Paris, 12th December 1861
Producing acetic acid.
I am taking a patent for the invention of the production of vinegar, or acetic acid. I have acknowledged that the acetification of alcoholic liquids is produced by vegetal species of the Mycoderma type, notably by the Mycoderma aceti. These plants have the property to determine the combination of the air's oxygen with alcohol. They also have the property of determining the combination of the air's oxygen with acetic acid and to completely transform this acid into water and carbonic acid. The result from this is that the secret to a good production consists in firstly, providing the plant with its food, and secondly, in placing it into conditions in which it operates the acetification of the alcohol, without going as far as the combustion of the acetic acid's elements. The acetification processes through the use of beech shavings are based on completely erroneous theoretical ideas. There is only one type of porous body that acetifies in the various processes used by the industry, and these are the ones I am talking about. The shavings only serve as a support for their development. These facts, which have been rigorously established by very accurate experiments, have led me to the following process of alcohol acetification:
The alcoholic liquid that we want to acetify, formed with 1 part of some fermented liquid, beer, cider, beetroot juice, wine… of 1 part of vinegar from a previous operation, and of 3 parts of alcohol (any type) to the desired degree in order to obtain the desired title of acetic acid, the alcoholic liquid, I say, is placed into quite shallow large vats, 10 centimeters deep more or less. Over the surface of the liquid, the plant is sowed and the vat is covered with an ordinary lid or with a vat similar to the previous one. The plant multiplies with extreme rapidity and determines the complete acetification of the liquid.
This process will enable us to provide trade with acetic acids of 7 or 8 per cent acid at the cost of 10 centimes per liter. Its application is limitless. It would be possible within a few days, with almost no labor cost or installation costs, to make thousands of hectoliters of vinegar or acetic acid of any strength and with almost no loss of alcohol. The process can be stopped or started at will without any inconvenience. It is also possible to make it continuous.
L. Pasteur
Administrator, Head of Scientific Research at the Ecole Normale Superieure
Rue d'Ulm 45 in Paris.


The Indian marriage system has undergone major changes in the last few decades. Studies have found an expansion and intensification of dowry and increase in age at marriage. Using information from a village in Tamil Nadu south India this article shows that recent marriage changes in the study village (increased number of love-marriages and stagnation or slight decline in marriage age) are caused by the economic independence and personal autonomy among the younger generation which are products of major changes in the socio-economic organization of the society. (EXCERPT)


$^4$He confined in nanoporous media is a model Bose system that exhibits quantum phase transition (QPT) by varying pressure. We have precisely determined the critical exponent of the superfluid density of $^4$He in porous Gelsil glasses with pore size of 3.0 nm using the Helmholtz resonator technique. The critical exponent $\zeta$ of the superfluid density was found to be 1.0 $\pm$ 0.1 for the pressure range 0.1<P<2.4 MPa. This value provides decisive evidence that the finite-temperature superfluid transition belongs to the four-dimensional (4D) XY universality class, in contrast to the classical 3D XY one in bulk liquid 4He, in which $\zeta$ = 0.67. The quantum critical behavior at a finite temperature is understood by strong phase fluctuation in local Bose-Einstein condensates above the superfluid transition temperature. $^4$He in nanoporous media is a unique example in which quantum criticality emerges not only at 0 K but at finite temperatures.


A norepinephrine (NE) deficiency has been observed in aged rats and in patients with Alzheimer's disease and is thought to cause cognitive disorder. Which endogenous factor induces NE depletion, however, is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of aging‐associated formaldehyde (FA) on the inactivation of NE in vitro and in vivo, and on memory behaviors in rodents. The results showed that age‐related DNA demethylation led to hippocampal FA accumulation, and when this occurred, the hippocampal NE content was reduced in healthy male rats of different ages. Furthermore, biochemical analysis revealed that FA rapidly inactivated NE in vitro and that an intrahippocampal injection of FA markedly reduced hippocampal NE levels in healthy adult rats. Unexpectedly, an injection of FA (at a pathological level) or 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA, a NE depletor) can mimic age‐related NE deficiency, long‐term potentiation (LTP) impairments, and spatial memory deficits in healthy adult rats. Conversely, an injection of NE reversed age‐related deficits in both LTP and memory in aged rats. In agreement with the above results, the senescence‐accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mice also exhibited a severe deficit in LTP and memory associated with a more severe NE deficiency and FA accumulation, when compared with the age‐matched, senescence‐resistant 1 (SAMR1) mice. Injection of resveratrol (a natural FA scavenger) or NE into SAMP8 mice reversed FA accumulation and NE deficiency and restored the magnitude of LTP and memory. Collectively, these findings suggest that accumulated FA is a critical endogenous factor for aging‐associated NE depletion and cognitive decline.


Automated processing of historical texts often relies on pre-normalization to modern word forms. Training encoder-decoder architectures to solve such problems typically requires a lot of training data, which is not available for the named task. We address this problem by using several novel encoder-decoder architectures, including a multi-task learning (MTL) architecture using a grapheme-to-phoneme dictionary as auxiliary data, pushing the state-of-the-art by an absolute 2% increase in performance. We analyze the induced models across 44 different texts from Early New High German. Interestingly, we observe that, as previously conjectured, multi-task learning can learn to focus attention during decoding, in ways remarkably similar to recently proposed attention mechanisms. This, we believe, is an important step toward understanding how MTL works.


Article history: The research work was involved in rapid and efficient procedure for the attachment of barbituric acid with arylidene acetophenone under microwave irradiation (MWI) and conventional heating. The result showed that the time was reduced from the conventional 24 hours to 5-10 minutes. In conventional heating, the yield of the compounds 2a-2e were very poor (75-81%), but in MW methods the yields were observed 96.48-98% which was comparatively too high. The structures of the compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1 H-NMR spectral data. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of the synthesized compounds were also investigated. Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed the zone of inhibition were 6-12 mm where sample concentration was 100 μg/disc. However, cytotoxic analysis, the mortality 47-95% were appeared when sample concentration were 0.78-25 (μg/ml) and more than 50 (μg/ml) concentration showed 100% mortality. The presence of a reactive and unsaturated ketone function in synthesized compounds was found to be responsible for their potential antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity.


The adoption of network codes is a crucial step towards the conclusion of the internal energy market by the Creation-Date 2014. This paper aims to assess the availability of judicial review in the multi-stage procedure established by the Electricity and Gas Regulations. In this respect, it first provides a brief overview of the establishment of the European Networks of TSOs (ENTSOs), whose expertise serves as the basis for the elaboration of the network codes. Subsequently, it critically assesses the three-stage adoption procedure set in the Regulations. The analysis then shifts to a more normative dimension through the examination of the legal characterization of the basic acts involved in the adoption procedure, namely, the framework guidelines and network codes, and of the availability of judicial review.


Plants are the integral part of human life. The preparation of Ayurvedic medicine from medicinal plants began thousands of years ago, and most of the people depend on Ayurveda for the recovery of diseases. The awareness of plants from manuscript, ancestors and Botanist helps to protect the plant which maintain the balanced ecosystem. Identifying plants through wet lab experiment is a time consuming task. The advancements in computational techniques have given considerable contributions in plant identification domain and it is gradually becoming an alternative method. The proposed method gives an optimal feature set which has evolved from LBP, GLCM, and HOG features extraction techniques. The combined feature vector is optimized with the help of Neighborhood Component Analysis (NCA). The feature selection and dimensionality reduction techniques have helped to enhance the classification performance and computational efficiency. Three plant datasets - Flavia, D-Leaf and Swedish Leaves - are used in the experiments for evaluating the proposal. Experimental result shows that proposed method has an average classification accuracy of 97.63% in 291.24 seconds computational time.


ABSTRACT Marmara gulosa Guillén & Davis (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is a sporadic pest of citrus and a number of other crops in southern and central California. Coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennogram detection analyses of headspace volatiles collected by solid phase microextraction from virgin female moths revealed at least four related compounds in the extracts that elicited significant antennal responses from antennae of male moths. These compounds were identified as (8E,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol, and the corresponding aldehyde, acetate, and formate ester, representing the first report of a formate as a lepidopteran pheromone component. The four compounds were consistently found in headspace volatiles collected from virgin female moths from different regions of the state and from M. gulosa collected from different host plants (citrus and squash). Repeated field trials determined that the formate ester alone was as attractive or more attractive than any blend of the formate with one or more of the remaining compounds. Although large numbers of moths were caught in some field trials, trap catches were not consistent. Thus, the pheromone may be useful for detection of the moth and setting an initial biofix, but it remains unclear whether the pheromone can be used as a reliable and accurate tool for monitoring densities of M. gulosa populations.


The winds of change are blowing toward the multibillion dollar global consumer electronics (CE) industry, which includes companies that are engaged in the manufacturing of smart devices to enable smartconnected vehicles, transportation, health-care systems, home automation, and smart industry in the smart-city network. The rapid increase in the number and diversity of smart devices connected to the Internet has given rise to concerns about scalability, efficiency, flexibility, and availability in the existing smart-city network. The imminent energy crisis, radiofrequency spectrum, and constraints on the lifetime of smart devices have also emerged as critical challenges. To address these challenges, this article presents DistArch-SCNet, the efficient, scalable, blockchain-based distributed smart-city network architecture enabled by the light-fidelity (Li-Fi) communication technique.


Background: Severity of systemic lesions and mortality of experimental acute pancreatitis (AP) are reduced after pancreatic enzyme content reduction induced by cerulein administration. Octreotide has been used both prophylatically and therapeutically in AP. The possible effects of octreotide on pancreatic enzyme content and its influence on pulmonary lesions of experimental AP were assessed in this study. Methods: Wistar male rats were divided in two branches: Branch I – Animals divided into three groups: Group Sa (n = 10) intravenous saline infusion; Group Ce (n = 10) intravenous cerulein infusion, (0.133 µg/kg–1·h–1) and Group Oc (n = 10) SC octreotide (10 µg/kg–1). Trypsin, elastase and amylase pancreatic contents as well as serum amylase were determined thereafter in all three groups; Branch II – Rats treated as in branch I, were submitted to sodium taurocholate AP (Groups Sa+AP, Ce+AP and Oc+AP). Two hours thereafter amylase and TAP assays were performed in serum, ascites and pancreatic tissue in eight animals of each group. Pulmonary histology was studied by morphometry 24 h after AP in the remaining animals. Results: Increased serum amylase and pancreatic enzyme contents were observed in octreotide-treated animals when compared to animals receiving saline or cerulein. After AP increases of serum and ascitic fluid amylase and of pancreatic TAP were observed in octreotide pre-treated animals when compared to saline and cerulein groups. Pulmonary interstitial and alveolar edema after AP was significantly increased in rats receiving octreotide as compared to the cerulein group. Conclusion: Octreotide administration acutely increases the enzymatic content of the pancreas and thus may have a potential deleterious influence in the evolution of AP.


This paper presents a method for converting natural language questions about structured data in the electronic health record (EHR) into logical forms. The logical forms can then subsequently be converted to EHR-dependent structured queries. The natural language processing task, known as semantic parsing, has the potential to convert questions to logical forms with extremely high precision, resulting in a system that is usable and trusted by clinicians for real-time use in clinical settings. We propose a hybrid semantic parsing method, combining rule-based methods with a machine learning-based classifier. The overall semantic parsing precision on a set of 212 questions is 95.6%. The parser's rules furthermore allow it to "know what it does not know", enabling the system to indicate when unknown terms prevent it from understanding the question's full logical structure. When combined with a module for converting a logical form into an EHR-dependent query, this high-precision approach allows for a question answering system to provide a user with a single, verifiably correct answer.


— The action of three technical mashing enzymes (Hitempase 2XL, Bioglucanase TX and Brewers Protease) on the turbidity of the worts of unmalted and malted Madjeru sorghum mashes was modeled and analyzed using response surface methodology. The analysis showed that both Hitempase 2XL and Bioglucanase TX had significant impact on unmalted Madjeru worts turbidity during mashing of unmalted Madjeru sorghum grist, with a contribution of 15% and 11% respectively. Bioglucanase TX and Brewers Protease had significant impact on malted Madjeru worts turbidity, they contributed respectively for 7% and 13%. The interaction X1X2 also had a significant impact on wort turbidity of unmalted Madjeru for which it contributed 23%. The interaction X1X3 had a significant impact on wort turbidity of malted Madjeru for which it contributed 24%. Optimization of the concerted actions of the three enzymes for turbidity of unmalted Madjeru gave a combination of (0 U; 298.25 BGU and 0 mg) for Hitempase 2XL, Bioglucanase TX and Brewers Protease respectively. This gave a minimal turbidity of 0.00 NTU. This combination was: 1387.50 U; 0 BGU and 32.23 mg for malted Madjeru, giving a minimal turbidity of 5.27 NTU.


In classification tasks, it is crucial to meaningfully exploit the information contained in the data. While much of the work in addressing these tasks is focused on building complex algorithmic infrastructures to process inputs in a black-box fashion, little is known about how to exploit the various facets of the data before inputting this into an algorithm. Here, we focus on this latter perspective by proposing a physics-inspired dynamical system that adapts optimal transport principles to effectively leverage color distributions of images. Our dynamics regulates immiscible fluxes of colors traveling on a network built from images. Instead of aggregating colors together, it treats them as different commodities that interact with a shared capacity on the edges. The resulting optimal flows can then be fed into standard classifiers to distinguish images in different classes. We show how our method can outperform competing approaches on image classification tasks in datasets where color information matters.


Our study evaluates the grade and timing of recovery in 30 patients with complete facial paralysis (House-Brackmann grade VI) treated with hypoglossal-facial nerve (XII-VII) anastomosis and a long-term rehabilitation program, consisting of exercises in facial muscle activation mediated by tongue movement and synkinesis control with mirror feedback. Reinnervation after XII-VII anastomosis occurred in 29 patients, on average 5.4 months after surgery. Three years after the anastomosis, 23.3% of patients had grade II, 53.3% grade III, 20% grade IV and 3.3% grade VI ratings on the House-Brackmann scale. Time to reinnervation was associated with the final House-Brackmann grade. Our study demonstrates that patients undergoing XIIVII anastomosis and a long-term rehabilitation program display a significant recovery of facial symmetry and movement. The recovery continues for at Hypoglossal-facial nerve anastomosis and rehabilitation in patients with complete facial palsy: cohort study of 30 patients followed up for three years least three years after the anastomosis, meaning that prolonged follow-up of these patients is advisable.


Abstract. Coupled physical-biogeochemical models can generally reproduce large-scale patterns of primary production and biogeochemistry, but they often underestimate observed variability and gradients. This is partially caused by insufficient representation of systematic variations in the elemental composition and pigment density of phytoplankton. Although progress has been made through approaches accounting for the dynamics of phytoplankton composition with additional state variables, formidable computational challenges arise when these are applied in spatially explicit setups. The Instantaneous Acclimation (IA) approach addresses these challenges by assuming that Chl : C : nutrient ratios are instantly optimized locally (within each modelled grid cell, at each timestep), such that they can be resolved as diagnostic variables. Here we present the first tests of IA in an idealized, 1D setup: we implemented the IA in the Framework for Aquatic Biogeochemical Models (FABM), and coupled it with the General Ocean Turbulence Model (GOTM) to simulate the spatio-temporal dynamics in a 1-D water column. We show that the IA model and a fully dynamic, otherwise equivalently acclimative (DA) variant with an additional state variable behave similarly, and both resolve nutrient and growth dynamics not captured by a third, non-acclimative and fixed-stoichiometry (FS) variant.


The thermal rectification in nanotubes with a mass gradient is studied by reverse non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We predict a preferred heat flow from light to heavy atoms which differs from the preferential direction in one-dimensional monoatomic systems. This behavior of nanotubes is explained by anharmonicities caused by transverse motions which are stronger at the low-mass end. The present simulations show an enhanced rectification with increasing tube length, diameter and mass gradient. Implications of the present findings for applied topics are mentioned concisely.


The paper summarizes the author's experience of conducting economic scientific research.
Economic scientific research is understood as both an analysis of economic phenomena and research
purchased on the market of research services. The former are not subject to ethical dilemmas. It is a
professional approach backed by sound economic theory that is important.
The latter, regardless of who purchases research services, pose a risk of ethical dilemmas and
conflicts of interest. The area of potential risk is connected to expectations of organizations purchasing
research services. In most cases organizations are interested to receive objective assessments or
recommendation necessary to take decisions.
Ethical conflict appears when the destination of research is lobbing or a company's image
creation. The results of research may be used as an instrument of competition.
It is thus vital that a research organization should judge the ethical dimension of undertaken
research tasks. Research projects being socially beneficial should be definitely undertaken. In
controversial cases, the conviction of the rightfulness in the ethical dimension ought to be decisive. In
all cases the principal rule should be aiming at achieving scientifically objective assessments and
opinions.


Computed tomography (CT) was performed in 9 patients with faecal incontinence more than 8 years after rectoplasty for high imperforate anus. The radiologic findings were correlated with the clinical evaluation of faecal incontinence. No statistically significant correlation was found between function and anatomic findings as demonstrated by CT. Thus, although CT demonstrates the post-operative anatomy in a detailed way, the information does not seem to be directly applicable when selecting the type of reoperation for faecal incontinence.


This paper attempts to recommend paradigms to help develop and effectively share the necessary technical skills sets involved in the growing African Energy development sector represented by the various regional pools. This study is a follow up to a previous presentation focused on the opportunities the planning of these initiatives present directly and indirectly. The thesis being that African Policy makers can effectively leverage the information mass created by the planning of some of these energy development programs by integrating with various academic curricula within the framework of the growing field of knowledge management. The focus is on the South African power pool (SAPP), West African power pool (WAPP), Central African Power Pool (CAPP), East African Power Pool (EAPP) and interconnection initiatives in North Africa with ties to the middle east.


The involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) and protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) in hypercapnia-induced cerebral vasodilation in newborn pigs was investigated with closed cranial windows using the PKC stimulator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and the PTK inhibitors, genistein and herbimycin A. The influence of prostaglandin I2 was eliminated using the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. Changes in pial arteriolar diameters in response to hypercapnia [partial pressure of arterial CO2 ≃ 9.3 kPa (70 torr)] were analyzed. Genistein (40 μg/mL), herbimycin A (10μM), or PMA (1 μM) did not affect cerebral vasodilation to hypercapnia when applied topically. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg i.v.) treatment blocked the dilation to hypercapnia and attenuated hypercapnia-induced increase in cortical cAMP. Genistein and herbimycin A restored the response to hypercapnia to indomethacin-treated piglets. PMA also restored the pial arteriolar dilation and the cAMP response to hypercapnia to indomethacin-treated piglets. One-hour exposure to 10 μM PMA, to down-regulate PKC, blocked vasodilation to hypercapnia but did not inhibit vasodilation to sodium nitroprusside. After prolonged (2 h) topical exposure of indomethacin-treated piglets to 10 μM PMA, neither genistein nor iloprost could restore dilation to hypercapnia. These results indicate that PKC stimulation and/or PTK inhibition may permit hypercapnia-induced vasodilation. These data further suggest that PKC is downstream from PTK in the regulatory pathway. Because previous data showed prostaglandin I2 at subdilator concentrations can also return dilation to hypercapnia to piglets treated with indomethacin, prostaglandin I2 could provide its permissive input by activating PKC and/or inhibiting PTK.


In high-grade gliomas, the tumor boundaries and the degree of infiltration are difficult to define due to their heterogeneous composition and diffuse growth pattern. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) is a non-invasive technique able to provide information on brain tumor biology not available from conventional anatomical imaging. In this paper we propose a blind source separation (BSS) algorithm for brain tissue classification and visualization of tumor spread using MRSI data. The proposed algorithm imposes relaxed non-negativity in the direct domain along with spatial-spectral regularizations in a transformed domain. The optimization problem is efficiently solved in a two-step approach using the concept of proximity operators. Vertex component analysis (VCA) is proposed to estimate the number of sources. Comparisons with state-of-the-art BSS algorithms on in-vivo MRSI data show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The presented method provides patterns that can easily be related to a specific tissue (normal, tumor, necrosis, hypoxia, edema or infiltration). Unlike other BSS methods dedicated to MRSI data, it can handle spectra with negative peaks and results are not sensitive to the initialization strategy. In addition, it is robust against noisy or bad-quality spectra.


This guide offers support for students working on their professional skills, and helps international students navigate the process for working inside the United States.


The spontaneous sheep erythrocyte (E) rosette test was used on 340 occasions to measure T cell levels in 28 renal allograft recipients. The E rosette counts were reduced by high-dose steroids but usually returned towards normal under maintenance treatment with azathioprine and low-dose prednisone. Unexpectedly, rejection crises were more often associated with a decrease in E rosettes before steroid treatment (12 cases) than with an increase in E rosettes (5 cases). Our results show the need for caution in using the E rosette test and more generally B and T cell markers for monitoring anti-graft immunity in renal allograft recipients.


ABSTRACT Mycobacterium avium has become a major human pathogen, primarily due to the emergence of the AIDS epidemic. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing, using insertion sequence IS1245 as a probe, provides a powerful tool in the molecular epidemiology of M. avium-related infections and will facilitate well-founded studies into the sources of M. avium infections in animal and environmental reservoirs. The standardization of this technique allows computerization of IS1245 RFLP patterns for comparison on a local level and the establishment of M. avium DNA fingerprint databases for interlaboratory comparison. Moreover, by combining international DNA typing results of M. avium complex isolates from a broad spectrum of sources, long-lasting questions on the epidemiology of this major agent of mycobacterial infections will be answered.


For inertial piezoelectric actuators, there generally exists a contradiction between the structure size and loading capacity, i.e., large loading capacity requiring a large structure size. To address this issue, a novel inertial piezoelectric rotary actuator with the size of 30 × 30 × 30 mm3 was proposed. Its structure and working principle were discussed in detail, followed by characterizing its output performances under various driving voltages, frequencies, and vertical loads. The results indicated that this actuator achieved good forward and reverse motion consistency. Under 100 V, it obtained the maximum angular speed of 302 007 µrad/s at about 600 Hz; especially, at 10 Hz, its vertical loading capacity was over 6700 g, being significantly higher than many previous inertial actuators with the similar size.


Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

Background and Purpose: Tumor stroma plays an important role in the progression and metastasis of colon cancer. The glycoproteins versican and lumican are overexpressed in colon carcinomas and are associated with the formation of tumor stroma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential prognostic value of versican and lumican expression in the epithelial and stromal compartment of stage II and III colon cancer. Methods: Clinicopathological data and tissue samples were collected from stage II (n=226) and stage III (n=160) colon cancer patients. Tissue microarrays (TMAs) were constructed with cores taken both from the center and the periphery of the tumor. These were immunohistochemically stained for lumican and versican. Expression levels were scored on digitized slides. Statistical evaluation was performed using SPSS. Results: Versican expression by epithelial cells in the periphery of the tumor, i.e., near the invasive front, was correlated to a longer disease free survival (DFS) for the whole cohort (P=0.01), stage III patients only (P=0.01), stage III patients with microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors (P=0.04) and stage III patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy (P=0.006). Lumican expression in epithelial cells overall in the tumor was correlated to a longer disease specific survival (DSS) in stage II patients (P=0.05) and to a longer DFS and DSS in MSS stage II patients (P=0.02 and P=0.004). Conclusion: In the present series, protein expression of versican and lumican predicted good clinical outcome for stage III and stage II colon cancer patients, respectively.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4526. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4526


This paper reconsiders the paper score as a medium for presentation of mobile score works. The precedents leading to the development of mobile form in music are discussed. The form and modes of realisation of a range of works by Earle Brown, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Iannis Xenakis, John Zorn, Mauricio Kagel, Charles Ives and Denis Smalley are examined. The potential for computers to provide a more 'natural' medium for mobile scores is explored. A number of computer-based solutions to the realisation of mobile scores are proposed in regard to: the single page mobile score, the multi-page mobile score, the mobile graphical score, the polytempo score and works that include pre-recorded sound and/or live electronics. Solutions including the on-screen scrolling score, the onscreen timer, the computer controlled click-track and networked multiple computers are proposed. The potential to control musical parameters such as formal structure, tempo, meter and dynamics are explored, as well as the ability to represent "free" pitch and rhythm.


Abstract In recent years extended focus has been placed on monitoring and understanding degradation mechanisms in both solid oxide fuel cells and solid oxide electrolysis cells. The time-consuming nature of degradation experiments and the disparate conclusions from experiment reproductions indicates that not all degradation mechanisms are fully understood. Traditionally, cell degradation has been attributed to the materials, processing and cell operating conditions. More recently, focus has been placed on the effect of raw material and gas impurities and their long-term effect on cell degradation. Minor impurities have been found to play a significant role in degradation and in some cases can overshadow the cell operation condition related degradation phenomenon. In this review, several degradation diagnostic tools are discussed, a benchmark for a desirable degradation rate is proposed and degradation behaviour and mechanisms are discussed. For ease of navigation, the review is separated into the various cell components – fuel electrode, electrolyte and oxygen electrode. Finally, nano-particle impregnate stability is discussed.


In flow ontology, reality is change, while formal organizations are attempts to organize this flow, by working to stabilize controversies from the viewpoint of the Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Considering this approach, where social is a collectivity of humans and non-humans into networks, this study aims to grasp how agency by non-humans and humans takes place, as well as agency through their association, in change procedures having a non-technological focus. To do this, a longitudinal qualitative case study design was adopted, conducted from April 2011 to July 2012, at Company X, a provider of public services in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, where the implementation of a Shared Services Center (SSC) was in progress. For data construction, participatory observation, focus group, inter views, documents, and audiovisual materials were used, aiming at multivocality. Given the controversies' cartography, supported by dynamic network softwares, charts, and mental maps, the SSC implementation is described, on three scales, with various ranges, covering seventeen years of Company X. Controversies were mapped by themes, arguments, actants, and the positions they have taken, highlighting the agency of non-humans serving as mediators. Out of the forty most significant controversies, only 13 turned into black boxes, leading the SSC to be non-punctualized in the end of the research. The main contributions of the study are related to discussing control in change procedures, usually regarded by companies as planned episodic changes, as well as to the methodology for approaching the attempt to organize the ongoing change process that constitutes organizations.


Early results of a prospective, randomized trial of active, specific immunotherapy adjunctive to nephrectomy in all stages of RCC are presented. Forty-three patients with median followup of 30 m, who were randomly allocated to either immuno-hormonotherapy arm (IMT), or hormonotherapy alone (HT), are evaluated in terms of progression-free interval (PFI) and overall survival by life table method. Immunotherapy consisted of autologous irradiated tumor cells (AITC), admixed with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (Glaxo) administered by the intradermal and endolymphatic route. Clinical results of this study show only a trend for advantage of the experimental (IMT) arm over the control (HT) arm, this trend did not reach statistical significance level: prolongation of disease free period in stages I-III with localized disease (p less than 0.1) and prolongation of survival in patients with metastatic disease (p less than 0.07). A correlation was established between induction of cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity (DTH) to AITC and prolonged PFI and survival: patients with positive DTH had a significantly better course of disease than those who could not be converted to positivity after repeated immunizations. Positive in vitro leukocyte migration inhibition against autologous tumor preparations correlates well with positive in vivo cutaneous DTH. Some immunological aspects of active immunization with autologous tumor cells are discussed.


The cereal bar has arisen from the need to have a product that would bring together practicality and nutritional quality. The goal is to employ cupuacu (the obroma grandiflorum) lightcereal grains making use of the byproduct ofacai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart) and sucralose for the preparation of a cereal bar that can add value to fibers and proteins to the nutrition of various sections of the population. Physical and chemical, microbiological and microscopy analyses have been executed in the fruit pulp of cupuacu and in roasted and ground acai seeds. The samples comply with the ANVISA requirements regarding microscopic and microbiological analyses. The final formulation of functional cereal bars had 5.06% of protein and a high content of 7.41% total dietary fiber, 30 mg/100 g of Vitamin A and 33 mg/100 g of Vitamin C and minerals such as phosphorus, iron, manganese, and the less energy value than similar products found in the market. Data, which have been found, have made us to believe that we have developed a functional Amazon dietary cereal bar.


We have observed an increase in time to peak and a decrease in amplitude for both the pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and the electroretinogram (ERG) in pigeons following an elevation in intraocular pressure (IOP). The changes in PERG were highly correlated to the changes in ERG. However, they differed in that significant changes from baseline values occurred at lower levels of IOP for PERG than ERG for the amplitude, and in some cases for the time to peak.


Semi-supervised object detection (SSOD) is a research hot spot in computer vision, which can greatly reduce the requirement for expensive bounding-box annotations. Despite great success, existing progress mainly focuses on two-stage detection networks like FasterRCNN, while the research on one-stage detectors is often ignored. In this paper, we focus on the semi-supervised learning for the advanced and popular one-stage detection network YOLOv5. Compared with Faster-RCNN, the implementation of YOLOv5 is much more complex, and the various training techniques used in YOLOv5 can also reduce the benefit of SSOD. In addition to this challenge, we also reveal two key issues in one-stage SSOD, which are low-quality pseudo-labeling and multi-task optimization conflict, respectively. To address these issues, we propose a novel teacher-student learning recipe called OneTeacher with two innovative designs, namely Multi-view Pseudo-label Refinement (MPR) and Decoupled Semi-supervised Optimization (DSO). In particular, MPR improves the quality of pseudo-labels via augmented-view refinement and global-view filtering, and DSO handles the joint optimization conflicts via structure tweaks and task-specific pseudo-labeling. In addition, we also carefully revise the implementation of YOLOv5 to maximize the benefits of SSOD, which is also shared with the existing SSOD methods for fair comparison. To validate OneTeacher, we conduct extensive experiments on COCO and Pascal VOC. The extensive experiments show that OneTeacher can not only achieve superior performance than the compared methods, e.g., 15.0% relative AP gains over Unbiased Teacher, but also well handle the key issues in one-stage SSOD. Our source code is available at: https://github.com/luogen1996/OneTeacher.


A RDBMS is usually accessed using blocking drivers like JDBC/ODBC which require clients to block and wait for the result of each query they issue. An asynchronous database access mechanism would eliminate the need for such blocking and greatly improve client performance. Thread-Per-Connection and Thread Pooling are two methods currently being used to provide this asynchrony. These methods require the use of multiple threads in the database server, which provides the clients with access to the database. This is inefficient since a lot of memory and computing power is spent in creating, scheduling and switching multiple threads. In this paper, we show how asynchronous database access can be achieved with a single thread using the Fork-Join mechanism which employs Future objects in Java. We also show how Asynchronous Transaction Decomposition in distributed databases can help improve client performance. Keywords: Asynchronous, Transaction Decomposition, Future objects, Fork-Join


Three cases of successful prehospital resuscitation of blunt trauma patients sustaining cardiac arrest resulting from ventricular fibrillation are reported. Although probably uncommon, ventricular fibrillation not caused by severe hypovolemia, exsanguination, or severe hypoxia in the setting of blunt trauma might be a treatable cause of cardiac arrest. Early electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with blunt trauma, including those with cardiac arrest, can detect this small, yet easily salvageable group of patients.


Midlatitude arcs (MLA) are the phenomenon of the nightside enhancements of ionospheric electron density at 20°‐45° magnetic latitudes in both hemispheres. We investigate the occurrence of MLA and its dependence on season using the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Global Ultraviolet Imager (TIMED/GUVI) O I 135.6 nm intensity data between March 2008 and March 2012. The 135.6 nm emission is mainly caused by radiant recombination between O+ ions and electrons in the nightside ionosphere. The GUVI data show that the MLA occurred in all seasons under geomagnetically quiet condition (mean Kp ~ 1.0) and during periods of low solar activity. Hemispheric symmetric MLA were observed during equinox. During solstice, the MLA were seen only in the winter hemisphere. The MLA were more frequently observed at local times between ~21:00 and 02:00 on nightside. They were rarely observed at local times between 03:00 and sun rise. The MLA were observed with an occurrence frequency of ~75% of the time. Coincident GPS total electron current data confirm that the MLA were due to enhanced ionospheric electron density. GUVI 135.6 nm limb data further show that the altitude of the MLA is higher than that of the equatorial arcs created by the equatorial ionization anomaly or fountain effect. The appearance of the MLA at higher altitude than the equatorial arcs supports the idea that the creation of the MLA is associated with the uplift of the ionosphere by the equatorward neutral wind.


The SPS Beam Dump Facility (BDF) being studied as part of the Physics Beyond Colliders (PBC) CERN project has recently reached an important milestone with the completion of the comprehensive feasibility study. The BDF is a proposed fixed target facility to be installed in the SPS North Area, to accommodate experiments such as SHiP (Search for Hidden Particles), which is most notably aiming at studying hidden sector particles. This experiment requires a high intensity slowly extracted 400 GeV proton beam with 4 × 1013 protons per 1 s spill to achieve 4 × 1019 protons on target per year. The extraction and transport scheme will make use of the first 600 m of the existing North Area extraction line. This contribution presents the status of the design work of the new transfer line and discusses the challenges identified. Aperture studies and failure scenarios are treated and the results discussed. In particular, interlock systems aiming at protecting critical components against the uncontrolled loss of the high energy proton beam are considered. We also present the latest results and implications of the design of a new laminated Lambertson splitter magnet to provide fast switching between the current North Area experiments and the BDF.


This study investigated the development of the conceptions of High School students from the NRE of Apucarana (PR), on the topic "Salts and Solubility" with using the software "Salts and Solubility" after the formal contact of the subject. We had starting up with a hypothesis that students do not appropriate correctly the meanings attributed to the concept of solubility, in the submicroscopic level, since they usually only establish contact with the macroscopic world, in everyday examples. Thus, the teaching situation, with the use of the simulator, enabled students to achieve a more effective level of submicroscopic observation. The results allowed the monitoring before, during and after the implementation of the software and, therefore, it was possible to reorganize explanatory levels and the analysis of the evolution of meaning construction of the students. The final interpretation indicates that the use of digital resource helped students to achieve better results in relation to the submicroscopic understanding of the phenomenon. Without this precious resource, students, mostly of them, could not design the nearest meanings of the scientifically accepted model in the investigated size (submicron).


Background and objectives: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has resulted in a worldwide threat due to the virulence and broad distribution in the hospital and community. Novel antibiotics are required to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria such as MRSA. In the present study, the antibacterial activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil alone and in combination with fifteen antibiotics of different classes against a standard and five clinical strains of MRSAs was investigated. Methods: Chemical composition of the essential oil was investigated by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The possible synergistic interaction of several antibiotics in combination with essential oil was screened by disc diffusion method. Interaction of the essential oil and the candidate antibiotic was investigated by checkerboard assay. Results: The essential oil was rich in thymol (74.2%), p-cymene (16%), and γ-terpinene (7.1%). Combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of essential oil with vancomycin or gentamicin increased their inhibition zones against MRSA ATCC 33591 and clinically isolated MRSAs. All of the clinically isolated MRSAs were resistant to gentamicin, while combination of gentamicin with the essential oil caused augmentation of the antibacterial activity and 4 to 520-fold decrease in gentamicin minimum inhibitory concentrations was observed against different MRSA strains with fractional inhibitory concentration indices ranging from 0.50 to 0.75. Combination of essential oil with ciprofloxacin or imipenem increased the inhibition zones against some clinically isolated MRSAs. Conclusion: Combination of sub-inhibitory concentrations of T. ammi essential oil and gentamicin could be considered as a new choice for treatment of infectious diseases caused by MRSA strains.


This article is devoted to the analysis of cognitive distortion in the mass media as a method of forming a civic identity. Due to the increasing influence of mass media and information technologies, the growth of information impact, the problem of the formation of civil identity is becoming more and more significant, and the mass media is a tool for the formation of civil identity. The authors consider the method of cognitive distortion in the mass media as a method of forming a civic identity in modern media. Culture in the Russian and Chinese traditions reveals both universals and peculiarities. The authors analyze how the attitude to civil identity is transmitted in Russian and Chinese media discourses, which allows us to understand the difference in background knowledge and identify cognitive distortions in translation. The authors see differences in the ethnopedagogic strategies of the state that ensure a positive attitude to civic identity in the Chinese digital space, which has parallels with the Soviet discourse. At the same time, the authors believe that the assimilation of Western models of admiration for their values has a negative impact on the formation of generational continuity and ethno-socio-cultural experience in the traditions of countries.


In haste does Laertes disappear from sight ("Most humbly do I take my leave, my Lord") as Polonius barely finishes his tiresome, advisory speech (or merely pauses for breath). And in haste did I read through the first few chapters of Advice to a Young Scientist , fearing that despite the author's conscious effort not to be Polonius, Lord Chesterfield, or, even worse, Kipling, he would turn out to be a compound of all three. But nothing could be less true, and early on in the book I decided to nest in a comfortable chair the better to savor the sensible counsel of Professor Medawar. The book is the second in a series organized by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, planned to make "the process of scientific discovery more understandable, more real and more exciting to the general reader." Since I cannot with full conviction assume the part of general reader


PURPOSE
This aim of this paper is to revisit the parallel-beam/cone-beam or fan-beam/cone-beam imaging configuration, and to investigate whether this configuration has any advantages.

METHODS
Twenty years ago, it was suggested to simultaneously use a parallel-beam (or a fan-beam) collimator and a cone-beam collimator to acquire single photon emission computed tomography data. The motivation was that the parallel-beam (or the fan-beam) collimator can provide sufficient sampling, while the cone-beam collimator is able to provide higher photon counts. Even with higher total counts, this hybrid system does not give significant improvement (if any) in terms of image noise and artifacts reduction. If a conventional iterative maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization algorithm is used to reconstruct the image, the resultant reconstruction may be worse than the parallel-beam-only (or fan-beam-only) system. This paper uses the singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis to explain this phenomenon.

RESULTS
The SVD results indicate that the parallel-beam-only and the fan-beam-only system outperform the combined systems.

CONCLUSIONS
The optimal imaging system does not necessary to be the one that generates the projections with highest signal-to-noise ratio and best resolution.


In this paper, we discuss a wireless grid in which users are highly mobile, and form ad-hoc and sometimes short-lived connections with other devices. As they roam through networks, the users may choose to employ privacy-enhancing technologies to address their privacy needs and benefit from the computational power of the grid for a variety of tasks, including sharing content. The high rate of mobility of the users on the wireless grid, when combined with privacy-enhancing mechanisms and ad-hoc connections, makes it difficult to conclusively link devices and/or individuals with network activities and to hold them liable for particular downloads. Protecting intellectual property in this scenario requires a solution that can work in absence of knowledge about behavior of particular individuals. Building on previous work, we argue for a solution that ensures proper compensation to content owners without inhibiting use and dissemination of works. Our proposal is based on digital tracking for measuring distribution volume of content and compensation of authors based on this accounting information. The emphasis is on obtaining good estimates of rate of popularity of works, without keeping track of activities of individuals or devices. The contribution of this paper is a revenue protection mechanism, Distribution Volume Tracking, that does not invade the privacy of users in the wireless grid and works even in the presence of privacy-enhancing technologies they may employ.


The study researches the Romans 12 motivational gifts and their relationship to person-job fit, job satisfaction, and job performance in the U.S. Air Force. Results of the study identified two clusters among U.S. Air Force personnel and found a positive relationship with person-job fit and job satisfaction — and no relationship with job performance. Several practical applications can be gleaned from the current research, especially in the area of motivation and training.


The objective of the research are: (1) to prove whether or not fan-n-pick method is more effective than grammar translation method in teaching reading comprehension, (2) to prove whether or not students who have high self-confidence have better reading skill than those who have low self-confidence, and (3) to prove whether or not there is an interaction between teaching methods and students' self-confidence on the students' reading skill. The research was conducted at SMPN 2 Kejobong, Purbalingga. The research belongs to experimental study. The population was the eighth grade students of SMPN 2 Kejobong in the academic year of 2012/ 2013. The technique used to get the sample was cluster random sampling. Test (reading test) and non test (self-confidence questionnaire) techniques were used to collect the data. They were tried-out to be a valid and reliable instrument. The data of reading test were analyzed by using multifactor analysis of variance 2 x 2. Then, they were analyzed by using Tukey test. The result of inferential analysis of the data shows that fan-n-pick method is more effective than grammar translation method to teach reading. Second, the students having high self-confidence have better reading skill than those who have low self-confidence. Third, there is an interaction effect between the teaching methods used and students' self-confidence in teaching reading. Fan-n-pick method is more effective than GTM for teaching reading for students having high self-confidence and GTM is more effective than fan-n-pick method for teaching reading for students having low self-confidence. Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that fan-n-pick method is an effective method to teach reading, and the effectiveness of this method is affected by the level of the students' self-confidence. Keywords: experimental, fan-n-pick, reading skill, and self-confide


Background : Reproductive health is focusing on the reproductive aspect of women which are considerable problems on sexuality and reproduction, such as ante-natal care, delivery process, postpartum treatment etc. Maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate are some indicators of reproductive health, where in Indonesia those rate are still high rather than some neighboring countries. Previous research showed that socio-cultural and demographic factors influence the high maternal and infant mortality rate. The purpose of this study was to describe sociocultural aspect towards ante-natal care, delivery process and post –partum treatment among Javanese. Method: The design study was observational with cross sectional approach. The research took place in Jepara Region, Central Java. The population study was women in reproductive age and total number of the sample was 60 women. Data were collected through questionnaire using in – depth interview guide. Sociocultural factors data were gathered through in-depth interview with health providers, such as doctors, midwives as well as religious people and community leader. Results: This study found that the majority of the respondents (96.7%) did antenatal care, assisted by doctors or midwifes, accompanied by their husband (76.6%), done every month (48.3%). Midwife is health provider who was mostly chosen by respondents furthermore by traditional birth attendance (18,4%). The accompanying reasons were the distance between the home and the location, skill and the complete of the apparatus. Most of the respondent (93%) accompanied by their husband during birth process. During postpartum period, they took traditional medicine and also massage. This study found that there is no special food has been consumed during antenatal and post-partum period. Ritual activities have done such as mitoni (munari), krayanan (brokohan), resikan (walikan) and kekahan (aqiqah) since pregnancy until post-partum period.


Objective Long-acting injections (LAIs) of antipsychotics show distinct pharmacokinetic profiles from oral antipsychotics (OAPs). Although there may be differences in adverse event frequency, any differences in their effects on autonomic nervous system (ANS) remain unclear. Patients and methods In total, 270 schizophrenic patients were recruited in this study: 241 received OAPs (risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, or aripiprazole) and 29 received LAIs (risperidone LAI, aripiprazole LAI, or paliperidone palmitate) as monotherapy. Heart rate variability was measured as an index of ANS activity, and the low-frequency (0.03–0.15 Hz) component, high-frequency (0.15–0.40 Hz) component, and total power (0.03–0.40 Hz) were calculated. Components were compared between the groups using t-tests. Results A significant difference was detected in the low-frequency component between the OAP and LAI groups (P=0.046). No significant difference was found in total power or the high-frequency component between the two groups. Conclusion Compared with OAPs, LAIs have fewer adverse effects on ANS activity, particularly the low-frequency component, as determined using a spectral analysis of heart rate variability.


: Microblogs, such as facebook and twitter, have much attention among the users and organizations. Nowadays, twitter is more popular because of its real-time nature. People often interacted with real-time events such as earthquakes and floods through twitter. During a disaster, the number of posts or tweets is drastically increased in twitter. At the time of the disaster, detecting a target event is a challenging task. In this paper, a framework is proposed for observing the tweets and to detect the target event. For detecting the target event, a classifier is devised based on different combinations of statistical features such as the position of the keyword in a tweet, length of a tweet, the frequency of hashtag, and frequency of user mentions and the URL. From the result, it is evident that the combination of frequency of hashtag and position of keyword features provides good classification results than the other combinations of features. Hence, usage of two features, namely, frequency of hashtag and position of the earthquake keyword reduces the event's detection time. And also these two features are further helpful for detecting the sub-events which are used for filtering the tweets related to the disaster. Additionally, different classifiers such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), decision tree, and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) are compared by using these two features. However, Support Vector Machine (SVM) with linear kernel by using the combination of position of earthquake keyword and frequency of hashtag outperforms state-of-the-art methods. Therefore, SVM (linear kernel) with proposed features is applied for detecting the earthquake during disaster. The proposed algorithm is tested on Nepal earthquake and landslide datasets, 2015.


The spectrum of five-times ionized phosphorus (P VI) is observed in the 400-1 500 Å wavelength range. A total of 76 new lines are measured and classified as transitions between the 2p53s, 3p, 3d and 4f configurations. All energy levels in these configurations are determined. Their identification is supported by the results of parametric calculations and by an isoelectronic comparison.


Abstract Military training exercises using heavy-tracked vehicles is an intensive land-use activity that may result in vegetation disturbances and soil compaction. In this study, the focus was on soil compaction as a result of M1A1 Abrams battle tank traffic. For this purpose, two main treatments were investigated: tank trafficking rates at the time of tank training maneuvers and moisture content of the soil profile. The influence of Abrams tank traffic on soil bulk density and mechanical impedance was measured immediately after the tank passes on plots having three different soil moisture levels. We found increased soil bulk density as a result of tank traffic regardless of the number of tank passes. Overall soil bulk density increases throughout the soil profile were 0.04, 0.07, and 0.04 g/cm3 for the low-, medium-, and high-moisture plots, respectively. After three, six, and nine tank passes, consistent increases in penetrometer resistance measurements were observed. However, the effects of the number of passes appear somewhat inconsistent when low-moisture contents were dominant in the soil profile (0.12–0.17 cm3/cm3). For plots with the highest moisture level (0.37–0.38 cm3/cm3 ), the impact of tank traffic was concentrated in the surface 15 cm, with an average increase of 1 MPa regardless of the number of tank passes. We conclude that the effects of different tank passes on soil compaction did not follow a clear trend. Moreover, based on the residual impact of tank traffic, we conclude that efforts should be made to avoid tank exercises when the moisture content in the soil profile is 0.26 cm3/cm3. We further conclude that tank traffic should be restricted when possible when the soil moisture content is in the 0.40- to 0.46-cm3/cm3 range.


Due to the excellent resistance to thermal mechanical fatigue and creep resistance properties of in-situ Cu6Sn5 reinforced composite solder, it's meaningful to further investigate the Electromigration (EM) behaviors of such novel composite solder. We used in-situ method to prepare Cu6Sn5 reinforced Sn-3.5Ag composite solders, the weight fraction of which was 1 vol.%, 5 vol.%, and 20 vol.%, respectively. A constant electric current was applied to a one-dimensional solder joint which ensures a uniform distribution of current density. For this study, a current density of 104 A/cm2 was applied to solder joints under 75°C. The evolution of interior microstructure due to current stressing effects was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that after current stressing for 96 and 192 h, no remarkable EM damages exhibited in solder matrix. Whereas, after current stressing for 384 h, 1 vol.% and 20 vol.% Cu6Sn5 reinforced composite solder joints have suffered different degrees of polarity effects.


The article describes the main stages of the formation of the scientific direction of complex interdisciplinary human research in our country in the 1980s. These stages include: the Second All-Union Conference on the Comprehensive Research of Man (1988), the First All-Union Conference "Man, Science, Society" (1989), the first meeting of the Council of the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences (1989). During these scientific forums, the scientific program of the Institute of Man was discussed. The discussion was attended by philosophers, psychologists, sociologists, historians, physicians, physiologists, geneticists, specialists in the field of technical sciences. During the discussions, proposals were made about the goals and objectives of the research work of the Institute of Man. The problems of man and his future have become aggravated, and ideas for their comprehensive study continue to remain relevant. An overview of documentary materials found in the archive of I.T. Frolov by the Group for the Study of his Creative Legacy of the RAS Institute of Philosophy. The materials are devoted to the main events on the way of the formation of the RAS Institute of Man. These include the transcript of the round table on the topic "Is a Unified Science of Man Possible? Institute of Man — Idea and Reality", which took place in 1988 within the framework of the Second All-Union Conference on the Comprehensive Research of Man. During the discussion, various conceptual proposals were made for the development of anthropological topics in the country. In addition, the transcripts of the First All-Union Conference "Man, Science, Society", organized in 1989 by the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences, were studied to discuss the work on the implementation of the State General Academic Program "Man, Science, Society: Comprehensive Research". Within the framework of the conference, the first meeting of the Council of the All-Union Interdepartmental Center for Human Sciences was held in the Red Hall of the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, at which the structure and forms of work of the Center, the Institute of Man and the journal "Chelovek" were discussed.


Abstract : This report summarizes atomization simulations performed to investigate the role of this process in liquid rocket engine combustion instabilities. The research involves the development and application of a series of nonlinear free-surface models based on boundary element methods (BEMs). Models have been developed to study the effects of unsteady injection, transverse acoustic wave interactions (such as those experienced in the F-1 engine), longitudinal acoustic wave interactions, and the dynamics of droplets in the presence of an acoustic wave. Reults for each of these four models is presented in this document.


The feeding value of cassava-based starter diets fortified with methionine were measured in calves in terms of their growth response and nutrients utilization. Nine (9) calves (crosses of Sahiwal x Holstien x Brahman cattle) between 2 and 4 months old from the LSU Cattle Project were utilized for this study from February 1 to May 31, 2002. Three treatment diets were tested: Treatment 1, corn-based ration; Treatment 2, 50% cassava-based ration + 0.2% methionine; and Treatment 3, 60% cassava-based ration + 0.2% methionine . A randomized complete block design was used utilizing analysis of covariance (ANACOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for studies 1 and 2, respectively. Study 1 measured the growth performance of calves fed with the three treatment diets; and study 2 measured the digestibility of nutrients in the three treatment diets. Results showed that calves fed cassava-based diets fortified with methionine had better (P 0.05) difference among the adjusted treatment means on the dry matter intake (concentrate + forage), it was observed that the feed conversion efficiency ratio was better (P<0.05) in calves fed cassava-based, particularly Treatment 3 (60% cassava meal + 0.2% methionine). Similar results were significantly observed (P<0.05) among the treatment means in favor of Treatment 3 on the apparent percent digestibility, apparent digestible energy, apparent digestible crude protein and the total digestible nutrients (TDN) of calves fed cassava-based starter diet fortified with methionine. Economic analysis revealed that calves confined as early as two months and fed cassava-based starter diets generate profit as much as PhP73.99/head/day.


To evaluate a new technique of Dynamic hip screw (DHS) fixation without using traction table. From july 2006 to july 2012, 328 patients undergoing DHS fixation using manual traction technique were evaluated in terms of Tip apex distance (TAD), -quality of fracture reduction, operation time, preoperative preparation time. In 97% cases good to moderate reduction could be achieved. The mean TAD was 19.2 millimeters, mean operation time 37 minutes and screw cutout rate was only 0.91%. This technique is easy, reproducible, cheap do not sacrifice reduction alignment, screw position and is extremely beneficial in polytrauma patients where multiple surgeries are to be done.


In this work, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PVDF-CTFE) was used for hydrophobic membrane preparation by the non-solvent induced phase inversion (NIPS) technique. The effects of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) molecular weight and dosage were investigated in terms of the membrane morphology, contact angle, surface free energy, and membrane pore structure for both surface pores and overall pores. All membranes possessed a typical liquid–liquid demixing asymmetric structure and the contact angles were higher than 85°. Furthermore, increasing the PEG molecular weight and dosage significantly altered the membrane pore structure and surface roughness as a result of the variation of the phase inversion process. The solid–liquid demixing was responsible for the variation of membrane morphology, pore structure, hydrophobicity, and DCMD performance as PEGs with higher molecular weight or dosage were added. The PVDF-CTFE membranes were suitable for MD application owing to their high hydrophobicity, small pore size with narrow pore distribution, high DCMD performance, especially the interconnected pore structure. The membrane containing 5 wt% PEG-400 was evidenced to be the optimal one for the MD process, mainly according to the high interconnected pore structure which provide more passages for vapour transfer. The permeate flux was 17.98 kg (m−2 h−1) with a conductivity as low as 7 μS cm−1 at the temperature difference of 30 °C. In addition, an excellent performance sustainability was observed including a relatively steady permeate flux and conductivity during the 360 h continuous DCMD operation.


Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) is a kind of method utilizing hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by Fenton or Fenton-like reactions in situ to kill tumor cells. Copper, a cofactor of many intracellular enzymes, which has good biocompatibility, is a transition metal with extremely high efficiency in the Fenton-like reaction. However, when the intracellular free copper exceeds the threshold, it will bring serious side effects. Hence, we used the chelation between glutathione (GSH) and copper ions to produce a nanocatalytic drug, which was named as Cu-GSSG NPs, to fix free copper. With the aid of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vitro, Cu-GSSG NPs catalyzed it to •OH radicals, which could be confirmed by the electron spin resonance spectrum and the degradation experiment of methylene blue. Based on these results, we further studied the intracellular properties of Cu-GSSG NPs and found that Cu-GSSG NPs could react with the overexpressed H2O2 in tumor cells to produce •OH radicals effectively by the Fenton-like reaction to induce cell death. Therefore, Cu-GSSG NPs could be a kind of potential "green" nanocatalytic drug with good biocompatibility to achieve CDT.


In this research, Solar Chimney (SC) as a passive system in the building, is used to provide thermal comfort and reduction of energy consumption. The operation of SC will have different effects in different climates. Investigating this issue can make it possible to use this system in places where its operation is more efficient in terms of thermal comfort and economic issues. EnergyPlus was applied to model a house with SC. Potential of cooling and heating generated by SC was investigated in Humid (Babol) and Semi-arid (Tehran) climates. The result shows that in Babol, SC saves approximately 21% in cooling load and 16% in heating load consumption. On the other hand, in Tehran, using SC can save 35% in cooling load and 20% in heating load consumption. For both humid and semi-humid climates, Summer-SC (ventilation mode) performs better than Winter-SC (heating mode). In continue, for each city, the cost of saving electricity consumption by SC was spent on the purchase and installation of photovoltaic cells (PV). According to calculations, SC and PV systems annually produce 4717 kWh of clean energy in Babol and 6965 kWh in Tehran. In addition to producing clean energy, despite the low cost of grid electricity in Iran, employing these systems in each house, annually reduces the cost of electricity consumption by $ 8 and $ 14, respectively, in the cities of Babol and Tehran. Of course, this amount would be considerable for all the houses in a city.


Clinical application of adoptive transfer of TCR-engineered CTLs, a promising cancer immunotherapy, is limited by difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of effective CTLs and by TCR subunit misparing in engineered CTLs. As we reported at the 2012 AAI Meeting, humanized mice, made by transplantation of thymic tissue and CD34+ cells that were transduced with HLA-A2-restricted melanoma antigen (MART-1)-specific TCR, showed efficient development of MART-1-TCR+ human T cells expressing only the engineered TCR. Here we show that although T cells expressing MART-1-TCR were mainly CD8+, CD4 T cells expressing MART-1-TCR were also detected in most humanized mice examined. However, only MART-1-TCR+CD8+ T cells showed specific responses to MART-1 peptide immunization in vivo. In vitro CTL assay revealed that MART-1-TCR+CD8+ cells from humanized mice can mediate robust specific killing of melanoma cells, and fully retain their cytotoxicity after substantial in vitro expansion (up to tens of thousands of times). Adoptive transfer of these expanded CD8 T cells induced potent antitumor responses in both subcutaneous and metastatic tumor models. Furthermore, treatment with IL-15 significantly improved the survival and anti-tumor effects of adoptively transferred MART-1-TCR+CD8+ cells. These findings indicate that humanized mice provide not only an in vivo model for preclinical research, but also a potential means of producing a large quantity of human T cells for cancer immunotherapy.


This paper describes the realization of the International Temperature scale of 1990 from 1,2 K to 2473 K at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM), China, and gives the uncertainties in each range of the scale. Results of recent research in thermometry at the NIM are also reported. The non-uniqueness of SPRTs over the temperature range 13 K to 419 C and the nonlinearity of radiation thermometers have been investigated at the NIM. The results of international comparisons of the triple points of water and freezing points of silver between the NIM, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA, and the Nederlands Meetinstituut (NMi), the Netherlands, are presented.


Drinking water sources are affected by natural and anthropogenic processes that can alter theirtreatability. Fossil fuel extraction and utilization activities have received considerable attentionrecently since discharge of their associated wastewaters can increase bromide loading to sourcewaters and elevate bromide concentrations at downstream drinking water intakes. When bromideis present in drinking water sources, the rate and extent of disinfection byproduct (DBP) formationincreases, and the speciation shifts toward brominated forms. Brominated DBPs exhibit highertoxicity and are associated with negative health outcomes (e.g., cancer) at lower concentrationsthan chlorinated DBPs. Thus, increases in brominated DBPs increase the health risk associatedwith treated drinking water.The objective of this work was to evaluate anthropogenic sources of bromide to surface waters andtheir effects on drinking water sources, with a focus on coal-fired power plants operating wet fluegas desulfurization (FGD) systems. Three main conclusions were reached through watershed-,state-, and national-level analyses. First, bromide concentrations at a drinking water intake in thelower Allegheny River in southwestern Pennsylvania are significantly affected by oil and gasproduced water and wet FGD discharges, particularly during low flow periods, and thecontributions are governed by the magnitude of the loads and the dilution capacity at the intake,not geographic proximity. Power plant-associated loads could increase threefold if bromideaddition is selected as a process for mercury emission control. Second, considering a state-level analysis, there are significantly more people served by Pennsylvania drinking water systems thatare downstream of coal-fired power plant FGD discharges than previously identified, and multiplepower plants can affect a single drinking water intake. Third, although overall coal consumptionhas declined, an increase in wet FGD-associated coal consumption, concurrent with increasing useof halogen addition for meeting air quality regulations or securing federal tax credits, has resultedin increases in bromide discharges from wet FGD that are affecting drinking water systems acrossthe country, particularly in the Ohio (HUC-05), Missouri (HUC-10) and South-Atlantic-Gulf(HUC-03) hydrologic regions. Insufficient information on use of refined coal (which may or maynot have been treated with halogens) and on bromide addition for meeting mercury regulationsleads to significant uncertainty in the amount of bromide that will enter drinking water sources inthe future.


The crystal structure of DL-2-methyl-7-oxododecanoic acid has been determined by direct methods from three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P2~/c, with a= 9"122, b = 5.061, c = 30.784 ,~ and ,8= 100.7 °. Positional and anisotropic thermal parameters of the carbon and oxygen atoms were refined to give a final R index of 0.088. The hydrocarbon chain is bent at C(2) and the methyl group forms a continuation of the zigzag backbone. The chain is twisted by 7 ° at the keto group. The carboxyl groups are hydrogen bonded across centres of symmetry, the chain packing being the orthorhombic type O']_.


This quasi-experimental study examined the short-term e ff ectiveness of Dutch Cell Dogs (DCD), a short prison-based dog-training program, on anti-social behavioral and wellbeing outcomes of incarcerated adults ( n = 138; men = 133; women = 5). Little is known about the responsivity of subgroups – and the prerequisites of change – in dog-training programs (DTPs). Therefore, the role of moderators (age, cultural background, correctional facility type) and predictors (dog bond, implementation process) of DCD was also assessed. Results demonstrated that DCD ( n = 70) did not outperform treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 68) in any of the outcomes, although a small negative e ff ect was found for aggression ( F (1,135) = 5.552, p = 0.020), which appeared driven by the group of participants who had a weaker bond with the dog. This group had higher aggression levels after the program, compared with TAU ( F (1, 98) = 9.443, p = 0.003). The dog bond was not associated with any other outcomes post-intervention. In addition, age moderated program e ff ectiveness on infractions (Wald χ 2(1) = 6.254, p = 0.012), suggesting di ff erential e ff ects for younger (< 36 years) participants. No evidence was found for the other moderators and predictor of implementation quality. In conclusion, DCD did not outperform TAU in anti-social behavioral and wellbeing outcomes. Some evidence for predictors and moderators were found. The present study is only one of the fi rst to examine what matters for whom in a DTP for incarcerated adults. More research, preferably in the form of randomized controlled trials with su ffi ciently large sample sizes, is needed.


Conformance test is test to confirm whether an implemented software satisfies the designed specification or not. In order to execute conformance test, test sequences need to be generated from the state transition diagram, which represents the specification of the implemented software. There are some different behaviors of nodes between wireless mobile ad hoc networks and wired fixed networks. Since nodes move around in the ad hoc networks, any node in the ad hoc networks receives packets from an unexpected number of neighbor nodes during a specified period. So the length of test sequences generated from the state transition diagram is affected by the number of such neighbor nodes. In order to reduce the length of test sequences, this paper proposes conditions to redefine transitions to receive packets from neighbor nodes as a set of transitions in the state transition diagram. Then this paper shows how many number of test sequence can be reduced using the redefined transitions.


Congress drives the federal lawmaking process. Yet every year our best new lawyers focus their competitive energies not on jobs with the nation's legislature but rather on judicial clerkships and other prestigious apprenticeships with executive agencies, law firms, and academe. Congress should be concerned. But it needs to understand that this demand deficit has grown in part from a supply problem of its own creation. Unlike the courts, agencies, firms, and academe, Congress lacks an apprenticeship program. For the first time in the literature, I set out the case in full for a congressional clerkship program. After explaining Congress's current comparative inaccessibility, and identifying the immediate benefits of a program to Congress and young lawyers, I argue that a congressional clerkship program would be a vital first step toward correcting the profound, previously unrecognized dearth of legislative experience among the profession's elite demonstrated by my new empirical analysis. I conclude by urging the Senate to approve a bill passed by the U.S. House that would create a pilot program, and explaining what Congress needs to do to make its clerkship program successful over the long run.


Background: The family doctor system has gained rapid ground worldwide. In recent years, China has been actively exploring family doctor-type contracted services. The purpose of this study was to explore the influencing factors of Contracted Family Doctors Services (CFDS) from the perspectives of community health service providers, administrators and medical staff, and it provides a strong basis for the development and promotion of CFDS. Methods: A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was adopted in this study. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among community health service providers and administrators in 12 community health service centers across four provinces (Zhejiang, Anhui, Beijing, and Shanghai) of China. A total of 389 people took the survey. Ultimately, 320 questionnaires were valid. The effective response rate was 82.3%. A total of 36 consumers were interviewed through in-depth interviews. The total effective rate 100.0%. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and expert consultation were used to analyze the influencing factors of CFDS. Results: The factors influencing CFDS from the perspectives of medical staff were divided into four dimensions, with the following weighting coefficients: national government (31.87%), community health service agency factors (24.73%), consumers-related factors (22.58%), and contracted doctor-related factors (20.82%). The factors influencing CFDS from the perspectives of patients/consumers were national policy factors, contracted team factor, and consumers-related factors. Conclusions: National governments, community health agencies, community health workers, and consumers play an important role in the advancement of CFDS. Therefore, the development of CFDS needs to consider the rights and interests of all stakeholders involved.


Membrane proteins are proteins that reside in the cell membrane. Due to their position in the cell membrane, the barrier between the cell interior and exterior, they are vital to cell signaling. Moreover, the presence of membrane proteins in the cell's signaling pathways make membrane proteins important drug targets. In fact, one of the most important drug target classes are the membrane residing G protein coupled receptors. Despite this apparent importance there is currently no good technique for purifying membrane proteins that does not also have a high risk of causing denaturation of the protein. Taking into account that the cell membrane and its constituents can be described as a two-dimensional fluid, combined with the fact that many chromatography techniques are two-dimensional systems, it may seem peculiar that membrane chromatography is not yet solved in a satisfactory way. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to improved membrane protein chromatography.

Hydrodynamic forces have recently been used to induce lateral movement of membrane associated molecules, a principle which has been utilized to improve the efficiency of the accumulation and separation of membrane associated molecules situated in supported lipid bilayers (SLB). This was done by forming SLBs in microfluidic channels, and by further introducing a gold barrier situated on the floor of the microfluidic channel. The barrier restricts the SLB to the center of the microfluidic channel where the spatial variation of the hydrodynamic force is small. Thanks to the so obtained homogeneous force, it was possible to show that separation of cholera toxin B subunit based on the number of attachment points to the SLB was complete, with no material in between the different populations.

Also, a method for label-free diffusivity measurements on a substrate that is sensitive to changes in the effective refractive index in a small volume above the substrate is described. The technique is based on local application of hydrodynamic forces, in a so called hydrodynamic trap, to locally accumulate proteins at a surface coverage significantly higher than the equilibrium of the system. The trap is subsequently turned off, allowing the accumulated proteins to diffuse out of the trap, allowing the diffusivity of the accumulated proteins can be studied. The latter method was shown to provide a unique possibility to compare the diffusivity of labeled and non-labeled proteins in otherwise identical systems. It was shown that the inclusion of fluorescent labels decreases the diffusivity by approximately 12%.


Hydro-power plants, as a part of infrastructure projects, play an important role in the economic-social development of countries. Since a large amount of investment is needed for construction of these power plants, which appeared to be an obstacle in these developments, however it is possible to finance these infrastructure plants by assigning these affairs to private sectors by using build operate transfer (BOT) method, which is quite well-known all around the world. This paper reviews the structure of BOT contracts and through an economic evaluation based on different percentage of investments of private sector in providing the expenses of small and medium hydro-power plants (S&M-HPP) (e.g. MHPP in ''Bookan, Iran'' and SHPP in ''Nari, Iran''), demonstrates that by increasing the percentage the share of the private sector in the investment, the economic indices B/C and NPV improve substantially. r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


The potential role of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of experimental neonatal sepsis models was investigated. Lethality was induced in neonatal rats by administration of heat killed group B streptococci (GBS, 7 mg kg-1 intracardially) or Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin (0.35 mg kg-1 intracardially). The relative efficacy of six compounds with putative TNF alpha and eicosanoid inhibitory actions were tested. These were: ibuprofen (3 and 20 mg kg-1), a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor; CGS85515 (30 mg kg-1), a lipoxygenase inhibitor; LY203647 (30 mg kg-1), a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist; pentoxifylline (10, 50 and 100 mg kg-1), a TNF inhibitor; cloricromene (2 and 10 mg kg-1), a thromboxane A2 synthetase inhibitor with TNF alpha inhibitory actions; and SKF86002 (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 mg kg-1), a dual cyclo-oxygenase/lipoxygenase inhibitor with TNF alpha inhibitory activity. Pentoxifylline, cloricromene and SKF86002, when given intraperitoneally 2 h before challenge, produced 45, 52 and 61% reductions, respectively, in plasma levels of TNF alpha at 2.5 h post-injection with killed GBS (P < 0.05). On the contrary, pretreatment with ibuprofen, CGS85515 or LY203647 did not significantly affect TNF alpha levels. All compounds significantly attenuated the lethality by killed GBS and S. enteritidis endotoxin. These data suggest that TNF alpha and eicosanoids contribute to the pathogenesis of shock induced by killed GBS and endotoxemia.


In the neighborhood of a singularity a parallel manipulator becomes uncontrollable due to actuator saturation. Therefore it is important to know where all singularities of such a manipulator are. This paper presents a new and geometric approach to compute the singularities of all spatial Stewart-Gough platform manipulators which have anchor points of base and platform in planes. It is shown that these manipulators have a geometrically exceptional home pose and it is described how singularity free regions can be found. The developed methods are used to evaluate the singularity free orientation capability of a manipulator along any prescribed trajectory.Copyright © 2002 by ASME


Background. Previous neuroimaging studies of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have demonstrated anatomic and functional abnormalities predominantly in frontal and striatal grey matter. Here we report the use of novel image analysis methods, which do not require prior selection of regions of interest, to characterize distributed morphological deficits of both grey and white matter associated with ADHD. Methods. Eighteen children with a refined phenotype of ADHD, who also met ICD-10 criteria for hyperkinetic disorder (mean age 10·4 years), and 16 normal children (mean age 10·3 years) were compared using magnetic resonance imaging. The groups were matched for handedness, sex, height, weight and head circumference. Morphological differences between groups were estimated by fitting a linear model at each voxel in standard space, applying a threshold to the resulting voxel statistic maps to generate clusters of spatially contiguous suprathreshold voxels, and testing cluster 'mass', or the sum of suprathreshold voxel statistics in each 2D cluster, by repeated random resampling of the data. Results. The hyperkinetic children had significant grey matter deficits in right superior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area (BA) 8/9), right posterior cingulate gyrus (BA 30) and the basal ganglia bilaterally (especially right globus pallidus and putamen). They also demonstrated significant central white matter deficits in the left hemisphere anterior to the pyramidal tracts and superior to the basal ganglia. Conclusions. This pattern of spatially distributed grey matter deficit in the right hemisphere is compatible with the hypothesis that ADHD is associated with disruption of a large scale neurocognitive network for attention. The left hemispheric white matter deficits may be due to dysmyelination.


Since type strain B348 of Eubacterium cellulosolvens (Cillobacterium cellulosolvens Bryant, Small, Bouma, and Robinson) was lost, we propose that van Gylswyk and Hoffman strain 6 (= ATCC 00000) be designated the neotype strain of this species. The characteristics of the neotype strain are compared with the characteristics of strains described elsewhere and with some of the most important characteristics of strains recently isolated by us from sheep rumina.


Resting potentials of frog sartorius muscle fibers were taken with microelectrodes at different distances along the length of muscles before and after adding acetylcholine or choline. The mean membrane potential drop and scatter of the potentials recorded in the relatively nerve-free, and in the more densely innervated parts of the muscle, were similar. The loss of direct excitability to electrical and mechanical stimulation was correlated with the concentration of choline or acetylcholine presented. d-tubocurarine added beforehand protected against the depolarizing effect of acetylcholine and choline everywhere along the length of the muscle. A generalized action of acetylcholine and choline and also of d-tubocurarine all along the muscle fibers was inferred. This generalized action at higher concentrations of acetylcholine and choline is believed to be additional to a more specific end plate action.


Prior studies have documented that stock returns are abnormally high during the years following share repurchases and abnormally low following seasoned equity offerings, relative to various benchmarks of expected returns. While we confirm this evidence in the event data as of 2002, we do not find robust long-run abnormal returns following either stock repurchases or issuances after 2002. Institutional ownership of event stocks has increased substantially in the recent decade, which helps to explain the disappearance of the abnormal performance following corporate stock transactions. The evidence seems consistent with the improved stock market efficiency in recent years, accompanied by reduced trading costs, popularization of algorithmic trading, and increased institutional investment activity, as documented by a number of recent studies. Also consistent with the improved market efficiency, fewer firms in the recent years conduct stock repurchases or seasoned equity offerings for the purpose of timing the market. JEL classification: G12, G14, G32, G35


Abstract Despite substantial cross-national interest in remedial programming as a way to support low-achieving students, evidence of its effectiveness is rare, particularly in low-income and/or crisis-affected contexts. In this article, we present experimental evidence of the impact of a remedial tutoring program on academic outcomes from a two-level randomized trial of two treatments in Niger: school randomization testing the impact of skill-targeted SEL activities and within-school student-level randomization testing the impact of access to remedial tutoring. We find that tutoring for 4 h per week improves students' literacy and Math outcomes, and the addition of skill-targeted SEL activities positively impacts school grades above and beyond access to tutoring alone. These findings suggest the potential value of remedial tutoring to supplement formal schooling in low-income and/or conflict-affected contexts. They also suggest increased attention to implementation strategies, as access alone was insufficient for students to attain grade-level competencies.


The birth and development of modern societies and networks in Electrostatics are analyzed, with a focus on the industrial and social needs underpinning these efforts. A particular emphasis is put on the 1965-1980 period when most of the organization of this field has occurred. Key people and industrial issues were identified with the help of a questionnaire sent to senior researchers in the field. The position and visibility of research in Electrostatics are analyzed.


Despite weeds are a serious threat to promotion of organic farming, relatively less attention is given to research on weed management. This article explores a scope of integration of conservation agriculture for weed control and soil protection under organic farming. Limitation in the use of agro-chemicals under OF promotes intensive tillage for weed control. Mostly, tillage leads to depletion of organic matter and proneness to erosion in inclined geography. Adoption of conservation agriculture reduces the intensity of soil manipulation thereby creates an unfavourable condition for weed seed germination, reduces the organic matter depletions and soil erosions. Residues on the surface invite weed and pest predators thereby reduced the weed and pest infestations in organic field. Appropriate crop rotations and cover crops management suppress weeds populations with smothering and allopathic effects. Thus, CA integration under OF could be an option for weed, pest and soil management which leads to sustainable organic plant production. The Journal of Agriculture and Environment Vol:13, Jun.2012, Page 60-66 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/aej.v13i0.7589


Although most patients with psychological disorders are diagnosed and treated within the primary care setting, there are few guidelines to help primary care physicians and managed care plan administrators construct programs of behavioral health care that are compatible with the primary care environment. We report the findings from a review of the literature from 1970 to 1996 on factors that predict the use of mental health and substance abuse services with specific reference to primary care. We use a heuristic framework of service use that includes the characteristics of patients, primary care physicians, practice settings, and managed care plans. Recognizing that the factors associated with the use of services center on the primary care practice, we argue that programs of behavioral health care will work best when they are decentralized to account for variations among primary care patients, physicians, and practices; when they are integrated clinically, financially, and administratively within the primary care setting; and when primary care physicians are active leaders in the design and implementation of these services, for clinical and financial reasons.


PNEUMONIC changes can be found in the lungs of a substantial proportion of the fetuses which die in utero in the late stages of gestation. Similar alterations found in the lungs of percentage of liveborn infants who for only a few hours or day. In the first instance it is certain, in the second it is generally assumed that the process had its origin within the uterus. In an additional number of both stillborn and liveborn infants, it may be demonstrated by microscopic examination that there is an excessive quantity of amniotic sac contents within the lungs.
 The pathogenetic factors responsible for both intrauterine pneumonia and for excessive aspiration of amniotic contents have never been definitely established. There still exit profound differences of opinion on every aspect of the process of intrauterine respiration. The following represent expert opinions on the question as to whether the fetus "breathes" or not.
 Snyder and Rosenfeld state that "in the full-term fetus sponataneous rhythmic respiratory movements occur which may continue many hours. "Davis and Potter maintain that "amniotic fluid is normally aspirated into lungs as part of intrauterine respiratoy activity" and concluded that "an adquatic existence for the fetus is normal during intrauterine life."
 Windle has arrived at the opposite conclusion. In 1939 he wrote,"One is tempted to entertain the false assumption that respiration at birth is a continuation of respiratory-like phenomena indulged in normally throughout fetal life. This is contrary to fact." Sir Joseph Barcroft came to the same conclusion. "There is during the second half of fetal life an inhibition of the nervous mechanism responsible for respiratory movements. If there were not the fetus would be drowned before it was born."


Twenty-eight patients participated in a controlled double-blind study to determine the effectiveness of electrosleep as a treatment modality. To our knowledge this is the first study in the English literature in which the peripheral rhythmic electrical stimulation has been eliminated, thereby allowing the results of the current effect on the brain to be independently evaluated. Both global ratings by patients and physicians on the fifth day of treatment and on two-week follow-up indicate that current effect is not associated with significant improvement, although patient global ratings on day 5 indicate a trend in this direction. Self-rating scales by patients indicate no significant improvement for anxiety, insomnia, or somatic complaints. Depressive self-rating scales do show a significant improvement on day 5 of treatment, but no carry over effect to the two-week follow-up.