the structural complexity of the concept of 'cell membrane transfer' and improve their understanding of the concept.

The metacognitive activity was divided into several parts. In the first stage, students were asked to answer an open-ended question related to how transfer of substances occurs across the cell membrane. Following this, the students were asked to mark their own answer on a scale of 1-10 and provide justification of their marking by selecting one of statements 1-5, which were ascending in complexity based on the SOLO taxonomy. Subsequently, students were provided with 9 model answers to the question, which varied in structural complexity, and were asked to mark the answers out of 10. This was followed by an instructor explaining their marking of the 9 answers and justification of the marks. Lastly, students were asked to revisit their own answer and re-mark their answer out of 10 and provide justification. After the class, the instructor marked each student response, providing a score and justification, which could be compared to students' pre- and post-scores and justification.

Results and Discussion

In our study, it was evident that students find it difficult to identify the variation in complexity of a threshold concept. More than 50% of students were unable to match the instructor score for each model answer, with the exception of only the least complex, and hence lowest scored, answer. The self-assigned student post-score of their own answers was marginally greater than the instructor's score (p<0.05, n=312). Those students who assigned themselves a higher score than that of the instructor (46% of the cohort) deviated to the same extent as those who assigned a lower score (32%). As expected, the students with a lower instructor score overestimated the complexity of their answers and vice versa. Values for student post-justification of their score were compared to the instructor's justification. This showed that those students who scored themselves the same or a higher score for their answers in comparison to the instructor significantly aligned the justification of their mark to a higher order statement, while those that scored lower than the instructor aligned the justification to a lower order statement (p<0.01). In addition, students' understanding of the complexity of the concept was enhanced by introduction of the metacognitive activity, as shown by a significant difference in the self-assigned pre- (median 5) and post- (median 3) scores (p<0.001; n=195). First year Biology students seem to benefit from being exposed to the variation in structural complexity of threshold concepts, while instructors benefit from exposure to common student misconceptions.

Reference
Meyer, J. H., Knight, D. B., Callaghan, D. P., & Baldock, T. E. (2015). An empirical exploration of metacognitive assessment activities in a third-year civil engineering hydraulics course. European Journal of Engineering Education, 40(3), 309-327.


We have designed and synthesized a novel ratiometric fluorescent chemodosimeter MHF-based ESIPT process for specific detection of cysteine among the biological thiols. The probe MHF shows very weak blue fluorescence under UV excitation. Upon addition of cysteine (Cys), the reaction of Cys with MHF induces acrylate hydrolysis, thereby enabling the ESIPT process to shift the weak blue emission to a strong green emission with about 20-fold enhancement. We utilized 1H NMR spectra to elucidate the fluorescence sensing mechanism. Moreover, the cellular imaging experiment indicated the MHF possessed excellent selectivity, low cytotoxicity, and desirable cell permeability for biological applications.


Distributed generation (DG) has impacts on the performance of connected distribution network. DG is usually not requested to participate in voltage regulation of the distribution network and will be disconnected from the distribution network quickly enough when a fault occurs in it for eliminating DG's negative influence. But in this way it will also limit the capability of DG to suppress the voltage sag of distribution network in faulty condition. In this paper, two typical DG models, i.e. synchronous generator and VSC-type inverter based DG models, are established focusing on the different effect on voltage sag in different scenarios with different models, fault locations, control modes and reactive power reserves etc. It is concluded that synchronous generator based DG has low effect on suppressing the voltage sag, while VSC-type inverter based DG has certain capability of suppressing voltage sag, depending on factors such as control strategies, reactive power reserve and fault locations etc.


The term agro-tourism emerged in the late twentieth century. It includes agricultural farms that are related to tourism. This notion represents all activities related not only to tourists but also to the organizers of the holidays in general. Agro tourism is very important for rural communities as well as urban areas. It can provide several advantages: income, employment, use accommodation, activities, natural resource conservation, recreation and education. But the main problem for many countries is the low level of farm income. Agro tourism intends to obtain higher standards of living for rural communities especially through increased income for people who work in agriculture. There are five main forms of rural tourism which bring benefits both for tourists and for the local community. • Natural tourism, which is mainly preferred for its recreational value. • Cultural tourism, which is mainly related to culture, history and archeology of the area destination. • Ecotourism, as a form of tourism that presents natural resources while maintaining the values and local population welfare. • Village tourism, where visitors live and enjoy the various activities of peasant life. • Agro tourism, in which tourists see and participate in traditional agricultural practices without destroying the ecosystems, the host bases. Development in Korca region is one of the main priorities of the regional strategy. The study will be focused on four villages: Dardhe, Voskopoja, Vithkuq and Prespa. We will see the advantages and weaknesses of rural tourism development in these areas, as well as


A47 Recently, GD-100 (SYSMEX, Kobe, Japan) has been released. It rapidly can detect and quantify mRNA by one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is performed and turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation with LAMP can be monitored in OSNA. LAMP originally was reported in 2000 as a novel nucleic acid amplification method that uses only one type of enzyme and yields 10 9 of its target in less than an hour. In this study, we compared the sensitivity of OSNA using GD-100 versus conventional real-time RT-PCR, using five colon cancer cell lines. We then applied OSNA to detect micro-metastases in 1) lymph nodes (LNs) from patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinomas; and 2) LNs submitted for frozen diagnosis from patients with several malignancies. Our goal was to develop a more efficient system to detect LN metastases than histological examination (HE) performed intra-operatively.Methods: CK19 mRNA copy numbers of five colon carcinoma cell lines (Lovo, DLD1, WiDr, Colo201, Colo320) were calculated and compared using OSNA and conventional real-time RT-PCR. Then, 91 LNs submitted for HE from six patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinomas (ACRAs) and 64 LNs submitted for frozen diagnosis (FD) from 47 patients with several malignancies were examined by means of OSNA and HE.Results: CK19 mRNA copy numbers of all but Colo320 cells detected by OSNA were close to those detected by RT-PCR. The lowest cell counts for Lovo-cells detected by OSNA in one reaction (2 ÂμL) were 0.8 cells. This value corresponds to 1600 carcinoma cells, if the sample lysate is made using 4 ml of homogenizing reagent (HR), since 4 ml HR was used for a 100 to 300 mg LN. Consequently, a 117 Âμm3-tumor mass would be the smallest one detectable by OSNA with GD-100, if a carcinoma cell has a 10-Âμm diameter and the same level of CK19 mRNA copy number as a Lovo cell. On the other hand, either HE+ or OSNA + metastases were detected in 7.9 % of LNs from ACRAs and in 30.0 % of LNs submitted for FD from patients with several malignancies. HE-/OSNA+ metastases were detected in 4.8 % and 4.0 % of these LNs, respectively. Using OSNA, the grade of LN metastasis was increased from n1 to n3 in one patient and from n0 to n3 in another patient with ACRA. OSNA analysis for one LN could be completed within 40 minutes.Summary: Combinational analysis of LN by HE and OSNA may increase the sensitivity of detecting micro-metastases during surgery.


BACKGROUND
Although colorectal carcinogenesis has been intensively studied, the published investigations do not provide a consistent description of how different carbohydrate determinants of colorectal epithelium are modified in colorectal cancer (CRC).

OBJECTIVE
This study is an attempt to characterize the terminal fucosylation steps responsible for the synthesis of mono- Le(a)/Le(x)- and difucosylated -Le(b)/Le(y)- Lewis antigens in healthy and tumour CRC tissue.

METHODS
An immunohistochemical study of Lewis antigens' expression was undertaken, along with screening of the fucosyltransferase (FT) activities involved in their synthesis, on healthy and tumour samples from 18 patients undergoing CRC.

RESULTS
Analysis of alpha(1,2/3/4)FT activities involved in the sequential fucosylation of cores 1 and 2 showed significant increases in tumour tissue. Expressed as microU/mg and control vs. tumour activity (pfrom Wilcoxon's test), the FT activities for Le(a)/Le(b) synthesis were: lacto-N-biose alpha(1,2)/alpha(1,4)FT, 65.4 ± 19.0 vs. 186 ± 35.1 (p< 0.005); lacto-N-fucopentaose 1 alpha(1,4)FT, 64.9 ± 11.9 vs. 125.4 ± 20.7 (p< 0.005); Le(a) alpha(1,2)FT, 56.2 ± 7.2 vs. 130.5 ± 15.6 (p< 0.001). Similarly, for Le(x)/Le(y) synthesis were: N-acetyllactosamine alpha(1,2)-/alpha(1,3)FT, 53.4 ± 12.2 vs. 108.1 ± 18.9 (p< 0.001); 2'-Fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine alpha(1,3)FT, 61.3 ± 10.7 vs. 126.4 ± 22.9 (p< 0.001); 2'-Fucosyllactose alpha(1,3)FT, 38.9 ± 10.9 vs. 143.6 ± 28.9 (p< 0.001); 2'-Methyllactose alpha(1,3)FT, 30.9 ± 4.8 vs. 66.1 ± 8.1 (p< 0.005); and Le(x) alpha(1,2)FT, 54.3 ± 11.9 vs. 88.2 ± 14.4 (p< 0.001). Immunohistochemical Le(y) expression was increased (p< 0.01 according to Wilcoxon's test) in tumour tissue, with 84.6% of specimens being positive: 7.7% weak, 15.4% moderate and 61.5% high intensity.

CONCLUSIONS
Results suggest the activation of the biosynthesis pathways of mono- and difucosylated Lewis histo-blood antigens in tumour tissue from CRC patients, leading to the overexpression of Le(y), probably at the expense of Le(x).


A solid-phase synthesis of 2, 4, 8-substituted pyrimidino[5, 4-d]pyrimidines involving three controlled S(N)Ar reactions has been developed. Exploration of different heterocyclic starting materials and resin-bound intermediates is highlighted. The preferred method starts with the treatment of resin-bound anilines with 2, 4, 8-trichloropyrimidino[5, 4-d]pyrimidine. This intermediate is subsequently treated with various amines in two steps to yield the final products. The scope of each diversity step was determined and a library of 16, 000 compounds was synthesized.


Water mites (Hydrachnidia) are good model organisms for the assessment and long-term monitoring of the biological impacts of natural and human-induced environmental changes in freshwater ecosystems, including those related to global climate change. There are approximately 7,500 species, 485 genera and 56 families. Water mite communities can be affected by pollution and variations in temperature, dissolved oxygen level, conductivity and carbonate concentrations. Due to the complex interactions of water mites with other members of the macroinvertebrate fauna and their habitats, water mite assemblages can rapidly respond to perturbances in the interconnected ecological networks of aquatic communities, and therefore are particularly suitable for early warning systems that monitor water quality. However, monitoring programs using water mites as bioindicators may be impeded by difficulties associated with species identification. Siberia is a crucial region for biodiversity conservation and climatic research by being a major carbon sink due to the large amounts of carbon preserved in permafrost and sequestered by vast boreal forests and peatbogs, and is also a key region for climate change research. There are several reference sites in the Arctic tundra, forest and grassland areas allocated for long-term monitoring of climatically active gases, as well as assessment of the impact of climate change on animal and plant communities.


The main purpose of the article is to discuss the potential and justification of the crucial role that urban prototyping may play in participatory processes. Satisfaction of the needs of residents who create a self-governing community should be the primary axiological milestone and a goal to be pursued by local governments. Thus, effective and modern management tools should be identified and put in place. The idea that guides one of them, i.e. urban prototyping, is to offer residents an opportunity to resort to various variants of change of the public space before they are ultimately applied in the investment process. Dialogue with residents supported by research, analysis, and tests can help stakeholders realise the consequences of spatial changes around them and then, based on the feedback from residents, design guidelines should be created that best reflect their needs. Thus, residents, through real and multifaceted participatory process, should gain a real, decisive influence over transformation of public spaces.


: The construction industry is claimed to be the most lethal economic sector. Despite efforts to include safety as a relevant indicator, managers are still trying to figure out which organizational buttons they need to push to unleash safety performance. To investigate this problem, we draw from performance measurement lens to develop a systematic literature review aided by VOSviewer and to localize safety performance measurement papers within organizational levels. We have found that safety studies are localized in the individual and micro-organizational levels, lacking a connection with macro-organizational level, and firm's organizational performance. We then underpin further investigation on this subject to allow better integration of safety into company's management system and adjacent performance measurements. By doing so we aim to push future studies on this field to conceive safety as a source of organizational performance.


We report results from a 3-week microearthquake survey of the segment of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge axis near 26°N. The segment is centered on an along-axis median valley bathymetric high that includes the site of the TAG hydrothermal field. The seismic network, consisting of seven ocean bottom hydrophones and two ocean bottom seismometers, spanned the median valley inner floor and eastern valley wall. Hypocenters were determined for 189 earthquakes, with good resolution of focal depth obtained for 105 events. Almost all events occurred at depths between 3 and 7 km beneath the seafloor, with earthquakes occurring at shallower depths (less than 4 km) beneath the along-axis high. No events were detected in the immediate vicinity of the hydrothermal field. The along-axis high is the site of a midcrustal low-velocity zone, significant attenuation of P wave energy, and high b values; the low-velocity volume extends about 10 km south of the high to the vicinity of volcano within the axial neovolcanic zone. Fault plane solutions indicate high-angle (or very low angle) normal faulting beneath the along-axis high and the base of the adjacent western wall, reverse faulting beneath the axial volcano, and a more conventional normal-faulting geometry for earthquakes beneath the eastern wall. The distribution of seismicity and the diversity of faulting styles suggest a spatially variable tectonic state for the ridge segment at 26°N. These variations are likely a signature of along-axis differences in thermal structure and state of stress. We suggest that the low-velocity volume beneath the along-axis high is the site of a relatively recent crustal injection of magma. Continued cooling of the now largely solid but still hot intrusion, and associated thermal stress and fracturing in the immediately surrounding crust, can account generally for the distribution of areas of most intense earthquake activity, the diversity of observed faulting mechanisms, and the presence of the high-temperature vent field. These results are supportive of the spreading cell model for segmentation of magmatism and thermal structure along a slowly spreading ridge.


UNLABELLED
Despite abolishing the policy of giving the results of the serological test as a way to promote blood donation, and also after improving the predonation questionnaire, we still have a high prevalence of HIV positive blood donors. In this paper we try to analyze, interviewing the HIV positive blood donors in our Counselling Clinic from January 1995 to December 1996, why they were accepted. We asked the HIV positive blood donors to fill a form with the following questions: identification, kind and frequency of blood donation, HIV high risk behaviour, awareness of predonation serological status, willingness toward blood donation, awareness of how dangerous the transfusion of HIV contaminated blood is. For the screening we used Abbott HIV1/HIV 3rd generation plus EIA, test and HIV-1 Western Blot Cambridge, Biotest, Worcester MA, for confirmatory assays. During the evaluation period, 53,338 blood donors were attended, 130 (0.24%) were confirmed HIV positive. Only 18/130 (13.84%) assisted to the Counselling Clinic. The mean age was 33.27 +/- 5.35 years old, all males, 15 singles and 3 with stable couples. 6/18 (33.33%) could have been discarded because of physical appearance or because of theirs jobs. "Voluntary Donation" was higher than in the control group (p = 0.0001). Homo/bisexual and promiscuous behaviour (p = 0.0003) were the predominant high risk factors, in this group 55.55% had more than one risk factor. The association with HBV and syphilis was high (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0005). 5/18 (27.77%) knew they were HIV positive; 3/18 (16.66%) had the suspicion they were HIV positive and 10/18 (55.55%) did not know it; however the risk factors were the same in those groups. In the knew/suspicion group the main reasons for blood donation were: Performing the test once more, 6; failure in the predonation questionnaire, 1; family pressure, 1. In the group that ignored their HIV positivity: ignorance of belonging to a high-risk group, 6; lack of confidence in the interviewer, 3 and failure in the predonation questionnaire, 1. 61.11% knew that the HIV tests were performed on all blood donations and the the positive ones were discarded. No one had knowledge of the window period.

CONCLUSIONS
1. It is necessary to spread more information to the general population about the ways of HIV transmission, the risk factors and its prevention. 2. To make aware all HIV positive or those that suspect they are the HIV positive how dangerous their blood donation could be. 3. Offering the general population a free HIV test and giving the appropriate counselling and support. 4. Improving the questionnaire, assuring that the blood donor could understand the real meaning of the questions and how important his/her truthfulness is. 5. To consider the implementation of the p24 antigen test as mandatory to all blood donations and all the new techniques to avoid HIV transmission. 6. To change the "related" blood donors to the true voluntary, altruistic, blood donor.


Motivated by the development of transition-metal-nitrogen-carbon (TM-N-C) materials for catalysts and molecular electronics, we investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of TMN4 -graphene materials with different central atoms (TM=Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu) and different concentrations. The first-principles results show that a widely tunable magnetic moment in the range from 0 to 4 μB can be obtained in this kind of material by varying the central TM atom, and a regular transition of the electronic property from metallic to half-metallic and to semiconducting characteristics is observed in MnN4 -graphene upon changing the concentration. We find that the peculiar relationship between the electronic characteristics of graphene and its lattice parameters plays a decisive role in determining the electronic and magnetic properties. Our findings are useful for the design of TM-N-C materials for catalysis, spintronics, and molectronics.


Stephanie Juneau and collaborators Mark Dickinson (NOAO), David M. Alexander (Durham University), and Samir Salim (Indiana University) have developed a new method to identify a population of active galactic nuclei (AGN) that had been missed in earlier surveys of distant galaxies. Their observations find AGN that have X-ray emission too faint to be securely identified in even the most sensitive X-ray surveys to date. Of particular interest, their approach has identified a sample of "Compton-thick" AGN candidates at the extreme end of X-ray obscuration. A key part of their program is based on observations obtained at the KPNO Mayall 4-m telescope with Mosaic and the Florida Multi-Object Imaging Near-Infrared Grism Observational Spectrometer (FLAMINGOS).


This report consists of the notes from a series of lectures given by the authors for a course entitled Accident Analysis and Prevention. The course took place during the second term of a one year Masters degree course in Transport Planning and Engineering run by the Institute for Transport Studies and the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Leeds. The course consisted of 18 lectures of which 16 are reported on in this document (the remaining two, on Human Factors, are not reported on in this document as no notes were provided). Each lecture represents one chapter of this document, except in two instances where two lectures are covered in one chapter (Chapters 10 and 14). The course first took place in 1988, and at the date of publication has been run for a second time. This report contains the notes for the initial version of the course. A number of changes were made in the content and emphasis of the course during its second run, mainly due to a change of personnel, with different ideas and experiences in the field of accident analysis and prevention. It is likely that each time the course is run, there will be significant changes, but that the notes provided in this document can be considered to contain a number of the core elements of any future version of the course.


A highly compact biocompatible microprobe type fiber optic temperature sensor was experimentally demonstrated utilizing an inherently high thermo-optic coefficient of DNA biopolymer. The sensor was based on an all-fiber multimode interferometer (MMI) along a coreless silica fiber (CSF) spliced to an end of a single mode fiber. Au film was deposited the CSF end facet to provide a double path for MMI and it also worked as a probe terminal. The circumferential area of CSF was coated with DNA-cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMA) thin solid film, which served as a temperature sensing head. We experimentally investigated thermo-optical properties of DNA-CTMA thin solid films to find its large negative thermo-optical coefficient −4.15 × 10−4/°C in the temperature range from 20 to 70 °C. DNA-CTMA coated fiber optic probe was immersed in a water bath to simulate the bio compatible environment whose temperature was varied in the range from 30 to 70 °C. The proposed sensor showed a high-temperature sensitivity of −0.22 nm/°C in the spectral shifts, and 0.085 dB/°C in the reflected optical power changes. The proposed probe can be readily applied in various types of in vivo point of care temperature monitoring.


In the beginning of the XX century, ancylostomiasis was considered a serious public health problem and governments started the first systematic planning for the control of an endemic disease, in large scale. Thereafter, ancylostomiasis was considered a less important subject, because efficient anti-helminthic drugs were introduced, this in combination with the economic development in rich countries, reduced undernourishment and improved housing and sanitary conditions. Consequently, the residual cases of the infection became in general asymptomatic. However, in the third world the problem is still present, and must be considered with realism and managed accordingly. Various suggestions for controling the disease are presented in this paper.


Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Paragnonimus species. The primary site of infection is the lung, and extrapulmonary involvement is also reported. When infected with Paragonimus westermani, which is the dominant species in Korea, the central nervous system is frequently involved along with the liver, intestine, peritoneal cavity, retroperitoneum, and abdominal wall. Ectopic paragonimiasis raises diagnostic challenge since it is uncommon and may be confused with malignancy or other inflammatory diseases. Here, we report an ectopic paragonimiasis case initially presented with recurrent abdominal pain. The patient developed abdominal pain 3 times for the previous 3 years and the computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed fluid collection with wall enhancement. Recurrent diverticulitis was initially suspected and part of the ascending colon was resected. However, the specimen showed intact colon wall without evidence of diverticulitis and multiple parasite eggs and granulomas were found instead. The size of about 70 μm, the presence of an operculum and relatively thick egg shell suggested eggs of Paragonimus species. With appropriate exposure history and a positive antibody test, the definitive diagnosis was made as peritoneal paragonimiasis.


China is experiencing a rapid increase in overweight and related conditions. This study describes the geographic variation in BMI levels and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in Chinese adults, and assesses their relations with regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita levels. BMI values and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in 143 522 adults from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey (2002) were calculated according to geographic regions in China. Their correlations with GDP were assessed. Linear and logistic regressions were used to adjust for age, sex and city–country composition. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were highest in the Bohai coastal regions while lowest in southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hunan and Fujian. Mean BMI values ranged from 20·72 to 25·48 kg/m2, and the prevalence of overweight ranged from 6·6 to 53·9 %. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were positively correlated with economic development, particularly in the northern regions. However, for regions with similar GDP per capita levels, those in the south had substantially lower BMI and lower prevalence of overweight than those in the north. Interestingly, some southern regions with high GDP per capita had low BMI and low prevalence of overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest in the south. Substantial geographic variations in the prevalence of overweight and underweight exist in China. Such variations cannot be fully explained by the differences in economic status. China is currently facing challenges of both overweight and underweight but priorities vary in different regions.


Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of the shell bar section of Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau, shows that this section was formed between ~39.7 and ~17.5 14C kyr BP and represented the highest paleolake development period since the Late Pleistocene. It was difficult to obtain reliable dates due to the low organic carbon content, which was formed mainly by authochtonous algae-bacteria (Zhang et al. 2007a). In order to improve the dating, 14C ages of both the alkali residual and acid-soluble components of the organic carbon were measured to check the consistency of the dating results. Total organic carbon (TOC) content and stable carbon isotopes (δ13Corg) might also be used as critical references for checking the reliability of dates. For example, in our study of the shell bar section from Qaidam Basin, we found that when the TOC content was higher than 0.15% and/or δ13Corg was lower than −23, the AMS dates were reliable. AMS dating of fossil shells demonstrated that they could provide valuable age information. The ages given by fossil shells are comparable to those of bulk carbonate from a similar sampling site, and are about 15~18 kyr older than the ages given by organic matter. Due to the U/Th dating requirements and open nature of the system, we concluded that U/Th dating results are unreliable and that this technique is unsuitable for dating halite deposits from Qaidam Basin.


The paradigm of image-to-image translation is leveraged for the benefit of sketch stylization via transfer of geometric textural details. Lacking the necessary volumes of data for standard training of translation systems, we advocate for operation at the patch level, where a handful of stylized sketches provide ample mining potential for patches featuring basic geometric primitives. Operating at the patch level necessitates special consideration of full sketch translation, as individual translation of patches with no regard to neighbors is likely to produce visible seams and artifacts at patch borders. Aligned pairs of styled and plain primitives are combined to form input hybrids containing styled elements around the border and plain elements within, and given as input to a seamless translation (ST) generator, whose output patches are expected to reconstruct the fully styled patch. An adversarial addition promotes generalization and robustness to diverse geometries at inference time, forming a simple and effective system for arbitrary sketch stylization, as demonstrated upon a variety of styles and sketches.


Chili pepper {Capsicum frlltescel1s} showill~ rello" leaf curl from West .J:n'a were analyscd for the presence of a g.::minj.,.-irus. Detection using specific primers for geOlinivirus was conducted following whitefly (Bemisia (abaci Genn.) transmission. A DNA fragment of 1.6 kb W:IS amplified in the polymerase chain reaction using primers which anneal within the replication initiator prolein gene and coal prolein gene. D~A clone of the p(JI~'merase chain reaction product was then sequenced. The slem loop region was found. included the conserved nonanucleolide sequence TAATATTAC present in all geminiviru5. The geminivirus associated with yellow leaf curl disease in peppa showed the highest sc~ucnce identity 93 and 98% with pepper yellow leaf Ctlrllndom'sia \'irm,from C Dnntlllm and pepper yellow leaf curlilldonesia \'irus from Lycopersicoll escull!ntum, respectively.


This paper presents an analytical solution to predict the nonlinear forced vibrations of elastic thin-walled cylindrical shells under suddenly applied loads. Interest in this problem is motivated by effects due to explosions on fluid-storage metal tanks. The model is based on the energy criterion due to Lagrange, in which the kinematic nonlinear relations are assumed using Donnell's simplified shell theory. Solution is achieved as a series summation in terms of trigonometric functions in the axial and circumferential directions, whereas the degrees of freedom depend on time. A blast load is assumed to represent effects due to explosions on the shell as time-dependent pressures with a given circumferential distribution (a cosine square distribution in terms of the central angle). The procedure is validated by comparison with a nonlinear finite element model under the same load conditions. The influence of load level and shell geometry on the transient response is investigated by mean of parametric studies. Good accuracy is found in the results for the range of shells which are representative of horizontal, fuel storage tanks in the oil industry.


The main purpose of this study was to examine whether there is significant relationships among the students' grade level, attitude and usage of first language in English classroom. In this study the attitude of the four grade level (grade 9-12) students toward first language use in EFL classroom was also investigated. The study was Co-relational research which involved quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. The participants of the study were grade nine, ten, eleven and twelve students of Suhul Michael Secondary School. The sampling size was 250 students. These samples were selected using stratified sampling method. To reach the study on the intended stage, different data gathering and analysis tools were used. To gather data from the intended group questionnaire, observation and interview were used. The quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0. The primarily statistical analysis utilized were descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and percentage. The result of the study indicated that grade nine, ten and eleven students have positive attitude toward the implementation of Tigrigna language in English session. But grade twelve students have negative attitude toward Tigrigna language use. The findings also showed that there is significant negative relationship between the students' grade level and attitude toward Tigrigna language use in English lesson. But there is medium positive relationship between the students' attitude and perceived use of Tigrigna language in English class. The output of the study also revealed that grade nine and ten students use Tigrigna language much frequently in English class whereas grade eleven and twelve students rarely use it in English session. The results of the study also exploit that certain amount of Tigrigna language has been used in English class. 3.73% of Tigrigna against 96.27% of English language has been used in English class. To utter this amount of Tigrigna and English language words 3.49 and 96.51 percent of time was devoted respectively. From the total amount of Tigrigna language words high percentage (2.97%) of Tigrigna language words was incorporated in grade nine English classes.


Despite increasing knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms that occur in the brain following an ischemic insult and the availability of several diverse animal models of stroke, there are still no drugs that can be given to stroke patients soon after the onset of symptoms to minimize the subsequent neurological damage. To date, the thrombolytic compound recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator (rt-PA) remains the only approved drug for the treatment of stroke. At present, intravenous administration of rt-PA is the only proven effective treatment to re-establish cerebral blood flow in the case of acute vessel occlusion, but unfortunately, only few patients with acute ischemic stroke are qualified to receive this drug. The failure of rt-PA to achieve rapid reperfusion in many patients and its bleeding risk have prompted the development of fibrinolytic agents with greater fibrin specificity and better risk-benefit profiles, such as tenecteplase or desmoteplase, which are now under active investigation. Early restoration of blood flow remains the treatment of choice for limiting brain injury following stroke, but a second fundamental goal of intervention is to protect neurons by interrupting or slowing the ischemic cascade. Current research is being done to develop neuroprotective agents that are able to block amino acid pathways and decrease neurotransmitter activity of injured tissue. Drugs blocking voltage-dependent calcium channels were effective in stroke rodent models but the results of clinical trials have been often discouraging. Overactivation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is crucial for neuronal death after stroke. Several compounds that interfere with glutamate receptor activation have been developed and tested, in particular noncompetitive NMDA antagonists. However, their clinical use is limited by intolerable side effects, including some psycomimetic symptoms, as these blockers may also impair some key brain functions mediated by the same receptor. Accumulating evidence strongly suggests that apoptosis contributes to neuronal cell death in stroke injury and currently several caspase inhibitors are under investigation, but to date the efficacy of antiapoptotic agents in human stroke patients has not yet been tested. Anti-inflammatory approaches to stroke treatment intended


Mediation's explosive growth has resulted in the evolution of multiple styles and methodologies. In this article, Professor Waldman classifies existing mediation styles according to the role social norms play in the process. Professor Waldman argues that three separate mediation models exist: norm-generating, norm-educating and norm-advocation. These interventions are similar in that they all employ mediative techniques. However, they differ in their relationship to existing social and legal norms. In norm-generating mediation, which coresponds to traditional notions of facilitative mediation, the mediator invites the parties to generate the norms which will guide resolution of their dispute. In norm-educating mediation, the mediator educates the parties regarding relevant legal and social norms, but allows the parties to determine the degree to which those norms shape and influence the resulting negotiated agreement. In norm-advocating mediation, the mediator not only eduates the parties regarding relevant social and legal norms, but advocates for their inclusion in the resulting agrement. After providing a description of each mediation model and the dispute areas in which each figures most prominently, Professor Waldman provides a description of the types of conflicts in which each model might be most profitably employed.


Turgor-driven plant cell growth depends on wall structure. Two allelic l-fucose–deficient Arabidopsis thalianamutants (mur1-1 and 1-2) are dwarfed and their rosette leaves do not grow normally. mur1 leaf cell walls contain normal amounts of the cell wall pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II), but only half exists as a borate cross-linked dimer. The altered structure of mur1 RG-II reduces the rate of formation and stability of this cross-link. Exogenous aqueous borate rescues the defect. The reduced cross-linking of RG-II in dwarf mur1 plants indicates that plant growth depends on wall pectic polysaccharide organization.


End-toothed disc is an important part in the machine tools and construction machines. To realize quick and accurate positioning in the gear transmission system, high-precision end-toothed disc is essential. In this paper a new tolerance design approach for end-toothed disc is presented based on normal probability distribution model of tooth profile error. To describe the matching relationship between the structure parameters and tooth profile tolerance, the contact equation of a pair of end-toothed disc which evaluates the influence of each tooth structure parameters to the tolerance is derived. The results from this error analysis are utilized to innovate the indexing accuracy calculation model and to optimize the calibration procedure to ensure the tooth profile error in a given tolerance range. Contents and methods of this paper are useful theoretical references and practical guidance for the profile tolerance design of high-precision end-toothed disc.


Stephen Schiffer has argued that contextualist solutions to skepticism rest on an implausible "error theory" concerning our own semantic intentions. Similar arguments have recently been offered also by Thomas Hofweber and Patrick Rysiew. I attempt to show how contextualists can rebut these arguments. The kind of self-knowledge that contextualists are committed to denying us is not a kind of self-knowledge that we need, nor is it a kind of self-knowledge that we can plausibly be thought to possess.


Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lint development on the Texas High Plains frequently spans periods of low temperature that reduce yield and quality. We conducted a study in 1977 to 1979 at Lubbock, Texas, to develop a procedure for estimating the level of crop lint maturity at any time after boll setting begins. The procedure includes a model that uses the initiation date for each 1/10 increment of the total crop of bolls and average daily air temperatures. Data generated by the estimating procedure were compared with data on observed crop lint development in the cultivars 'Paymaster 303', 'Paymaster 909', and 'Acala 3080'. The observed data were obtained by tagging all blooms initiated by plants in two 3-tn row lengths of each cultivar and measuring boll periods of the permanent bolls. The procedure produced accurate timely estimates for crop lint development and boll opening rate for all cultivars in 1977 and 1978. Observed boll periods in all cultivars were 15% shorter than estimates for the entire crop of bolls in 1979. A likely explanation for the shortened boll periods was that 1979 plants required 2 weeks longer to reach first bloom than 1977 and 1978 plants and were physiologically older. Other researchers have also reported reduced boll periods in "old" cotton plants.


The invasive and metastatic behavior of SY86B human gastric carcinoma in nude mice were further studied. The results showed that this human cancer strain had a relatively high spontaneous metastatic rate (68.4%). The metastasis was related to the invasiveness of the transplanted tumor and tumor-bearing time. Since the metastasis developed from 2nd to 9th passages, it was considered that this model had a stable metastatic tendency. It was observed that the genetic background, age and sex difference of the recipient nude mice may not be associated with the metastasis. Aside from the high transplantable rate (100%) and spontaneous metastatic rate (68.4%), SY86B human gastric carcinoma strain still maintains the morphologic, immunologic, genetic and ultrastructural characteristics of the original tumor. All these make it a useful means in the study of diagnosis and treatment of cancer metastasis.


Height and diameter growth and volume production of 22 different clones of poplars were evaluated in Sliepkovce populetum at the age of 12 years. The populetum is situated on medium-heavy and medium humic uninundated alluvia of the Laborec river; typologically, the group of forest types is Ulmeto-Fraxinetum populeum. The results of evaluation documented that among the poplars under study the clones Gigant, OP-229 and BL achieved the best growth and maximum volume production while their mean height amounted to 22.9-23.8 m, mean diameter to 31.9-33.2 cm and average annual volume increment was 25.1-28.3 m 3 per 1 ha. The growth of P. Rochester 20/66 poplar was considerably much slower: its mean height amounted to 17.3 m, mean diameter to 18.7 cm and average annual volume increment was 6.3 m 3 per 1 ha. It will be necessary to carry out further studies to obtain more detailed values for these clones.


Thorough characterization of the thermomechanical properties of materials requires difficult and time-consuming experiments. This severely limits the availability of data and is one of the main obstacles for the development of effective accelerated materials design strategies. The rapid screening of new potential materials requires highly integrated, sophisticated, and robust computational approaches. We tackled the challenge by developing an automated, integrated workflow with robust error-correction within the AFLOW framework which combines the newly developed ``Automatic Elasticity Library'' with the previously implemented GIBBS method. The first extracts the mechanical properties from automatic self-consistent stress-strain calculations, while the latter employs those mechanical properties to evaluate the thermodynamics within the Debye model. This new thermoelastic workflow is benchmarked against a set of 74 experimentally characterized systems to pinpoint a robust computational methodology for the evaluation of bulk and shear moduli, Poisson ratios, Debye temperatures, Gr\"uneisen parameters, and thermal conductivities of a wide variety of materials. The effect of different choices of equations of state and exchange-correlation functionals is examined and the optimum combination of properties for the Leibfried-Schl\"omann prediction of thermal conductivity is identified, leading to improved agreement with experimental results than the GIBBS-only approach. The framework has been applied to the AFLOW.org data repositories to compute the thermoelastic properties of over 3500 unique materials. The results are now available online by using an expanded version of the REST-API described in the Appendix.


Submicroscopic mixtures of metallic gold and solid hydrocarbons form aggregates of up to 100 mu m in fractures and vugs in loellingite from gold-rich samples from Maldon, Australia. Electron microprobe analyses show that solid hydrocarbons contain about 1 wt percent S and Fe, up to 3 wt percent O, and several wt percent Au. Infrared microscopy indicates that the solid hydrocarbons comprise mainly conjugated benzene rings with short-chain functional groups composed of carbonyl groups (C=O), CH 3 , CH 2 , and OH. Metals (Fe and Au) are suggested to be bound to aryl ketones, or may be bound to hydrocarbons by S-functional groups. It is proposed that metal-bearing solid hydrocarbons are replaced by siderite, producing spectacular nebular inclusions of minute gold grains in replacive carbonate forming veinlets in the host quartz.


This paper provides quantitative modelling of the effect of three longer-term global transitions: the global demographic transition involving a marked reduction in population growth; a long-term slowdown in productivity growth which may continue, or may conceivably be reversed; and the disruption in the global economy due to increasing climate shocks and the implementation of climate policies that will be needed to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. We study the global investment needs to which these transitions will lead. We demonstrate that these investment needs will be both asymmetric across countries and over time. This asymmetry will lead to potentially large changes in trade flows and significant financial capital flows across national borders, and also to substantial real exchange changes and interest rate movements. The resulting large movements in international capital flows will have significant implications for the global financial system, which we demonstrate at the country and regional level.


In our work we studied the process of working alongside Afghan women who are refugees living in Colorado, and women living in two refugee camps in Palestine. By design, our work centers the participants as the key producers of knowledge. We set out to collectively discover, define, and understand parenting, child development, and family dynamics. Participants were invited to explore how their dreams for their children relate to early childhood education. Informed by participant input, we designed courses with culturally responsive and sustainable curriculums to increase the quality of care for young children. Our investigation sheds light on how parents reconcile different cultural experiences and prioritize their child's development while trying to navigate novel contexts of childcare, preschool, or public school. In addition, the courses women took provided a pathway to enter the workforce in early childhood care, development, and education (ECCDE). This chapter describes our participatory action research process and the introspection and growth of resilient women transforming their parenting and their lives.


This study aimed to investigate the effects of academic achievement and types of anxiety of the preschool teacher candidates on their problem solving skills. In this research academic achievements and anxiety types (trait and state anxiety) were taken as independent variables. The universe of the study is composed of the students attending Pre-school Education Department at Faculty of Vocational Education, Selcuk University. The sample was determined with random classification sampling method and is composed of 300 students. The research was carried out with survey model. The data of the research was collected by using personal information sheet, State and Trait Anxiety Inventory, The Problem Solving Inventory . As a criterion of academic success, students GPAs were used. The analysis of the data was done with Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Coefficient, t test, one-way anova, LSD test and Reggression Analyze. As the result of the research, it was found that there is significant difference between academic achievement and problem solving skills average points and class level and state anxiety average points It was determined that academic achievement and trait anxiety points predicted problem solving ability points. When t-test results about significance level of regression coefficient are examined, it is seen that the most important explanatory for problem solving skills is trait anxiety, then academic success.


The Pantanal wetland is one of the least explored regions of South America. It is characterized by an outstanding flora and fauna adapted to a seasonal flood pulse controlled by a dry and a wet season within each year. The resulting inundation covers in average an area of approximately 150 000 km2 and is seen as the most important driver for ecological integrity. Evaporation from the large floodplain is supposed to influence the climate of the whole continent. The regional groundwater is connected to the surface water and plays an important role for the characteristic flooding regime by regulating the wetland's water table. The water balance assessment of the wetland and the internal water exchange between surface and groundwater is therefore of high relevance for the conservation of the Pantanal biodiversity. Despite of its importance, water balance studies including groundwater–surface water interactions based on field data are rarely undertaken. This is mainly due to the remoteness and difficulty in accessing this area, which results in lack of data. In our study, we developed a new tracer‐based model to simulate the spatio–temporal surface and subsurface fluxes for a range of water bodies. The model was able to simulate these fluxes considering a dynamic simulation of inflow and outflow using a newly collected 2‐year dataset of water levels, stable water isotopes and chloride collected from several water bodies in the northern Pantanal region. Quantitative differences between water bodies according to their location in the floodplain were determined by the flooding regime and connectivity as well as site‐specific characteristics, such as hydraulic conductivity and water depth. Our model simulated water balance fluxes with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.61, whereas it simulated stable water isotopic compositions better than chloride. We present the first study based on field data for the Pantanal, which is able to quantify water balances fluxes. Because their representation in global climate and land cover products is insufficient, our simulation results are valuable for validating large‐scale models. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The generating method and the efficiency of fire extinction are the most
important issues that should be treated firstly in the research and application of water
mist fire suppression system. And it is with great theoretical and realistic significances
to develop new generating methods and application areas to water mist fire
suppression technology. However, some problems have been faced nowadays in the
processes of the development and application of water mist fire suppression
technology, such as the short flow-length, the poor mobility, the low droplet
momentum, the low mist flux density and so on. Therefore, much more works should
be carried out to solve these problems. The previous studies reveal that the
pneumatic-atomizing (twin-fluid) water mist system can discharge mist flow in a long
distance. Therefore, the present study is conducting works on pneumatic-atomizing
water mist technology.
The contributions and works of the present studies are summarized as follows:
1) The generating method and atomizing mechanism of a pneumatic-atomizing
water mist with longer flow-length and larger mist flux density were developed in the
thesis. Firstly, a new atomizer with adjustable annular orifice was designed to
generate pneumatic-atomizing water mist with long flow-length and large mist flux
density. The gas and liquid was mixing in the way of 'Y' type. Secondly, the water
mist fire suppression system was set based on the systems designs of water supply and gas supply. The steam was taken as the gaseous atomizing medium to study the
promotion of the inert gas in fire extinguishing. And the water mist with good spray
performance was then generated. The water mist spray generated was steady and
symmetrical. The flow-length was about 10m. Thirdly, the calculation of the GLR
value and the condensation of the steam are measured to study the flow characteristics
of the atomizer. Fourthly, the atomizing mechanism of the pneumatic-atomizing
atomizer was studied. The interactions between liquid sheet rings or liquid sheet ring
and liquid sheet were studied with a high speed camera. And the reasons to the
formation of the 'tree and root' structure were explained firstly.
2) The spray performance of the pneumatic-atomizing water mist generated with
a new designed atomizer was measured. Firstly, the temperature distribution of the
water mist with different GLR value was measured due to the higher-temperature
property of the gaseous atomizing medium. Secondly, the mean droplet diameter of
water mist with different GLR value have been calculated based on the binary
analysis of the images which were captured by a high-speed camera with a frequency
of 2000 fps. Thirdly, the droplet velocity was measured based on the DPIV
methodology. And the two dimensional velocity vector field of water mist with
different GLR was rebuilt. Fourthly, the cone angle of the spray was measured based
on the binary analysis of the images. Fifthly, the mist flux was measured with a device
of 'collecting tubes' in case of water mist with different GLR value.
3) Experiments have been conducted to pool fire extinguishing with water mist in
test case of local application and total-flood application. Firstly, the experimental setup was set for fire suppression in local application. And the heat release rate of the
ethanol, gasoline and diesel in different oil pan was calculated. Secondly, the
experimental results were studied. Different kind types of the fuel were compared to
study the effects of the fuel. And the typical processes of pool fire extinguished with
water mist in local application were also studied based on the pictures captured with a
digital video. And then the dominative mechanisms for extinguishing pool fire with
pneumatic-atomizing water mist in local application were studied. The lifetime of the
droplet with various diameters in case of different flame temperature was calculated.
Thirdly, the experimental setup for fire suppression in total-flooding application was
set. And different kind types of the fuel were compared to study the effects of the fuel.
And the effects of the water mist with different GLR values were also studied. And
then the dominative mechanisms for fire extinction with water mist in enclosed space
were studied.
4) The flame expansion phenomenon of pool fire extinguishing with steam jet
and water mist was studied. Firstly, the existence of a fuel vapor rich core is a
prerequisite for observing a flame expansion phenomenon caused by an impinging
steam jet with sufficient momentum. This is also the reason responsible for the
phenomenon that no significant flame expansion phenomenon was observed in Class
A fire. The axial length of the fuel vapor rich core of a medium size pool fire is
Lc = 1/5Lf (Lf is the visible flame height). Secondly, the root cause responsible for the
flame expansion is the fuel vapor convection after impacting with the steam jet. An
expanded fire ball is formed due to the burning of the convected fuel vapor, which gives rise to a flame expansion phenomenon. Thirdly, the flame expansion
phenomenon could be divided to three typical stages: the flame height-decreasing
stage, the fire-expanding stage and the burn out stage. The flame height-decreasing
stage is the stage in which the steam jet impacts the flame and reaches the fuel vapor
rich core. The fire-expanding stage is the stage in which the fuel vapor is convected
and burnt as a fire ball after the steam impacting the fuel vapor rich core. The fire is
then immediately suppressed for lacking of fuel in the burn out stage. The lacking of
fuel is the key for the transient nature of the flame expansion phenomenon. Fourthly,
the experimental results reveal that, the expanded flame shape was very close to the
theoretical analysis proposed and the typical three stages are also be observed in the
experiments. Fifthly, the quantitative features of the flame expansion phenomenon,
the expansion ratio of the flame width φl, the expansion ratio of the flame volume φv and the expansion ratio of the flame radiation φr, are defined to characterize the level
of the expansion. Sixthly, experiments have been conducted to confirm the
quantitative features.


In the paper, special rules of inflicting a punishment are considered as a composite system. An analysis is made of one of its components, namely: the rules defining in detail and concretely the criteria for inflicting a punishment. The designated element represents a somewhat isolated subsystem and is constructed by a hierarchy principle. However, its legislative fixing does not correspond to principles of the system organization. Changes in the criminal law proposed by the author allow elimination of these contradictions.


The behaviour of the optical interface phonon in the graded quantum well (GQW) of AlxGa1-xAs with infinite Al0.4Ga0.6As barrier layers is investigated based on the dielectric continuum model. The solutions of the optical interface phonon modes are obtained. The perturbation theory is developed for kL << 1. It is found that the properties of the optical interface phonon in the GQW for kL << 1 are quite different from those in the square quantum well (SQW), as are those of GaAs-type modes from those of AlAs-type ones.


Contemporary climate change research today speculates that life as we know it is at an end (Scranton, 2015). As planetary conditions optimal to the survival of the human species are undergoing profound transformation, the question of what future awaits the human species has become both prominent and pervasive. Extending into the speculative art of video games, this post-apocalyptic mis-en-scene today constitutes something of a familiar reference point for gamers, who might find in such popular games as Left 4 Dead (2008) and Gears of War (2006) a particular speculation on survival where life as we know it encounters the destructive forces of nuclear devastation, epidemic, invasion, or any one of a myriad catastrophic scenarios now cliché in the medium. Yet, the ways that video games think survival nevertheless constitutes a speculative fulcrum on which is dramatized both "world without-us", or rather, an impersonal hostile world unremitting to the desires of 'man', and the human that might survive it (Thacker, 2011). Significant amongst such speculative games are the massive post-apocalyptic worlds of Fallout 3, Fallout: New Vegas, and Fallout 4, each of which evokes the question of how we might survive after nuclear catastrophe and its transformation of the planet into a foreboding ecology populated by mutated animals, radioactive dead-zones, loosely organized bandit hordes, and nomads foraging the resource scarce post-apocalyptic future.


Trans-acting factors controlling mRNA fate are critical for the post-transcriptional regulation of inflammation-related genes, as well as for oncogene and tumor suppressor expression in human cancers. Among them, a group of RNA-binding proteins called "Adenylate-Uridylate-rich elements binding proteins" (AUBPs) control mRNA stability or translation through their binding to AU-rich elements enriched in the 3'UTRs of inflammation- and cancer-associated mRNA transcripts. AUBPs play a central role in the recruitment of target mRNAs into small cytoplasmic foci called Processing-bodies and stress granules (also known as P-body/SG). Alterations in the expression and activities of AUBPs and P-body/SG assembly have been observed to occur with colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, indicating the significant role AUBP-dependent post-transcriptional regulation plays in controlling gene expression during CRC tumorigenesis. Accordingly, these alterations contribute to the pathological expression of many early-response genes involved in prostaglandin biosynthesis and inflammation, along with key oncogenic pathways. In this review, we summarize the current role of these proteins in CRC development. CRC remains a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide and, therefore, targeting these AUBPs to restore efficient post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression may represent an appealing therapeutic strategy.


Daniel F. Keefe Interactive Visualization Lab University of Minnesota firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract: We present a design-based exploration of the potential to reinterpret glyph-based visualization of scalar fields on 3D surfaces, a traditional scientific visualization technique, as a data physicalization technique. Even with the best virtual reality displays, users often struggle to correctly interpret spatial relationships in 3D datasets; thus, we are motivated to understand the extent to which traditional scientific visualization methods can translate to physical media where users may simultaneously leverage their visual systems and tactile senses to, in theory, better understand and connect with the data of interest. This pictorial traces the process of our design for a specific user study experiment: (1) inspiration, (2) exploring the data physicalization design space, (3) prototyping with 3D printing, (4) applying the techniques to different synthetic datasets. We call our most recent and compelling visual/tactile design boxcars on potatoes, and the next step in the research is to run a user-based evaluation to elucidate how this design compares to several of the others pictured here.


This paper presents a case for compensation of actual harm from climate change in the poorest countries. First, it is shown that climate change threatens to reverse the fight to eradicate poverty. Secondly, it is shown how the problems raised in the literature for compensation to some extent are based on misconceptions and do not apply to compensation of present actual harm. Finally, two arguments are presented to the effect that, in so far as developed countries accept a major commitment to mitigate climate change, they should also accept a commitment to address or compensate actual harm from climate change. The first argument appeals to the principle that if it is an injustice to cause risk of incurring harm in the future, then it is also an injustice to cause a similar harm now. The second argument appeals to the principle that if there is moral reason to reduce the risk of specific harms in the future, then there is also moral reason to address these harms if they materialize now. We argue that these principles are applicable to climate change, and that given the commitment of wealthy countries to a "common but differentiated responsibility," they lead to a commitment to address or compensate harm from climate change in poor and vulnerable developing countries.


On the basis of previous investigations from occupational medicine, neurology, and neuropyschology, a retrospective evaluation was made of 21 painters in whom chronic toxic encephalopathy following exposure to organic solvents had been diagnosed during a stay in the Neurology Department of Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, in the period 1976-1980. All the painters had given up their jobs for this reason. The assumption of a causal relationship between the exposure and the intellectual impairment was supported by a possible dose-effect relationship. The chronic toxic symptoms had considerable social consequences. Five years later, ten had not gotten other jobs. The lack of working ability was correlated to advancing age, increasing exposure, and increasing intellectual impairment. According to the results of the study, conditions at work places ought to be changed in such a way that harmful exposure can be prevented in the future.


We have studied the friction behavior based on liquid crystal (LC) alignment of a unique tribological system composed of a nematic LC and polyimide (PI). The LC was used as a lubricant and a tribological factor with molecular alignment ability. PI was used as both a rubbing pair part and a LC alignment agent. The LCs used as lubricants included the single LC 5CB and the mixed LCs 5CB–2UTPP3 and 3PEP5–3UTPP4. The PI used as the friction pair was 6FDA-ODA PI, and its counterpart was GCr15 steel. For this system, it was found that under the premise that the nematic phase temperature range of the selected LC meets the operating temperature of the friction test at a suitable ambient temperature, the operating speed and load are controlled to maintain a stable lubricating film thickness between the friction pairs during operation of the system. Moreover, by avoiding excessive or insufficient friction heat generated by the running speed being too high or too low to change the phase state of the LC, with the anchoring energy between the PI and the LC, the LC molecules will align in the rubbing direction, that is, they will arrange parallel to each other along the grooves, which can contribute to achieve superlubricity behavior.


Background To promote oral health in society, medical and nursing students are required to have acceptable knowledge, attitude, and practice with respect to correct maintenance and use of a toothbrush. This study explored the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Iranian medical and nursing students about the correct maintenance and use of a toothbrush. Methods A total of 260 nursing students and 320 medical students were randomly recruited. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire on the knowledge, attitude, and practice about toothbrush maintenance and use. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice were 54.53 ± 17.18, 49.67 ± 19.17, and 19 ± 51.50 in the nursing students and 54.17 ± 21.42, 51.18 ± 87.28, and 49.87 ± 17.52 out of 100 in the medical students, respectively. There was no significant difference between the medical and nursing students in the mean score of knowledge. The medical and nursing students had a similar attitude and practice in most items of toothbrush maintenance and use. Conclusion The medical and nursing students had average knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding toothbrush maintenance and use, which is not acceptable considering their job nature. Hence, interventional measures should be taken to enhance their knowledge, attitude, and practice.


Multiplexed protein secretion analysis of single cells is important to understand the heterogeneity of cellular functions and processes in healthy and disease states. However, current single-cell platforms, such as microwell-, microchamber-, or droplet-based assays, suffer from low single-cell occupancy, waste of reagents, limited sensitivity, or inability to perform necessary operations, etc. To overcome these drawbacks, we present an integrated droplet microfluidic device that interfaces with spatially patterned antibody barcodes for multiplexed single-cell secretome analysis. The trapping array of 100 picoliter-sized isolation chambers could achieve >80% single-cell capture efficiency with >90% viability. The single-cell analysis microchip was validated by the detection of four-plexed cytokines, including IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1b, and TNF-a/IL-10, from unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated individual human macrophages. We also successfully applied the platform to profile protein secretions of human tumor cell lines and primary/metastatic cancer cells dissociated from cancer patients to observe the secretion heterogeneity among cells. This unique microfluidic platform enables multiplexed secretion assays for static droplet microfluidics, provides a reliable and straightforward workflow for protein secretion assays based on a low number of single cells in a short incubation time (∼4 h), and could have widespread applications for studying secretion-mediated cellular heterogeneity.


The load distribution and deformation of pile subjected to axial loads are evaluated by a load-transfer method. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled soil resistance that is closely related to the ratio of pile diameter to soil modulus and the ratio of total shaft resistance against total applied load , in rock-socketed drilled shafts using the coupled load-transfer method. The proposed analytical method that takes into account the soil coupling effect was developed using a modified Mindlin's point load solution. Through comparisons with field case studies, it was found that the proposed method in the present study estimated reasonable load transfer behavior of pile and coupling effects due to the transfer of shaft shear loading, and thus represents a significant improvement in the prediction of load deflections of drilled shafts.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain FH4C carries a single invertase structural gene, SUC2, but produces distinct invertase mRNAs and polypeptides for the secreted and cytoplasmic forms of the enzyme. The two major invertase cell-free translation products are polypeptides of 60,000 daltons (p60) and 62,000 daltons (p62) and correspond to the nonglycosylated cytoplasmic form of invertase and the precursor of glycosylated secreted invertase, respectively. This paper describes amino acid sequence and peptide map analyses of invertase polypeptides. The peptide maps demonstrate that p62, p60, and the in vivo secreted polypeptide have significant structural homology. Sequence analysis, however, revealed differences between p62 and p60 at their amino termini. p62 contains an amino-terminal signal sequence of 19 amino acid residues that is specifically cleaved during secretion in a cell-free system to generate the secreted 87,000-dalton invertase glycopeptide gp87. This signal sequence is not present in p60. p60 synthesis begins with a methionine which can be aligned with a methionine at residue 21 in p 62. During translation, the p60 initiator methionine is removed and the newly generated amino terminus is acetylated. Based on peptide map similarities, partial amino-terminal sequence data, and common genetic origin, it is suggested that p60 and p62 have identical amino acid sequences carboxy-terminal to the p60 initiator methionine (residue 21 of p62). The reciprocal correlations of signal sequence with secretion and absence of signal sequence with cytoplasmic localization provide proof of the signal hypothesis for secreted proteins. Two mechanisms are proposed for the derivation of p60 and p62 from a single structural gene: alternative promoter sites, and differential processing of a single primary transcript.


In this article, racemization of various olefinic sec-alcohols by Ru(CO)(2)((5)-C5Ph5)Cl was investigated. The racemization of three aliphatic sec-alcohols with different chain lengths containing terminal double bonds was studied. A dramatic decrease of the racemization rate was found for these sec-alcohols compared to that of the corresponding saturated substrates. The slow racemization rate of the former alcohols is ascribed to coordination of the double bond to the ruthenium centre, which blocks the free site needed for -hydride elimination. This mechanism was supported by a recent study, in which 5-hexen-2-ol was found to form an alkoxycarbonyl complex having the double bond coordinated to the ruthenium atom. Aliphatic sec-alcohol substrates with a di- or trisubstituted double bond were found to give a lower degree of inhibition of the racemization rate than the substrates with a monosubstituted double bond.


The social interactions of 12 adult Lemur catta were observed under standard conditions over a 20-month period. Descriptions of the behavioural repertoire and of vaginal cytology throughout two breeding seasons provided the basis for a preliminary analysis of hormonal influences on social behaviour in a"lower"primate. Both long and short term fluctuations in gonadal activity were associated with changes in the frequency of expression of several non-sexual patterns, particularly of the species-characteristic and sexually differentiated displays of males. The latter appear to be predominantly olfactory gestures and serve to distribute skin-gland secretions, thereby integrating much social activity. In contrast to the extended receptivity characteristic of some monkeys and apes, mating in the Ring-tail is restricted to a brief period during the 51/2-week cycle, being invariably coincident with vaginal oestrus. Hormonal factors alone are probably sufficient to determine the appearance of full behavioural oestrus. Patterns (other than fighting) tentatively associated with territoriality and/or dominance appear the least sensitive to influence by gonadal secretions.


The purpose of this
project is to explore the adsorption rates of different dye methods (direct, reactive,
acidic, disperse, azo dyes) in three shapes of chitosan materials (film,
microsphere, and scaffold) which were formed by 88% deacetylation degree of
chitosan. Results of this research suggest that the samples with larger
specific surface areas tend to have shorter adsorption times. Among the three
samples, the chitosan scaffold reached the adsorptive saturation on the third
day, showing the shortest adsorption time of the direct, reactive, acidic,
dispersive and azo dyes, whereas the chitosan film reached the adsorptive
saturation on the eighth day, giving it the longest adsorption time of the
dyes.


Improved techniques have been developed for washing, pinning, fixation, dehydration and critical-point drying of tissues of female and male reproductive tracts, gametes, for viewing by scanning electron microscopy. The sputtering method, performed by an ion gun, is applied to shadow and produce a thin film of gold. Technical details and metal coating are noted which are suitable to improve images of surface ultrastructure of cilia and microvilli. Studies using scanning electron microscopy, histological and histochemical techniques, and cinematography are described.


Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a grade IV brain tumour. It is the most common brain malignancy and is extremely aggressive. Ionizing radiation plays a vital role in the treatment of this tumour. Growth of the GBM is sustained by a subpopulation of the tumour cells often called the glioma stem cells (GSC). Kim et al. and Gao et al. presented in vitro and in silico data respectively where GSC population seemed unnaturally increased. We created four nested ODE models for GBM growth. Parameters were estimated from the available data using the least squares error method and the Akaike Information Criterion was used to choose a suitable model for tumour growth. The aspect of irradiation treatment was incorporated into the glioma growth model using the linear-quadratic model. My analysis on the treatment ODE model supports the findings of Gao et al. that the increased stem cell ratios can only be explained if the stem cell population divides more aggressively after radiotherapy.


【In experimental method, this study was that galvanic vestibular stimulation in vestibular system influenced the excitability of spinal neuron through. H-reflex was measured by galvanic vestibular stimulation of binaural(right-negative pole and left-positive pole) at left head turning and prone position in sixteen normal subjects in their twenties age were selected. The summary of the comparison results were obtained below. 1. In the change of H reflex according to galvanic vestibular stimulation(GVS), Hmax amplitude(p】