Introduction: Simeoni et al., Cancer Res 64, 1094-1101 (2004) published a mathematical model, widely used pre-clinically to describe the growth and inhibition by anti-cancer agents of xenografted models. Ribba et al. Eur. J. Cancer, 47, 479-490 (2011) demonstrated the utility of a mechanistic model that characterizes the tumor xenograft in terms of non-hypoxic, hypoxic, and necrotic. This poster demonstrates modeling approaches that have been utilized when the simplifying assumptions in the Simeoni model are invalid. We will also extend the model presented by Ribba et al., to incorporate the spatial features of a tumor in an attempt to better describe the tumor micro-environment. Here, focused experimentation coupled with PKPD modeling elucidates the schedule dependence of anti-tumor efficacy in a xenograted breast cancer cell line (BT474c). Methods: The Simeoni and Ribba models were adapted to incorporate features that describe: (1) the utility of biomarkers in cell signaling pathways as a driver for growth inhibition; (2) multiple mechanisms of drug action on sub-populations of cells that drive tumor growth. The model incorporates the concepts of a "shell" of cells, sufficiently proximal to blood vessels to be cycling; a hypoxic layer with the potential to cycle; a necrotic core. The model was calibrated using data from a dose fractionation experiment where similar weekly doses were delivered either twice daily continuously or a higher dose once daily 4 days of a week. The efficacy for untested doses and schedules were then simulated to identify intermittent doses that would result in the same efficacy as a continuous twice daily schedule. Further efficacy studies were then carried out to validate the prediction. Results: The model described biomarker and tumor volume time series well for a range of doses. It was found that the model predicted that a 30% dose increase was required for the 4 days a week schedule and a 70% increase was required for 2 days per week schedule. Further efficacy studies validated these predictions with the observed efficacy of three different schedules having no statistically significant differences. Conclusions: We demonstrate that adding mechanistic features to a descriptive model of drug-induced tumor growth inhibition makes it more representative of the disease biology and drug action. Modeling has enabled us to elucidate the relative balance of the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic consequences of AKT inhibition in a xenografted breast cancer cell line. A focused experiment-model-predict approach has achieved this in an efficient manner, with experimental validation adding credence to model predictions that will facilitate decision making for the clinical development program. Citation Format: James W. Yates, Phillipa Dudley, Barry Davies. Validation of a predictive modeling approach to demonstrate the relative efficacy of three different schedules of the AKT inhibitor AZD5363. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3352. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3352


90% OF Malawi's 9 million inhabitants live in rural areas. Although tradition dictates that young females abstain from engaging in sexual relations until being initiated by a traditional adviser following the initial onset on menses, many preinitiation and premenstrual girls break tradition and say that they receive school fees and gifts in exchange for sex. While these village girls may know that AIDS can kill, most think that they are not at risk. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior were assessed by live-in researchers in a sample of 258 girls aged 10-18 in 2 villages over the period 1991-92. Focus groups were held, in initiations attended and observed, and interviews conducted with girls, mothers, grandmothers, and village leaders. 300 female adolescents were then surveyed in 10 other villages. 70% of the girls had sex before either initiation or menstruation with the average age at first intercourse of 13.6 years. 80% of the girls had heard of AIDS and 14% thought they had a good or moderate chance of contracting it, yet they expressed a far higher perceived risk of contracting other sexually transmitted diseases. These benefits were obtained from radio, church, and word-of-mouth messages that AIDS is transmitted by easy partners, bar girls, and truck drivers, and from someone who looks very ill from AIDS. 55% said they are often forced to have sex; 66% have accepted money or gifts for sex; and 75% would like help in learning how to convince a boy to use a condom. Grandmothers and other elders tell girls about menstruation, hygiene, and illness, while sex education comes largely from peers. Were there widespread motivation to employ condoms, condoms are accessible only in the district hospital which is a 25-mile round trim for many; all surveyed community members favored eventual community-based condom distribution. Study results suggest that disseminating messages through existing communication channels of grandmothers, other elder women, and peers could help correct false perceptions about HIV transmission and personal risk, and condoms need to be more available in villages as well as counseling on their use. It is suggested that a group of interventions could be tested which would build upon the work of the national AIDS program.


Internal communication flow that took place at the Retired Women's Fashion Forum  TNI - POLRI (FKPPI) was not as bright as the achievements he had achieved. There are still obstacles in the process of information exchange between FKPPI chairmen and FKPPI members, one of them is lack of communication between FKPPI chairman and all members of FKPPI and vice versa among FKPPI members who are still lacking to communicate each other, giving information to each other. Commitment should be a binder in giving more impetus to the success of the organization not appropriately applied by the FKPPI board plus many inactive administrators make barriers in achieving and festive success. All and every member should be able to actively engage and cooperate in various decision-making. Through the same goals and values of organization with the purpose of members will create a commitment to achieve a better goal of the organization. This research uses qualitative approach with data collection technique through observation by doing direct observation. Population studied in this research is All Member of Communication Forum of Putri Putri Purnawirawan  TNI - POLRI (FKPPI) In Karimun Regency either inactive or active still amount to 33 people according to organizational structure of management. Researchers take a predetermined sample in accordance with the technique used is Purposive sampling is to choose a sample based on the goal. Total samples taken are 10 informants who are active in the management of FKPPI. The upward pattern of communication within the Karimun District FKPPI is generally open, in which each member is given the freedom to express his opinions in the form of: ideas, suggestions, criticism or whatever else to the boss, as long as what they say can help in progress an organization. Downward communication pattern in FKPPI of Karimun Regency should run between members with its chairman. All that can happen because the communication between members is quite intimate and close to each other. Downward communication pattern in FKPPI of Karimun Regency should run between members with its chairman. All that can happen because the communication between members is quite intimate and close to each other. Good communication will certainly produce a good as well. Good relationships to build and enhance good solidarity relationships with each other. Communication barriers felt by employees in FKPPI Karimun District is sometimes the case in the management of FKPPI is a communication barrier that often happens is the lack of interest members to plan the program.


This article contains development of effective Internet-marketing communicational strategy on a high-tech company in the time of digital interaction in the plane of the marketing environment. Theoretical and methodological provisions for managing Internet-marketing communication strategies of high-tech companies and startup projects have been expanded. It is established that the separation of the target audience and its specific sectors allows company to increase the degree of targeting of marketing communication strategies. This mediates the formation of marketing and communication effectiveness of such strategies in the digital environment. It is determined that advertising strategy is a more creative complex, consisting of a unique offer and transmitted to consumers through the advertising. This article contains the application of the method of forming the budget of marketing communications based on the goals and objectives of the incentive complex. In this case, goals, tasks are determined, necessary costs are calculated. The role of strategic and tactical marketing communications in partnerships is very important because that it contains a system of elements, innovative interaction tools. The Pertinence Coefficient is calculated as an assessment of the choice of marketing communications correctness. An analysis of the "MORE PYVA" company partnership with suppliers and customers was conducted. It is noted that the observed company uses one of the competitive strategies identified as the Strategy of the Leader according to P. Kotler. The company also applies a defense strategy, called "Market Share Protection". The marketing communication strategy of the company is defined as Strategy of "Pushing". The matrix of strategic balance (SWOT) of the enterprise was formed. It was found that the analysis and definition of the target audience is important in creating a digital strategy. There is a need to explore the values and social status of consumers and the channels through which it is possible to interact. The "MORE PYVA" chain emphasizes youth meetings, company vacations and fun rest in general. Therefore, company's Instagram account filled by bright photos and videos of vacation with friends, in nature or at home.


ABSTRACT The geography of Judah is unique among the territorial kingdoms of the southern Levant, featuring four distinct regions with the potential for exploitation in different economic strategies. In the Iron IIB the vassal kingdom experienced a dramatic economic transformation directed by the Assyrian empire, from traditional Mediterranean subsistence to specialised economy based on its four zones: viticulture in the highlands, oleo-culture in the Shephelah, services to the Arabian trade in the Beersheba Valley and date and exotic plant groves in the Dead Sea Valley oases. This high-risk/high-gain system may clarify the development of advanced administration, which, in turn, explains the unique features in the material culture of Judah compared to neighbouring kingdoms: The system of stamped handles and weights and the proliferation of scribal activity. The division of the kingdom into districts, as portrayed in Josh 15, is connected to this reality, and hence probably originated slightly earlier than conventionally argued.


Health monitoring is of critical importance in maintaining the integrity of high-speed rotating machinery. In this paper, a health monitoring strategy based upon the acquisition and analysis of vibration measurements is described and evaluated. A common technique in this regard is to track changes in the synchronous vibration due to imbalance. However, such an approach must consider the controller strategy used with the magnetic bearings. Herein, a simulation model is developed that consists of a flywheel system supported by magnetic bearings, which are controlled using an adaptive strategy that suppresses synchronous vibration. The interaction between the rotor vibration and the controller responses are evaluated in order to provide insight into indicators of crack initiation and growth. The results and conclusions are also validated using an experimental test rig. Some insights and guidelines as to appropriate strategies for crack detection in rotor systems interacting with active bearing controllers is presented and discussed.Copyright © 2007 by ASME


We report hertz level relative linewidth distributed feedback diode lasers with external optical feedback from a high finesse F-P cavity, and demonstrate the efficient phase noise suppression and laser linewidth reduction of the optical feedback technique. The laser phase noise is dramatically suppressed throughout the measurement frequency range. Especially at the Fourier frequency of 17 kHz, approximately the linewidth of the F-P reference cavity, the laser phase noise is significantly suppressed by more than 92 dB. Above this Fourier frequency, the noise maintains a white phase noise plateau as low as -124.4 dBc/Hz. The laser's FWHM linewidth is reduced from 7 MHz to 4.4 Hz, and its instantaneous linewidth is 220 mHz in the Lorentzian fitting.


Due to rapid urbanization, most cities in the world like Shanghai have a large number of underground facilities including public transport and commercial facilities such as subway, parks, shopping malls, etc. With the continuous development of underground spaces, the threat of rainstorm waterlogging is increasing. One of the significant components of impacts from rainstorm waterlogging is possibility of damage to underground facilities. Under the background of dramatic increase of extreme weather events, the safety issues of underground spaces against rainstorm waterlogging have become an important aspect of urban safety. The present study focused on subway in Shanghai central urban area, and analyzed the exposure of rainstorm waterlogging on subway based on multiple scenario perspective. Considering a series of impact factors of rainstorm waterlogging in urban area, the present study established a framework for exposure analysis of rainstorm waterlogging on subway through the combination of hydrological modeling and concept model for rainstorm waterlogging affected frequency. The results show that the exposure of subway in Shanghai central urban area was not very high. The total number of subway station exits which might suffer rainstorm waterlogging was only 40.Meanwhile, the number of inundated subway exits presents a remarkable increasing trend as increasing rainstorm intensity. Shanghai West Railway Station exit 1 and Loushanguan Road Station exit 3 have high exposure rank. The number of subway station exits with medium exposure was 18. There were 20 subway station exits, which have low exposure rank. The exposure index(ES) value indicates that there are obvious differences of exposure degree between different subway lines. Overall, Subway line 2 and line 11 belong to high exposure subway line; line 8 and line 10 have medium exposure rank; and line 1, line 4, line 7 and line 9 show low waterlogging exposure. These results will provide reference for the local government to improve waterlogging risk management.


Faust, as a domain-specific language (DSL) initially designed to represent block-diagram algebra, is efficient through its syntax to describe DSPs because of its structural similarity to physical signal processing devices. This approach allows the Faust compiler to generate an equivalent graphical representation of the coded algorithm as a block-diagram. Considering the nature of the language, the reverse should be possible as well (compiling an equivalent Faust DSP code from a block-diagram). This paper discusses the possibility to achieve this process and proposes a web-based block-diagram graph editor for designing Faust DSP.


The issue of residents' satisfaction with their dwelling units and their neighbourhoods is oneof the growing interests in many arenas. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the quality oflife of residents in Briardale, Newlands West. The prime intention was to investigate the influence of various life domains onquality of iife of the sample populations. The sample population was stratified into three groups, viz. Dwellers in single cottages, semi-detached and duplex units and the flats sector. It has been revealed in the final analysis that neighbourhood deficits influenced neighbourhood satisfaction. It was further established that in addition to dwelling and neighbourhood deficits. socio-economic characteristics influenced the quality of life of residents. The flat dwellers were dissatisfied with their environment and being renters, this influenced their quality of life. Unemployment was highest among this sector. The salient reason for dissatisfaction amongst most residents was the lack of recreational and entertainment facilities, cultural and neighbourhood organizations and the poor quality of the flats and duplex units. The greatest degree of interaction with the neighbours was amongst the flat dwellers and the lowest level of community participation was also among this group. The residents had no confidence in the local civic groups since these groups had done very little in the last decade to improve their quality of life. A great degree of dissatisfaction arose because none of the residents were consulted about their housing needs prior to occupying their dwellings. In spite of the dissatisfactions expressed, most of the residents preferred to remain in this area because of its easy


Antibiotic resistance bacteria pathogens especially in food animal is an emerging problem of public health concern, resistant pathogens is acquired by man through food chain. This study aimed at investigating antibiotic resistance pattern of pathogenic bacteria in poultry droppings. Samples of fresh poultry dung were obtained from free-range chicken and nine commercial chicken farms, in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. Samples were plated on selective and differential media. Isolated bacteria were identified by standard microbiological method. Pathogens isolated include both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, namely; Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella spp. Citrobacter spp. Salmonella spp. Serratia marcescens, Shigella dysenteriae, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. Antibiotics used for gram negative pathogens were; ofloxacin, amoxycillin, tetracycline, gentamycin, augmentin, ceftriazone, nitrofuration, cotrimozazole, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol while cotrimoxazole, erythromycin, augumentin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, cloxacilin, gentamycin, streptomycin were used for gram positive pathogens. The resistant pattern in gram negative pathogens revealed that more than 90% were resistant to Augmentin, Ceftriaxone, Nitrofuratoin, Amoxicillin and Cotrimoxazole, 80.15% resistant to tetracycline, 83.97% resistant to chloramphenicol, 35.11% resistant to gentamycin, 16.79% resistant to ciprofloxacin and 8.40% resistant to ofloxacin, gram positive pathogens were 100% sensitive to streptomycin and 100% resistant to cotrimozazole and augmentin, 83.33% resistant to tetracycline, 38.89% resistant to cloxacilin and 22.22% resistant to gentamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol. Conclusively, the conventional use of antibiotics in poultry has resulted to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria.


This session is for anyone currently using Alice 3.x and / or Alice 2.x, or exploring the possibility of using Alice in his or her curriculum. The discussion leaders and experienced Alice instructors will share teaching strategies, tips, and tricks with each other and those new to Alice. The session provides an arena for sharing Alice instructional materials and ideas for courses at all educational levels. This is an opportunity to share assignments and pointers to web sites where collections of instructional materials, such as syllabi, student projects, exams, and other resources are available.


amides. Some mild cases ha' e s'.own merely a sore, depapillated tongue, and others have also had a seborrhoeic rash with a very similar distribution to that of the cases described by Dr. Hughes. It had occurred to me that the mechanism of this drug reaction might possibly be the poisoning of such an enzyme system. It was therefore particularly interesting to read Dr. A. 1. Suchett-Kaye's article (March 25, p. 704) on the secondary syndrome of chemotherapy. He refers to Wedum's theory of the linking of sulphonamides with plasma proteins, forming specific antigens, and describes a case of sunburn treated locally .by a sulphlonamide preparation. The resulting dermatitis was healed by treatment with sedative lotions, but flared up following the syste-mic administration of a " sulpha " drug. It might be interesting to see the effect of a course of dimercaprol in such a case. I wonder whether this has ever been tried ?-I am, etc.,


The preparation which is the subject of inquiry differs from most of the weapons given us in our combat with disease in that its discovery was not due to a lucky accident but was rather the result of a carefully worked out method of investigation. Believing that for each specific parasite a specific curative drug could be found, Ehrlich set out to find a Substance which should be should be parasitotropic to the Spirochœta pallida (that is, should enter into combination with the pathogenic-orgorganism), rather than organotropic (that is, capable of combining with the cells of the human body). The direction which his search should take in syphilis had already been indicated by the work with atoxyl that had been done by Uhlenhuth, who had found that that substance permanently cured the syphilis of rabbis. In the clinical use of atoxyl, its effects on the body had been found so


OBJECTIVE
To study the surgical treatment of infrarenal aortic and iliac arterial occlusive disease.

METHOD
We analyzed 267 patients with arterial occlusive diseases of the abdominal aorta and iliac artery retrospectively.

RESULTS
All the patients were treated by surgery including aortic-iliac bypass in 145 patients, iliac-femoral bypass in 40, femoro-femoral bypass in 45, and axillo-femoral bypass in 37. Their total effective rate and perioperative mortality were 96.5% and 3.5%, respectively. Of the 267 patients, 178 were followed up. The patency rate of prosthesis was 82.0%.

CONCLUSIONS
Extra-anatomical bypass is a procedure of choice for high-risk patients, especially for those chronic patients with coronary heart disease, hypertension, cerebral arterial atherosclerosis, and brain infarction.


The bistatic radar cross section of a perfectly conducting flat plate with a rhombus shape (equilateral parallelogram) is investigated with simulations and measurements. A moment method surface patch formulation is used to compute the bistatic radar cross section of a 88.9-cm-long (35-in.-long) by 68.58-cm-wide (27-in.-wide) rhombus plate at 1.3 GHz over a wide range of bistatic angles. Important considerations of the bistatic measurements are described. It is shown that the simulations and measurements are in good agreement in terms of the copolarized and cross-polarized bistatic radar cross-section patterns. >


An Atomic Representation of a Herbrand Model (ARM) is a finite set of (not necessarily ground) atoms over a given Herbrand universe. Each ARM represents a possibly infinite Herbrand interpretation. This concept has emerged independently in different branches of Computer Science as a natural and useful generalization of the concept of finite Herbrand interpretation. It was shown that several recursively decidable problems on finite Herbrand models (or interpretations) remain decidable on ARMs. The following problems are essential when working with ARMs: Deciding the equivalence of two ARMs, deciding subsumption between ARMS, and evaluating clauses over ARMS. These problems were shown to be decidable, but their computational complexity has remained obscure so far. The previously published decision algorithms require exponential space. In spite of this, by developing new decision procedures, we are able to prove that all mentioned problems are coNP-complete.


The accurate prediction of software development costs may have a large economic impact. As a consequence, considerable research attention is now directed to understand better the software development process. The objective of this paper is to provide an experimental evaluation of the applicability, universality, and accuracy of some algorithmic software cost estimating models (COCOMO, TUCOMO, PUTNAM, COPMO, ESSE, and Function Points). Data on nine Italian Management Information Systems projects were collected and used to evaluate the performance of the models. The evaluation of the estimates was based on the Mean Magnitude Relative Error and Prediction at level 25% criteria. Results indicated that the models provided interesting performances, better if recalibrated with local data.


The Na+ efflux curves of single ovarian eggs are separable into two fractions. The magnitude of the slow fraction increases slowly with time of exposure of the eggs to labeled Na+, long after the fast fraction has reached equilibrium. The data agree with the theory that the fast fraction is rate-limited by surface permeation and that the slow fraction is rate-limited by desorption from intracellular adsorption sites.


This article explains the theoretical importance of the quality of money as a factor of the demand for money and develops the composite indicator that measures the quality of money for the eurozone. The demand for money, i.e., the amount of money people keep in their balances, besides other well-known factors (e.g., interest rate, price level, and income) depends on how people subjectively perceive a particular money's ability to serve its main functions: a medium of exchange, a store of value, and the unit of account. These properties depend not only on the instruments of monetary policy and the extent to which they are used, but also on the institutional framework of the monetary system. The article suggests that the quality of money is influenced by the institutional framework and monetary policy and that thus the quality of money is a separate channel for the transmission of money policy that works not through the usual mechanism of changing the supply of money, but through central banks affecting the demand for money. An important contribution of this article is that it develops an empirical composite indicator, which measures the quality of money in the eurozone in 1999–2019 and shows the gradual decline in the quality of euro.


For years analysts have recognized the error of assuming that experts in medical science are also experts in deciding the clinically correct course for patients. This paper extends the analysis of the use of the consensus of experts to their use in public policy groups such as NIH Consensus Development panels. After arguing that technical experts cannot be expected to be expert on public policy decisions, the author extends the criticism to the use of the consensus of experts in estimating facts to provide a basis for policy decisions. It is argued that to the extent that (a) experts' views regarding a body of facts can be expected to correlate with their values relevant to those facts; and (b) the values of experts differ from the values of lay people, even the estimates of the facts given by the consensus of expert panels can be expected to differ from the estimates lay people would have given had they had the relevant scientific expertise.


During October 2003 major geomagnetic storm, intensity scintillations on radio signals at 150 MHz and 400 MHz transmitted coherently from Tsykada beacon satellites have been observed. Through the analysis of intensity fluctuation spectra, evidence of refractive scattering from large scale ionospheric irregularities in the spatial plasma density distribution is found. The events can indeed be explained by using the refractive scattering theory developed by Booker and MajidiAhi (1981). The presence of refractive scattering is particularly evident in strong scintillation events, where spectral saturation may well occur. The observed intensity spectra fit the shape of theoretical predictions of the refractive theory. This provides useful insights about spectral slope, Fresnel scale, and the scale of irregularities producing the observed intensity scintillations actually present in the ionosphere.


Clevidipine is an ultrashort-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, which can control blood pressure accurately. It is necessary to develop a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method to quantitate clevidipine and its active metabolite H152/81 for clinical pharmacokinetic study and therapeutic drug monitoring. Liquid–liquid extraction was used for sample preparation, and clevidipine-d7 and H152/81-13C-d3 were chosen as the isotope internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed on an ACE Excel 2 Phenyl column (50 × 2.1 mm). Mass quantification was carried out on the multiple reaction monitoring of the transitions of m/z 473.1→338.1, 480.1→338.1, 356.0→324.0, and 362.2→326.2 for clevidipine, clevidipine-d7, H152/81, and H152/81-13C-d3. The validated method gave an excellent linearity over a concentration range of 0.1–30 ng/ml for clevidipine and 2–600 ng/ml for H152/81. Other fully validated content such as accuracy, precision, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were also investigated and showed satisfactory results. It was strongly recommended that whole blood is the first choice for clinical bioanalysis. Using whole blood for sample analysis can reduce the whole blood collection volume (1 ml vs. 4 ml) and shorten the time from sample collection to storage to 5 min, and there is no centrifugation process and precooling in the ice water bath, which can further reduce the instability caused by exposure. The method was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of clevidipine butyrate-injectable emulsion.


ABSTRACT Rural poverty in Sindh, Pakistan, has been artificially created by low prices of wheat, fixed by the federal government's price control board. Agriculture and agro-based industries account for 80 percent of the country's labor force. Among the consequences of this price control are low margins of profit to the farming community; low capacity to adequately develop farm land; low wages to farmers; and malnutrition in farm families, resulting in mental retardation and low I.Q. in children. Prices are controlled to provide cheap labor to industry. Other factors that contribute to poverty in Sindh are: loans against rural property are allowed at 10 percent of property value, compared to 75 percent for urban property; feudalist remnants in society discourage education among the masses to keep them poor and ignorant; and rural property owners lost their land to money lenders during the post-World War I depression. Poverty has affected family attitudes, economic conditions of the family, and the intellectual level of parents, all of which have affected the education of children. The education system needs to be reshaped to meet new social demands and should emphasize primary education, formal and technical education, adult literacy programs, equal education, and vocational education. A table shows the real value of 50 kg of wheat in terms of 1950 prices, for the years 1950-87.


Data standardization offers significant benefits for industry and regulators alike, suggesting that it should be easy. In practice, however, the process has been difficult and slow moving. Moving from an abstract incentive-based analysis to one focused on institutional detail reveals myriad frictions favoring the status quo despite foregone gains. This paper explores the benefits of and challenges confronting standardization, why it should be a top regulatory priority, and how to overcome some of the obstacles to implementation.

The paper also uses data standardization as a lens into the challenges that impede optimal financial regulation. Alongside capture and other common explanations for regulatory failures, this paper suggests that coordination problems, delayed benefits, and other banal, but perhaps no less intractable, challenges are often the real impediments to better financial regulation.


The problem of naming increasingly attracts researchers, which is associated with the manifestation of linguistic creativity of native speakers of a particular language on the one hand, and the reflection of modern processes in the field of naming urban objects, on the other hand. The article is devoted to the analysis of modern names of commercial new buildings in Almaty, which are put into operation from 2021-2022. Of linguistic interest is the trend of naming modern real estate objects, which will reflect the created image of the city through naming. The method of continuous sampling, classification, component analysis, and methods of conceptual and recursive analysis are used to identify the features of naming real estate objects. The article identifies and groups new oikodomonyms, presents their classification, and defines the center and periphery of the semantic space of oikodomonyms in Almaty. Discusses precedent eucommunity.


An indirect ELISA was used to detect antibodies to Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples collected from a herd with M bovis mastitis. Antibodies were detected in samples from nine cows which had developed clinical M bovis mastitis. Milk from only three consistently antigen-negative cows tested positive for M bovis antibodies. These results indicate the potential value of the indirect ELISA for the detection of cows which have recently developed M bovis mastitis during the early stages of an outbreak.


Three energetically close pairs of vibrational states in glycolic acid are investigated by Raman spectroscopy in a supersonic jet to provide challenging benchmarks for vibrational and electronic structure theory and to solve some open issues in this prototypical hydroxy acid. The alcoholic OH stretching fundamental is located only 8 cm-1 below the acidic OH stretch at 3586 cm-1, much less shifted than predicted by previous anharmonic calculations and by experimental analogy to a fluorene derivative. This and further near-degeneracies in the CH and C=O stretching region are used to assess the predictive power of an exploratory set of quantum chemical calculations including anharmonic VPT2 corrections.


The role of radiation therapy in the primary management of small cell lung cancer is very much a matter of current debate. Its value in palliative treatment is unquestioned. Disappointment in the apparent inability to demonstrate improvement in survival in some randomized studies as a result of locoregional radiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation may be due to the use of inappropriate study analysis. Recent studies using the end points of 2-year survival and local thoracic control do demonstrate improvements associated with locoregional thoracic radiotherapy. Factors such as total dose and radiation fraction size may be important. Large-field irradiation is also currently attracting interest, but its use should remain a research investigation.


In this study an experimental study on a biological methane oxidation column presented with the aim to calibrate a mathematical model developed in an earlier study. The column was designed to reproduce at lab-scale a real biofilter trying to consider the more probable landfill boundary conditions. Although the methane oxidation efficiency in the column was lower than the expected (around 35%), an appropriate model implementation showed an acceptable agreement between the outcomes data of the model simulation and the experimental data (with Theil's Inequality Coefficient value of 0.08). A calibrated model allows a better management of the biofilter performance in terms of methane oxidation.


Background

Heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have different sensitivity to plasma volume change after decongestion, but the possible differential effects of loop diuretics dosage on worsening renal function (WRF) in heart failure (HF) categories remain unclear.
Methods

In 972 patients with HFpEF and 427 patients with HFrEF, we assessed the risk of WRF with the average daily furosemide equivalent dose, using multivariable logistic regression. WRF was defined as an increase in serum creatinine levels of more than 26.5 mmol/L during hospitalization.
Results

In patients with HFpEF and HFrEF, between-group differences in average daily furosemide equivalent dose (18.9 mg/d vs. 26.8 mg/d) and the prevalence of WRF (25.3% vs. 14.3%) were significant (p < 0.001). In multivariable-adjusted analyses, a doubling of the average furosemide equivalent dose was associated with higher risk of WRF in all patients, patients with HFpEF and HFrEF, with odds ratios amounting to 1.42, 1.41 and 1.60 (p ≤ 0.022), respectively. There was no interaction between heart failure categories and average furosemide equivalent dose (p = 0.37). The adjusted odds ratios of risk of WRF associated with intravenous furosemide were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.46; p = 0.002) in HFpEF but not significant in HFrEF(p = 0.099).
Conclusions

The risk of WRF was associated with higher furosemide dosage in both HF subtypes. Our observations highlight that close monitoring is required to prevent further renal impairment in all HF patients while using loop diuretics.


SUMMARY: The ascus cytology of Podospora anserina (Ces.) Rehm, a secondarily homothallic Pyrenomycete fungus, has been followed under the light microscope from the crozier, through karyogamy and the three nuclear divisions in the ascus (the first two constituting a meiosis and the third a mitosis) to the first spore mitosis and spore maturation. The spindles remain widely separated at division II, during which segregation for mating type is said to occur. After division III, in which the spindles are transverse, the ascus contains four pairs of sister nuclei. The realignment of the nuclei so that two non-sister nuclei are included in each of the four spores is brought about by the movements of the centrosomes or, more likely, of their outer portions. Spore delimitation, which starts from these organelles, appears as a thin cleavage line separating the spore plasm from the epiplasm of the ascus. A mitosis in the spore initial followed by degeneration of one of the four daughter-nuclei in the primary appendage leads to an imbalance in the mating-type factors in the spore. The wall of the mature spore is separable into three layers, the middle one of which is pigmented. The mucilaginous secondary appendage formed at each end of the spore is already present before the primary appendage is cut off.


Aims: This study aims to explore the opinions of dental hygienists and diabetes educators on improving oral health for people with diabetes. Methods: Registered dental hygienists (RDHs) and certified diabetes educators (CDEs) who provided written responses to the same open-ended question from two state-wide mailing surveys (one for RDHs and the other for CDEs) "what more can you tell us to help improve oral health for people with diabetes?" were included in this study. The surveys were sent to all RDHs (n=2237) and CDEs (n=250) in the state of South Carolina, United States. Results: Of the 1125 valid returned questionnaires from both surveys, 474 provided written responses to this question. Qualitative analysis revealed three main themes from participants' written responses which were: Education (3 subthemes: resources for patients, educate the public, and professional practice resources), interprofessional collaborative care (3 subthemes: role of medical and dental professionals in oral health promotion for people with diabetes, and role of dental and diabetes professional organizations, and companies in the oral healthcare industry), and dental insurance. Conclusions: The three themes that emerged are interrelated indicating that strategies to improve oral health for people with diabetes are multi-faceted.


Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas delafieldii R-8 (CGMCC 0570) is capable of desulfurizing dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) to produce corresponding monohydroxydimethylbiphenyl. The immobilization of the resting cells of this strain in Ca-alginate gel effectively improved the stability of the cells and the desulfurization ability per amount of cells. 1 mmol/L of DBT and 4,6-DMDBT could be completely degraded in about 1 d. About 39 percent of the activity for 4,6-DMDBT was recovered after immobilization. The desulfurization activity was increased with the decrease of the diameter of the beads. The Ca-alginate immobilized cells could be used repeatedly for over 190 h with the addition of calcium ions to strengthen them. A thin layer of hydrophobic polyurea was coated on the surface of Ca-alginate gel using a simple method. The desulfurization activity was enhanced after the coating.


Abstract Bess beetles (Passalidae) are a subsocial family of Coleoptera with approximately 1000 known species of saproxylophagous diet and pantropical distribution, with few extratropical species. Because of their high levels of endemism (especially in mountains), feeding habits, and complex subsociability; Passalidae is considered an excellent biological subject for taxonomic, biogeographical, and evolutionary studies. Colombia is the richest country with more than 118 recorded species of Passalidae, most of the species being related to humid and mountain areas. Colombia's Caribbean region constitutes the northern portion of the country, extending for more than 130,000 km2 and includes four of the eight biogeographical provinces of Colombia. Since the 2000s this region has been the subject of systematic surveys for Passalidae; as a result, 18 passalid species have been recorded to date. After new explorations and review of entomological collections, the knowledge of the passalid fauna for the region is updated, recording 28 species (8 new records, 2 new species) for which are provided species diagnoses, photographs, and a taxonomic key. The dry plain, characteristic of the lowlands, is dominated by widely distributed species such as Passaluspunctiger and Passalusinterstitialis, while the mountainous systems provide species of more restricted distributions, some of them endemic to the Colombian Caribbean.


We tested the hypothesis that prior grazing history would influence the defoliation responses of Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) growing in a common garden environment. Plants were taken from a grazed pasture and adjacent exclosure which had not been grazed since 1937, and established in a common garden at 1 m spacings during spring of 1989. Plants from defoliated and nondefoliated treatments within the 2 populations were sampled during 1992 and 1993. Photosynthesis, conductance to H2O, and xylem potentials were measured during the 2 growing seasons, and carbon isotope ratio (delta 13C) was measured for senescent leaf tissue. Both within exclosure and outside exclosure defoliated plants exhibited compensatory photosynthesis that averaged a 12% increase the first year, and a 52% increase during the second year, compared with nondefoliated plants. No differences in photosynthesis occurred between the 2 collections. However, outside exclosure plants had higher stomatal conductance than did exclosure plants for the dry year 1992. Also, outside exclosure plants exhibited more negative delta 13C (thus lower water use efficiency) than exclosure plants for 1992 and 1993. We suggest that the higher conductance of previously-grazed plants relative to nongrazed plant populations may be an adaptive response to greater soil moisture often found in grazed sites.


For more efficient power transport to the electronics embedded inside large colliding beam detectors, we explore the feasibility of supplying 48 Volts DC and using local DCDC conversion to 2 V (or lower, depending upon on the lithography of the embedded electronics) using switch mode regulators located very close to the front end electronics. These devices will be exposed to high radiation and high magnetic fields, 10 – 100 Mrads and 2 4 Tesla at the SLHC, and 20 Krads and 6 Tesla at the ILC.


In this edition of Smith's The Critically Ill Child , the editors sought to discuss "only medical conditions that occur in critically ill children." Specifically, they exclude the psychiatric, surgical, and neonatal problems found in earlier editions and concentrate on the "most common pediatric emergencies," which are "exhaustively discussed and referenced." Most chapters are written by recognized authorities on the subject, including international experts. The 16 chapters of the book seem to be arranged in an arbitrary pattern. They deal with both specific topics (eg, Reye's syndrome and diabetic ketoacidosis), and general ones (eg, coma and acute renal failure). Most chapters have flow diagrams or algorithms, which vary in length from half a page (in the chapter "Acute Renal Failure") to four pages (in smaller type in "Acute Bacterial Meningitis"). All chapters discuss pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. The editors have succeeded in changing the book's format from the preceding editions. As


We investigate host—pathogen dynamics and conditions for coexistence in two models incorporating frequency–dependent horizontal transmission in conjunction with vertical transmission. The first model combines frequency–dependent and uniparental vertical transmission, while the second addresses parasites transmitted vertically via both parents. For the first model, we ask how the addition of vertical transmission changes the coexistence criteria for parasites transmitted by a frequency–dependent horizontal route, and show that vertical transmission significantly broadens the conditions for parasite invasion. Host—parasite coexistence is further affected by the form of density–dependent host regulation. Numerical analyses demonstrate that within a host population, a parasite strain with horizontal frequency–dependent transmission can be driven to extinction by a parasite strain that is additionally transmitted vertically for a wide range of parameters. Although models of asexual host populations predict that vertical transmission alone cannot maintain a parasite over time, analysis of our second model shows that vertical transmission via both male and female parents can maintain a parasite at a stable equilibrium. These results correspond with the frequent co–occurrence of vertical with sexual transmission in nature and suggest that these transmission modes can lead to host—pathogen coexistence for a wide range of systems involving hosts with high reproductive rates.


For users of financial statements and business people in economic decision making requires information about the condition and financial performance of the company. Risk analysis is an alternative to test whether banking risks are useful for predicting future earnings growth. Well, managed risks can provide benefits to banks in generating profits or revenues. Financial users and business users in assessing a banking company not only see the profit generated in one period but continuously monitor the profit growth from year to year.
               This study was conducted by using multiple linear regression analysis, in three banking companies, namely PT. Bank Negara Indonesia Persero Tbk., PT. Bank Rakyat Indonesia Persero Tbk. and PT. Bank Mandiri Persero Tbk. The data used are financial reports for 10 years, from 2008-2017.
            The results showed that (1) simultaneously Credit Risk (NPL) and Operational Risk (BOPO) have no significant effect on Banking Profit Growth, which obtained from significant value is 0,060; (2) partially Credit Risk (NPL) has a significant effect on Profit Growth, which obtained from significant value is equal to 0,021. The higher the NPL, the company's profit will decrease. While Operational Risk (BOPO) has an insignificant effect on Banking Profit Growth, which is obtained from the significant value is 0.735. The source of bank income does not only come from operating income, but non-operating income also plays a role in increasing the bank's income resulting in profit growth


In a 56-year-old man hypercalcaemia and kidney function impairment were the presenting symptoms of sarcoidosis. The diagnosis was supported by the finding of elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels and of a cluster of epithelioid macrophages in aspirated bone marrow. By exclusion of other granulomatous diseases and a favourable reaction of the hypercalcaemia and renal function to treatment with prednisone the diagnosis was confirmed. The relationship between the autonomous extrarenal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and the hypercalcaemia is discussed.


Globally, colorectal cancer represents the most common cancer. Its incidence was increases with advancement of age. Both men and women face a lifetime risk of 6% to get colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer represents a major cancer-related health problem in Iraq and significant attribution to morbidity and mortality related to cancer. It ranked as the 7th most common malignant tumor in Iraq and account for about 5.4% of all cancer in this country. Inflammatory bowel disease represent a risk factor for development of colorectal carcinoma and this was related to increased severity and duration of the disease. On other hand colorectal polyp may transform to carcinoma and this risk was more with larger polyps and polyps with sever dysplasia. Adenomatous Polyposis coli gene is a tumor suppressor gene. Its inactivation represents a common genetic alteration in this tumor. This mutation in such gene occur both I sporadic as well as inherited cancers. This study was designed to clarify the role of APC gene and its protein in both colorectal cancer and its precancerous lesion and put the shadow on its possible role in disease development and progression. APC protein was reported in 33 out of 60 cases of colorectal cancer, 16 out of 50 cases of colorectal polyps, and 11 out of 50 cases taken from patients with ulcerative colitis. There was no expression of APC protein in normal looking tissues in all cases. APC expression was showed significant differences when grade and stage were considered. APC gene was altered in colorectal cancer and its precursor lesion and this alteration were correlated well with grade and stage of disease. The alteration plays a role in both disease development and progression.


The overall purpose of this study was to provide professional guidance to practitioners who may wish to deliver Personal-Disclosure Mutual-Sharing (PDMS) team building activities. First we replicated and evaluated a PDMS intervention previously used by Dunn and Holt (2004). Fifteen members (M age = 25.4 yrs) of a high performance women's soccer team provided evaluative data about the intervention they received via reflective interviews. Benefits of the PDMS activity were enhanced understanding, increased cohesion, and improved confidence. Guidelines for professionals who may wish to use this team building approach are provided in terms of (a) establishing group communication practices during the season, (b) delivering the meeting, and (c) demonstrating contextual sensitivity.


The XX International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG) meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, in February 2001 celebrated 25 y of progress in prevention and control of vitamin A deficiency disorders (VADD). Programmatic themes included the following: 1) intervention innovations, 2) integration of vitamin A interventions, 3) the increased risk to health of women who are deficient, 4) measurement of progress and impact and 5) programmatic sustainability. The history of IVACG was remembered and the growth of the group from a meeting of 30 to 40 persons in 1975 to nearly 600 delegates from 63 countries was described. Successful adaptation to new challenges and scientific advances, in moving science to practice, was noted. Guidelines for indicators and interventions were reviewed. A set of revised recommendations were made, including the following indicators for assessment (and, for some, outcome evaluation) of VADD: 1) under-five mortality rate >50 as a surrogate indicator to trigger action, 2) maternal night blindness >5%, 3) rapid dark adaptation worse than -1.11 log cd/m(2) and 4) serum retinol <0.7 micro mol/L (>15%) in young children (<6 y). Key recommendations for specific interventions were to double the existing dose of prophylactic vitamin A supplementation to 50,000 international units (IU) at the three Expanded Programme on Immunization contacts for young infants (<6 mo) and to two doses of 200,000 IU each for women within 6 wk after delivery; to support fortification as a valid and necessary strategy to combat VADD; and to recognize that food-based approaches should include promoting breast-feeding and consuming animal products, because promoting plant-based foods alone will not eliminate VADD in young children due to the low bioefficacy of dietary beta-carotene. This meeting clearly set the agenda for the twenty-first century and called for successful implementation of integrated approaches that will eliminate VADD.


FaceMatch is a software technology for detecting and retrieving
similar human faces on photographs. A collection of photographs
is firstly preprocessed to automatically detect human faces
which are stored into a database. Then a user can initiate the
retrieval process to locate the database faces which are the
most similar to a query face. The main advantages of the
proposed technology are abilities to achieve (1) high retrieval
efficiency by organizing the database faces within an index
structure and (2) high detection and retrieval quality by
integrating any number of existing face detection and matching
functions. The more functions are provided, the more quality of
detection and retrieval is assumed. The current version of the
FaceMatch technology is demonstrated via a web application that
effectively integrates three face detection and matching
functions.


Complexity underpins the very nature of known chemical interactions. In this paper, we offer a simulation-based model that mimics the behavior of a generic chemical reaction network. Using ideas from complex systems, we seed and evolve this reaction network with the view to study its dynamics and changing topology over time. Our simulation model allows for two sets of scenarios the most minimal assumption of additive reactions between molecules only and the more complicated, more realistic assumption that allows for branching reactions to take place. Our results show behavior that we would expect – given a constant inflow of generic nutrients, after time eventually a steady-state system is realized. In the scenario where branching is permitted, the time to steady-state is delayed slightly due to the presence of apparent slower dynamics. This model can now be used to some of the basic assumptions of the model as well the effects of outside perturbation and other physical to the system or its environment.


d-Glucosamine (DG) was conjugated to a core-cross linked polymeric micelle (CCPM) system equipped with both a near-infrared fluorophore (NIRF) and a gamma emitter (111In). The resultant nano-scale tumor-targeting imaging tracer, 111In-DG-NIRF-CCPM, selectively accumulated in a human epithelial carcinoma A-431 xenograft model in mice. At 24 hrs post injection, the tumor uptake was 2.62 ± 0.80 % of the injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g). Tumors were clearly delineated in both single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and optical imaging. The results suggest that the prepared imaging tracer is a promising agent for tumor diagnosis.


Background Patients with ischaemic heart disease (IHD) often show a combination of inducible ischaemia and previous myocardial infarction, therefore is particularly relevant to reach an accurate assessment of myocardial viability and ischaemic burden, as this may results in more appropriate therapy and better outcome. Areas of scar frequently result in false-positive perfusion findings, we therefore hypothesised that combined cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) high-resolution quantitative perfusion and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) protocol will result in a more accurate evaluation of ischaemic burden, avoiding areas of scar. Methods 15 patients with IHD and ejection fraction (EF) <45% were included. Patients underwent adenosine stress perfusion at 3T (Philips Achieva) using high-resolution kt turbo-field-echo sequence and dual bolus approach. Perfusion and LGE images were analysed both qualitatively and quantitatively (using validated high-resolution deconvolution analysis and conventional semi-quantitative analysis with 5SD). For combined analysis, perfusion and LGE images were matched in terms of position and cardiac phase using a deformable template segmentation method. High-resolution MPR and LGE maps were then generated and ischaemic burden calculated ±LGE (Figure 1). Results The average EF was 33 ± 9.5%. All patients showed scar and perfusion defects at visual assessment. The average scarred area was 18 ± 6.8%. Average MPR was 2.3 ± 2.4, 3.2 ± 0.6 in viable area (LGE-) and 1.05 ± 0.69 in non-viable areas (LGE+) (p = 0.001 Vs LGE-). 27%(4/15) of patients had a perfusion defect extending only in LGE area. The overall ischaemic burden (MPR threshold 1.5) was 23.2 ± 13.5%, but after excluding LGE dropped to 12.4 ± 7.6% (p = 0.001). Conclusions Our study demonstrates the potential of combined high-resolution assessment of stress perfusion and LGE to provide more accurate measurements of ischaemic burden excluding areas of scar, These areas, which frequently result in false positive perfusion defects and possible overestimation of ischaemic burden, had an MPR≤1, as expected in areas of scar. Abstract 23 Figure 1 Perfusion defect extending beyond the area of scar. A: LGE image shows a subendocardial scar involving the lateral and inferior wall; B: perfusion defect in the lateral and inferior wall; C: high-resolution perfusion map show area of scar (black), areas of ischaemia (dark grey) and normal areas of myocardium (light grey)


As the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL)s became the standard for routing in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks, many researchers had investigated the security aspects of this protocol. However, no work (to the best of our knowledge) has investigated the use of the security mechanisms included in RPL's standard, mainly because there was no implementation for these features in any Internet of Things (IoT) operating systems yet. A partial implementation of RPL's security mechanisms was presented recently for the Contiki operating system (by Perazzo et al.), which provided us with an opportunity to examine RPL's security mechanisms. In this article, we investigate the effects and challenges of using RPL's security mechanisms under common routing attacks. First, a comparison of RPL's performance, with and without its security mechanisms, under four routing attacks [Blackhole, Selective-Forward (SF), Neighbor, and Wormhole (WH) attacks] is conducted using several metrics (e.g., average data packet delivery rate, average data packet latency, average power consumption, etc.). This comparison is performed using two commonly used radio duty-cycle protocols. Second, and based on the observations from this comparison, we propose two techniques that could reduce the effects of such attacks, without having added security mechanisms for RPL. An evaluation of these techniques shows improved performance of RPL under the investigated attacks, except for the WH.


Abstract The sophisticated global market place for livestock products demands safe, uniform, cheap, and environmentally–and welfare-friendly products. However, best-practice management procedures are not always implemented on livestock farms to ensure that these market requirements are consistently satisfied. Therefore, improvements are needed in the way livestock farms are managed. Information-based and electronically-controlled livestock production systems are needed to ensure that the best of available knowledge can be readily implemented on farms. New technologies introduced on farms as part of Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) systems will have the capacity to activate livestock management methods that are more responsive to market signals. PLF technologies encompass methods for measuring electronically the critical components of the system that indicate efficiency of resource use, software technologies aimed at interpreting the information captured, and controlling processes to ensure optimum efficiency of resource use and animal productivity. These envisaged real-time monitoring and control systems should dramatically improve production efficiency of livestock enterprises. However, as some of the components of PLF systems are not yet sufficiently developed to be readily implemented, further research and development is required. In addition, an overall strategy for the adoption and commercial exploitation of PLF systems needs to be developed in collaboration with private companies. This article outlines the potential role PLF can play in ensuring that existing and new knowledge is implemented effectively on farms to improve returns to livestock producers, quality of products, welfare of animals and sustainability of the farm environment.


Retinal development depends on complex interactions between products of thousands of genes and numerous cellular and environmental factors. We are using novel quantitative genetic methods to map and characterize genes that are responsible for the pervasive quantitative differences in the architecture of the eye and the retina. These genes, known as quantitative trait loci (QTLs), may also determine susceptibility to common eye diseases. To map QTLs that generate variation among normal individuals we have analyzed several traits in a wide variety of mice, including standard inbred strains, recombinant inbred strains, wild mice, F1 hybrids and intercross progeny. Here we review this approach and give three specific examples of how genes with well-defined functions in retinal development are being mapped and characterized.


I In current literature review the physicochemical properties, peculiarities of mode of action and pharmacokinetics of azelaic and influence of azelaic on pathogenetic aspects of acne are characterized.


The development of social network analysis techniques and comprehensive online bibliographic databases has led to studies of scientific co-authorship networks. This study compares collaboration among researchers associated with two epidemiological cohort studies, the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) and the Strong Heart Study (SHS), using journal article citations published from 1990 through 30 June 2011. Descriptive analyses of their publications and authors were computed, network graphs were produced, and network statistics were calculated. While similar in scientific methodology, these studies differed in ways that influenced researcher collaboration and entry into the networks. As a result, the number of unique authors for the CHS was three times greater than for the SHS (1,749 versus 571, respectively), driven by the CHS' larger number of research institutions and the higher influx of non-formally affiliated authors into its network. The CHS network had more ports of entry and also had more components, or collections of authors collaborating independently from the main network. In contrast, even at similar sizes, the SHS network was denser, indicating a greater cohesiveness than the CHS. The SHS had higher network centralization scores, suggesting the network contained relatively more authors that acted as gatekeepers. Indeed, the SHS had the majority of authors with the highest individual centrality scores, a measure of their collaborative prominence in the network. Differences in the studies' designs, populations, and organizations; funding mechanisms and policies; and awardee institutions likely explain these findings.This work provides a preliminary glimpse into understanding the mechanisms of collaboration among research studies. Copyright , Oxford University Press.


One thousand consecutive cases of unmarried women, aged from 15 to 45 years, who had no record of pelvic infection, pelvic tumor or pregnancy were studied to determine, if possible, the relative frequency with which the various displacements of the uterus and the attendant symptoms occur in cases in which no pathologic or physiologic factors could have affected the position of the uterus. Polak1says that one woman in every five has retroversion, congenital or acquired. The cases in this series represent the congenital type. In the series of 1,000 cases, retroposition of the uterus was found during routine examination in 202 (20.2 per cent.); this indicates that the ratio of 1 to 5 is constant in the congenital type. The diagnostician is often puzzled by the fact that the general examination of a patient may disclose a retroverted or retroflexed uterus without a history suggestive of a pelvic


Rotating machines are one of the most important elements in almost all the industries and continuous condition monitoring of these crucial parts is essential for preventing early failure, production line breakdown, improving plant safety, efficiency and reliability. Faults may also be developed over a long period of time or even suddenly. However manual fault detection techniques are error prone. This paper identifies and utilizes the distribution information of the population to estimate the evolutionary states. Based on the states, Adaptive control strategies are developed for the inertia weight and acceleration coefficients for faster convergence speed. The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is thus systematically extended to Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO), so as to bring about outstanding performance when solving global optimization problems. This paper proposes an adaptive particle swarm optimization with adaptive parameters. Adaptive control strategies are developed for the inertia weight and acceleration coefficients for faster convergence speed.


Natural fibers in composite materials have received growing interest for the last decades. Few works have explored the study of long vegetable fibers reinforcing composites such as textile reinforcements to develop higher performance of bio-materials which could be used in load-bearing applications. Therefore, the identification of new natural textiles should turn into an active research challenge for use as reinforcement in the development of green composites. In this study, leaf sheaths from Cocos nucifera L. was investigated. This material presents the distinctive feature to be naturally available as a textile. Thus, coconut leaf sheath was characterized morphologically, chemically, physically and mechanically. Coconut textile displays low Helium density and water sensitivity, promising thermal stability and tensile properties in both fibers directions forming the sheath. Compared to natural and synthetic textiles, coconut leaf sheath appears as a suitable, promising and competitive textile reinforcement for the development of eco-friendly continuous fibers composites.


BACKGROUND
Tissue factor (TF) is the initiation factor of the extrinsic coagulation pathway, and plays a critical role in the process of thrombosis. This study aimed to investigate the expression of TF and to explore their clinical effect on the pulmonary artery after acute pulmonary thromboembolism.

METHODS
Thirty-four Japanese white rabbits (Level II animals) supplied by Tianjin Medical University were randomly assigned into: group A, specimens of the pulmonary artery taken 3 hours after pulmonary embolism (n=8); group B, specimens of the pulmonary artery taken 8 hours after pulmonary embolism (n=8); group C, specimens of the pulmonary artery taken 24 hours after pulmonary embolism (n=8); and control group, pseudo-operations performed without injection of autologous blood clots (n=10). The animal model of pulmonary thrombo-embolism was established by injection of autologous blood clots into the jugular vein through a 5F catheter, and was confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. The mRNA expression of TF in different parts of the pulmonary artery was accessed by RT-PCR. The q test was used if there was a significant difference in a given continuous variable among the three groups assessed by ANOVA. The experiment equipment was supplied by the State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College.

RESULTS
The TF expression in the specimen adjacent to emboli was stable at 3, 8 or 24 hours after embolism. The mRNA expression of TF at 3 and 8 hours after embolism was lower in the specimens taken from the distal end of the morbid pulmonary artery than those adjacent to emboli. While at 24 hours after embolism, there were similar mRNA levels in specimens either adjacent or distal to emboli.

CONCLUSION
The high level of TF expression in pulmonary artery tissue adjacent to emboli could lead to locally increased coagulation activity, indicating the necessity of initiating anti- coagulation treatment as soon as possible after acute pulmonary embolism.


The aim of this report was to present the orthognathic surgical planning of a patient with maxillary retrusion, mandibular prognathism, and midline shift on a three-dimensional stereolithographic biomodel.A patient who complained about facial deformity and difficulty in chewing was referred to our department. After a short-term presurgical orthodontic treatment, Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy were performed. Triangular axial gaps occurred anteriorly and posteriorly between the proximal and distal segments of the osteotomized mandible. These gaps were filled with bone grafts in accordance with templates that were constructed on a three-dimensional stereolithographic biomodel.Rotational movement of the distal mandibular segment around the y axis caused axial triangular gapping between the proximal and distal mandibular segments. In the presented case, orthognathic surgical planning was performed on the three-dimensional solid models, and templates were reconstructed according to these gaps. These templates were used to determine the size of the bone grafts during the surgical approach. The patient was diagnosed with lateral cephalometric and posteroanterior cephalometric analysis in postretention for 2 years, and it was determined that long-term results were perfect and skeletal relapse did not occur after 2.5 years of surgery.Movement at the site of the osteotomy is usually the main cause of relapse after orthognathic surgery. In the presented case, a three-dimensional stereolithographic biomodel was used to plan the orthognathic surgery and to reconstruct the templates to determine the size and shape of the bone grafts. Using bone grafts established close contact between proximal and distal osteotomized bone segments, enhanced bone healing, and diminished relapse risk.


A new bandwidth allocation model is studied in this paper. In this model, a system, such as a communication network, is composed of a finite number of users, and they compete for limited bandwidth resources. Each user adopts the decision that maximizes his or her own benefit characterized by the utility function. The decision space of each user is subject to constraints. In
addition, some users form a group, and their joint decision space is also subject to constraints. Under the assumption that each user's utility function satisfies some continuity and concavity conditions, the existence, uniqueness, and fairness, in some appropriate sense, of the Nash equilibrium point in the allocation game are proved. An algorithm yielding a sequence converging to the equilibrium point is proposed. Finally, a numerical example with detailed analysis is provided to illustrate the effectiveness of our work.


Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) is a disease characterized by ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and aberrant systolic and/or diastolic function. We previously developed two transgenic mouse models that carry FHC-associated mutations in alpha-tropomyosin (TM): FHC alpha-TM175 mice show patchy areas of mild ventricular disorganization and limited hypertrophy, whereas FHC alpha-TM180 mice exhibit severe hypertrophy and fibrosis and die within 6 mo. To obtain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms associated with the early onset of cardiac hypertrophy, we conducted a detailed comparative analysis of gene expression in 2.5-mo-old control, FHC alpha-TM175, and alpha-TM180 ventricular tissue. Results show that 754 genes (from a total of 22,600) were differentially expressed between the nontransgenic (NTG) and the FHC hearts. There are 178 differentially regulated genes between NTG and the FHC alpha-TM175 hearts, 388 genes are differentially expressed between NTG and FHC alpha-TM180 hearts, and 266 genes are differentially expressed between FHC alpha-TM175 and FHC alpha-TM180 hearts. Genes that exhibit the largest increase in expression belong to the "secreted/extracellular matrix" category, and those with the most significant decrease in expression are associated with "metabolic enzymes." Confirmation of the microarray analysis was conducted by quantitative real-time PCR on gene transcripts commonly associated with cardiac hypertrophy.


This study aimed to evaluate the time course of local changes during the acute phase of gastrocnemius muscle strain, in a rat model, using an in vivo imaging system. Thirty‐eight, 8‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley male rats were used in our study. Experimental injury of the right gastrocnemius muscle was achieved using the drop‐mass method. After inducing muscle injury, a liposomally formulated indocyanine green derivative (LP‐iDOPE, 7 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. We evaluated the muscle injuries using in vivo imaging, histological examinations, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The fluorescence peaked approximately 18 h after the injury, and decreased thereafter. Histological examinations revealed that repair of the injured tissue occurred between 18 and 24 h after injury. Quantitative analyses for various cytokines demonstrated significant elevations of interleukin‐6 and tumor necrosis factor‐α at 3 and 18 h post‐injury, respectively. The time course of fluorescence intensity, measured using in vivo imaging, demonstrated that the changes in cytokine levels and histopathologic characteristics were consistent. Specifically, these changes reached peaked 18 h post‐injury, followed by trends toward recovery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1034–1038, 2015.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between regional convergence inside of countries in EU and overall economic growth, and, based on it, to establish some relevant behavioural regimes. As data sources we are using the available dataset NUTS 2 from EUROSAT for the period 2000-2013. Thus, a number of 272 regions grouped in 28 countries we used as primary database. Then, because six countries (Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, and Malta) are not divided in regions in NUTS 2 database, we made few aggregations, finally resulting 24 countries or groups of countries. In order to study the correlation between the convergence process and economic growth we focused, as it is usually used in specialised literature to analyse the real convergence, on the dynamics of GDP per capita expressed in case of EU by PPS (Purchasing Power Standard). On the one hand, as a method to estimate of a trend of convergence/divergence among regions within a country or group of countries we used the dynamics of the coefficient of variation. On the other hand, within EU, we used for each country or group of countries the dynamics of the ratio between the individual level of GDP per capita and the average EU GDP per capita. Thus we evaluate how the position of a country it was changed relative to the average level in EU of GDP per capita. Moreover, the correlation between the regional convergence (within a country) and the changes in its position in EU (in matter of GDP per capita) was estimated. Based on such methodology, we succeeded to elaborate a general typology that permitted us to classify countries of EU in four major groups: 1) countries that improved their position in EU (as GDP per capita), but only by scarifying the regional convergence; 2) countries in which it was registered a regional convergence, but only by scarifying their position in EU; 3) countries for which both their position in EU was decreasing and a regional divergence it was registered (the most unfavourable dynamics); 4) countries for which both their position in EU was increasing and a regional convergence was registered (the most favourable dynamics). Moreover, by using the above results and by applying linear regression models we estimated four discrete regimes, depending on the level of GDP per capita, in which countries evolved in the analysed period (corresponding to the four groups of countries) and three transitional regimes. Finally, we propose a nonlinear model (estimated by using real registered data) that permits us to simulate a smooth trajectory of convergence as a continuous function of development level (expressed by GDP per capita) and could offer to policy makers a large menu of sub-regimes.


The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of coherence and cohesion in the oral texts of children between the ages of 60 to 72 months. In the study, a survey method in a quantitative research approach was adopted, and a total of 110 preschoolers were included as participants. The data of the study were obtained from the oral texts taken from the conversations during the interviews with the children. Oral texts consisting of at least eight sentences were analyzed by using the Text Evaluation Form and a rubric. The coherence- and cohesion-related qualities of the spoken texts were evaluated by two experts. The quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were calculated as frequencies and percentages to present the levels of the oral texts in terms of cohesion and coherence. In addition, independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were computed as inferential statistics to determine whether scores for cohesion and coherence differed significantly based on the child's gender, socioeconomic status, and the duration of the early childhood education. First, the results of the analyses revealed that the oral texts were acceptable and sufficient with respect to the means of cohesion, whereas they were inadequate and unacceptable in terms of coherence. Second, it was found that the cohesion device that children were the most successful was the ellipsis. Third, the results also indicated that the levels of cohesion of the oral texts displayed a significant difference regarding gender and SES, while they did not differ depending on the duration of preschool education. Moreover, the levels of coherence showed no significant difference in terms of gender, SES, and the duration of early childhood education. In conclusion, in the study, it was determined that the oral texts of the children were more appropriate to the standard language in terms of cohesion compared to coherence.


Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration is one of the major causes of lower back pain, a common health condition that greatly affects the quality of life. With an increasing elderly population and changes in lifestyle, there exists a high demand for novel treatment strategies for damaged IVDs. Researchers have investigated IVD tissue engineering (TE) as a way to restore biological and mechanical functions by regenerating or replacing damaged discs using scaffolds with suitable cells. These scaffolds can be constructed using material extrusion additive manufacturing (AM), a technique used to build three-dimensional (3D), custom discs utilising computer-aided design (CAD). Structural geometry can be controlled via the manipulation of printing parameters, material selection, temperature, and various other processing parameters. To date, there are no clinically relevant TE-IVDs available. In this review, advances in AM-based approaches for IVD TE are briefly discussed in order to achieve a better understanding of the requirements needed to obtain more effective, and ultimately clinically relevant, IVD TE constructs.


Boosting has emerged as a popular combination technique to refine weak classifiers. Pioneered by Freund and Schapire, numerous variations of the AdaBoost algorithm have emerged, such as Breiman's arc-fs algorithms. The central theme of these methods is the generation of an ensemble of a weak learning algorithm using modified versions of the original training set, with emphasis placed on the more difficult instances. The validation stage then aggregates results from each element of the ensemble using some predetermined rule. In this paper the wavelet decomposition based codebook classifier proposed by Chan et al. is used as the learning algorithm. Starting with the whole training set, modifications to the training set are made at each iteration by resampling the original training data set with replacement. The weights used in the resampling are determined using different algorithms, including AdaBoost and arc-fs. Accuracy of the ensembles generated are then determined using various combination techniques such as simple voting and weighted sum.


Due to the advanced oncological treatments of cancer, an overall increase in cancer incidence, and better diagnostic tools, the incidence of brain metastases is on the rise. This review addresses the current treatment options for patients with multiple brain metastases with focus on electrochemotherapy as one of the new experimental treatments for this group of patients. Neurosurgery, stereotactic surgery, and whole-brain radiotherapy are the evidence-based treatments that can be applied for patients with multiple brain metastases. Treatment with chemotherapy and molecularly targeted agents may also be warranted. Several experimental treatments are emerging, one of which is electrochemotherapy (ECT), an effective cancer treatment comprising of electric pulses given by electrodes in the tumor tissue, causing electroporation of the cell membrane, and thereby augmenting uptake and the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin by 300 times. Preclinical data is promising and the first patient has been treated in an ongoing clinical trial for patients with brain metastases, making the perspectives for ECT in the brain numerous.


The aim of this study was to report a diffuse unilateral seminoma in a 4-year-old fighting rooster (Gallus gallus) by considering the anatomic, pathological and ultrastructural features. A significant decline in the viability of the bird's embryos was reported during the last year. The bird died with a marked abdominal distention. During necropsy, a firm ovoid neoplasm of approximately 9 cm long, 8 cm wide and 5 cm thick was found in the region adjacent to the pronephros, replacing the left testicle. The neoplasia was soft and encapsulated, and the cut surface showed extensive areas of haemorrhage interspersed with necrotic areas. Histologically, the neoplastic cells formed large mantles or cords with moderate and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were pleomorphic, and some of them were central, while others were eccentric. Mitoses were scarce. Some important findings in the ultrastructural study were nuclei exhibited an elongated, electrodense, rope-like nucleoli and the presence of scarce intracytoplasmic glycogen. The anatomo-pathological and ultrastructural findings of the tumour were consistent with a seminoma. The ultrastructural study provided important support for the diagnosis, as other tumours were ruled out. The early diagnosis of malignant or benign testicular tumours in birds is the key for a timely treatment, as these tumours can metastasize or grow to such an extent that they compromise the lives of birds, as in the present case.


SGI-110, is a novel second generation DNA methylation inhibitor that is currently in Phase I/II clinical study for treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). SGI-110 is a dinucleotide of DAC and deoxyguanosine designed to be more stable than decitabine to deamination by cytidine deaminase, thus offering a promising alternative to current hypomethylating agents approved in MDS. We report here the results of a preclinical study in which safety, PK, and PD of different dosing regimens of SGI-110 SQ were compared to the clinical dose and regimen of DAC IV in 4 groups of male cynomolgus monkeys (n=4). The treatment groups consisted of: 1) Control group of DAC IV 1-h infusion at a dose equivalent to the clinically approved regimen of 20 mg/m2 x 5 (1.7 mg/kg daily x5); 2) 1.7 mg/kg SGI-110 SQ daily x 5 (molar equivalent to 42% of the clinical DAC dose); 3) 3.0 mg/kg SGI-110 SQ daily x 5 (molar equivalent to 75% of the clinical DAC dose); and 4) 3.0 mg/kg of SGI-110 SQ once weekly x3 (molar equivalent to 44% of the total clinical DAC dose). DAC and SGI-110 plasma levels were measured and monkeys were monitored for 28 days for hematological changes, and global DNA methylation (LINE-1). Reversible hematological changes included a reduction in leukocytes, red blood cells (RBCs), and neutrophil counts with the nadir counts generally occurring between D8 and D14 and recovery occurring D21 to D28. The DAC-treated group showed the greatest reduction and slowest recovery compared to all SGI-110 treated groups. Changes in methylation patterns of LINE-1 and miRNA-29b were evaluated in DNA extracted from monkey blood as PD markers of biological efficacy after treatment with SGI-110 or DAC. All groups achieved a decrease in LINE-1 methylation of approximately 15-20% from baseline between Day 8 and 21 with remethylation back to baseline levels by day 28. Both SGI-110 SQ dailyx5 regimens achieved slightly more hypomethylation than DAC IV on days 8 (group 3) and 11 (group 2). Overall, the magnitude and duration of the decrease in DNA methylation at lower molar equivalent doses of SQ SGI-110 were similar to or better than DAC IV. SGI-110 appeared to convert to DAC resulting in similar exposure window compared to IV DAC. The dose-adjusted plasma DAC exposures, on molar equivalence basis, were somewhat lower compared to the DAC group. The C max ranged 52-163 vs 215-525(DAC) ng/mL, while dose-adjusted AUCs were 21.6-51.6 vs 98.6-221(DAC) ng*hr/mL. In conclusion, these preclinical studies showed that SQ SGI-110 may represent a more convenient and tolerable option for delivering DAC where either the weeklyx3 or dailyx5 regimens at a lower dose achieved DNA hypomethylating effects that were similar to or better than seen with DAC IV and with less myelosuppressive effects. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4076. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4076


Background: Over the years, the epidemiology of maxillofacial fractures keeps changing and new trends in etiology, pattern of presentation and management are constantly evolving. This, therefore, necessitates a constant appraisal of these fractures injuries in order to keep abreast with recent developments and changing pattern of their management. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency, etiology, patterns and different treatment modalities for maxillofacial fractures in patients treated at Lahore Medical and Dental College/Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital (LMDC/GTTH). Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was carried out at Lahore Medical and Dental College/Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital (LMDC/GTTH) from February 2014 to October 2017.A total of 161 patients having maxillofacial fractures were included in the current study. Data on patients, including age, gender, cause of injury, fracture site, pattern and treatment modalities were collected and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The age range was 3 to 62 (mean/SD, 26.42±11.24) with peak frequency occurring in age group 21-30 years. The male to female ratio was 5.2:1. The most common cause of maxillofacial fractures was road traffic accident (RTA) in 134 (83.23%) of patients, followed by in fall 12 (07.46%) and assault in 09 (05.59%) patients. The most frequent bone fractured was the mandible, which accounted for 117 (72.67%) cases and parasymphysis (43.22%) was the most frequent site affected, followed by 67 (41.61%) cases of zygomatic complex fracture and 56 (34.78%) cases of maxillary fractures. Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF/ORIF with IMF) was performed in 127(78.88%) of patients while closed reduction and indirect fixation (IMF with eyelet wiring/arch bar elastics & splint fixation) was done in 34 (21.12%) of patients. Conclusion: As evidenced by the present study, majority of fractures were caused by RTA in 21-30 age group with male predominance. Mandible was the predominant fractured bone followed by the zygomatic complex area. ORIF was treatment of choice in the current study. According to present study, it seems reasonable to recommend that road traffic legislation enforcement and continuous public education towards the use of restraining devices and helmets should be encouraged by relevant authorities.


This work deals with the problem of fitting a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) to a large collection of data. Usual approaches such as the classical Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm are known to perform well but require extensive access to the data. The proposed method compresses the entire database into a single low-dimensional sketch that can be computed in one pass then directly used for GMM estimation. This sketch can be seen as resulting from the application of a linear operator to the underlying probability distribution, thus establishing a connection between our method and generalized compressive sensing. In particular, the new algorithms introduced to estimate GMMs are similar to usual greedy algorithms in compressive sensing.


This paper examines whether Ghana, with its imperfect markets and institutional difficulties, has benefited from recent liberalization efforts under SAP. Although the liberalization improved the allocative efficiency of the services provided on the financial and foreign exchange markets, the macro benefits appear very minimal. Inflationary trends in the country continue to be influenced principally by changes in output and money with very minor impacts by both interest rate and exchange rate developments. With exports dominated by only one major primary commodity whose producer price is influenced more by political considerations than exchange rate developments, liberalization of the foreign exchange market does not seem to have impacted favourably on exports. On the other hand, the import-dependent economy of Ghana has not been discouraged by rapid depreciation under the liberalization programme. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Arsenic is a highly toxic metalloid for all forms of life including plants. Arsenic enters in the plants through phosphate transporters as a phosphate analogue or through aquaglycoporins. Uptake of arsenic in plant tissues adversely affects the plant metabolism and leads to various physiological and structural disorders. Photosynthetic apparatus, cell division machinery, energy production, and redox status are the major section of plant system that are badly affected by As (V). Similarly As (III) can react with thiol (-SH) groups of enzymes and inhibits various metabolic processes. Arsenic is also known to induce oxidative stress directly by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during conversion of its valence forms or indirectly by inactivating antioxidant molecules through binding with their -SH groups. As-mediated oxidative stress causes cellular, molecular and physiological disturbances in various plant species. Activation of enzymatic antioxidants namely, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), Glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX) as well as non antioxidant compounds such as, ascorbate, glutathione, carotenoids are reported to neutralize arsenic mediated oxidative stress. Understanding of biochemistry of arsenic toxicity would be beneficial for the development of arsenic tolerant crops and other economically important plants.


In 2013, questions regarding what motivation would be sufficient and necessary to betray the secrets of one's own government and country have been relevant not only in the context of fiction but were raised by the actions of whistleblowers Bradley Manning and Edward Snowden. Both were prompted by issues of conscience to disclose vast troves of US government secrets. Neither was motivated by promises of money or reward. Both have suffered serious consequences from their disclosures. Manning has been found guilty of multiple acts of espionage and has been sentenced to 35 years imprisonment (less time already served in detention plus an extra allowance of 112 days in recognition of abusive and illegal treatment during detention). Manning's term, which is subject to appeal and the possibility of future Presidential pardon, is much longer than that given to any other US government employee who has disclosed secrets. Snowden remained stateless in a Moscow airport lounge for more than a month before being granted temporary asylum in Russia. His US passport has been cancelled and he faces espionage and theft charges in the US.


Previous work has shown that an attitudecommand-attitude-hold with height-hold (ACAH+HH) Response-Type provides significant workload reduction in the degraded visual environment (DVE). That work resulted in a requirement for an ACAH+HH ResponseType in the military rotorcraft flying qualities specification, ADS-33E, for low speed, low altitude flight in degraded visual environments. The supporting data for that requirement is based on tests with full authority flight control systems. The results reported herein indicate that it is possible to achieve most of the workload reduction in the DVE that accrues from a full authority ACAH system, with a limited authority flight control system. Limited authority ACAH was also found to be a significant safety enhancement for brownout encounters.


In an effort to combat climate change, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious goals for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships, with a target of at least a 50% reduction of total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, including carbon, from 2008 levels by 2050, with a further goal of zero GHG emissions within this century. Numerous technologies are under development to address these new goals, but the implementation of these new technologies is quite uncertain. Cargo ship owners face the challenge of determining how to best employ and possibly upgrade the current fleet to meet interim goals while awaiting the maturation of future technologies. This article describes a methodology and computer code that provide a rapid assessment of the impact of various fuel-saving technologies on an existing cargo ship's fuel consumption, thus providing the ship owner fundamental data indicating which upgrades and practices warrant further, more detailed investigation.

 According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by 1.78 ppm per year on average since 1980, and the increase is accelerating. Through the 1980s and 1990s, the increase was around 1.5–1.6 ppm per year, but the growth rate has averaged 2.4 ppm per year since 2010 (Tans et al. 2020).
 Rising levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere adversely impact the environment in many ways. For example, increased levels of carbon dioxide dissolving in sea water increase the acidity of the oceans; as pH levels drop, organisms like oysters and corals have trouble maintaining their hard shells and skeletons made from calcium carbonate. If pH levels get too low, the calcium carbonate structures begin dissolving (NOAA 2020). Another example can be found in the NOAA Arctic Report Card in which each year shows an Arctic that is becoming warmer, less frozen, and more fragile; the 2020 report includes data on high land-surface air temperatures, low snow extent, low minimum sea-ice extent, and extreme wildfires (Thoman et al. 2020).


The author discusses the ego development of the troubled youngster in the classroom and how teachers can use this knowledge to help him reduce his self defeating and negative attitudes to learning and relating. (LS)


The present study examined attitudes and reactions of individuals towards media coverage of terrorist acts. Shortly after a series of severe terrorist attacks had taken place in Israel, 534 people were asked to fill out a questionnaire that assessed their attitudes and reactions to the media's coverage of these acts as well as a questionnaire that examined their information-seeking style. The results suggested that although a considerable proportion of media consumers preferred detailed coverage of terrorist acts, when the coverage included horrifying details, the readiness for receiving detailed information declined. In addition, the results indicated that exposure to such coverage was associated with the development of symptoms similar to those of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Finally, individual differences in both attitudes and reactions towards media coverage were found as a function of participants' gender, political orientation, and information-seeking style. The theoretical and empirical implications of these findings are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.