A Legendre pseudospectral method is proposed for solving approximately an inverse problem of determining an unknown control parameter p(t) which is the coefficient of the solution u(x, y, z, t) in a diffusion equation in a three‐dimensional region. The diffusion equation is to be solved subject to suitably prescribed initial‐boundary conditions. The presence of the unknown coefficient p(t) requires an extra condition. This extra condition considered as the integral overspecification over the spacial domain. For discretizing the problem, after homogenization of the boundary conditions, we apply the Legendre pseudospectral method in a matrix based manner. As a results a system of nonlinear differential algebraic equations is generated. Then by using suitable transformation, the problem will be converted to a homogeneous time varying system of linear ordinary differential equations. Also a pseudospectral method for efficient solving of the resulted system of ordinary differential equations is proposed. The solution of this system gives the approximation to values of u and p. The matrix based structure of the present method makes it easy to implement. Numerical experiments are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and the efficiency of the proposed computational procedure. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 74‐93, 2012


Hydroformylation of olefins has been studied in the presence of specific heterogeneous cobalt nanoparticles. The catalytic materials were prepared by pyrolysis of preformed cobalt complexes deposited onto different inorganic supports. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measurements indicated a correlation of catalyst activity and cobalt leaching as well as a strong influence of the heterogeneous support on the productivity. These new, low-cost, easy-to-handle catalysts can substitute more toxic, unstable and volatile cobalt carbonyl complexes for hydroformylations on a laboratory scale.


the long-term efficacywas poor and the CGI severity results were even in favour of placebo at some later weeks. One other problem not discussed by the authors might be the absence of a correction for centre effects. There were 37 centres in 6 different countries participating in this trial, varying from 1 centre in Finland to 13 centres in France. The question con cerning centre effects, which might be anticipated in such a multicentre trial, was not discussed. Appar ently nothing about minimum or maximum number of enrolments per centre was written in the protocol. From our own experience we can state that multi national studies in psychiatry in Europe are not easy to organise and conduct. Furthermore, it would be very helpful to know how many international and national training sessions have been organised as well as data concerning the inter-rater variability. Data from studies without the definition of the major outcome variables a priori, should not be accepted as final proof of efficacy. Therefore we tend to see the study of Doogan & Caillard merely as a feasibility and hypothesis-generating study.


Abstract African-American scholar, theologian, and musician Jon Michael Spencer issued his initial publications on his theory of theomusicology in 1986. As an alternative to more traditional musicologies, Spencer specifies theomusicology as a theoretical model of theologically, biblically, and spiritually-informed historical and analytical studies in music, of particular appropriateness to African-American music making. Theomusicology redirects the analytical and critical objectivity of musicologies to facilitate concentration on iterations of ethical, religious, and mythological beliefs, regardless of their medium, location, and cultural function. It seeks ways to describe the synthesis of the sacred and profane—the meshing of seeming opposites. This article explores the application of theomusicology to African-American performances of a popular large-scale vocal work entitled, Esther, the Beautiful Queen, written in 1856 by U.S. composer William Bradbury.


The Madres y Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo are internationally recognized for human rights work in their ongoing campaign for justice for those who disappeared during the most recent dictatorship in Argentina. ey have become the contemporary Argentine symbol for the implementation of human rights in the society. The article examines how they implicitly carry on the liberation theological heritage and have reclaimed the public sphere through: shedding light on the clandestine actions of state terrorism, turning private motherhood political and reconstructing public discourse. Despite such efforts to put memory, truth and justice on the public agenda, a history of impunity made reconciliation difficult in Argentina. The engagement of the Mothers and Grandmothers off ers clues for the continuation of liberation theology as a type of public theology, with human rights as its focus.


Many of us would prefer not to think about the issue of how and when we will die until we are compelled to do so. Should we turn our minds to such matters, understandable fears and emotions quickly can crowd out our higher reasoning facilities. But it is not necessary to embrace Plato's assertion that "those who pursue philosophy aright study nothing but dying and being dead"1 in order to confront the necessary implications of our mortality: even though we may wish to ignore death, it most assuredly will not ignore us. Uncomfortable and upsetting as they may be, questions about the ending we might want for our particular life story and thus what choices we think ought to be permitted in end of life situations are not something that we can or should avoid confronting with clear eyes and an open mind....


Several mechanisms for porosity growth in single crystal nickel-based superalloys during homogenisation heat treatment have been proposed in the literature. They were carefully checked using different experimental methods, namely quantitative light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and density measurements. It is shown that the main mechanism is the Kirkendall–Frenkel effect, i.e. generation of voids due to uncompensated efflux of Al atoms from dissolving γ/γ′-eutectic areas. The Al diffusion is supported by the afflux of vacancies from surrounding γ-matrix which results in porosity growth. This conclusion is confirmed by the estimation of the vacancy afflux towards the dissolving eutectic.


This paper analyzes the geography of regional competitiveness in manufacturing in Brazil. The authors estimate stochastic frontiers to calculate regional efficiency of representative firms in 137 regions in the period 2000–2006, in four sectors defined by technological intensity. The efficiency results are analyzed using Markov Spatial Transition Matrices to provide insights into the transition of regions between efficiency levels, considering their local spatial context. The results indicate that geography plays an important role in manufacturing competitiveness. In particular, regions with more competitive neighbors are more likely to improve their relative efficiency (pull effect) over time, and regions with less competitive neighbors are more likely to lose relative efficiency (drag effect). The authors find that the pull effect is stronger than the drag effect.


TheInternet's Domain Name System (DNS) is a part of every web request and e-mail exchange, so DNS failures can be catastrophic, taking out major websites and services. This paper identifies TsuNAME, a vulnerability where some recursive resolvers can greatly amplify queries, potentially resulting in a denial-of-service to DNS services. TsuNAME is caused by cyclical dependencies in DNS records. A recursive resolver repeatedly follows these cycles, coupled with insufficient caching and application-level retries greatly amplify an initial query, stressing authoritative servers. Although issues with cyclic dependencies are not new, the scale of amplification has not previously been understood. We document real-world events in .nz (a country-level domain), where two misconfigured domains resulted in a 50% increase on overall traffic. We reproduce and document root causes of this event through experiments, and demostrate a 500× amplification factor. In response to our disclosure, several DNS software vendors have documented their mitigations, including Google public DNS and Cisco OpenDNS. For operators of authoritative DNS services we have developed and released CycleHunter, an open-source tool that detects cyclic dependencies and prevents attacks. We use CycleHunter to evaluate roughly 184 million domain names in 7 large, top-level domains (TLDs), finding 44 cyclic dependent NS records used by 1.4k domain names. The TsuNAME vulnerability is weaponizable, since an adversary can easily create cycles to attack the infrastructure of a parent domains. Documenting this threat and its solutions is an important step to ensuring it is fully addressed.


Introduction To compare the prognosis of adjuvant SOX (S-1 and oxaliplatin) vs XELOX (capecitabine and oxaliplatin) chemotherapy in Chinese patients with gastric cancer (GC) after D2 gastrectomy. Methods This was a real-world study of patients with GC (stages II–III) who underwent D2 gastrectomy and received adjuvant SOX or XELOX between 01/2010 and 06/2017 in Zhongshan Hospital affiliated to Fudan University. The patients were matched by propensity score matching. The primary and secondary endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively. Adverse events (AEs) were compared. Results A total of 552 patients were included. The median follow-up time was 24.9 months. There were no differences in DFS (median, 44.4 vs 41.2 months; HR=1.17, 95% CI: 0.92–1.48) and OS (median, 61.5 vs 65.3 months; HR=1.01, 95% CI: 0.73–1.39) between the XELOX and SOX groups. Both DFS and OS had no significant differences between SOX and XELOX for all subgroups based on sex (P=0.949, P=0.990), age (P=0.303, P=0.392), Lauren type (P=0.362, P=0.573), type of gastrectomy (P=0.607 P=0.989), and pathological TNM stage (P=0.899, P=0.888). A total of 86 patients in the SOX subgroup (34.2%) experienced AEs, similar to the rate found in the XELOX subgroup (104 patients or 41.4%; P=0.098). Discussion The results suggested that adjuvant SOX chemotherapy has similar survival benefits compared to XELOX chemotherapy in Chinese patients with pathological stage II or III GC after D2 gastrectomy.


Organic sulfur (OS) is the second largest pool of reduced sulfur in the environment after pyrite and is a topic of interest as it has considerable connections to petroleum formation; the global biogeochemical cycles of sulfur, carbon, oxygen, and iron; microbial activity; and organic matter preservation through geologic time. Despite these connections, our understanding of OS formation and occurrence is limited and therefore, interpretations of the geologic record based on changes in the relative abundances of inorganic, organic, and elemental sulfur are also limited. The research presented here is one of the first to use measured variations in the stable sulfur isotope composition (δ34S) of inorganic sulfur species and OS (at the bulk and molecular level) to investigate OS formation on multiple timescales in both the laboratory and natural environment. Results of this research are multifold.

First, we demonstrate the ability to measure polysulfide speciation via gas chromatography (GC) at sub-micromolar levels and with good precision in both laboratory and environmental samples. With a bit more refinement, our method of analysis can be used for direct compound-specific sulfur isotope analysis (CSSIA) of individual polysulfide species using a GC coupled to a multi-collector ICP-MS (GC/MC-ICP-MS). Such measurements could provide valuable information on the role polysulfides play in the natural environment.

Second, detailed structural (i.e. FT-IR and online pyrolysis) and δ34S analysis of reaction products from laboratory experiments involving the abiotic sulfurization of carbohydrates and natural dissolved organic matter provides experimental evidence for the structural and sulfur isotopic relationships between reactive inorganic sulfur species and OS in the geosphere.

Lastly, we show the utility of paired pyrite and OS isotope records in reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions. δ34S values of pyrite and OS from the Jurassic aged Blackstone Band of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation display dynamic fluctuations that are related to variations in microbial sulfate reduction rates, which may be influenced by the formation of macromolecular OS during times of increased organic carbon burial. CSSIA of bitumen and kerogen-pyrolysates reveals more complex dynamics, where bitumen compounds record a sulfur source unrelated to bulk OS and kerogen compounds reflect the δ34S of bulk OS.


A theoretical technique for determining the dispersion relation, the electromagnetic field components, and the quality factor of a dielectric-loaded nonperiodic corrugated waveguide is presented for the case of azimuthally symmetric TM waves. The Floquet theorem is used to express the field distribution in the vacuum region, while an eigenfunction expansion is employed in each dielectric region, with the appropriate boundary conditions applied at the interfaces, leading to an infinite system of equations. This system is solved numerically by truncation, while the convergence of the solution is examined with the number of spatial harmonics. Based on this formulation, a numerical code, called FISHBONE-TM, is developed and its results are compared with those obtained with an established code (CASCADE) based on the scattering-matrix method.


Uranium biosorption and biomineralisation are processes exhibited by bacteria that aren't fully understood at a mechanistic level, making it difficult to consider their use and application in remediation, extraction and reuse. The aim of this study was, therefore, to deconstruct the bacterial cell and characterise the specific roles of cell surface structures and extra polymeric substances, in order to elucidate their contribution to the biosorption and biomineralisation of uranium within live cells.

The complexation and precipitation of uranium with extracellular DNA (eDNA) was predominantly mediated by negatively charged phosphate moieties within eDNA. The reaction was dependent on pH, where the formation of a precipitate was reduced as the pH increased. Towards circumneutral pH, acid phosphatase liberated phosphate from eDNA that precipitated uranium as a phosphate-bearing mineral.

The biosorption of uranium with bacteria is governed by the interactions with functional groups at the cell surface. The cell wall isolates and lysed cells of B. subtilis 168 exhibited a greater uranium retention capacity in comparison to those from P. putida 33015, live cells and cell membrane isolates from both strains. Carboxyl groups and phosphate groups, from proteins and phosphorylated biopolymers, were responsible uranium biosorption with the cell surface structures.

The viability and metabolic activity of live cells of P. putida 33015 and D. radiodurans R1 in the presence of uranium was evaluated. An increase in uranium concentration was directly linked to cell toxicity in both strains. At low concentrations of U(VI) and circumneutral pH, viable cells likely sequestered uranium either through biosorption or through the precipitation of enzymatically generated uranium phosphate minerals that were tethered to the cell surface or within EPS as a tolerance mechanism to cope with uranium toxicity. At higher concentrations of uranium or at low pH where the bacterial growth wasn't favourable or there was cell death, biosorption to the bacterial biomass present likely occurred.


Die anachronistiche Souveranitat. ED BY ERNSTOTTO CZEMPIEL. (Koln und Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1969. Pp. 304. DM 30.00.) This collection of original papers reports on the progress and accomplishment of the international politics work group of the German Political Science Association. The papers are the product of a series of meetings and seminars held between 1966 and 1969 to explore theoretical and empirical aspects of the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy.


The ablation characteristics of the SU-8 photoresist (spun on Si wafers) under 248 KrF excimer pulsed laser radiation have been studied. The variation of etch rate with fluence has been investigated in the range 0.05-3.01 J cm-2. The threshold fluence for ablation of SU-8 is measured to be about 0.05 J cm-2. The etch rate of SU-8 is found to be higher than that of polyimide (previously reported) under similar conditions. We have investigated the effects of different prebake temperatures (90, 110, 120 and 200 °C) on ablation characteristics, which are found to be similar for all temperatures. The effect of increasing the number of laser shots (from 10 to 10 000) has been examined at different fluences in order to understand the etch-rate variation near the `end of film' stage of ablation. The results of our analysis using scanning electron microscopy, profilometry and optical microscopy reveal the very smooth morphology of the etched surfaces with no significant debris, no noticeable damage to underlying silicon and the gradual build-up of a carbonaceous film outside and around the etch pits. We find SU-8 very suitable for excimer ablation lithography and have demonstrated this by patterning a gear structure in an SU-8 resist layer with an aspect ratio of 4.5. For the first time, we have shown that the laser micromachining technique has the potential to cleanly remove SU-8 after electroplating a microstructure with copper.


The use of green energy sources to feed DC microgrids is gaining prominence over traditional centralised AC systems. DC microgrids are characterised by the use of intermediate DC-DC converter which acts as power conditioning units. Hence, the choice of an appropriate DC-DC converter becomes significant as the overall system efficiency is strongly dependent on the converter's performance. This paper proposes a novel high gain high power (HGHP) DC-DC converter for DC microgrid, which is of one of the significant step forward in the development of DC microgrids. The suitability of the proposed HGHP DC-DC converter is demonstrated by experimental tests of the 60V/1.1kV, 3kW converter; test results validate the converter's suitability for DC distribution. A significant number of performance parameters of the proposed converter is compared with state of the art converter topologies demonstrating the superior capabilities of the proposed converter. This paper also portrays the potential benefits that could be reaped by trending towards DC instead of existing AC system. The advantages and challenges to be confronted in the foreseeable future while implementing sustainable DC microgrids are also highlighted. Finally, this paper encapsulates renewable energy fed DC microgrid system as an appropriate, technically feasible, economically viable and competent solution for efficiently utilising the sustainable energy sources.


This paper presents the numerical simulation of the response of composite sandwich plate on explosive charge by fragment impact, representing that composite sandwich plate structure has good capability of explosion resistance. The theory studies show that the composite sandwich plate structure with "hard-soft-hard" can effectively reduce the internal pressure of the explosive and improve the capacity of explosion resistance from the fragment impact. The results of simplified numerical models, carried out using Ansys/AutoDYN, are validated with experiments. Two single-layer metal plates and four composite sandwich plate structures are chosen as the barrier of cylindrical explosive charge Comp-B. The internal peak pressure of explosive and the transmission coefficient of shock wave under the impact of tungsten alloy fragment at 1710m/s velocity were investigated. The critical initiation velocities of fragments for explosive with different barriers were obtained. The simulation results indicate that the composite sandwich plate structures have smaller transmission coefficients and smaller internal pressure of explosive than single-layer metal plates. The predictions provide an insight into the vulnerability and security of warhead.


BACKGROUND: After the introduction of complete mesocolic excision, a new pathological evaluation of the resected colon cancer specimen was introduced. This concept has quickly gained acceptance and is often used to compare surgical quality. The grading of colon cancer specimens is likely to depend on both surgical quality and the training of the pathologist. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to validate the principles of the pathological evaluation of colon cancer specimens. DESIGN: This was an exploratory study. SETTINGS: The study was conducted in Aarhus, Denmark, and Leeds, United Kingdom. PATIENTS: Colon cancers specimens were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The agreement of gradings between participants was of interest. Four specialist GI pathologists and 2 abdominal surgeons evaluated 2 rounds of colon cancer specimens, each at 2 separate time points. Each round contained 50 specimens. After the first round, a protocol of detailed principles for the grading procedure was agreed on. Results from an experienced pathologist were considered as the reference results. RESULTS: In the first round, the distribution of gradings between participants showed substantial variation. In the second round, the variation was reduced. Intraobserver agreement was mostly fair to good, whereas interobserver agreement was frequently poor. This did not significantly change from round 1 to round 2. LIMITATIONS: The small sample size of 100 specimens provided a very small number of specimens resected in the muscularis propria plane, which renders the evaluation of this group potentially unreliable. The evaluations were made on photos and not on fresh specimens. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates significant variation in the pathological evaluation of colon cancer specimens. It demonstrates that it cannot be used in clinical studies, and care should be taken when comparing results between different hospitals.


The analysis of societies demonstrates the recurrent nature of small world topology in the interactions of elements in such worlds. The small world topology proves to have beneficial properties for system's performance in many cases, however there are also scenarios where the small world topology's properties negatively affect the system's outcome; thus in depth knowledge on the small world weaknesses is needed in order to develop new generations of artificial societies and new models of economic systems. In this paper, a multi-agent system based on request for proposal protocol and coalition formation organisational paradigm is used to analyse properties of small world social networks of agents. Experiments center on nodes in the network with high betweenness and in particular the distribution of agents in the population across these nodes. Results show that small world topology scenarios lose their beneficial properties when non-competitive agents are positioned as high betweeness nodes in the network.


The object of this paper is to call the attention of the Society to the need of legislation for the prevention of blindness. The necessity for adopting such a measure can only then be advocated when sufficient data have been collected, indicating the cause and increase of blindness, and then demonstrating that legal restrictions would decrease to a large percentage this awful calamity. A thorough elucidation of these facts would tend towards elaboration. I will content myself, therefore, by bringing to your attention in a concise form, the main features only. If we consult the United States census from the year 1850 to date, we learn that the number of blind enumerated during the various decades is as follows: 1850, 9,794; 1860, 12,658; 1870, 20,320; 1880, 48,928; 1890, 50,411. If compared with the population, which increased from 23,191,876 in 1850 to 62,622,250 in 1890, we obtain the following ratios: Number


New light scattering methods offer many advantages to particle size distribution characterization. In addition to ease of operation, speed, and accuracy, the particle size, particle surface characteristics, interaction of the surface with specific ligands, and hydrodynamic volume of the particle are easily obtained. Extensions of these methods also permit the assessment of surface reactions in real time and without reporter group conjugation to the reactant. These methods offer the ability to examine binding constants and kinetics of binding without chemical modification and offer true advantages in product development and clinical diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring.


Different insecticides are applied for the control of pests that cause damages on potato crop (Solanum tuberosum L.) during their development cycle. The consecutive use of these substances causes the appearance of secondary plagues, insect-resistance development, natural enemies destruction and affectations to the atmosphere, among other problems. For this causes is advisable the evaluation of new more efficient products for the control of the pest complex in this crop. Active ingredient spirotetramat is an insecticide that belongs to new group of cetoenols which stands out for its systemic bidirectional effect and wide action spectrum against sucker insects, as aphids, trips and white flies, among other, particularly against juvenile states. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of this insecticide in the control of Myzus persicae Sulzer, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Thrips palmi Karny a field experiment was developed on potato cultivation. Results indicate that the effectiveness of spirotetramat at doses of 0.5 and 0.6 L/ha were acceptable on the three plague species respect to production standard. It was found also that this new insecticide had no effect on bioregulators associated with pests, since they completed their cycles and were observed until the end of the experiment.


Initial implementations of middleware based on standards such as CORBA have concentrated on host and language transparency issues in order to demonstrate interoperability. They have largely adopted a no-replication approach and have frequently neglected performance-at-scale issues. This has led to continuing deployment of either non-scalable full-replication approaches or ad-hoc messaging-based middleware for applications such as intelligent networks, WWW applications and collaborative virtual reality. These applications require millions of objects globally distributed across hundreds of hosts and demand a very high throughput of low-latency method invocations. Our main research aim is to be able to reason about the performance of such applications when using scalable partial-replication and object-oriented approaches to middleware. Our approach is to use a simulator to explore potential design and implemention choices. Our current simulator-driven design, called "MinORB", has been fully implemented and tested. MinORB supports scalable high performance by a combination of techniques, including weak and application-specified consistency and partial replication using fine-grained proxy caching. Experimental results show that our work compares very favourably with other leading implementations, such as OmniORB. Scalability is unparalleled, with up to 1,000,000,000 objects per address space, a maximum throughput of 42,000 invocations per second and service times as low as 4 ms.


Erythrophagocytosis by the trophoblastic epithelial cells of the sheep placenta was studied in different stages of gestation. Light-microscopic observations showed that the erythrophagocytosis became more and more conspicuous with increasing stages of gestation. Electron-microscopically, this process appeared to take place in the same way as described for red cell destruction elsewhere. Light-microscopically, a high acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated in the cells which took part in the process of erythrophagocytosis. Degenerating epithelial cells were found, the number of which appeared to increase with the stage of gestation. Under the electron microscope, the cytoplasm of these degenerating cells appeared to contain a diversity of crystals, myelin-like figures and irregular coarse concretions.


The goal of the present study was to investigate the role of IL-7 in regulating immune responses to infection. Leprosy provides a model for understanding human immune responses to infection; the disease presents as a spectrum in which the clinical manifestations correlate with the levels of cell-mediated immunity to the pathogen, Mycobacterium leprae. To determine whether IL-7 is produced at the site of infection in leprosy, we used the PCR to measure IL-7 and IL-7R mRNA in skin lesions. IL-7 mRNA was more strongly expressed in the tuberculoid form of the disease, in which the infection is limited (mean cpm = 48 +/- 8; n = 11), as compared with the progressive lepromatous form (17 +/- 2; n = 11). IL-7R mRNA, both membrane-bound and soluble forms, were also more strongly expressed in tuberculoid lesions, although these differences were not as striking as those for IL-7. The cellular source of IL-7 included Ag-stimulated monocytes and IFN-gamma-induced keratinocytes. M. leprae-induced PBMC responses in tuberculoid patients involved up-regulation of IL-7 and IL-7R mRNA and was IL-7 dependent. In contrast, M. leprae did not induce IL-7 mRNA in lepromatous patients, and their T cell responses were weakly augmented by rIL-7. These data suggest that IL-7, produced at the site of disease, contributes to the cell-mediated immune response to human pathogens.


The private sector plays a crucial role in the suitable delivery of PPP projects and the adequate performance of institutional frameworks. The private sector finances the construction, operation and/or maintenance of the infrastructure asset. How can we guarantee a healthy relationship with the public sector in the region?


Whereas extralymphatic involvement is common in lymphomas associated with HIV infection, there have been few reports of pulmonary lymphoma. In 648 cases of AIDS reported in Colorado, 40 have had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Of these, four have had documented pulmonary involvement and are reported in detail. Clinical manifestations were nonspecific and included fever, weight loss, generalized lymphadenopathy, dyspnea, chest pain and cough. Chest roentgenograms revealed multiple nodules or interstitial infiltrates. Transbronchial biopsy failed to establish the diagnosis in all cases. Three of four patients died four to five months after appearance of pulmonary nodules; one patient with stage IE disease showed slow radiographic progression over 16 months following radiation and chemotherapy and died 18 months after appearance of pulmonary nodules. Pulmonary involvement with lymphoma should be considered in patients with HIV infection, especially if multiple nodules are seen on chest roentgenograms.


Background: Advances in technology have facilitated the generation of gene expression data from large numbers of samples and the development of "Big Data" approaches to analysing gene expression in basic and biomedical systems. That being said, the data still includes relatively small numbers of samples and tens of thousands of variables/gene expression. A variety of different approaches have been developed for searching these gene spaces in order to select the most informative variables that can accurately distinguish one class of subjects/ samples from another. However, there is still a need for new approaches that can accurately distinguish biologically different classes of subjects with similar gene expression profiles. We describe a new and promising approach for selecting the most informative differentially expressed genes that addresses this problem. We describe a method for identifying significant differentially expressed clusters of genes using a process of Recursive Cluster Elimination (RCE) that is based on an ensemble clustering approach. We refer to this approach as SVM-RCE-EC (Ensemble Clustering). We show that SVM-RCE-EC improves gene selection, classification accuracy as compared to other methods including the traditional SVM-RCE approach, and that this is particularly evident when applied to difficult data sets that are poorly resolved by other approaches.
Methods: To implement SVM-RCE-EC we first applied an ensemble-clustering method, to identify robust gene clusters. We then applied Support Vector Machines (SVMs), with cross validation to score (rank) those clusters of genes based on their contributions to classification accuracy. The clusters of genes that are least significant are progressively removed by the procedure of RCE with the most significant clusters being retained until one identifies the most robust, significantly differentially expressed genes between the two classes. We compare the classification performance of SVM-RCE-EC to a variety of published classification algorithms.
Results and Conclusion: Utilization of gene clusters selected using the ensemble method enhances classification performance as compared to other methods and identifies sets of significant genes that appear to be more biologically meaningful to the system being analyzed. We show that SVM-RCE-EC outperforms several other methods on data that represent highly similar sample classes that are difficult to distinguish and is comparable to other methods when applied to data where the classes are more easily separated. The improved performance of SVM-RCE-EC on difficult data sets is likely due to the fact that the significant clusters, as determined by the ensemble approach, capture the native structure of the data while SVM-RCE leaves that determination to the user. This hypothesis is supported by the observations that the performance of the clusters generated by SVM-RCE-EC is more robust.
Availability: The Matlab version of SVM-RCE-EC is available upon request to the first author and at GitHub (https://github.com/malikyousef/svm-rce-ec).


Susceptibility to apoptosis of CD4+-lymphocytes, producing HIV-1 and uninfected CD4+-lymphocytes, was investigated. An estimation of apoptosis of lymphocytes was carried out by flowing cytometry method through decrease of mitochondrial potential, phosphatidyl serine expression and DNA fragmentation. In PHA-activated lymphocytes culture the quantity of cells in apoptosis between productively infected and uninfected lymphocytes did not essentially differ from each other.


The back-pressure algorithm introduced in 1992 by Tassiulas and Ephremides is a well-known distributed and adaptive routing/scheduling algorithm where nodes only need the queue-length information of neighboring nodes to make routing decisions. Packets are adaptively routed in the network according to congestion information, which makes the algorithm resilient to traffic and topology changes. However, the back-pressure algorithm requires routers to maintain a separate queue for each destination, which precludes its implementation in large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed cluster-based back-pressure routing algorithm that retains the adaptability of back-pressure routing while significantly reducing the number of queues that have to be maintained at each node.


Genetic and epigenetic alterations play central roles in shaping the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to evade immune surveillance. The previous study shows that SETD2‐H3K36me3 loss promotes KRAS‐induced pancreatic tumorigenesis. However, little is known about its role in remodeling the TME and immune evasion. Here, it is shown that SETD2 deficiency can reprogram neutrophils to an immunosuppressive phenotype, thereby promoting immune escape during pancreatic tumor progression. By comprehensive profiling of the intratumoral immune cells, neutrophils are identified as the subset with the most significant changes upon Setd2 loss. Setd2‐deficient pancreatic tumor cells directly enhance neutrophil recruitment and reprogramming, thereby inhibiting the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells to foster tumor progression. Mechanistically, it is revealed that Setd2‐H3K36me3 loss leads to ectopic gain of H3K27me3 to downregulate Cxadr expression, which boosts the PI3K‐AKT pathway and excessive expression of CXCL1 and GM‐CSF, thereby promoting neutrophil recruitment and reprogramming toward an immunosuppressive phenotype. The study provides mechanistic insights into how tumor cell‐intrinsic Setd2 deficiency strengthens the immune escape during pancreatic tumorigenesis, which may offer potential therapeutic implications for pancreatic cancer patients with SETD2 deficiency.


How to utilize deep learning methods for graph classification tasks has attracted considerable research attention in the past few years. Regarding graph classification tasks, the graphs to be classified may have various graph sizes (i.e., different number of nodes and edges) and have various graph properties (e.g., average node degree, diameter, and clustering coefficient). The diverse property of graphs has imposed significant challenges on existing graph learning techniques since diverse graphs have different best-fit hyperparameters. It is difficult to learn graph features from a set of diverse graphs by a unified graph neural network. This motivates us to use a multiplex structure in a diverse way and utilize a priori properties of graphs to guide the learning. In this paper, we propose MxPool, which concurrently uses multiple graph convolution/pooling networks to build a hierarchical learning structure for graph representation learning tasks. Our experiments on numerous graph classification benchmarks show that our MxPool has superiority over other state-of-the-art graph representation learning methods.


We consider practical two-way communication schemes with blind channel estimation in TDD (time-division duplex) MISO (multi-input single-output) and MIMO (multi-input multi-output) systems. In the MISO system, we show that blind channel estimation only needs to be done at a transceiver equipped with multiple antennas and this estimated channel can be efficiently utilized for both uplink and downlink communication. In the MIMO system, we propose a two-stage communication scheme which begins with uplink transmission using differential space-time block codes and follows with two-way beamforming with blind channel estimation. We demonstrate, through simulations, that the novel schemes possess very good performance and compare them with training-based schemes.


Tourism is an indispensable segment of economic development, especially in nowadays time of crisis. More precisely, Croatian media have been broadcasting with increasing frequency great expectations from the coming travel and tourism high season, which is expected to provide enough income to save the state budget. This paper will therefore deal with the travel and tourism industry and the position of the Croatian tourism product. In this connection, the aim of the research will be to identify any adverse reasons affecting the position of the tourism product. In line with this aim, our task will be to investigate and analyze whether our diplomacy has been familiar with the Strategy and Master plan of Croatian tourism till 2020. Based on our research, our diplomacy should be, among other factors, an important factor in making it easier for foreign visitors to select Croatian destinations for their summer holidays. The main hypothesis of this paper is therefore a significant need for much stronger engagement of our diplomacy in the promotion of the many advantages their own country offers in relation to others.


The university logo represents the entity symbol for the university. Each university has
 its unique logo in term of design. Since there are variants of design for each logo, it is
 difficult for people to remember the name or other information of the University
 related to university logo. Apart from that, the logo itself cannot convey much
 information to the people. Therefore, current progress in AR technology has come to
 solve these problems. This project is using Markerless AR technology to track and
 identified university logo for people. The identification process can deliver information
 to the user including university name, homepage website and geographical location of
 university. There are three main elements to be concerned in the development of this
 project application. The elements are android mobile application concept, interaction
 with the user and tracking of university logo to identify the university with information
 deliver to the user by just capturing the photo image. Based on the experiments, 83%
 strongly agree that adding AR to University Logo helps give University
 information/direction to University. As a conclusion, AR can solve the problem by
 convey more information on University Logo.


Chemokine signaling has been implicated in directing colonization of the fetal thymus by hematopoietic precursors. However, the patterns of expression of the chemokine receptors responsible for directing thymic colonization by the earliest thymic migrants remain unknown. We have identified heterogeneity within the earliest thymus seeding cells based on chemokine receptor expression. By analyzing the first wave of progenitors to colonize the thymus at E12 of gestation, we show that multiple chemokine receptors are expressed by T‐lymphoid precursors present within perithymic mesenchyme, while expression of chemokine ligands is limited to CCL21, CCL25 and CXCL12, which are located in distinct epithelial and mesenchymal compartments of the thymic/parathyroid anlagen. Collectively, these results identify multiple populations of T‐lymphoid precursors colonizing the fetal thymus and provide evidence for several potential pathways mediating migration of precursors into the embryonic thymus.


Current methods for solid tumor analysis may be inadequate for addressing both the heterogeneity of tumor cells and the components of the tumor microenvironment. Comprehensive analysis requires the ability to analyze tumor biopsy specimens at the single-cell level. A better understanding of how the tumors are behaving at a cellular level, in relation to the other cells within the tumor microenvironment, could lead to more accurate and specific treatment, and better patient prognosis. Evaluation of tumor derived single cells by flow cytometry could provide unique information that is not readily obtained from current methods. Here we demonstrate the single-cell analysis of solid tumors from breast and colorectal cancers. Since single-cell analysis of solid tumors may not occur at the collection site, it is important that tumors be preserved in order to retain their characteristics during transport. Using tumors from PDX mouse models, and human samples, different preservatives were evaluated for their effects on cellular viability and surface marker expression. Following shipment of the tumor samples in preservation solutions, the solid tumors were dissociated into single-cell suspensions using enzyme cocktails containing collagenase. Phenotypic evaluation was performed using flow cytometry after staining the single cells with monoclonal antibody panels specific for either tumor or immune cells. The results indicate that the dissociation method did not seem to adversely impact the expression of surface proteins. We demonstrate that it is feasible to analyze dissociated tumor cell populations with relevant surface markers. Analysis of the data revealed distinct phenotype patterns for single cells dissociated from breast and colorectal cancers. Further extensive evaluation of heterogeneity in these tumor types could reveal phenotypic signatures that may be clinically relevant. Citation Format: Joyce J. Ruitenberg, Aaron Middlebrook, Maria Suni, Friedrich Hahn, Eileen Snowden, Warren Porter, Mitchell Ferguson, Rainer Blaesius, Smita A. Ghanekar. Phenotypic analysis of single cells dissociated from solid tumors. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B37. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B37


A grading of the base doping concentration is used to establish an electric field in the base of a Pnp AlGaAs/InGaAsN heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT). An improved peak current gain value (β ≃ 60) is observed over a device with uniform base doping, due to better hole transport in the base. A cut-off frequency of 15 GHz measured from a 3 × 12 µm2 non-self aligned HBT demonstrates the practical impact the electric field has on the transit time across the base.


An efficient manganese-catalyzed N-alkylation of sulfonamides has been developed. This borrowing hydrogen approach employs a well-defined and bench-stable Mn(I) PNP pincer precatalyst, allowing benzylic and simple primary aliphatic alcohols to be employed as alkylating agents. A diverse range of aryl and alkyl sulfonamides undergoes mono- N-alkylation in excellent isolated yields (32 examples, 85% average yield).


After the end of the Cold War many variants of space organization at macro- and microlevel were suggested instead of traditional West–East division. There were in detail worked projects of invented regions building and discoursive projections of regions. Among them the ideas deserve special attention, which were put forward by the states that had been within frontier zone of the European politics poles before. The "Amber gateway" and the "Yule land" are examples of mental projections of the Baltic Sea area which were constructed by Latvia's and Estonia's political elites. In the article research of the ideas leans on I. Newmann's region-building approach. Articles and speeches which were the work of representatives of two republics' organs of government served sources. They were consecutively collected, systematized and analyzed. Categorical apparatus of the article includes the concepts which are derived from concept "mental map" often mentioned by the author. In general mental map means the map of part of surrounding space which was created in consciousness of a man or any social group. This category is concept of relatively new science – imaginal geography which is interpreted here as one studies forming of system of ideas, concepts describing any territory in people's consciousness. When the research was made, it became evident that the Latvian mental construction did not presuppose liquidation of the barrier between Europe and Russia / West and East. Russia had to remain on the other side of dividing line, but not in isolation. Latvia assigned the role of "mediator between two worlds" for ensuring communication and transit to itself. Claim that Estonia was among the Northern countries gave the opportunity to the republic's ruling circle to distance from post-Soviet space as a whole and Latvia and Lithuania in particular. The "Amber gateway" and the "Yule land" reflected specific character of spatial imagination of Baltic republics' governments. The use of cultural markers in the mental maps was caused by aspiration to make imaginary regions natural and clear for other participants of intended integrations, as the lasts preferred connections at the level of public institutions, but not of state ones. But the Latvian and the Estonian politicians looked at the process of region–building in the light of interstate interaction. Estonia strove to emphasize its belonging to "Europe of regions" by means of "Yule land", but Latvia accentuated strengthening of its own role in limits of "Amber gateway".


EXTENDED ABSTRACT:DEDI stands for the Digital Encyclopaedia of Natural and Cultural Heritage in Slovenia which was a result of two prototype research and development projects DEDI and DEDI II in the period between 2008 and 2010. The two projects were co-financed by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology and the European Regional Development Fund in the frame of research and development projects e-content and e-services. DEDI is the first attempt of multimediarich digital representation of Slovenian natural and cultural heritage on a common web site offering verifiable, qualitative and complex content to a wide range of general public. Digital content (text, video records, audio records, photographs) is enriched by 2-dimensional and/or 3-dimensional visualisation of geographical data or even by 4-dimensional models with time component. 4D models combine 3D models with the time dimension. Thus it is possible to simulate the past, the current and the future condition of natural and cultural heritage objects, their changes, growth, deterioration or oscillation. 3D and 4D models are more explanatory, plastic and attractive to the unprofessional public thus increasing the interest in the digital encyclopaedia. Technological solutions for the project were developed by the consortium partners in the field of web technologies who succeeded to locate all immovable natural and cultural heritage objects. The Google Maps web platform is normally used for 2D representations but it is often too complex to represent a large amount of data. In order to meet the needs of the digital encyclopaedia data need to be structured and linked which is one of the main advantages of Geopedia, an interactive atlas which enables active user participation in adding and editing information on Slovenia. A 3D visualisation tool Gaea+ is used for real time visualisation of 3D models offering user-friendly presentation of any geospatial information and an interactive walk-through allowing users to move in 3D space. Many advanced DEDI files (dynamic multimedia representations or dediteka) of some natural and cultural objects of national importance were created. An advanced dediteka combines several object representations into interactive non-linear stories and upgrade them in various ways. The advanced dediteka "The story of Martin Krpan and his age" is a digitised story of Martin Krpan written in 1858 by Fran Levstik enriched by the audio record. The user can read a story and listen to the Slovenian language of the Levstik's time. Two main digitisation criteria of equal importance were used for the selection of natural and cultural heritage objects: geographical area and the content value. The article describes a 4D simulation of the urban growth of Ljubljana and the virtual reconstruction of the Žiga Zois study room. 4D simulation of the growth of Ljubljana is based on historical and contemporary sources, i.e. 3D visualisation with time component. It is based on old city plans, digitised terrain model, national topographic maps, contemporary city plan and cadastre. 3D terrain models of buildings are enriched by a city plan of a specific period of time. The historical growth of the city is represented by a 2D dynamic map with floor plans and isochrones.3D scanned exterior of the Žiga Zois Mansion is represented as well as a part of the interior with the virtual reconstruction of his study room where the collection of minerals was kept. Some specimens are 3D scanned. A few items of his literary opus are digitised, too.


Background: Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is the most common type of large vessel vasculitis. Typically it presents in patients over the age of 50 with a combination of temporal headaches, scalp tenderness, jaw claudication, raised inflammatory markers and visual disturbance. The diagnosis of GCA is often challenging and there is a difficult balance of over and under investigation. There have been several proposed scoring systems to help clinicians risk stratify patients who may present with suspected GCA. One such scoring system, published in 2017, showed clinical utility in a large international multi-centre study. Following analysis by logistic regression on data from 530 biopsies, Ing et al. developed a parsimonious prediction model comprising 5 candidate criteria: age, jaw claudication, ischemia-related loss of visual acuity, platelet count and logCRP (Figure 1). [1] Objectives: Increasingly, ultrasound doppler imaging is recognised and accepted as satisfactory means of confirming the diagnosis of GCA, with the presence of the halo sign characteristic for GCA. The aim of our study was to determine whether this GCA prediction model accurately predicts positive temporal artery biopsies in a large, real world UK cohort. In addition, we assessed whether this model accurately predicts positive temporal artery ultrasounds. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using electronic medical records of patients referred for temporal artery biopsy (TAB) and temporal artery ultrasound (USTA) for suspected GCA. All TAB performed at the Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust between June 2014 - June 2018 and all USTA performed between January 2015 - January 2019 were analysed. Patients who undergo USTA for suspected GCA at our centre routinely have bilateral temporal and axillary arteries scanned. Patients were excluded if they already had a previous diagnosis of GCA (and the clinical question was suspected flare), or if there was insufficient information available. Results: The total number of patients who underwent a confirmatory diagnostic test (either TAB or USTA) for suspected GCA was 187. Thirteen of these patients met the exclusion criteria, the remaining 174 patients were included for analysis. 126/174 patients underwent a TAB, 63/174 had an USTA. 15/174 had both these were included in the USS cohort because for all these patients the ultrasound was the first diagnostic test performed (Table 1). Our results appear to closely mirror the original multi-centre results with regards to prediction of biopsy positive GCA, with the centiles closely following those in the inception cohort. 0% of the 'low' risk probability biopsy cohort were misclassified - none had a positive biopsy. However, 8% of the 'low' risk probability ultrasound cohort were misclassified - 2 had a positive ultrasound. Conclusion: Our study, highlights that a probability score for GCA derived from a large multi-centre cohort of patients who were biopsy positive, predicts ultrasound positivity with similar accuracy. Our work reveals that scoring systems are not infallible but can be helpful in guiding clinical decision making References: [1]Ing EB, Lahaie Luna G, Toren A, et al. Multivariable prediction model for suspected giant cell arteritis: development and validation. Clin Ophthalmol. 2017;11:2031–2042. Published 2017 Nov 22. Acknowledgments: Many thanks to the Rheumatology, Opthalmology & Ultrasound teams at Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust Disclosure of Interests: None declared


Abstract Introduction Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is a pregnancy-specific liver disease that usually emerges during the third trimester of pregnancy. It is characterized by itching and elevated serum total bile acid levels, and it may lead to severe fetal complications. This study aimed to investigate the role of interleukin-8, a pro-inflammatory cytokine; interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine; and melatonin in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Materials and Methods This prospective, case-controlled study was conducted with 51 women with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (40 mild and 11 severe cases) and 43 healthy pregnant women. Serum interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and melatonin levels were evaluated. Results Melatonin and interleukin -10 were significantly lower in subjects with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (p=0.001; p=0.001, respectively p<0.05). Interleukin-8 levels were found to be significantly higher in the cholestasis group than control group (p=0.001, p<0.05). Conclusions Because interleukin-8, interleukin-10, and melatonin were found to be significantly correlated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, we believe this finding could shed light on the etiology of the disease.


The ability of rats with ibotenate lesions of the entorhinal cortex to form memories for events was assessed by using a gustatory within-event learning procedure. Rats first received exposure to 2 events, AX and BY, each composed of a pair of flavors. Following this exposure period, Flavor X alone was paired with the delivery of lithium chloride. Lesioned and control rats showed a greater aversion to A than to B and to AX than to BX. These results challenge theories that suppose that the entorhinal cortex plays a general role in forming representations of patterns of stimulation.


This article reports results of comparing the accuracy of the software package "INSOLAR.GSHP.12", modeling non-steady thermal behavior of geothermal heat pump heating systems (GHCS) and of the similar model "conventional" using finite difference methods for solving spatial non-steady problems of heat conductivity. The software package is based on the method of formulating mathematical models of thermal behavior of ground low-grade heat collection systems developed by INSOLAR group of companies. Equations of mathematical model of spatial non-steady thermal behavior of ground mass of low-grade heat collection system obtained by the developed method have been solved analytically that significantly reduced computing time spent by the software complex "INSOLAR.GSHP.12" for calculations. The method allows to turn aside difficulties associated with information uncertainty of mathematical models of the ground thermal behavior and approximation of external factors affecting the ground. Use of experimentally obtained information about the ground natural thermal behavior in the software package allows to partially take into account the whole complex of factors (such as availability of groundwater, their velocity and thermal behavior, structure and arrangement of ground layers, the Earth's thermal background, precipitation, phase transformations of moisture in the pore space, and more), significantly influencing the formation of thermal behavior of the ground mass of a low-grade geothermal heat collection system. Numerical experiments presented in the article confirmed the high convergence of the results obtained through the software package "INSOLAR.GSHP.12" with solutions obtained by conventional finite-difference methods.


Viral infections cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequently unfolded protein response (UPR) which restores ER homeostasis. In this study, levels of proteins or transcription of three UPR pathways were examined in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells to investigate Pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection-induced ER stress, in which glucose-related proteins 78 kD and 94 kD (GRP78 and GRP94) were upregulated. The downstream double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK) pathway was activated with upregulation of ATF4, CHOP, and GADD34, and the inositol requiring kinase 1 (IRE1) pathway was triggered by the splicing of X box-binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA and the enhanced expression of p58IPK and EDEM. Furthermore, our results showed that the ER stress, induced by 0.005 µM thapsigargin, promoted PRV replication in suspension-cultured BHK-21 cells, and that PRV glycoprotein B (gB) overexpression triggered the PERK and IRE1 pathways.


Parent engagement in schooling has long been held as a vital component of the successful navigation of the schooling process and, consequently, governments often invite such engagement via policy implementation. However, at times, contestation arises about parent engagement, with some parents seemingly 'crossing the line' when attempting to be involved in their children's schooling. This paper investigates the possibility of parent engagement in schooling in Queensland, Australia, conceptualising it as a game of social and systemic practice. The author examines this notion using a recent example of contestation between parents at a regional government school and the education authority. Policy directives about parent engagement are explored, with the rhetoric of such policy applied to the example in question. The work of Bourdieu and Foucault is used to argue that the invitation to parents to engage is framed and thus often misrecognised, resulting in unintended conflictual relationships between parents and governing authorities.


A 6-week-old neonate presented with soft tissue protruding through the umbilicus due to a persisting ductus omphalo-entericus. This remnant was surgically removed the next day.


ABSTRACT In the present study, the effects of partially water-soluble nanoscaled boron phosphate (BPO4) on the mechanical properties of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) plasticised with ethylene glycol films were investigated for the first time. Firstly, BPO4 was synthesised at 500°C using boric acid and phosphoric acid as precursors. Then, nanoscaled BPO4 was obtained by the ultrasonic homogenisation method. Finally, PVA/BPO4 composite films were prepared by the solvent casting method with different BPO4 weight ratios. As a result of mechanical studies of the composites, it was found that the tensile strength of pristine PVA was enhanced from 19.06 to 26.42 MPa with the addition of nanoscaled BPO4. Furthermore, the tensile moduli of the composites reached their maximum at 4.56 GPa for the composite with 7% BPO4 by weight. This indicates that BPO4 is a promising material as an additive for low-cost composite films with high mechanical performances.


Hospital is a health service unit for community, has potential hazards such caused by physical, chemical, biological and ergonomic and psychosocial factor thus a hospital is demanded to conduct integrated OHS so then Occupational Disease and Occupational Accidents risk can be avoided. Based on preliminary survey in Dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Regional General Hospital of Mojokerto in last a year had occurred 1 (one) occupational accident in Emergency Department that was accidentally punctured by patient's needle stick. The aim of this study is to determine the implementation of occupational health and safety service in Emergency Department. This study used descriptive research type with the number of sample was 18 Emergency nurses. The data collection was done by interview and observation. The results of study showed the implementation of occupational health was 30% had met the requirements, enough to meet the requirements was 40% on variables of regular medical check up, ill employees medication and treatment, occupational environment also ergonomic and registration report evaluation to hospital Director. Less to meet the requirements was 30% on variables of pre working medical check up, particular medical check up and surveillance activity. While in occupational safety service was 80% had met the requirements, enough to meet the requirements was 10% on and regostration report evaluation to hospital Director variable and 10% less met the requirements on the proper of hospital occupational equipments variable. The conclusion of occupational health service implementation was 30% had met the requirements while occupational safety service implementation was 80% had met the requirements. It is advised to improve the implementation of occupational health and occupational safety service such as reporting and registration of occupational health and accidents. Keywords      : Occupational Health and Safety Service


BACKGROUND
COPD patients have higher recurrence of adverse events and worse prognosis after acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is not fully elucidated.

METHODS
In screening for COPD in ACS (SCAP) trial (NCT02324660), ACS patients with smoking habit underwent a predischarge screening procedure to detect undiagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UCOPD) confirmed with spirometry at 60 days. Patients were then categorized as UCOPD or no-COPD. In 65 NSTE-ACS patients, we performed near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the culprit and at least one non-culprit vessel (151 vessels overall), and we calculated the SYNTAX I score. Primary endpoint was max lipid core burden index (LCBI) 4 mm. Secondary endpoints were SYNTAX score I and vessel LCBI.

RESULTS
Max LCBI 4 mm and vessel LCBI were significantly higher in the UCOPD compared to the no-COPD group (UCOPD 388±122, no-COPD 264±131, p <0.001; UCOPD 118±50, no-COPD 82±42, p<0.001, respectively). UCOPD patients showed higher max LCBI 4 mm and LCBI vessel both in culprit and non-culprit vessels. SYNTAX score I was comparable between the two groups (UCOPD: 13.5 [5.5-24], no-COPD: 12.5 [5-24.5], p=0.7).

CONCLUSIONS
NSTE-ACS patients with UCOPD showed a higher LCBI compared to those without COPD, while SYNTAX score I was comparable between the two groups.


WATIAH: Community Language Learning as A Method of Teaching for Speaking
Competence
Learn to speak fluently and correctly is one of the goals for language learners,
especially in English, because English is important in human life as a tool of world
communication. Many students regarded that English is very difficult especially on
speaking skill. Many factors that make students difficult to speak English, the factors
are; unsuitable method of teaching, the students do not have motivation in learning
English, the students are lazy to memorize vocabularies, and students are bored to
word the method of English teaching. In these problems the teacher should find out
the suitable theory or method to solve problems, In process of teaching and their
learning.
Community Language Learning is one of method that is used by the writer to
developing students' speaking skill. In this method there are 8 steps or strategies in
learning activity as translation, group work, recording, transcription, reflection and
observation, analysis discussion, and free conversation. By these strategies students
will enjoy, fun, and responsible in learning and by these strategies can increase
students' speaking competence.
In this research the writer uses qualitative research and type of the research is
Content Analysis because the data in form of written and oral words which are
descriptively, analyzed and not use treat numbering or statistic form. The writer tries
to analyze the strategies of community Language learning in learning speaking. To
acquire substantive theories, the writer uses primary data and secondary data source
and the technique of collecting data the writer used library research.
Based on the analysis results there are many strategies which describe in this
thesis such as, translation, group work, recording, discussion, analysis, reflection and
observation and free conversation. In this chapter the writer analyze the strategies
with learning speaking, is there big influence for students' speaking competence.
Actually these strategies have strong correlations among one step with other steps, the
purpose are to develop students' speaking competence and make students can speak
fluently, correctly and appropriately. The succesful in learning activities depend on
how the teacher can manage the classroom, and how students do activities goodly.
From the final research, the writer knows the appropriate method of speaking
English is Community language Leaning Method. Because the teacher who use this
method want their students to learn how to use the target language communicativelly
and make students confidence and alaways give the support that has a problems to
build up their motivation in learning.


Adversarial Training (AT) has been found to substantially improve the robustness of deep learning classifiers against adversarial attacks. AT involves obtaining robustness by including adversarial examples in training a classifier. Most variants of AT algorithms treat every training example equally. However, recent works have shown that better performance is achievable by treating them unequally. In addition, it has been observed that AT exerts an uneven influence on different classes in a training set and unfairly hurts examples corresponding to classes that are inherently harder to classify. Consequently, various reweighting schemes have been proposed that assign unequal weights to robust losses of individual examples in a training set. In this work, we propose a novel instance-wise reweighting scheme. It considers the vulnerability of each natural example and the resulting information loss on its adversarial counterpart occasioned by adversarial attacks. Through extensive experiments, we show that our proposed method significantly improves over existing reweighting schemes, especially against strong white and black-box attacks.


Neural network language models (NNLM) have become an increasingly popular choice for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) tasks, due to their inherent generalisation and discriminative power. This paper present two techniques to improve performance of standard NNLMs. First, the form of NNLM is modelled by introduction an additional output layer node to model the probability mass of out-of-shortlist (OOS) words. An associated probability normalisation scheme is explicitly derived. Second, a novel NNLM adaptation method using a cascaded network is proposed. Consistent WER reductions were obtained on a state-of-the-art Arabic LVCSR task over conventional NNLMs. Further performance gains were also observed after NNLM adaptation.


Abstract We studied the scientific literature and disease guidelines in order to summarize the clinical utility of the genetic test for Bietti crystalline dystrophy (BCD). The disease has autosomal recessive inheritance, a prevalence of 1 per 67 000, and is caused by mutations in the CYP4V2 gene. Clinical diagnosis is based on clinical findings, ophthalmological examination, electroretinography and optical coherence tomography. The genetic test is useful for confirming diagnosis, and for differential diagnosis, couple risk assessment and access to clinical trials.


AIMS
Both mitochondria and nitric oxide (NO*) contribute to cardioprotection by ischaemic preconditioning (IPC). IPC causes mild uncoupling of mitochondria via uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), and mild uncoupling per se is cardioprotective. Although electrophilic lipids are known to activate mitochondrial uncoupling, the role of such species in IPC-induced uncoupling and cardioprotection is unclear. We hypothesized that endogenous formation of NO*-derived electrophilic lipids (nitroalkenes such as nitro-linoleate, LNO2) during IPC may stimulate mitochondrial uncoupling via post-translational modification of UCPs and ANT, thus affording cardioprotection.

METHODS
Hearts from male Sprague-Dawley rats were Langendorff-perfused and subjected to IPC. Nitroalkene formation was measured by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The effects of exogenous LNO2 and biotin-tagged LNO2 on isolated heart mitochondria and cardiomyocytes were also investigated.

RESULTS
Nitroalkenes including LNO2 were endogenously generated in mitochondria of IPC hearts. Synthetic LNO2 (<1 microM) activated mild uncoupling, an effect blocked by UCP and ANT inhibitors. LNO2 (<1 microM) also protected cardiomyocytes against simulated ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Biotinylated LNO2 covalently modified ANT thiols and possibly UCP-2. No effects of LNO2 were attributable to NO* release, cGMP signalling, mitochondrial KATP channels, or protective kinase signalling.

CONCLUSION
Components of a novel signalling pathway are inferred, wherein nitroalkenes formed by IPC-stimulated nitration reactions may induce mild mitochondrial uncoupling via post-translational modification of ANT and UCP-2, subsequently conferring resistance to ischaemia-reperfusion injury.


Video1 An 86-year-old woman presented with cholangitis, and magnetic resonance imaging showed choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was attempted but the papillary orifice could not be identified. Subsequently, endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiography was performed. A transduodenal puncture of the bile duct was made using a 22 gauge needle. First, a cholangiogram was obtained. Then


Despite affecting 4 million Americans and 100-200 million persons worldwide, the precise molecular mechanisms of human epilepsies remain unknown. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is the most frequent and, hence, most important form of hereditary grand mal epilepsy. In this epilepsy, electroencephalographic (EEG) 15-30-Hz multispikes produce myoclonic and tonic-clonic convulsions beginning at 8-20 years of age. Moreover, EEG 3.5-6-Hz multispike wave complexes appear in clinically asymptomatic family members. We first studied 38 members of a four-generation LA-Belize family with classical JME but with no pyknoleptic absences. Five living members had JME; four clinically asymptomatic members had EEG multispike wave complexes. Pairwise analysis tightly linked microsatellites centromeric to HLA, namely D6S272 (peak lod score [Zmax] = 3.564-3.560 at male-female recombination [theta m = f] = 0-.001) and D6S257 (Zmax = 3.672-3.6667 at theta m = f = 0-.001), spanning 7 cM, to convulsive seizures and EEG multispike wave complexes. A recombination between D6S276 and D6S273 in one affected member placed the JME locus within or below HLA. Pairwise, multipoint, and recombination analyses in this large family independently proved that a JME gene is located in chromosome 6p, centromeric to HLA. We next screened, with the same chromosome 6p21.2-p11 short tandem-repeat polymorphic markers, seven multiplex pedigrees with classic JME. When lod scores for small multiplex families are added to lod scores of the LA-Belize pedigree, Zmax values for D6S294 and D6S257 are > 7 (theta m = f = .000). Our results prove that in chromosome 6p21.2-p11 an epilepsy locus exists whose phenotype consists of classic JME with convulsions and/or EEG rapid multispike wave complexes.


Changes in the small intestine of white rats, developing within fifteen days of experimental operation for the isolation of a segment outside the digestive tract, are investigated using light and fluorescent microscopy. The isolated segment with intact nerve and humoral connections resides in the abdominal cavity. Findings in the distal (functioning) segment reveal hypertrophy of the muscular layers of the small intestine, more intensive development of the loose connective tissue, whereas the villi are shortened and thickened and display a reduced resorptive surface. This occurs at the expense of the considerably augmented number of mucous (calicine) cells, and of the dystrophic and desquamative changes taking place in the resorptive epithelium. In the isolated (lacking function) segment normal blood supply to the submucosa, slight atrophy of the muscle layers, and decreased number of glands of Lieberkühn is observed. In the same time the small intestinal villi are elongated, having larger resorptive surface, and containing reduced number of mucous (calicine) cells, whereas their epithelium is made up of cells with profuse and succulent cytoplasm free of desquamations. The inference is reached that the changes recorded in case of retaining the isolated segment within the abdominal cavity are attributable to the reciprocal action between the two small-intestinal areas by route of the existing neurohumoral linkage. Moreover the processes tend to preserve the isolated segment at the expense of developing structural-functional derangements in the functioning area.


BACKGROUND GWAS of schizophrenia demonstrated that variations in the non-coding regions are responsible for most of common variation heritability of the disease. It is hypothesized that these risk variants alter gene expression. Thus, studying alterations in gene expression in schizophrenia may provide a direct approach to understanding the etiology of the disease. In this study we use Cultured Neural progenitor cells derived from Olfactory Neuroepithelium (CNON) as a genetically unaltered cellular model to elucidate the neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia. METHODS We performed a gene expression study using RNA-Seq of CNON from 111 controls and 144 individuals with schizophrenia. Differentially expressed (DEX) genes were identified with DESeq2, using covariates to correct for sex, age, library batches and one surrogate variable component. RESULTS 80 genes were DEX (FDR<10%), showing enrichment in cell migration, cell adhesion, developmental process, synapse assembly, cell proliferation and related gene ontology categories. Cadherin and Wnt signaling pathways were positive in overrepresentation test, and, in addition, many genes are specifically involved in Wnt5A signaling. The DEX genes were significantly, enriched in the genes overlapping SNPs with genome-wide significant association from the PGC GWAS of schizophrenia (PGC SCZ2). We also found substantial overlap with genes associated with other psychiatric disorders or brain development, enrichment in the same GO categories as genes with mutations de novo in schizophrenia, and studies of iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS CNON cells are a good model of the neurodevelopmental aspects of schizophrenia and can be used to elucidate the etiology of the disorder.


In this paper we present MOSSA, an easy-to-use interface for mobile devices, developed to annotate the segment structure of music. Moreover, we present the jazz tune collection (JTC), a database of 125 Jazz melodies annotated using MOSSA, and developed specifically for benchmarking of computational models of melody segmentation. Each melody in the JTC has been annotated with segment boundaries by three human listeners, and segment boundary salience by two human listeners. We provide a light analysis of the inter-annotation-agreement of the annotations in the JTC, and also test the likelihood of the annotations been made using 'gap' related cues (large pitch intervals or interonset-intervals) and 'repetition' related cues (exact/approximate repetition of the beginning or ending of phrases).


BACKGROUND
Among the complex of HTLV-associated diseases, Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is one of the most controversial. This work aims to detect morphological and inflammatory alterations, including clues of the presence of HTLV-1, in minor salivary glands of patients with dryness symptoms.

METHODS
We have assessed HTLV-1-seropositive patients (HTLV-1 group) and patients with SS (SS group). We used formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded minor salivary gland tissue to evaluate the morphological aspects and, by means of immunohistochemistry, the presence of Tax protein, CD4, CD8 and CD20 cells. Additionally, viral particles and proviral load were analysed by PCR.

RESULTS
The HTLV-1 group had the highest prevalence of non-specific chronic sialadenitis (85.71%; P = 0.017) and greater amount of T CD8+ cells. In the SS group, focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (80%; P = 0.017) prevailed, with a greater amount of B CD20+ . Both immunohistochemistry and PCR identified the Tax protein and its gene in the salivary glands of both groups and in similar proportions.

CONCLUSION
The results indicate that HTLV-1-seropositive patients have different patterns of morphological/inflammatory alterations, suggesting a likely difference in the process of immune activation.


Background—Lymphocytic colitis is characterised by chronic watery diarrhoea with normal endoscopic or radiological findings and microscopic evidence of pronounced infiltration of the colonic mucosa with lymphocytes. Aim—To investigate the long term clinical and histological evolution of the disease in a large group of patients with well characterised lymphocytic colitis. Methods—Between 1986 and 1995 the histological diagnosis of lymphocytic colitis was obtained in 35 patients; 27 of these agreed to a follow up examination. All clinical, endoscopic, and histopathological records were reviewed at that time and the patients had a second endoscopic examination with follow up biopsies. Results—The patients initially presented with the typical findings of lymphocytic colitis. After a mean (SD) follow up of 37.8 (27.5) months, diarrhoea subsided in 25 (93%) and histological normalisation was observed in 22 (82%) of the 27 patients. Progression from lymphocytic colitis to collagenous colitis was not observed. Conclusions—Lymphocytic colitis is characterised by a benign course with resolution of diarrhoea and normalisation of histology in over 80% of patients within 38 months. Considering the benign course of the disease, the potential benefit of any drug treatment should be carefully weighed against its potential side effects.


Purpose. The aim of the article is to identify the benefits of the chosen strategy of agribusiness (profit maximization, or yield maximization) based on the statistical observations of yields and production factors (fertilizers, plant protection products).
Methodology / approach. To analyze productivity growth in grain production under the influence of innovative technologies the data of long-term observations of winter wheat yield in Germany and the United States were selected. In this paper, to analyze the prerequisites and prospects for stabilizing of the crop production, mineral fertilizers and plant protection products were selected as production factors affecting the yield of wheat. Methods of time series analysis and nonlinear econometric analysis were used to assess the impact of these factors. Long-term trends of growth of wheat yields in Germany, the USA and Ukraine were analyzed using regression models. The general model of agrarian business profitability in grain production is based on non-linear correlations of individual factors of intensification and panel regression. In order to substantiate the conclusions of the calculation, the estimation of climatic risks is used. For this purpose, dispersion methods, nonlinear optimization methodology are used.
Results. Estimates of wheat yield fluctuations due to climate risks show that they will not significantly affect the problem of food security, so there is no need to impose restrictions on the export of wheat. On the choice of optimal strategy, based on analysis using econometric model of decreasing marginal utility of production resources, it is proved that the maximization of yields is achieved at lower costs than profit maximization.
Originality / scientific novelty. The main contribution of the article to the level of application is to analyze the impact of production factors on wheat yield, taking into account climatic risk and reducing the marginal utility of production factors. At the theoretical level of the study, it represents a contribution to the discussion of the vectors of the optimal path of wheat production in Ukraine. Analysis of data on wheat yield variability in Germany and the USA showed correlation of profitability and risk (indicators of expected yield and its variance). However, this means that an increase in wheat yields in Ukraine will also increase its variability and therefore requires the implementation of a long-term strategy that can ensure stable growth.
Practical value / implications. Based on the above calculations, it should be emphasized that the Ukrainian agrarian business (in particular, crop production) is developing its own way, not following the development path of Germany or the USA. However, some peculiarities of the development can be highlighted. After a rather long recession, the agricultural sector has embarked on a path of stable growth with an annual increase in wheat yields of around 1 hundred kg/ha. Furthermore, the extremely low proportion of forested land in Ukraine by European standards significantly increases the impact of weather and climate risks. Therefore, a further intensification of crop production while increasing the share of forested land at the expense of less productive land is probably the way to an ecologically balanced development of agriculture.


The scope for economically feasible fish farms in brackish water areas in
India has long been realised and practically demonstrated by the numerous
fish and prawn farms adjoining the backwaters of Cochin along the west
coast. Apart from these even some of the other low-lying saline coastal mud
flats of the south-east coast of the Indian Peninsula, which periodically get
flooded with sea water but usually with a relatively low biological productivity
owing to certain inherent ecological drawbacks, also show potentialities
for development. Attempts at fish culture in similar marine environments
have not been many in this country except for the earlier enterprises
by the Madras Fisheries Department as reviewed by Chacko and Mahadevan
(1956). A project was recently undertaken at the Central Marine Fisheries
Research Station in order to determine to what extent these apparently low
productive areas can be brought under more effective utilization for fish
culture purposes and the preliminary results are given in this account.


(3-oxododecanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) is a quorum-sensing molecule produced by certain classes of gram-negative microbial pathogens, such as
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
 (PAO1), is involved in the regulation of virulence factors and alters the function of the host cells. Previously, We have shown that paraoxonase 2 (PON2) hydrolyzes 3OC12-HSL in murine tracheal epithelial cells. In this study, we examined the physiological role of PON2 in innate host defense using the PA01-induced acute infection mouse model.

 We demonstrates that both intact cells and membrane-enriched protein lysates obtained from PON2-deficient (PON2-def) macrophages reveal a marked impairment in their ability to hydrolyze 3OC12-HSL. PON2 is neither up-regulated nor down-regulated in response to 3OC12-HSL in control macrophages. In an
 ex vivo
 model, macrophages derived from PON2-def mice show an increase in ER stress-mediated oxidative stress and defective PI3 kinase/AKT activation, leading to reduced phagocytes function compared to control macrophages following 3OC12-HSL treatment. Moreover, p85, a regulatory subunit of PI3-kinase, shows higher tyrosine nitration in the macrophage of PON2-def mice which is associated with phagocytic function. Restoration of PON2 in the macrophages reduces the ER stress mediated oxidative stress and improves the phagocytosis function in response to 3OC12-HSL treatment. Furthermore, following administration of 1.6x10
 7
 CFU of PAO1, a decrease in bacterial clearance is found in the lungs, and liver of PON2-def mice by 5.7, and 14.8 fold, respectively.

 Increased ER stress mediated oxidative stress decreases phagocytosis function in the macrophages of PON2-def mice in response to 3OC12-HSL may explain the decreased bacterial clearance observed in PON2-def mice following PAO1 infection.


With the increasing application of distributed energy resources and novel information technologies in the electricity infrastructure, innovative possibilities to incorpo- rate the demand side more actively in power system operation are enabled. A promising, controllable, residential distributed generation technology is a microcombined heat and power system (micro-CHP). Micro-CHP is an energy-efficient technol- ogy that simultaneously provides heat and electricity to households. In this paper, we investigate to what extent domestic energy costs could be reduced with intelligent, price-based control concepts (demand response). Hereby, first the performance of a standard, so-called heat-led micro-CHP system is analyzed. Then, a model-predictive control (MPC) strategy aimed at demand response is proposed for more intelligent control of micro-CHP systems. Simulation studies illustrate the added value of the proposed intelligent control approach over the standard approach in terms of reduced variable energy costs. Demand response with micro-CHP lowers variable costs for households by about 1%-14%. The cost reductions are highest with the most strongly fluctuating real-time pricing scheme.


Most of the natural phenomena include a time fluctuating component. Frequency analysis of this time fluctuation component leads to the famous "1/f fluctuation" characteristic that gives mental as well as psychological relaxation effects to human. Because of wide spreading electrical power supply, modern residence removes the combustion utilities and installs much electricity. Our target in this paper is to propose the method of frequency characteristic extraction from dynamic burning flame image of candle. As a result, one of the methods proposed in this paper enables us to extract major frequency characteristic of lighting sources. The other one makes it possible to visualize the precise frequency characteristic of lighting sources.


Variability intensive systems may include several thousand features allowing for an enormous number of possible configurations, including wrong ones (e.g. the derived product does not compile). For years, engineers have been using constraints to a priori restrict the space of possible configurations, i.e. to exclude configurations that would violate these constraints. The challenge is to find the set of constraints that would be both precise (allow all correct configurations) and complete (never allow a wrong configuration with respect to some oracle). In this paper, we propose the use of a machine learning approach to infer such product-line constraints from an oracle that is able to assess whether a given product is correct. We propose to randomly generate products from the product line, keeping for each of them its resolution model. Then we classify these products according to the oracle, and use their resolution models to infer cross-tree constraints over the product-line. We validate our approach on a product-line video generator, using a simple computer vision algorithm as an oracle. We show that an interesting set of cross-tree constraint can be generated, with reasonable precision and recall.


This invention is an input device, or stylus, for entering hand drawn forms into a computer comprising a writing instrument, a pressure switch for determining whether the instrument is in contact with the writing surface, an acoustic transmitter for triangulating the position of the stylus on the surface, and a wireless transmitter for transmitting data and timing information to the computer. In operation, the stylus transmits an infra red signal which the system receives immediately, and an ultra sound pulse which two microphones receive after a delay which is a function of the speed of sound and the distance of the stylus from each microphone. From this information the system can calculate the position of the stylus. Switches for indicating functions are mounted on the stylus. Multiple stylusses can be used, each transmitting a distinctive identification code so that the system can determine which stylus is the signal source.


Two patients presented with nodular lesions on their lower limbs. Histologically, the dermis, in one case, and the panniculus, in the other, displayed pseudocystic lesions delimited by a serpiginous membranous structure showing the staining characteristics of ceroid. One patient had sclerosing panniculitis while the other had a traumatic panniculitis.These cases illustrate that membranous fat necrosis is a non-specific histological finding and that multiple processes are involved in its etiopathogenesis.


We propose video summarization using reinforcement learning. The importance score of each frame in a video is calculated from the user's actions in handling similar previous frames; if such frames were watched rather than skipped, a high score is assigned. To calculate the score, instead of using raw feature vectors extracted from images, we use feature vectors projected on eigenspace: as a result, we can deal with the features comprehensively. We also give an algorithm that uses the reinforcement learning method to create a personalized video summary. The summarization algorithm is applied to a soccer video to confirm its effectiveness.


Epigenetic modifications have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of various cancers including bladder cancer. Hypermethylation in cancer is often found in CGIs in the 5′ regions of genes. These DNA modifications may serve as useful biomarkers, both for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Although the list of aberrantly methylated genes in cancer is expanding, only a few genes so far were investigated for their usefulness as tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk assessment of bladder cancer. Thus, a large scale (genome wide) screening of aberrant methylation of CGIs is needed to identify bladder-specific epigenetic markers. In this study, we performed a genome wide screening for DNA methylation in different subtypes of bladder cancer using differential methylation hybridization (DMH) coupled with Agilent 244k human CpG island microarrays. We next validated the genome-wide data on a 384-plex custom Illumina Golden Gate Methylation Assay (GGMA), which is based on bisulfite conversion. We found and validated a large number of possible novel epigenetic biomarkers for early detection and prognosis of bladder cancer. We also observed that subgroups of bladder tumors cluster separately due to their different methylation patterns suggesting possible differences in pathogenesis. Our data clearly shown that the adjacent CpG loci within a CGI were co-methylated. In contrast, CGIs neighboring a methylated island were usually not methylated. The data showed no bias toward promoter methylation as the relative proportion of methylated islands in genes was similar to those encompassing promoter regions. We observed that 70% of the methylated genes are downregulated in bladder cancer. Moreover, gene body methylation also seems to be negatively correlated with gene expression. Interestingly, we found an overrepresentation of methylated genes in those genes that are the target of polycomb group protein complexes in embryonic stem cells. Further validation of selected CGIs on a separate group of bladder cancers on a custom Illumina Golden Gate Methylation assay (GGMA) allowed us to confirm 70 % of CGIs differentiating bladder cancers from normal cells, besides validating CGIs discriminating subgroups of bladder tumors. In conclusion, this is the first genome-wide study on bladder cancer which identified potential methylation target genes that provides putative biomarkers that may be correlated with disease course as well as insight into the pathogenesis of bladder cancer subtypes. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4897.


C38H24BF15OTÌ, monoclinic, P12i/cl (No. 14), a = 8.584(2) λ , b = 17.976(4) Â, c = 21.964(4) Â, β = 94.47(3)°, V= 3378.9 Â, Ζ = 4, R&(F) = 0.039, wRM(r·) = 0.087, Τ = 293 Κ. Source of material An amount of 0.307 g (0.60 mmol) of B(CeF5)3 was dissolved in 15 ml of n-hexane under Ar, and the obtained solution was added to a solution of0.280 g (0.60 mmol) rac-(ebthi)Ti(Me3SiC2SiMe3) in 10 ml of n-hexane. The resulting yellow-brownish mixture was filtered and allowed to stand in argon atmosphere at room temperature. In two days, the yellow-greenish solution was filtered from a small amount (0.030 g) of mixture of green [rac-(ebthi)Ti][(i7-Me3SiC2B(C6F5)3]", blue crystals of [rac-(ebthi)Ti][HOBíOFs^] and blue crystals of a third compound which was assumed to be [rac-(ebthi)Ti][HB(C6F5)3]~. The crystals were separated from the mother liquor by decanting, washed with n-hexane, and dried in vacuum. ESR results are included in the deposited CIF file. Experimental details The Η-atom attached to oxygen could not be localized and is not added in a calculated position. This hydrogen is only added in the sum formula (to give a correct formula) due to the described bonding situation. * Correspondence author (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com) Discussion Zwitterionic group 4 metallocene alkyl complexes [Cp2MR][RB(C6F5)3]", formed by alkyl anion abstraction starting from the CP2MR2 and the Lewis acid B(CóF5)3, are very active catalysts in polymerization of olefins [1]. Also metallocene complexes with olefins or alkynes give with tris(pentafluorphenyl)borane such active catalysts [2]. We found in reactions of metallocene complexes with silylalkynes L2Ti(>;-Me3SiC2SiMe3) for L = Cp and Cp* the formation of special zwitterionic complexes after elimination of the alkyne and a electrophilic substitution at the C—H bond with C—B-bond formation [3-5]. Here we describe the structure of the blue zwitterionic [ 1,2-ethylene-1,1 '-bis(^-tetrahydroindenyl)][hydroxytris(pentafluorophenyl)borato]titanium(III) [rac-(ebthi)Ti][HOB(C6F5)3]" isolated in the reaction of rac(ebthi)Ti(>7-Me3SiC2R), R = SiMe3 [6] or i-Bu (prepared as in [6]), with B(CôFs)3 with traces of water. Actually, the aqua complex H20-B(C6F5)3 [7] is reacting as a Br0nsted acid and always mixtures of different complexes were obtained. Starting from rac-(ebthi)Ti(i/-Me3SiC2SiMe3) the main product is the green complex [rac-(ebthi)Ti][(^-Me3SiC2B(C6F5)3]" [8] and as another byproduct the zwitterionic [ 1,2-ethylene-1,1' -bis(?;-tetrahydroindenyl)][hydridotris(pentafluorophenyl)borato]titanium(III) [rac-(ebthi)Ti][HB(C6F5)3]" is assumed. The molecular structure of [rac-(ebthi)Ti][HOB(C6F5)3r (¿(Ti—O) = 2.097(3) Â, d(0—B) = 1.482(4) Â) is comparable with the titanocene complex (Cp®)CpTi(u-OH)Cl (Cp = Jf-CsHjBíCéFsfc) (¿(Ti—O) = 2.044(1) A, d(Ο—Β) = 1.532(3) Â) [9], Therefore, its structure can be described in the same manner as the donor complex between the cationic titanium centre and the HO-B(C6F5)3 borate anion. The Β—O distance of 1.495(5) Â in the title compound is the similar to that found for [Et3NH][(C6F5)3BOH]~ [10]. The hydrogen atom at the oxygen in [rac-(ebthi)Ti] [HOB(C6Fs)3]~ can't be localized, but because of the described bonding situation there has to be one. Additionally the title compound is paramagnetic. Table 1. Data collection and handling. Crystal: blue prism, size 0.3 χ 0.3 χ 0.4 mm Wavelength: Mo Ka radiation (0.71073 Â) ft3.70 cm" 1 Diffractometer, scan mode: Stoe IPDS, 100 exposures, Δφ = 2° 2ömax: 48.72° N(hkl)meas,umí, N(hkl)uniq[K: 9996,5356 Criterion for /0bs, N(hkl)gt: /obs > 2 o(/obsji 3082 N(param)Kf,ned: 505 Programs: SHELXS-86 [11], SHELXL-93 [12]