In this paper, we measured the immunity characteristics to the conducted interference wave, from the aspect of PHY rate (physical layer data rate) of PLC (Power Line Communication) system, and compared with simulation results by MATLAB/Simulink. When the interference signal is impressed to the OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) signal, the PHY rate decrease rapidly below C/I (Carrier / Interference) = 25dB and become nearly zero around C/I = –35dB, and hence it turns out that the PLC System with OFDM signal has a good narrowband interference immunity characteristic. In addition, it is revealed that the PHY rate of PLC modem can be calculated by MATLAB/Simulink even when the narrowband interference signal is impressed through the power line. Furthermore, we examined the improving effect of the notches for the immunity characteristics to the conducted interference wave. As a result, it is revealed that the PHY rate normalized by the maximum value increases by 15∼25% by inserting the notches when impressing the interference signal in the notches and C/I is improved by 10∼15dB by inserting the notches.


Scalar and vector nonlinear nonparaxial evolution equations are developed for propagation in two-dimensions. Using standard soliton scalings, it is found that nonparaxial propagation is accompanied by higher-order linear and nonlinear terms and an effective quintic nonlinear index. The presence of an intrinsic quintic nonlinearity arising from chi((5)) must also be considered at the order of the analysis. These terms represent corrections to the well-known nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Exact and approximate solutions to these higher-order evolution equations are obtained and are shown to exhibit quasi-soliton behavior based on propagation and collision studies. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.


Masonry buildings with wooden floor structures, not equipped with vertical and horizontal tie beams, suffered the greatest damage in the earthquake that hit Zagreb on 22 March 2020. It is very significant to know mechanical properties of walls during preparation of the masonry buildings renovation design and, consequently, methods for determining such properties are presented in detailed in this paper. In addition to description of these methods, results obtained by testing shear strength of walls of twenty masonry buildings in Zagreb (149 measuring points in total) are also presented, as well as the results obtained by testing compressive strength of bricks on 14 buildings, using a total of 62 samples.


Eksistensiele vrae na oorspronge en bestemmings is een van die deurlopend herkenbare temas in TT Cloete se digterlike oeuvre. 'n Belangrike aspek van hierdie vrae is die naspeur van essensies aangaande 'n enigmatiese Goddelike Wese. Vir die digter is die onomlynbaarheid van die konsep "'n digterlike speelding". Vormgewing deur middel van die gedig impliseer enersyds presisie maar andersins meerduidigheid. Dit word benut as potensiaal vir 'n spel met verbeeldingryke kennis. In die Cloete-oeuvre beteken dit om voortdurend op reis te wees. Die onoorsigtelikheid van 'n sogenaamde "gekoekte heelal" ondermyn sekerhede en erns word gedekonstrueer tot parodie. Intertekstualiteit speel 'n belangrike rol in die wydlopende waarnemings en bevraagtekenings. Geykte konseptualiserings van God word gedekonstrueer en gegewens uit die religieus-Christelike kanon word in 'n satiriese lig gestel. Onversoenbaarhede in die komplekse verhouding tussen mens en 'n oenskynlik afsydige Maker word op die spits gedryf na aanleiding van die vraag na die sin van lyding en rampe. Godsbeelde uit verskillende tye en kontekste word gejukstaponeer. Evolusie en 'n "Big Bang"-teorie as deel van die menslike drang om te verstaan, word as alternatiewe wetenskaplike uitkomste op gelyke voet ondermyn. Enkele raakpunte tussen Cloete se kreatiewe digterlike spel en die groter religieuse diskoers word aangedui. Die artikel is 'n beperkte leesverslag met vele oopgelate moontlikhede.
An incomplete Name poetically represented - explorations of an enigmatic Divine Being in TT Cloete's poetry
Existential questions concerning origins and destinies are some of the continuous recognizable themes in T T Cloete's poetry. An important aspect of the origin of such questions is an awareness of design which suggests a possibility of super human origin. Cirlot, for instance, refers to the "psychic fact 'God' as a collective archetype, a psychic existent" and that "the universality of an archetype affirms rather than denies the reality of the principle". Through eight volumes of poetry Cloete's fascination with the recognition of such an archetype and the possibility of Divine origin becomes apparent. The titles of these volumes signify "a humble love of earthly and divine things", as the motto at the beginning of one of these volumes suggests. To the poet the impossibility to find an adequate concept signifying Divinity invites not only a tracing of plausible signs, but also a stimulation of poetic creativity. In Cloete's extensive body of poems such mysterium tremendum creates "a poetic toy". Poetic design implies precision as well as multiplexity, the outcome of which is a potential for exploration through play with imaginative knowledge. Cloete's urge for poetic discovery is aptly registered in the title of another of his volumes of poetry, by means of the phrase "holy curiosity", a quote from Einstein which is also included in a poem in the same volume. What is significant of the latter poem is its title, namely "senile thinker" ("gerontdenker"). It may suggest that such curiosity is a lifelong quest. In Cloete's body of poetry such creativity signifies to be on a journey continually. Such explorative voyages, which are simultaneously real and imaginative, implement the penetrative eye of the artist, as can be deduced, for example, from a volume of poetry entitled: "From my viewpoint" ("Uit die hoek van my oog"). The poet's urge to get some grip on a so-called "knotted universe" through poetic discovery induces him to focus intently on the appearance of insignia of such variety and complexity that it confronts the explorer with the reality of an enigmatic Divine Being. Cloete's perceptions of "insignia" can be compared to Derrida's philosophical concept of "traces". The poet is not only fascinated by the wonders and wisdom of what he discerns but likewise exhilarates in the many appearances of caricatures. Although he finds himself in inescapable juxtaposition to a Being who can not be confined to an intelligible Name, this complex relation similarly leads to discoveries which can only be played out in poetry. Incompatibilities in the complex relation between human being and a seemingly aloof Maker become particularly apparent when the meaning of suffering and catastrophe is questioned. The immensity of an intertwined surrounding universe continually undermines certainties and deconstructs seriousness into parody. Intertextuality plays a significant role in the diffuse observations and questionings of the poet. It includes texts of a wide variety, namely religious, scientific, artistic and even high-tech examples. Stereotyped conceptualizations of God are deconstructed and examples from the religio-Christian canon are presented satirically. However, the inescapability of incorporating such a Book about God is suggested by the urge of eating as a metaphor for internalizing the Word of God. God images from different eras and contexts are juxtaposed. Evolution and a Big Bang theory as alternative scientific answers are undermined on an equal basis.
Efforts to characterize Cloete's signifying of the Numinous must be content with dialectic approaches. Ricoeur likewise warned, from a philosophical viewpoint, that "the dialectic of the naming of God cannot be transformed into a form of knowledge... The being that humanity cannot really name, is held at the mercy of our language." This is one of the most remarkable opportunities for poetic speech, recognized by the poet who becomes aware of "perfect sight".
Cloete's diverse and meticulous as well as cosmic perceptions of the human condition, pose a continuous challenge to the researcher. This article, therefore, presents but a limited reading report on the issues mentioned above, conscious of leaving open many spaces or the possibility of alternative viewpoints.


Health care fragmentation occurs when patients see multiple ambulatory providers, but no single provider accounts for a substantial proportion of visits. Most previous studies have measured fragmentation in Medicare, which may not be generalizable. The study objective was to compare the extent of fragmented ambulatory care across commercially insured, Medicare, and Medicaid populations. The authors conducted a cross-sectional study of adults (N = 256,047) in the Hudson Valley region of New York, who were continuously insured (through 5 commercial payers, Medicare, or Medicaid), were attributed to a primary care physician, and had ≥4 ambulatory visits in the study year. Fragmentation was calculated using a reversed Bice-Boxerman Index, which captures both dispersion of care across providers and the relative share of visits by each provider. Chi-square tests, t tests, and correlation were used to compare patient characteristics and patterns of care across payers. Patients with Medicare had more chronic conditions (45% had ≥5 chronic conditions) than patients with commercial insurance (20%) or Medicaid (23%) (P < 0.01). However, mean fragmentation scores were comparable across all 3 payer populations: 0.73 (commercial insurance), 0.74 (Medicare), 0.72 (Medicaid). The correlation between number of chronic conditions and fragmentation was weak across payers, ranging from r = 0.004 to r = 0.12. If the extent of fragmentation does not vary with payer type or with the number of chronic conditions, it suggests that the causes of fragmentation may be more numerous and more complex than medical need alone.


Léonard Cruveilhier (1760-1836), Bruno Giraud (1768-1811), Léonard Boudrye (1769-1852). The author deals with their biographies during a period marked by wars. Descended from middle-class and students in Paris they were promoted through campaigns and battles. After the First Empire Boudrye and Cruveilhier took back their medical work in Tulle and Limoges while Giraud was selected by King of Holland, Louis Bonaparte, but unexpectedly died in 1811. Their medical careers were glorious but they were submitted to the consequences of the political changes.


Patients with chronic viral infections such as HIV/AIDS or hepatitis C often have multiple co-existing problems such as psychiatric and addictive disorders, as well as social problems such as lack of housing, transportation and income that present challenging obstacles to successful management. Because services for these different problems are usually provided by different disciplines in varying locations, fragmentation of care can lead to treatment dropouts, lack of adherence, and poor outcomes. Integration strategies, ranging from simple efforts to improve communication and coordinate care to fully integrated multidisciplinary teams have been used to improve disease management. Although evidence for effectiveness is comprised primarily of observational studies of demonstration programmes, integration may be desirable on a pragmatic basis alone. Quality improvement strategies are attractive vehicles for implementing care integration and measuring its impact. Careful assessment of the problem to be solved and the development of targeted strategies will maximize chances of a successful outcome.


Some patients with cerebral palsy can be helped by surgical reconstruction of the hand and forearm. These patients require careful evaluation and a trial of conservative therapy before undertaking the reconstructive procedure. In selected cases appropriate tendon transfers can be extremely beneficial to the patient.
The brachioradialis has been found to be strong and under voluntary control in a high proportion of patients with spastic paralysis. Thorough mobilization of the muscle gives it sufficient amplitude for use as a transfer. The use of the brachioradialis as a motor has been described in thirty-three tendon transfers in patients with cerebral palsy. Twenty-eight hands were improved and five showed no improvement in hand and forearm function.


The field of deep learning is experiencing a trend towards producing reproducible research. Nevertheless, it is still often a frustrating experience to reproduce scientific results. This is especially true in the machine learning community, where it is considered acceptable to have black boxes in your experiments. We present DeepDIVA, a framework designed to facilitate easy experimentation and their reproduction. This framework allows researchers to share their experiments with others, while providing functionality that allows for easy experimentation, such as: boilerplate code, experiment management, hyper-parameter optimization, verification of data integrity and visualization of data and results. Additionally, the code of DeepDIVA is well-documented and supported by several tutorials that allow a new user to quickly familiarize themselves with the framework.


Spin echo scattering angle measurement (SESAME) is a sensitive interference technique for measuring neutron diffraction. The method uses waveplates or birefringent prisms to produce a phase separation (the Larmor phase) between the "up" and "down" spin components of a neutron wavefunction that is initially prepared in a state that is a linear combination of in-phase up and down components. For neutrons, uniformly birefringent optical elements can be constructed from closed solenoids with appropriately shaped cross sections. Such elements are inconvenient in practice, however, both because of the precision they demand in the control of magnetic fields outside the elements and because of the amount of material required in the neutron beam. In this paper, we explore a different option in which triangular-cross-section solenoids used to create magnetic fields for SESAME have gaps in one face, allowing the lines of magnetic flux to "leak out" of the solenoid. Although the resulting field inhomogeneity produces aberrations in the Larmor phase, the symmetry of the solenoid gaps causes the aberrations produced by neighboring pairs of triangular solenoids to cancel to a significant extent. The overall symmetry of the SESAME apparatus leads to further cancellations of aberrations, providing an architecture that is easy to construct and robust in performance.


The 5th Workshop on Recent Advances in Intrusion-Tolerant Systems, held in conjunction with DSN 2011, aims to continue the collaborative discourse on the challenges of building intrusion-tolerant systems and innovative ideas to address them.


Flavonoids are a major class of plant phenolics that are widely distributed in the human diet and have been related to health promotion. They may occur in their natural sources in free forms (aglycones), as glycosylated or acylated derivatives, or as oligomeric and polymerized structures. This structural diversity affects their physicochemical behaviour and complicates their analysis. Thus, there is not a single standardized procedure that can be recommended for all flavonoid groups and/or type of samples, and the procedures have to be optimized depending on the nature of the sample and the target analytes. Furthermore, when dealing with the analysis of flavonoids biological samples (i.e., human and animal fluids and tissues) some differential aspects have to be taken into account; the nature of the compounds that can be found in those samples may differ from that present in plants and food, and flavonoids and metabolites occur in much lower concentrations, which make their analysis still more challenging. In this review the main techniques for extraction and analysis of flavonoids in foodstuffs and biological fluids are revised, as well as their occurrence in foods and beverages and available databases.


The assessment of nutritional status is an extremely complicated task. Nutritional status depends on, not only the food supply and the person, his age, state of development and activity, but also the environment, especially the environmental hygiene and exposure to infection, Those are linked in a complicated series of interactions. It is not perhaps difficult to say whether a person is well or ill; it is much more difficult to define the cause of unwellness which may be lack of food or a component of food, or the presence of some component in excess, or overwork or worry, or infection. No-one has yet devised a method of measuring resistance to infection as conditioned by diet; it is recognized in the records of incidence and mortality. Perhaps as a prelude to the statements to follow on nutritional status in man, I may summarize briefly the main conclusions from much of the earlier work on animal nutrition, laboratory animals and farm animals : The simplest criterion of adequate diet in growing experimental animals is weight increase, but weight increase is not synonymous with growth in body dimensions, and many misunderstandings have arisen from that confusion of ideas. In the adult, weight increase is neither good nor bad in itself. Gross obesity may be induced without apparent effect on health. A diet that gives a high growth rate may not give the best reproductive performance, but the difference will be one of minor adjustments, not of kind. Signs of deficiency are often non-specific. A rat with running fits may be suffering from lack of magnesium, or lack of pyridoxine, or excess of thiamine. Change in the composition of the blood is not the first result of distortion of diet, as we once thought, but often the last. Some poor diets appear to raise susceptibility to certain infections and infestations. It is possible by juggling with the quantity and proportions of some of the components of diet to curtail or extend the span of life in rats, as if a certain quantum of life were inherited which could be used fast or slowly. There is no evidence to show of how many animals the same may be true.


A woman aged 17 years presented with symptoms of somnolence. A bilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and an Arnold-Chiari malformation were diagnosed. Lung function tests revealed a marked restrictive defect and a blunted ventilatory response to hypercapnia and hypoxia. A sleep study also showed central apneas, an irregular pattern of breathing and marked hypoventilation.


An important class of monogenic functions is that of vector valued mono- genic functions, i.e. divergence and rotation free vector fields in arbitrary dimension. These functions are also known as conjugate harmonic functions. In this article we consider the question of reproducing kernels for Hilbert spaces of vector valued mono- genics in a domain . We prove the analogues of the classical minimum and symmetry properties of these kernels. Then we consider explicitly the Bergman and the Szego kernels for the unit ball, this being the case where the corresponding kernels for the module of Cliord valued monogenics are known.


Frequency is an important parameter for the power quality analysis. When two or more adjacent spectral lines are too close, many spectrum estimation algorithms fail to distinguish these frequency components. A modified high-resolution singular value decomposition (SVD) method for power quality signal analysis by using down-sampling technique is proposed in this paper. With adopting down-sampling technique, a scaling factor is introduced to separate the spectral lines from each other, and then the correct spectra can be estimated. The performance of the proposed method is validated by testing the actual measured signal. Results are compared with those obtained from several FFT-based and SVD methods, and the commercialized power quality meter. It shows that the proposed method can precisely detect the frequency components of the measured power signal with a high resolution.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Nectin-4, a membrane protein involved in cell adhesion, has been recently introduced as a target of the novel antibody drug conjugate Enfortumab-Vedotin (EV). However, uniform Nectin-4 overexpression in BC was reported and no predictive capacity from Nectin-4 staining was reported. In the present trial we aimed to determine expression in two independent BC cohorts and further evaluate an alternative IHC interpretation approach for Nectin-4 in advanced BC. METHODS: The study included two independent cohorts consisting of n[97 and 103 patients (70x male, median age 65.5 years, 31x T 2 e 43x T3 e 23x T4, 76x G>2, 11x M1 and 79x male, 69 years, 31x T 2 e 48x T3 e 24x T4, 78x G>2, 9x M1, median follow-up 44.5 months, respectively) who underwent radical cystectomy for invasive BC. Tissues from histologically proven BC and from benign urothelium (n[22 and 39) were processed to a tissue microarray and immunohistochemically stained by reported methods (polyclonal rabbit antibody, dilution 1:2000, incubation 16h at 4 , quantified by the histochemical scoring system/H-score 0-300). Results were transferred into four classes: Each cohort was divided into four 25%classes of successive increasing staining and distribution was demonstrated for each the two BC cohorts. Results were compared to clinical and pathological features. RESULTS: Mean expression scores in BC and parallel benign urothelium tissue were 133 and 81/157 and 114 (p<0.005/0.002) with benign urothelium expression correlated with that of corresponding BC (<0.02). The expressions within each patient cohort are lined up as follows: Expression in 25% of the cohort scored low (0-99), of 25% 100119, of 25% 120-189 and of 25% strong (190-300) in the first cohort, the second distributed low (0-99) of 25%, 25% 100-165, 25% 166-209 and 25% strong 210-300. There were no significant associations of Nectin-4 expression to demographic or clinical patients' data. Moreover, there was no clinical association between Nectin-4 expression and survival. CONCLUSIONS: Nectin-4 overexpression in BC is accompanied by parallel strong expressing benign urothelium in the same individual. While the distributions of expression in independent BC cohorts are similar, the assumption of Nectin-4 overexpression in all BC may be overestimated. A considerable share of even advanced BCs exhibit Nectin-4 only to a low or a medium level. This observation may support efforts of adapted reintroduction of Nectin-4 as a predictive biomarker for EV.


The acritarch Thymadora kerka n. gen. et sp. (microphytoplankton incertae sedis) is described and illustrated from the Middle Cambrian Rogersville Shale of Tennessee. The Rogersville Shale, which contains the trilobite Ehmaniella, has been placed in the Glossopleura and/or Bathyuriscus-EIrathina zones.


Superoxide dismutase–1 (SOD1) is a ubiquitous, Cu and Zn binding, free-radical defense enzyme whose misfolding and aggregation play a potential key role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, an invariably fatal neurodegenerative disease. Over 150 mutations in SOD1 have been identified with a familial form of the disease, but it is presently not clear what unifying features, if any, these mutants share to make them pathogenic. Here, we develop several unique computational assays for probing the thermo-mechanical properties of both ALS-associated and rationally designed SOD1 variants. Allosteric interaction-free energies between residues and metals are calculated, and a series of atomic force microscopy experiments are simulated with variable tether positions to quantify mechanical rigidity "fingerprints" for SOD1 variants. Mechanical fingerprinting studies of a series of C-terminally truncated mutants, along with an analysis of equilibrium dynamic fluctuations while varying native constraints, potential energy changeuponmutation, frustratometer analysis, and analysis of the coupling between local frustration and metal binding interactions for a glycine scan of 90 residues together, reveal that the apo protein is internally frustrated, that these internal stresses are partially relieved by mutation but at the expense of metal-binding affinity, and that the frustration of a residue is directly related to its role in binding metals. This evidence points to apo SOD1 as a strained intermediate with "self-allostery" for high metal-binding affinity. Thus, the prerequisites for the function of SOD1 as an antioxidant compete with apo state thermo-mechanical stability, increasing the susceptibility of the protein tomisfold in the apo state.


Background : : : : Trypanosoma evansi ( T. evansi ) is a protozoan which causes trypanosomosis in livestock in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa and South America. Patterns of disease vary from acute epidemics with high case-fatality rates to subclinical and/or chronic disease in endemic animal populations. It is a problem of great economic importance due to the death of sick animals and high cost of treatment. This article aims to review the outbreaks of the infection by T. evansi in horses that occurred in southern Brazil. Review : These outbreaks were discussed in terms of epidemiology, clinical signs, laboratory tests, pathological findings, diagnosis and treatment by addressing the differences between the cases occurred in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and in other Brazilian states. The outbreaks due to T. evansi in livestock animals are endemic in warm-climate areas. At the Rio Grande do Sul state, most of the equine trypanosomosis occurs in the summer. This can be easily explained by the high number of bloodsucking insects, which are responsible for the mechanical transmission of the flagellate among the animals. Clinical signs such as progressive weight loss, lethargy, incoordination, instability, atrophy and paralysis of the hind limbs, difficulty in standing and walking, subcutaneous edema and abortion are often reported in T. evansi- infected equines. Anemia is the clinical alteration most observed in these infections, although its pathogenicity still remains unclear. In the present study anemia was associated with lipid peroxidation and decrease in serum iron levels and in acetylcholinesterase activity. Necropsy alterations found in the outbreaks reported in the Rio Grande do Sul state are commonly described in infections by T. evansi , except by the neurological alterations as necrotizing encephalitis of the white matter associated with edema, demyelinization and perivascular lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate. The diagnosis of the equine trypanosomosis was based on morphology and biometry of the trypomastigote forms in peripheral blood smears stained with Quick Panoptic or Giemsa methods, immunohistochemic, xenodiagnostic, and PCR T. evansi- specific. A new therapeutic protocol using diminazene aceturate at a dose of 7 mg kg -1 was tested in one of the outbreaks. This approach cured all the infected animals. Conclusion : Although T. evansi was diagnosed for the first time in Rio Grande do Sul state in 2002, veterinary clinicians have reported clinical signs such as paralysis of the pelvic members, fever and weight loss since the 80's and 90's. Therefore, the lack of knowledge of the disease might have been responsible for the unpublished data. Another hypothesis is the suspect of babesiosis, since both illnesses have marked anemia and hyperthermia. Moreover, as the diminazene aceturate has trypanocidal and babesicidal action, animals may have been misdiagnosed with babesiosis and may have recovered from the T. evansi infection. Only few researches on trypanosomosis are found in the southern region of Brazil. Prevalence studies with more sensible techniques are necessary in order to clarify the spread of the disease and the economic losses that it causes to farmers.


Feminism underwent perhaps its most difficult challenges in the 1980s, when conservatism reached the height of its influence in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom. This study explores some beliefs about women and women's movements under Conservative and Republican leaders. By identifying the policies and goals held in common by feminists in all three countries and tracing their collision course with the conservative policies of the three administrations, Sylvia Bashevkin is able to document setbacks but also some progress, despite the right-of-centre leaders. She also seeks to challenge the assumption that organzied interests in the United States are less vulnerable in hard times than those in parliamentary systems, finding that the elections of Ronald Reagan, Brian Mulroney and Margaret Thatcher had similar effects on both sides of the Atlantic. The book is organized thematically rather than by country, describing the difficult relationship between feminists and conservatives during a time of bitter ideological and policy battles when the vibrant social movements of the 1960s and 1970s were seriously threatened.


To determine the frequency of vertical transmission of hepatitis B antigen (HB5 Ag) from asymptomatic carrier mothers in Taiwan to their offspring, HB5 Ag was sought by radioimmunoassay and complement fixation. Of 158 babies born to carrier mothers, antigenemia developed in 63; 51 of these antigenemic babies had become antigen positive within the six months of life. Three inter-related factors were found to increase the risk that antigenemia would develop in the infant: a high maternal complement-fixation titer for HB5 Ag: presence of HB5 Ag in the baby's umbilical-cord blood: and antigenemia in siblings. In contrast to previous studies, these findings indicate that vertical transmission from carrier mothers frequently occurs, at least in Taiwan, and may partially explain Taiwan's high prevalence of HB5 Ag.


Interactions between plants and microbes can affect ecosystem functions, and many studies have demonstrated that plant properties influence mutualistic microorganisms. Here, high-throughput sequencing was used to investigate rhizosphere and phyllosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages. Results demonstrated that phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal community structures were distinct during all developmental stages while they were mediated separately by plant carbon and soil sulfur. Comparatively, the effect of root properties on phyllosphere fungal diversity was greater than soil properties. Moreover, rhizosphere fungal networks of Bothriochloa ischaemum were more complex than phyllosphere fungal networks. This study demonstrated that the effect of plant and soil traits on phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities could potentially be significant, depending on the applicable environmental condition and plant development stage. Although links between phyllosphere and rhizosphere communities have been established, further studies on functional fungal groups during phytoremediation processes are necessary. This study comprehensively analyzed dynamic relationships between phyllosphere and rhizosphere fungal communities during different plant development stages in a polluted environment. These fungal communities were determined to be expedient to the development and utilization of beneficial microbial communities during different development stages, which could more effectively help to stabilize and reclaim contaminated copper tailings soil.


Abstract Time series of terrigenous source elements (Al, K, Ti, Zr) from core GeoB4901-8 recovered from the deep-sea fan of the Niger River record variations in riverine sediment discharge over the past 245,000 yr. Although the flux rates of all the elements depend on physical erosion, which is mainly controlled by the extent of vegetation coverage in central Africa, element/Al ratios reflect conditions for chemical weathering in the river basin. Maximum sediment input to the ocean occurs during cold and arid periods, when precipitation intensity and associated freshwater runoff are reduced. High carbonate contents during the same periods indicate that the sediment supply has a positive effect on river-induced marine productivity. In general, variations in the terrestrial signals contain a strong precessional component in tune with changes in low-latitude solar radiation. However, the terrestrial signal lags the insolation signal by several thousand years. K/Al, Ti/Al, and Zr/Al records reveal that African monsoonal precipitation depends on high-latitude forcing. We attribute the shift between insolation cycle and river discharge to the frequently reported nonlinear response of African climate to primary orbital configurations, which may be caused by a complex interaction of the secondary control parameters, such as surface albedo and/or thermohaline circulation.


Businesses and occupations must remain consistent with social ethics or risk losing their freedom. An important social ethical issue that has arisen over the past four decades is animal welfare in various areas of human use. The ethical interest of the society has outgrown the conventional morality of animal cruelty, which originated in biblical times and is embodied in the laws of all civilized societies. There are five major reasons, most notably the substitution of husbandry-based agriculture with industrial agriculture, for this new social concern. This loss of husbandry to industry has threatened the traditional fair contract between humans and animals, leading to significant animal suffering on four different fronts. Because such suffering is not caused by cruelty, it was necessary to express social concerns with a new ethic for animals. Since ethics is based on pre-existing ethics rather than ex nihilo, society has looked for its properly modified ethics for humans to find moral categories that apply to animals. This concept of legally encoded rights for animals has emerged as a plausible vehicle for reform.


Lignin is abundant in nature. The use of lignin in the asphalt pavement industry can improve pavement performance while effectively optimizing pavement construction costs. The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of lignin on the anti-aging properties of asphalt. Commercial lignin was selected to prepare a lignin-modified asphalt binder. The properties of lignin-modified asphalt were studied by rheological experiments. The high-temperature rheological properties of two kinds of base asphalt and modified asphalt samples with different contents of lignin under three conditions of original, rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aging, and pressure aging vessel (PAV) were tested and analyzed with temperature sweep, frequency sweep, and multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) tests. By comparing the variation laws of evaluation indicators, such as complex shear modulus G*, phase angle δ, anti-aging index, cumulative strain, and viscous component Gv, we found that lignin could effectively improve the high-temperature stability of base asphalt, but it had a negative impact on the compatibility issues of base asphalt. Meanwhile, lignin played a filling role in the base asphalt, and the increase in viscosity was the fundamental reason for improving the high-temperature stability of the base asphalt. The research results indicated that lignin could effectively improve the anti-aging performance of asphalt and play a positive role in prolonging the service life of pavement.


Based on density functional theory, we have systematically studied the crystal and electronic structures, and the diffusion mechanism of the NASICON-type solid electrolyte Na3Zr2Si2PO12. Four possible elementary processes are addressed: three inner-chain and one inter-chain processes. In inner-chain processes, Na tends to move inside the Na diffusion chain, while Na moves across the Na diffusion chain in the inter-chain process. The activation energies for the inner-chain and inter-chain processes are 230 meV and 260 meV, respectively. By combining possible elementary processes, three preferable pathways along a, b, and c directions are found.


This article consists of 5 case reports of women who developed abnormal glucose tolerance, glycosemia and/or glucosuria while taking oral contraceptives, and a review of the literature on diabetogenic effects of 3 estrogen and 7 progestagens commonly used as contraceptives, as well as predisposing factors for this disorder. The 5 women all improved after stopping pills. There are reports that diethylstilbestrol decreases glucose tolerance, that ethinyl estradiol augments insulinemia and decreases iv glucose uptake. 2 studies reported that mestranol decreased glucose tolerance in 50 and 57% of women. Mestranol has been said to have no diabetogenic effects when given as a combined pill, and to ameliorate maturity-onset diabetes. Progesterone, the 19-nor-testosterone derivatives norethisterone and norethisterone enanthate, and ethynodiol diacetate have no effect. 17-alpha-hydroxy-progesterone caproate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and chlormadinone have received contradictory reports. Megestrol acetate has been been known to normalize diabetic symptoms. Family history of diabetes or glycosuria of pregnancy, large infants or stillbirths predispose to diabetes during oral contraception, but age, weight parity and duration of oral contraception have received contradictory reports. Diabetes developing during oral contraception is usually reversible.


Education is a fundamental human right, and a key input in production and development of an economy. This explains why countries worldwide plan for and increase budgetary allocations to fund various educational programmes each financial year. There is however concern on the quality of education offered and performance of students in national examinations. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of teaching and learning resources on students' performance in KCSE in FDSE in Embakasi district. Four objectives were formulated to guide the study; the objectives of the study were to determine how availability of teaching and learning materials used in FDSS affect students' performance, which was done by determining the availability of learning materials utilized in schools, the study also established how adequacy of physical facilities and human resources influence students' performance and also assessed the extent of resource utilization and its effect on students' performance in KCSE in FDSE in Embakasi district, following provision of teaching and learning resources by the government to the public day secondary schools. The study used descriptive study design, and data was collected using three sets of questionnaires for the head teachers, teachers and students. The target population consisted of all the Free day secondary schools in the district, their head teachers, teachers and students. The sample consisted of 6 principals, 18 class teachers and 240 students. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), the analyzed data was then presented using frequency tables, means, percentages, pie charts and bar graphs. The study found out that teaching and learning materials were available and are utilized in schools, especially those used in classroom instruction, like chalks, dusters and charts except physical facilities are lacking and there's gross inadequacy of human resources. This resulted to overstretched resources with annual increase in enrolment rates thus compromising the quality of education. Therefore the government should allocate more funds for TLR provision to improve the status and condition of physical facilities and employment of more teachers for the FDSE to be effective. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that similar research could be carried out in other parts of Kenya since different parts of the country have different characteristics. Further research could also include a study on Integration of ICT and e-learning to complement human resources.


Dielecti-ic thick films of Pb(Mg 1 / 3 Nb 2 1 3 )O J -1'bTiO :i were pi-epared by a screen printing method on an alumina substrate using a high-silver-content silvei--palladiui~l electrode which was compatible with acid type nickel platin2 The dielectric constant o f 7500 and loss tangent of 0 01 were obtained with 5 \.it% of PbO-CLIO at a firing temperature of 850 "c The effect of powder size, the use of lowmelting-point sintering aid and the interaction of electrode niatei-ials and alumina substrate are discussed The thick film capacitors using these materials are veiy useful foithe production of RC nehvoi k chip components


Agricultural irrigation accounts for nearly 70% of the total water use around the world. Uncertainties and climate change together exacerbate the complexity of optimal allocation of water resources for irrigation. An interval‐fuzzy two‐stage stochastic quadratic programming model is developed for determining the plans for water allocation for irrigation with maximum benefits. The model is shown to be applicable when inputs are expressed as discrete, fuzzy or random. In order to reflect the effect of marginal utility on benefit and cost, the model can also deal with nonlinearities in the objective function. Results from applying the model to a case study in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin, China, show schemes for water allocation for irrigation of different crops in every month of the crop growth period under various flow levels are effective for achieving high economic benefits. Different climate change scenarios are used to analyze the impact of changing water requirement and water availability on irrigation water allocation. The proposed model can aid the decision maker in formulating desired irrigation water management policies in the wake of uncertainties and changing environment.


Land plant chloroplasts differ from algal ones for their thylakoid membranes being organized in grana: piles of vesicles paired by their stromal surface, forming domains including Photosystem (PS) II and its antenna while excluding PS I and ATPase to stroma membranes, connecting grana stacks. The molecular basis of grana stacking remain unclear. We obtained genotypes lacking the trimeric antenna complex (Lhcb1-2-3), the monomeric Lhcb4-5-6, or both. Full deletion caused loss of grana, while either monomers or trimers support 50% stacking. The expression of Lhcb5 alone restored stacking at 50%, while Lhcb2 alone produced huge grana which broke down upon light exposure. Cyclic electron transport was maintained in the lack of stacking, while excitation energy balance between photosystems and the repair efficiency of damaged Photosystem II were affected. We conclude that grana evolved for need of regulating energy balance between photosystems under terrestrial canopy involving rapid changes in photon spectral distribution.


Cris-cross resistance analysis has been accomplished for some Pseudomonas putida PpG1 mutants resistant to pf16, af, tf and PMW phages. On the basis of the results, a formal scheme of the receptor sites for these phages on the bacterial cell surface was drawn. Study of the sensitivity of P. putida PpG1 phage-resistant mutants an unexpected phenomenon. Some of the phages specific to P. putida B-21 and B-31 which did not adsorb on the PpG1 strain acquired the ability on certain types of the PpG1 phage resistant mutants. Mutants of P. putida B-21 and B-21 resistant to specific phages did not maintain the growth of pf16, af, tf or PMW phages.


BACKGROUND
Chronic iodine deficiency (ID) increases thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations and produces a thyroid hormone pattern consistent with subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH). ScH may be associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Thus, the study aim was to determine if iodine treatment of children with elevated TSH concentrations due to ID would affect their lipid profile, insulin (C-peptide) levels, and/or subclinical inflammation.

METHODS
In controlled intervention trials of oral iodized oil or iodized salt, 5-14-year-old children from Morocco, Albania, and South Africa with TSH concentrations > or = 2.5 mU/L (n = 262) received 400 mg iodine as oral iodized oil or household distribution of iodized salt containing 25 microg iodine/g salt. At baseline and after 5 or 6 months, urinary iodine (UI) and blood concentrations of total thyroxine, TSH, C-reactive protein (CRP), C-peptide, and lipids were measured.

RESULTS
Median (range) UI at baseline was 46 (2-601) microg/L. Compared to the control group, iodine treatment significantly increased UI and total thyroxine and decreased TSH, C-peptide, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The mean low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio fell from 3.3 to 2.4 after iodine treatment (p < 0.001). Iodine treatment had no significant effect on concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, or C-reactive protein.

CONCLUSIONS
Correction of ID-associated ScH improves the insulin and lipid profile and may thereby reduce risk for cardiovascular disease. This previously unrecognized benefit of iodine prophylaxis may be important because ID remains common in rapidly developing countries with increasing rates of obesity and cardiovascular disease.


OBJECTIVE
The objective of our study was to investigate whether apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of endometrial cancer differ from those of normal endometrium and myometrium and whether they vary according to histologic tumor grade, the depth of myometrial invasion, or lymph node status.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Seventy patients with histologically proved endometrial cancer and 36 control subjects with normal endometrium were enrolled in this prospective study. T2-weighted, dynamic T1-weighted, and diffusion-weighted images with b values of 0 and 1000 s/mm(2) were obtained of all patients. The ADC values of endometrial cancer, normal endometrium, and normal myometrium were recorded. Tumor grade, the depth of myometrial invasion, and lymph node status were assessed at postoperative histopathologic analysis.

RESULTS
The mean (± SD) ADC value (10(-3) mm(2)/s) of endometrial cancer (0.77 ± 0.12) was significantly lower than that of normal endometrium (1.31 ± 0.11, p < 0.0001) and normal myometrium (1.52 ± 0.21, p < 0.0001), with no overlap between the two former distributions. There was no significant difference between ADC values of endometrial cancer tissue in patients with tumor grade 1 (0.79 ± 0.08, n = 14), grade 2 (0.76 ± 0.14, n = 40), or grade 3 (0.75 ± 0.12, n = 16) (p = 0.67); in patients with deep (0.77 ± 0.13, n = 18) and those with superficial (0.76 ± 0.12, n = 52) myometrial invasion (p = 0.87); and in patients with (0.78 ± 0.10, n = 6) and those without (0.75 ± 0.14, n = 39) lymph node metastases (p = 0.64).

CONCLUSION
ADC values allow normal endometrium to be differentiated from endometrial carcinoma; however, they do not correlate with histologic tumor grade, the depth of myometrial invasion, or whether lymph node metastases are present.


: This study was carried out to evaluate the morphometric variations of the colon of female albino rats at different age groups. Fifteen female albino rats were divided into three groups of 5 rats each. Group A included rats at the age of two months, group B included rats aged four months and Group C rats were aged 6 months. After 14 days of acclimatization, the animals were sacrificed by decapitation under 20mg/kg of thiopental sodium intraperitonially, then a thoraco-lumbar incision was made to expose the digestive tract and the colon dissected out for anatomical studies. Grossly, the weight and length of colons increased with age and weight of the animals. Gross morphometry showed that colon length increased with age. Histomorphometry showed that the colon crypt width and height also increased with age. This probably can be attributed to the fact that there is increased demand for nutrients with age. In conclusion, this study was able to show that the colon increased in size with age and rate of colon growth was pronounced at six months old albino rat due to the presence of intense colon fission. This points out to the reason why the risk for colon cancer increases with age.


Ninety-seven odd levels of Eu I belonging to the sub-configurations 4f7(8S)6s2, 4f7(8S)5d6s, 4f7(8S)6s6d, 4f7(8S)5d2 et 4f7(8S)6p2 have been interpreted by means of the Slater-Condon parametric theory by taking into account configuration mixing and the effect of upper terms arising from 4f7 6P. The r.m.s. deviation is 58 cm-1 and 13 levels which have been found in an analysis of infrared emission spectra are reported for the first time. The energy level structure of the core 4f7 has been derived from a parametric study of the ground configuration of Eu III.


In this paper we use the Divisia index approach to decompose emission changes of SO{sub 2}, NO, and CO{sub 2} from major economic sectors in Taiwan during 1980 to 1992. The study highlights the interrelationships between energy use and environmental quality, and provides insights for policy making. The emission changes are decomposed into five components-pollution coefficient, fuel mix, energy intensity, economic growth and industrial structure. Of all components analyzed, economic growth had the largest positive effect on emission changes for Taiwan`s major economic sectors. Emissions of SO{sub 2} in industry and other sectors showed a decreasing trend due to fuel quality improvements antipollution control. However, NO, and CO{sub 2} emissions increased sharply in all sectors. Comparisons were also made with Germany, Japan and USA. This study has shown that improvement in energy efficiency, pollution control and fuel substitution are major options to reduce SO{sub 2}, NO, and CO{sub 2} emissions.


In our submission we use a straight forward method for the task of audio tag classification. This extended abstract , briefly describes the features used and the classification method.


Oral lichen planus (OLP) is considered a T cell-mediated chronic inflammatory process activated by an unknown antigen, making basal keratinocytes vulnerable to a cytotoxic cell mediated immune response. The aim of this review is to summarize information on the role and pathways of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and immune cells in inducing OLP as an autoimmune lesion. The pathogenesis of OLP is analyzed from immunological aspects of interactions between EBV and oral mucosa. The results of the available studies allow us to assume that EBV can act both as an exogenous and an endogenous antigen in the pathogenesis of OLP. We emphasized the role of antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as dendritic cells (Langerhans cells, LC), in detecting and capturing antigens and modulating the adaptive immune response. Although EBV shows tropism for B cells and epithelial cells, under certain conditions it can infect monocytes, LCs, NK, and T lymphocytes. It means that under some circumstances of the chronic inflammatory process, EBV particles can react as endogenous agents. During the development of the autoimmune process, a decisive role is played by the loss of immune tolerance. Factors like the activity of cytokines, chemokines, and autoantibodies secreted by EBV-positive plasma cells, autoantigens formed due to virus protein mimicry of human proteins, new self-peptides released from damaged tissues, self-reactive B and T cells, dysregulation of LC function, the anti-apoptotic effect of EBV early lytic antigens, and an imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune cells facilitate the development of an autoimmune process.


Summary The Andean Cordillera is the result of interaction between oceanic lithosphere, forming the floor of the Pacific Ocean Basin, and S American lithosphere during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Break up of Gondwanaland was accompanied by widespread extensional tectonics in its S American segment during the Early to Mid-Mesozoic. The trend, dimensions and nature of the resulting basins were to a considerable extent controlled by the structure of the pre-Jurassic basement. Elongate basins formed along virtually the length (c. 7,500 km) of the Pacific margin from Northern Peru (5°S) to the Northern Scotia Ridge (56°S). These basins developed within, or immediately behind, a magmatic arc. Mid-Cretaceous uplift and compression, contemporaneous with the global increase in seafloor spreading rates, took place along the length of this Pacific margin composite back-arc trough. Horizontal shortening accompanied the uplift, but only S of lat. 50°S did extensive penetrative fabrics develop in the basin called the Magellan Geosyncline by Aubouin (1965) because of its partially ophiolitic floor (the 'Rocas Verdes') and infilling of deep-marine volcaniclastic turbidites. This Mid-Cretaceous event may have been critical in initiating the process of Cordilleran orogenesis. Subsequently part or all of the Late Cretaceous batholiths were intruded into the uplifted back-arc trough as the locus of magmatic activity moved eastwards to its present location and dominantly E-verging fold-and-thrust belts developed along the eastern flank of the Cordillera. Thus in the development of the present Andean Cordillera, S of 5°S, 'collision' was confined to the re-welding of a zone of failure between an ensialic magmatic arc and its parent continent. For the most part this involved little horizontal displacement and reflects, therefore, what might be described as 'accordian tectonics', a curtailed version of the Wilson cycle. Only in the very far S, in Tierra del Fuego and S Georgia, does crust appear to have been consumed in the arc-continent 'collision'.


Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the cause of 7,3 million death globally in 2008. The main pathophysiology process that leads to CHD is atherosclerosis which is caused by high LDL cholesterol level. The aim of this study was to explore bay leaf and celery leaf infusion effect on reducing LDL cholesterol level in dyslipidemic rat model. The type of this study was true experimental research using wistar rat (Rattus novergicus) as the sample. The rats were induced by high fat diet and PTU for two weeks then each of the group were given either bay leaf infusion, celery leaf infusion, simvastatin (positive control), or aquadest (negative control) for a week. The measurement of LDL level used Friedewald formulation. Data was analyzed using paired sample t test and one way ANOVA. As the result there was a significance reduction on LDL level after treatment with bay leaf (p=0,013) and celery leaf infusion (p=0,035) but there was no significance difference between groups (p=0,293). It was concluded that bay leaf and celery leaf infusion could reduce the LDL level in dyslipidemic wistar rat but there was no difference on the capability of the two different leafs on reducing LDL level. Keywords: dyslipidemia, LDL, bay leaf, celery leaf, wistar rats


BIONICO will develop, build and demonstrate at a real biogas plant (TRL6) a novel reactor concept integrating H2 production and separation in a single vessel. The hydrogen production capacity will be of 100 kg/day. By using the novel intensi ed reactor, direct conversion of biogas to pure hydrogen is achieved in a single step, which results in an increase of the overall e ciency and strong decrease of volumes and auxiliary heat management units. The BIONICO process will demonstrate to achieve an overall e ciency up to 72% thanks to the process intensi cation. In particular, by integrating the separation of hydrogen in situ during the reforming reaction, the methane in the biogas will be converted to hydrogen at a much lower temperature compared with a conventional system, due to the shifting effect on the equilibrium conversion. The uidization of the catalyst makes also possible to (i) overcome problems with temperature control (formation of hotspots or too low temperature), (ii) to operate with smaller particles while still maintaining very low pressure drops and (iii) to overcome any concentration polarization issue associated with more conventional xed bed membrane reactors. Dedicated tests with different biogas composition will be carried out to show the exibility of the process with respect to the feedstock type. Compared with any other membrane reactor project in the past, BIONICO will demonstrate the membrane reactor at a much larger scale, so that more than 100 membranes will be implemented in a single uidized Grant agreement ID: 671459  Project website


In most developed countries, nontyphoid Salmonella is an important cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of foodborne gastroenteritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the trend of foodborne Salmonella-caused outbreaks and number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths and compare them with those caused by other infectious agents. The study was carried out in Catalonia, a region in northeastern Spain with a population of 6.5 million inhabitants, in 2002. All information on reported outbreaks of foodborne disease from 1990 to 2003 was reviewed. For each outbreak, the following variables were collected: year; setting (household, restaurant, school, hospital, nursing home, and others); number of cases, hospitalizations, and deaths; causal agent; and food vehicle involved. Of 1652 reported outbreaks, 1078 had a known causal agent. Among them, 871 (80.8%) were caused by Salmonella, with 14,695 cases, 1534 hospitalizations, and 4 deaths. The rate of hospitalization was higher in outbreaks due to Salmonella than in those caused by other infectious agents (rate ratio, 2.54; 95% confidence interval, 2.20 to 2.94). Forty-eight percent of Salmonella-caused outbreaks were eggborne, compared with 5.3% of those caused by other infectious agents (rate ratio, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.33 to 1.48). The annual number of cases in household outbreaks of eggborne Salmonella rose over time (R2 = 0.82), but the number of outbreaks produced in other settings did not. Eggborne outbreaks caused by Salmonella in households are a major cause of disease, and increased preventive efforts are necessary, especially consumer education and awareness of the risk of eating food containing raw or slightly cooked eggs.


Background: The awareness of reproductive health are increasing, namely HIV/AIDS, unwanted pregnancy and unsafe abortion. This indicates that knowledge of reproductive health is important. This research aimed to identify
reproductive health knowledge in adolescent difference, including aspects of anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system, gender and sexuality, pregnancy and risk of teenage pregnancy, contraception, and sexually
transmitted diseases among students of the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Diponegoro University.
Methods: This research design was observational analytic with cross-sectional method, conducted from March until June 2011. The research subjects were students who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria, collected by purposive
random sampling method. Data was obtained from the questionnaire and analyzed with univariate and bivariate analysis. Univariate analysis was used to determine frequency distributions analysis and bivariate analysis used chi square test (x2) to identify significance.
Results: Faculty of Medicine students of whom reproductive health knowledge level was categorized as good (55,1%), average (39,8%), and less (5,1%). Faculty of Social and Political Sciences students of whom reproductive health
knowledge level was categorized as good (5%), average (67,3%), and less (27,6%). There are significant differences in reproductive health knowledge levels
between students of those two faculty (p=0.000).
Conclusion: The reproductive health knowledge level of Faculty of Medicine students is higher than Faculty of Social and Political Sciences students and significantly different.
Keywords: adolescent, reproductive health knowledge


: Prevalence of risk of ischemic heart disease, such as nutrition and dyslipoproteinaemias are discussed. The interrelation of these risk factors with blood lipids was examined. It was found that risk factors are widespread, and population has low knowledge about their significance. Food, contained surplus of cholesterol, saturated fats, carbohydrates and deficiency of polyunsaturated fat acids increased atherogenic blood lipids and decreased antiaterogenic lipoproteins.


Changes in mean body temperature and muscle protein metabolism were studied in elderly patients undergoing large bowel surgery. Two groups were studied: in one, efforts were made to maintain the patients normothermic during and after surgery by warming the fresh gases, the i.v. fluids, by placing warmed cotton padding around the exposed parts of the body and by covering the patients with a metallized plastic sheet in the recovery period. The other group received routine management. Otherwise the anaesthetic technique was comparable. The excretion of the amino acid 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH), an indicator of muscle protein breakdown, and urea nitrogen loss were measured in the urine collected the day before, and on the 2nd and 4th postoperative days. Prevention of heat loss during and after surgery caused a significant decrease in muscle protein degradation and nitrogen loss.


In double patterning lithography (DPL) layout decomposition for 45 nm and below process nodes, two features must be assigned opposite colors (corresponding to different exposures) if their spacing is less than the minimum coloring spacing. However, there exist pattern configurations for which pattern features separated by less than the minimum coloring spacing cannot be assigned different colors. In such cases, DPL requires that a layout feature be split into two parts. We address this problem using two layout decomposition approaches based on a conflict graph. First, node splitting is performed at all feasible dividing points. Then, one approach detects conflict cycles in the graph which are unresolvable for DPL coloring, and determines the coloring solution for the remaining nodes using integer linear programming (ILP). The other approach, based on a different ILP problem formulation, deletes some edges in the graph to make it two-colorable, then finds the coloring solution in the new graph. We evaluate our methods on both real and artificial 45 nm test-cases. Experimental results show that our proposed layout decomposition approaches effectively decompose given layouts to satisfy the key goals of minimized line-ends and maximized overlap margin. There are no design rule violations in the final decomposed layout.


Aghanavesi, S. 2019. Multisensor data-driven methods for automated quantification of motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Dalarna Doctoral Dissertations 10. Borlänge: Dalarna University. ISBN 978-91-88679-00-0. The overall aim of this thesis was to develop and evaluate new data-driven methods for supporting treatment and providing information for better management of Parkinson's disease (PD). This disease is complex and progressive. There is a large amount of interand intra-variability in motor symptoms of patients with PD (PwPD). Current evaluation of motor symptoms which is done at clinics by using clinical rating scales provides limited and only part of the health status of PwPD. PD requires an accurate assessment that is approved by clinics. Therefore frequent evaluation of symptoms at micro-level is required. Sensor systems including smartphone and motion sensors were employed to collect data from PwPD and the recruited healthy controls. Repeated measures consisting of subjective assessment of symptoms and objective assessment of motor functions were collected. First, the smartphone-based data-driven methods were developed to quantify the dexterity presented in fine motor tests of spiral drawing and alternate tapping. The upper extremities temporal irregularity measure presented in spiral drawing tests of PwPD was further analyzed by the approximate entropy (ApEn) method. Second, tri-axial motion sensor data were collected from various tests like leg agility, walking, and rapid alternating movements of hands of PwPD during a full cycled levodopa challenge. Data driven methods for quantification of leg agility tests and a combination of multiple motor tests were developed. The clinimetric properties of the methods such as reliability, validity, and responsiveness were evaluated. In addition, the feasibility of using smartphone inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors in comparison to motion sensors for quantifying the motor states in PD during rapid alternating movements of hands tests was investigated. Results of the developed methods for quantification of PD motor symptoms via dexterity tests in a smartphone can be used for measuring treatment related changes in PwPD. Investigation of the ApEn method showed good sensitivity and test-retest reliability indicating that this method is useful in measuring upper limb temporal irregularity at micro-level. High convergence validity resulted from using motion sensors during leg agility tests which led to valid and reliable objective measures of PD motor symptoms. The results of fusion of sensor data gathered during standardized motor tests were promising and led to highly valid, reliable and sensitive objective measures of PD motor symptoms. The results of the analyzing acceleration IMU data showed that smartphone IMU is capable of capturing symptom information from hand rotation tests. It can provide sufficient data for quantification of the motor states. The findings from the data-driven methodology in this thesis can be used in development of systems for follow up of the effects of treatment and individualizing treatments in PD.


The flow from a high speed rotor in a rotor-first arrangement has been measured using a "dual-probe, digital sampling (DPDS)" technique. The flow field was found to be steady in rotor coordinates (periodic in machine coordinates) outside the rotor wake, and 3 components of velocity and the pressure field were determined in this area. The wake regions were unsteady. In these regions the measurements based on ensemble averages of multiple samples did not follow the behavior established during calibration in steady uniform freejet flow except near the wake center. The broadening of the wake and three dimensional effects in the flow field were measured at reduced throttle and increased speeds. The results serve to illustrate the potential of the measurement technique, on which the emphasis of the presentation is placed.Copyright © 1983 by ASME


Dietary intakes were compared in two groups of patients with anorexia nervosa, those who had earlier been "heavy" (n = 27, peak body mass = 65.0 +/- 7.5 kg) and those who had always been "light" (n = 25, peak body mass = 51.5 +/- 7.3 kg). Both groups were initially given a food intake of 7.5 MJ per day, and this was increased as needed to yield a controlled 1-2 kg per week increase of body mass. Body mass was restored most rapidly in the patients who reached the lowest weights, whether the classification was based upon the lowest body mass observed during the illness (gain in weeks 0-7, p < .002) or the body mass on admission to hospital (gain in weeks 0-14, p < .02, weeks 7-14, p < .01). Classifying patients in terms of their peak premorbid mass, the light group consumed food energy at a faster rate than the heavy group over the first 7 weeks of hospital treatment (p < .008), but nevertheless they did not gain more weight. Food intake reached a plateau in both groups between weeks 7 and 14 of treatment, although the light group was still consuming more energy than the heavy subjects (p < .005). Prospective observations on two light and two heavy patients confirmed both the time course of weight gain and the greater energy needed for a given increase of body mass in light patients. It is suggested that during the early stages of recovery from anorexia nervosa, energy utilization is more efficient in the heavier patients. However, it seems more difficult to sustain a high food intake in such patients, possibly because they fear a return to obesity.


It is very important to determine specifications of components included in the drive-train of vehicles at the initial design stage. In this study, component sizing process and performance analysis for Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (E-REV) are discussed based on the foundation of determined system configuration and performance target. This process shows sizing results of an electric driving motor, a final drive gear ratio and a battery capacity for target performance including All Electric Range (AER) limit. For E-REV driving mode, the constant output power of a Gen-set (Engine+Generator) is analyzed in order to sustain State of Charge (SOC) of the battery system.


This review article focuses on data that reveal the importance of synergistic and antagonistic effects in growth factor action during the early phases of neural crest development. Growth factors act in concert in different cell lineages and in several aspects of neural crest cell development, including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Stem cell factor (SCF) is a survival factor for the neural crest stem cell. Its action is neutralized by neurotrophins, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) through apoptotic cell death. In contrast, SCF alone does not support the survival of melanogenic cells (pigment cell precursors). They require the additional presence of a neurotrophin (NGF, BDNF, or NT-3). Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is an important promoter of proliferation in neuronal progenitor cells. In neural crest cells, fibroblast growth factor treatment alone does not lead to cell expansion but also requires the presence of a neurotrophin. The proliferative stimulus of the fibroblast growth factor - neurotrophin combination is antagonized by transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1). Moreover, TGFbeta-1 promotes the concomitant expression of neuronal markers from two cell lineages, sympathetic neurons and primary sensory neurons, indicating that it acts on a pluripotent neuronal progenitor cell. Moreover, the combination of FGF-2 and NT3, but not other neurotrophins, promotes expression or activation of one of the earliest markers expressed by presumptive sympathetic neuroblasts, the norepinephrine transporter. Taken together, these data emphasize the importance of the concerted action of growth factors in neural crest development at different levels and in several cell lineages. The underlying mechanisms involve growth-factor-induced dependence of the cells on other factors and susceptibility to growth-factor-mediated apoptosis.


The rate of growth of the nonlinear terms in the vorticity equation are analysed for a turbulent flow with r.m.s. velocity u0 and integral length scale L subjected to a strong uniform irrotational plane strain S, where (u0/L)/S=ε[Lt ]1. The rapid distortion theory (RDT) solution is the zeroth-order term of the perturbation series solution in terms of ε. We use the asymptotic form of the convolution integrals for the leading-order nonlinear terms when β= exp(−St)[Lt ]1 to determine at what time t and beyond what wavenumber k (normalized on L) the perturbation series in ε fails, and hence derive the following conditions for the validity of RDT in these flows. (a) The magnitude of the nonlinear terms of order ε depends sensitively on the amplitude of eddies with large length scales in the direction x2 of negative strain. (b) If the integral of the velocity component u2 is zero the leading-order nonlinear terms increase and decrease in the same way as the linear terms, even those that decrease exponentially. In this case RDT calculations of vorticity spectra become invalid at a time tNL∼L/u0k−3 independent of ε and the power law of the initial energy spectrum, but the calculation of the r.m.s. velocity components by RDT remains accurate until t= TNL∼L/u0, when the maximum amplification of r.m.s. vorticity is ω/S∼εexp(ε−1)[Gt ]1. (c) If this special condition does not apply, the leading-order nonlinear terms increase faster than the linear terms by a factor O(β−1). RDT calculations of the vorticity spectrum then fail at a shorter time tNL∼(1/S) ln(ε−1 k−3); in this case TNL∼(1/S) ln(ε−1) and the maximum amplification of r.m.s. vorticity is ω/S∼1. (d) Viscous effects dominate when t[Gt ](1/S) ln(k−1(Re/ε)1/2). In the first case RDT fails immediately in this range, while in the second case RDT usually fails before viscosity becomes important. The general analytical result (a) is confirmed by numerical evaluation of the integrals for a particular form of eddy, while (a), (b), (c) are explained physically by considering the deformation of differently oriented vortex rings. The results are compared with small-scale turbulence approaching bluff bodies where ε[Lt ]1 and β[Lt ] 1. These results also explain dynamically why the intermediate eigenvector of the strain S aligns with the vorticity vector, why the greatest increase in enstrophy production occurs in regions where S has a positive intermediate eigenvalue; and why large-scale strain S of a small-scale vorticity can amplify the small-scale strain rates to a level greater than S – one of the essential characteristics of high-Reynolds-number turbulence.


The current study aimed to explore Chinese undergraduate students' perceptions of intimate parent-child interactions (IPCI) and intra-familial Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) as well. 354 undergraduate students from 15 universities or colleges in Beijing were recruited to participate in an online-based survey. Results indicated that IPCI such as co-bathing and co-sleeping were very common among Chinese undergraduate students during childhood. Factors including the child's age and gender, as well as the parent's gender involved in IPCI were found to impact respondents' perceptions of the appropriateness of those interactions. Moreover, respondents' perceptions of the appropriateness of parent-child intimate interactions might also be influenced by their childhood experiences of parental interactions and their perceptions of intra-familial CSA. The study suggested that distinguishing intra-familial CSA from normative IPCI will continue to be contested and culturally shaped. Comprehensive information and public education about intra-familial CSA are needed for the prevention of CSA in Chinese society.


22 Here we report a novel microdroplet PCR method combined with fluorescence 23 spectrophotometry (MPFS), which allows for qualitative, quantitative and 24 high-throughput detection of multiple DNA targets. In this study, each pair of primers 25 was labeled with a specific fluorophore. Through microdroplet PCR, a target DNA 26 was amplified and labeled with the same fluorophore. After products purification, the 27 DNA products tagged with different fluorophores could be analyzed qualitatively by 28 the fluorescent intensity determination. The relative fluorensence unit was also 29 measured to construct the standard curve and to achieve quantitative analysis. In a 30 reaction, the co-amplified products with different fluorophores could be 31 simultaneously analyzed to achieve high-throughput detection. We used four kinds of 32 GM maize as a model to confirm this theory. The qualitative results revealed high 33 specificity and sensitivity of 0.5% (w/w). The quantitative results revealed that the 34 limit of detection was 10 3 copies and with good repeatability. Moreover, 35 reproducibility assay were further performed using four foodborne pathogenic 36 bacteria. Consequently, the same qualitative, quantitative and high-throughput results 37 were confirmed as the four GM maize. 38


A novel, simple, sensitive and precise spectrofluorimetric method is developed for measuring the activity of the α-amylase enzyme in human saliva. The remarkable quenching of the luminescence intensity at 634 nm of nano CdS doped in a sol-gel matrix by various concentrations of maltose (produced from the reaction of the enzyme with the starch substrate) was successfully used as an optical sensor for the assessment of α-amylase activity. The calibration plot was achieved over the concentration range 4.8 × 10(-10) to 1.2 × 10(-5) mol L(-1) maltose with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 and a detection limit of 5.7 × 10(-11) mol L(-1). The method was used satisfactorily for assessment of the α-amylase activity in a number of human saliva samples collected from various healthy volunteers.


ABSTRACT Background Vitamin K occurs in the diet as phylloquinone and menaquinones. Observational studies have shown that both phylloquinone and menaquinone intake might reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, the effect of vitamin K on vascular calcification is unknown. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess if menaquinone supplementation, compared to placebo, decreases vascular calcification in people with type 2 diabetes and known CVD. Methods In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned men and women with type 2 diabetes and CVD to 360 µg/d menaquinone-7 (MK-7) or placebo for 6 mo. Femoral arterial calcification at baseline and 6 mo was measured with 18sodium fluoride positron emission tomography (18F-NaF PET) scans as target-to-background ratios (TBRs), a promising technique to detect active calcification. Calcification mass on conventional computed tomography (CT) scan was measured as secondary outcome. Dephosphorylated–uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) concentrations were measured to assess compliance. Linear regression analyses were performed with either TBR or CT calcification at follow-up as the dependent variable, and treatment and baseline TBR or CT calcification as independent variables. Results We randomly assigned 35 patients to the MK-7 group (33 completed follow-up) and 33 to the placebo group (27 completed follow-up). After the 6-mo intervention, TBR tended to increase in the MK-7 group compared with placebo (0.25; 95% CI: −0.02, 0.51; P = 0.06), although this was not significant. Log-transformed CT calcification mass did not increase in the intervention group compared with placebo (0.50; 95% CI: −0.23, 1.36; P = 0.18). MK-7 supplementation significantly reduced dp-ucMGP compared with placebo (−205.6 pmol/L; 95% CI: −255.8, −155.3 pmol/L). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion MK-7 supplementation tended to increase active calcification measured with 18F-NaF PET activity compared with placebo, but no effect was found on conventional CT. Additional research investigating the interpretation of 18F-NaF PET activity is necessary. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02839044.


Purpose This exploratory study aimed to investigate the potential impact of sentence-level comprehension and sentence-level fluency on passage comprehension of deaf students in elementary school. Method A total of 159 deaf students, 65 students (M age = 13.46 years) in Grades 3 and 4 and 94 students (M age = 14.95 years) in Grades 5 and 6, were assessed for nonverbal intelligence, vocabulary knowledge, sentence-level comprehension, sentence-level fluency, and passage comprehension. Group differences were examined using t tests, whereas the predictive and mediating mechanisms were examined using regression modeling. Results The regression analyses showed that the effect of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension was not significant, whereas sentence-level fluency was an independent predictor in Grades 3-4. Sentence-level comprehension and fluency contributed significant variance to passage comprehension in Grades 5-6. Sentence-level fluency fully mediated the influence of sentence-level comprehension on passage comprehension in Grades 3-4, playing a partial mediating role in Grades 5-6. Conclusions The relative contributions of sentence-level comprehension and fluency to deaf students' passage comprehension varied, and sentence-level fluency mediated the relationship between sentence-level comprehension and passage comprehension.


Ethylene copolymerisations with cyclooctene (COE) by half-titanocenes, Cp′TiCl2(X) [X = OAr (Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), Cp′ = 1,2,4-Me3C5H2, tBuC5H4, C5Me5 (Cp*), indenyl; X = NCtBu2, Cp′ = Cp, tBuC5H4, indenyl] and [Me2Si(C5Me4)(NR)]TiCl2 [R = tBu (CGC), cyclohexyl], and by metallocenes, Cp2ZrCl2 and [Me2Si(indenyl)2]ZrCl2 (SBI), have been explored. Cp*TiCl2(OAr) afforded high molecular weight amorphous copolymers with efficient COE incorporation as well as exclusive 1,2-insertion (Mn = 1.08–12.6 × 105), whereas CGC and SBI afforded semi-crystalline copolymers with less COE incorporation. Copolymerisation with cycloheptene gave ultrahigh molecular weight amorphous copolymers (Mn = 1.32–3.08 × 106). Linear relationships between the glass transition temperatures (Tg) and cyclic olefin contents have been demonstrated, and the Tg values were affected by the ring size. Copolymerisation with tricyclo[220.127.116.11(2,7)]undeca-4-ene by CpTiCl2(NCtBu2) afforded high molecular weight copolymers, with high Tg values by the introduction of an additional cyclic unit.


The Robbins-Monro stochastic approximation procedure has been used for sensitivity testing. Joseph (2004) recognized that it is not well suited for binary data and proposed a modification which gives better performance for p between 0.1 and 0.9. However, for extreme p values, say p ≤ 0.01 or p ≥ 0.99, the Joseph version does not perform well. To overcome this difficulty, we propose a modification based on an asymmetric quadratic loss function. The new procedure can speed up convergence by employing different penalties for undershooting and overshooting to reduce the expected loss. Simulation comparisons show the clear advantages of the new procedure for extreme p values.


Fruit and vegetable wastes include peels, pulp and seeds that constitute about 40% of the total mass and constitute huge environmental problems. Cultivation of microalgae that utilizes fruit and vegetable wastes as feedstock to produce value added products such as biomass and lipids is a unique approach. Different concentrations of fruit waste hydrolysate (FWH) and vegetable waste hydrolysate (VWH) were used for heterotropic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris thereby optimizing the suitable hydrolysate concentration for higher biomass and lipid production. FWH in the ratio of 8:2 has produced maximum specific growth rate of 1.92 μ d. Higher biomass was recorded in growth medium supplemented with FWH (0.16 mg L) than VWH medium. Highest chlorophyll content of 7.2 mg L was observed in 8:2 ratio of FWH whereas it was 4.3 mg L in VWH at the same concentration. Carotenoid content was highest in VWH than FWH media with a maximum content of 0.52 and 0.42 mg L respectively. Fruit waste hydrolysates significantly increased the total lipid content than the vegetable waste hydrolysate medium. Highest lipid content of 6.63 mg L was recorded in 8:2 ratio of FWH. This work demonstrates the feasibility of fruit waste hydrolysate as a nutrient source for algal cultivation and a cost reduction of growth medium in algal biomass and lipid production.


The authors report a series of twenty patients with pelvic ureteric stones treated by the Dornier lithotriptor. Sixteen men and 4 women were treated over a period of 8 months (November 1988 and June 1989). A single treatment session was sufficient to ensure destruction and elimination of the stones. This technique, which does not require anaesthesia, but at most simple neuroleptanalgesia, has a low morbidity (15%). In the series of 20 patients: the stones were completely eliminated in 16 cases, 1 case was a failure at 3 months and 3 patients were not reviewed. These results are assessed with a minimum follow-up of three months and a maximum follow-up of eight months. This simple, rapide, repeatable and effective therapeutic technique appears to constitute an alternative to operative endoscopy (flexible or rigid ureteroscopy) in the treatment of stones of the pelvic ureter.


Since the first bilateral supradiaphragmatic splanchnicectomy and lower dorsal sympathetic ganglionectomy was performed by one of us (M. M. P.) in November 1933, more than 1,500 patients have received this surgical treatment for essential hypertension at the University Hospital as of September 1945. Surgical treatment has long been accepted here as an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium for hypertensive disease. Its acceptance has been tempered with the realization that its limitations are definite, that its failures are not uncommon. Rarely does surgical treatment result in a cure of hypertensive disease, but it has given remarkable benefit and prolonged the life of many hypertensive patients. Reports of the results of surgical treatment in hypertensive disease are numerous. For the most part they are concerned with small groups followed postoperatively for a relatively short time. The largest series of cases previously reported is that of Peet, Woods and Braden,1with


Abstract The Effort of Subak Preservation in Urban Area (Case Study in Subak Padanggalak, Kesiman Kertalangu Village, Denpasar Timur) The aims of the study are: (1) to examine Subak Padanggalak's efforts in preserving and sustaining itself for the future on, and (2) to describe the role of goverment and private sector to support the effort in preserving and sustaining Subak Padanggalak. The research location was chosen using purposive method in Subak Padanggalak, Kesiman Kertalangu Village, East Denpasar Sub District, Denpasar. The analysis of this research used a descriptive qualitative method to answer the research questions. Data were collected by using in-depth interviews from eight key informants. The research results show that the efforts made to preserve and to sustain Subak Padanggalak based on the Tri Hita Karana philosophy as follow: (a) parhyangan aspects, subak protects, preserves, and mantains the ritual facilities and conducts routinely the subak's ritual activities not only in subak level but also in individual level, (b) pawongan aspects, subak makes an agreement to prevent subak land conversion to be non agricultural purposes and also manages irrigation water distribution, and (c) palemahan aspects, subak regularly arranges the mutual cooperation activities related to natural and environmental conservation, irrigation networks and other physical buildings maintenance, efficient land use management, and provides safety situations in subak. Furthermore, the assistance provided by the government and private sector in the form of financial assistance, counseling, coaching, agricultural extension, and jogging track. Keywords: Conservation, Subak, City


A case of synchronous triple carcinomas arising in the kidney, bladder and prostate is reported. An 82-year-old man had gross hematuria. Urine cytology was positive and intravenous pyelography showed right hydronephrosis with a filling defect in the bladder. Computed tomography revealed a 4 cm mass in the bladder, enlarged prostate and 6 cm renal mass at the left kidney. Cystoscopy demonstrated a papillary broadbased tumor with some small satellite tumors in the bladder, and magnetic resonance imaging revealed muscle invasion of the bladder tumor. This patient underwent left radical nephrectomy and total cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion as radical treatment. Histological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Furthermore, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma was found incidentally in the prostate. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-p53 antibody for the three tumors showed positive staining only for the bladder cancer.


Apoptosis via the intrinsic caspase 9 pathway can be induced by oxidative stressors hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and N-(4 hydroxyphenol) rentinamide (fenretinide), a synthetic retinoid. Accelerated muscle atrophy and proteolysis in muscle-wasting conditions have been linked to oxidative stress and activated protease systems. Therefore, the hypothesis of this study was that proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins could be manipulated through the induction or inhibition of the caspase system. After slaughter, LM and supraspinatus muscles from callipyge (n = 5) and normal (n = 3) lambs were excised, finely diced, and incubated with treatment buffers containing oxidative stressors fenretinide or H₂O₂, recombinant caspase 3, caspase-specific inhibitor N-acetyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-CHO (DEVD), or control solution. Muscle samples were incubated for 1, 2, 7, and 21 d at 4°C. Activation of the initiator caspase, caspase 9, and myofibrillar protein degradation was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Results showed that fenretinide, H₂O₂, and recombinant caspase 3 increased (P < 0.05) proteolysis of myofibril proteins, whereas DEVD inhibited degradation (P < 0.05). Proteolysis of myofibrillar proteins increased with incubation time (P < 0.0001), and incubation time × treatment interactions (P < 0.05) indicated that the treatment effects did not all occur at the same rate. This study has shown that manipulation of the caspase system through induction or inhibition of activity can affect degradation of myofibrillar proteins, providing further evidence that the caspase system could be involved in postmortem proteolysis and tenderization. However, these stimulated changes were not sufficient to overcome the lack of proteolysis that is characteristic of muscle from callipyge lambs.


An efficient chemoenzymatic synthesis of β-D-glucopyranosides of N-arylacetohydroxamic acids 3a-c was achieved by the chemoselective O-deacetylation of 1a-c under mild, neutral conditions, with no accompanying N-deacetylation. Lipase AS Amano from Aspergillus niger (LAS) and carboxylesterase from Streptomyces rochei (CSR) played complementary, synergistic roles in the O-deacetylation of 1a and its partially O-deacetylated intermediates. An intramolecular O-acetyl migration, which proceeded simultaneously, also accelerated the overall reaction rate. Under weakly acidic conditions at pH 5.0, where the intramolecular O-acetyl migration is markedly slower, LAS, CSR, and porcine liver esterase (PLE) exhibited different regioselective O-deacetylation activities. LAS and PLE showed regioselective 3-O-deacetylation and 2-O-deacetylation activity, respectively, for 1a and its tri-O-acetyl derivatives (4-7). CSR showed marked preferences for 3-O-deacetylation of 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl intermediate 5 and 4-O-deacetylation of 2,4,6-tri-O-acetyl intermediate 6. In contrast, CSR showed almost no O-deacetylation activity toward the other tri-O-acetyl intermediates 4 and 7, which were efficiently O-deacetylated by LAS in a complementary manner. Using these enzyme-catalyzed regioselective O-deacetylation as well as chemical methods, we could synthesize all 14 partially O-acetylated intermediates (4-17) derived from 1a.


abstract:In 1901 the Chancery Court of New Jersey heard arguments in one of the largest property lawsuits ever held in Atlantic County. The suit, filed by the Estell Family, alleged that Philadelphia businessman Daniel Risley had failed to repay mortgages held by the Estells on thousands of acres of pinelands along the Tuckahoe River. Risley had developed the lands as the Estelle Colony. The lawsuit opened a window onto the economic decline, real estate speculation, and demographic changes transforming the landscape of the southern New Jersey Pine Barrens. As the colony's mostly immigrant residents struggled with building homes, farming the sandy pinelands soils, and filling a vacuum of governance with a unique example of a village improvement association, they transformed their landscape and crafted community identity out of hardship. The first years of their settlement present a significant story of placemaking in Philadelphia's nearest wilderness.


Purpose of review Neuroimaging research on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) continues growing in extent and complexity, although it has yet to become clinically meaningful. We review recent MRI research on ADHD, to identify robust findings, current trends and challenges. Recent findings We identified 40 publications between January 2019 and September 2020 reporting or reviewing MRI research on ADHD. Four meta-analyses have presented conflicting results regarding across-study convergence of functional and resting-state functional (fMRI and R-fMRI) studies on ADHD. On the other hand, the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis international consortium has identified statistically robust albeit small differences in structural brain cortical and subcortical indices in children with ADHD versus typically developing controls. Other international consortia are harnessing open-science efforts and multimodal data (imaging, genetics, phenotypic) to shed light on the complex interplay of genetics, environment, and development in the pathophysiology of ADHD. We note growing research in 'prediction' science, which applies machine-learning analysis to identify biomarkers of disease based on big data. Summary Neuroimaging in ADHD is still far from informing clinical practice. Current large-scale, multimodal, and open-science initiatives represent promising paths toward untangling the neurobiology of ADHD.


An experiment tested the hypotheses that the more important a prospective choice, (a) the greater the difference in private evaluations of the alternatives and (b) the less the difference in public evaluations of the alternatives. Female subjects expected to choose between two interviewers for a lengthy, personal interview (important choice) or a brief; superficial interview (unimportant choice). They rated the interviewers with the experimenter absent while "practicing" with a computer mouse apparently not registering responses (private evaluations), or did that and told the experimenter their ratings (public evaluations). The difference in private evaluations was significantly greater when the choice was important, supporting the first hypothesis. Results for public evaluations were consistent with the second hypothesis but non-significant. In a second experiment, subjects rated the interviewers on a questionnaire (public evaluations). The difference in public evaluations was significantly less when the choice was important, supporting the second hypothesis.


It is well known that the internal suplattices in the topos of sheaves on a locale are precisely the modules on that locale. Using enriched category theory and a lemma on KZ doctrines we prove (the generalization of) this fact in the case of ordered sheaves on a small quantaloid. Comparing module-equivalence with sheaf-equivalence for quantaloids and using the notion of centre of a quantaloid, we refine a result of F. Borceux and E. Vitale.


In this paper, we take stock of the current state of summarization datasets and explore how different factors of datasets influence the generalization behaviour of neural extractive summarization models. Specifically, we first propose several properties of datasets, which matter for the generalization of summarization models. Then we build the connection between priors residing in datasets and model designs, analyzing how different properties of datasets influence the choices of model structure design and training methods. Finally, by taking a typical dataset as an example, we rethink the process of the model design based on the experience of the above analysis. We demonstrate that when we have a deep understanding of the characteristics of datasets, a simple approach can bring significant improvements to the existing state-of-the-art model.


The Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) are widely used in various applications as they require low gate drive power and gate voltage. This paper proposes an active gain circuit to maintain voltage stability of series-connected IGBTs for high voltage applications. The novel gate driver circuit with closed-loops control amplifies the gate signal while restricting the IGBT emitter voltage below a predetermined level. With the proposed circuit, serial-connected IGBTs can replace high-voltage IGBTs (HV-IGBTs) for high-voltage applications through the active control of the gate signal time delay. Closed-loop controls function is to charged current to the gate to restrict the IGBT emitter voltage to a predetermined level. This paper also presents the experiment on the gate driver capability based on a series-connected IGBTs with three IGBTs and a snubber circuit. The experimental results show a voltage offset with active control with a wide variation in load and imbalance conditions. Lastly, the experimental results are validated with the simulation results, where the simulation results agree with the experimental results.


Peer influence is generally believed to be a major cause of adolescent drug behavior. This paper reviews research findings on friend selection and projection to suggest that the magnitude of friend influence may be overestimated. This paper also observes that, although adolescent drug use is assumed to begin in response to peer group influence, peer groups have rarely been measured in studies of drug behavior. Social network analysis is identified as a promising method for measuring peer groups. The implications of this review for research and programs are considered.


al., 2018), studies on the effect of shot peening on the ductile cast Ductile cast iron is widely used for many automotive components due to its high wear resistance and fatigue resistance in addition to the low cost of fabrication. The improvement of wear resistance and fatigue properties is key to the life time extension and performance increase of the automobile parts. Surface nanocrystallization is a very efficient way of improving the performance of materials including the wear- and fatigue-resistance. Shot peening treatment, as one of the popular and economic surface modification methods, has been widely applied to various materials. In this study, ductile cast iron specimens were ultrasonic shot peening (USP) treated for 5 to 30 min using different ball size. The microstructures were then microscopically analyzed for determination of the microstructural evolution. After the USP treatment, the hardness of pearlite and ferrite increased, in which ball size is more effective than treatment time. With USP treatment, the graphite nodule count near the surface was decreased with grain refinement. The lager balls resulted in an increased deformation, whereas the smaller balls induced more homogenously refined grains in the deformation layer. In addition, formation of nanoparticles was formed in the surface layer upon USP.