HL‐60‐R, a multi‐drug‐resistant (MDR) subclone of the human leukemia cell line HL‐60, was selected in continuous culture in doxorubicin (DOX) in the absence of mutagenic agents. When compared to the parent line HL‐60, HL‐60‐R showed greater relative resistance to vinblastine than to etoposide, or to the selecting agent DOX. Co‐exposure to verapamil, a known modulator of MDR, partially increased its sensitivity to DOX and vinblastine. The HL‐60‐R cell line stained positively with the P‐glycoprotein‐specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), C219, whereas the HL‐60 parent was negative. Southern analysis showed 32‐fold amplification of the mdr I gene in HL‐60‐R, whereas slot‐blot analysis demonstrated 70‐fold over‐expression of the specific mdrI message in HL‐60‐R compared to HL‐60. Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of 2 species of messenger RNA of sizes 5.1 kb and 4.5 kb. No transcripts were detectable in the parent. Flow cytometric analysis showed significantly reduced cellular retention of DOX as well as rapid efflux from the drug‐resistant cell line. HL‐60‐R proved to be nearly 4 times more resistant to hydrogen peroxide than its parent, and 1,000 times more resistant to inhibition of cellular glutathione synthesis by D,L‐buthionine sulfoxirnine (BSO). Verapamil modulated DOX resistance in HL‐60‐R incompletely but, in the presence of glutathione depletion, nearly completely reversed DOX resistance. Elevated levels of glutathione and glutathione‐peroxidase activity were demonstrated, thereby implicating enhanced activity of the glutathionel/glutathione‐peroxidase cycle as an additional basis for its resistance to DOX. These findings suggest that an enhanced capacity for detoxifying oxyradicals may contribute to anthracycline resistance in acute leukemia.


In the present article we continue investigating the algebraic dependence of commuting elements in q-deformed Heisenberg algebras. We provide a simple proof that the 0-chain subalgebra is a maximal commutative subalgebra when q is of free type and that it coincides with the centralizer (commutant) of any one of its elements dierent from the scalar multiples of the unity. We review the Burchnall-Chaundy-type construction for proving algebraic dependence and obtaining corresponding algebraic curves for commuting elements in the q-deformed Heisenberg algebra by computing a certain determinant with entries depending on two commuting variables and one of the generators. The coe cients in front of the powers of the generator in the expansion of the determinant are polynomials in the two variables de ning some algebraic curves and annihilating the two commuting elements. We show that for the elements from the 0-chain subalgebra exactly one algebraic curve arises in the expansion of the determinant. Finally, we present several examples of computation of such algebraic curves and also make some observations on the properties of these curves.


UNLABELLED
Three omega-(18)F-fluoro-n-alkyl-beta-D-glucosides (alkyl = ethyl (5a)), n-butyl (5b), and n-octyl (5c)) were synthesized and evaluated as potential substrates for the sodium/D-glucose cotransporter SGLT1.

METHODS
The ligands were prepared by (18)F-fluoride displacement of the corresponding tetraacetyl-protected tosylate alkylglucoside precursors in CH(3)CN, followed by hydrolysis of the protective acetate esters with NaOMe/MeOH. Transport of the nonradioactive analogs 5a, 5b, and 5c by the human sodium-D-glucose cotransporter hSGLT1 was characterized in vitro in oocytes of Xenopus laevis that expressed hSGLT1. The biodistribution of the tracers was determined in mice and the presence of metabolites in the blood was investigated. Compound 5a was also evaluated in mice pretreated with phlorizin. The intrarenal distribution of 5a in mice kidney was visualized using autoradiography.

RESULTS
The radiochemical yield of 5a, 5b, and 5c was in the range of 8%-15% (end of bombardment) with a total synthesis time of 90 min. The in vitro evaluation after expression of the hSGLT1 showed that 2'-fluoroethyl-beta-D-glucoside (5a) was transported with similar Michaelis-Menten K(m) and V(max) (maximum velocity) values as compared with methyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (alpha MDG). The more lipophilic compounds 5b and 5c were not transported but inhibited transport of alpha MDG. In vivo tissue distribution in mice revealed that 5a, 5b, and 5c were cleared mainly by the renal pathway and that 5a showed a significantly higher accumulation in the kidneys and a slower renal excretion as compared with 5b and 5c. Compound 5a was retained mainly in the renal outer medulla containing S3 segments of proximal tubules and the accumulation could be blocked by phlorizin pretreatment. Compound 5c passed the blood-brain barrier to some extent.

CONCLUSION
The data indicate that 2'-(18)F-fluoroethyl-beta-D-glucoside (5a) is a specific tracer of Na(+)-dependent glucose transport that may be used to visualize this transport activity in the S3 segments of renal proximal tubules.


Hypoglycaemia remains the major limiting factor for adequate diabetes control for patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D), especially during the night‐time. Although nutritional strategies for nocturnal hypoglycaemia (NH) prevention are regularly suggested in clinical practice, there is no evidence‐based recommendation for the usefulness and optimal composition of a bedtime snack. The aim of this narrative review was to analyse the current state of knowledge on nutritional strategies to prevent NH in individuals with T1D. A literature search was conducted, using PubMed and Medline (1946 to 2013); 16 studies were retrieved. Overall, the level of evidence was low. Results indicated that a calibrated bedtime snack based on bedtime blood glucose (BG) level could be effective to reduce NH occurrence for patients treated with human or animal insulin (short‐acting combined with lente, ultralente and/or intermediate‐acting insulin), but there is no evidence for patients treated with insulin analogues as part of multiple daily injections or insulin pump regimen. Some evidence suggests that including uncooked cornstarch or alanine in the bedtime snack composition could provide some benefits for the prevention of NH. Individualized recommendations of a bedtime snack intake for patients or situations at high risk for NH (long standing diabetes, hypoglycaemia unawareness, prior physical activity, alcohol consumption, bedtime BG close to hypoglycaemia threshold) appear as a prudent recommendation. On the basis of the available evidence, a bedtime snack cannot be recommended systematically but it might be useful if prescribed in an individualized fashion; further research is needed to evaluate these strategies.


Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to steatohepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Patients with alcohol abuse show quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiome. Furthermore, patients with ALD have increased intestinal permeability and elevated systemic levels of gut-derived microbial products. Maintaining eubiosis, stabilizing the mucosal gut barrier, or preventing cellular responses to microbial products protect from experimental ALD. Therefore, intestinal dysbiosis and pathological bacterial translocation appear fundamental for the pathogenesis of ALD. This review highlights causes for intestinal dysbiosis and pathological bacterial translocation, their relationship, and consequences for ALD. We also discuss how the liver affects the intestinal microbiota.


Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been widely used in pattern recognition and classification applications. However, ANNs are notably slow in computation especially when the size of data is large. Nowadays, big data has received a momentum from both industry and academia. To fulfill the potentials of ANNs for big data applications, the computation process must be speeded up. For this purpose, this paper parallelizes neural networks based on MapReduce, which has become a major computing model to facilitate data intensive applications. Three data intensive scenarios are considered in the parallelization process in terms of the volume of classification data, the size of the training data, and the number of neurons in the neural network. The performance of the parallelized neural networks is evaluated in an experimental MapReduce computer cluster from the aspects of accuracy in classification and efficiency in computation.


Probe techniques are discussed which have proven useful in the measurement of the current induced pressure distribution in the active electrical zone of a wire-cylinder electrostatic precipitator. The cylindrical electrode configuration is somewhat unique in that the pressure distribution is exactly known in the case of negligible axial flow and thus provides a check on the experimental technique. The measurement strategy combines alignment of the probe on an equipotential surface, control of probe current drainage to a level consistent with the probe's size and location in the field, and use of a guard electrode near the probe insertion point. Pressure measurements made with probe electrical characteristics indicating a minimally perturbed electric field are in close agreement with analytical prediction, and the experimental techniques appear to be applicable to other types of flow measurement in cylinder and duct precipitators.


We consider conditioned Galton–Watson trees and show asymptotic normality of additive functionals that are defined by toll functions that are not too large. This includes, as a special case, asymptotic normality of the number of fringe subtrees isomorphic to any given tree, and joint asymptotic normality for several such subtree counts. Another example is the number of protected nodes. The offspring distribution defining the random tree is assumed to have expectation 1 and finite variance; no further moment condition is assumed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 48, 57–101, 2016


The federal moratorium on fetal tissue transplantation research is creating an ever growing wall of separation between public and private research. This federal policy is based on undocumented psychological assumptions about what motivates women to have abortions, neglects to consider the suffering that could be prevented by allowing such research, disregards the fact that other forms of fetal research are performed at federal expense, infringes on the scientific freedom of federally employed scientists and compromises the federal government's ability to control the quality of research. Efforts must be made to legally dismantle this wall before it further impedes the goals of medical research.


The identification of defects in ABCA1 as the molecular basis of Tangier disease has highlighted its crucial role in the loading with phospholipids and cholesterol of nascent apolipoprotein particles. Indeed the expression of ABCA1 affects apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-mediated removal of lipids from cell membranes, and the possible role of ABCA1 as an apoA-I surface receptor has been recently suggested. In the present study, we have investigated the role of the ABCA1 transporter as an apoA-I receptor with the analysis of a panel of transfectants expressing functional or mutant forms of ABCA1. We provide experimental evidence that the forced expression of a functional ABCA1 transporter confers surface competence for apoA-I binding. This, however, appears to be dependent on ABCA1 function. Structurally intact but ATPase-deficient forms of the transporter fail to elicit a specific cell association of the ligand. In addition the diffusion parameters of membrane-associated apoA-I indicate an interaction with membrane lipids rather than proteins. These results do not support a direct molecular interaction between ABCA1 and apoA-I, but rather suggest that the ABCA1-induced modification of the lipid distribution in the membrane, evidenced by the phosphatidylserine exofacial flopping, generates a biophysical microenvironment required for the docking of apoA-I at the cell surface.


The wire-cut electrical discharge machinability of four ceramics was evaluated. Titanium diboride and silicon carbide workpieces were successfully cut in the monolithic state. Boron carbide could only be cut when a metallic sandwich structure was placed around the workpiece. Silicon nitride could not be successfully cut. Mechanisms of material removal as well as a minimum level of workpiece electrical conductance necessary for EDM are proposed. Characterization of the surface damage resulting from electrical-discharge machining is presented. Recast, partially melted, and heat-affected zones are identified. The effects of parametric processing variations on surface integrity are discussed. Flexure strength and residual stress data are compared for EDM cut and diamond-ground surfaces in titanium diboride. Certain limitations are proposed for the EDM fabrication of ceramic components where surface defects are strength limiting.


We establish a set of stylised facts for trade and trading firms in five market services sectors using comparable firm- and activity-level data from four EU countries. Our analysis shows that exports account for much lower shares of overall sales in the services sectors than in manufacturing. This is because fewer firms are engaged in trade in the services sectors and also because within particular sectors firms trade a lower share of their sales on average. Services producers trade mostly goods, but in terms of value, trade in services is much more important to them than to manufacturers. Larger and more productive firms are more likely to be two-way traders and to engage in both goods and services trade. Trade by services firms is somewhat less dominated by firms that both export and import than trade by manufacturing firms. Few firms export many services or to many countries. The value of services exports is increasing in the number of markets served but not necessarily in the number of services traded.


Objectives: To evaluate the functionality of P&TC and availability of hospital formulary in different hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.
Methodology: This study was conducted in 19 hospitals (public/private-secondary and tertiary care) of Lahore, by a designed Questionnaire Performa regarding the availability and functionality of hospital formulary. Data was entered in Excel sheet and analyzed for statistical analysis.
Results: During our studies, it was observed that 16(84.2%) hospitals were responsive to give information and 3(15.8%) hospitals refused to give us data. Pharmacy and therapeutics committee was present in 10(52.6%) hospitals and in 6(31.6%) hospitals there was no existence of P&TC. Hospital formulary was available in 10(52.6%) hospitals and in 2(10.5%) drug list was present and in 7(36.8%) hospitals there was neither hospital formulary nor drug list was present. In 9(47.4%) hospitals hospital formulary was in use and in 7 (36.8%) hospitals there was no usage of hospital formulary.
Conclusion: It was observed during our study that P&TC seems to have an impact on quality of medicines use but very few hospitals are following the International Guidelines on the pharmacy and therapeutic Committee and theformulary system due to inadequate number of pharmacist and lack of knowledge. Strong leadership and adequate resources might deliver more effective P&TC with marked effect on health practices, thus most importantly to enhanced patient outcomes.


We present the analysis and decomposition of tire radiography images by combining the total variation, curvelet transform based image enhancement, and Canny edge detection to detect foreign bodies and bubble defects in tires. Relying on the feature of total variation that images can be decomposed as texture parts and cartoon parts, we decompose the tire radiography image and select the cartoon part for defect detection since the textures are segmented and defect information is retained. The edges of the image are enhanced by modifying the curvelet coefficients before further edge detection operation. Furthermore, a Canny edge detection operator is used to detect the defects in which the eight-neighborhood bilinear interpolation non-maximum suppression method is employed to improve the detection performance. In our experiments, the Sobel operator and state-of-the-art methods such as the LoG operator and Canny edge detection algorithms are employed for comparison, and the experimental results are discussed briefly. The experimental results indicate that foreign bodies and bubbles in tires can be detected and located accurately by our proposed method.


In this presentation I aim to highlight the effectiveness of the ReAktiv PDE orthosis to improve physical function in people who have sustained lower extremity injuries during high-energy trauma (HET). These injuries often require complex surgery and extensive rehabilitation, resulting in long-term problems such as pain, loss of function and limitations in physical activity. There is limited evidence in the literature on the success of passive-dynamic ankle-foot-orthosis being used for unloading traumatic ankle injuries and improving physical function in general populations as previous studies have predominantly been conducted on military personnel. For this study, a case series was used to evaluate the effect the ReAktiv PDE Orthosis and a six-week rehabilitation program had on physical function in people with a HET injury. Measures of physical function were recorded pre- and post-fitting of the orthosis in three people who had sustained a HET injury to the lower limb. Physical function was assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Score (LEFS), Two-minute walk test (2MWT), Single-Leg Balance (SLB), Timed stair ascent (TSA), and the Four-square step test (FSST). Following wearing of the orthosis and the completion of the rehabilitation programme, lower limb function improved in two of the participants. These improvements in physical function were seen as indicated by the change in scores seen in the 2MWT, FSST, TSA and the SLB test at the commencement and conclusion of the rehabilitation programme. The ReAktiv PDE orthosis shows potential as a treatment option to improve walking performance in people who have sustained a lower extremity HET injury. In addition to the use of the orthosis, the use of a six-week physiotherapy-led rehabilitation programme, recorded further improvements in physical function specifically walking performance, physical mobility, and balance.


Breast cancer is the leading cause of malignancy in women worldwide. Metastatic dissemination is the major cause of death. The mechanisms involved in cancer dissemination are unclear. The identification of tumor initiating cells in solid tumors has been reported. Initiating cells, also referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs), were defined as a CD44+/CD24— in breast carcinomas and have the ability to self-renewal, differentiate into any cell in the tumor and metastasize. The presence of CSCs is a suitable hypothesis for breast cancer metastasis and treatment failure. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of the relationship between CSCs in primary tumor and metastasis. Methods: we prospectively included 20 early-stage (I and II) breast cancer patients (17 invasive ductal carcinoma, 1 invasive lobular carcinoma, 1 metaplastic carcinoma and 1 tubular-lobular invasive carcinoma), and two patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subjected to primary surgery. The proportion of CSCs was analyzed in 22 primary tumors and in three lymph node metastasis by flow cytometry. Anti-human CD326 (EpCam; FITC), anti-human CD227 (MUC-1; FITC), anti-human CD44 (APC) and anti-human CD24 (PE) were used for phenotype analysis. The percentage of CD44+/CD24- cell population in primary invasive tumors was compared with standard prognostic factors. The mean age was 58.3 years (37 - 77), the mean pT was 1.8 cm (0.5 - 3.5), 13 patients (59%) had no axillary lymph node metastasis (NLN group) and 9 had positive axillary metastasis (PLN group) confirmed for standard histological evaluation. The ER, PR and HER2 positive expression rates were 84.2%, 78.9% and 15.7%, respectively. The Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: the percentage of CSCs in primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was 7.1% (0.2 - 29.4). In two DCIS we found 4.5% and 8.2% of CSCs. In lymph node metastases we observed a mean of 11.9% (1.5 - 31.1). In the other subtypes the mean percentage of CSCs was 12.7% (1.1 - 31.1). There was no association between CSC population in IDC and age (p= 0.8), pT (p= 0.7), tumor grade (p= 0.4), ER (p= 0.1), PR (p= 0.3) and HER2 (p= 0.4). We observed a significant increase in CSC population in PLN group [mean= 12.4% (4.1% - 29.4%)] when compared to patients without lymph node metastasis [mean= 2.4% (0.2% - 4.6%0] (p= 0.0008). Conclusion: this preliminary study indicates that the metastatic dissemination is associated with an increase in CSC population in early-stage breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3350.


Raid is a distributed database transaction processing system. This research is an attempt at porting and running the various modular component of the Raid software on parallel processors and conduct a series of measurements that measure the performance of transaction processing. The parallel version of Raid called P-Raid is implemented on Sequent/Symmetry which is a shared memory multiprocessor system. This architecture allows us to increase efficiency by running several Raid servers (such as concurrency controller, atomicity controller) concurrently, thus achieving parallelism at the server function level. To implement parallel version of RAID, several changes in the different layers of the system were required. They deal with communications library and system interlace. We found that the multiprogramming level of five, resulted in a thirty percent improvement in the throughput.


Archaeology and daily life in Middle Ages. The digging and interpretation of a 13th. century house in the site of l'Esquerda. The archaeological excavation on the iberian and mediaeval site of l'Esquerda, near the town of Roda de Ter, in the way to Pyrenean mountains, is carried on since 1977 by a University of Barcelona team. The special structure of a mediaeval deserted village has been studied, with its geoestrategical location in a peninsula upon the river Ter, the walls and structures from iberian times, the ancient patterns of settlement and urbanism, and the long human ocupation. The houses of the medieval town are around a romanesque church and its necropole of antropomorphical graves. Some mediaeval structures that had been burned, give us a lot of information about daily current life in Middle Ages: houses made by stone, clay and wood, elements as tools, furnitures, weapons. The paleocarpological and sedimentological analyses give us information about the human food. This paper presents the description of the research's process of a domestic structure from 13th. centuy in Catalonia, from the excavation in situ, through the analyse, until the final hipothetical restitution.


The research aims to build software that can perform the classification of earth image from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) monitoring. The Image converted into YUV format then classified using Fuzzy Support Vector Machine (FSVM). UAVs will be used for monitoring as follows: (1) the control station, which used to send or receive data, and display the data in graphical form, (2) payload, camera captured images and send to the control station, (3) communication system using TCP/IP protocol, and (4) UAV, using X650 quad copter products. The image of the monitoring carried out on the UAV sized 256 x 256 pixels with 450 training data. It is 16x16 pixel image data. Tests performed to classify the image into 3 classes, namely agricultural area, residential area, and water area. The highest accuracy value of 77.69% obtained by the number of training data as much as 375.


The reactions of OH* or SO4*- radicals with carboxymethyl chitin (CM-chitin) and its deacetylated product, carboxymethyl chitosan (CM-chitosan), were investigated in aqueous solutions using a laser photolysis technique. The rate constants of the reactions of OH* and SO4*- radicals with CM-chitosan are always higher than those for CM-chitin, indicating that the amino-group could increase the reactivity of carboxymethylated chitin derivatives. The rate of the reactions of CM-chitin and CM-chitosan with OH* radical was found to decrease at lower pH when polymers chains tend to the coiled conformation. In comparison, the rate constant of the reaction of SO4*- radicals with CM-chitin or CM-chitosan decreased with pH, indicating that CM-chitin or CM-chitosan has a higher reactivity with the SO4*- radical at low pH due to the protonation of the amino group.


Since their intentional introduction into the United States in the 1800s, European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) have become the fourth most common bird species and a nuisance bird pest in both urban and rural areas. Managers require better information about starling movement and habit-use patterns to effectively manage starling populations and the damage they cause. Thus, we revisited 6 radio-telemetry studies conducted during fall or winter between 2005 and 2010 to compare starling movements (n = 63 birds) and habitat use in 3 landscapes. Switching of roosting and foraging sites in habitat-sparse rural landscapes caused daytime (0900–1500 hours) radio fixes to be on average 2.6 to 6.3 times further from capture sites than either urban or exurban landscapes (P < 0.001). Roosts in urban city centers were smaller (<30,000 birds, minor roosts) than major roosts (>100,000 birds) 6–13 km away in industrial zones. Radio-tagged birds from city-center roosts occasionally switched to the outlying major roosts. A multitrack railroad overpass and a treed buffer zone were used as major roosts in urban landscapes. Birds traveling to roosts from primary foraging sites in exurban and rural landscapes would often pass over closer-lying minor roosts to reach major roosts in stands of emergent vegetation in large wetlands. Daytime minimum convex polygons ranged from 101–229 km2 (x̄ = 154 km2). Anthropogenic food resources (e.g., concentrated animal feeding operations, shipping yards, landfills, and abattoirs) were primary foraging sites. Wildlife resource managers can use this information to predict potential roosting and foraging sites and average areas to monitor when implementing programs in different landscapes. In addition to tracking roosting flights, we recommend viewing high-resolution aerial images to identify potential roosting and foraging habitats before implementing lethal culls (e.g., toxicant baiting).


This article demonstrates effective techniques for component/part family formation problem in the vicinity of Cellular Manufacturing Systems (CMS). Past investigations reported that part family formation techniques are typically grounded on production flow analysis (PFA) which largely considers operational requirements, sequences and time. Part coding analysis (PCA) is merely counted in cellular manufacturing which is assumed to be the most competent method to identify the part families. In present study different clustering techniques are quantified to develop proficient part families by utilizing Opitz part coding scheme and the techniques are tested on 5 different datasets of size (5×9) to (27×9) and the obtained results are compared with each other. The experimental results reported that the C-Linkage method is more effective in terms of the quality of the solution obtained, has outperformed SLCA and Kmeans techniques.


"Have regional disparities in Canada changed over the past thirty years? This paper assesses the robustness of earlier findings of convergence in the levels and growth rates of provincial per capita GDP, and then estimates the extent to which interprovincial and international migration is being influenced by regional differences in incomes and employment."


Tuberculosis is very common entity in both developing and under developed countries. Each year 3 million people worldwide died of the disease. Among extra pulmonary TB, alimentary system accounts for about 3.0% cases. The Commonest presentation of alimentary tuberculosis is Ileo-caecal disease, but isolated appendicular involvement is very rarely seen. Although some cases have been reported from our neighboring countries, there is still no such report from Bangladesh. We are here for the first time reporting a case of isolated appendicular tuberculosis which presented to us with peritonitis.


Causes of a massive elevation in serum aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) in the substance-abusing patient include viral hepatitis and drug hepatotoxicity. A patient chronically addicted to injection heroin and cocaine presented to the emergency room in a confused state and was admitted to a medical ward with an AST of 4120 U/L, ALT 3820 U/L and right upper quadrant discomfort. Investigations for viral and hepatotoxic causes for the liver dysfunction revealed only hepatitis C seropositivity. A computed tomogram of the abdomen, however, revealed a significant contusion to the right lobe of the liver consistent with traumatic injury. A motor vehicle accident, in which the patient was wearing a seat belt, and which had occurred a few days before admission and had been thought to be minor, was the cause of the liver dysfunction. Significant blunt abdominal traumatic injuries are usually managed exclusively by surgical trauma units. This case underlines the need for medical specialists to be aware of hepatic contusion injuries and to have a high index of suspicion when investigating unexplained hepatocellular dysfunction in chronic substance abusers who have been in motor vehicle accidents.


Line widths and spin - spin relaxation times of P1 centres in synthetic Ib and natural Ia diamonds with concentrations of P1 and P2 centres covering the range 0.03 - 400 atomic parts per million have been measured. At concentrations higher than about ten atomic parts per million the line width is linearly dependent on the concentration. At lower concentrations the electron - dipolar contribution to the line width dominates and the width of the line remains constant. Since the pulse sequence employed for measurements eliminates the effects of inhomogeneous line broadening, of the line remains linearly dependent on the total paramagnetic impurity concentration, even at very low paramagnetic impurity concentrations.


Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to evaluate genetic similarity and inter- relationship among 18 citrus cultivars, including 13 species and 5 hybrids. Out of 40 decamer primers screened, 25 were selected which produced 250 markers; of which 231 were polymorphic and some species or cultivar specific RAPD markers. The Jaccard coefficient was used to calculate th e genetic similarity. UPGMA was used to generate the dendrogram which clearly separated Jatti-Khatti from all major clusters at a similarity coefficient of 0.61. The average genetic similarity value observed across all the genotypes was 0.63, with the 2 sweet orange cultivars, Jaffa and Blood red, showing maximum similarity (82%). The Jatti-Khatti and King Mandarin were found to be genetically most diverse. The genetic variation between cultivars was quite high and revealed their different origins.


The rheological behavior and properties of polymers fluid are significantly concerned with their internal structure therefore it's has been experimentally and numerically investigated for many of industry applications. This article of research studies the characterization of (ecovio® F Film C2203) biopolymer due to their characteristics and importance in different fields of health and environment. Two type of rheometers instruments have been used at different temperatures range (140 220  ̊C) to describe the rheological properties of the (ecovio® F Film C2203) biopolymer melts with various investigating mechanisms. The results were compared with the linear results of oscillatory measurements and non-linear results of steady-state method which provide the storage and the loss modulus of the (ecovio® F Film C2203) melting, and given the model of Cox-Merz. Likewise, in the measuring of a viscosity for the (ecovio® F Film C2203) at the higher shear rate, particularly at the excess temperature, one of the master problems was in the using of a capillary rheometer, because of the long chains of a molecule which led to the high viscosity.


This study investigated whether previous contact with mental illness affected the attitudes to mental illness (AMI) of general student nurses in Hong Kong-the contact hypothesis. We employed a quasi-experimental design. We compared the attitudes to mental illness of students who had previous contact with mental illness through having taken a psychiatric secondment with those who had not taken a psychiatric secondment. Also, we compared the AMI of: students who had taken other courses related to mental illness with those who had not; those who had a family history of mental illness with those who had not; and those who lived with a mentally ill relative with those who did not. We found that previous contact with mental illness had no significant effect on the attitudes to mental illness of the students. In other words our findings do not support the contact hypothesis. Our sample expressed positive general attitudes to mental illness when presented with general issues about mental illness. However, their attitudes were less positive when presented with specific issues about mental illness that might impinge upon their daily lives. We discuss the implications of these findings for mental health nursing practice, education and research.


Multiple Critical Zone Observatories (CZO) have been established in recent years in the U.S.A. and elsewhere to conduct collaborative, multidisciplinary research on the earth's critical zone (CZ). As a result, a large amount of scientific data over space and time has been collected. However, heterogeneities in data documentation impede our ability for cross-site comparisons and for integrated analysis. To promote efficient data sharing, publishing, and integration, we developed a sample-based measurement ontology (SMO) to formalize data structures and unify variable terms in data documentations for the CZOs. "Sample" is the core of the SMO. Each sample is part of a "Medium" that represents an entity of the CZ such as soils. Characteristics of a sample are analyzed and the results are reported as values and errors. Based on the concepts of the SMO and geochemical data model of Lehnert et al. (2000), we created a relational database to accommodate CZ regolith geochemical data, namely CZchemDB, to bridge the gap between data collection, documentation and sharing among the CZOs. The CZchemDB has now been successfully implemented in the MS Access database management system for individual or small group uses. However, our ultimate goal is to integrate the CZchemDB with the online global geochemistry data portal, EarthChem, for broader data accessibility and reusability. Finally, we emphasize that the SMO is extensible to all media within the CZ and so CZchemDB can be used to store any sample-based chemical data measured on any medium such as minerals, water, gas, or biota in the CZ.


Physically-based radiative transfer models (RTMs) help in understanding the processes occurring on the Earth's surface and their interactions with vegetation and atmosphere. When it comes to studying vegetation properties, RTMs allows us to study light interception by plant canopies and are used in the retrieval of biophysical variables through model inversion. However, advanced RTMs can take a long computational time, which makes them unfeasible in many real applications. To overcome this problem, it has been proposed to substitute RTMs through so-called emulators. Emulators are statistical models that approximate the functioning of RTMs. Emulators are advantageous in real practice because of the computational efficiency and excellent accuracy and flexibility for extrapolation. We hereby present an "Emulator toolbox" that enables analysing multi-output machine learning regression algorithms (MO-MLRAs) on their ability to approximate an RTM. The toolbox is included in the free-access ARTMO's MATLAB suite for parameter retrieval and model inversion and currently contains both linear and non-linear MO-MLRAs, namely partial least squares regression (PLSR), kernel ridge regression (KRR) and neural networks (NN). These MO-MLRAs have been evaluated on their precision and speed to approximate the soil vegetation atmosphere transfer model SCOPE (Soil Canopy Observation, Photochemistry and Energy balance). SCOPE generates, amongst others, sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence as the output signal. KRR and NN were evaluated as capable of reconstructing fluorescence spectra with great precision. Relative errors fell below 0.5% when trained with 500 or more samples using cross-validation and principal component analysis to alleviate the underdetermination problem. Moreover, NN reconstructed fluorescence spectra about 50-times faster and KRR about 800-times faster than SCOPE. The Emulator toolbox is foreseen to open new opportunities in the use of advanced RTMs, in which both consistent physical assumptions and data-driven machine learning algorithms live together.


Recently observed global and U.S. temperature increases are probed from the perspective of several hundred climate realizations afforded by the availability of reforecast climate model runs from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2. The large number of seasonal realizations with the observed time‐varying CO2 affords a unique opportunity to explore the role of greenhouse gas changes on 3 month seasonal mean temperature increases, and specifically, whether they are the result of a shift in the mean temperature distribution or an increase in its variability. It is found that significant positive shifts in the temperature probability density function (PDF) occur primarily as the result of the time‐varying CO2 included in the historical model runs, although a contribution from natural climate variability modes cannot be categorically excluded. The temperature PDF comparison further indicates that the increasing global and U.S. temperatures over the last 30 years are predominantly the result of shifts in the mean temperature distribution and not increasing temperature variability. As such, the likelihood of increases in the occurrence of warm temperature extremes will likely continue to increase worldwide, leading to significant impacts on many socioeconomic sectors such as agriculture and public health.


The city of Mumbai (Bombay), India is facing a solid waste management crisis. The infrastructure has been unable to keep pace with economic development and population growth, resulting in insufficient collection of municipal solid waste (MSW) and over-burdened dumps. Improper disposal of solid wastes over several decades and open burning of garbage have led to serious environmental pollution and health problems. This study examined the solid waste management process in Mumbai and the potential for implementation of waste-to-energy facilities. Mumbai's average per capita waste generation rate is 0.18 tonnes per person. Although the reported collection efficiency of MSW is 90%, almost half of the city's 12 million people live in slums, some of which do not have access to solid waste services. The most pressing problem is the acute shortage of space for landfilling. When the present waste dumps were constructed they were at the outskirts of the city, but now they are surrounded by housing colonies, thus exposing millions of people to daily inconveniences such as odors, traffic congestion, and to more serious problems associated with air, land, and water pollution and the spread of diseases from rodents and mosquitoes. Mumbai is the financial center of India and has the highest potential for energy generation from the controlled combustion of solid wastes. The lower heating value of MSW is estimated in this study to be 9 MJ/kg, which is slightly lower than the average MSW combusted in the E.U. (10 MJ/kg). The land for the first WTE in Mumbai would be provided by the City and there is a market for the electricity generated by the WTE facility. The main problem to overcome is the source of capital since the present "tipping fees" are very low and inadequate to make the operation profitable and thus attract private investors. Therefore, the only hope is for the local government and one or more philanthropists in Mumbai to team up in financing the first WTE in India as a beacon that improves living conditions in Mumbai, reduces the City's dependence on the import of fossil fuels, and lights the way for other cities in India to follow.Copyright © 2008 by ASME


Small-scale enterprises as object of statistical research and analysis were considered in the article. Preliminary totals of comprehensive inspection of small and middle size business in agriculture during year 2011 were presented. In group of oblasts comparative assessment of conditions and results of micro-enterprises activity was carried out.


OBJECTIVE
The main focus of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of phototherapy in the management of creatine kinase (CK) activity after exercise and furthermore to identify for which exercise model protocol phototherapy provides the best results.

DESIGN
Meta-analysis comparing phototherapy with a control condition.

SETTING
The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro, and CENTRAL databases were searched from their earliest records to October 03, 2016. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random effects model.

PARTICIPANTS
Healthy subjects (no restrictions were applied, eg, age, sex, and exercise level).

INTERVENTION
Phototherapy (low-level laser therapy and/or light-emitting diode therapy) before or after exercise and a placebo or control condition.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Creatine kinase activity (no restriction to any analysis, eg, serum, plasma, or capillary blood).

RESULTS
Fourteen studies were included for review. The results revealed that phototherapy has a more positive effect than control condition in management of CK activity [SMD = 0.77, 95% CI (0.32 to 1.22); P = 0.0007; I = 72%]. In exploratory analysis, the results showed that phototherapy was effective only in the exercise protocol with localized exercise with large effect size [localized exercise: SMD = 0.89, 95% CI (0.26 to 1.51); P = 0.0002; I = 76%; general exercise: SMD = 0.61, 95% CI (-0.05 to 1.26); P = 0.07; I = 67%].

CONCLUSIONS
The available evidence suggest that phototherapy has beneficial effects on the management of CK activity and demonstrate a possible relationship based on damage caused by exercise, providing a greater effect in studies that used localized exercise.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

The mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells are released from the primary tumor, seed throughout the peritoneal cavity, attach to local organs, and then invade these organs, are not understood. In this study, the cell adhesion molecule, Nectin-4, was investigated as a potential mediator of several steps involved in ovarian cancer progression. In particular, due to the ability of Nectin-4 to promote cell-cell adhesions, we were interested in determining its role in mediating the formation of cell-cell aggregates (spheroids) which are commonly seen in the peritoneal fluid of ovarian cancer patients. Furthermore, since spheroids are known to have a decreased rate of cell proliferation and are chemoresistant, we were also interested in the role of Nectin-4 in ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion. In our previous studies, we performed gene microarray analysis and identified Nectin-4 overexpression in ovarian cancer tissues compared to normal ovaries and other normal tissues. By ELISA, we found soluble Nectin-4 in the sera of 50% of women with ovarian cancer. In this study, we performed a series of experiments in which two human ovarian cancer cells lines were transfected with Nectin-4 or shRNA targeting Nectin-4, and then the resultant cells were tested in functional assays. In the first case, MA148 cells, which do not express Nectin-4, were transfected with full-length Nectin-4. The resultant MA148 cells which expressed high levels of Nectin-4 showed an increased rate of proliferation compared to control cells which did not express Nectin-4. They also formed the initial cell-cell adhesions involved in spheroid formation faster than control cells. Furthermore, the spheroids which expressed Nectin-4 were slower to disaggregate and invade through monolayers of mesothelial cells. In the second case, NIH:OVCAR5 cells, which express moderate levels of Nectin-4, were transfected with shRNA targeting Nectin-4, resulting in the partial knockdown of Nectin-4 expression. We found that the NIH:OVCAR5 cells that express lower levels of Nectin-4 on their surface required a substantially longer time to form spheroids and migrated more slowly in a wound healing assay. In both cases, we verified the expression of Nectin-4 in the transfected cells by Western immunoblotting and flow cytometry. These results suggest that Nectin-4: (a) is important in the early events of cell-cell adhesion, (b) plays a role in multicellular aggregation within the ascites of ovarian cancer patients, and (c) causes tight spheroid formations that may impede disaggregation. Additional functional studies leading to a better understanding of the role of Nectin-4 overexpression and shedding in ovarian cancer are currently underway. Understanding the role of Nectin-4 in ovarian cancer progression is critical in order to facilitate its development as a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.

Citation Format: Kristin L. Boylan, Adam Meyer, Petra C. Buchanan, Melissa S. DeRycke, Amy P. Skubitz. Role of nectin-4 in the progression of ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1984. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1984


Background: Clinical pharmacists have demonstrated their ability to improve patient outcomes over usual care for patients with type 2 diabetes and glycemic levels above goal, though reasons for this are not well defined. Numerous medications exist for the management of patients with type 2 diabetes and different patterns of medication use by clinical pharmacists may explain these benefits. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare pharmacotherapy approaches to managing patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes receiving basal insulin by a clinical pharmacist versus usual care by a physician or advanced practice provider in a federally qualified health center. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients 18 to 85 years old with type 2 diabetes, A1C ≥9%, receiving basal insulin was conducted. Patients were grouped into two cohorts (1) those who received clinical pharmacist care and (2) those who received usual care from a physician or advanced practice provider. The primary outcome evaluated the proportion of patients treated with the addition of a non-basal insulin medication. Type of medication changes or additions as well as change in A1C and change in weight were also analyzed. Outcomes were evaluated at six months post-index A1C. Results: A total of 202 patients were identified (n=129 in the usual care group and n=73 in the clinical pharmacist group). A non-basal insulin medication was added in 29% of patients receiving usual care versus 41% of patients receiving clinical pharmacist care (adjusted p=0.040). Usual care providers more frequently added metformin, sulfonylureas and thiazolidinediones, while clinical pharmacists more frequently added prandial insulin, DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 agonists, and SGLT-2 inhibitors. A1C decreased 1.6% in the clinical pharmacist group versus 0.9% in the usual care group (adjusted p=0.055). No significant change in weight was observed between the clinical pharmacist and usual care group (0.2 kg versus -1.0 kg, respectively; adjusted p=0.175). Conclusions: Pharmacotherapy approaches to managing patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes varied between clinical pharmacists and other clinician providers. For patients already on basal insulin, clinical pharmacists were more likely to intensify therapy with the addition of non-basal insulin, including more frequent initiation of prandial insulin and by adding newer antihyperglycemic agents.


Purpose. The article introduces single findings of bronze armament objects that were gathered in the course of an expeditionary journey during 1840–1843 on the territory of the Irtysh region (within the limits of southern steppe regions of Western Siberia, Altai Steppes and Eastern Kazakhstan) by a famous Russian scientist, botanist, officer of
Saint Petersburg Botanical Gardens Alexander Gustav von Schrenck.
Results. The archaeological objects gathered by the explorer are presently stored in the collection of the Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of RAS in Saint Petersburg. They include various objects of armament and accessories of horse harness. The archaeological objects considered in the article are armament objects of
close and hand-to-hand combats of ancient nomads. They are analyzed and classified on formal grounds according to the previously developed scientific methodology. The collection features a bronze spearhead with a bilobated feather and conical plug, a bronze dagger with a guard and a top and two bronze plug chisels with tetrahedral and circular peen and elongated butt ends. We provide some comments on chronology and the territory where similar objects were found in the sites of the Early Iron Age in Eurasian Steppe. Our classification is based on analogues of the objects studied, which were found at several archaeological sites on the contiguous territories of Southern Siberia and Central Asia. We also made certain assumptions on the cultural identity of the findings of the bronze armament objects of close and hand-to-hand combats which we analyzed.
Conclusion. Having considered the analogues, we refer the objects of the ancient bronze weapon studied as a part of the museum collection and stored there, which were gathered on the territory of the Irtysh Region in the middle of the 19th century by A. G. von Schrenck, to the complex of battlefield assets of the ancient Eurasian Steppe nomads of Scythian times. The analysis provided and our introduction of these materials expands the range of available sources on armament and military science of the ancient nomadic population gathered by A. G. von Schrenck in several regions of Northern and Central Asia.


Introduction: Glaucoma represents a group of diseases defined by a characteristic optic neuropathy that is consistent with remodeling of the connective tissue elements of the optic nerve head and with loss of neural tissue associated with the eventual development of distinctive patterns of visual dysfunction. The most common surgery for glaucoma treatment is trabeculectomy, which in principle is done by creating a new channel that drains the aqueous humor, and return the intraocular pressure to normal levels. Objective: This study aimed to know the success rate of trabeculectomy in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: This study used a retrospective descriptive research method and was conducted in the Medical Records Center of the Cicendo National Eye Hospital, Bandung City with a data collection period of 21 July 2022 – 6 September 2022. The data collection process was carried out by looking at secondary data from medical records of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma for the period January 2019 – December 2021. Results: Mean IOP decreased from 32.6±12.9 before surgery, to 19.8±10 one week after surgery, and 18.8±7.3 one month after surgery. The overall success rate reaches 82.1%. Conclusions: The success rate for open-angle glaucoma treated with trabeculectomy at Cicendo National Eye hospital is considered good with a total success rate of 82.1% with or without antiglaucoma medication to control IOP after surgery


Background: Using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) to investigate choroidal vascular sublayers in Chinese pre-eclampsia (PE) and healthy pregnancy.
Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study, including 20 normal subjects, 23 healthy pregnancy and 37 patients with PE. Using SD-OCT, subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), 750μm nasal and temporal to the fovea, 1500μm nasal and temporal to the fovea(T1500, T750, SFCT, N750, N1500)and sublayers (choriocapillaris/Sattler layer and Haller layer) were measured.
Results: There was no significant difference in mean age, spherical equivalent among the three groups (P=0.532). Additionally, no significant difference in the gestational age between the healthy pregnancy and PE group was found (P=0.783). Significant differences were seen in large choroid vessel thickness(LCVT), medium choroidal vessel thickness (MCVT) and choroidal thickness (CT) at 5 locations among three groups (P<0.05). There was significant increase in healthy pregnancy group than in normal subjects at N1500-CT, N750-CT, SFCT, T750-CT and MCVT (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed at T1500CT and LCVT (P>0.05). Meanwhile, significant increase was detected in PE group than in healthy pregnancy group at N1500-CT, N750-CT, SFCT, T750-CT, T1500CT and LCVT (P<0.05), whereas no significant difference was observed at MCVT(P=0.709).
Conclusion: Our study revealed the variation of choroidal vascular sublayers during pregnancy and PE.
Key words: Pre-eclampsia, subfoveal choroidal thickness, choroidal sublayers, optical coherence tomography


Co-research group in cooperation between Nong Lam University and VINAGAMMA Center in Ho Chi Minh City carried out this irradiation experiments on instant food by using two different irradiation techniques. The stationary irradiation sourced from Co 60 was applied at different doses (1.0 kGy, 2.5 kGy, 5.0 kGy) to ready to eat pasteurized sausage and mobile irradiation sourced from Electron –Beam (EB) was applied at same doses to pasteurized sausage in order to prolong the shelflife of the products. After irradiation, the microbial and sensory quality of sausage was analyzed and evaluated monthly upto six months of storage in natural conditions. The microbial parameter included total aerobic bacteria, yeast, mold, E. coli, clostridium spp. and sensory parameters of color, structure, smell, and taste was evaluated for each dose applied upto six months of storage at natural condition. The study results showed that despite the irradiation sources, application of 5.0kGy dose of irradiation was able to extend the shelf life of ready to eat sausages up to six months at natural condition without compromizing the microbial and sensory parameters. Thus, this irradiation technology could be applicable in extending the shelf life of meat products.


This paper proposes the application of Fisher linear discriminants to the problem of speech/music classification. Fisher linear discriminants can classify between two different classes, and are based on the calculation of some kind of centroid for the training data corresponding with each of these classes. Based on that information, a linear boundary is established, which will be used for the classification process. Some results will be given demonstrating the superior behavior of this classification algorithm compared with the well-known K-nearest neighbor algorithm. It will also be demonstrated that it is possible to obtain very good results in terms of probability of error by using only one feature extracted from the audio signal, being thus possible to reduce the complexity of this kind of systems in order to implement them in real-time.


AFTER amaurotic family idiocy had been first recognized for its ocular changes in 1881 by Warren Tay, Batten, in 1903, published a description of a disease which he described as ' cerebral degeneration with symmetrical degeneration in the maculaw.' This condition he regarded as having some of the characteristics of Tay-Sachs disease but differed from the latter in that: (1) it was not limited to Jews; (2) there were not the same fundus findings; (3) the first signs began at a later age; and (4) the progress was slower. Since these original descriptions the apparent gap between the two diseases has been bridged by the recording of cases (known as the late infantile form of amaurotic family idiocy) occurring between the ageperiods of Tay-Sachs disease and of cerebromacular degeneration. The bridge has been strengthened by the fact that findings which had been described as typical of one form of the disease were reported as occasionally appearing in the other. Holmes and Greenfield state that the pathological change is ' a special form of degeneration of the cell-body associated with the deposition in it of a peculiar form of lipoid.' Often the axon undergoes secondary degeneration, but it may remain intact even when its cell-body is damaged. Sachs describes the cell-degeneration as tending to pass through the following stages: (1) huge increase in size, (2) vacuolization, (3) disappearance of the nucleus, (4) distortion of the entire cell-mass, (5) swelling of dendrites. He regards this degeneration as tending to affect every ganglioncell in the nervous system. The precise nature of the disease-process is still in dispute. Sachs, Bielschowsky and others regarded the condition as a hereditary one associated with primary changes in mesodermal tissues. They say that there is a surprising relationship with (1) Gaucher's disease and with (2) the familial infantile disease occurring in Jews and closely resembling Gaucher's disease, called lipoid cellular splenohepatomegaly or ' Niemann-Pick disease.' Both are said to be variants of general lipoid degeneration, with which they group


This paper discusses the use of fracture mechanics for the microstructure tailoring of a fiber reinforced Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) to achieve extreme tensile ductility at the composite scale. It demonstrates that fracture mechanics applied to control fracture phenomena at the micro and meso material scales can lead to suppression of fracture failure at the macro structural scale. Specifically, models of tunneling crack at the fiber/matrix interface and the steady state propagation of bridged flat matrix crack combine to provide insights on composite design. Interestingly, the micromechanics model indicates that low fiber/matrix interface fracture energy and low mortar matrix fracture energy are desirable for attaining high composite ductility. These concepts are verified by an expanding set of experimental data on structural elements tested to failure. The explicit suppression of commonly observed fracture mechanisms in reinforced concrete columns under reverse cyclic loading when the concrete is replaced by ECC is described.


In this dataset we present two maps that estimate the location and population served by domestic wells in the contiguous United States. The first methodology, called the Block Group Method or BGM, builds upon the original block-group data from the 1990 census (the last time the U.S. Census queried the population regarding their source of water) by incorporating higher resolution census block data. The second methodology, called the Road-Enhanced Method or REM, refines the locations by using a buffer expansion and shrinkage technique along roadways to define areas where domestic wells exist. The fundamental assumption with this method is that houses (and therefore domestic wells) are located near a named road. The results are presented as two nationally consistent domestic-well population datasets. While both methods can be considered valid, the REM map is more precise in locating domestic wells; the REM map had a smaller amount of spatial bias (nearly equal vs biased in type 1 error), total error (10.9% vs 23.7%,), and distance error (2.0 km vs 2.7 km), when comparing the REM and BGM maps to a California calibration map. However, the BGM map is more inclusive of all potential locations for domestic wells. The primary difference in the BGM and the REM is the mapping of low density areas. The REM has a 57% reduction in areas mapped as low density (populations greater than 0 but less than 1 person per km), concentrating populations into denser regions. Therefore, if one is trying to capture all of the potential areas of domestic-well usage, then the BGM map may be more applicable. If location is more imperative, then the REM map is better at identifying areas of the landscape with the highest probability of finding a domestic well. Depending on the purpose of a study, a combination of both maps can be used. Click on the child items to download either the BGM map or the REM map.


This study aims to determine the results of the financial performance of companies in the food sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2016 to 2020. study was used to measure financial performance using the results of the Du Pont system analysis: ROE, NPM, TATO, TATE , Capital structure impact, Tax Ratio, PPE/Capital Assets Turn over, WCT, Ebit Margin, GPM, DEP&AMORT, R&D, PTO, ITO, RTO, CTO. This study uses quantitative data and the data used is secondary data with collection techniques using data available on the website. The results of calculations using the du pont system analysis method at PT. Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk shows good financial performance on indicators, TATE, Tax Ratio, EM, GPM, R&D, PTO, and CTO. Poor financial performance on indicators ,ROE, NPM, TATO, CSI, PPE/CAT, WCT, SG&A, DEP&AMORT, ITO, and RTO. Financial performance of PT. Tiga Pilar Sejahhtera Food Tbk with du pont method analysis showed good performance on indicators, ROE, NPM, TATE, Tax Ratio, EM, R&D and CTO. Poor financial performance on indicators, TATO, CSI, PPE/CAT, WCT, GPM, SG&A, DEP&AMORT, PTO, ITO and RTO.


The results of a numerical simulation of the evolution of a precursor pulse are presented. This pulse exists at the stage of the conversion of a quasi-resonance input pulse into a 2π pulse considered in the theory of self-induced transparency. Calculations have shown that the efficiency of precursor-pulse formation increases as the input laser pulse shortens and its area approaches π. The results of a numerical analysis of the known experiments on the observation of a precursor pulse in ruby crystals are also presented. In one of the cases considered, the calculation results cast some doubt on the interpretation of the experiment adopted earlier.


The simulator design of surface target radiated noise is the key technology to test passive sonar systems, target oriented recognition and underwater soft against. The mathematical simulation model of the line and continuous spectrum in frequency domain from surface target has been established based on the description and analysis of radiated noise signal characteristic. Delay acoustic orientated method and one-third octave filter bandwidth algorithm for the simulation of moving target position and information are proposed. The design of broadband FIR filters has been completed. The overall structure of the target noise simulator is real-time implemented by using the widely used GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) accelerated parallel platform. It greatly reduces the consumption of the system hardware resources. It is proved that the simulator can better achieve the characteristics of surface target radiated noise after the mathematical analysis of simulator output. It has a good scientific application value.


OBJECTIVE
Between 50% and 67% of adults suffer from neck-shoulder pain, which may be associated with increased stiffness of neck muscles. We assessed pressure pain sensitivity and muscle stiffness maps of the upper trapezius in female computer users with and without chronic neck-shoulder pain and investigated the effects of eccentric training on females with neck-shoulder pain.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional (part 1) and open-label (part 2) study.

SETTING
University.

SUBJECTS
Twenty females with neck-shoulder pain were compared with 20 controls (part 1). In part 2, neck-shoulder pain participants followed a five-week unilateral upper trapezius eccentric training program.

METHODS
Topographical maps of pressure pain thresholds (pressure algometer) and muscle stiffness (myotonometer), using a 15-point grid covering myotendinous and muscle belly sites, and shoulder elevation force and range of elevation (dynamometer) were assessed at baseline and after training.

RESULTS
There were no differences in pressure pain thresholds between sites (P = 0.243) or groups (P = 0.068), and there were significant differences in stiffness between myotendinous and muscle belly sites (P < 0.001) but not groups (P = 0.273). After training, pressure pain thresholds increased, stiffness decreased (P < 0.005), and shoulder elevation force and range of elevation improved (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
The lack of differences in upper trapezius pressure pain sensitivity and stiffness between females with or without neck-shoulder pain confirms no clear etiology among computer users reporting neck-shoulder pain. A five-week eccentric training protocol showed positive effects on pressure pain sensitivity, stiffness, shoulder force, and range of motion.


We discuss the universal scaling laws of order-parameter fluctuations in any system in which a second-order critical behavior can be identified. These scaling laws can be derived rigorously for equilibrium systems when combined with a finite-size scaling analysis. The relation between the order parameter, the criticality, and the scaling law of fluctuations has been established, and the connection between the scaling function and the critical exponents has been found. We give examples in out-of-equilibrium aggregation models such as the Smoluchowski kinetic equations, or at-equilibrium Ising and percolation models.


A new luminescent Tb-DOTAGA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1-glutaric-4,7,10- triacetic acid) complex (TbL) was synthesized and covalently immobilized on a silicon wafer. The grafting process was monitored by means of IR and XPS spectroscopies and the optical properties of the functionalized silicon wafer (TbL@Si) were investigated by fluorescence experiments. A homemade setup was then implemented in order to follow TbL@Si optical properties in the presence of gaseous nitric oxide (NO). The prima facie results indicated that in the presence of NO, the wafer fluorescence was partially quenched. This quenching was reversible as soon as NO was pumped outside the fluorescence cell, which could be interesting for the further development of lanthanide labelled silicon wafers as gas phase sensors.


This paper presents novel results on optimal multivariable deadbeat control. Given a discrete-time, stable, linear, time invariant plant model, we give a simple parameterization of all stabilizing ripple-free deadbeat controllers of a given order. The free parameter is then optimized in the sense that a quadratic index is kept minimal. The optimality criterion has the advantage of accounting for both tracking performance and magnitude of the control effort. The proposed design procedure is simple to use and allows the tuning of the controller with a scalar weighting factor. Simulation results are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design algorithm.


Natural language modeling with limited training data is a challenging problem, and many algorithms make use of large-scale pretrained language models (PLMs) for this due to its great generalization ability. Among them, additive learning that incorporates a task-specific adapter on top of the fixed large-scale PLM has been popularly used in the few-shot setting. However, this added adapter is still easy to disregard the knowledge of the PLM especially for few-shot natural language generation (NLG) since an entire sequence is usually generated by only the newly trained adapter. Therefore, in this work, we develop a novel additive learning algorithm based on reinforcement learning (RL) that selectively outputs language tokens between the task-general PLM and the task-specific adapter during both training and inference. This output token selection over the two generators allows the adapter to take into account solely the task-relevant parts in sequence generation, and therefore makes it more robust to overfitting as well as more stable in RL training. In addition, to obtain the complementary adapter from the PLM for each few-shot task, we exploit a separate selecting module that is also simultaneously trained using RL. Experimental results on various few-shot NLG tasks including question answering, data-to-text generation and text summarization demonstrate that the proposed selective token generation significantly outperforms the previous additive learning algorithms based on the PLMs.


Question A child with a history of asthma came to my clinic with acute fever. I have heard that acetaminophen might be associated with exacerbation of asthma. Is it safe if I recommend acetaminophen for this child? Answer Most studies suggest an association between acetaminophen use in children and development of asthma later in childhood. However, several confounding factors in study design might contribute to this positive correlation, and without a prospective controlled trial, confirming this finding is challenging. If children have a known history of asthma, it is likely safe to administer a single dose of acetaminophen without concern of precipitating adverse respiratory symptoms. Regular use of acetaminophen to relieve fever or pain does not seem to exacerbate asthma in children more than ibuprofen does.


High rates of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial electron transport have been associated with increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This mechanism was also proposed as a possible cause for dysfunction and death of pancreatic β cells exposed to high glucose levels. We examined whether high rates of glucose metabolism increase ROS production in purified rat β cells. Glucose up to 20 mm did not stimulate H2O2 or superoxide production, whereas it dose-dependently increased cellular NAD(P)H and FADH2 levels with an EC50 around 8 mm. On the contrary, glucose concentration-dependently suppressed H2O2 and superoxide formation, with a major effect between 0 and 5 mm, parallel to an increase in cellular NAD(P)H levels. This suppressive effect was more marked in β cells with higher NAD(P)H responsiveness to glucose; it was not observed in glucagon-containing α cells, which lacked a glucose-induced increase in NAD(P)H. Suppression was also induced by the mitochondrial substrates leucine and succinate. Experiments with electron transport chain inhibitors indicate a role of respiratory complex I in ROS production at low mitochondrial activity and low NADH levels. Superoxide production at low glucose is potentially cytotoxic, because scavenging by the superoxide dismutase mimetic agent manganese(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin was found to reduce the rate of β cell apoptosis. Analysis of islets cultured at 20 mm glucose confirmed that this condition does not induce ROS production in β cells as a result of their increased rates of glucose metabolism. Our study indicates the need of β cells for basal nutrients maintaining mitochondrial NADH production at levels that suppress ROS accumulation from an inadequate respiratory complex I activity and thus inhibit a potential apoptotic pathway.


Algorithms that solve zero-sum games, multi-objective agent objectives, or, more generally, variational inequality (VI) problems are notoriously unstable on general problems. Owing to the increasing need for solving such problems in machine learning, this instability has been highlighted in recent years as a significant research challenge. In this paper, we provide an overview of recent progress in the use of continuous-time perspectives in the analysis and design of methods targeting the broad VI problem class. Our presentation draws parallels between single-objective problems and multi-objective problems, highlighting the challenges of the latter. We also formulate various desiderata for algorithms that apply to general VIs and we argue that achieving these desiderata may profit from an understanding of the associated continuous-time dynamics.


BACKGROUND
The duration of analgesia provided by nerve blocks is limited if local anaesthetics are administered alone. Therefore, a variety of additives to local anaesthetics have been investigated to prolong postoperative analgesia following single-shot nerve blocks.

OBJECTIVE(S)
The aims of the current meta-analysis were to assess the efficacy and safety of the addition of perineural buprenorphine to local anaesthetic compared with local anaesthetic alone, or combined with systemic administration of buprenorphine, or other perineural opioids for peripheral nerve blocks.

DESIGN
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

DATA SOURCES
The following data sources were systematically searched: MEDLINE, CENTRAL and EMBASE (till 03/2016).

ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
All RCTs focusing on the efficacy and safety of perineural buprenorphine combined with local anaesthetic compared with local anaesthetic alone, or in combination with systemic buprenorphine, or other perineural opioids for peripheral nerve blocks were included.

RESULTS
We included 13 RCTs (685 patients). Participants treated with perineural buprenorphine combined with local anaesthetic showed a longer duration of analgesia compared with those receiving local anaesthetic alone [mean difference 8.64 h, 95% confidence interval (CI) (6.44 to 10.85); P < 0.01]. However, the buprenorphine group had a significantly higher relative risk (RR) for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) [RR 5.0, 95% CI (1.12 to 22.27); P = 0.03]. The perineural administration of buprenorphine provided a longer duration of analgesia than an intramuscular application [mean difference 6.87 h, 95% CI (4.02 to 9.71); P < 0.01] without evidence of a difference in the incidence of PONV between the modes of administration [RR 0.76, 95% CI (0.28 to 2.03); P = 0.58].

CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis revealed that the addition of buprenorphine to a local anaesthetic peripheral nerve block prolongs postoperative analgesia for about 8 h but significantly increases the risk for PONV. Perineural administration is more effective than systemic application but is associated with a similar risk of PONV. However, these results were influenced by heterogeneity so that further trials (especially head-to-head comparisons) are needed in the future.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO(www.crd.york.ac.uk) identifier: CRD42016036054.


Even if the non-unitary nature of parties has come back into the party politics agenda, many of its features are still largely understudied. Specifically, an encompassing explanation of individual faction membership and of the role of party fusions in fostering faction membership is still missing. By performing a diachronic analysis, this article proposes a new approach to study the determinants of faction membership, highlighting the fundamental role of ideological, policy- and career-related factors. Moreover, the article uses as an explanatory factor a key element that has hitherto never been taken into account in intra-party analyses: psychological social identity, a variable that strongly conditions party members' behaviour in situations where parties are merging. The analysis also shows the crucial role of party fusion in shaping individual faction membership determinants, highlighting that the effect of these determinants varies considerably the more time has elapsed since the party's merger.


ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-mediated depletion of CD4+ lymphocytes in an infected individual is the hallmark of progression to AIDS. However, the mechanism for this depletion remains unclear. To identify mechanisms of HIV-1-mediated CD4 T-cell death, two similar viral isolates obtained from a rapid progressor patient with significantly different pathogenic phenotypes were studied. One isolate (R3A) demonstrates enhanced pathogenesis in both in vivo models and relevant ex vivo lymphoid organ model systems compared to another isolate, R3B. The pathogenic determinants were previously mapped to the V5-gp41 envelope region, correlating functionally with enhanced fusion activity and elevated CXCR4 binding affinity. To further elucidate specific differences between R3A and R3B within the V5-gp41 domains that enhance CD4 depletion, R3A-R3B chimeras to study the V5-gp41 region were developed. Our data demonstrate that six residues in the ectodomain of R3A provide the major determinant for both enhanced Env-cell fusion and pathogenicity. Furthermore, three amino acid differences in the heptad repeat 2 (HR-2) domain of R3A determined its fusion activity and significantly elevated its pathogenic activity. The chimeric viruses with enhanced fusion activity, but not elevated CXCR4 affinity, correlated with high pathogenicity in the thymus organ. We conclude that the functional domain of a highly pathogenic HIV-1 Env is determined by mutations in the HR-2 region that contribute to enhanced fusion and CD4 T-cell depletion.


Microplastics are a global contaminant of concern, but we have little information on the characteristics and bioavailability of these pollutants in western Canadian lakes. Here, we quantify and characterize microplastics in subsurface water and zooplankton from eight lakes in British Columbia, Canada. By sampling water and zooplankton, we provide insight into the fraction of microplastics entering the food web. We found 0.607 ± 0.153 microplastics per L in subsurface water and 0.01 ± 0.011 microplastics per copepod and 0.02 ± 0.014 microplastics per Daphnia. Microplastic pollution was similar in all lakes sampled and showed no relationship with local population density. Fibers were the dominant morphology observed in all lakes and Raman spectroscopy identified polyester as the dominant polymer found both in lakes and within zooplankton. Zooplankton generally ingested microplastics that were shorter than their body length and that fell on the smaller end of the range of available microplastics. The prominence of polyester fibers and PET films and fragments suggests that the likely sources of microplastics to these lakes are recreational activities and atmospheric deposition.


Analysis of PGP content of the protocol, the protocol there is a public key distribution protocol system loopholes, through analysis, the protocol could not resist the middle attack. In this paper proposed a method that security of cryptographic algorithms in the original basis of the above, from the protocol itself to strengthen security. Improved PGP cryptosystem from the point of view is difficult to break.


Abstract Within sub-Saharan Africa South Africa is one of the leaders in greening and initiatives for sustainable urban development. Notwithstanding the central role of climate change impacts and of the green challenge for the future, the greening of urban development has not been a major focus in local geographical research. The task in this paper is to investigate one aspect of reorienting the economy towards a pathway of low carbon growth and of addressing the green urban challenge. Specifically, issues around the greening of commercial property developments in South Africa are explored. Under the ratings of the Green Building Council of South Africa 50 green buildings existed by early 2014. Geographically these properties cluster in South Africa's major cities, in particular Johannesburg, the country's economic powerhouse and centre for corporate headquarters, and Pretoria, the administrative capital. New proposals for building retrofitting may result in a greater spatial spread of green buildings in the near future.


Hyper-Dimensional computing (HDC) is a brain-inspired learning approach for efficient and robust learning on today's embedded devices. HDC supports single-pass learning, where it generates a classification model by one-time looking at each training data point. However, the single-pass model provides weak classification accuracy due to model saturation caused by naively accumulating high-dimensional data. Although the retraining model for hundreds of iterations addresses the model saturation and boosts the accuracy, it comes with significant training costs. In this paper, we propose OnlineHD, an adaptive HDC training framework for accurate, efficient, and robust learning. During single-pass training, OnlineHD identifies common patterns and eliminates model saturation. For each data point, OnlineHD updates the model depending on how similar it is to the existing model, instead of naive data accumulation. We expand the OnlineHD framework to support highly-accurate iterative training. We also exploit the holographic distribution of patterns in high-dimensional space to make OnlineHD ultra-robust against possible noise and hardware failure. Our evaluations on a wide range of classification problems show that OnlineHD adaptive training provides comparable classification accuracy to the retrained model while getting all efficiency benefits that a single-pass training provides. OnlineHD achieves, on average, 3.5× and 6.9× (3.7× and 5.8×) faster and more efficient training as compared to state-of-the-art machine learning (HDC algorithms), while providing similar classification accuracy and 8.5× higher robustness to a hardware error.


The healing of surgical incisions made with the steel knife and CO2 laser chopped wave mode (ChW) or rapid superpulse (RSP) mode were compared using histologic parameters and breaking strength of the scars on postoperative day 14. Using a miniature pig model the Sharplan 1100 laser incisions were made with an average power of 15 W and power density of 7.68 kW/cm2. Histological sections on postoperative day 14 revealed the knife scar measured .49 mm, was hypocellular, and contained visible bundles of collagen fibers. Both CO2 laser scars were less mature, the ChW scar measured 1.04 mm, the RSP scar measured 1.37 mm, and both contained cellular granulation tissue without visible collagen fibers. The breaking strength of the scars was measured with a tensiometer. Laser wounds were weaker than the knife wound. Scheffe test for variables was significant at P = .01 between the two laser modes and the knife. No significant difference was noted in the breaking strengths of incisions made with the chopped mode and superpulse mode.


The morphological evolution of copper nanolines induced by focused ion beam at normal bombardment has been investigated by in situ scanning electron microscopy. A periodic array of particles is observed when the width of lines reaches a certain value. The stability of a nanoline is studied in terms of a model based on Nichols and Mullins [Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME 233, 1840 (1965)] instability and curvature-dependent sputtering yield. A critical line width is found by linear analysis. When the line width is below this value, unstable mode whose wave vector is parallel to the line axis develops and a chain of periodic particles forms. When the width is above this critical value, the sputtering etching only leads to the decrease of width. The flux and temperature dependence of wavelength is measured and explained based on this model. The predictions of the model are in good agreement with the experimental results.


In South Africa, there are times when nothing is more important than soccer (football). "Laduma!", is an immensely informative and vital account of the history of the game in South Africa. In explaining how soccer - a sport imported with colonialism - came to be a mainstay of black sporting experience, it explores the Africanisation of the game with the introduction of rituals and magic, and the emergence of distinctive playing styles. Using archival research, interviews, newspaper, and magazine articles, adverts and photos, "Laduma!" chronicles the impact of indigenous sporting traditions, such as stick fighting, the rise of Orlando Pirates, the emergence of rivals Moroka Swallows, and the power struggles between different football associations and white authorities. Soccer influenced class and generational divisions, shaped masculine identities, and served as a mobilising force for township and political organisations. "Laduma!" embodies sporting history at its best and will be of interest to ardent soccer fans, as well as more serious scholars of African history.


Four algorithms are analyzed in the shared and nonshared (distributed) memory models of parallel computation. The analysis shows that the shared memory model predicts optimality for algorithms and programming styles that cannot be realized on any physical parallel computers. Programs based on these techniques are inferior to programs written in the nonshared memory model. The unit cost charged for a reference to shared memory is argued to be the source of the shared memory model's inaccuracy. The implications of these observations are discussed. >


Pepper powdery mildew, Leveillula taurica is one of the most important pathogens of pepper in the greenhouses and fields in Korea and is becoming a worldwide disease. These experiments were carried out to investigate the optimal germination, disease development conditions, disease incidence and effective inoculation methods of pepper powdery mildew. The incidence of powdery mildew was investigated throughout the country based on the major pepper growing areas in 2009. The average rate of infected leaves ranged from 15.3% to 81.8% in greenhouses and fields. Powdery mildew incidences were more severe in greenhouses than those of fields. The optimal temperature for conidial germination was and showed the highest germination at 6 hs after treatment. The range of temperature for germination was to . Temperature of greater than and below affected the abnormal germination and germ tube elongation. The optimal relative humidity for germination and germ tube elongation was 85% and germination increased as relative humidity increased. Disease development started 8 days after inoculation and showed the highest disease severity at 15 days in greenhouse and field regardless of varieties. Among three different inoculation methods tested the spore dropping method was better than touching with infected leaves and spraying with spore suspension. However, the method has limitation in mass inoculation due to the amount of time consumed.


In this paper the authors present a new learning control scheme: dual-scale direct learning control for trajectory tracking problems. Direct learning control (DLC) is defined as the direct generation of the desired control input profile from existing control input profiles without any repetitive learning. The DLC schemes developed hitherto are capable of learning the desired control signals for the new trajectory from past tracking control profiles which correspond to trajectories with either nonuniform time scales or nonuniform magnitude scales. Here the authors further show that for a class of nonlinear uncertain dynamic systems, the proposed dual-scale DLC scheme is able to generate the desired control input profile for a new trajectory which differs from all of the previously controlled and stored trajectories in both time and magnitude scales.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify prevalence and risk factors of needlestick injuries (NSI) among nursing students. Methods: Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires which included general and practical characteristics, safe environment risk factors, knowledge, attitude, and preventive behavior associated with NSI. Data were conducted from December 14-20, 2014 and analyzed using x² test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The incidence rate of NSI was 20.2%. Multiple logistic regression analysis identified four predictors for NSI which were statistically significan; carelessness (OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.04~2.11), status of hospital, university affiliated (OR=1.93, 95% CI=1.35~2.75), knowledge about handing the needle after NSI (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.00~2.03), and barriers to NSI preventive behavior (OR=1.48, 95% CI=1.04~2.12). Conclusion: Management of carelessness and barriers to NSI preventive behavior are essential elements for reducing the risk of NSI in nursing students. It is necessary to develop a specific NSI precaution program for nursing students.


—Learning rich skills through temporal abstractions without supervision of external rewards is at the frontier of Reinforcement Learning research. Existing works mainly fall into two distinctive categories: variational and Laplacian-based option discovery. The former maximizes the diversity of the discovered options through a mutual information loss but overlooks coverage of the state space, while the latter focuses on improving the coverage of options by increasing connectivity during exploration, but does not consider diversity. In this paper, we propose a unified framework that quantifies diversity and coverage through a novel use of the Determinantal Point Process (DPP) and enables unsupervised option discovery explicitly optimizing both objectives. Specifically, we define the DPP kernel matrix with the Laplacian spectrum of the state transition graph and use the expected mode number in the trajectories as the objective to capture and enhance both diversity and coverage of the learned options. The proposed option discovery algorithm is extensively evaluated using challenging tasks built with Mujoco and Atari, demonstrating that our proposed algorithm substantially outperforms SOTA baselines from both diversity-and coverage-driven categories. The codes are available at https://github.com/LucasCJYSDL/ODPP.


ABSTRACT The detection and classification of malwares in windows executables is an important and demanding task in the field of data mining. The malwares can easily damage the system by creating harm in the user's system, so some of the existing techniques are developed in the traditional works for an accurate malware detection. But, it lacks some major drawbacks such as inaccurate detection, not highly efficient, requires a large amount of time to classify the malware type, and an increased computational complexity. To solve these issues, this article develops an efficient system for detecting the malwares in an Application Programmable Interfaces (APIs), and classifying its type as worms, virus, Trojans, or normal. Initially, the input dataset is preprocessed by normalizing the data, then its upper and lower boundaries are estimated during feature extraction. Furthermore, the Rete algorithm is implemented to generate the rules based on the pattern matching process. Here, the Multi-Dimensional Naïve Bayes Classification (MDNBS) is implemented to classify the malware that occurred in an API call sequences. In experiments, the performance results of the existing and proposed techniques are evaluated and compared based on the measures of True Positive Rate (TPR), False Positive Rate (FPR), precision, recall, f-measure and, accuracy.


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 When photography reached Chile a few years after its invention, it quickly became an element of social distinction. The first images are a series of portraits of the elite and their major projects –cities, bridges, monuments– as well as of the institutions that regulate daily life in this independent territory: church, army, and State. In this article, we suggest that these photographs are not solely historic documents, but rather they are keys that allow us to "read" the strategies used by dominant groups to build a society that would function on behalf of their interests.


Isolated mono-allelic deletion of chromosome region 13q14 is seen in 40–60% of patients with typical B-CLL and is associated with good risk disease. Bi-allelic deletion of 13q14 region has an overall incidence of 4–5% in typical B-CLL. It is not known if loss of both allelic regions impacts on disease progression and survival. FISH analysis was performed on 995 patients with CLL. 451 cases were assessed using 13q14 PAC probes 933-e9 and 273–2 (Dr Stilgenbauer, Ulm University, Germany) and 540 cases were assessed with the B-CLL probe set (α12/13q14/13q34 and p53/ATM probe sets, Abbott/Vysis). Normal results for 13q14 were obtained in 501 (50.4%) cases, 450 (45.2%) had a mono-allelic deletion of 13q14 and 44 (4.4%) cases had a bi-allelic deletion of 13q14. Control probes (13q34 region) had normal patterns in all cases tested. Detailed analysis was carried out to test the hypothesis that loss of both allelic regions conferred a poorer prognosis by comparing the 44 cases with bi-allelic deletion of to 162 cases with mono-allelic deletion good risk CLL. Cases with bi-allelic deletion have similar clinical characteristics compared to cases with a mono-allelic deletion. There was no significant difference in Binet stage between patients with a mono-allelic (84% A, 7% B, 9% C) or a bi-allelic deletion of 13q14 (73% A, 13% B, 13% C). However, Binet stage was significantly predicative of outcome independent of the cytogenetic abnormality. Immunophenotypes were compared using the dChip program. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis showed that mono-allelic and bi-allelic deletion 13q14 CLL cases have different protein expression profiles. CD5 and CD38 were more strongly expressed (1.23 fold increase, p = .06 and 2.36 fold increase, p = .02, repsectively), whereas CD22 and CD23 had lower levels of expression (1.61 fold decrease, p = In conclusion, we have demonstrated that bi-allelic 13q14 deletion occurs in approximately 5% of B-CLL patients and that it is associated with an inferior progression free survival. The altered immunophenotypic profile associated with bi-allelic 13q14 deletion is intrigueing and further study of this group is warranted.


To borrow books from the library or to order them from the closed stacks, a library card is required. Without...


A novel all-optical gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber-ring lasing amplifier (GC-EDFRLA) has been demonstrated, in which the odd port of a 100/200-G interleaver was used to form a fiber-ring cavity to produce lasing oscillation for locking the gain and its even port was employed to export the amplified signals. In such a way, the problem existing in the conventional GC-EDFRLA is solved. The signal can be exported separately without the lasing power while the noise figure (NF) is very low. Finally, the GC-EDFRLA with a low NF of 4.2 dB was achieved.


Numerically investigated the electric double layer (EDL) Effects on the performance of the square microchannel heat exchanger (MCHE) at combined electro-osmotic and pressure-driven flow with compared pure pressure-driven with a hydraulic diameter (10 – 50) μ m. We defined at any size (Dh) of microchannel heat exchanger become the impact of EDL very slight with the studied effect of electric double layer thickness λ. The diluted water 1:1 potassium chloride (KCl) solution is used as a working fluid at an ionic concentration (10 −4 , 10 −6 ) M , silicon microchannel at zeta potential of surface -0.2 volt. A three-dimensional (3D) Poisson-Boltzmann equations and Naiver-stoke equations with applied electric field solved by using the finite volume scheme in this work. The results show an increase in pressure drop of the microchannel heat exchanger at combined flow electroosmotic and pressure-driven flow with a percentage of 31.09 % at an ionic concentration 10 −4 M and 42.71 % at 10 −6 M, increase in pumping power, especially at low ionic concentration. Slight enhancement in average heat transfer rate and effectiveness due to an increase in average temperature difference. Decrease in overall performance at combined electroosmotic and pressure-driven flow compared with pure pressure driven.


One of the first reuniting links between England and the Pilgrim Fathers was a floral one. Confronted at the outset with epidemics incidental to acclimatization and poor sanitation, the few doctors in America eagerly scanned the ponderous herbals they had brought over and searched the country in hopes of finding the well-known febrifuges and other remedies they had used in the old country. Ship's captains were given letters to friends asking for plants and seeds required, but these, too, received after interminable delays, had to become acclimatized. In searching for remedies many new and wonderful plants were discovered and sent as specimens or exchanges to the great European botanists, arousing their eager interest in the new country and a great desire to have such plants in the botanic gardens then flourishing. Boerhaave at Leyden was in the habit of making large exchanges, and Dr. Fothergill, who sent us the anatomic