Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

The development of resistance against radio- or chemotherapy is one of the main causes for relapse after treatment and ultimately cancer progression. Local hypoxia within tumors is associated with radio- and chemoresistance as well as aggressive tumor growth and invasion (Vaupel et al., 2004). The transcription factor HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor) is stabilized under low oxygen tension and heterodimerizes with HIF-1s to regulate the expression of a plethora of genes involved in cellular energy metabolism, neoangiogenesis, anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative mechanisms promoting tumor progression and metastasis (Calzada et al. 2007). Because hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α appears to be of pivotal importance in tumor resistance mechanisms during cancer treatment, we screened for inhibitors of hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation.

A HCT116 cell line containing 4X-hypoxia response element-luciferase reporter was used in high-throughput screening of small molecule inhibitors under hypoxic condition (1% O2). Lead optimization resulted in the identification of BAY 87-2243, a highly selective and potent inhibitor of hypoxia-induced HIF-1α stabilization and activation. In vitro characterization showed that BAY 87-2243 specifically suppressed HIF-1 regulated target genes as assayed by qPCR. Analyses addressing the mode of action revealed that BAY 87-2243 acts upstream of VHL and PHD because the compound did not suppress HIF-1α protein stabilization and HIF target gene expression either in the presence of a PHD inhibitor in H460 cells or in VHL-null RCC4 cells. In preclinical animal models, BAY 87-2243 dosed orally was well tolerated at therapeutic doses up to 15 mg/kg and showed moderate to high anti-tumor growth inhibitory activity as monotherapy in various subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft models. Analysis of tumor samples demonstrated a decrease of nuclear HIF-1α protein level by immunohistochemistry as well as a specific suppression of HIF-1 target genes. These data indicate that specific inhibition of hypoxia-induced HIF-1 activation is achievable with small molecule inhibitors and is a novel approach to cancer therapy.

Vaupel P, Mayer A, Hockel M (2004) Tumor hypoxia and malignant progression. Methods Enzymol 381:335-354

M. J. Calzada, L. del Peso, Hypoxia inducible factors and cancer. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2007, 9(5), 278-289:

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4509. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4509


Long lengths of in-situ SiC doped MgB2/Fe mono- filamentary wires with high critical current densities and 7- filamentary MgB2/Nb/Cu/Fe wires with better thermal stability have been fabricated by either continuous tube forming & filling (CTFF) technique or combining both powder in tube (PIT) and CTFF process, respectively. Particular efforts were made in view of the optimization of the manufacturing and annealing processes of the wires. The as obtained wires were sintered under a vacuum furnace at different sintering temperatures and the optimized sintering of the MgB2 wires were investigated by the analysis of optical microscope, XRD, SEM, and the transport Jc measurements. The Jc value in a 8 at.% SiC doped MgB2/Fe mono- filamentary wire is more than 104A/cm2 at 4.2 K and a field of 11 T. While in doped 7- filamentary wire, the similar Jc value (104A/cm2) is obtained at 4.2 K and a field of 7.5 T. Moreover, the n factors are determined to be 33 and 10 at 11 T in the mono- and 7- filamentary MgB2wires with SiC doping, respectively, indicating the possibility to use the as fabricated MgB2 wires in the persistent mode for fields from 0.5 T to 10 T at 4.2 K.


Our zirconium phosphate (ZrP)‐promoted Ru/Co/ZrP/SiO2 catalyst reveals a high catalytic activity and stability during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Surface modification with ZrP on SiO2 support with an appropriate amount of phosphorous component prevents cobalt particle aggregation and enhances its stability. These positive effects of ZrP are mainly induced by the spatial confinement of cobalt particles in a thermally stable ZrP matrix, and the catalytic performance was greatly improved when the P/(Zr+P) molar ratio was 0.134 on the CoZrP(0.5) catalyst.


Objective: We sought to determine whether the presence of cervical or axillary skin tags was associated with an adverse cardiovascular risk profile in Irish adults with severe obesity. Results: We conducted a cross-sectional study of patients attending our regional bariatric centre. Of 167 patients, 100 (31% male, 37% with type 2 diabetes, 36% on lipid lowering therapy, 41% on antihypertensive therapy) agreed to participate. 85 patients had cervical or axillary tags while 15 had none. Those with any skin tags had higher systolic blood pressure (138.0±16.0 versus 125.1±8.3 mmHg, p=0.003) and higher glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (46.5±13.2 versus 36.8±3.5 mmol/mol, p=0.017). 94.6% of patients with diabetes, compared to 79.4% of those without diabetes had skin tags (p=0.039). 45.8% of patients with skin tags compared to 13.3% with no tags were on antihypertensive therapy (p=0.018). Skin tags were not associated with any differences in lipid profiles. In Irish adults with severe obesity, skin tags are associated with higher systolic blood pressure and HbA1c and a higher prevalence of diabetes and hypertension, consistent with increased vascular risk, though differences in lipid profiles were not found.


UNLABELLED
Technetium-99m-MIBI uptake was compared between ECG-gated and ungated SPECT images in 10 normal subjects and 10 patients with coronary artery disease to investigate the effects of wall motion on regional myocardial uptake.

METHODS
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and wall motion were evaluated using the first-pass data acquired immediately after injection of 1110 MBq 99mTc-MIBI. A transaxial ungated image was reconstructed with cumulative data during a cardiac cycle. For transaxial gated images, data during a cardiac cycle were divided into eight frames and the first seven frames were used. The lateral/septal ratios for ungated and gated images were obtained using the counts in the ROIs drawn in the lateral and the septal walls.

RESULTS
In 10 normal subjects, the lateral/septal ratio for gated increased during end-systole. The mean of the lateral/septal ratio was significantly lower for ungated than for gated (1.025 vs. 1.077, p < 0.05). In patients with septal wall asynergy and a normokinetic lateral wall, the mean of the lateral/septal ratios was significantly lower for ungated than for gated (1.267 vs. 1.325, p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
Ungated SPECT acquisition may underestimate regional myocardial uptake when myocardial wall motion is good, therefore, ECG-gated data should be acquired for accurate assessment of regional myocardial uptake of 99mTc-MIBI.


Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the main demyelinating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. It usually affects young female adults between 20 and 40 years old, during professional activity period. Diagnosis is based on combination of the clinical presentation, the white-matter abnormalities on MRI, the CSF and the evoked potentials, making differential diagnosis of MS. Treatment of MS intend to prevent relapses and to delay progressive aggravation of the disease. Through this case report, the authors show that multiple sclerosis is a disease present in sub-Saharan Africa.
Case presentation: This is a case report of a 25-year-old Burkinabe, hospitalized in the department of neurology on 13th September 2014 for motor deficit of the four limbs developing progressively without fever over three weeks. The medical history found diffuse paraesthesias described as tingling of the four limbs to the flexion of the neck, a decline in visual acuity of the left eye, a slowing of walk speed, dysarthria and sphincter disorders like urinary urgency. Neurological examination revealed a predominantly proximal spastic tetraparesis with bilateral Babinski sign; cerebellar dysfunction with dysarthria, enlargement of the polygon and kinetic ataxia of upper limbs, swallowing disorders and lingual atrophy. The lumbar puncture showed a clear cerebrospinal fluid, at normal pressure, increased cell count with 8 cells /ml and a normal glycorrhachia. On cerebral and spinal MRI, there were diffuse hyper-intensities which met the criteria of Bancroft and of MacDonald supporting multiple sclerosis diagnosis. The clinical course was favorable under corticosteroid therapy after 30 days of hospitalization.
Conclusion: Multiple sclerosis is a rare neurological disease in the black African. The discovery of a case in Burkina Faso shows the importance of carrying out radiological assessment in every case of acute myelitis occurring in the young people.


The evolution of Gajina mlaka paleovalley from pre-karstic to current phase
 reveals the complexity of process of transformation of valleys in karst and
 formation of fluviokarst uvalas. The creation of river network and formation
 of the valley of Gajina mlaka are related to successive withdrawal of the
 Pontiac Sea. Predominance of karstic process over fluvial causes the
 transformation of fluvial morphology into karstic. The degree of
 transformation depends on relationship of the intensity between these two
 opposed processes. Karstification covers all parts of Gajina mlaka valley
 which are built in karst. Riverbeds are almost completely transformed and
 dolines are formed along them. In the parts of valleys with more significant
 lithologic differences, more complex tectonic relationships and different
 pre-karstic fluvial morphology, larger forms of relief are created by karstic
 process and they are called uvalas. According to the presented method of
 genesis and evolution of uvalas it can be concluded that they are clearly
 morphologically and genetically individualized karst landforms, which negates
 some contemporary opinions that exclude both the term and form uvala as
 karstic element of relief.


Studies using the rabbit small clot or rabbit large clot embolic stroke models (RSCEM and RLCEM respectively) allowed us to alter a single NILT variable while keeping all other variables constant to investigate the variable's effect on the rabbit's behavioral performance following embolization. In this paper we review results from multiple studies. Using the RSCEM, we found that Continuous Wave (CW) NILT significantly improves behavioral function when NILT is administered up to 6 hour post-embolization at 808nm; a durable effect that can last up to 21 days following a single treatment. Using the RLCEM we found that NILT did not significantly alter intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) incidence following embolization, and since intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is currently the primary treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), we used the RLCEM to determine the safety profile of NILT in combination with tPA. IV tPA increased ICH incidence by 160%. NILT did not affect the tPA-induced increase in ICH. Lastly, since the cellular mechanism(s) involved in NILT-mediated neuroprotection have not been elucidated, we measured the effect of CW and Pulse Wave (PW) NILT on cortical adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content as an indicator of improved cellular energetics using the RSCEM. Embolization decreased cortical ATP content by 45% compared to naive rabbits, a decrease that was attenuated by CW NILT (p>0.05). Following PW NILT, delivering 5-35 times higher peak cortical irradiances than CW NILT, we measured larger increases in cortical ATP content. This is the first demonstration that NILT significantly increased cortical ATP content in embolized animals.


Nuclear power plants are classified as highly important and dangerous facilities. Therefore, in addition to the directives  for dangerous establishments, they also have to adhere to  further special criteria. This article investigates those  essential security factors which are designed to ensure  nuclear safety. It is very important that the operation of a  nuclear power plant is covered from every professional aspect for the sake of nuclear safety. To demonstrate this,  various risk factors will be paired with the operational  status of the facility. This relates to the fact that the  operation of the Hungarian nuclear facility is primarily  governed by the Nuclear Safety Manual. Current legislation  contains all those important safety precautions which are in  accordance with all the highly critical systems of the  nuclear facilities that are in operation today. It also includes international recommendations and their relevant points.


Summary
The encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus particle appears to contain about 60 chains each of four major polypeptides and 2 chains of a minor component. Two major polypeptides were assumed to have the same mol. wt. of 32000 since they were not separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing SDS, although they are separable by calcium phosphate chromatography. The two other major polypeptides appeared to be homogeneous when examined by calcium phosphate chromatography; they have mol. wt. of 25000 and 11000, based upon gel electrophoresis, although examination of the latter polypeptide by gel filtration in the presence of 6 m-guanidine gave a mol. wt. of 6700. The minor component has a mol. wt., determined by gel electrophoresis, of about 42000.
Similar results were obtained for the closely related Mouse-Elberfeld (ME) virus except that two polypeptides of mol. wt. 33000 and 30800, were found rather than two of 32000. Since the ME and EMC viruses studied were both grown in Krebs II ascites tumour cells, the differences in mol. wt. of the polypeptides probably reflected differences either in the specificity of the cleavage enzyme or in the amino acid sequence in the cleavage region.


Some 200 cases of malaria are officially reported yearly in Switzerland. It is estimated that 2000-8000 Swiss travellers are infected by the anopheles mosquito annually, with 90% protected by chemoprophylaxis. An attack of malaria appears to have a better prognosis when the symptoms start in Africa, since treatment is initiated immediately, than in industrialized countries where the mortality is 1-4%. Failure to inquire into travel history is often responsible for the delay in initiating treatment. Severe falciparum malaria is treated by repeated slow quinine infusions followed by 1500 mg sulfadoxine, 75 mg pyrimethamine and 750 mg mefloquine (single dose). This adult dose corresponds to 3 tablets of Lariam and 3 of Fansidar (or 3 of Fansimef). The increase in chloroquine resistance among falciparum strains has led to the use of Fansidar for chemoprophylaxis, followed by the use of mefloquine when Fansidar resistance occurs. The dosage of mefloquine is 250 mg weekly (1 tablet Lariam) for 4 weeks, followed by 1 tablet every fortnight. Treatment is continued for 1 month after return. If the risk of transmission is low, chemoprophylaxis may be replaced by prescription of a reserve drug to be taken in case of fever and headache. A sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-mefloquine combination (i.e. 3 tablets Fansimef) has been tested in this indication. Ineffective chemoprophylaxis may lead to atypical clinical syndromes, e.g. anemia, hepatosplenomegaly and jaundice, without episodes of fever. HIV positive subjects may risk travelling in tropical countries if they have undergone correct chemoprophylaxis.


We present a theoretical study of structure dependent effects on carrier dynamics in simulated pump probe experiments of quantum-well optical amplifiers. We find that the dynamics of the unconfined carriers alter the probe transmission. We show that local capture has an effect which is similar to that of carrier cooling, and that by taking into account the carrier induced waveguide loss in a dynamic fashion, we can explain a previously measured transmission overshoot. >


SUMMARY The study of computing science is split at an early stage between the branches dealing separately with hardware and software; and there is a corresponding split in later professional specialisation. This paper explores the essential unity and overlap of the two branches. The basic concepts are those of occam, taken as a simple example of a high-level programming language; its notations may be translated by the laws of programming to the machine code of a conventional machine. Almost identical transformations can produce the networks of gates and flip-flops which constitute a hardware design. These insights are being exploited in hybrid systems, implemented partly in hardware and partly in software. They are being extended to earlier phases in the software life cycle, where fully automatic transformations are not available. The results may be applicable in embedded real time systems, where considerations of safety make provable correctness a criterion. 1 Correctness of design The design of a complex engineering product like a real time process control system is decomposed into a progression of related phases. It starts with an investigation of the properties and behaviour of the process evolving within its environment, and an analysis of requirements for its optimal or satisfactory performance, or at least for its safety. From these is derived a specification of the electronic or program-controlled components of the system. The project then may pass through an appropriate series of design phases, culminating in a program expressed in a high level language. After translation into the machine code of the chosen computer, it is loaded into memory and executed at high speed by electronic circuitry. Additional application-specific hardware may be needed to embed the computer into the system which it controls. Each of these phases presents a conceptual gap, as wide and challenging as that between hardware and software. Reliability of the delivered system requires that all the gaps be closed. It is achieved not just by testing, but by the quality of thought and meticulous care exercised by analysts, designers, programmers and engineers in all phases of the design. The goal of our research is to discover and formalise methods which reduce the risks and simplify the routines of the design task, and give fuller scope for the exercise of human skill and invention in meeting product requirements at low cost and in good time. The goal of this paper is to convey an impression of …


International students make an incredibly important contribution to universities worldwide. It is therefore critical that higher education contexts support international students' success in their studies. The International Student Barometer indicates international students' interest in work experience, career advice and employment post-study. A necessary skill for all graduates is the ability to be able to reflect on and in professional practice, yet there is limited research that explores reflection, the teaching of reflective thinking, and reflexivity for international students. Our research has shown that international students may approach the process of reflection differently due to their cultural differences so it is important that universities acknowledge and consider further ways in which to teach and assess reflection for international students. This special issue shares 7 papers related to international students and reflection by drawing on Rodgers' four functions of reflection. We hope that the special issue is of value to the journal's readership, particularly in regard to assisting both academic and support staff in universities with their work on reflection with international students.


A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of the burden of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Southeast Asia was performed on 41 studies out of the initially identified 14 089 records. The pooled prevalence of overall HAIs was 9.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2%-10.8%), whereas the pooled incidence density of HAI was 20 cases per 1000 intensive care unit-days. The pooled incidence density of ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line-associated bloodstream infection, and catheter-associated urinary tract infection was 14.7 per 1000 ventilator-days (95% CI, 11.7-17.7), 4.7 per 1000 catheter-days (95% CI, 2.9-6.5), and 8.9 per 1000 catheter-days (95% CI, 6.2-11.7), respectively. The pooled incidence of surgical site infection was 7.8% (95% CI, 6.3%-9.3%). The attributed mortality and excess length of stay in hospitals of infected patients ranged from 7% to 46% and 5 to 21 days, respectively.


J. C. Gomes da Silva—Whom Do they Resemble? ; An attempt at delineating the logic inherent to the epical discourse through an examination of Pierre Smith's recent theses. Attention is focused upon the fact that such a study demands a new evaluation of the guiding concepts and principles of anthropology. While P. Smith deals chiefly with African examples, the present essay makes a privileged use of Ossete legends (Northern Caucasus) and Slavic epical traditions.


In order to create a process plan from a workpiece description, a human expert thinks in a special terminology with respect to the given workpiece. The steps of human thinking during the generation process of a process plan are following the principles of heuristic classification: First using feature recognition an abstraction process is realized yielding a high level (qualitative) description of the current workpiece in terms of features. To these features certain (more or less) abstract (partial) process plans -- the so-called skeletal plans -- are associated. In the refinement step these skeletal plans are merged together to one complete process plan. In this paper we present a set of domain-oriented higher level representation formalisms for features and skeletal plans suitable for the modeling of this approach. When an expert's (process planner's knowledge has been represented using these formalisms, the generation of a process plan can be achieved by heuristic classification. This is demonstrated in the CAPP- system PIM, which is currently implemented as a prototype.


High(220190 kDa) and low(1 80 kDa) molecular-mass restricted splice variants (CD45R) of the leucocyte common antigen [ 13 are differentially expressed on T cells. It was of considerable interest that in humans, rats, and mice, different isoforms of CD45R were linked with functionally distinct T-cell subsets [2-41. The first clear evidence of this association was documented in the rat [5] using mAb OX22 which identifies an epitope of the CD45C exon product ([6], A. N. Barclay, personal communication). CD45C' CD4 T cells produced and responded well to interleukin 2 (11,-2), alloantigens and mitogens [7], and gave a vigorous response in a graft versus host (GVH) assay [S]. In contrast, T cells expressing the low-molecular-mass isoform (CD45C-) provided help for B cells in a secondary antibody response in vitro [5]. Subsequent work [8] suggested that subsets of CD4 T cells defined by mAb OX22 represented a division between naive (CD45C+) and memory (CD4SC-) T cells. Investigations carried out with T cells from humans and mice similarly concluded that highand lowmolecular-mass isoforms of CD45R marked naive and memory T cells respectively [2, 91. It is interesting that identification of the naive population was based on mAbs recognizing the gene product of the A exon in humans, the B exon in mice, and the C exon in rats. An additional mAb UCHL-1 was available in the human investigations specific for the low-molecular-mass isoform CD45RO [ 10, 1 I] in which exon products A, B and C have been spliced out [l]. The recent use of mAb PD7 against an epitope on the B-exon product in human cells indicates that a further subdivision of CD4 T cells will be defined [ 121. The lineage or maturational relationship between CD4-T-cell subsets has been examined extensively [lo], although entirely in vitro in the human. T cells stimulated in culture (by alloantigen or mitogen) were shown to down-regulate expression of the high-molecular-mass isoform, which was replaced on the cell surface by CD45 RO [13]. Reexpression of the high-molecular-mass isoform was


the giant, and the townspeople insist that she must be the one to appease him, lest his rumbles and grumbles unsettle the land under their feet. Carolinda sings to assuage her fear as she approaches the giant's mouth, only to fi nd that her music makes him want to get up and dance. She convinces him that he has a responsibility to the things that live on him, that the moon now loves him after all, and that if he will go back to sleep, she will sing to him every night. Though he is vague about the setting, Gerstein captures all of the traditional elements that go into much giant-centered folklore—a slumbering giant/mountain, cowed villagers, and an audacious heroine who will release them from their plight—and his watercolor illustrations of the preand post-somnolent giant are effective in setting the mood. The arrival of Carolinda Clatter, however, is heralded with increasing clutter in the compositions that signifi cantly dampens their effectiveness and produces more scribbly confusion than playful humor, unfortunately just as the plot begins to fl atten out. The rotund and oversized Carolinda herself, with her gapped teeth and hair that looks like extruded Play-doh, is likely to be more offputting than appealing to many readers, but her quirky bravery will win some hearts, and the giant's woeful tale will spark imaginative ideas about the ground beneath our feet. KC


Mice with transplanted Sarcoma 180 were irradiated 2 hours daily; 1st through 14th day after transplantation with 3-GHz microwaves at a power density of 40 mW/cm2. The irradiation resulted in an increase of rectal temperature by 3 to 4 °C. Some animals that were exposed to radiation received daily an IP injection of 1 mg/kg of Colcemide (synthetic Colchicine) or of 0.5 mG/kg of purified Streptolysin S or of both compounds. On the 14th day after transplantation half of each group of mice received 1 μCi/g IP 3H-thymidine; the other halves 3H-uridine, 1 μCi/g IP. Three hours later all of the mice were killed; the tumors were dissected, then measured for mass and radioactivity. Mean tumor mass, number of regressed tumors and averaged counts of radioactivity were calculated for each group. Microwave hyperthermia resulted in reduction of tumor mass by about 40%; the reduction was enhanced when microwave hyperthermia was combined with Colcemide and/or Streptolysin S. In the combined treatment with all three factors the tumor mass was reduced by about 70%. Inhibition of the tumor's growth was accompanied by reduced uptake of 3H-thymidine and 3H-uridine into the tumorous tissues.


Introduction: Increasingly, health technology assessment (HTA) organizations have instituted mechanisms for involving patients in assessment and review processes. The reasons are obvious—to understand the "patient experience" with a disease and to ensure that patient perspectives are considered during deliberations about the value of new treatments. More recently there have been efforts to engage the public in HTAs and HTA-informed decision-making processes. However, the goals of these efforts have not been well articulated. This may be attributable to the lack of a shared definition of "the public". The objective of this study was to develop a common understanding of the term "the public" within the context of HTA. Methods: The following were conducted: a survey of HTA organizations; a systematic review; consultation with Health Technology Assessment international's Special Interest Group on Patient and Citizen Involvement; and a workshop comprising representatives from patient organizations, industry, and HTA bodies in Canada. Results: In many HTA processes, the terms "public" and "patients" are synonymous. Definitions found in scholarly articles vary and depend on the rationale for involving the public in a particular issue. Through consultations it became clear that, in the context of HTA, the definition depends on understanding what is missing from current deliberations around the value of new health technologies. There was consensus among workshop participants that: (i) "patients" and "the public" are not the same; (ii) the role of the public may be to ensure societal values are reflected in HTAs and HTA-informed decision-making processes (e.g. serving an audit function); and (iii) a legitimate definition of "the public" could be: "A non-aligned community member with no commercial or professional interest in the HTA process who is not a patient or member of a stakeholder group". Conclusions: Consensus on the use of the terms "patient" and "public" will support rigorous, evidence-based public and patient engagement in HTA. The proposed definition indicates a way forward in this debate.


A single-turn loop of liquid, contained in four rigid straight tubes forming the sides of a square, was tested as a Faraday-effect sensor of enclosed electric current. To preserve linear polarization, at each of three corners of the square, light was totally internally reflected twice, with the second plane of incidence perpendicular to the first. Two liquids were tested, industrial-grade toluene and a mineral oil. Using simple optics the order of current sensed was tens of amperes. Noise intensity fluctuations were greater in toluene than in the oil, an effect attributed to stronger natural convection in toluene.


the of sample accord-ing the IRB each provider. Background The theory of cancer immunoediting, which describes the dynamic interactions between tumors and host immune cells that shape the character of each compartment, is foundational for understanding cancer immunotherapy. Few models exist that facilitate in-depth study of each of the three canonical phases of immunoediting: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Here, we perform high dimensional longitudinal immune profiling of NPK-C1, a transplantable prostate tumor model that recapitulates the three phases of immunoediting spontaneously in immunocompetent C57BL/6 animals. Methods We generated a 28-color immune phenotyping panel to interrogate the NPK-C1 microenvironment using a Cytek Aurora spectral flow cytometer. We analyzed NPK-C1 tumors on days 10, 15, 20 and 24 post-implantation, representing elimination, equilibrium, early escape, and late escape phases, respectively. These data were analyzed by both traditional gating and with an optimized dimensionality reduction and unsu-pervised clustering workflow. We additionally performed in vivo depletion studies of T cell and granulocyte subsets at early and late time points to determine if these bulk populations are required for immunoediting during elimination and equilibrium/escape. Results We found that a cluster of activated CD4 effector T cells were enriched early during elimination phase and were overrepresented in NPK-C1 tumors which regress rather than progress to escape. CD4 in vivo depletion studies validated a functional role for CD4 T cells in suppressing NPK-C1 progression at these phases. Additionally, a


At serological testing of 269 blood samples from patients sent in for hepatitis diagnostics and of 275 randomly selected samples from blood donors from all over the Netherlands, eight and five samples, respectively, were found to contain a positive antibody titre against hepatitis E virus (HEV). Follow-up samples could be obtained from three patients: in one patient the anti-HEV IgG titre remained unchanged over a period of 6 months, in one other the titre fell below the limit of detection and in the third, the titre increased in a period of 2 weeks. This patient had developed jaundice after a stay in Bangladesh. It is possible that in some patients, hepatitis E is mistaken for hepatitis A.


The gastroesophageal junction (GEJ), where squamous and columnar epithelia meet, is a hotspot for Barrett's metaplasia development, dysbiosis and carcinogenesis. However, the mechanisms regulating GEJ homeostasis remain unclear. Here, by employing organoids, bulk and single-cell transcriptomics, single-molecule RNA in situ hybridisations and lineage tracing, we identified the spatial organisation of the epithelial, stromal compartment and the regulators that maintain the normal GEJ homeostasis. During development, common KRT8 progenitors generate committed unilineage p63/KRT5-squamous and KRT8-columnar stem cells responsible for the regeneration of postnatal esophagus and gastric epithelium that meet at GEJ. A unique spatial distribution of Wnt regulators in the underlying stromal compartment of these stem cells creates diverging Wnt microenvironments at GEJ and supports their differential regeneration. Further, we show that these tissue-resident stem cells do not possess the plasticity to transdifferentiate to the other lineage with the altered Wnt signals. Our study provides invaluable insights into the fundamental process of GEJ homeostasis and is crucial for understanding disease development.


INTRODUCTION
Spontaneous infection of ascitic fluid with Salmonella typhimurium is very rare and exhibits uncommon features.

OBSERVATION
A Child-Pugh C cirrhotic 47 year-old woman was hospitalised for fever and coma. Norfloxacin 400 mg per day had been introduced three months earlier as secondary prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was diagnosed, and an intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was started (cefotaxime 1 g/8h). Bacteriologic samples isolated Salmonella typhimurium in ascites, blood and stools; Escherichia coli sensitive to norfloxacin in blood and Escherichia coli resistant to norfloxacin but sensitive to cefotaxime in urine. Despite the initial regression of the hepatic encephalopathy and the decrease in fever, the patient died twenty days after admission to hospital.

DISCUSSION
This observation is exceptional because of the simultaneous presence of Salmonella typhimurium in ascites, blood and stools. It underlines the features of spontaneous Salmonella bacterial peritonitis: rare, occurring in immuno-suppressive diseases, virulent despite sensitivity to third generation cephalosporines and of often poor prognosis. Compliance to norfloxacin prophylaxis in cirrhotic patients is a real problem, since in the case of poor compliance such patients are exposed both to sensitive norfloxacin bacteria, and to resistant norfloxacin bacteria selected by the norfloxacin prophylaxis.


The impact of Human Rights, more particularly the European Convention on Human Rights, on arbitral proceedings is increasingly important. Thus, Article 6 (1) of the European Convention on Human Rights is applicable in the context of compulsory arbitration (arbitration imposed on the parties by law) and in court proceedings related to arbitration, notably setting aside proceedings.
A more difficult question is whether this provision applies in the proceedings before the arbitrators themselves. This article concludes that it does.
A distinct ? and also controversial ? issue is whether the States that have adhered to the Convention should enact specific rules in order to ensure that the arbitration process will respect the guarantees of Article 6 (1). In particular, should States provide for judicial review of the award in order to effectively ensure Convention rights? This question has a direct impact on the possibility to waive in advance any application to set aside the arbitral award (Art. 192 PIL Act). The author concludes that a clearcut answer is not possible and that the test is whether the exclusion of any application to set aside the award is ?arbitrary or unreasonable?.
The author also addresses the question of the grounds (reasons) for the award (§ 21) and the alleged disqualification of an arbitral tribunal based on article 6 (1) of the European Convention on the ground that the arbitrators examined issues disputed on the merits in the context of a request for interim measures and would hence be biased (§ 29).
In the conclusion, the article stresses that the scope of Article 6 (1) may be very broad and that this provision can no longer be ignored by arbitration practitioners.


OBJECTIVES
Chronic periaortitis (CP) is a less known but more frequently diagnosed fibro-inflammatory disorder, but little we know about it and data regarding follow-up and outcome are still very limited. This study aims to identify the clinicopathologic, laboratory, and radiologic features, as well as outcomes of CP patients.

METHODS
Patients with CP from HUVAC database were included in the study. CP was diagnosed based on compatible imaging findings and histopathological evaluation (if available), in addition to clinical findings. Demographics, laboratory, clinical, and imaging data were retrospectively reviewed from medical records.

RESULTS
A total of 51 (male/female:37/14) patients were included in the study. Median (IQR) age was 63 (53-69) years and follow-up duration was 40 (4-60) months. 32 of the patients were IgG4-related CP. The most common form of CP in our cohort was idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis (82%), followed by inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (12%) and peri-aneurysmal retroperitoneal fibrosis (8%). 8 (15.6%) patients had thoracic periaortitis and 16 (31.6%) venous involvement. Cyclophosphamide (CYC) combined with steroids was the most preferred treatment modality (43%), followed by rituximab (RTX) (31.3%). Follow-up imaging was done after a median (IQR) of 7(3-11) months, 30% of the patients were stable and 64.1% showed regression. A total of 18 (35.2%) had been taken off therapy at the last visit.

CONCLUSIONS
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis was the most frequent presentation, whereas 15.6% of patients had thoracic involvement. Venous involvement was also not uncommon. Optimal time for follow-up imaging was determined as 6-9 months. Steroids along with CYC/RTX had a favourable outcome in the treatment of these patients.


Campaign contributions are widely viewed as a corrupting influence but most scholarly research concludes that they have marginal impact on legislative behavior. Lynda W. Powell shows that contributions have considerable influence in some state legislatures but very little in others.Using a national survey of legislators, shedevelops an innovative measure of influence and delineates the factors that explain this great variation across the 99 U.S. state legislative chambers. Powell identifies the personal, institutional, and political factors that determine how muchtime alegislatordevotes to personal fundraising and fundraising for the caucus. She shows that the extent of donors' legislative influence varies in ways corresponding to the same variations in the factors that determine fundraising time. She also confirmsa link between fundraising and lobbying with evidence supporting the theory that contributors gain access to legislators based on donations, Powell's findingshave important implications for the debate over the role of money in the legislative process."


The authors report a case of hypertensive crisis during cryoablation of an adrenal metastasis. This case is of particular interest not only because of the nature of the complication but also because of the timing of the hypertensive crisis. Based on their observations, the authors suggest that it may be prudent to pretreat this patient population with alpha-adrenergic blocking medications (eg, phenoxybenzamine), as is typically done for patients with neuroendocrine tumors such as pheochromocytoma. Preemptive intervention with these medications requires close collaboration between radiology and anesthesia care teams.


Students have been becoming more autonomous, which opens the window to innovative intervention that cognitively engages students. The current contexts of collaborative and self-learning, inserted in technological environments designed for Digital Learning, allow the achievement of different performances at different levels. This article's main objectives are the identification of cognitive engagement strategies and to verify the existence of a correlation between these strategies and learning outcomes, in a higher education context. In this context, this research aims to identify what are the main cognitive engagement strategies for higher education contexts, what technological environments are available for applying cognitive engagement solutions and what correlation exists between the proposed strategies and learning outcomes, in digital learning environments.Based on an Action Research methodology, this position paper presents the state of the art regarding Cognitive Engagement and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education and a literature review. Future work is discussed.


The nucleotide sequences for colicin Ia and colicin Ib structural and immunity genes were determined. The two colicins each consist of 626 amino acid residues. Comparison of the two sequences along their lengths revealed that the two colicins are nearly identical in the N-terminal 426 amino acid residues. The C-terminal 220 amino acid residues of the colicins are only 60% identical, suggesting that this is the region most likely recognized by their cognate immunity proteins. The predicted proteins for the colicin immunity proteins would contain 111 amino acids for the colicin Ia immunity protein and 115 amino acids for the colicin Ib immunity protein. The colicin immunity proteins have no detectable DNA or amino acid homology but do exhibit a conservation of overall hydrophobicity. The colicin immunity genes lie distal to and in opposite orientation to the colicin structural genes. The colicin Ia immunity protein was purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of isoelectric focusing and preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the purified Ia immunity protein was determined and was found to be in perfect agreement with that predicted from the DNA sequence of its structural gene. The Ia immunity protein is not a processed membrane protein.


O-GlcNAc is a pleotropic, enigmatic post-translational modification (PTM). This PTM modifies thousands of proteins differentially across tissue types and regulates diverse cellular signaling processes. O-GlcNAc is implicated in numerous diseases, and the advent of O-GlcNAc perturbation as a novel class of therapeutic underscores the importance of identifying and quantifying the O-GlcNAc modified proteome. Here, we review recent advances in mass spectrometry-based proteomics that will be critical in elucidating the role of this unique glycosylation system in health and disease.


Second-home owners contribute significantly to the economic development of municipalities with lots of second homes. In rural and island policy, there have been expectations about their participation to the local life as developers. Lately, the COVID-19 pandemic raised the discussion about dual municipal residency. In this study, the governance of multi-local residents is examined, asking how multi-local residents are comprehended as subjects of governance in the researched municipalities, and how municipalities try to make use of their resources? The interviews of municipal officials in 23 municipalities have been analyzed by using the Grounded Theory approach with theoretical views derived from the analysis of governance. Municipalities consider second-home owners primarily as consumers that contribute to the local economic development. Secondly, some individual second-home owners are perceived as developers. They are typically lobbyists and entrepreneurs that have professional knowledge and belong to national networks. These interpretations of the roles direct the governance practices, such as development of service supply and attracting developers to participate in interactive forums.


Abstract Urban-scale air pollutants for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter >10 μm, and ozone (O3) were simulated over the Seoul metropolitan area, Korea, during the period of July 2-11, 2002, and their predicting capabilities were discussed. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM) and the highly disaggregated anthropogenic and the biogenic gridded emissions (1 km × 1 km) recently prepared by the Korean Ministry of Environment were applied. Wind fields with observational nudging in the prognostic meteorological model TAPM are optionally adopted to comparatively examine the meteorological impact on the prediction capabilities of urban-scale air pollutants. The result shows that the simulated concentrations of secondary air pollutant largely agree with observed levels with an index of agreement (IOA) of >0.6, whereas IOAs of ∼0.4 are found for most primary pollutants in the major cities, reflecting the quality of emission data in the urban area. The observationally nudged wind fields with higher IOAs have little effect on the prediction for both primary and secondary air pollutants, implying that the detailed wind field does not consistently improve the urban air pollution model performance if emissions are not well specified. However, the robust highest concentrations are better described toward observations by imposing observational nudging, suggesting the importance of wind fields for the predictions of extreme concentrations such as robust highest concentrations, maximum levels, and >90th percentiles of concentrations for both primary and secondary urban-scale air pollutants.


Artificial Intelligence (AI) is moving so rapidly policy makers, regulators, governments and the legal profession are struggling to keep up. However, AI is not new and it has been used for more than two decades. Coupled with AI, personal data, along with cyber security law, and the challenges posed by the current legal frameworks are nothing short of immense. They are, in part, at odds with each other, and are doing very different things. This paper explores some of the challenges emerging in Australia, Europe and Singapore. The challenge of the interrelationship between personal data and AI arguably begins with who has manufactured the AI. Secondly, who owns the AI. Another challenge that has also emerged is defining AI. Most people are able to understand what AI is and how it is beginning to impact the economy and our daily lives. However, there is no clear legal definition of AI, because AI is so nebulous. This burgeoning area of law is going to challenge society, privacy and economic experts, regulators, innovators of technology, as there continues to be a collision between them. Furthermore, the collection of personal data by AI challenges the notion of where responsibility lies. That is, AI may collect, use and disclose personal data at different points along the technology chain. It will be highlighted how the current data protection laws rather than promote AI projects, largely inhibit its development. This paper identifies some of the tensions between data protection law and AI. This paper argues that there is a need for an urgent and detailed understanding of the opportunities, legal and ethical issues associated with data protection and AI. Doing so will ensure an ongoing balance between the economic and social issues that are attached to the two areas of the law.


Lean Construction is a radically new way of thinking about the construction process. To engineer its adoption means questioning assumptions, ways of thinking and practices the culture into which people have long been schooled. Therefore, efforts have been made to understand the existing culture; to establish the reasoning and rationales it embraces in order to change it. Part of this project has resulted in the presumption that there are mental models, mindsets or general dispositions to think and act in a certain way. While these constructs may be a useful first step in putting oneself 'in the other's shoes' in order better to develop and negotiate change strategies, there are a number of dangers associated with them. There are two in particular. The first is the 'cultural dope' fallacy where another's action is seen simply as the acting out of a version of that other's culture which has been constructed by the analyst. The second is the presumption that it is possible for an analyst to provide such constructs without being subject to the fact, which has become a commonplace in management studies, that everybody (including the analyst) has a point of view; a mental model of her own. With reference to case material, the paper explores some ways in which ethnographic research methods can help to avoid these dangers and at the same time contribute to the management of change.


Examining locomotion has improved our basic understanding of motor control and aided in treating motor impairment. Mice and rats are premier models of human disease and increasingly the model systems of choice for basic neuroscience. High frame rates (250 Hz) are needed to quantify the kinematics of these running rodents. Manual tracking, especially for multiple markers, becomes time-consuming and impossible for large sample sizes. Therefore, the need for automatic segmentation of these markers has grown in recent years. Here, we address this need by presenting a method to segment the markers using the SLIC superpixel method. The 2D coordinates on the image plane are projected to a 3D domain using direct linear transform (DLT) and a 3D Kalman filter has been used to predict the position of markers based on the speed and position of markers from the previous frames. Finally, a probabilistic function is used to find the best match among superpixels. The method is evaluated for different difficulties for tracking of the markers and it achieves 95% correct labeling of markers.


It is usual that the pulp mill effluent is treated by means of Fe (OH)3 or Al (OH) 3 flock flocculation and sedimentation. In testing the effluent, only COD, BOD and chromaticity are measured in many cases, and the influence of the components in the effluent is nearly left alone. The authors, however, used magnesium components in treating the pulp mill effluent, and measured anionic colloid contents in the effluent by means of a colloidal titration method, and also made measurement of saccharide. The relationship among the added magnesium content, the removal ratios of the COD, colloid and saccharide concentration, the sedimentation rate of sludge, and the sludge volume was carefully investigated, and as a result, the authors were able to have a prospect of putting an effluent treatment method into practical use. Stated below is the information obtained from the tests carried out by the authors. (1) The magnesium hydroxide method is relatively superior in the sedimentation and filtration rates to the aluminum hydroxide or the ferric hydroxidemethod. (2) The anionic colloid in the effluents of Kraft Pulp (KP), Sulfite Pulp (SP), Semichemical Pulp (SCP) and Fermentation Pulp can be completely removed by means of magnesium hydroxide. (3) The removal of the COD in magnesium hydroxide method is about 70% in the cases of the KP and SCP effluents, and about 55% in the cases of the SP and Fermentation Pulp effluents. (4) Residual COD loading components are estimated to be lower in molecular weight of organic compounds in the pulp mill effluent.


Previous studies have shown that the Drosophila cation channels designated Trp and Trpl can be functionally expressed in Sf9 insect cells using baculovirus expression vectors. The trp gene encodes a Ca-permeable channel that is activated by thapsigargin, blocked by low micromolar Gd, and is relatively selective for Caversus Na and Ba. In contrast, trpl encodes a Ca-permeable cation channel that is constitutively active, not affected by thapsigargin, blocked by high micromolar Gd, and non-selective with respect to Ca, Na, and Ba. The region of lowest sequence identity between Trp and Trpl occurs in the COOH-terminal domain. To test the hypothesis that this region is responsible for the differential sensitivity of these channels to thapsigargin, chimeric constructs of Trp and Trpl were created in which the COOH-terminal tail region of each protein was exchanged. The Trp construct with the Trpl COOH-tail was constitutively active, insensitive to thapsigargin, but retained selectivity for Ca over Na and Ba. In contrast, the Trpl construct with the Trp COOH-tail was not constitutively active, could be activated by thapsigargin, but remained non-selective with respect to Ca, Ba, and Na. These results suggest that the COOH-terminal domain of Trpl plays an important role in determining constitutive activity, whereas the COOH-terminal region of Trp contains the structural features necessary for activation by thapsigargin.


A meta‐analysis of 76 studies (N = 31,016) examined the relationship between social identification and depression. Overall, individuals who identify highly with a group tend to report less depression (average rz = −.15). However, a large amount of variability between studies was observed. The 95% prediction interval, which indicates the true effect size that can be expected in future research, ranged from rz = −.50 to .19. The relationship between depression and social identification is more complex than previously assumed. Some variability is related to the social identification measure used. Studies that focused on identification with interactive groups (rz = −.28) had larger effect sizes than studies that focused on social categories (rz = −.11). Moreover, studies of non‐stigmatized groups (rz = −.24) had larger effect sizes than studies of stigmatized groups (rz = −.10). In conclusion, the structure and social identity content of groups appear to play an important role in the relationship between depression and social identification.


This thesis focuses on the impact of translating as experience, metaphor and influence for the two writers featured in this study, George Eliot and Mary (Mrs Humphry) Ward. I argue that the emotional and intellectual requirements for translation, sympathetic identification and critical judgement, are significant and under-investigated influences on their creative practice. Although it is well known that both writers translated works which challenged prevailing religious understandings, I emphasise that their approach to their translations was itself one of hermeneutic and stylistic fidelity, and explore the process of translation conceived as a series of human relationships. I argue that both women explored the capacity of the ideas and language of their translations to provide conceptualisations of human relationship as the fulcrum and guarantor of emotional value in a Godless world. The considerable critical interest in Feuerbach's influence on Eliot has focused mainly on subjectivity and the duty of understanding others, but I consider her emphasis on human relationships as acts of faith. Critical interest in Spinoza has been far more limited, and this thesis champions the importance of this relationship for Eliot's writing in relation to the process of psychological change, the role of intuitive knowledge, and the subjectivity of ethical understanding. The influence of Amiel's portrayal of the intellectual and psychological experience of losing faith on Ward's fiction has been largely unexplored in criticism, an oversight this thesis is intended to correct. Chapter 1 contextualizes Ward and Eliot in relation to Victorian conceptualisations of translation more widely, and stresses the context of nineteenth-century translation conceived as a search for fidelity, (in distinction from more recent critical models imposing currents of conflict and mastery). Chapter 2 examines the impact of Eliot's translation of Feuerbach's Essence of Christianity on ideas around the sacred nature of human relationships, and in particular the influence of Feuerbach's metaphor of translation on Eliot's narration. Chapter 3 considers Eliot's translation of Spinoza's Ethics, arguing that Spinoza's ideas about processes of psychological change and the subjectivity of good and evil are more fully integrated into Eliot's fiction than has traditionally been thought. Chapter 4 considers Mary Ward's translation of Amiel's Journal Intime in relation to her most famous novel, Robert Elsmere, tracing how Amiel's sense of multiple psychologies and his own analyses of other philosophers contribute to Ward's delineation of the loss of faith. Chapter 5 considers his influence on Helbeck of Bannisdale and Eleanor, and how those novels use metaphors related to translation to consider the gaps between the languages of individuals, and between emotion and its recognition. Ward's role as translator is examined with reference to hitherto unpublished letters to her father during the final editing of Helbeck of Bannisdale, along with the significance for Eleanor of Ward's introduction to Joubert's Pensees and her collaboration with Katharine Lyttelton on its translation.


A much-discussed fragment of Phrynichos' comedy Monotropos, together with the comments of the scholiast on Aristophanes who preserves it, have often been taken to indicate that at some point before the production of the play, in spring 414 B.C., the Athenian politician Syrakosios moved a decree that restricted the right of comic playwrights to satirize individual Athenians. The relevant passage (schol. ad Arist. Aves 1297 = Phrynichos F 27 K-A) reads as follows (I reproduce the text of Kassel and Austin):


In the last decade Peer to Peer technology has been thoroughly explored, because it overcomes many limitations compared to the traditional client server paradigm. Despite its advantages over a traditional approach, the ubiquitous availability of high speed, high bandwidth and low latency networks has supported the traditional client-server paradigm. Recently, however, the surge of streaming services has spawned renewed interest in Peer to Peer technologies. In addition, services like geolocation databases and browser technologies like Web-RTC make a hybrid approach attractive. In this paper we present algorithms for the construction and the maintenance of a hybrid P2P overlay multicast tree based on topological distances. The essential idea of these algorithms is to build a multicast tree by choosing neighbours close to each other. The topological distances can be easily obtained by the browser using the geolocation API. Thus the implementation of algorithms can be done web-based in a distributed manner. We present proofs of our algorithms as well as practical results and evaluations.


Development in photonics for communications and interconnects pose increasing requirements on reduction of footprint, power dissipation and cost, as well as increased bandwidth. Nanophotonics integrated photonics has been viewed as a solution to this, capitalizing on development in nanotechnology and an increased understanding of light matter interaction on the nanoscale. The latter can be exemplified by plasmonics and low dimensional semiconductors such as quantum dots (QDs). In this scenario the development of improved electrooptic materials is of great importance, the electrooptic polymers being an example, since they potentially offer superior properties for optical phase modulators in terms of power and integratability. Phase modulators are essential for e.g. the rapidly developing advanced modulation formats, since phase modulation basically can generate any type of modulation. The electrooptic polymers, in combination with plasmonics nanoparticle array waveguides or nanostructured hybrid plasmonic media can give extremely compact and low power dissipation modulators. Low-dimensional semiconductors, e.g. in the shape of QDs, can be employed for modulation or switching functions, offering possibilities for scaling to 2 or 3 dimensions for advanced switching functions. In both the high field confinement plasmonics and QDs, the nanosizing is due to nearfield interactions, albeit being of different physical origin in the two cases. Epitaxial integration of III-V structures on Si plays an important role in developing high-performance light sources on silicon, eventually integrated with silicon electronics. A brief remark on all-optical vs. electronically controlled optical switching systems is also given.


Existing datacube precomputation schemes materialize selected datacube tuples on disk, choosing the most beneficial cuboids (i.e., combinations of dimensions) to materialize given a space limit. However in the context of a data-warehouse receiving frequent "append" updates to the database, the cost of keeping these disk-resident cuboids up-to-date can be high. In this paper we propose a main memory based framework which provides rapid response to queries and requires considerably less maintenance cost than a disk based scheme in an append-only environment. For a given datacube query, we first look among a set of previously materialized tuples for a direct answer. If not found, we use a hash based scheme reminiscent of partial match retrieval to rapidly compute the answer to the query from the finest-level data stored in a special in-memory data structure. Our approach is limited to the important class of applications in which the finest granularity tuples of the datacube fit in main memory. We present analytical and experimental results demonstrating the benefits of our approach.


This article intends to reveal various language functions consisted in Ismail Marzuki's song lyrics in the frame of the widely known Jakobson's language function theory. By using data gathered from various sources, the research findings shows that Ismail Marzuki's song lyrics are dominated by the use of language which is exploited to bear poetic function in order to enable the audiences experiencing the song's messages and other language functions aesthetically. All Marzuki's song lyrics concern with extralinguistic world. Accordingly, it is not surprising that none of the song lyric is used to convey metalinguistic function for explaining the internal structure of a language.


A computational approach to the semantic interpretation of nominalizations is described. Interpretation of nominalizations involves three tasks: deciding whether the nominalization is being used in a verbal or non-verbal sense; disambiguating the nominalized verb when a verbal sense is used; and determining the fillers of the thematic roles of the verbal concept or predicate of the nominalization. A verbal sense can be recognized by the presence of modifiers that represent the arguments of the verbal concept. It is these same modifiers which provide the semantic clues to disambiguate the nominalized verb. In the absence of explicit modifiers, heuristics are used to discriminate between verbal and nonverbal senses. A correspondence between verbs and their nominalizations is exploited so that only a small amount of additional knowledge is needed to handle the nominal form. These methods are tested in the domain of encyclopedic texts and the results are shown.


This thesis presents the simulated optical design of a fully LED-based solar simulator.
The work focuses on the spectral mismatch, the spatial uniformity acquired
with direct light and the spectral uniformity. The proposed LED solar simulator has
an illuminated area of 32cm x 32cm and can characterise medium size photovoltaic
devices under variable light intensities and variable output spectra. The spectral
range covered is between 350nm and 1300nm which offers the capability of characterising
various different PV technologies. The spectral match classification is A+
for the 400nm-1100nm spectral range and B for the 350nm-1300nm spectral range.
The spatial non-uniformity of irradiance is also A+ across the illuminated area. The
temporal stability of LEDs can easily reach class A as proven by previous work in
the group and is not examined here.
An automated LED selection methodology that optimises the spectral mismatch
was developed to replace the trial and error method usually employed. The algorithm
created accommodates a more accurate selection of the most appropriate LED
wavelengths in order to represent the solar spectrum even more closely than before
and improve the uncertainties caused by the spectral mismatch. A genetic algorithm
and the chi-squared error criterion were used to create the automated methodology
applying a minimisation technique. This technique helps the user choose from a
wide variety of LEDs available on the market, determine the wavelengths and the
number of LEDs per wavelength needed to accurately represent the AM1.5G solar
spectrum and other spectra and provides a cost-effective and straightforward solution.
The solution chosen for this project involves 24 different wavelengths.
A direct beam approach was followed regarding the collimation of light to account
for the measurement errors introduced by the frequent overestimation of the
current due to the unpredicted reflections caused by diffuse light. Extended simulations
of different optics were performed to determine the best layout that offers
good directionality and satisfactory non-uniformity of irradiance and light collection
efficiency. Total internal reflectors of 13.5mm diameter proved to be the most
appropriate primary optics with the highest collection efficiency. An imaging homogeniser
was chosen as secondary optics for its capability to mix the light and
achieve low levels of non-uniformity of irradiance. The spatial non-uniformity of
irradiance achieved with 612 LEDs is 0.29% across the 32cm x 32cm illuminated
area and the irradiance is equal to 1316 W/m2 assuming 1W LEDs.
The hexagonal placement set-up was used for the placement of the LEDs since
it results in the lowest non-uniformity and it is the best option for keeping the lamp
size compact. An optical engineering software called FRED was used for ray-tracing
individual optics. Due to the time and computational demands of the simulations a
different approach needed to be found for overlaying the irradiance profiles of hundreds
or even thousands optical elements. An algorithm was developed in Matlab
that takes into consideration the geometry of each case and calculates the final irradiance
profile.
A placement methodology that accounts for the spectral uniformity on the illuminated
target was also developed. It was shown that placing the LEDs randomly
does not offer enough spectral mixing and is therefore problematic as it introduces
an unexpected source of measurement uncertainty. The influence of spectral non-uniformity
varies for different photovoltaic technologies due to their variable spectral
responses. Thus, a placement methodology using a genetic algorithm was developed
to optimise the positioning of the LEDs. As a result the highest spectral non-uniformity
drops from almost 5% to 1.46% and the measurement uncertainty is
reduced significantly since an improvement of up to 1.8% is noted in the current
density non-uniformity.


Recently, the demand for border crossing has increased massively, with the aim to increase the processing and clearance speed at border crossing points (BCP). The attempt to improve travel convenience, Border Cross Point (BCP) output and national security result in automated border control (ABC) with biometric technology having a major effect on the efficiency, and safety of the control processes. The border processing of BCP can be increased by automating biometric recognition and facilitated by clearance procedures. This paper discussed the two structures of an e-gate (ABC) and a prospective benefit of biometrics to the EU border in terms of accuracy, integrity, robustness, and efficiency. Challenges posed by biometrics in border control systems were identified and recommendations such as multimodal systems and smart systems with AI and machine learning were suggested to assist travellers to cross border points faster.


The synthesis and full characterization of a series of chiral [Zn(salen)] [salen = N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine dianion] complexes comprising a 1,2-diphenylethane backbone is reported. The preparation method reported here simplifies the previously communicated methodology for these types of Zn complexes that utilized air-sensitive ZnEt2 (or similar) as the metalating reagent. X-ray molecular structures are also reported for representative examples of this family of [Zn(salen)] complexes. A wide range of functionality is shown to be accessible by means of the present route, thereby amplifying the potential use of these (Lewis acidic) Zn complexes as molecular building blocks. Examples in this work include the formation of supramolecular assemblies having built-in bifunctionality using versatile Zn–N and Zn–O coordination motifs as guiding tools.


ABSTRACT Advertising by physicians is a relatively recent phenomenon. Historically, most professions prohibited licensed members from engaging in speech activities that proposed a commercial transaction—advertising. However the history of a physician's legal right to advertise is not the main focus of this article. A brief review of the past, present, and possible future of such rights might assist readers in understanding the revolutionary constitutional and commercial speech changes that have occurred over the past three decades. A physician's legal right to advertise has developed as part of the evolutionary interpretation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The purposes of this study were to determine (a) consumers' attitudes toward advertising by physicians and (b) whether city of residence, occupation, age, sex, race, marital status, number of children in household, total family household income, and education of the consumer accounted for any significant difference in attitude toward physicians who advertise. The intent was to discover information that would be useful to physicians in planning marketing strategies and improving the quality of their advertising. The study seems to confirm the belief of many marketing professionals that advertising and marketing clearly have a place in the future of health care services.


Heart failure (HF) is a serious and debilitating cardiovascular disease responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates worldwide, as well as expensive healthcare costs. In HF, there is an increase in circulating concentrations of cardiac biomarkers such as N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), which can be used for its diagnosis and prognosis. Biosensors have emerged as an appealing alternative to conventional methods of detection, being capable of providing a quick response and allowing detection at point of care. Tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs) present a high sensitivity to refractive index (RI) variations occurring in the surrounding medium and hence were employed in this work to develop a biosensor for NT-proBNP detection. Two immunosensors were exploited based on a bare TFBG and a gold coated TFBG (Au-TFBG), and, in both cases, distinct spectral demodulation methods were studied to evaluate the sensing performance. The NT-proBNP detection was carried out using the immunosensors properly biofunctionalized, in the 0.01-1000 ng/mL concentration range. The best performance results were obtained by computing the lower envelope of the spectra and following its variations for both bare and Au-coated TFBGs, with the latter exhibiting a lower limit of detection of 0.19 ng/mL. Moreover, a control test was done for each immunosensor to test the specificity. The findings reached in the present work highlight the great diversity of spectral demodulation methods and their impact on the sensing performance, having to be considered upon comparison between TFBG-based biosensors.


The turnover of soil organic carbon (SOC) in grasslands can be predicted as a function of climate, plant lignin content, texture, and kinetically defined C pools. Particle-size fractionation has been used to identify soil C pools. This study was conducted to investigate influences of climate on the dynamics of lignin in particle-size fractions. Composite samples were taken from the top 10 cm of 18 native grassland sites along temperature and precipitation transects from Central Saskatoon, Canada, to South Texas. Lignin-derived phenols were determined in the <2 μm (clay), 2- to 20-μm (silt), 20- to 250-μm (fine sand) and 250- to 2000-μm (coarse sand) size separates. With decreasing particle size the concentration of lignin-derived phenols decreased significantly from 72 g kg -1 SOC in the coarse sand fractions to 12 g kg -1 SOC in the clay fractions. Increasing phenolic acids to aldehyde ratios indicated that side chain oxidation proceeded as particle size decreased. Moreover, these ratios decreased in fractions <250 μm with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT) at the sites. This suggests that the degree of lignin decomposition decreased with increasing MAT, possibly because there was a lack of additional C sources, such as saccharides of root litter, which are needed for the cometabolic decay of lignin.


The paper presents a complex of data characterizing the quality of the designed milk and vegetable mince. We have identified the shares of the main nutrients in the milk and vegetable mince and found out that the designed mince contains more nutrients than it is required by the standard. Thus, the share of dry matter in the new mince exceeds the standard share by 2.05-6.32 %, fat -by0.80-0.82 %, carbohydrates, in particular monoand disaccharides, -by 6.24-6.28 %, pectin -by 0.37-1.63 %, and cellulose -by0.18-0.53 %, which proves feasibility of combining dairy and plant material. Calculation of the amino acid score for the milk and vegeta-ble mince shows that the mince proteins are free from limiting amino acids, whereas the share of all essential amino acids exceeds the FAO/ WHO standards, which proves high biological value of the mince.The research has proved that the relative biological value (RBV) and the rate of digestion by the main proteolytic enzymes make the designed mince excel the standard. The analysis of the obtained data additionally confirms the physiological phenomenon discovered by О. О. Pokrovsky.We have proved that vegetable raw materials used as mince ingredients enrich the designed produce with vitamins and minerals. The research shows that the shares of vitamins in the milk and vegetable mince increase (vitamins of group B 10.35-12.06 times, vitamin А 4.50-5.50 times, and vitamin С 5.60-7.02 times) in comparison with the standard while the content of all mineral elements makes the designed mince excel the standard.Therefore, the designed mince is a promising raw material for manufacturing culinary products, which allows expanding the range of products with a higher nutritional and biological value.


This paper presents an analysis and comparison of the profiled results using software-based profilers (SBP) and FPGA-based profilers (FPGA-BP) for a Nios II Processor system. SBP tools are commonly used to detect performance bottlenecks of a program by applying instrumentation code at the binary level and using sampling methods for performance data gathering. This can cause the reported profiled results to be inaccurate which can mislead the embedded designer to implement the improper software function in the hardware domain. FPGA-BP tools are profilers that contain dedicated hardware that can accurately measure the performance of the software system running on a soft-core processor. They require minimal code modification and do not use any sampling techniques to collect performance data. This can provide accurate results that embedded designers can use to create an efficient and effective hardware-software partition of an embedded system.


This paper investigates empirically the day-of-the-week effect on stock returns and volatility of the Indian stock markets. The GARCH (1,1), EGARCH (1,1) and TGARCH (1,1) models were employed to examine the existence of daily anomalies over the period of 1 July, 1997 to 29 June, 2012. The empirical results derived from the GARCH models indicate the existence of day-of-the-week effects on stock returns and volatility of the Indian stock markets. The study reveals positive Monday and Wednesday effects in the NSE-Nifty and BSE-SENSEX market returns. The average return on Monday is significantly higher than the average return of Wednesday in the NSE-Nifty and BSE-SENSEX markets. Besides, the findings confirm the strong support of ARCH and GARCH effects persist in the returns series. Moreover, the asymmetric GARCH models show that the Indian stock market returns exhibit asymmetric (leverage) effect. Most importantly, the empirical results indicate that Tuesday effects have negative impact on volatility after controlling the persistence and asymmetric effects.


In an increasingly globalized world, businesses are now expecting graduates to have the skills and merits that would add value to their organization.  In as much as the higher education sector in Thailand would want to deliver this need, changes have been made in order for programs to cater to these requirements.  These challenges of being up to date to the needs of the business sector put forth a certain level of expectation from Thai university students, which would test their norms not only socially but also academically.  Thai cultural values play an important part on how they would accept the challenge and how they would react to these changes.  Would they be able to cope with the changes by adopting to the change or would they stick to what is the norm and oppose the change?  In this regard, this study aims to identify and understand Thai culture as it affects academic stress and student learning orientation.   Empirical evidence is gathered for the purpose of evaluating Thai culture and how it affects academic stress which in turn affects student's learning orientation.  Conclusions derived from this research study will assist universities in understanding the Thai culture and how it is currently evolving, and in identifying opportunities on how universities can support their students in terms of coping with academic stress to maximize students' learning orientation.


Abstract: Caloplaca fuscorufa H. Magn. is a poorly known species that for a long time was known only from a single locality in Jämtland, northern Sweden, where it was collected in 1910. It has been suggested to be synonymous with C. crenularia (With.) J. R. Laundon, but has also been confused with C. exsecuta (Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. We have compared the isotype of C. fuscorufa and material collected in Sweden, Norway and Svalbard, with presumably related species, using morphology, anatomy and chemistry as well as molecular data. The results show that C. fuscorufa is a distinct species, differing from C. crenularia mainly in its somewhat larger spores with wider septa, different colour of the apothecia and a more northern distribution. It differs from C. exsecuta mainly in its chemistry and smaller spores with smaller septa. Caloplaca crenularia is shown to have a more southern distribution in Sweden than previously understood. Chemical data and a molecular analysis based on ITS data show that C. fuscorufa is related to C. crenularia and C. ammiospila, but clearly separated from these species.


Dynamic hepatic scintiangiography is a method of estimating some aspects of liver hemodynamics. Especially in cirrhotics and in liver-grafted patients this method may be clinically useful. We studied some methodological aspects of the differentiation between the arterial and the portal positions of the liver time activity curve. In 16 patients with otherwise proven pure arterial perfusion of the liver there wee three different forms of the curve: in 8 cases the first peak was followed by a second upslope. In 5 cases there was a plateau after the peak, and in 3 cases the peak was followed by a downslope of the curve. No general description of all curves could be found. Therefore all methods using plateau techniques for subtracting the arterial from the portal portion of the curve seem to be doubtful. In these and in other patients five different techniques were compared: the arterial part was much underestimated by the method of George (76 +/- 9%), slightly underestimated by the method of Biersack (91 +/- 8%), and much overestimated by the method of Boyd (123 +/- 11%). The methods of Fajman and our modification estimated always 100% in the patients with pur arterial perfusion. Comparing a set of independent evaluations the mean deviation wa 11% in normals and 23% in cirrhotics of arterial part. Only rough changes of the arterial to portal ratio of hepatic perfusion can be evaluated by dynamic hepatic scintiangiography.


Deep Neural Networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Neural Architecture Search (NAS), one of the driving tools of deep neural networks, demonstrates superior performance in prediction accuracy in various machine learning applications. However, it is unclear how it performs against adversarial attacks. Given the presence of a robust teacher, it would be interesting to investi-gate if NAS would produce robust neural architecture by inheriting robustness from the teacher. In this paper, we propose Robust Neural Architecture Search by Cross-Layer Knowledge Distillation (RNAS-CL), a novel NAS algorithm that improves the robustness of NAS by learning from a robust teacher through cross-layer knowledge distillation. Unlike previous knowledge distillation methods that encourage close student/teacher output only in the last layer, RNAS-CL automatically searches for the best teacher layer to supervise each student layer. Experimental result evidences the effectiveness of RNAS-CL and shows that RNAS-CL produces small and robust neural architecture.


The keynote of the modern diagnosis of neoplasms is the recognition of many distinct clinical and pathologic entities in the vast field of benign and malignant tumors. It is no longer possible to content oneself with the simple report that the case is carcinoma or sarcoma. It is necessary to know what exact type of carcinoma or sarcoma is present, what the extent of the disease may be, what degree of malignancy is concerned, and what the natural history of the disease will reveal. In other words, it is necessary for the pathologist and clinician to form a clinical diagnosis and not rest merely on a histologic report. The introduction of radiation treatment has emphasized the importance of the finer diagnosis of tumors, for without accurate knowledge of the structure and natural course of the disease, the radiologist is seriously handicapped. The surgeon also needs such knowledge for the intelligent


Abstract Background: This study examines the moderating effects of cigarette and e-cigarette co-use on the relationship between adolescent intention to use and marijuana use using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Method: A total of 217,276 adolescents in grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 were assessed using data from a large statewide surveillance dataset of youth self-report of substance use and related risk and protective factors. Structural Equation Models consisting of latent variables representing behavioral, normative, and control beliefs were regressed on intention to use and past 30-day marijuana use. Tests of moderation of the pathways between intention and marijuana use were used to test hypotheses, and grade level, gender, and race were included as covariates. Results: The overall model fit of the TPB predicting adolescent marijuana use provided good fit to the data (χ2(127) = 58042, p < 0.01, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.94, RMSEA = 0.04, SRMR = 0.03). After controlling for features of the model that may serve as common liability to substance use, past 30-day cigarette use moderated the relationship between intention and marijuana use (β = 0.46, p <.001). A stronger moderating effect was observed with past 30-day e-cigarette use (β = 0.63, p <.001). Past 12-month nicotine vaping (β = 0.44, p <.001) and flavor-only vaping (β = 0.30, p <.001) strengthened the relationship between intention and marijuana use. Conclusion: Adolescent marijuana use prevention may be enhanced by targeting general inhalation behaviors and restricting access to cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and flavor-only vaping products.


A sustainable bio-economy requires the efficient utilization of all of the components of biomass. After glucose, mannose and galactose are the most abundant 6-carbon sugars in plant hemicellulose; lactose is a common dairy byproduct. Here, we demonstrate the conversion of these sugars into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a key intermediate for renewable fuels and chemicals. Chromium salts enable the efficient conversion of mannose into HMF but are less effective for galactose, lactose, and the related hexulose, tagatose. Isotopic labeling studies and the reactivity of psicose and sorbose indicate that the key aldose-to-ketose conversion occurs via a 1,2-hydride shift, which is followed by dehydration of the furanose tautomer. These data valorize mannose, galatactose, and lactose as sources of HMF, and inform the design of new catalysts for the conversion of aldoses to ketoses.


In-network management (INM) is a paradigm for distributed and embedded management for future networks. One of its main design goals is to be used in conjunction with Network-as-a-Service (NaaS)-enabled networks, which need to be managed efficiently, in a way that requires only little manual interaction, and across administrative network domains. In this paper, we present an elaborate an INM prototype that we have implemented to demonstrate INM's capabilities, based on our previously introduced INM architecture. Using a comprehensive network scenario, we discuss a number of real-time and algorithm measurements to demonstrate how INM can enable efficient management of NaaS-enabled networks.


Purpose: This study was to investigate the relationship among the symptom recognition, health behavior compliance, and the hospital arrival time to identify factors influencing the hospital arrival time in patient with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Methods: The subjects of this study were 200 patients with AMI in C hospital in D city. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, One way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple liner regression tests. Results: Level of symptom recognition and health behavior compliance was low. The median value of hospital arrival time was 4.48 hours (ST-segment Elevation Ml was 2.43 hours and Non ST-segment Elevation MI was 7.83 hours). Among the studied factors, only symptom recognition had a statistically significant positive correlation with health behavior compliance (r=0.38, p<.001). Factors influencing the hospital arrival time were MI classification, diabetes mellitus (DM) and transport vehicle to the 1st hospital, and they accounted for 13% of the variance for hospital arrival time in AMI patients. Conclusion: To prevent the delay of hospital arrival time in MI patients, a more robust nursing strategic intervention according to MI classification and DM is necessary; further education on the importance of transportation utilization is also mandated.


Using the rats with ischemia induced by occlusion of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) or vertebral artery (VA), we investigated the auditory brainstem response (ABR), electrocochleogram and caloric tests. Upon occlusion of the VA, there was no change in the ABR, whereas in the caloric test the duration of nystagmus on stimulating both ears shortened. After occlusion of the AICA, ABRs were classified into three patterns: all components disappeared: n=4; all components disappeared transiently and then recovered: n=2; the interpeak latency between I and IV wave increased: n=7. Upon occlusion of the AICA, the cochlear blood flow (CoBF) showed one of three pat-terns of change: no change: n=5; decrease: n=10; and transient decrease with recovery: n=5. The cochlear potentials were dependent on residual CoBF. In the caloric test, when the left AICA was occluded, the duration of nystagmus induced by stimulation of the left (ipsilateral) ear was shorter than that induced by the right (contralateral) ear. Based on the functional test results, we conclude that in this model of ischemia the function of the vestibular system including the semicircular canal is more severely affected than the hearing function.


Increasing evidences demonstrate that acupuncture is effective in treating inflammatory pain. Recent studies have found that peripheral endogenous opioid peptides in the area of inflammation are involved in acupuncture-treating inflammatory pain. However, the source of endogenous opioid peptides in local area of inflammation and the mechanism of acupuncture regulating these opioid peptides remain unclear. Studies have demonstrated that neutrophils infiltrated in the inflamed tissue contain and release opioid peptides. Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is one of the key neutrophil chemokines and can promote the blood neutrophil recruitment to the area of inflammation. In our previous experiments, we found that acupuncture could alleviate inflammatory pain and significantly increase the concentration of chemokine CXCL1 in the blood of rats with inflammatory pain. So we suppose that increased concentration of CXCL1 by acupuncture could activate the blood opioid-containing neutrophils via its main receptor chemokine receptor type 2 (CXCR2) and promote them recruit to the inflamed tissue to release opioid peptides, participating in the analgesic effect of acupuncture.


Introduction Differences in enzymatic activity and pathogenic impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD) for development of RA have been published, confounded by different PPAD variations and methods used. Objectives Enzymatic active PPAD isolated from an RA patient (RA-PPAD) was first time linked to citrullination of RA autoantigens, diagnosis, therapy response and RA-onset. Methods Recombinant RA-PPAD cloned, verified by DNA sequencing and expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. RA-PPAD and its enzymatic activity was analysed using 2D-Elektrophoresis, mass spectrometry (MS), immunoblot and ELISA. Results RA-PPAD autocitrullinates amino acid position 63 (aa63) and exhibits so far two new amino acid mutations aa73 F to L and aa447 E to V. Anti-citrullinated RA-PPAD antibodies were detected in 38% (n=36) of patients with RA, but were absent in Systemic lupus erythematosus (n=30), Osteoarthritis (n=36) and control sera (n=23). Twenty percent of RA patients (n=30) showed an increase in antibody-titre against citrullinated RA-PPAD after RA onset. High antibody titre against the cit-PPAD-peptide of 15aa (CPP) derived from the autocitrullination site (R63) correlates with TNFα-inhibitor (TBA) non-response (n=61). Anti-CPP levels correlate with DAS28,rheumatoid factor, α-CCP 2 levels and increase with age. RA-PPAD is able to citrullinate internal arginines in fibrinogen, vimentin, hnRNP-A2/B1 and histone H1. This internal citrullination-sites are recognised by RA sera and able to bind HLA401. Conclusions Failure of P.g. clearance in RA patients may lead to excessive exposure of citrullinated self-antigens and bacterial antigens inducing immune-mimicry. P.g. infection can be linked to RA and its correlation to TBA non-response leads to the suggestion to clear P.g infection before α-TNF treatment. Disclosure of interest None declared


Long-lasting sepsis-induced immunoparalysis has been principally studied in primary (1°) memory CD8 T cells; however, the impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cells with a history of repeated cognate Ag encounters is largely unknown but important in understanding the role of sepsis in shaping the pre-existing memory CD8 T cell compartment. Higher-order memory CD8 T cells are crucial in providing immunity against common pathogens that reinfect the host or are generated by repeated vaccination. In this study, we analyzed peripheral blood from septic patients and show that memory CD8 T cells with defined Ag specificity for recurring CMV infection proliferate less than bulk populations of central memory CD8 T cells. Using TCR-transgenic T cells to generate 1° and higher-order (quaternary [4°]) memory T cells within the same host, we demonstrate that the susceptibility and loss of both memory subsets are similar after sepsis induction, and sepsis diminished Ag-dependent and -independent (bystander) functions of these memory subsets equally. Both the 1° and 4° memory T cell populations proliferated in a sepsis-induced lymphopenic environment; however, due to the intrinsic differences in baseline proliferative capacity, expression of receptors (e.g., CD127/CD122), and responsiveness to homeostatic cytokines, 1° memory T cells become overrepresented over time in sepsis survivors. Finally, IL-7/anti-IL-7 mAb complex treatment early after sepsis induction preferentially rescued the proliferation and accumulation of 1° memory T cells, whereas recovery of 4° memory T cells was less pronounced. Thus, inefficient recovery of repeatedly stimulated memory cells after polymicrobial sepsis induction leads to changes in memory T cell pool composition, a notion with important implications in devising strategies to recover the number and function of pre-existing memory CD8 T cells in sepsis survivors.


DEMorphy is a morphological analyzer for German. It is built onto large, compactified lexicons from German Morphological Dictionary. A guesser based on German declension suffixed is also provided. For German, we provided a state-of-art morphological analyzer. DEMorphy is implemented in Python with ease of usability and accompanying documentation. The package is suitable for both academic and commercial purposes wit a permissive licence.


We study the topology of the set of singular points (blow-ups) in the solution of the nonperiodic Toda lattice defined on real split semisimple Lie algebra g. The set of blow-ups is called the Painlevé divisor. The isospectral manifold of the Toda lattice is compactified through the companion embedding which maps the manifold to the flag manifold associated with the underlying Lie algebra g. The Painlevé divisor is then given by the intersections of the compactified manifold with the Bruhat cells in the flag manifold. In this paper, we give explicit description of the topology of the Painlevé divisor for the cases of all the rank two Lie algebra, A2, B2, C2, G2, and A3 type. The results are obtained by using the Mumford system and the limit matrices introduced originally for the periodic Toda lattice. We also give a Lie theoretic description of the Painlevé divisor of codimension one case, and propose several conjectures for the general case.


Long-term and mid-term mobility decision processes in different life trajectories generate complex dynamics, in which consecutive life events are interrelated and time dependent. This study uses the Bayesian network approach to study the dynamic relationships among residential events, household structure events, employment/education events, and car ownership events. Using retrospective data obtained from a web-based survey in Beijing, China, first structure learning is used to discover the direct and indirect relationships between these mobility decisions. Parameter learning is then applied to describe the conditional probabilities and predict the direct and indirect effects of actions and policies in the resulting network. The results confirm the interdependencies between these long-term and mid-term mobility decisions, and evidence the reactive and proactive behavior of individuals and households in the context of various life events over the course of their lives. In this regard, it is important to note that an increase in household size has a contemporaneous effect on car acquisition in the future; while residential events have a synergic relationship with employment/education events. Moreover, if people's residential location or workplace/study location moves from an urban district to a suburban or outer suburban district, this has both lagged and concurrent effects on car acquisition.


Contents: Introduction. Part One The Sources: Early sources [i]: the WolfenbA ttel autographs Early sources [ii]: the 'Sweelinck' sources Middle-period sources [i]: the Zellerfeld tablatures Middle-period sources [ii] Late sources: LA neburg, Pelplin and the 'clavier' anthologies The dates found in the sources. Part Two Chronology: Toccatas and 'free' imitative pieces Harpsichord variations and dances Praeambula and praeludiae Chorale cycles Chorale fantasias and Magnificat cycles Intabulations Scheidemann's development as a keyboard composer. Part Three Special Studies: More on the DA ben tablature and its background Scheidemann's 'kunstreiche Manuduction auf dem Clavier': fingering in the Scheidemann sources Ulf Grapenthin: the Catharinen organ during Scheidemann's tenure Scheidemann in Otterndorf: registration practice Appendices Bibliography Indexes.


Inspired by the controlled release technique of microcapsules, a novel carbon source using starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the active material and a polyamide layer (PAL) as the shell coating on the surface of the carbon source was prepared and used for denitrification. Compared to the pure starch/PVA, the PAL-coated carbon source showed a lower chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration (20 mg L−1) in effluent with excellent removal rate of NO3−-N exceeding 95% when the mass ratio of starch to PVA was 3 : 1. The high content of starch in the composite carbon source contributed to a decrease of denitrification cost. The carbon balance result indicated that the carbon release of the PAL-coated carbon source was mainly caused by microbial action (72.9%). Besides, little difference of microbial community was observed between pure starch/PVA and PAL-starch/PVA supported systems and the vast majority of biofilm species belonged to the six major phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria, and Thauera and Zoogloea were the major genera which were denitrifying bacteria. In all, these results demonstrated that the PAL played a vital role in controlling COD in effluent without degrading the denitrification efficiency, as well as changing the structure of the microbial community, which paves a new way to fabricate a novel solid carbon source with low cost and excellent denitrification performance.


Barium in the surface water was determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with adding a suitable matrix modifier in the sample and controlling operational conditions.The method is quick and convenient and accurate.