When the securities laws were enacted, and even later when Rule 10b-5 was promulgated, transactions in securities were primarily domestic in nature. A dramatic globalization trend, however, is presently transforming the nature of securities markets and the nature of transactions conducted in those markets. Courts will soon be faced with more frequent and more difficult decisions as to the scope of the antifraud protections of the U.S. securities laws.This article suggests that the time is ripe for the SEC or Congress to consider taking action to limit the extraterritorial application of the United States securities laws in antifraud cases. Furthermore, the SEC should look to its work in Regulation S and be guided by policies that further integrate world markets and prevent U.S. markets from being placed at a competitive disadvantage due to the stringency and over-zealous application of U.S. laws.


Detecting, characterizing and adapting to novelty, whether in the form of previously unseen objects or phenomena, or unexpected changes in the behavior of known elements, is essential for Artificial Intelligence agents to operate reliably in unconstrained real-world environments.

We propose an automatic, unsupervised approach to novelty characterization for dynamic domains, based on describing the behaviors and interactions of objects in terms of their possible actions. To abstract from the variety of realizations of an action that can occur in physical domains, we model states in terms of qualitative spatial relations (QSRs) between their entities.

By first learning a model of actions in the non-novel environment from the state transitions observed as the agent interacts with the world, we can detect novelty by the persistent deviations from this model that it causes, and characterize the novelty by new or modified actions.

We also present a new method of learning action models from observation, based on conceptual similarity and hierarchical clustering.


Paromius exiguus (Distant) has caused serious damage by pecky grains around Gimpo paddy fields in 2001. We conducted field and laboratory studies to determine the seasonal occurrence and age distribution of P. exiguus on the three major host plants. The overwintering P. exiguus was found mainly on the basal part of gramineae weeds in various localities. After overwintering, in mid-May, the adults aggregated on the grain parts of Imperata cylindrica, laid their eggs and nymphs developed into adults on the same host plants. By the time, the Calamagrostis epigeios colony had newly occupied I. cylindrica areas, the nymphs and adults of first generation had already moved to the second host. The second generation of P. exiguus, after having completed its life cycle on C. epigeios, the newly emerged adults migrated to the rice plants and other gramineae weeds in early August. Afterwards, they complete its third generation cycle where they can move to the overwintering site again. P. exiguus has the five nymphal stages and each nymphal stage could be determined by head or prothoracic width. On the I. cylindrica and O. sativa hosts, the age distribution of P. exiguus showed a simple structure as each stage ratio increased stepwise with time. But in case of C. epigeios, as the newly emerged adults and immature nymphs continuously migrate after a month from the I. cylindrica, the age structure became remarkably complex. The peak nymphal density was observed when the ratio of third and forth instar was the highest in the population. The finding about the specific age structure on each generation of the insect would be very useful in control decision making on the major host plants. It is also important to consider the host's specificity to pesticide sensitivity in relation to various nymphal stages.


The identification of high-risk components early in the life cycle is addressed. A solution that casts this as a classification problem is examined. The proposed approach derives models of problematic components, based on their measurable attributes and those of their development processes. The models provide a basis for forecasting which components are likely to share the same high-risk properties, such as being error-prone or having a high development cost. Developers can use these classification techniques to localize the troublesome 20% of the system. The method for generating the models, called automatic generation of metric-based classification trees, uses metrics from previous releases or projects to identify components that are historically high-risk.<<ETX>>


Abstract The effects of using print‐script as the initial handwriting style on the development of the handwriting of primary‐school children were investigated in a longitudinal field experiment extending from the first through to the fifth grade. Two groups of children were compared. In the first grade, the 103 children in group A learned to write print‐script and the 104 children in group B learned to write disjoined cursive letters. From the beginning of the second grade the children in both groups learned the same cursive writing. No difference in mean handwriting‐quality scores was found between the two groups at any grade level.


The interaction of BamHI endonuclease with DNA has been studied crystallographically, but has not been characterized rigorously in solution. The enzyme binds in solution as a homodimer to its recognition site GGATCC. Only six base-pairs are directly recognized, but binding affinity (in the absence of the catalytic cofactor Mg(2+)) increases 5400-fold as oligonucleotide length increases from 10 to 14 bp. Binding is modulated by sequence context outside the recognition site, varying about 30-fold from the bes t (GTG or TAT) to the worst (CGG) flanking triplets. BamHI, EcoRI and EcoRV endonucleases all have different context preferences, suggesting that context affects binding by influencing the free energy levels of the complexes rather than that of the free DNA. Ethylation interference footprinting in the absence of divalent metal shows a localized and symmetrical pattern of phosphate contacts, with strong contacts at NpNpNpGGApTCC. In the presence of Mg(2+), first-order cleavage rate constants are identical in the two GGA half-sites, are the same for the two nicked intermediates and are unaffected by substrate length in the range 10-24 bp. DNA binding is strongly enhanced by mutations D94N, E111A or E113K, by binding of Ca(2+) at the active site, or by deletion of the scissile phosphate GpGATCC, indicating that a cluster of negative charges at the catalytic site contributes at least 3-4 kcal/mol of unfavorable binding free energy. This electrostatic repulsion destabilizes the enzyme-DNA complex and favors metal ion binding and progression to the transition state for cleavage.


This article describes the mathematical model of stripe deformation at steel sheet rolling in four-high stand. The authors presented a methodology for quantifying the effect of self-leveling lengthening across the width of the strip.


In our previous research it was found that the perceived apparent movement between two points across the blind spot was faster than that between two points located above the blind spot, when the distance between two points was kept constant. Furthermore, a high correlation between perceived movement and the size of the blind spot was obtained (r = 0.87 with p = 0.05). Thus, a larger blind spot contributed to the perception of faster apparent movement when the distance between two spots remained constant. The present research examines the effects of the size of the blind spot on visual acuity threshold. Eight graduate students whose size of blind spots differed from each other served as subjects. A homemade perimeter presented Vernier acuity stimuli. A 2 × 2 factorial analysis was used. The first two factors in the analysis were vertical height and horizontal width of the blind spot; the second two factors were two points across the blind spot and upper retinal two points which were 2 cm above the blind spot. The acuity thresholds were measured by the method of limits. A high correlation between visual acuity threshold and the size of the blind spot was obtained (r = 0.67 with p = 0.05) with the horizontal width. However, the visual acuity threshold was not significantly influenced by the vertical height of the blind spot.


1 Mestak O, Kullac R, Mestak J, Nosek A, Krajcova A, Sukop A. Evaluation of the long-term stability of sheath plication using absorbable sutures in 51 patients with diastasis of the recti muscles: an ultrasonographic study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Nov;130(5):714e-719e. 2 Tadiparthi S1, Shokrollahi K, Doyle GS, Fahmy FS. Rectus sheath plication in abdominoplasty: assessment of its longevity and a review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2012 Mar;65(3):328–32.


The development of a dual probe that provides ratiometric measurements of fluid viscosity is described. The design is based on coupling of a primary fluorophore with viscosity-independent fluorescence emission (blue unit) with a secondary fluorophore that exhibits viscosity-sensitive fluorescent emission quantum yield (red unit). Excitation of the secondary fluorophore can be achieved via Resonance Energy Transfer. The ratio of the fluorescence emission of these fluorophores provides an accurate, ratiometric measurement of solvent viscosity.


We investigated the capabilities of brain sulcal morphometry and cortical thickness (CT) to predict the conversion from MCI stage to AD and explored the correlation with neuropsychological performance. Sulcal surface, mean depth, length and width were analysed. The width showed the best capability to discriminate between HC, MCI and AD (also in comparison to CT), and was able to distinguish at baseline converter MCI from non-converter MCI. Moreover, the width of specific frontal sulci correlated with memory and language performance. Sulcal morphometry emerged as a useful tool, capable of providing potential biomarkers for MCI conversion.


A 'continual flow of commentary and classification' (Dodson 1994:2) has marked research relationships with Aboriginal people since the initial invasion of this country. Under the colonisers' ethnographic gaze, Aboriginal people have been the subject of surveillance, with research linked to imperialism and colonialism perpetuating the fantasy of superiority of white nation and framing indigeneity within racialised deficit assumptions. Colonial relationships persist within institutional centres such as research spaces, as power relationships within colonial contexts continue to influence how research is conducted and interpreted (Kovach 2018). These practices have attempted to silence and exclude Aboriginal living experiences and perspectives contributing to a legacy of mistrust within Aboriginal communities. This paper explores what it means to tell a different story and demonstrates how the processes of decolonising methodologies and research methods have informed and shaped this story. The decolonisation process of research methodology is essential to Indigenous reclamation of history. The power of Indigenous oral histories in supporting the purpose of decolonising frontier history lies not in the extractive discourse of colonial practices, but in the ethical and transformative 'Aboriginal-centric practice' (Watson 2007:135) of centring Aboriginal living experiences and perceptions. Using a story about camp dogs running all over the maps, the paper describes an Indigenist approach to historical education research in an Aboriginal community in the north-east of Western Australia. The importance of valorising ethical practices and cultural safety in research is highlighted by explaining how Indigenous research methods and decolonised research design are used in the study. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates how reframed Indigenous intellectual property rights and archives are dismantling what has been remembered by whom and for what purpose. The paper argues that these collaborative and emancipatory processes support the decolonisation of history and the telling of different stories.


Someproperties of the endo-polygalacturonase from Trichosporon penicillatum were investigated. The enzyme showed the highest activity around pH 5.0 and was stable at this pH up to 50°C. The enzyme catalyzed the hydrolysis of galacturonic acid oligomers as well as its polymer. The pentamer was degraded to a trimer and a dimer, the tetramer to a trimer and a monomer,and the trimer to a dimer and a monomer,respectively, whereas the dimer was not degraded. The kinetic constant Fmaxand Kmvalues changed with the substrate chain-length; the Kmvalues tended to decrease, whereas the Fmaxvalues tended to increase with increasing chain-length of the substrate. The amino acid residue participating in the active site of the enzyme was studied and it was found to be histidine.


The paper presents a method of multivariate data analysis described by a model which involves fixed effects, additive polygenic individual effects and the effects of a major gene. To find the estimates of model parameters, the maximization of likelihood function method is applied. The maximum of likelihood function is computed by the use of the Gibbs sampling approach. In this approach, following the conditional posterior distributions, values of all unknown parameters are generated. On the basis of the obtained samples the marginal posterior densities as well as the estimates of fixed effects, gene frequency, genotypic values, major gene, polygenic and error (co)variances are calculated. A numerical example, supplemented to theoretical considerations, deals with data simulated according to the considered model.


Gingiva is often the site of localized growths. Suddenly appearing and slowly enlarging gingival overgrowths interfere in normal masticatory functions besides raising suspicion about pathogenicity of the lesion and causing undue distress to the patient. Therefore, correct diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential. This article presents a clinical case of Peripheral Ossifying Fibroma (POF) in a 17 year old girl. After etiotropic therapy, the lesion was excised. The excised specimen was sent for histopathological examination which confirmed the diagnosis of POF.


Understanding the development and evolution of accretionary orogens is crucial for characterizing continental crust growth in time and space. In the Altaids tectonic collage of Central Asia, conflicting geodynamic models have been proposed about the Paleozoic evolution, during which juvenile continental crust has been extensively formed. This study focuses on West Junggar (NW China), a key region that has not been extensively studied yet. A multidisciplinary approach, including detrital zircon provenance study, geochemistry, and field structural analysis, provides new constraints on the evolution of three Early Paleozoic units of West Junggar. Oceanic subduction predominates in Early Paleozoic time, as indicated by ophiolitic mélanges, fore-arc volcaniclastic turbidites and magmatic arc suites. However, the development of an olistostrome supplied by a sub-contemporaneous carbonate platform, the occurrence of continental molasse, and the chronology and geochemistry of magmatic events reveal interruptions of subduction. Discrete collisions of volcanic arcs and micro-continent are inferred from the tectonic structure of the belt, which displays allochthonous units rooted in the suture zone. Early Paleozoic magmatic and sedimentary rocks of West Junggar bear some resemblance to contemporaneous analogues in Eastern Kazakhstan, and suggest a lateral connection. On the basis of these new results, we propose a geodynamic evolution in four steps: 1) Early to Middle Ordovician intra-oceanic subduction forming island arcs, 2) Late Ordovician tectonic accretion of island arcs against the Kazakhstan continental margin, 3) Early to Middle Silurian resumption of subduction and active continental margin magmatism, and 4) Late Silurian–Early Devonian micro-continent collision. This scenario, consistent with the formation of the Kazakhstan Block, supports a model of multiple episodic accretions for the Altaids tectonic collage rather than a continuous continental margin evolution. These results also suggest that, in Central Asia, continental crust growth results from alternating vertical and horizontal growth episodes throughout the Paleozoic.


The value of the quantitative electromyogram in the detection of subclinical myopathic signs was tested in a family consisting of 11 members, one of them showing a Malignant Hyperthermia crisis. Furtheron an in vitro contracture test and an ATP-test was performed and the Serum CPK and the isoenzyme in serum and muscle examined. The following conclusions were taken: 1) Although unspecific pattern (in 5 cases more than 12% polyphasic potentials were found, one of them showing a reduction of the mean duration of 30%) the electromyography is a good but not absolutely certain indicator of subclinical myopathic signs in Malignant Hyperthermia. 2) The exclusion of M.H. risk is not possible using a single test. 3) The diagnostic value of not invasive methods, as the electromyography is of special importance. The diagnostic use of many M.H. tests seems necessary.


The morphology and ultrastructure of the olfactory sensilla on the antennae and maxillary palps were investigated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and their responses to five volatile compounds were measured using electroantenogram (EAG) and electropalpogram (EPG) techniques in the pumpkin fruit fly, Bactrocera depressa (Shiraki; Diptera: Tephritidae). Male and female B. depressa displayed distinct morphological types of olfactory sensilla in the antennae and maxillary palps, with predominant populations of trichoid, basiconic, and coeloconic sensilla. Basiconic sensilla, the most abundant type of olfactory sensilla in the antennae, could be further classified into two different types. In contrast, the maxillary palps exhibited predominant populations of a single type of curved basiconic sensilla. High-resolution SEM observation revealed the presence of multiple nanoscale wall-pores on the cuticular surface of trichoid and basiconic sensilla, indicating that their primary function is olfactory. In contrast, coeloconic sensilla displayed several longitudinal grooves around the sensillum peg. The TEM observation of individual antennal olfactory sensilla indicates that the basiconic sensilla are thin-walled, while the trichoid sensilla are thick-walled. The profile of EAG responses of male B. depressa was different from their EPG response profile, indicating that the olfactory function of maxillary palps is different from that of antennae in this species. The structural and functional variation in the olfactory sensilla between antennae and maxillary palps suggests that each plays an independent role in the perception of olfactory signals in B. depressa.


Studying planetary magnetic fields may bring clues for understanding the physical processes of a planetary interior. Mercury is the only terrestrial planet (except the Earth) that has a core dynamo that generates a global magnetic field. Hermean magnetic field measurements acquired over the northern hemisphere by the MESSENGER spacecraft provide crucial information on the magnetic field of the planet. The Time-Dependent Equivalent Source Dipole method is developed here to model magnetic field and possible secular variation with measurements distributed over a limited spatial region. Tests with synthetic data distributed on regular grids as well as at spacecraft positions confirm the validity of the method. The method is applied to almost three terrestrial years of MESSENGER measurements. Ignoring the secular variation terms, sidereal and solar day Hermean field models are computed and interpreted. A dominantly zonal field with small-scale non axisymmetric features co-rotating with the Sun in Mercury Body Fixed is found in the sidereal day models. When modeling the field during one complete solar day, these small-scale features decrease and the field becomes even more axisymmetric. However, comparing different solar day models reveal a strong variability. The lack of any coherent non-axisymmetric feature recovered by our method, which was designed to allow for such small-scale structures, provides strong evidence for the large-scale and close-to-axisymmetry structure of the internal magnetic field of Mercury.


Endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) rarely infiltrates the great vessels. We report a successful surgical resection of the inferior vena cava (IVC) after extensive infiltration with metastatic low-grade ESS. A case of presumed recurrence of low-grade ESS demonstrated complete IVC occlusion from tumour thrombus with extensive local disease. Radical resection of the tumour and caval reconstruction was performed. The IVC graft was thrombosed at short-term follow-up. Curative resection of extensive caval infiltration with metastatic low-grade ESS can be achieved. Caval reconstructive procedures may be redundant in the presence of an adequate collateral circulation.


Abstract The main objective of this study was to identify the association between combined effect of physical activity, reduction of screen time and overweight in adolescents. The sample of this cross-sectional study consisted of 613 adolescents, aged 15-18 years living in a municipality in northeastern Brazil. Physical activity was measured using the short-version IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and screen time was verified through two questions about the time that, on average, interviewees watched television, played video games, used the cell phone or computer on a normal weekday and one weekend day. The predictive power and cutoff points of screen time and physical activity for the outcome of interest were identified using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Different logistic regression models were proposed, with excess weight as dependent variable. In all models, the combination of little physical activity and long screen time was used as reference. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used. In boys, the combination of physical activity and short screen time on a weekend day was inversely associated with overweight (OR = 0.31; 0.12-0.85). The combined effect of physical activity and reduced time spent watching TV, computer screen and similar devices on a weekend day is inversely associated with overweight in boys.


Purpose: To determine between-method differences in corneal endothelial cell parameters using center and automated methods of non-contact specular microscopy (CellCheck software of Konan, Inc.).Methods: We analyzed the central corneal endothelium cell density (ECD) of 245 glaucomatous eyes using center (ECD-Ce) and automated methods (ECD-Au). Based on the ECD-Ce, we allocated subjects to Groups 1 to 10 (at 250 cells/mm2 intervals) and evaluated the ECD, coefficient of variation of cell area (CV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (HEX).Results: There was a close correlation (r = 0.91) between the ECD values measured using both methods. However, ECD-Au were significantly higher than those measured by the center method when ECD-Ce was less than 2500 (in Groups 1 to 8; P < 0.001 to P = 0.006). The regression equation of (ECD-Au - ECD-Ce) =1028-0.397*ECD-Ce shows greater deviation in eyes with lower ECD, and this difference became 0 when ECD -Ce was 2593 cells/mm2. None of the 44 subjects with an ECD-Ce of < 1000 cells/mm2 recorded an ECD-Au < 1000 cells/mm2. Compared with the center method, the automated method had higher and lower median CV and HEX values, respectively (P < 0.001). The between-method differences in both CV and HEX were negatively correlated with ECD-Ce (r = -0.49, P < 0.001 and r = -0.25, P < 0.001; respectively).Conclusion: The automated method of the CellCheck software overestimates ECD in eyes with lower ECD values and may overlooks risk of corneal decompensation.


PURPOSE
To investigate the influence of maxillary protraction combined with maxillary molar distalization appliance therapy on skeletal Class III cross bite malocclusion.

METHODS
60 patients with cross bite and crowding malocclusion were treated with maxillary protraction combined with maxillary molar distalization appliance. The arch length was analyzed before wearing appliance (T1), after debonding appliance(T2), and one year after debonding appliance(T3). SPSS10.0 software package was used for ANOVA.

RESULTS
Before therapy, the maxillary arch length was not enough with arch length discrepancy. After active treatment, the device had extended the length of the upper dental arch significantly to relieve crowding and change the cross bite. Esthetics were greatly enhanced.

CONCLUSIONS
Maxillary protraction combined with maxillary molar distalization appliance therapy change the maxillary arch length. However, further study is necessary to understand the long-term clinical effect.


Cutoff bends along modified, stabilized streams often constitute a valuable recreational, ecological, and aesthetic resource. However, their resource value rapidly declines as they fill with sediment, and new cutoff bends do not form to replace them in highly managed rivers.

Data from repetitive hydrographic surveys of 20 cutoff bends along four rivers in the southeastern United States were examined using conceptual and analytical models in order to provide a more objective basis for bend management. Bend volume was found to be a log-decay function of cumulative water discharge through the cutoff reach. Regression analyses were used to generate functions to predict the log-decay constant. The log-decay constant varied directly with master stream suspended bed-material concentration and inversely with variables describing the geometry of the upstream entrance of the old bend. Management of cutoff bends should focus on sequencing construction activities and modification of the upstream bend entrance geometry to reduce the quantity of bed material diverted into the bend. Construction of blockage structures to top-bank elevation in upstream entrances of cutoff bends is recommended for systems with average suspended bed-material concentrations greater than about 50ppm. Blockage or modification of entrance geometry of longer bends preserves more aquatic habitat longer than similar levels of effort directed toward shorter bends. Maintenance of a hydraulic connection between the river and at least one end of the cutoff bend is recommended.


Decision-making in the design of effective wildlife passage structures is hampered by the sparse information currently available. There are several reasons for this deficiency. Monitoring wildlife passages is not often anticipated after construction. There are few methodological approaches to identify the placement of wildlife passages. Finally, there is an urgent need for mitigation procedures that contemplate the broad landscape context of road systems. When used in a geographic information system (GIS) environment, regional or landscape level connectivity models of sufficient resolution can help delineate placement of wildlife crossing structures. GIS tools and applications are becoming more popular among resource managers and transportation planners. An empirically based habitat linkage model is preferred to qualitative or conceptual models based on limited data. However, in many cases, the data necessary for empirically based models are not available. As a substitute, expert information can be used to develop simple, predictive, habitat linkage models in a relatively short period of time. Banff National Park is preparing for a new Trans-Canada highway (TCH) expansion and mitigation project. We need to be able to provide park managers with an empirical assessment of the impediments posed by transportation corridors to animal movements, and recommend the placement of mitigation measures. For some species there are empirical data, while for others there are little or no data. Given this situation, we developed several GIS approaches to model animal movements across transportation corridors in the Central Rocky Mountains. For a single species, we developed three different but spatially explicit habitat models to identify linkage areas across the TCH. One model was based on empirical data, and the other two models were based on expert opinion and expert literature. We used the empirical model as a yardstick to measure the accuracy of the expert-based models. Our tests showed the expert literaturebased model most closely approximated the empirical model, both in the results of statistical tests and the description of the linkages. For a similar exercise using empirical data, we developed a multi-scale GIS approach to model multiple species movements across the TCH and identify mitigation passage placement. Three steps were involved: 1) the creation of regional habitat suitability models for each of four large mammal species, 2) the development of a regional scale movement component to the models, and (3) nested within step 2, the construction of local-scale movement models of high spatial resolution within the transportation corridor. Recommendations regarding the location of potential mitigation based on the intersection of simulated pathways with transportation corridors and other human infrastructure were the result of the exercise. Our empirical and expert models represent useful tools for resource and transportation planners charged with determining the location of mitigation passages. Expert models were shown to be practical when baseline information is lacking and time constraints do not allow for pre-construction data collection. It is important to note the wide applicability of such models to other planning issues in the Central Rocky Mountains. The proposed models could be applied to other human infrastructure, such as railways, trails, or other road systems.


Abstract This research is motivated by the lack of interaction between teacher and students, students and students. The lack of understanding of mathematical concepts students. Because of that, researcher used Tekhnik Bisnis Berisiko . The purpose of this study was to determine the development of student's understanding of mathematical concepts and to saw are student's understanding of mathematical concepts with the implementation of this mode is better than understanding of mathematical concepts students with conventional learning.This research is an experimental study. The research instrument consist of quiz and final test. Analysis of quizes, observer from the percentage of students who pass each meeting in the experiment class. From the 1 st until the 6 th quiz . Student's final test data by using  statistic are normally distributed and homogeneous. After processing the data obtained t = 2,129 and , so that   > . So, the conclusion hypothesis is rejected. It means student's understanding mathematical concepts who learn by using the Tekhnik Bisnis Berisiko better than student's understanding of mathematical concepts who learn with conventional learning at VIII class SMPN 6 sijunjung Key words : Tekhnik Bisnis Berisiko,  understanding of mathematical concepts.


This work presents a novel technique for the computation of radiated electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels due to corona on high-voltage (HV) transmission lines. The EMI levels computed using the present technique for various HV transmission lines from around the world matches well with the experimentally measured values, thus validating the present technique. Using the technique developed, the influence of transmission line length, distance of observation point from the line, conductor diameter as well as the transmission line configuration on the radiated EM field has been studied. It is seen that for observation points which are close to the transmission line corridor, the total radiated electric field remains almost constant for line lengths above 1500 m. For observation points which are far away, a longer length of the line needs to be considered for computation of the total electric field. In the study, it is seen that the transmission line conductor height and line configuration have marginal influence on the radiated electric field.


OBJECTIVES
We estimate the causal impact of intensive caregiving, defined as providing at least 80 hours of care per month, and work, on the mental health of caregivers while considering possible sources of endogeneity in these relationships.

METHODS
We use two linked data sources from the U.S. by matching caregivers in the National Study of Caregiving (NSOC) with corresponding care recipients in the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) for years 2011-2017. We address possible sources of endogeneity in the relationships between caregiving, work and mental health by using instrumental variables methodology, instrumenting for both caregiving and work behavior. We examine two measures used to screen for depression (PHQ-2 psychodiagnostic test) and anxiety (GAD-2 generalized anxiety disorders screening instrument), a composite measure that combines these measures (PHQ-4), and positive well-being variables to ascertain possible gains from caregiving.

RESULTS
Providing at least 80 hours of care per month to a parent compared to less intensive caregiving increases the PHQ-4 Scale for anxiety and depression disorders. This is driven by the screening score for anxiety and not psycho-diagnostics test scores for depression. Relationship quality decreases substantially for intensive caregivers, and intensive caregiving leads to less satisfaction that the care recipient is well-cared for. We do not find offsetting mental health gains for intensive caregivers compared to non-intensive caregivers. Work does not independently impact mental health of caregivers.

DISCUSSION
Caregiver interventions that reduce objective demands or support intensive caregivers could reduce or prevent well-being losses and improve caregiver's relationship with the recipient.


lar device is part of each statement within a deductive system, that the statements constitutive of such a system are not such necessary formulas as "pq Z> q" but such statements as " \-pq Z3 q". The former is a necessary statement but it does not entail or necessitate other statements such as "pp Z> p". Its membership in a system, indicated by the assertion sign, does however necessitate the membership in the system of "pp Z> p". Similarly, Strawson explicitly rejects the view that Hampshire would force on him that necessary formulas do not express propositions (p. 193). CHARLES A. BAYLIS


. A capacity building experience in Central Asia is illustrated, which consisted in the organization of a series of eight training workshops devoted to the different components of risk assessment, focused on earthquakes, floods and select-10 ed landslide scenarios. Specifically, the activity consisted of five country-based workshops on exposure assessment, organised one in each of the involved Countries (i.e. Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan), plus three thematic workshops on hazard, vulnerability and risk modelling, organised at the regional scale of Central Asia. The capacity building workshops provided participants an opportunity to learn about international practice and methodologies related to natural risks assessment, as well as to discuss the value of methods applied for large-scale risk assessment, 15 showing how they complement and advance what was previously done in the region. The involvement of local scientific experts (including invited speakers) was essential in recognizing and supplying relevant information from methodologies previously applied in each country, as well as to discuss the possibilities offered by the newly proposed procedures and to validate their products. To increase the impact of the capacity building activities and to cascade the training, local universities, research institutes and associations were involved, so as to reach younger professionals and experts. 20 In view of the restrictions imposed by the Covid19 emergency, all workshops were held in online mode; this restriction eventually turned out to be an advantage, as it allowed for a much broader participation, beyond any expectations, especially for the regional thematic workshops. Participation was active and varied, involving not only individuals from academy and research institutes, but also a significant number of representatives from Ministries, professionals, young experts and students. The feedback from participants, received through anonymous evaluation forms, was especially useful and positive, 25 indicating that the topics covered by the workshops were relevant to their current work and that participants are likely to use the presented tools and data in their activities. It also provided valuable indications that were considered when planning the subsequent activities. Lessons learned from this capacity building activity are discussed, including a summary description of the workshops structure, their attendance and feedback from participants. The experience collected during the workshops is summarized here 30 and generalized in order to support future experiences of this kind, in the region and worldwide.


Design, development, and tests are described for two single-pole-double-throw latching waveguide ferrite switches: a K-band switch in WR-42 waveguide and a Ka-band switch in WR-28 waveguide. Both switches have structurally simple junctions, mechanically interlocked without the use of bonding materials; they are impervious to the effects of thermal, shock, and vibration stresses. Ferrite material for the Ka-band switch with a proper combination of magnetic and dielectric properties was available and resulted in excellent low loss, wideband performance. The high power handling requirement of the K-band switch limited the choice of ferrite to nickel-zinc compositions with adequate magnetic properties, but with too low relative dielectric constant. The relative dielectric constant determines the junction dimensions for given frequency responses. In this case the too low value unavoidably leads to a larger than optimum junction volume, increasing the insertion loss and restricting the operating bandwidth. Efforts to overcome the materials-related difficulties through the design of a composite junction with increased effective dielectric properties efforts to modify the relative dielectric constant of nickel-zinc ferrite are examined.


BK Nephropathy (BKVN) is a viral nephropathy that can lead to allograft failure. We report a 25 years old kidney transplant recipient who presented with asymptomatic progressive renal allograft dysfunction nine months after renal transplantation. He was worked up as inpatient and allograft biopsy came with a conclusion of viral nephropathy. Further work up for the etiology revealed the viral agent was BK Virus. As renal transplantation is still relatively new to developing countries, this case will highlight clinical feature, diagnosis and treatment options of the condition.


The role of different receptors in natural-killer- (NK-) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma (MM) cells is unknown. We investigated if an enhancement of NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against MM could be reached by blocking of the inhibitory leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 1 (LIR-1). Our investigations revealed high levels of LIR-1 expression not only on the NK cell line NK-92, but also on myeloma cells (MOLP-8, RPMI8226) as well as on a lymphoblastoid cell line (LBCL; IM-9). Subsequent cytotoxicity assays were designed to show the isolated effects of LIR-1 blocking on either the effector or the tumor side to rule out receptor-receptor interactions. Although NK-92 was shown to be capable of myeloma cell lysis, inhibition of LIR-1 on NK-92 did not enhance cytotoxicity. Targeting the receptor on MM and LBCL did not also alter NK-92-mediated lysis. We come to the conclusion that LIR-1 alone does not directly influence NK-cell-mediated cytotoxicity against myeloma. To our knowledge, this work provides the first investigation of the inhibitory capability of LIR-1 in NK-92-mediated cytotoxicity against MM and the first functional evaluation of LIR-1 on MM and LBCL.


Sir I read the recent article by Dr Murray (Br J Sury 1991; 78: 777-81) with great interest but am left with some uncertainty as far as randomization is concerned. We are often told that to randomize by odd and even hospital number is not strictly correct. But hospital numbers are randomly allocated on a 'first come first served' basis, and it is also entirely random whether patients with the disease process of interest acquire odd or even numbers. Take as a contrast randomization in blocks, much used by statisticians in large national studies. This is where equal numbers in the groups of interest are distributed between centres to overcome problems from surgeon-related variability or the differences in levels of skill between different centres. Let N be the number of patients in each block and let us consider the comparison of three drugs or surgical procedures, A, B, and C. For simplicity, suppose N = 6 , although of course it is usual for blocks to be somewhat larger than this. Then there is an equal chance that the first draw will be A, B, or C ; but the second and subsequent draws will not be random. If A is drawn first, then at the second draw the probability of drawing the other A will be one in five compared with two in five for either B or C. By the last draw the outcome is completely determined. It can be seen that, far from the possible subtle and, in my view, unbelievable, rationalizations brought to bear against randomization by hospital number, randomization as recommended by statisticians is far from random! Let us even consider the more usual but now less widely used method of employing random numbers to assign decisions on sealed cards. After making a choice by opening the card the only way of strictly maintaining the randomization is to reseal the card and re-enter it into the general pool. In my experience this is never done; the used card is discarded. But this has effects similar to the ones described above on later randomizations: if A is chosen then the subsequent freedom for A to be chosen is restricted by one, such restrictions not being in force for B or C. The effect can be made more obvious if, for example, A is by chance chosen four or five times in a row; the loss of freedom within the remaining cards at the next or subsequent draws is clear. Hospital number, on the other hand, is so simple to use that compelling statistical arguments should be available before we should accept that its use is unacceptable.


A general framework algorithm is proposed for energy minimization control for a discrete chaotic system. A quadratic performance function is first given and the chaotic system is decomposed into a linear and a nonlinear parts. Then, the twolevel algorithm is presented to solve the nonlinear optimal control problem: The first level predicates the nonlinear part of the chaos system; the second level solves a nonlinear quadratic optimization control problem by dynamic programming. The solution is fed back into the first level. The first level re-estimates the nonlinear part according to the solution from the second level. The information has been exchanged between the two levels by this means such that the optimal control law is obtained eventually. This method not only can make the control of chaos system be realized but also makes the energy consumed minimal during the whole control process.Simulations show the effectiveness of this algorithms.


5388 [Purpose] To understand the mechanisms underlying bone marrow metastasis, we have established the highly bone marrow metastatic breast cancer cell line, 4T1E/M3 (E/M3). When injected intravenously or subcutaneously to mice, E/M3 cells showed higher metastatic activity to bone marrow. In vitro, they showed slightly higher proliferation, stronger adhesion to plastic and to bone marrow-derived endothelial cells and higher expression of ICAM-1 and β2 integrin compared to parent cells. Further, they had greater anchorage-independent growth, and higher migration activity. Using this model, we compared gene expression between parent and E/M3 cells and found that the expression of CCL2 was remarkably suppressed in E/M3 compared to parent cells. To clarify the role of CCL2, we examined the properties of CCL2-overexpressing E/M3 cells.
 [Methods] DNA microarray and RT-qPCR were used for gene analysis. CCL2-overexpressing E/M3 cells were established by transfecting CCL2 cDNA into E/M3 cells. Using these cells, we carried out in vivo (survival, metastasis) and in vitro studies (proliferation, wound-healing, and colony formation assays). Expression of surface adhesion molecules was analyzed by fluorescence activated cell sorter.
 [Results] Gene analysis revealed that expression of CCL2 was remarkably suppressed among other chemokines in E/M3 compared to parent cells. By the histological analysis, CCL2-overexpressing E/M3 showed lower bone marrow metastatic activity than control cells. Moreover, the survival of mice intravenously injected with CCL2-overexpressing E/M3 was significantly longer than the mice receiving control cells. Furthermore, we found that CCL2-overexpressing E/M3 cells showed reduced cell migration and decreased anchorage-independent proliferation. The expression of ICAM-1, which was increased in E/M3 and involved in the cell motility and anchorage-independent growth of these cells, was downregulated in CCL2-overexpressing E/M3. These results suggest that CCL2 is one of the key molecules that control breast cancer metastasis through the regulation of the expression of ICAM-1 in our model.


A tone ending with electrical shock was periodically presented to pigeons while they pecked a key for food. Pairs of birds were run simultaneously under a yoked program which insured that both birds received the same number and temporal distribution of shocks. For one of the birds, shock was always initiated by a peck; for the other, shock was unavoidable. Both procedures led to reduced rates of pecking in the presence of the tone, and gradients of stimulus generalization were obtained. But the effects of response contingent shock extinguished more rapidly than the effects of unavoidable shock. In general, birds exposed to unavoidable shock tended to respond at intermediate rates throughout tone, whereas those exposed to response contingent shock ceased to peck for part or all of the tone period.


The stirring of [ortho-(HC[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N] with [nido-B(10)H(14)] in benzene affords [6,9-{ortho-(HC[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N}(2)-arachno-B(10)H(12)] 1 in 93% yield. In the solid state, 1 has an extended complex three-dimensional structure involving intramolecular dihydrogen bonding, which accounts for its low solubility. Thermolysis of 1 gives the known [1-(ortho-C(5)H(4)N)-1,2-closo-C(2)B(10)H(11)] 2 (13%), together with new [micro-5(N),6(C)-(NC(5)H(4)-ortho-CH(2))-nido-6-CB(9)H(10)] 3 (0.4%), [micro-7(C),8(N)-(NC(5)H(4)-ortho-CH(2))-nido-7-CB(10)H(11)] (0.4%) , 4 binuclear [endo-6'-(closo-1,2-C(2)B(10)H(10))-micro-(1(C),exo-6'(N))-(ortho-C(5)H(4)N)-micro-(exo-8'(C),exo-9'(N))-(ortho-(CH(2)CH(2))-C(5)H(4)N)-arachno-B(10)H(10)] (0.5%) 5, and [exo-6(C)-endo-6(N)-(ortho-(CH[double bond]CH)-C(5)H(4)N)-exo-9(N)-(ortho-(HC[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N)-arachno-B(10)H(11)] 6. An improved solvent-free route to 2 is also presented. This set of compounds features an increasing cluster incorporation of the ethynyl moiety, initially by an effective internal hydroboration, affording an arachno to nido and then a nido to arachno:closo sequence of cluster geometry. An alternative low-temperature route to internal hydroboration is demonstrated in the room temperature reaction of [closo-B(11)H(11)][N(n)Bu(4)](2) with CF(3)COOH and [ortho-(HC[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N], which gives [micro-1(C),2(B)-[ortho-C(5)H(4)N-CH(2)]-closo-1-CB(11)H(10)] 7 (40%) in which one carbon atom is incorporated into the cluster; a similar reaction with [ortho-(N[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N] affords [N(n)Bu(4)][7-(ortho-N[triple bond]C-C(5)H(4)N)-nido-B(11)H(12)], 8 (68%) and stirring [ortho-(N[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N] with [nido-B(10)H(14)] quantitatively affords the cyano analogue of 1, [6,9-{ortho-(N[triple bond]C)-C(5)H(4)N}(2)-arachno-B(10)H(12)] 9. All compounds were characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and NMR spectroscopy.


Objective: To find the frequency of depression, anxiety and stress among Gynae residents during covid pandemic. Methodology: This Cross-sectional survey was carried out in different Teaching Hospitals of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa during the period of six months i.e from August 2020 to January 2021. After the ethical approval from the research community, data was collected from Post Graduate Gynae Residents of Teaching Hospitals. Sample size for the study was 405 participants. Depression, anxiety and gross scale shorten version DASS-21 containing 21 items was standard research to use in study i.e. depression, anxiety and stress was identified on the basis of their cutoff scores i.e. normal scores were ≥10, ≥8 and ≥15 for depression, anxiety and stress respectively. Result: In depression, 136 (34%) participants were normal followed by moderate level having frequency 121 (30.25%). In the anxiety category, 116 (29%) participants were normal followed by moderate level having frequency 101 (25.5). In the category of stress, 179 (44.75%) participants were normal followed by mild levels having frequency 106 (26.50%). Only COVID positive status was statistically significant with depression, anxiety and stress as their P-valve was 0.02 less than 0.05. Conclusion: Considerable number of post graduate Gynae trainees working in different tertiary care hospitals have varying degrees of depression, anxiety and stress due to COVID-19 pandemic. Keywords: COVID-19, Pandemic, Post graduate, Psychological impact, Trainee doctors, Gynae residents, Mental health, Obstetrics, Gynaecology.


Aim: To evaluate the predictive accuracy of trabecular hypertrophy/derangement and late gadolinium enhancement in predicting diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC). Materials & methods: Fifty-nine suspected AC patients were evaluated. To evaluate the ability of these markers to detect patients fulfilling definite diagnosis at 4-year follow-up, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive and negative predictive value (PPV and NPV) and predictive accuracy (PA) were calculated. Results: Presence of trabecular hypertrophy/derangement showed high NPV, while late gadolinium enhancement at cardiac MRI high Sp, NPV and PA. Their combination with symptoms and/or revised Task Force Criteria showed a high Sp, NPV and PA for definitive diagnosis during follow-up. Conclusion: In suspected AC patients, the absence of these markers allows to identify those with lower risk of disease progression.


In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, countries are launching economic recovery programs to mitigate unemployment and stabilize core industries. Although it is understandably difficult to contemplate other hazards in the midst of this outbreak, it is important to remember that we face another major crisis that threatens human prosperity—climate change. Leveraging COVID-19 recovery programs to simultaneously advance the climate agenda presents a strategic opportunity to transition toward a more sustainable post–COVID-19 world.


Irrigation of olive trees with treated wastewaters in arid and semi-arid regions is becoming a necessary alternative to addressing issues of water shortages. The irrigation requires a careful monitoring of soil and plants for a range of parameters including salts, nutrients, micro-elements, heavy metals, toxic pollutants, and pathogens. A 3-years monitoring of the above parameters in soil and leaves of olive trees in Crete, Greece was conducted using trees that were irrigated with three types of water: secondary treated wastewater (STW), tertiary treated wastewater (TTW), and tap water (TW). Plant growth was similar for all irrigation sources as indicated by measured trunk diameter, plant height, and photosynthetic activity. In addition, no significant differences in mineral leaf content were observed. Accumulation of nutrients (mainly P and K) and salts (Na) in soils 2 years after the application of both types of treated wastewater were observed in comparison to tap water. Magnesium, calcium, and boron concentrations in treated wastewaters were higher than TW. However no effects on soil concentrations were reported. Concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil ranged from 349.0 g kg−1 to 395.4 g kg−1 values not significantly different between the examined water sources. Finally, E. coli mean content in STW was 3580 ± 800 MPN 100 mL−1; however, the absence of microbial contamination was detected in leaves and fruits of olive trees. The results of this study suggest that STW and TTW can be applied successfully for the safe irrigation of the olive groves. © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The adolescent's fertility aged 10-14 years is one of the national and international focus of attention as outlined in Sustainable Development in 2030 target 3.7. To fulfill these targets, there is 3.7.2 indicator regarding adolescent fertility (10-14 and 15-19 years). The indicator that was used to measure adolescent fertility is the Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR). The availability of information about this indicator can help the stakeholders to understand their current situations and their needs in order to prepare for healthier adolescence and adulthood. So far, there is not much information about ASFR 10-14. Usually, ASFR is calculated for aged 15-49 years. It is because of adolescent fertility aged 10-14 are very rare cases and the data sources that can be used to calculate them are limited. The aim of this study is to calculate ASFR aged 10-14 years in Indonesia use the 2012 IDHS, 2015 inter-census population survey, and the 2017 IDHS data. The methods used are direct method, a direct method with modification, and Schmertmann method. Based on calculations from three methods, it can be concluded that ASFR aged 10-14 years in Indonesia is still very low (under 1 per 1000 births). That can be interpreted that not many birth cases are found for women aged 10-14 years in Indonesia.


Introduction: Advanced adenomas (≥10 mm in diameter, >25% villous, or high-grade dysplasia), a marker of colorectal cancer risk, are used to stratify patients for closer surveillance. Modern accessories, endoscopes, and age-adjusted evaluation have variable impacts on the advanced adenoma detection rate (AADR). In 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing air insufflation (AI) with water exchange (WE), the right colon AADR was significantly increased by WE. Four network meta-analyses reported that WE significantly increased overall adenoma detection rate (ADR), but the impact on AADR was not addressed. Aim: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that WE significantly increased AADR compared with AI. Method: Six Clinicaltrial.gov-registered RCTs were reported by a group of WE investigators. Data including AADR (primary outcome) and overall ADR (secondary outcome) were pooled. Results: A total of 5407 patients were randomized to AI (2699) and WE (2708). Compared with AI, WE significantly increased AADR (5.7% vs. 8.3%, P=0.001) and overall ADR (20.9% vs. 27.4%, P=0.001). Conclusions: In contrast to published reports, which showed variable impacts on AADR, WE was consistent in increasing AADR in 6 reported RCTs. The pooled data confirm that the impact of WE in increasing AADR was significant. The significantly enhanced overall ADR indicated that WE provided a higher quality outcome than AI. The significant improvement in AADR confirmed WE to be clinically relevant and has finally arrived as a timely addition to colorectal cancer prevention programs.


The preoperative diagnosis, histopathology, clinical picture and treatment of tumours originating in the muscle and nerves of the stomach wall are described in the light of a series of cases collected over a period of 12 yr at the B Surgery Division, Varese District Hospital. Differential diagnosis and histological assessment of malignancy are not always easy. Transition forms exist in addition to those that are typically malignant or benign. Surgical management must take into account the extent, histological features and progess of the tumour. It can range from simple removal by enucleation to resection of the wall around the point of insertion of the tumour, or to distal, proximal or total gastroresection.


This paper presents the results of a two-part study to determine the fracture toughness of relevant interfaces within Cu/SiLK low-k interconnect structures and relate those data to the actual driving force for interfacial crack propagation within a flip-chip structure. In the first part, critical adhesion data were obtained for samples containing SiLK in various configurations with Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/, SiO/sub 2/, Ta and TaN. In the second part, these data are compared to the crack driving force for a flip-chip structure containing a small interfacial delamination in the vicinity of the Cu/Low-k interconnect structure, determined previously via phase-shifting moire interferometry (PSMI) and finite element analysis (FEA). In this study, the model was used to examine the effect of geometry and material properties on the deformation state, mode-mixity and crack driving force for a thermal load, /spl Delta/T=-143/spl deg/C. Results show that the deposition of Ta, TaN and Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ onto SiLK weakened the underlying SiLK/Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/ interface by 30-50%. The weakest interface tested was formed by the deposition of SiO/sub 2/ onto SiLK. However, the adhesion of all tested SiLK interfaces was 100-1000% greater than the crack driving force. From FEA it is shown that the crack driving force and mode-mixity are relatively insensitive to package geometry and most sensitive to the properties of the printed circuit board (PCB). In terms of PCB properties, the combination of low CTE and high modulus was found to provide the optimal combination of driving force and mode-mixity.


A detailed review of donation activity since the introduction of an embedded specialist nurse in organ donation (SNOD) in Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust has confirmed the benefits of this role for the identification and referral of potential donors by emergency department (ED) staff. This article argues that, as EDs across the U.K. introduce SNODs, more organs will become available for transplant.


Tropical cyclone (TC) intensity prediction is far more challenging than the corresponding TC track prediction. One of the reasons is the lack of understanding of the coupling relationships of the physical processes controlling TC intensification. Data mining provides potential tools for relationship exploration from the ever-increasing amount of TC data. The data mining tools and algorithms require process-related features from raw observational data such as the TC best track data, TRMM data for 3D rainfall and 2D surface information. The data mining tools and algorithms can search for hidden relationships among the underlying features by means of statistical and logical inferences. In this article, we describe the data, definitions of features from the data, tools for data exploration, and several important results.


This article draws a parallel between the Apartheid regime in South Africa and the post-IRCA immigration regime in the USA. I argue that both regimes were organised around Apartheid Policing, which may be defined as a legal process consisting of three mutually reinforcing mechanisms: differentiation of migrants into non-citizen insiders with legal residence rights and non-citizen outsiders without them; stabilisation of migrants as permanent or long-term residents, enabling the growth of the migrant workforce; and marginalisation of migrants as politically vulnerable outsiders, including exploitation at work. But the two regimes were supported by different political and ideological apparatuses. While placing a disproportionate burden on Latino migrants, the post-IRCA immigration regime differed from the Apartheid regime in that it was not organised around an explicit racial hierarchy, and offered non-citizens a greater array of rights. As a result, Apartheid Policing under the post-IRCA immigration regime is potentially more politically sustainable.


Inherent buck–boost capability, reduced component count, controlled power injection and multilevel operation are some of the advantages which makes cascaded qZSI popular for integrating the generated solar energy with the utility grid. Phase–Shifted Carrier PWM (PSCPWM) and Pulse Width Amplitude Modulation (PWAM) are the most popular techniques for achieving multilevel qZSI operation. Generally, closed loop control implementation of three – phase qZSI system consists of large number of slave controllers (placed locally for voltage control) and one centralized master controller (for grid integration or load current control). Since the aim is to control single system with this highly distributed control structure, issues of clock pulse and interrupt signal synchronization, hardware and software redundancy are common in these implementations. This limits the utilization factor and step size of these control boards. To address these issues, either more optimized solutions must be suggested, or distribution of control structure must be reduced. In this paper, closed loop control of nine – level three – phase qZSI system is implemented using single FPGA control board thereby eliminating above said problems. Since, PWAM control algorithm is more complex than PSCPWM, FPGA based implementation for PWAM control is discussed. Critical implementation processes consisting of DAC – ADC interfacing, FPGA code per unitization, PI Controller realization and different clock pulse utilization are presented. For highlighting and comparing the resource consumption, PWAM and PSCPWM modulation are compared in terms of device utilization. Transient analysis and control algorithm are presented and validated during both starting and load transient conditions by means of simulation results. Finally, hardware results of these modulation methods are discussed and analyzed.


In this report we present the synthesis and characterization of Pt and Pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticles (DENs) using the method of galvanic exchange. Sixth-generation hydroxylterminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers were used to prepare Cu DENs composed of 55 atoms. In the presence of either PtCl4 2 or PdCl4 2 , the less noble Cu DENs oxidize to Cu leaving behind an equal-sized DEN of Pt or Pd, respectively. DENs prepared by direct reduction with BH4 , which is the common synthetic route, and those prepared by galvanic exchange have the same composition, structure, and properties as judged by UV-vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical methods. However, the galvanic exchange synthesis is much faster (3 h vs. 96 h), and the yield of reduced DENs is significantly higher (nearly 100% in the case of galvanic exchange).


Roller burnishing represents an economical alternative to conventional surface-finishing processes, such as fine turning or honing. In contrast to the well-known wear mechanisms of chip-forming processes, the wear behavior in roller-burnishing is strongly based on the experience of the machine operators. The nature of the finishing process makes roller-burnishing very sensitive to surface defects, as it is often not possible to rework the last step in a process chain. In the present work, a prototype for a smart roller-burnishing tool with 5G communication is presented, which serves as an inline-monitoring tool to detect tool wear. A suitable metric to monitor the tool wear of the manufacturing roll is suggested, and the potentials of 5G communication for the described use-case are evaluated. Based on the signal-to-noise ratio of the process-force, a metric is found that distinguishes new rolls from worn rolls with very small defects on the micrometer scale. Using the presented approach, it was possible to distinguish the signal-to-noise ratio of a roll with very small wear marks by 3.8% on average. In the case of stronger wear marks, on the order of 20 µm, the difference increased to up to 15.6%.


ABSTRACT In response to Cornerstones of attachment research and the target articles, I reflect on three questions. First, what is "attachment"? Although a natural kind, I argue against an essentialist understanding (i.e. in terms of necessary/sufficient conditions for class membership). Instead, the attachment concept must be allowed to have fuzzy boundaries, partly because of how attachments transform in both phylogeny and ontogeny. Second, how to think about the normative (species-typical) features of the theory vis-à-vis dyadic/individual differences in attachment? Whereas the former are foundational, I argue that the latter largely reflect surface variation. Despite this, the lion's share of attachment research has horned in on variation and its measurement, to some detriment to the theory's potential and applications. Finally, what is encouraging and discouraging about recent developments? While applauding large-scale cooperative endeavors (e.g. individual participant meta-analyses, consensus statements) I caution the field not to lose sight of the value of smaller-scale, creative explorations of uncharted territories.


This study first examined the factorial structure of the responses of Congolese participants to a willingness-to-forgive questionnaire already used on European samples. The same two factors, revenge and circumstances, were found. The second aim was to examine the overall level of willingness to forgive expressed by Congolese as compared to that found in European samples. The hypothesis that the Congolese are less willing to seek revenge than the Europeans was supported by the data. The third aim was to study possible Congo-Europe differences in the way education, religious practice, and other characteristics are related to revenge and circumstances. On overall propensity to forgive, Congolese men and women did not differ as much as did European men and women, and Congolese people attending and nonattending church did not differ as much as did European people attending and nonattending church. Forgiveness may be more characteristic of collectivistic cultures than of individualistic cultures.


Abstract This article compares two Protestant schools for elite indigenous girls in the Dutch East Indies. While both schools were financially supported by the colonial government, they emerged from Christian organizations and were partly dependent on voluntary gifts from the Netherlands and the colony. The article proposes to look at such philanthropic initiatives as integral parts of a larger colonial civilizing mission which was not limited to the colonial state. On the contrary, discourses about the implementation of "civilized" gender roles within indigenous families through girls' education first emerged among philanthropists, and eventually influenced state-driven educational policies for girls. It is argued that philanthropical initiatives for girls' education such as the two schools presented here are best understood as attempts to gain control over, and ultimately reform, the domestic lives of the indigenous population in the Dutch East Indies


BACKGROUND
Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) arises in 20-50% of patients who have sustained a deep vein thrombosis and markedly impairs their quality of life.

METHODS
This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search in PubMed and the Cochrane Library, and on the guidelines of the German Societies of Phlebology and Vascular Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Phlebologie, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gefässchirurgie).

RESULTS
The treatment options are conservative treatment with compression and patient exercises, endovascular recanalization with stent angioplasty, and open bypass surgery of the iliac obstructions. The endovascular techniques yield patency rates of 73 to 100%, with thrombotic stent occlusion and hematoma as potential complications. The open operations have only been documented in studies with small case numbers (3 to 85 cases per study, patency rates 58 to 100%). The complications of these invasive procedures can include thrombotic bypass occlusion, hematoma, and wound infection. There have been randomized trials of conservative treatment, but not of surgical treatment. The American Heart Association, in its guidelines, gives the same weak recommendation for all surgical methods (IIb).

CONCLUSION
All conservative options should be exhausted as the first line of treatment. If PTS symptoms persist and markedly impair the patient's quality of life, the possible indication for surgery should be considered. As PTS hardly ever leads to death or limb loss, its treatment should be as uninvasive as possible. Endovascular recanalization is an attractive option in this respect. A conclusive evaluation of the role of endovascular procedures in PTS must await randomized trials of this form of treatment and of the optimal stent configuration.


Background: In the phase 3 ENDEAVOR trial, treatment with carfilzomib administered at 56 mg/m2 twice weekly in combination with dexamethasone (Kd56) significantly improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared to treatment with bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) (Dimopoulos MA, et al. Lancet Oncol . 2016;17:27-38). In this substudy of ENDEAVOR, we used whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to identify genes whose baseline expression levels in CD138+ cells were predictive of PFS in patients treated with Kd56 or Vd. The objective of this study was to develop a genomic classifier that could be used to stratify patients for benefit with Kd56 or Vd therapy. Methods: Patients were randomized to receive Kd56 or Vd at a 1:1 ratio. Patients who consented for this biomarker study and provided samples (Kd56, n = 155; Vd, n = 148) were included. CD138+ cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirate collected at baseline. Sequencing libraries for isolated RNA samples were prepared using an Illumina TruSeq RNA library construction kit and sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform. Sequencing reads were aligned against the human reference genome GRCh38 using STAR RNA-seq aligner and annotated with GENCODE v24 at the gene level. Expression counts were estimated using RSEM software and converted to counts per million for subsequent analyses using the edgeR package. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis with LASSO was used to model the relationship between patients9 baseline gene expression and PFS. A classifier was established and its predictive performance was assessed using the cross-validation scheme outlined by Simon et al (Brief Bioinform . 2011;12:203-214). The statistical significance of the cross-validated Kaplan-Meier curves and corresponding log-rank statistic was estimated by generating an approximate null distribution of the cross-validated log-rank statistic through 500 random permutations. For each permutation, the patients9 baseline gene expression profiles and treatment assignments were randomly re-shuffled against patients9 survival times and event indicators, and the same cross-validation procedures used in the model performance assessment were repeated to compute the cross-validated log-rank statistic for the permuted data. Results: Among the 303 Kd56 or Vd patients included in this biomarker study, patients in the Kd56 arm had a 58% reduced risk of progression or death compared with patients in the Vd arm (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.30-0.59; P= 4.5 x 10-7). We developed a linearized classifier using patients9 baseline gene expression (n = 303) to stratify patients for PFS benefit from Kd56 or Vd therapy. The cross-validated Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank statistic for the classifier were statistically significant at P Conclusions: We identified a classifier with a set of genes whose baseline expression could potentially be used to stratify RRMM patients for greater treatment benefit with Kd56. As only one patient cohort was used for this study, the classifier identified here should be validated in prospective studies and with independent sets of patient cohorts. Further study of this group of genes may provide additional insights into the biology of multiple myeloma and how mechanism of action differs between carfilzomib and bortezomib. Disclosures Pelham: Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Hu: Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Moreau: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene: Consultancy, Honoraria; Millennium: Consultancy, Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Amgen: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene, Janssen, Takeda, Novartis, Amgen, Roche: Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Onyx Pharmaceutical: Consultancy, Honoraria. Oriol: Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: sponsored symposia, Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau; Takeda: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: sponsored symposia; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: sponsored symposia, Speakers Bureau. Quach: Novartis: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Janssen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Amgen: Honoraria, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; BMS: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria. Kovacsovics: Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy; Flexus: Research Funding. Keats: Amgen: Research Funding. Feng: Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kimball: Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Dimopoulos: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Amgen Inc, Celgene Corporation, Janssen Biotech Inc, Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary, Takeda Oncology: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: Advisory Committee: Amgen Inc, Celgene Corporation, Janssen Biotech Inc, Onyx Pharmaceuticals, an Amgen subsidiary, Takeda Oncology; Genesis Pharma: Research Funding.


A technique for forming, clustering and visualizing so-called directed correlation networks is herein proposed. The links between nodes of such networks correspond to the values of cross-correlations between vectors - sets of parameters corresponding to these nodes modified in a certain way. To build network structures for each node (topic), vectors are formed - arrays of numbers corresponding to a certain time series. As an example, the article considers a time series generated by the Google Books Ngram Viewer service.

This approach, unlike the existing one, has advantages such as intuitive and realistic rules, the definition of the weight of nodes and links, a reliable mathematical basis for correlation analysis, an accounting of previously unused parameters of time series of publications corresponding to entities, allowing one to the group said entities according to their trends in time, and objectivity and relative simplicity. This technique can be based on data obtained, for example, from content monitoring systems, and can be used in analytical systems for various purposes in order to generalize a set of variables without explicit links between them.


In order to improve the efficiency of Loading Mechanism for municipal solid waste(MSW), a new loading mechanism which can be used with the waste compacting vehicle was proposed, and the equipment working principle was introduced. Mathematics model of optimization design was established. Objective function and restriction that helps to produce a uniform initial population is used to enhance the optimization efficiency of the genetic algorithms. Instead of using traditional SQP programming method, the configuration was optimized by using MATLAB and the Optimization Toolbox offered by MATLAB. Through the comparison between the optimal scheme and the old scheme, the cost of this equipment was reduced, the performance of the loading mechanism is obviously increased and the validity of the GA is proved.


A 209bp expressed sequence tag (EST) was obtained with the degenerate primer technology, then based on the sequence of EST, the full-length cDNA of 1050 nucleotides was cloned from Buffalo grass by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). It was designated as BdDREB2, encoding a protein of 255 amino acids. The protein molecular weight was 28.39kDa, and the theoretical isoelectric point was 5.70. The BdDREB2 probably localized in nucleus and did not have signal peptide. A typical AP2/EREBP conserved domain was found in the coding region. The amino acid sequence compared by blast revealed high homology with DREB proteins of other plants, especially with the Buchloe-dactyloi DREB protein. The semi-quantitative analysis of expression of transcription showed: the expression of BdDREB2 gene reached the maximum after being treated by 20%PEG for 6h; BdDREB2 gene has the highest expression level in the root; the expression was significantly increased with the stress of drought (20% PEG) and high salt (3% NaCl), but not obvious with the stress of low temperature. Plant expression vector was constructed and transformed into the tobacco by the Agrobacterium-mediated methods. PCR amplification with the transgenic tobacco genome DNA indicated that the BdDREB2 gene had integrated in tobacco genome. RT-PCR showed that the BdDREB2 gene can be transcribed into mRNA in tobacco.


ABSTRACT The history of accounting in the Eastern Mediterranean has not been adequately studied through its primary sources, despite the fact that the Turkish archives house an enormous amount of material for exploring accounting practices in the Ottoman Empire. Ottomanists used the account books as sources for Ottoman socioeconomic and institutional history. They analyzed, fully transliterated and published the account registers of the central treasury, the Istanbul shipyard and the waqf institutions. Nevertheless, accounting historians did not even show interest into published archival sources up until recent years. Owing to a few recent works that were based on the primary sources, nowadays accounting historians are more and more aware of the richness and significance of Ottoman archives for accounting history and for comparative accounting research as well. This study introduces the account books kept in the Ottoman waqf institutions between the 15th and 19th centuries in order to raise awareness of t...


There are over three decades of largely unrebutted criticism of regression analysis as practiced in the social sciences. Yet, regression analysis broadly construed remains for many the method of choice for characterizing conditional relationships. One possible explanation is that the existing alternatives sometimes can be seen by researchers as unsatisfying. In this article, we provide a different formulation. We allow the regression model to be incorrect and consider what can be learned nevertheless. To this end, the search for a correct model is abandoned. We offer instead a rigorous way to learn from regression approximations. These approximations, not "the truth," are the estimation targets. There exist estimators that are asymptotically unbiased and standard errors that are asymptotically correct even when there are important specification errors. Both can be obtained easily from popular statistical packages.


With the reform of the Works Constitution Act in 2001 legislation has tried to stop the erosion of the institution of codetermination by facilating the creation of works councils and expanding their rights. The present paper examines the development of the presence of codetermination with pooled regression models and the impact of works councils on the training of the workforce with matching methods. We used data from the waves 1996-2005 of the IAB Establsihment Panel. The results of our analyses show that establishments with works councils have both a higher incidence and coverage of training of the workforce. However, a significant effect of the reform of the Works Constitution Act cannot be detected empirically.


The authors surveyed a stratified sample of 880 colleges and universities in the United States to assess the status and characteristics of their prematriculation immunization requirements (PIRs). On the basis of a 90% return (796 responses), they estimated that 55% of US colleges and universities had implemented a PIR at the time of the survey. Among schools with PIRs, measles vaccine was almost universally required, with 74% requiring two doses, mumps vaccine was required by 70%, and rubella vaccine by 92%. Hepatitis B vaccine was rarely required and was usually recommended only for students in health-profession programs. The strongest determinant of having a PIR was the presence of a state law or regents' policy. PIRs implemented under the aegis of a state law were, on average, less comprehensive but better enforced. Other factors associated with the implementation of a PIR included membership in the American College Health Association (ACHA), the presence of a student health clinic, and availability of record-keeping personnel.


This study aims to examine the influence of supportive leadership and family social support for female managers on organizational effectiveness and test the mediating effect of positive spillover between work and family (PSWF). This study utilized data of 974 married female managers from the 6th Korean Female Manager Panel (KWMP) survey to analyze the relationship between the latent variables. Hypotheses of this study were tested using Structural Equation Model Analysis (SEM). This study found that supportive leadership and PSWF have a positive influence on female managers' organizational effectiveness. However, family support had no significant effect on the organizational effectiveness of female managers. The analysis showed that supportive leadership and family social support positively influenced female manager's PSWF. Also, PSWF mediated the relationship between family social support and organizational effectiveness as well as between supportive leadership and organizational effectiveness. This study provides a better understanding of PSWF as a mediator between family social support and organizational effectiveness. Contrary to previous studies that focused on the negative effects of work-family conflicts, this study highlighted the role of PSWF, justifying the need for governmental or organizational programs to increase PSWF.


The subphrenic displacement of the colon (Chilaiditi's syndrome) is an interposition of the flexura hepatica coli between liver and diaphragm caused by an anomaly of the liver ligaments occurring in adults about 1: 50 000. The distinction from air in the peritoneal cavity is the most important differential diagnostic problem.


The field of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has continued to show promise as a potential method for treating tumors. In this work a photosensitizer (PS) has been delivered to cancer cell lines for PDT by incorporation into the metal-organic framework (MOF) as an organic linker. By functionalizing the surface of MOF nanoparticles with maltotriose the PS can efficiently target cancer cells with preferential uptake into pancreatic and breast cancer cell lines. Effective targeting overcomes some current problems with PDT including long-term photosensitivity and tumor specificity. Developing a PS with optimal absorption and stability is one of the foremost challenges in PDT and the synthesis of a chlorin which is activated by long-wavelength light and is resistant to photo-bleaching is described. This chlorin-based MOF shows anti-cancer ability several times higher than that of porphyrin-based MOFs with little toxicity to normal cell lines and no dark toxicity.


Electronic package for integrated motors is studied in this paper. To make the integrated motor more compact, the power electronic package is set in front of motor fancover. The integrated motor is designed to operate at the ambient temperature 90°C or higher. CFD is used for thermal and flow analysis to optimizing the thermal performance. To cut design cycle time, the thermal analyses are carried out in three stages. The first is motor frame calculation; the second is calculations for the electronic package optimization design; the last is the whole integrated motor calculations. Both natural and convective flow and heat transfer occur in the package. The capacitors are set near the housinig grill to avoid high temperature. Housing vents can reduce the highest temperature by about 13°C. The IGBT subpackage is also optimized with thermal analysis at the chip level. Two-side cooling technology is used for commercially available IGBT cooling. Comparing two-side cooling with one-side cooling with the same baseplate heat sink, the temperature is reduced 10°C on the silicon base of IGBT. An additional heat spreader on the front side and a small fin on base-plate side can cut the surface temperature by another 13°C. The electronic package final design electronic package was successfully tested under 90°C for 1.5 hours.


Absolute electron impact cross sections for single ionisation leaving H2+ in its electronic ground state and double ionisation leading to dissociation into all four constituents have been determined by a direct method in the energy range 0.15-2.6 keV. The values for single ionisation are in perfect agreement with, but the double-ionisation values are much larger than, the earlier determination by Edwards et al. (1988,1989). The authors' results exhibit a close relationship between the H2 system and its atomic counterpart, helium, with respect to their response to single- and double-ionisation processes.


It is in the interest of the enlarged Community to ensure that the borders with its neighbours are not a barrier to trade, social and cultural interchange or regional cooperation (EC Regulation No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention).
It is not only the tragic events of the 20th century but also the changes in the recent few years that have to be taken into account when assessing cultural processes in the present Polish-Ukrainian borderland. After a long period of strict border controls under the communist regime, the Ukrainian independence in 1991 started a period of frequent border crossings, even for local borderland people. When in 2003 as a project worker I could walk on the Polish bank of the border river Bug and notice a hidden bicycle in the bushes, suggesting perhaps of an unofficial border crossing route, in the region the hopes and fears concerning the soon to come changes in the border regime were many. At the time, the high tech border surveillance systems to be installed there existed only on the pages of some newspapers and magazines. However, in 2004 Poland became a member of the European Union and the Ukraine had its Orange Revolution. As I set out to study the region in 2005, some of the earlier fears and hopes had been realized, but at least by the implementation of the Schengen treaty in December 2007 it was clear that all kinds of cross-border mobility became increasingly regulated. There is thus an  increasing demand for legitimate practices for border-crossings. This move towards increasing regulation and control has called for a balancing act. From the EU perspective one way to achieve this is through its cross-border cooperation instruments that offer significant funding for local actors in implementing cross-border cooperation projects. These cross-border activities illustrate not only the influence of the EU, but also the new economic patterns related to projects as well as the changes in the role of local institutions and civil socicty.


The aim of speech scrambling algorithms is to transform clear speech into an unintelligible signal so that it is difficult to decrypt it in the absence of the key. Most of the existing speech scrambling algorithms tend to retain considerable residual intelligibility in the scrambled speech and are easy to break. Typically, a speech scrambling algorithm involves permutation of speech segments in time, frequency or time-frequency domain or permutation of transform coefficients of each speech block. The time-frequency algorithms have given very low residual intelligibility and have attracted much attention. We first study the uniform filter bank based time-frequency 'scrambling algorithm with respect to the block length and number of channels. We use objective distance measures to estimate the departure of the scrambled speech from the clear speech. Simulations indicate that the distance measures increase as we increase the block length and the number of channels. This algorithm derives its security only from the time-frequency segment permutation and it has been estimated that the effective number of permutations which give a low residual intelligibility is much less than the total number of possible permutations. In order to increase the effective number of permutations, we propose a time-frequency scrambling algorithm based on wavelet packets. By using different wavelet packet filter banks at the analysis and synthesis end, we add an extra level of security since the eavesdropper has to choose the correct analysis filter bank, correctly rearrange the time-frequency segments, and choose the correct synthesis bank to get back the original speech signal. Simulations performed with this algorithm give distance measures comparable to those obtained for the uniform filter bank based algorithm. Finally, we introduce the 2-channel perfect reconstruction circular convolution filter bank and give a simple method for its design. The filters designed using this method satisfy the paraunitary properties on a discrete equispaced set of points in the frequency domain.


Single-cell RNA and ATAC sequencing technologies allow one to probe expression and chromatin accessibility states as a proxy for cellular phenotypes at the resolution of individual cells. A key challenge of cancer research is to consistently map such states on genetic clones, within an evolutionary framework. To this end we introduce CONGAS+, a Bayesian model to map single-cell RNA and ATAC profiles generated from independent or multimodal assays on the latent space of copy numbers clones. CONGAS+ can detect tumour subclones associated with aneuploidy by clustering cells with the same ploidy profile. The framework is implemented in a probabilistic language that can scale to analyse thousands of cells thanks to GPU deployment. Our tool exhibits robust performance on simulations and real data, highlighting the advantage of detecting aneuploidy from two distinct molecules as opposed to other single-molecule models, and also leveraging real multi-omic data. In the application to prostate cancer, lymphoma and basal cell carcinoma, CONGAS+ did retrieve complex subclonal architectures while providing a coherent mapping among ATAC and RNA, facilitating the study of genotype-phenotype mapping, and their relation to tumour aneuploidy. Author summary Aneuploidy is a condition caused by copy number alterations (CNAs), which brings cells to acquire or lose chromosomes. In the context of cancer progression and treatment response, aneuploidy is a key factor driving cancer clonal dynamics, and measuring CNAs from modern sequencing assays is therefore important. In this framing, we approach this problem from new single-cell assays that measure both chromatin accessibility and RNA transcripts. We model the relation between single-cell data and CNAs and, thanks to a sophisticated Bayesian model, we are capable of determining tumour clones from clusters of cells with the same copy numbers. Our model works when input cells are sequenced independently for both assays, or even when modern multi-omics protocols are used. By linking aneuploidy to gene expression and chromatin conformation, our new approach provides a novel way to map complex genotypes with phenotype-level information, one of the missing factors to understand the molecular basis of cancer heterogeneity.


UNLABELLED
The patient was male, 20 years old, and complained of pain, bleeding and decreased vision after the right eye was injured by nail for an hour.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
right exophthalmos, conjunctival edema, skin laceration at the lower eyelid of right eye, limitation of eye movement, asymmetric eyes and weak light-reflecting. X-ray showed: metallic foreign body shadow in the right orbit, 0.5 cm x 0.4 cm approximately. Orbit and paranasal sinus CT showed: 1 hematoma of the right eye and inside. 2 high density foreign body embedded in the bone wall of the inside of right orbit and ethmoid. 3 medial wall fracture of right eye orbit. 4 bilateral maxillary sinus and right ethmoidal sinus effusion. 5 slightly left side of nasal septum. The patient was initially diagnosed as foreign body in right ethmoidal sinus, skin laceration of right lower eyelid, retrobulbar hematoma.


Computational grids have the potential for solving large-scale scientific problems using heterogeneous and geographically distributed resources. However, a number of major technical hurdles must be overcome before this potential can be realized. One problem that is critical to effective utilization of computational grids is the efficient scheduling of jobs. This work addresses this problem by describing and evaluating a grid scheduling architecture and three job migration algorithms. The architecture is scalable and does not assume control of local site resources. The job migration policies use the availability and performance of computer systems, the network bandwidth available between systems, and the volume of input and output data associated with each job. An extensive performance comparison is presented using real workloads from leading computational centers. The results, based on several key metrics, demonstrate that the performance of our distributed migration algorithms is significantly greater than that of a local scheduling framework and comparable to a non-scalable global scheduling approach.


Chemical investigation on the stems of Ilex litseaefolia afforded four new phenolic glycosides, litseaefolosides A-D (1-4), and two new triterpene glycosides, spathodic acid 28-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (5) and (20S)-niga-ichigoside F1 (6), along with 28 known compounds. The structures of 1-6 were determined on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Litseaefoloside C (3) showed inhibitory activities in vitro for alpha-glucosidase and lipase with IC(50) values of 34.0 and 0.31 microg/mL, respectively.


A 63-year-old male patient, has been hospitalized due to a first time generalized tonic-clonic seizure. During the seizure, it was noted that the patient bit his tongue and the bleeding was persistent. After taking the seizures under control, acute CT findings were normal(no acute pathology was detected).It was learnt that he was often falling asleep, having uncontrollable laughs and inappropriate or unrelated talking episodes and suffering from forgetfulness for a couple of years. Confusion, lethargy, uncontrollable laughs, ataksia, asterixis and agitation were the neurological examination findings. In screening low trombocyte levels, mildly increased hepatic enzymes and excessive levels of ammonia were determined in addition to the hepatosplenomegaly confirmed by ultrasound imaging. Cranial MRI findings signaled to be hepatocerebral degeneration: hyperintense leisons were found in T1 sequence on bilateral globus pallidus and in T2 sequences on the right half of pons. Also triphased waves and delta and tetha activites were seen on electroencephalography. Key words: Hepatocerebral dejeneration, HCV, Epilepsy


Treatment of neurologic decompression accidents consists of various hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) protocols. To facilitate such comparisons between different protocols we developed a gravity score. A group of 96 divers was used to establish the score. On admission we first identified signs and symptoms that had possible predictive value (chi 2 test). The parameters included were repetitive dive, clinical course before HBO, objective sensory disorder, motor impairment, and urinary disturbances. Each parameter was assigned a coefficient. The sum of the coefficients for each accident, based on the most severe manifestations before decompression therapy, yielded a score for each diver. A multivariate analysis was used to evaluate the overall agreement between the model prediction and clinical observations, which was 78.7%. A second group (66 divers) was used to validate the score; this group showed a significant difference in the gravity score between the divers who had sequelae and those who did not (P = 0.0001), and between the divers who had incapacitating sequelae and those who had mild sequelae (P = 0.04). Eighty-six percent of the divers with a score above 7 developed sequelae. This index remains to be validated in a prospective multicenter study. If endorsed, valid comparisons can be made between the different therapeutic protocols.