Abstract
The development of traditional foods must be supported by complete information about these traditional
foods. The information needed includes name, regional origin, shape or appearance, taste, and nutrient
content. This study aims to determine the nutritional content of traditional foods in Buleleng Regency.
The study is descriptive observational. There are 6 types of traditional foods namely snacks, vegetables,
drinks, side dishes, complete meals and chili sauce with a total of 93, but 40 traditional foods are analyzed.
The content of nutrients in traditional food in Buleleng Regency are water levels ranging from 11.62 -
93.43%, ash content in the range of 0.05 - 13.67%, fat content in the range of 0.18 - 28.32%, protein in the
range of 0.33 - 23.26%, carbohydrates in the range of 1.58 - 74.01%, and total energy ranges from 25.21
- 386.40 Cal. Energy Adequacy Rate and Protein Adequacy Rate The highest average is found in traditional
side dishes, which is 11.63 Cal and 30.77 g.
Keywords: traditional food, nutrients, energy, fat, carbohydrates, protein


Most of the local limestone mines are developed as large-opening underground mines, while mine ventilation is heavily dependent on the natural ventilation and auxiliary systems, rather than the mechanical ventilation system using main fans. The current auxiliary ventilation system with fan and ducting requires optimization since enhanced deployment of diesel equipment demands higher airflow rate and the associated cost is expected to be too excessive for the local mine operators. This paper aims at optimizing the fan capacity for the working site ventilation through comparing the fan pressure in the mine airway and the ventilation efficiency of an axial-flow fan and a propeller fan developed in this study.


By providing space to document personal narratives and hold virtual discussions, the Internet represents a fruitful resource for sociologists of health and illness. However, the use of social media content for research entails complex ethical considerations. Due to the fluidity of online material, existing ethical guidelines advise a deliberative approach. However, this has led to disparity in the use of social media resources within the social sciences. I share an account of "doing ethics" for qualitative research with blogs focused on hereditary cancer risk. Blogging emerged not only as cathartic for authors, but also a means of accessing support. Blogs may thus be construed as constitutive and not only representative of cancer (risk) experience. Ethical questions surround anonymity and the appropriation of authors' accounts beyond the context in which they are composed. By sharing reflections on working with hereditary cancer risk blogs, I contribute to the continued reflexivity of social media researchers.


Hepatotoxicity due to verapamil is very rare and to the best of our knowledge only 10 cases have been reported. A 54-year-old woman developed cholestatic liver injury and pruritus following treatment with sustained-release verapamil (240 mg/day) for arterial hypertension. The pruritus and all hepatic biochemical abnormalities completely resolved after withdrawal of the drug. Similar to previously reported cases, the pathogenic mechanism of verapamil-associated liver injury in our patient was, most probably, idiosyncratic. These cases emphasize the need for awareness of the possibility that verapamil may occasionally induce liver injury, sometimes severe and potentially fatal.


A.L. Chizhevsky has developed a conception about influence of cosmophysical factors on population birth, morbidity and mortality rates. This influence was studied in population of Azerbaijan according to data for 1930-2000. The analysis of demographic data and cardiovascular, psychoneurological, oncological, bronchopulmonary and infection disease morbidity with Wolfs curve has established synchronism of the above indices with cycles of solar activity (about 11 years).


With an automatic image analysis device, we studied the temporal distribution of the locomotor activity of E. orientalis and E. vuilleti during 24 h, and over several days to know whether the activity rhythms of these two Eupelmidae play a role in their competitive interactions. The analysis of locomotor activity rhythms of E. orientalis and E. vuilleti shows that the locomotor activity of both species presents daily cyclic variations. These two Eupelmidae have similar activity rhythms. Displacements of these parasitoids essentially take place during the photophase. But the activity of E. vuilleti is earlier, because the individuals of this species start their activity on average 4 to 5 h earlier than those of E. orientalis. E. vuilleti begins its displacements several hours before the onset of lighting, whereas E. orientalis is active only in the presence of the light. This shift of starting activity is thus a factor allowing these concurrent species to minimize their interactions during the cohabitation period in traditional granaries after the harvests of cowpea.


We present a system that improves on current document-centric Web search engine technology; adopting an entity-centric perspective, we are able to integrate data from both static and live sources into a coherent, interlinked information space. Users can then search and navigate the integrated information space through relationships, both existing and newly materialised, for improved knowledge discovery and understanding.


A virtual private network (VPN) is an overlay network that uses the public network to carry data traffic between corporate sites and users, maintaining privacy through the use of tunnelling protocols and security procedures. In the network-based model, VPN-aware network elements are placed within the network to set up concatenated tunnels between the user/site and enterprise resources to offer intranet VPN and remote access VPN. This paper identifies the important differences between a traditional VPN and the mobile VPN and proposes a hierarchical network architecture to efficiently realize network-based mobile VPNs. We address the problem of optimally provisioning VPN-aware devices, called IP service gateways (IPSGs), in the hierarchical network architecture for mobile VPNs, while taking into account of (1) the cost of links over which VPN tunnels are established, (2) the cost of provisioning a VPN customer on an IPSG, and (3) redundancy in IPSG provisioning for fault tolerance. We develop generic yet powerful problem formulations for different scenarios described above while considering practical requirements of the network elements and business requirements of the VPN service provider. The formulation becomes a set of integer programming problems. We solve several instances of the problem for a few practical cases and discuss their applications in the overall network design.


Abstract : Current techniques used in the equipment design process have not improved avionics repairability to the level expected. This limitation on repairability results primarily from the maintenance concepts currently implemented and repairability techniques being 'designed in' after the system design has been frozen. Subsequently, maintainability, repairability, availability, and supportability of AF equipment suffers during its inter-usable lifetime. The objective of this study was to identify and define Design-for-Repair Concepts which show the greatest potential for enhancing Air Force avionic maintenance. By identifying design and support problems associated with existing systems, design features required for implementation of an appropriate Design-for-Repair Concept or Concepts were then identified. This technical report includes the approach taken and the rationale on which Design-for-Repair Concepts were selected. The work conducted under this effort and the selected Design-for-Repair Concepts will formulate the baseline for the following phase of the effort, Design-for-Repair Methodology Guideline Development. This Phase II effort will provide the design engineer with methodologies and guidelines for designing repairability and maintainability into avionic equipment during the early design phases. (Author)


Naturally fauna-free (FF) wethers, equipped with ruminal and duodenal cannulas, were used in two groups of eight (Group A) and seven (Group B) animals in six consecutive experimental periods, each lasting for 28 d. The objective was to measure ruminal fermentation traits, and flows of nonammonia nitrogen (NAN), total amino acid (TAA), and bacterial nitrogen (BN) from the stomach after inoculation with individual ciliate protozoa species in each period. The wethers in both groups were fed a diet based on corn silage, haylage, and soybean meal, and they remained FF during the first period. At the beginning of each other period, the wethers were progressively inoculated intraruminally with one individual major species of ruminal ciliate protozoa or total fauna (TF). Thus, Group A was progressively inoculated (+) with Dasytricha ruminantium (DS), Polyplastron multivesiculatum (PP), Isotricha intestinalis (IS), Entodinium caudatum (EN) and TF-type A. Also, Group B was progressively inoculated (+) with IS, DS, Epidinium ecaudatum (EP), Eudiplodinium maggi (EU), and EN. Duodenal digesta and ruminal fluid were collected and sampled in each period on d 26 and 28, respectively, and subjected to chemical analyses. A significantly higher (P < .05) pH (6.4) in ruminal fluid of the Group A wethers was obtained when each DS, DS+PP, DS-PP-IS+EN, and TF population was present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF (6.2). In the Group B wethers, pH (6.1) was lower (P < .05) for the population of IS-DS-EP+EU than for other populations (6.2 to 6.3). The concentration of total VFA in ruminal fluid was higher (P < .05) in the Group B wethers when IS, IS+DS, or IS-DS+EP populations were present in the rumen than when the wethers were FF. The flow of NAN, TAA, and BN from the stomach to the intestinal tract was generally lower for different protozoa populations than for the FF period. Largest decreases (P < .05) in the flow of NAN, TAA, and BN occurred when EN was added into the rumen of wethers in the A and B groups, which already contained populations of DS-PP+IS and IS-DS-EP+EU, respectively. Holotrich protozoa had very little effect on the protein metabolism in the rumen, but cellulolytic protozoa (PP, EP, and EU) and EN decreased the efficiency of protein utilization by the ruminant host.


Conjugated polymer particles provide an important platform for the development of theranostic nanoagents. However, the number of biocompatible and foremost biodegradable π-conjugated polymers is limited. Imidazole is a π-conjugated motif that is abundant in biological systems. Oxidative degradation of imidazole is present in nature via enzymatic or free radical processes. In this work, we introduce polymer particles consisting purely of polyimidazole. We employ direct arylation polymerization and adapt it to a dispersion polymerization protocol to yield uniform and narrowly dispersed nanoparticles. We employ this mechanism to produce linear and cross-linked polymer particles to tune the optical properties from fluorescent to photoacoustically active. We show that the particles can be degraded by H2O2 as well as by reactive oxygen species produced by cells and we detect the degradation products. Altogether, our results suggest that polyimidazole particles represent ideal candidates for theranostic applications.


To detect the minimal residual disease in cerebrospinal fluid of adults with acute leukemia and compare it with cytology examination.Methods The double color monoclonal antibodies of CD45 combined with other distinctive lineage antigens and FCM were used.Results 4 samples of the total 40 CSF specimens from 17 adult patients with acute leukemia in CR were discordance between the results of morphologic and immunologic examination ( approximately 10%). In discordant cases, the results of immunologic investigations appeared to be more informative than that of morphologic examination in predicting residual disease in CSF and diagnosis of CNSL.Conclusion We recommend that the method should be employed to achieve more timely and accurate diagnosis of CNSL in cases with acute leukemia especially when morphologic findings are equivocal.


A diarrheic syndrome linked to Clostridium perfringens was observed in fattening pigs. A good correlation was observed between the onset and the severity of diarrhea and the fecal passage of C perfringens enterotoxin. Intestinal fluids from affected pigs had activity comparable with that detected in a purified C perfringens enterotoxin. Seven pigs excreting enterotoxin were shown to develop serum antibodies to C perfringens enterotoxin.


Thermal evaporation is a well-established and versatile method for the deposition of large-area, uniform, high-quality semiconducting layers in a broad range of optoelectronic applications. Despite extensive investigation of deposition by thermal evaporation in the field of perovskite solar cells, solution-processed perovskite devices still significantly outperform those fabricated by thermal evaporation, particularly in the case of methylammonium-free perovskite compositions. Herein, we fabricate and investigate thermally evaporated Cs0.1FAxPbI2+xBr0.1 perovskite solar cells and explore the effects of FAI deficiency or excess and that of post-annealing on the perovskite layer properties and device performance. We find that annealing can significantly improve the optical and structural properties of FAI-poor perovskite layers, resulting in a stark enhancement of their photovoltaic performance. While stoichiometric devices are also improved, albeit to a lesser degree, by post-annealing, this process is found to be detrimental for the FAI-rich devices, resulting in a drastic loss of performance. We show that annealed stoichiometric devices with an optimised active layer thickness result in power conversion efficiencies of up to 16.6%, approaching the performance of solution-processed devices of similar composition.


Background A substantial part of the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is chronically treated with adalimumab. Some of these patients produce antibodies against adalimumab, which correlate with lower serum drug levels and reduced clinical response. Long term exposure to antigens may result in antigen specific IgG4 production as demonstrated in previous studies on prolonged exposure to antigens such as bee venom, factor VIII and IFN-β. Objectives Here we investigate whether long term treatment of RA patients with the therapeutic monoclonal antibody adalimumab leads to the production of specific IgG4 antibodies. Methods We developed radio immunoassays to detect total IgG or IgG4 against adalimumab and applied these in a cohort of 272 RA patients during three years of adalimumab treatment. Results Of the 272 patients 32% developed antibodies against adalimumab. We observed that a fast majority of the patients also produce IgG4 antibodies against adalimumab (29%). The proportion IgG4 of total IgG against adalimumab varies widely between patients (median; 25-75 percentile 38; 21-67%). In some patients the antibody response even seems to be dominated by IgG4. Conclusions The role of IgG4 in the immune response against adalimumab is variable in adalimumab treated RA patients. Although IgG4 is often considered to be harmless, because of its lack of effector function, these patients show low adalimumab levels and reduced clinical response. Disclosure of Interest None Declared


Due to their three dimensional (3D) architecture, multicellular tumor spheroids mimic avascular tumor areas comprising the establishment of diffusion gradients, reduced proliferation rates and increased drug resistance. We have shown recently that the spontaneous formation of spheroids is restricted to a limited number of cell lines whereas the majority grow only as aggregates of cells with loose cell-cell contacts when cultured in 3D. However, by the addition of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM, Matrigel), aggregates can be transformed into spheroids with diffusion barriers and development of quiescent therapy-resistant cells. In this report, we investigated adhesion molecules responsible for rBM-driven versus spontaneous spheroid formation in a diverse population of eight breast tumor cell lines relevant for in vitro and in vivo antitumor drug testing. Inhibition of spheroid formation was monitored in the presence of adhesion molecule functional blocking antibodies and after siRNA-mediated down-regulation of E- and N-cadherin and integrin beta1 adhesion receptors. We identified that E-cadherin mediates the spontaneous formation of spheroids in MCF7, BT-474, T-47D and MDA-MB-361 cells, whereas N-cadherin is responsible for tight packing of MDA-MB-435S cells. In contrast, the matrix protein-induced transformation of 3D aggregates into spheroids in MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 cells is mediated primarily by the collagen I/integrin beta1 interaction with no cadherin involvement. A combination of both, homophilic E-cadherin and integrin beta1/collagen I interaction establishes spheroids in MDA-MB-468 cells. These findings indicate that an evolutionary diverse and complex pattern of interacting cell surface proteins exists in breast cancer cells that determines the 3D growth characteristic in vitro, thereby influencing small molecule or antibody permeation in preclinical in vitro and in vivo tumor models.


Abstract: This paper deals with multiobjective bi-level linear programming problems under fuzzy environment. In the proposed method, tentative solutions are obtained and evaluated by using the partial information on preference of the decision-makers at each level.  The existing results concerning the qualitative analysis of some basic notions in parametric linear programming problems are reformulated to study the stability of multiobjective bi-level linear programming problems. An algorithm for obtaining any subset of the parametric space, which has the same corresponding Pareto optimal solution, is presented. Also, this paper established the model for the supply-demand interaction in the age of electronic commerce (EC). First of all, the study uses the individual objectives of both parties as the foundation of the supply-demand interaction. Subsequently, it divides the interaction, in the age of electronic commerce, into the following two classifications: (i) Market transactions, with the primary focus on the supply demand relationship in the marketplace; and (ii) Information service, with the primary focus on the provider and the user of information service. By applying the bi-level programming technique of interaction process, the study will develop an analytical process to explain how supply-demand interaction achieves a compromise or why the process fails. Finally, a numerical example of information service is provided for the sake of illustration. Keywords : Multi-objective bi-level linear programming problems; partial information of preference; stability.


The focus of the present study is on the allocation of responsibilities for addressing environmental risks in transboundary water governance. Effective environmental management in transboundary situations requires coordinated and cooperative action among diverse individuals and organizations. Currently, little insight exists on how to foster collective action such that individuals and organizations take the responsibility to address transboundary environmental risks. On the basis of 4 cases of transboundary water governance, it will be shown how certain allocation principles are more likely to encourage cooperative action. The main lesson from these case studies is that the allocation of responsibilities should be seen as a risk distribution problem, including considerations of effectiveness, efficiency, and fairness. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:371–375. © 2016 SETAC


In real-world applications of machine learning, reliable and safe systems must consider measures of performance beyond standard test set accuracy. These other goals include out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness, prediction consistency, resilience to adversaries, calibrated uncertainty estimates, and the ability to detect anomalous inputs. However, improving performance towards these goals is often a balancing act that today's methods cannot achieve without sacrificing performance on other safety axes. For instance, adversarial training improves adversarial robustness but sharply degrades other classifier performance metrics. Similarly, strong data augmentation and regularization techniques often improve OOD robustness but harm anomaly detection, raising the question of whether a Pareto improvement on all existing safety measures is possible. To meet this challenge, we design a new data augmentation strategy utilizing the natural structural complexity of pictures such as fractals, which outperforms numerous baselines, is near Pareto-optimal, and roundly improves safety measures.


Background/aims In this meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) in COVID-19. Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases on 26 November 2020. FIB-4 was calculated by [age (years) × AST (IU/L)]/[platelet count (109/L) × √ALT (U/L)]. A value above cutoff point was considered high and a value below cutoff point was considered low. The main outcome was mortality, the association between high FIB-4 and mortality was reported in odds ratio (OR). Sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic OR (DOR), area under the curve (AUC) were generated. Results There were 963 patients from five studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis showed that high FIB-4 was associated with increased mortality [OR 3.96 (2.16–7.27), P < 0.001; I2: 41.3%]. High FIB-4 was associated mortality with a sensitivity of 0.56 (0.40–0.70), specificity of 0.80 (0.72–0.86), PLR 2.8 (1.8–4.2), NLR 0.55 (0.39–0.78), DOR 5 (2–10), and AUC of 0.77 (0.73–0.81). Fagan's nomogram indicated that for a pre-test probability (mortality) of 30%, a high FIB-4 was associated with 54% post-test probability and a low FIB-4 was associated with 19%, respectively. The funnel-plot analysis was asymmetrical, trim-and-fill analysis by imputation of a study on the left side using linear estimator resulted in an OR of 3.48 (1.97–6.14). Egger's test showed no indication of small-study effects (P = 0.881). Conclusion High FIB-4 was associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19.


Speech disturbances reflecting impaired laryngeal control were found in ten patients whose autonomic dysfunction was associated with central neurological disease (Shy Drager Syndrome). In contrast, ten patients with progressive autonomic failure without evidence of CNS involvement had no difficulties on speech function tasks in comparison with normal controls. Presence of speech symptoms may aid in the clinical differentiation between patients with pure autonomic dysfunction and those with central neurological involvement.


Five biologically active daphnane orthoesters have been isolated from Pimelea species (Thymelaeaceae). Four of these possessing antineoplastic activity against in vivo murine P-388 lymphocytic leukemia are gnidimacrin from P. ligustrina, simpleximacrin from P. simplex, linimacrin d and Pimelea factor P3 from P. linifolia. Linimacrin c from P. linifolia and the other four compounds showed piscicidal activity. Gnidimacrin and Pimelea factor P3 have previously been isolated from other members of the Thymelaeaceae. Simpleximacrin and linimacrins c and d are new compounds.


The electron microscope image intensity of a thin crystal is described as a time average of the image of a crystal perturbed by time-dependent fluctuations corresponding to thermal motion of the atoms or low-energy electronic excitations. For very thin crystals the phase-object approximation indicates that images having atomic resolution may be obtained from the inelastically scattered electrons. It is shown that the use of suitable approximations allows estimates to be made of the contribution of the inelastically scattered electrons to the high-resolution images of thicker crystals. The resolution of images formed by inelastically scattered electrons is not affected by the non-localization of the inelastic scattering process.


The authors report a case of pleuro-pericarditis during an acute Coxiella burnetii infection. They point out the rarity of this mode of presentation of acute Q fever and the diagnostic difficulties in the absence of focal pulmonary or hepatic signs. The diagnosis was confirmed by serological changes, essentially indirect immunofluorescence. They underline the importance of early diagnosis before the disease become chronic, exposing the patient to more serious cardiac disease which may be difficult to treat.


This paper provides a review of surveys on soil-transmitted helminths that were done in Vietnam between 1990 and 2001. Prevalence estimates could be obtained for 29 of the 61 provinces. Extrapolating from this, it is estimated that 33.9 million people in Vietnam are infected with Ascaris (prevalence 44.4%), 17.6 million with Trichuris (prevalence 23.1%), and 21.8 million with hookworm (prevalence 28.6%). Prevalence of Ascaris and Trichuris showed a declining trend from the north to the south of the country. This is probably related to differences in climatic conditions. Hookworm prevalence is more evenly distributed throughout the country, but is concentrated in peri-urban and rural agricultural areas. Vegetable cultivation in which nightsoil is used as fertilizer is a risk factor for hookworm infection, especially among adult women. Helminth control programs should be targeted at school-age children in the northern provinces. Specific interventions are needed throughout the country for women of agricultural communities that are at risk for hookworm infection. There is clearly a need for more detailed analysis of risk factors to quantify the relative contribution of climatic, environmental, and human behavioral factors in the transmission of intestinal nematode infections in Vietnam.


UNLABELLED
WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT?: Despite the increased interest in nursing students' happiness in South Korea, few studies have attempted to identify factors influencing their happiness. Therefore, nursing educators should consistently investigate the factors influencing happiness and develop strategies to improve happiness among Korean nursing students. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE?: This study confirmed that there were positive correlations between grateful disposition, social support and happiness. In addition, grateful disposition and support from intimate people were identified as predictors of happiness in Korean nursing students. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Development of intervention programmes to help nursing students increase grateful disposition and support from intimate people may be helpful for improving happiness. These programmes can include activity, such as writing a gratitude journal, and extracurricular programmes, such as mentoring programmes between seniors and juniors and/or professor and student.

ABSTRACT
Introduction Happiness is very important in the training and development of nursing students as future nurses. However, nursing students experience a high level of stress and low level of happiness in South Korea. Aim This study aimed to investigate factors that affect happiness among nursing students in South Korea. Method Data were collected from a total of 241 nursing enrolled in two 4-year baccalaureate nursing programmes in South Korea, using a self-administrated questionnaire. To identify predictors of happiness, stepwise regression analysis was conducted. Results The results indicated that grateful disposition and support from intimate people significantly predict happiness among Korean nursing students. These two factors accounted for 38.0% of the variance in happiness. Discussion This study indicated grateful disposition and support from intimate people as factors promoting happiness in nursing students. The findings highlight grateful disposition and support from intimate people as important factors when developing effective interventions that foster nursing students' happiness.


Objective: Hypertension is associated with the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of hypertension on the properties of atrial substrate and the outcome of catheter ablation in patients with persistent AF. Design and Method: One hundred and fifty patients (mean age of 62 years, 80% men) with persistent AF were enrolled. Hypertension was present in 79 patients. Extensive encircling pulmonary vein isolation plus ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms were performed. Bepridil or amiodalone was prescribed for three months. All patients were prospectively studied by echocardiography and 24-h ambulatory electrocardiogram at baseline and the day after ablation and at 3-, 6-month intervals. Results: Age (65 ± 9 vs 57 ± 11year, p < 0.001), left atrial dimension before ablation (44 ± 5 vs 41 ± 5 mm, p < 0.001), intraventricular septal thickness (11 ± 2 vs 9 ± 1 mm, p < 0.001), and posterior wall thickness (11 ± 2 vs 10 ± 1 mm, p < 0.001) were significantly different between the patients with hypertension and without. Recurrence of AF after blanking period of three months was observed in 61 patients at 2 years follow up period. There were no differences in age, gender, presence of hypertension or left ventricular hypertrophy, duration of AF, CHADS2 score, CHA2DS2-VASc score, or left atrial dimension before ablation between the patients with AF recurrence and without. Left atrial dimensions decreased significantly at 3 month (43 ± 5 vs 40 ± 6 mm, p < 0.001) and at 6 month (43 ± 5 vs 40 ± 6 mm, p < 0.001) after ablation in the patients without AF recurrence. The cut off value of 2% reduction in the left atrial dimension at 6 month was the independent predictor of freedom from AF recurrence (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Left atrial reverse remodeling prevents recurrence of AF after catheter ablation of persistent AF in hypertensive as well as non-hypertensive patients.


It is shown that both spectral-temporal and temperature anomalies of the reflectance and transmittance kinetics of high-temperature superconducting films at high 'impact' excitation levels have a direct analogue in the case when much longer and coincident in time picosecond pulses are used to excite and probe the film state. In this case, due to degeneration, the nontrivial (with a sharp jump in the vicinity of the phase transition point) dependence of the nonlinear response amplitude of a sample on its initial temperature should be observed.


The article discusses the importance of comparison of personal pronouns for studies dealing with long-range linguistic relationship. It is recognized that individual similarities between pronouns reconstructed for various lowlevel protolanguages may be ascribed to chance resemblance or borrowing, but the same is much less probable for comparisons between entire paradigmatic systems of pronouns. Based on a brief survey of the principal pronominal forms and markers in most of the protolanguages reconstructed for the world's language families, it is asserted that many of the current hypotheses on macrofamilies, such as Nostratic, Sino-Caucasian, Austric, and others, are indeed supported by such paradigmatic similarities.


BACKGROUND
To improve the understanding of the characteristics of rare pancreatic cancer spinal metastatic disease and share our experience in coping with this disease. Although spinal metastasis of pancreatic cancer is extremely rare clinically, and the prognosis of the primary tumor is very poor, pancreatic cancer spinal metastasis has received insufficient attention in clinical practice and is only described in a limited number of case reports or series. The purpose of the present study is to discuss the clinical features, prognostic characteristics, and treatment of individuals with pancreatic cancer spinal metastases.

METHODS
Four patients with clinical symptoms caused by metastatic spinal pancreatic cancer (MSPC) were selected from patients treated in our department between January 2010 and January 2020. Patients' clinical and surgical records, imaging data, and pathology reports were reviewed by our team. A retrospective analysis of patient clinical data was conducted.

RESULTS
Of the four patients, one was male and three were female. The average age was 68.0 (range: 61-79) years old. The average time between the pancreatic cancer diagnosis and the diagnosis of spinal metastases was 10.5 (range: 0-24) months. Spinal metastatic disease was primarily found in the thoracic spine (n=3; 75.0%), and the lumbar spine (n=2; 50.0%). During follow-up, local tumor progression was found in all four patients (100%), all of whom died of pancreatic cancer during follow-up visits. The median time between spinal surgery and death was 16.3 (range: 12-19) months.

CONCLUSIONS
Taken together, pancreatic cancer patient that have spinal metastases exhibit a poor prognosis, with a survival time shorter than for any other malignant tumor. Percutaneous vertebroplasty may become an effective treatment option for pancreatic cancer spinal metastasis, which can significantly improve the patient's symptoms.


A growing number of applications manage mobile objects. The storage and the organization within databases of data describing the evolution of these objects is an open challenge. Data must be managed in efficient structures with respect to both the storage space consumed and the data access through these structures. An indexing method that organizes the evolutions of spatial objects within a 2D space is proposed in this paper. The Dynamic-BrickR access method uses two structures: an underlying permanent R*-Tree structure, and an in-memory dynamic space grid structure, that it used for building the terminal nodes to feed the R*-Tree. Experiments show significant improvements of the DynamicBrickR method over the R*-Tree index, regarding the dead space and the overlapping volumes. The Dynamic-BrickR inherits from the R*-Tree the capability to be used in answering spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal queries.


The past reliance on historical observed weather patterns for future investment in basic infrastructure planning (e.g., irrigation schemes, hydropower plants, roads, etc.) has been questioned considerably in recent years. For this reason, efforts to study the impacts of a changing future climate based on climate projections from global circulation models has been popular, where the coupled model intercomparison project models, used in the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change Assessment Reports, are typically used. Studies tend to focus either on climate sensitivity, ignoring specific global circulation models predictions, or an effort is made to select a set of global circulation models for use in an impact study. Here, we present a method for quantifying the impacts on biophysical measures (surface water supply, crop production, flooding events, and hydropower generation) of the Zambezi River Basin countries using a large pool (6,800) of climate projections, which are based on the full set of the CMIP-3 GCMs (global circulation models ) and projected to 2050.


Chemical transformations that result in either the formation or cleavage of carbon-heteroatom bonds are among the most important processes in the chemical sciences. Herein, we present a review on the reactivity of well-defined, late-transition metal complexes that result in the making and breaking of C-N, C-O and C-S bonds via fundamental organometallic reactions, i.e. oxidative addition, reductive elimination, insertion and elimination reactions. When appropriate, emphasis is placed on structural and spectroscopic characterization techniques, as well as mechanistic data.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to analyze humoral xenoreactivity of various Old World primate species sera against pig islets and the effects of these sera on pig islet viability and function after culture.

METHODS
Freshly isolated or cultured adult pig islets were analyzed by immunohistology or by cytofluorimetry for Old World primate xenoreactive natural antibody (XNA) binding and complement deposition. Complement-mediated cytotoxicity was evaluated by 51Cr release assays. After 4 days of culture in 50% sera from Old World primates, the morphology and in vitro metabolic function of pig islets were also analyzed.

RESULTS
Chimpanzee, Macaca mulatta (rhesus), or baboon XNA binding was detectable only on intra-islet endothelial cells (ECs). Incubation of pig islets with sera from all Old World primate species tested showed C3 and C4 deposition on ECs and on some surrounding endocrine cells. However, membrane attack complex (MAC) showed a pattern of positivity similar to XNA binding, i.e., restricted to ECs only. No deposition of factor B was detected. Although complement cascade was activated, no cytotoxicity was observed after incubation of islets with chimpanzee serum, whereas between 10% and 35% 51Cr specific release was obtained with rhesus, baboon, or Macaca fascicularis sera. Despite this cytotoxic effect, purified pig islets showed a normal morphology and a well-preserved insulin release in response to an acute glucose stimulus, after prolonged culture with 50% serum obtained from all primate species considered.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite the fact that pig beta-cell function was not affected by the serum of any of the primate species tested, some of them yielded significant lysis of islet cells, presumably as a result of a cytotoxic effect on intra-islet ECs. These data show that Old World primate sera from different species do not have equivalent effect on pig islets; these differences should be taken into account in preclinical trials of pig islet xenotransplantation.


BACKGROUND
Lattice corneal dystrophy type I is one of the frequent forms of stromal dystrophies following autosomal dominant inheritance. The beta-IG-h3 gene encoding keratoepithelin on the long arm of chromosome 5 has recently been described as disease gene for lattice corneal dystrophy type I as well as for three other corneal dystrophies with autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Ten family members in three generations of a large family with autosomal dominant lattice corneal dystrophy were analyzed clinically by slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Mutation analysis in the beta-IG-h3 gene was carried out at the mRNA level by RT-PCR and cDNA sequencing.

RESULTS
A heterozygous single-base substitution (417C-->T) in exon 4 of the beta-IG-h3 gene was detected predicting the replacement of arginine-124 by cysteine. Analysis of 10 family members showed perfect cosegregation of the mutation and lattice corneal dystrophy type I. The investigation excluded this mutation in one family member previously classified as potentially affected.

CONCLUSIONS
The investigation confirmed autosomal dominant inheritance with complete penetrance in the family described. The mutation 417C-->T has already been found earlier in another family of different geographic origin. These results suggest a mutation hot spot at position 417. In addition, no evidence of genetic heterogeneity of lattice corneal dystrophy type I was detected. Molecular genetic analysis (in conjunction with genetic counselling) therefore may be useful in routine diagnostics as the confirmation of the diagnosis by histological examination is possible only after keratoplasty. The common pathomechanism in lattice corneal dystrophy type I may facilitate development of new therapeutic concepts; the easy accessibility of the target organ may provide new possibilities e.g. for gene therapy.


Alcohol is an indispensable ingredient in medicinal preparations like cough syrup, antiseptic, antidote, disinfectant, etc. In the present study, the alcohol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and its growth kinetics were investigated in presence of the following bio-additives: Liquozyromol (plant extract), Avena sativa (oats), and Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram). The yeast's specific growth rate and generation time for fermentation during alcohol production were determined to be 1.35 h-1 and 1.57 h-1 respectively. The Optimal concentration of Avena sativa (oats), Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram), and Liquozyromol for alcohol production were determined to be 8.6 g/l, 8.9 g/l, and 9.8 g/l respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the introduction of Cicer arietinum (Bengal gram) and Avena sativa (oats) had a minuscule impact on the alcohol quantity produced, while it increased considerably in presence of Liquozyromol. Also, the rate of fermentation decreased and volatile acidity was affected in presence of additives. Thus, the use of Liquozyromol as an additive greatly reduces the effect of secondary metabolites thereby increasing the quantity and the quantity of ethanol produced.


Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs), a class of gram-positive bacterial exotoxins, bind cholesterol in cell membranes and oligomerize to form pores. We observe that CDCs induce pores in dendritic cells (DC) as well as other cell types in a dose dependent manner, which allows the subsequent release of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Extracellular ATP can exert stimulatory effects on cells through engagement of surface purinergic receptors, several of which are expressed on DC, including P2X7, which upon ATP binding forms a pore in the plasma membrane. We show here that a mutant DC line selected for resistance to lytic CDC doses loses expression of the P2X7 receptor and also becomes insensitive to ATP-induced pore formation compared to wild type cells. A model is suggested where CDCs form pores in DC membranes, allowing the release of ATP that signals through P2X7 on DC. Chronic ATP stimulation of DC results in skewed DC maturation that favors type 2 immune responses. Thus, CDC-induced ATP release from DC could represent a novel evasion mechanism for gram-positive bacteria.


This paper reports on growth of the Boulders colony of African penguins Spheniscus demersus from inception in 1985 to the present. More than 900 pairs now breed there. Growth of the colony slowed in 1995 and 1996 and reversed in 1998, coinciding with periods of low abundance of Cape anchovy Engraulis capensis off South Africa. In December 1996, penguins were excluded from a portion of land where they had formerly bred. They responded by increasing the density of their nests in other areas and expanding their area of breeding longshore. These patterns indicate that food and not space are currently controlling colony growth rate. Much of the colony growth probably results from immigration of first-time breeders from other colonies. Of immigrants, 70–80% may be from Dyer Island to the south-east, where numbers of penguins have decreased. Boulders also is frequently visited by penguins from other colonies, and by rehabilitated birds.


What is so unique in TlCuCl3 which drives so many unique magnetic features in this compound? To study these properties, here we employ a combination of ab-initio band structure, tight-binding model, and an effective quantum field theory. Within a density-functional theory (DFT) calculation, we find an unexpected bulk Dirac cone without spin-orbit coupling (SOC). Tracing back to its origin, we identify, for the first time, the presence of a Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) like dimerized Cu chain lying in the 3D crystal structure. The SSH chain, combined with SOC, stipulates an anisotropic 3D Dirac cone where chiral and helical states are intertwined. As a Heisenberg interaction is introduced, we show that the dimerized Cu sublattices of the SSH chain condensate into spin-singlet, dimerized magnets. In the magnetic ground state, we also find a topological phase, distinguished by the axion angle. Finally, to study how the topological axion term couples to magnetic excitations, we derive a Chern-Simons-Ginzburg-Landau action from the 3D SSH Hamiltonian. We find that axion term provides an additional mass term to the Higgs mode, and a lifetime to paramagnons, which are independent of the quantum critical physics. The axion-Higgs interplay can be probed with electric and magnetic field applied parallel or anti-parallel to each other.


Abstract. At the present time, arguments continue regarding the migration speeds of Martian dune fields and their correlation with atmospheric circulation. However, precisely measuring the spatial translation of Martian dunes has been rarely successful due to the technical difficulties to quantitatively observe expected small surface migrations. Therefore, we developed a generic procedure to measure the migration of dune fields employing a high-accuracy photogrammetric processor and sub-pixel image correlator on the 25-cm resolution High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE). The established algorithms have been tested over a few Martian dune fields. Consequently, migrations over well-known crater dune fields appeared to be almost static for the considerable temporal periods and were weakly correlated with wind directions estimated by the Mars Climate Database. Only over some Martian dune fields, such as Kaiser crater, meaningful migration speeds (> 1m/year) considering photogrammetric error residual have been detected. Currently a technically improved processor to compensate error residual using time series observation is under development and expected to produce the long term migration speed over Martian dune fields where constant HiRISE image acquisitions are available.


Ureteritis cystica (UC) is a benign condition that commonly affects the ureter and can mimic other conditions such as transitional cell carcinoma, blood clots, air bubbles, radiolucent stones, fibroepithelial polyps, and sloughed renal papillae. Radiographically, UC is characterized by multiple small, round, lucent defects, which cause scalloping of the ureteral margins when seen in profile. The scalloping is produced by the projection of the submucosal cysts into the lumen and represents an important differential feature of this disease. We present a case of UC with a radiological pathological correlation.


The primary motor cortex is located in Brodmann area 4 at the most posterior part of the frontal lobe. The primary motor cortex corresponds to an output stage of motor signals, sending motor commands to the brain stem and spinal cord. Brodmann area 6 is rostral to Brodmann area 4, where multiple higher-order motor areas are located. The premotor area, which is located in the lateral part, is involved in planning and executing action based on sensory signals. The premotor area contributes to the reaching for and grasping of an object to achieve a behavioral goal. The supplementary motor area, which occupies the mesial aspect, is involved in planning and executing actions based on internalized or memorized signals. The supplementary motor area plays a central role in bimanual movements, organizing multiple movements, and switching from a routine to a controlled behavior. Thus, Brodmann areas 4 and 6 are considered as central motor areas in the cerebral cortex, in which the idea of an action is transformed to an actual movement in a variety of contexts.


The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) can induce mitochondria biogenesis and has been implicated in the development of oxidative type I muscle fibers. The PPAR isoforms alpha, beta/delta, and gamma control the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid and glucose metabolism. As endurance training increases skeletal muscle mitochondria and type I fiber content and fatty acid oxidative capacity, our aim was to determine whether these increases could be mediated by possible effects on PGC-1 or PPAR-alpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma. Seven healthy men performed 6 weeks of endurance training and the expression levels of PGC-1 and PPAR-alpha, -beta/delta, and -gamma mRNA as well as the fiber type distribution of the PGC-1 and PPAR-alpha proteins were measured in biopsies from their vastus lateralis muscle. PGC-1 and PPAR-alpha mRNA expression increased by 2.7- and 2.2-fold (P < 0.01), respectively, after endurance training. PGC-1 expression was 2.2- and 6-fold greater in the type IIa than in the type I and IIx fibers, respectively. It increased by 2.8-fold in the type IIa fibers and by 1.5-fold in both the type I and IIx fibers after endurance training (P < 0.015). PPAR-alpha was 1.9-fold greater in type I than in the II fibers and increased by 3.0-fold and 1.5-fold in these respective fibers after endurance training (P < 0.001). The increases in PGC-1 and PPAR-alpha levels reported in this study may play an important role in the changes in muscle mitochondria content, oxidative phenotype, and sensitivity to insulin known to be induced by endurance training.


This study aimed to quantify the severity and complex diseases evolution of late season (Septoria glycines and Cercospora kikuchii) and downy mildew (Peronospora manshurica) in soybean genotypes in 2010/2011 harvest in Uberaba, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block with 26 genotypes and three replications. We evaluated the following characteristics: plant height at flowering and at maturity, number of days to flowering and maturity, height of insertion of a second pod and seed yield (kg ha -1 ). Evaluations were carried out every two weeks starting on the R3 stage (end of flowering with pods to 1.5 cm length) until the stage R7.2 (between 51 and 75% leaf and yellow pods). Three plants for each plot were random observed and visually diagnosed the symptoms of the leaves according to the diagrammatic scales of mildew and complex diseases of late season. The lines 304, 557 and 829, and show lower values for AUDPC (area under disease progress curve) and agronomic characteristics, does not differ from the control of higher productivity, which can be selected for the competition assays indicated strains for the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Remarkable, too, the lines 17 and 338 to obtain a good yield and agronomic characteristics, even with higher disease severity. The selected lines allow the option of indicating strains with shorter with genotypes 338, 304 and 829, and later with the loop 557 and 17 genotypes. There were differences when compared to the occurrence of genotypes with higher complex diseases of late season cycle.


Genetic factors have been suggested as having a possible aetiological role in the incidence of carcinoma of the cervix. With the high frequency of carcinoma of the cervix in Ibadan as well as the high incidence of sickle-cell trait, the haemoglobin genotypes and ABO blood groups were analysed in patients managed for carcinoma of the cervix uteri in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. No significant association was found between any haemoglobin genotype or blood group and carcinoma of the cervix. The protection afforded against malaria by the haemoglobin S trait does not seem to protect against the development of invasive carcinoma of the cervix.


Auditor independence has long been a hallmark of the CPA profession. The American Institute of CPAs report, Best Practices -- Accounting Consultations, Communications with Boards of Directors/Audit Committees, and Communications with the SEC Staff is intended to help CPA firms improve their independence in two critical areas: determining the appropriateness of a company's accounting principles -- particularly in the face of pressure from the client -- and communicating with a company's board of directors and its audit committee. This article provides some highlights from the report by pointing out what "best practices" firms do in these areas to improve and maintain the necessary independence and professionalism as they strive to enhance overall client service. (The third area addressed in the AICPA report, communications among CPA firms, clients and the Securities and Exchange Commission staff, is not discussed in this article.) BEST PRACTICES FOR ACCOUNTING CONSULTATIONS As technology, globalization and similar developments change their clients' businesses, CPA firms must increasingly deal with complex transactions and events such as new financial instruments and cross-border business combinations. Research by audit engagement personnel into the appropriateness of the accounting principles a company is using often leads them to conclude, based on the substance of the transactions or events, that the principles are reasonable and consistent with professional standards. Sometimes, however, engagement personnel may have difficulty determining whether the accounting principles -- and the company's application of them -- are appropriate. This problem typically occurs when authoritative pronouncements or firm policy are unclear or nonexistent or when applying complex guidance. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, for example, has issued numerous pronouncements on measuring and reporting on a variety of financial instruments and transactions, yet many issues remain unresolved. In such situations, a firm that has effective and efficient control policies and procedures -- which the AICPA report calls best practices -- encourages engagement personnel to seek advice from others, both inside and outside the firm. These best practices help ensure that all firm personnel are objective and independent of client pressures. Although informal discussions among engagement personnel and other professionals in a CPA firm occur frequently, they do not take the place of formal consultations. When following best practices, firms encourage informal discussions and formal consultations on accounting issues, when appropriate, so more knowledgeable and experienced professionals are involved when engagement personnel believe it is necessary to seek advice from others. Firm management designates all personnel who have consultation responsibilities. Consultants have knowledge and experience appropriate to the type and complexity of issues on which they work. Best practices firms provide on-the-job training and continuing education to ensure consultants are informed about new developments and emerging practice issues. Engagement personnel determine the need for consultation as soon as possible after identifying and researching an accounting issue. Prompt decisions allow consultants to complete any additional research and discussions so engagement personnel can provide clients with a timely response. Because it is not always possible to identify the need for consultation early on, the consultation process is designed to be sufficiently flexible to handle emergencies. Initiating the consultation. Initiating a formal accounting consultation and following the issue through the consultation process is the engagement partner's responsibility; in some cases, engagement partners may delegate that responsibility to experienced engagement personnel. (The AICPA report uses the term partners to mean any owners of a CPA firm. …


A workstation-based electroencephalograph (EEG) viewer that satisfies the requirements for high-volume clinical EEG review is described. It currently supports two 24-h four-bed epilepsy monitoring units and a network of routine, intraoperative, and intensive care monitors, providing paperless review of over 5000 pages/day by a staff of clinical neurophysiologists. The design takes advantage of the development environment, processing and graphics resources, and networking capabilities of high-performance UNIX workstations. The user interface and operational infrastructure have been tailored to the demands of clinical neurophysiologists requiring rapid access to large volumes of EEG waveform data in a large clinical neurophysiology laboratory. The functional requirements, system architecture, and implementation details for the current system are described.<<ETX>>


In modern information systems the dominant retrieval paradigms have shifted from exact matching towards retrieving a list of the most relevant objects. This is because users usually are not satisfied by arbitrarily large and unordered answer sets, but rather interested in small sets of "best" answers. All popular ranking approaches need collection-wide information. This poses a challenge in the P2P context where each peer has only local knowledge. We discuss how to deal with collection-wide information in P2P networks and how to optimize query distribution based on query result analysis, and present evaluation results.


Petroleum geological fi eld research since the 2 half of the 19 century has revealed the presence of hydrocarbons in the Western Carpathian Flysch Belt, especially in the Galicia area of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Historical prospecting and exploration in this part of the Flysch belt are well documented, and revival in hydrocarbon exploration interest at the end of the 20 century led to drilling the new Alexander 1 well which supplied a non-commercial methane infl ow and only traces of crude oil in form of impregnations. The chemical and isotopic composition of this methane carbon indicates methane associated with oil generation conditions. Oil is genetically related most probably to Upper Eocene to Oligocene source rocks, mainly Krosno-Menilite beds, activated after Oligocene period by thrusting of Flysch formations. The geochemical characteristics are based on low temperature extraction of oil impregnation from the Alexander 1/1065 m well core and on hexane oil extract from the oil-water emulsion at a depth of 390 m in this well.


Purpose: TTI-621 (SIRPα-IgG1 Fc) is a novel checkpoint inhibitor that activates antitumor activity by blocking the CD47 "don't eat me" signal. This first-in-human phase I study (NCT02663518) evaluated the safety and activity of TTI-621 in relapsed/refractory (R/R) hematologic malignancies. Patients and Methods: Patients with R/R lymphoma received escalating weekly intravenous TTI-621 to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). During expansion, patients with various malignancies received weekly single-agent TTI-621 at the MTD; TTI-621 was combined with rituximab in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) or with nivolumab in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. The primary endpoint was the incidence/severity of adverse events (AEs). Secondary endpoint included overall response rate (ORR). Results: Overall, 164 patients received TTI-621: 18 in escalation and 146 in expansion (rituximab combination, n = 35 and nivolumab combination, n = 4). On the basis of transient grade 4 thrombocytopenia, the MTD was determined as 0.2 mg/kg; 0.1 mg/kg was evaluated in combination cohorts. AEs included infusion-related reactions, thrombocytopenia, chills, and fatigue. Thrombocytopenia (20%, grade ≥3) was reversible between doses and not associated with bleeding. Transient thrombocytopenia that determined the initial MTD may not have been dose limiting. The ORR for all patients was 13%. The ORR was 29% (2/7) for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and 25% (8/32) for T-cell NHL (T-NHL) with TTI-621 monotherapy and was 21% (5/24) for DLBCL with TTI-621 plus rituximab. Further dose optimization is ongoing. Conclusions: TTI-621 was well-tolerated and demonstrated activity as monotherapy in patients with R/R B-NHL and T-NHL and combined with rituximab in patients with R/R B-NHL.


Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and toxicity of low dose of docetaxel in combination with standard dose of S-1 for patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer, and to investigate whether β-tubulin protein expression level is a predictive or prognostic factor. Methods: From March 2010 to December 2011, 90 patients from Medical Oncology Department of Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, were enrolled in this study. Patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma were treated with docetaxel of 40 mg/m2 intravenously on day 1 and S-1 of 80 mg/m2 orally for 14 days with one-week intermission as first-line chemotherapy. The chemotherapeutic effects were evaluated every 3 cycles using the Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST1.1). The tumor tissues and the serum of peripheral blood were obtained at the start of the study to analyze the protein expression level of β-tubulin, which were estimated using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Response and toxicity were analyzed. All the patients were followed-up until the time of progression, death, or the censored time, to calculate progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time. Results: In total, 90 patients (median age: 60.5 years [range: 28–76 years]) received a total of 491 treatment cycles (median: 6 [range: 2–9]) of docetaxel combined with S-1 chemotherapy, and 291 cycles of single S-1- maintenance treatment. Three complete response (CR) and thirty-eight partial responses (PR) were observed, with an overall response rate (ORR) of 45.1%. Median OS was 12.5 months, and median PFS was 7.0 months. PFS and OS in patients with peritoneal metastases were significantly longer compared to patients with other metastatic loci. β-tubulin protein expression levels in tumor tissue and in serum were significantly lower in responders than in nonresponders. Lower expression of β-tubulin protein in serum but not in tumor tissues was associated with more serious toxicities.There was significant correlation between tumor tissues and peripheral blood about the expression of β-tubulin. Peritoneal metastasis was an independent prognostic factor by COX regression. PFS and OS were not correlated with β-tubulin expressive level. Conclusion: This combination of standard dose of S-1 and low dose of docetaxel is effective and well tolerated in patients with recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer. Peritoneal metastasis is treated more effectively by this regimen than other forms of metastases. Baseline expression levels of β-tubulin could predict the response. β- tubulin is a predictive marker.


In this work the combined finite difference and orthogonal function approximation methods have been proposed for the numerical solution of the one-dimensional parabolic equation with two integrals conditions. The time variable is approximated using a finite difference scheme. But the orthogonal function approximation is employed for discretizing the space variable by using orthogonal cosine function.


Gender-based violence (GBV) is common among women with and at risk for HIV, yet little is known about the GBV associated psychological factors that could be modifiable through behavioral interventions. The current study examined the associations between some of these psychological factors (i.e., hopelessness, consideration of future consequences, self esteem), mental health symptoms, substance abuse, and GBV among a sample of 736 HIV-infected and sociodemographically similar uninfected participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS). Results indicated high rates of lifetime GBV among the sample (58%), as well as high rates of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) (22.2%). HIV-infected women were more likely to be hopeless and to experience lower consideration of future consequences as compared to uninfected women. Multivariable analysis indicated that current non-injection drug use and a history of injection drug use were the main correlates of GBV and CSA, even when other psychosocial variables were included in analytic models. Being born outside of the US reduced the likelihood of GBV and CSA. Future research directions and intervention implications are discussed.


Initially isolated from Pd(10)(CO)(12)(PEt(3))(6) (5) and Au(SMe(2))Cl precursors in a two-step carbon monoxide (CO)-involved procedure, the nanosized interpenetrating bicuboctahedral gold (Au)-palladium (Pd) Au(2)Pd(28)(CO)(26)(PEt(3))(10) (1) was then directly obtained in 25-30% yield from the CO-induced reaction of the CO-stable Au-centered cuboctahedral Au(2)Pd(21)(CO)(20)(PEt(3))(10) (3) with the structurally analogous CO-unstable Pd(23)(CO)(20)(PEt(3))(10) (4). Our hypothesis that this latter synthesis is initiated by the reaction of 3 with coordinatively unsaturated homopalladium species resulting from CO-induced fragmentation of 4 was subsequently substantiated by the alternatively designed synthesis of 1 (∼25% yield) from the CO-induced reaction of 3 with the structurally dissimilar CO-unstable Pd(38)(CO)(28)(PEt(3))(12) (6). The composition of 1, unambiguously established from a 100 K CCD X-ray diffractometry study, is in accordance with single-crystal X-ray Au-Pd field-emission microanalysis. The pseudo-C(2h) 30-atom Au(2)Pd(28) geometry of 1 may be formally derived via substitution of the interior (μ(12)-Pd)(2) moiety in the interpenetrating bicuboctahedral Pd(20) kernel of the known isostructural Pd(30)(CO)(26)(PEt(3))(10) (2) with the corresponding interior (μ(12)-Au)(2) moiety, in which the otherwise entire metal-core geometry and CO/PR(3)-ligated environment are essentially not altered. Of major significance is that this interior nonisovalent Pd-by-Au replacement in 2 produces CO-stable 1, whereas nanosized CO/PR(3)-ligated homopalladium Pd(n) clusters with n > 10 are generally unstable under CO. Because the two adjacent encapsulated Au atoms of 2.811(1) Å separation are not present on the metal surface, isolation of 1 under CO is ascribed to an electronic property. The virtually ideal geometrical site-occupancy fit between 1 and 2 provides definite crystallographic evidence for extensive delocalization in 1 of the two valence Au 6s electrons over the entire cluster (instead of a "localized" covalent Au-Au electron-pair interaction). Gradient-corrected (pseudo-scalar-relativistic) density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the isostructural Au(2)Pd(28)(CO)(26)(PH(3))(10) (1-H) and Pd(30)(CO)(26)(PH(3))(10) (2-H) model clusters along with hypothetical [Au(2)Pd(28)(1-H)](2+) and [Pd(30)(2-H)](2-) analogues (with phosphine ethyl substituents replaced by hydrogen ones). Natural population analysis of these four model clusters revealed similar highly positively charged metal surfaces of 28 Pd atoms relative to the two negatively charged interior metal atoms, which reflect a partially oxidized metal surface due to dominant CO back-bonding. The surprising observation that each less electronegative interior Pd atom in 2-H is more negatively charged by 0.30e than each interior Au atom in 1-H points to a more cationic Au in 1 than interior Pd in 2; this unexpected (opposite) charge difference is consistent with delocalization of each Au 6s valence electron toward a Au(+) configuration. This premise is in agreement with the calculated Wiberg bond index (WBI) value of 0.055 for the Au-Au bond order in 1-H versus the WBI single-bond value of 1.01 obtained from analogous DFT calculations for the bare, neutral Au(2) dimer, which has a much shorter spectroscopically determined gas-phase distance of 2.472 Å (that corresponds to a "localized" electron-pair interaction). Isolation of 1 under CO is of prime importance in nanoscience/nanotechnology in establishing relative stabilizations toward CO in well-defined CO/PEt(3)-ligated nonisovalent Pd(2)-by-Au(2)-substituted Au(2)Pd(n-2) clusters [namely, n = 30 (1) and 23 (3)]. These important stereochemical implications have a direct relevance to the recent report of the higher tolerance to CO poisoning of highly active Au-Pd nanoparticle catalysts used for the complete conversion of formic acid into high-purity hydrogen (and CO(2)) for chemical hydrogen storage.


Today, the Internet technology development and their applications have become increasingly popular. Hence, the WWW technology brings the rising of Enterprise Information Portal (EIP). However, providing a secure Enterprise Information Portal is one of essential quality of services (QoS) in Internet applications. Focusing on the security of EIP, the purposes of this paper are to find out various risk facets based on ISO 27001 reference standards and the ISMS process and also utilize AHP model to validate the factors of each risk facet. It will refine and validate required factors of each risk facet through experts specialized in designing and implementing a secure EIP system. Then, we will establish a risk management assessment model of EIP and design its algorithm. Finally, we develop an evaluation system and also perform experiments to verify and validate the risk management of EIP. According to the risk value, it will refine the risk level to verify and validate the security of EIP. According to the experimental result, our proposed assessment model and evaluation system of EIP risk management can be served as the guidelines of implementing any a secure Web application.


OBJECTIVE
to establish a viable methodology for the linkage of patients information between general practice and the secondary health care sector. To demonstrate this by examining the activities and cost of health care to a general practice community.

METHODS
the linkage of computerised records was achieved using a unique alpha numeric identifier (the National Master Patient Index number). Using this link all patient activities for one general practice were analysed. Consultations and their outcomes in terms of pathology and radiology requests, prescriptions, and referrals to other health care providers were recorded. Secondary care activities analysed were outpatient, inpatient, day care, and accident and emergency attendances.

RESULTS
the study population of 3611 patients produced 15,453 contacts in general practice (4.3 contacts per person per annum) and 2804 contacts with the secondary care system (0.8 contacts per person per annum). The total government expenditure was $824,567 for general practice care and $1,410,198 for secondary care, ie, $2,234,765 in total or $619 per person.

CONCLUSION
this methodology for information linkage provides the potential for comprehensive examination of publicly funded health care in both general practice and hospital settings, thereby promoting better coordinated and more rational planning of services.


Abstract The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is high. Poor vitamin D status, especially in women, has been reported in several countries in the Middle East despite adequate year-round sunlight for vitamin D synthesis. However, data on vitamin D status in Palestine are scarce. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate vitamin D status based on serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D] among young healthy Palestinian students (18–27 years) and to assess associations between 25-(OH)D concentrations and several predictors. The mean 25-(OH)D concentration of women (n 151) was 27⋅2 ± 14⋅5 nmol/l, with the majority having insufficient (31⋅1 %) or deficient (<60 %) 25-(OH)D status. Only 7 % of women achieved sufficient or optimal 25-(OH)D status. In contrast, men (n 52) had a mean 25-(OH)D concentration of 58⋅3 ± 14⋅5 nmol/l, with none classified as deficient, and most obtaining sufficient (55⋅8 %) or even optimal 25-(OH)D status (11⋅5 %). Among women, 98 % wore a hijab and 74 % regularly used sunscreen. Daily dietary vitamin D intake (3-d 24-h recalls) was 45⋅1 ± 36⋅1 IU in the total group (no sex differences). After adjustment, multiple linear regression models showed significant associations between 25-(OH)D concentrations and the use of supplements (B = 0⋅069; P = 0⋅020) and dietary vitamin D (B = 0⋅001; P = 0⋅028). In gender-stratified analysis, the association between supplement use and 25-(OH)D concentrations was significant in women (B = 0⋅076; P = 0⋅040). The vitamin D status of women in the present cohort is critical and appears to be mainly due to wearing a hijab, regular use of sunscreen and low dietary vitamin D intake. The vitamin D status of the women should be improved by taking vitamin D containing supplements or fortified foods.


When modeling wind power from several sources, consideration of the dependency structure of the sources is of critical importance. Failure to appropriately account for the dependency structure can lead to unrealistic models, which may result in erroneous conclusions from wind integration studies and other analyses. The dependency structure is fully described by the multivariate joint distribution function of the wind power. However, fewif anyexplicit joint distribution models of wind power exist. Instead, copulas can be used to create joint distribution functions, provided that the selected copula family reasonably approximates the dependency structure. Unfortunately, there is little guidance on which copula family should be used to model wind power. The purpose of this paper is to investigate which copula families are best suited to model wind power dependency structures. Bivariate copulas are considered in particular. The paper focuses on power from wind plantscollections of wind turbines with a common interconnection pointbut the methodology can be generally extended to consider power from individual wind turbines or even aggregate wind power from entire systems. Twelve Archimedean and elliptical copulas are evaluated using hourly data from 500 wind plant pairs in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Eastern Dataset. The evaluation is based on (2) and Cramer-von Mises statistics. Application guidelines recommending which copula family to use are developed. It is shown that a default assumption of Gaussian dependence is not justified and that the use of Gumbel copulas can result in improved models. An illustrative example shows the application of the guidelines to model dependence of wind power sources in Monte Carlo simulations. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Using the concept of institutional habitus, the article analyses the distinctive everyday practices in two nursery schools (privately-funded Forest nursery and publicly-funded Estate nursery) . Based on data from interviews and from direct observations it explores how the habitus of both nurseries is constituted; focusing on social context of each nursery, its organizational structure, shared values and interpersonal and community relationships . Those aspects are discussed with theories of parental attitudes and styles and its consequences for social reproduction as addressed in the works of Bourdieu, Lareau, and Reay . The analysis shows that parents are hoping for similar outcomes (e .g . self-reliance) however they believe in different paths leading to those goals . Additionally, through looking at the habitually framed difference in the perceptions of discipline and social control exercised through institutional rules we illustrated how the exclusivity of private institution is constructed. We concluded, it is not just the required fee, but also the adequate level of cultural capital needed to understand the sophisticated code of rules that are framed by freedom and as voluntary . The analysis of such subtle processes is important for understanding educational inequalities and reinforcing social cohesion through education.


The design of bone scaffolds for tissue regeneration is a topic of great interest, which involves different issues related to geometry of architectures, mechanical behavior, and biological requirements, whose optimal combination determines the success of an implant. Additive manufacturing (AM) has widened the capability to produce structures with complex geometries, which should potentially satisfy the different requirements. These architectures can be obtained by means of refined methods and have to be assessed in terms of geometrical and mechanical properties. In this paper a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS), the Schwarz's Primitive surface (P-surface), has been considered as scaffold unit cell and conveniently parameterized in order to investigate the effect of modulation of analytical parameters on the P-cell geometry and on its properties. Several are the cell properties, which can affect the scaffold performance. Due to the important biofunctional role that the surface curvature plays in mechanisms of cellular proliferation and differentiation, in this paper, in addition to properties considering the cell geometry in its whole (such as volume fraction or pore size), new properties were proposed. These properties involve, particularly, the evaluation of local geometrical-differential properties of the P-surface. The results of this P-cell comprehensive characterization are very useful for the design of customized bone scaffolds able to satisfy both biological and mechanical requirements. A numerical structural evaluation, by means of finite element method (FEM), was performed in order to assess the stiffness of solid P-cells as a function of the changes of the analytical parameters of outer surface and the thickness of cell. Finally, the relationship between stiffness and porosity has been analyzed, given the relevance that this property has for bone scaffolds design.


The accurate estimation of the amount of global solar radiation potential on the earth's surface is one of the most important parameters for solar energy investments and long-term climate studies. The most accurate solar radiation data are generally available in some ground stations where they are obtained by using direct measurement. However, the estimation of global solar radiation data can be conducted by some estimation methods in the areas that do not have this information. This study compares and discusses some approaches to identify the most accurate method for daily global solar radiation reaching on a horizontal surface. The comparisons are carried out between some selected conventional empirical methods taken from the related literature, the satellite-based HELIOSAT method and the coupled (hybrid) method which uses both ground data and satellite images. These selected methods have been tested previously and declared most accurate by many researchers for Turkey. The performance results were compared with ground-measured data and all methods were analyzed by using statistical errors in the selected site. According to the last six years of data results, the coupled method is better than the others (except the Angstrom method), with daily difference values (91%) and daily absolute difference values lower than 2.5 MJ m –2 day.


Automated nonverbal sensing and feedback technologies, such as My Automated Conversation coacH (MACH), can provide a personalized means to better understand, evaluate, and improve human social interaction--for both practical and therapeutic purposes, and to advance future communications research. The first Web extra at http://youtu.be/l3ztu9shfMg discusses My Automated Conversation coacH (MACH), a system for people to practice social interactions in face-to-face scenarios. MACH consists of a 3D character that can see, hear, and make its own decisions in real time. The second Web extra at http://youtu.be/krdwB8bfXLQ discusses software developed at MIT that can be used to help people practice their interpersonal skills until they feel more comfortable with situations such as a job interview or a first date. The software, called MACH (short for My Automated Conversation coacH), uses a computer-generated onscreen face, along with facial, speech, and behavior analysis and synthesis software to simulate face-to-face conversations. It then provides users with feedback on their interactions.


A priming paradigm was used to explore the representation of attitudes about government policies in memory. Participants performed pairs of tasks in quick succession. The focal tasks involved evaluating a policy or thinking of one of its consequences. The results showed that thinking of a consequence of a policy speeded up its subsequent evaluation, regardless of whether the participant held a strong or weak attitude about the policy. Evaluating the policy speeded up thinking of one of its consequences for strong attitudes but not for weak ones. In general, it took participants longer to think of a consequence of a policy than to evaluate it. The implications of these results for existing views of the representation of attitudes in memory are discussed.


Stiff‐person syndrome (SPS) is characterized by progressive, usually symmetric rigidity of the axial muscles with superimposed painful spasms precipitated by tactile stimuli, passive stretch, volitional movement of affected or unaffected muscles, startling noises, and emotional stimuli. Electromyography demonstrates continuous normal motor unit potentials in the affected muscles. Both the rigidity and the spasms are relieved by sleep, general anesthesia, myoneural blockade, peripheral nerve blockade, and partially by diazepam. Evidence for an autoimmune etiology of SPS includes its association with other autoimmune diseases and autoantibodies and the presence of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of many affected patients. We describe two patients with this syndrome who had GAD antibodies in both CSF and serum. Partial relief of the symptoms in these patients by corticosteroid therapy provides additional evidence of an autoimmune etiology of SPS and of the role of immunotherapy in its treatment.


A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method is developed for simultaneous determination of 187 pesticide residues in edible fungi. Samples of edible fungi (20 g) were homogeneously extracted with acetonitrile, the extracts were cleaned up using stacked solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges containing graphitized carbon black and aminopropyl sorbents. The residue pesticides were eluted with acetonitrile–toluene (3:1, v/v), and the eluates were concentrated and used for analysis. In the linear range of each pesticide, the linear correlation coefficient R2 was equal to or greater than 0.990. At low and high fortification levels, recoveries ranged from 70% to 118%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was always below 30% and was below 25% for 169 pesticides, accounting for 90%. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01–85 μg kg−1, 165 pesticides had LOD ≤10 μg kg−1, accounting for 88%. The proposed method is suitable for determination of 187 pesticide residues in shiitake, black fungus, nameko and enoki mushroom.


This study examines two complex syntactic dependencies (complement control and sentence-final temporal adjunct control) and one pragmatic dependency (controlled verbal gerund subjects) in children with ASD. Sixteen high-functioning (HFA) children (aged 6–16) with a diagnosis of autism and no language impairment, matched on age, gender and non-verbal MA to one TD control group, and on age, gender and verbal MA to another TD control group, undertook three picture-selection tasks. Task 1 measured their base-line interpretations of the empty categories (ec). Task 2 preceded these sentence sets with a weakly established topic cueing an alternative referent and Task 3 with a strongly established topic cueing an alternative referent. In complement control (Ron persuaded Hermione ec to kick the ball) and sentence-final temporal adjunct control (Harry tapped Luna while ec feeding the owl), the reference of the ec is argued to be related obligatorily to the object and subject respectively. In controlled verbal-gerund subjects (VGS) (ec Rowing the boat clumsily made Luna seasick), the ec's reference is resolved pragmatically. Referent choices across the three tasks were compared. TD children chose the object uniformly in complement control across all tasks but in adjunct control, preferences shifted toward the object in Task 3. In controlled VGSs, they exhibited a strong preference for an internal-referent interpretation in Task 1, which shifted in the direction of the cues in Tasks 2 and 3. HFA children gave a mixed performance. They patterned with their TD counterparts on complement control and controlled VGSs but performed marginally differently on adjunct control: no TD groups were influenced by the weakly established topic in Task 2 but all groups were influenced by the strongly established topic in Task 3. HFA children were less influenced than the TD children, resulting in their making fewer object choices overall but revealing parallel patterns of performance. In this first study of three sub-types of control in ASD, we demonstrate that HFA children consult the same pragmatic cues to the same degree as TD children, in spite of the diverse pragmatic deficits reported for this population.


A random-access model is introduced and studied, which is a generalization of the classical slotted Aloha model. Unlike in the slotted Aloha, where two or more simultaneous transmissions on any subset of links collide and "erase" each other, a quite general interference structure is considered, where transmission on link i erases a simultaneous transmission on link j with some fixed probability φij. In particular, it is allowed that φij ≠ φji, which captures possible asymmetric interference in real-most notably wireless-communication networks. Results characterizing the maximum achievable link throughput region and its Pareto boundary are derived. In some cases, the Pareto boundary characterization is almost as simple and explicit as that derived in prior work for the classical slotted Aloha system.


Background Pre-slaughter stress or the welfare condition of food-producing animals (FPAs) and the slaughter practices of slaughterhouse workers (SHWs) are critically important for the safety and quality of meats processed in slaughterhouses (SHs). Consequently, this study determined the pre-slaughter, slaughter, and post-slaughter (PSP) practices of SHWsin four SHs in Southeast, Nigeria; and discussed the impacts on meat quality and safety. Methods The PSP practices were determined by observation method. Additionally, a structured and validated closed-ended questionnaire was used to determine the knowledge of the SHWs on: the effects of poor welfare (preslaughter stress) on the quality and safety of meats produced, carcass/meat processing practices and modes of transmission of meat-borne zoonotic pathogens during carcass/meat processing. Finally, a systematic post-mortem inspection (PMI) was conducted on cattle, pigs and goats slaughtered, and economic losses accruable from condemned carcasses/meats were estimated. Results Food-producing animals were transported to the SHs or held in the lairage under inhumane conditions. A pig being conveyed to one of the SHs was seen gasping for air, as it was firmly tied on motorbike at the thoracic and abdominal regions. Fatigued cattle were forcefully dragged on the ground from the lairage to the killing floor. Cattle for slaughter were restrained, held in lateral recumbency and left groaning, due to extreme discomfort, for about one hour before slaughter. Stunning was not performed. Singed pig carcasses were dragged on the ground to the washing point. Although more than 50% of the respondents knew the modes of transmission of meat-borne zoonotic pathogens during meat processing, 71.3% of the SHWs processed carcasses on bare floor, 52.2% used same bowl of water to wash multiple carcasses while 72% did not wear personal protective equipment during meat/carcass processing. Processed meats were transported to meat shops in an unsanitary conditions, using open vans and tricycles. During the PMI, diseased carcasses/meats/organs were detected in 5.7% (83/1452), 2.1% (21/1006) and 0.8% (7/924) of the cattle, pig and goat carcasses inspected, respectively. Gross lesions pathognomonic of bovine tuberculosis, contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia, fascioliasis and porcine cysticercosis were detected. Consequently, 391,089.2 kg of diseased meat/organs valued at 978 million Naira (235, 030 USD) were condemned. There were significant associations (p < 0.05) between educational level and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during slaughterhouse operations and knowledge that FPAs can harbour zoonotic pathogens (p = < 0.001) transmissible during carcass processing. Similarly, significant association was observed between working experience and use of PPE; and between geographical location of the respondents and knowledge that zoonotic pathogens in animals are transmissible during carcass processing or via the food chain. Conclusion The findings show that slaughter practices of SHWs have detrimental impacts on the quality and safety of meats processed for human consumption in Southeast, Nigeria. These findings underscore the need to: improve the welfare condition of slaughter-animals, mechanise abattoir operations, train and retrain the SHWs on hygienic carcass/meat processing practices. There is a need to adopt strict enforcement of food safety laws to promote meat quality, food safety and consequently promote the health of the public.


Histochemical methods were used to study the mucus-producing processes in the stomach and intestine of experimental animals under conditions of long-term feeding with soybean protein isolates. These methods helped in determining the action of neutral glycoproteins and sulfated polysaccharides in the stomach and intestine of the test animals. The experiments conducted have shown the absence of side effects of soybean isolates on the morphology of the stomach and intestine and on the qualitative polysaccharide composition of their epithelial secretions.


Abstract This article examines the socialization of student teachers in secondary history classrooms. Specifically, the article examines student teachers' responses to a history-intensive social studies methods course and their subsequent uses of document-based instruction. The analysis, grounded in data collected from interviews, lesson plans, and written reflections, supported previous research regarding student teachers' active participation in their socialization process. The findings also provide further insights into the complex relationship between teacher education and student teachers' beliefs and practices. The article ends with a discussion of ways in which methods coursework might be designed to better enable student teachers to introduce document-based instruction into existing secondary history classrooms.


The myth that skin cancer is exceedingly rare in the tropics has been dispelled by records kept at the department of pathology in tropical countries during the past two decades.''^ The methods of therapy for skin cancer are surgical excision, ionizing radiation, electrocoagulation and curettage, and Mohs' micrographic surgery. The choice among them often depends on the personal experience and preference of the therapist and the physical facilities and skilled expertise available, although in certain cases one method may have definite advantages over the other. Mohs' micrographic microsurgery produces the highest cure rates of any available treatment of skin cancer.^ It is indicated particularly for recurrent basal cell carcinoma and also indicated in anatomic areas known to have a high treatment failure rate, poorly demarcated clinical borders, extensive or deeply invasive tumor in areas where maximal preservation of uninvolved tissue is desirable, and wben histologic features suggest an aggressive basal cell carcinoma.'' The current method, employing frozen sections of fresh tissue, requires special laboratory equipment and skilled histologic technical assistance, which makes it expensive. Moreover, the usual practice of multi-stage procedures in one day requires an extensive commitment of operating time and personnel. We have used methods of tissue handling that overcome most of these problems. Tissue is anesthetized with the use of 1% lidocaine with epinephrine. Tbe main mass of tbe cancer is excised by means of a scalpel. The initial excisional margins depend upon clinically apparent size of tbe neoplasm as indicated by visualization and palpation. After the main mass of tumor has been removed, a thin layer of tissue around the margin of the wound is excised, creating a wafer of tissue approximately 3 mm thick. The specimen (wafer of tissue) can then be oriented witb sutures placed in specific location or marked with dye (50% mercurochrome and India ink). The excised tissue is divided into smaller specimens of a size convenient for sectioning. In order to designate rigbt from left and superior from inferior, dyes are applied to the edges of the specimens. A map that shows tbe sites of the origin of the excised tissue segments and the location of the marker dyes is drawn. This reference map is useful later to indicate areas in which residual cancer is found during the microscopic examination. After fixation in formalin, the specimen and orientation are taken to the pathologist for processing and standard paraffin margin examination. Of practical import in the processing of the specimen is tbe utilization of horizontal section of tissue as developed by Mohs.̂ -̂ With these horizontal sections, the lateral margins are at the periphery of the microscopic section, while the deep margin is in the center.^ After 2 days, the pathologist informs us of the status of clearance. If necessary, the patient is called for re-excision. The excised tissue and orientation are again delivered to the pathologist for processing and interpretation. If the cancer has not been totally removed, furtber excision is directed toward residual tumor, until a cancer-free plane is reached. We have been utilizing tbis type of procedure for 2 years in 17 patients. This method requires no special physical facilities and special technical expertise and uses facilities tbat are already available in many university hospitals in most developing countries. It is hoped tbat this method will enable microscopically controlled surgery to be developed more easily in developing countries.


Metallized capacitor paper is attracting widespread interest as a way of reducing capacitor size. In metallized paper capacitors, the usual metal foil is replaced by a thin layer of metal evaporated onto the surface of the paper. Lacquering the paper prior to metallizing increases the dielectric strength and insulation resistance, reduces atmospheric corrosion of the metal, and diminishes the rate of loss of electrode metal by electrolysis. Owing to the extreme thinness of the metal layer, metallized paper capacitors are subject to a type of failure not ordinarily found in conventional capacitors. This type of failure consists of the loss of electrode by electrolysis and occurs under dc potential when the ionic conductivity is high, as results, for example, from the presence of moisture. For this reason, it is recommended that special precautions be taken to keep the ionic conductivity low, in particular with respect to thorough and effective drying and sealing of the capacitor units.


Rate coefficients for the reactions N + OH → NO + H (1) and O + OH → O2+ H (2) have been determined, in direct experiments, from 250 to 515 K. A discharge-flow system is used to generate measured concentrations of N or O; then OH radicals are formed by flash photolysis of H2O and monitored by resonance fluoresence as they are removed by reaction (1) or (2) under pseudo-first-order conditions. The results are fitted to the rate expressions: k1=(2.21 ± 0.18)×10–10T–0.25 ± 0.17 cm3 molecule–1 s–1, k2=(6.65 ± 0.23)×10–10T–0.50 ± 0.12 cm3 molecule–1 s–1 where the errors represent 95% confidence intervals within the range of temperature covered in the experiments. The rate coefficient k2 is compared with a calculation assuming that the reaction proceeds via a bound state HO2 collision complex.


Commonly, laminar air flow used to provide a sterile workplace, however, it could not bought because its price was expensive enough. Therefore, Laminar Modification (Lamodis) innovation was made. The purpose of Lamodis is to provide a sterile workplace with more affordable laminar because the high rate of success of a lab practice needs to be supported by a sterile workplace. The purpose of the best practice is to resolve biology lab practice failure cases related to the microorganism, with the aim that the students can access a better understanding of the material and improve their skills in every step when working on lab practice relate to microorganism. Lamodis were made with materials that can easily found but still applying the basic principle of the manufacture. The contamination test of media poured inside and outside Lamodis showed that the test inside Lamodis had a non-contaminated percentage of 83.5%, which was better than outside Lamodis which was 79%. The mean result of the questionnaire value for students was 3.31 from a maximum of 4.00 which indicated that Lamodis was good enough to be used for sterilization. The use of Lamodis improves students' skills in performing aseptic procedures. Therefore, the Lamodis made supports high school biology learning related to microorganisms.


In this review an attempt is made to give a broad coverage of the problem of joining plasma and sheath over a wide range of physical conditions. We go back to the earliest works quoting them, where appropriate, to understand what those who introduced the various terms associated with the structure of the plasma–sheath had in mind. We try to bring out the essence of the insights that have been gained subsequently, by quoting from the literature selectively, indicating how misunderstandings have arisen. In order to make it accessible to the generality of those currently working in low temperature plasmas we have sought to avoid mathematical complexity but retain physical insight, quoting from published work where appropriate. Nevertheless, in clarifying my own ideas I have found it necessary to do additional original work in order to give a consistent picture. In this way I have sought to bring together work in the late 1920s, the 1960s, and now mindful of the commercial importance of plasma processing, work over the past 15 years that adds to the general understanding.