AA6061-T6 alloy, which is one of the widely used Al-Cu alloys in industry, is typically used to produce engineering parts by machining. The machining large parts consists of several turning operations. Recently, designers use a finite element modelling (FEM) to decrease the number of experiments and optimize parts during the design step to achieve higher quality products. In this study, the influences of machining parameters on the chip morphology, chip thickness and shear angles in turning of AA6061-T6 alloys are investigated by FEM. The machining parameters are selected as feed rate with four levels (0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.16 mm/rev), cutting speed with two levels (100 and 250 m/min) and constant depth of cut. The finite element analysis (FEA) of chip morphology, chip thickness and shear angle are conducted with Advantedge software. The results show that increasing feed rate resulted in an increase in the chip thickness and shear angle. Moreover, increasing cutting speed led to increase in shear angle, while decrease in chip thickness. Finally, based on the FEM simulation results, the deviation between experimental and simulation results were determined as 6.44% and 5.67% for chip thickness and shear angle, respectively.


descriptions of the rigidity and distractability resulting from brain damage but perhaps too little distinction is made between perceptual disorders and the emotional repercussions that they may have. The teacher of such children has a most difficult task but one which is probably made a little easier by an analytical rather than a censorious approach. While emphasizing the need for both patient guidance and discipline in the lives of these children, the author quite rightly points out that the application of a hospital's rules and timetable may cause additional damage to the personality of the child. This is an unassuming book but one which will be useful to most doctors and teachers dealing with the brain-damaged child. JOHN FOLEY


Our long-term goal is to design a system for the Czech visual synthesis, that means an animated synthetic face (often called talking head) imitating pronouncing of a speech by a human being. In this paper we present techniques used for acquiring data and building the audio-visual speech corpus, especially its visual part. This process involves the recording of stereoscopic video data and solving of related problems as synchronization. Apart from that, we present simple method of utilization of such corpus using stereo vision principles and modelling shape of the lips by simple triangular mesh.


Objective: The primary goal of this research was to evaluate a physical full-scale, high-fidelity mockup of a mental and behavioral health (MBH) inpatient room and bathroom. Background: There is minimal research on design for MBH and no published research using mockups to evaluate a MBH design proposal. To address this gap, an interdisciplinary team developed an ideal Patient-Centered MBH Patient Room, which was built as a mockup at a Veterans Administration (VA) facility and evaluated by patients and staff in situ. Method: The mock-up was evaluated using a structured mixed methods process that incorporates feedback using Feedback Forms and facilitated Listening Sessions. Our two primary hypotheses were that the design, as represented by the mock-up, would be positively evaluated and that there would be a difference between staff and patient perceptions, with patients rating the design higher than staff. Results: Quantitative analysis confirmed our hypotheses, revealing an overall positive response, with a difference between patients and staff. Contrary to hypothesis, staff consistently rated the design higher than patients. Qualitative analysis found mixed reception of the design and three primary themes: safety, homeyness/deinstitutionalization, and positive distraction/nature. Conclusions: Physical mock-ups may be an effective tool for evaluation of a proposed design; however, staff perceptions of the environment may differ from those of patients. One drawback of using a physical high-fidelity mock-up is the expectation that the mock-up perfectly represents the proposed design. With this project, even small unfinished details were distracting to the participants and may have negatively affected the evaluation.


The developed brief theory of the counter-rotating propellers is a logical chain of a series of articles relating to the development of the theory of one-row propellers, brief theory of counter-rotating propellers, brief theory of concurrent-rotating propellers, a comparative analysis of one-row, counter-rotating and concurrentrotating propellers in order to select the most effective variant. It is shown that counter-rotating propellers have high energy consumption and very low flight (traction) EF (efficiency factor), 35% and 7.5% respectively on the first and second rotor wheels. Therefore, the ultimate goal of a series of articles will be: to show and prove that among the one-row, counter-rotating and concurrent-rotating propellers the latter are the most efficient, as they allow to completely eliminate the main drawback of one-row and counter-rotating propellers associated with the kinematic zone of rigid (elastic) impact, Figure 1, section B 1 -B 1 , generating powerful impact waves in an oscillatory mode into environment. Another drawback of the counter-rotating propellers is the flow swirling after the first rotor wheel, regulating the counter flow swirling at the entry of the second counter-rotating rotor wheel, which in turn regulates the higher hydrodynamic load of the blades edges of the second counter-rotating rotor wheel and low speed compared to the first. Hence, the next article will cover the creation of the brief theory of concurrent-rotating propellers, which contains their full analysis


The present study evaluated 300 actinomyces strains (140 from clinical samples and 160 from soil samples). The production of antimicrobial substances by the total actinomyces strains was evaluated using the following broths: Bennet (M1), (M2), and malt-dextrose yeast extract broth YMD (M3). Cultures were adjusted to optimal conditions in order to obtain high bioactive metabolite concentrations. The fermentation process was used with incubation periods which varied between 5 and 10 days. The highest bioactive metabolite production was obtained when the M2 medium was used. Antimicrobial activity was favored with the addition of dextrose, proteose peptone, yeast extract, potassium phosphate (K 2 PO 4 ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO 4 ) x 7H 2 O and calcium carbonate (CaCO 2 ). Growth patterns, antimicrobial activity, and biomass production of the actinomyces were related to the three culture media used. The strains which showed strong antimicrobial activity against most gram positive and gram negative bacteria and fungi were selected for future studies where the bioactive metabolites produced will be extracted, purified, and characterized.


Purpose
This paper aims to focus on the natural convective flow analysis of micropolar nanofluid fluid in a rectangular vertical container. A heated source is placed in the lower wall to generate the internal flow. In further assumptions, the left/right wall are kept cool, while the upper and lower remaining portions are insulated. Free convection prevails in the regime because of thermal difference in-between the lower warmer and upper colder region.

Design/methodology/approach
The physical setup owns mathematical framework in-terms of non-linear partial differential equations. For the solution purpose of the differential system, finite volume method is adopted. The interesting features of the flow along with thermal transportation involve both translational and rotational movement of fluid particles.

Findings
Performing the simulations towards flow controlling variables the outputs are put together in contour maps and line graphs. It is indicated that the variations in flow profile mass concentration and temperature field augments at higher Rayleigh parameter because of stronger buoyancy effects. Higher viscosity coefficient implies decrease in flow and thermal transportation. Further, the average heat transfer rate also grows by increasing both the Rayleigh parameter and heated source length.

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no such study has been addressed yet. Further, the results are validated by comparing with previously published work.


An instrument is described that can automatically analyze and select for a subpopulation of anchorage-dependent cells in tissue culture. Cells that label with fluorescently tagged antibodies or demonstrate structural variations are saved from exposure to a destructive high-intensity argon laser beam. The surviving population may then be cloned. The cell selection may occur in a tissue culture plate or in a microflow incubator which is designed to maintain a constant flow of media at 37 degrees C across cells growing on a glass coverslip. This incubator sits on an inverted microscope which focuses the laser beam to a diameter as small as 1 micron. A high-speed computer-controlled two-dimensional stage moves the cells past the beam for analysis, the results of which determine the fate of each cell: whether it is to be destroyed by radiant energy or selected for survival and subsequent proliferation. Another selection strategy performed by the instrument involves growing the cells on a thin, blackened polyester film which can be cut by the argon laser beam. Cells selected for cloning are then circumscribed. The heat of cutting welds the circumscribed film to a plastic coverslip surface or tissue culture chamber bottom. Nonselected cells may be removed by pulling the unattached polyester sheet from the attachment surface. The selected cells remain on polyester film disks welded to the plastic. Selections may be done automatically under computer control or manually by operator direction of stage movements. This instrument extends the art of automated cell selection and analysis to normal cell lines that must maintain cell-substratum contact (anchorage dependence) for differentiated cell function, e.g., neurons, fibroblasts, or kidney cells.


A multiscale modeling framework that bridges length scales from nanoscale to macroscale is employed to predict the interlaminar, and intralaminar enhancement in polymer matrix composite (PMC) laminates reinforced with carbon nanotube (CNT) architecture. Recently developed constitutive models, which are based on nanoscale information, are implemented using a high-fidelity micromechanics approach accounting for various material constituents and interphases. The microscale model is coupled with a finite element (FE) analysis, and the framework is used to investigate load transfer characteristics and fracture toughness in PMC laminates with CNTs dispersed in the matrix, and radially-grown on the fiber surface. It is shown that adding CNT reinforcement into the matrix or on fiber surface suggests a noteworthy increase in the transverse elastic modulus and interlaminar fracture toughness. The CNT growth height strongly influences the enhancement in fracture toughness. The developed multiscale methodology is versatile and can be used to investigate the structural response of PMCs with varying geometry and loading conditions. The model outputs can also help guide the design, development, and optimization of CNTenhanced composites with improved mechanical properties


While entanglement is believed to be an important ingredient in the understanding of quantum many-body physics, the complexity of its characterization scales very unfavorably with the size of the system. Finding super-sets of the set of separable states that admit a simpler description has proven to be a fruitful approach in the bipartite setting. In this paper we discuss a systematic way of characterizing multiparticle entanglement via various relaxations. We furthermore describe an operational witness construction arising from such relaxations that is capable of detecting every entangled state. Finally, we also derive an analytic upper-bound on the volume of biseparable states and show that the volume of the states with a positive partial transpose for any split that rapidly outgrows this volume. This proves that simple semi-definite relaxations in the multiparticle case cannot be an equally good approximation for any scenario.


Abstract The first assessment of abundance of a local population of bottlenose dolphins in the Black Sea (near the Sudak coast) in 2011–2012 has been conducted: the results of a mark-recapture study of photo identified animals were complemented by a vessel line transect survey. The overall abundance of a population was estimated at between 621 ± 198 and 715 ± 267 animals (Chapman and Petersen estimates), and the majority of members of the population were recorded in the surveyed area. The summer range covered the area of a few hundred square kilometers, similar to migrating coastal stocks in other world regions. The greatest density of distribution was observed in August in sea 45–60 m deep; in addition, frequent approaches to the coastline are usual for dolphins of this stock. These trends in distribution may be partly explained by distribution of prey. Interaction with sprat trawling fisheries can be a factor shaping the local population structure. Coastal waters of Sudak and adjoining sea areas are an important habitat for bottlenose dolphins in the northern Black Sea, significant for their conservation.


The breakup characteristics of liquid sheets formed by like-doublet injector were investigated in the cold-flow and atmospheric ambient pressure condition. The sheet breakup wavelength, which induces the sheet to be broken into ligaments, as well as the sheet breakup length, which is important for the flame location, was measured using a stroboscopic light. The liquid ligaments are formed intermittently after the breakup of sheet, and the wavelength of ligaments has been believed to have a relation to the combustion instability of liquid rocket engine. Therefore, the wavelength of ligaments and the breakup length of ligaments into fine drops were also measured. Since these spray characteristics are affected by the flow characteristics of two liquid jets before they impinge on each other, we focused on the effects of orifice internal flow such as the cavitation phenomenon that occurs inside the sharp-edged orifice. From the experimental results, we found that the liquid jet turbulence delays the sheet breakup and makes shorter wavelengths for both sheets and ligaments. Since the turbulent strength of sharp-edged orifice is stronger than that of round-edged orifice, the shape of orifice entrance results in large differences in the spray characteristics. Using these results, we proposed empirical models on the spray characteristics of the like-doublet injector, and these models are believed to provide some useful and actual data for designing liquid rocket combustors.


Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Tetranychus urticae Koch on seven soybean varieties including: Williams, Tellar, Zane, Sahar, Dpx, L17, Sari and one genotype, Ks3494, were determined in Tehran region, during 2007. The mean population density of the T. urticae per leaf on L17 variety (14.15) was significantly more than other varieties and the genotype of soybean. The lower density of the mite population was observed on Zane and Ks3494 (6.1 and 4.65 mite per leaf, respectively). Spatial distribution pattern of T. urticae was determined on these varieties of soybean using Index of dispersion, Regression models (Taylor and Iwao), Morisita's coefficient and Lloyd's mean crowding. The index of dispersion, Morisita's index and Lloyd's mean crowding indicated an aggregated pattern for spatial distribution of this mite in all soybean varieties and the genotype. The spatial distribution pattern of this pest using Taylor's power law and Iwao's patchiness in most cases was aggregated and in few cases random. It could be concluded that different varieties of soybean can affect bionomics of T. urticae. Spatial distribution parameter can be used to improve the sampling program and exact estimating the population density of this pest.


ABSTRACT The paper analyses the legality of online sales bans in selective distribution agreements in the EU, focusing on the "luxury brand image" justification as per the CJEU judgements and the decisions of the EC and national competition authorities. The paper questions the criteria for determining what constitutes a luxury trademark, and whether it is fair to distinguish (or even discriminate) between luxury and non-luxury trademarks, considering that both should have effective control and choice of the distribution of their goods. The paper concludes that the success of the selective distribution system depends on the effective control the trademark owner exercises over it, irrespective of whether or not it is covered by the aura of luxury. The non-luxury brands currently may justify their restrictions on sales on third party platforms under the unfair competition grounds. The selective distribution system should aim at protecting trademark image, which may not necessarily be luxury.


We report a case of glioblastoma with unusual histological features arising in the left frontal lobe of a 79-year-old woman. On routine histological examinations of specimens obtained at the surgical resection, the tumor was consistent with glioblastoma, and intracytoplasmic inclusions of bright eosinophilic, round objects were found in a large number of neoplastic astrocytes. Pathological studies using histochemical/ immunohistochemical stainings and electron microscopy demonstrated that the inclusions were compatible with eosinophilic hyaline droplets (EHD), which are predominantly seen in pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma and pilocytic astrocytoma. EHD-bearing cells were distributed throughout the tumor tissue and focally abundant (182/mm2). Most of those cells were negative for MIB- I immunostaining, although mitotic figures were rarely observed. Neither round granular body nor Rosenthal fibers were seen. Based on these neuropathological findings and a review of the literature, we concluded that this case was a very rare case of glioblastoma with numerous EHDs. The presence of numerous EHDs is considered a diagnostically helpful feature suggesting low-grade astrocytomas. The present case suggested that diagnostic application of numerous EHDs should be careful, particularly in small biopsy samples such as stereotactic biopsy.


Medical imaging deals with physical examination and visual monitoring the organs and tissues. The main advantage of the imaging is capability to get quick and informative diagnostic data on the state of the main body systems in real time. In addition, imaging system using can reduce the risk of complications during manipulations. In this review, the potential of various imaging techniques, their advantages and disadvantages, and features of their application in anesthesiology are discussed.


Single crystal neutron diffraction is the most powerful technique to characterize magnetic orderings and crystal structures in solids. The "Kurchatov-LLB" pressure cells with sapphire and diamond anvils provide an opportunity to study neutron diffraction in unprecedented range of thermodynamical parameters: pressures above 10 GPa, temperature down to 0.1 K, and applied magnetic fields up to 8 T [1,2]. Recently we used the same pressure technique to study magnetic neutron diffraction under a combination of a hydrostatic pressure and a controlled uniaxial stress [3]. Another "hybrid" pressure cell has been developed to perform both x-ray and neutron diffraction experiments. The cell is compatible with gas loading. This cell was used to study orientational order in solid deuterium under pressures up to 38 GPa and temperatures down to 1.5 K [4]. Neutron experiments on samples as small as 80x80x25μ have been carried out at the ORPHEE reactor of the Laboratoire Léon Brillouin.


A new fuzzy predictive functional control method is proposed to improve the performance of an electro-hydraulic position servo system,w hich is usually characterized by nonlinearity and time-varying parameters.The concept of this method is to combine a predictive functional controller w ith a fuzzy controller to control an electro-hydraulic position servo system.As the parameters of a fuzzy controller are self-adjusting,they can be modified online by the magnification factor based on the system's position error and the change rate of the position error.The simulation results show that the controller based on the proposed method can improve the rapid response and steady-state accuracy of the system.As this controller show s strong robustness and against external disturbances,it can be used to effectively control the complex systems.


This thesis presents the results of several full-scale experiments to study heat radiation attenuation and shielding using sprinklers to create a water curtain between a compartment fire and a target wall. This work builds on the idea that water absorbs and scatters heat radiation and applies it as a shielding mechanism, which can be used to protect personnel and property exposed to an opening during a compartment fire. The purpose of the study is to determine how effective the water curtain created using sprinkler heads will be at attenuating the heat flux from flames exiting a compartment fire, shielding the target wall and preventing fire spread. The results show how the water spray reduces heat flux to the target wall and it allows decreasing the distance of a building from the property line.


We define the Fatou and Julia sets for two classes of meromorphic functions. The Julia set is the chaotic set where the fractals appear. The chaotic set can have points and components which are buried. The set of these points and components is called the residual Julia set, denoted by , and is defined to be the subset of those points of the Julia set, chaotic set, which do not belong to the boundary of any component of the Fatou set (stable set). The points of are called buried points and the components of are called buried components. In this paper we extend some results related with the residual Julia set of transcendental meromorphic functions to functions which are meromorphic outside a compact countable set of essential singularities. We give some conditions where .


Abstract A three-dimensional mesoscale computer model is used to assess the importance of urban effects, relative to non-urban effects, on mesoscale boundary-layer vertical air motion and on the height of the boundary layer downwind of St. Louis, Missouri. Simulations are made for south, southwest, west and northwest winds, with urban land uses replaced by rural land uses, both with and without topography. Simulations including urban effects indicated mesoscale upward air motion downwind of the city for all wind directions, strongest for southwest winds and weakest for northwest winds. With urban effects excluded, much weaker upward motion was found downwind for south, southwest and west winds, and downward vertical velocities occurred in the downwind areas for northwest winds. The results of this study imply that mesoscale boundary-layer upward air motion occurs downwind of St. Louis, primarily as a result of urban effects. Local geographic influences may tend to enhance or suppress this upward air motio...


BACKGROUND
Image quality of high resolution chest computed tomographies (HRCTs) depends on adequate breath holds at end inspiration and end expiration. We hypothesized that implementation of spirometry-assisted breath holds in children undergoing HRCTs would improve image quality over that obtained with voluntary breath holds by decreasing motion artifact and atelectasis.

METHODS
This is a retrospective case-control study of HRCTs obtained at a tertiary care children's hospital before and after implementation of a spirometry-assisted CT protocol, in which children ≥8 years of age are first trained in supine slow vital capacity maneuvers and then repeat the maneuvers in the CT scanner, coached by a respiratory therapist. Spirometry-assisted CT scans (cases) were matched by age, gender and diagnosis (cystic fibrosis vs other) to CT scans obtained with voluntary breath holds in the 6 years before implementation of the spirometry assistance protocol (controls), and evaluated by 2 blinded pediatric radiologists.

RESULTS
Among both cases and controls (N = 50 each), 10 carried the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and 40 had other diagnoses. Mean age was 12.9 years (range: 7.5-20.1) among cases and 13.0 (7.1-19.7) among controls. Mean (SD) inspiratory image density among cases was -852 (37) Hounsfield units (HU) and -828 (43) among controls (p = 0.006). Mean (SD) expiratory image density was -629 (95) HU among cases and -688 (83) HU among controls (p = 0.002). Mean (SD) change in image density between inspiratory and expiratory images was +222 (85) HU among cases and +140 (76) HU among controls (p < 0.001). Motion artifact was present on inspiratory images in 5 cases and 9 controls (p = 0.39 by Fisher's exact test), and on expiratory images in 20 cases and 18 controls (p > 0.80). Atelectasis was present on inspiratory images in 8 cases and 9 controls and on expiratory images in 9 cases and 10 controls (p > 0.80).

CONCLUSIONS
Spirometry-assisted CTs had a significantly greater difference in lung density between inspiratory and expiratory scans than those performed with voluntary breath holds, likely improving the ability to detect air trapping. No appreciable difference in image quality was detected for the presence of motion artifact or atelectasis.


In an article which appeared a few years ago, entitled 'God's Death' (Theology, 1977), A.D. Smith launched one of the most interesting of recent attacks on the traditional doctrine of the Incarnation. Focusing on the death of Christ, he claimed to demonstrate the logical impossibility of Jesus having been both human and divine. Each of the premises of his argument was said to be a commitment of orthodox theology. He thus presented his reasoning as displaying an internal incoherence in that way of thinking about divinity, humanity, and the person of Christ. The argument was basically quite simple: According to Christian theology and in concurrence with general thought on the matter, we must hold that human death involves the possibility of annihilation. As a man, Jesus of Nazareth faced and underwent a human death. He thus faced the possibility of annihilation. But orthodox theologians hold God to be of such an ontological status that no divine being could even possibly be annihilated. So no divine person could die a human death. From this follows the impossibility of the traditional claim that the Second Person of the divine Trinity became a man, lived a human life, and died a human death for us and our salvation. The qualitative difference between God and man is such as to render incarnational christology an incoherent theological stance.


that card, the power o f x the " points count" o f that card, and "y" the process o f choosing the card, then it can be seen that f(x, y) represents a pack o f cards, and the coefficient o f ylz . xn is the frequency o f n points in a hand o f 13 cards (ace, king, queen, jack counting 4, 3, 2, 1 points respectively). The sum 635,013,559,600 = 52C13, the number o f ways o f choosing a hand from the pack (this is a check on the calculation). 114 Clayton Road, Bradford, 7, Yorkshire J ohn D. Parker


This paper considers the preventive maintenance scheduling problem of the cluster tool which is one of the most important manufacturing equipments in the next-generation semiconductor production environment. We define a random process that expresses the successive amount of chemicals accumulating inside the tool. Based on the renewal theory, we find the expected value and probability distribution of the time that the amount of accumulated chemicals exceeds a predetermined level. For a given probability that the accumulated chemicals exceeds the predetermined level we present a method to obtain the number of chamber operations to perform the preventive maintenance of that chamber. In addition, a method to get the preventive maintenance schedule for the whole cluster tool is presented. A numerical example is provided to illustrate our method.


On 27 december 1932, prince bhidayalongkorn, the President of the Royal Institute of Siam, delivered a special lecture titled "What are the conditions called 'siwilai'?" [Phawa yangrai no thi riakwa khwam siwilai]. Transliterated from the English word civilized, the term was widely used in public without elaboration. Bhidayalongkorn reported that there was a debate whether Siam was or was not yet siwilai, often referring to England, China, Haiti, Tibet, and many other countries, but it was not clear what made them siwilai or not siwilai. He went on debunking the general understanding that wealth, power, territory, monogamy, gender equity, cleanliness, dress, etiquette, or mechanization constituted the notion of siwilai. The meaning was slippery, no matter how anybody tried to claim or use it politically (Bhidayalongkorn 1970).


OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to evaluate two questionnaires, an updated youth version of the questionnaire on eating and weight patterns (Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns-5 Children/Adolescent [QEWP-C-5]) and the Loss-of-Control (LOC) Eating Disorder Questionnaire (LOC-ED-Q), against the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE) interview to assess the presence of LOC-eating among youth.

METHOD
Two-hundred and eighteen youths (12.8 ± 2.7 years) completed the QEWP-C-5, LOC-ED-Q, and EDE, depressive and anxiety questionnaires, and adiposity assessment. Sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value, negative-predictive value, and diagnostic accuracy were calculated; Cochran's Q and McNemar's tests were used to compare measures. Receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed. Mood and adiposity based on LOC-eating presence and absence based on each measure were examined.

RESULTS
The QEWP-C-5 and LOC-ED-Q demonstrated poor sensitivity (33%; 30%) and high specificity (95%; 96%) compared with the EDE. The AUCs suggested neither the QEWP-C-5 (0.64) nor the LOC-ED-Q (0.62) demonstrated acceptable diagnostic accuracy. Comparing distributions of LOC-eating presence between assessments, the QEWP-C-5 and EDE did not differ significantly (p = .10), while the LOC-ED-Q and EDE had significantly different distributions (p = .03). LOC-eating presence was associated with higher depressive and anxiety symptoms across all measures (ps < .02). Greater adiposity (ps < .02) was associated with LOC-eating presence on the EDE and LOC-ED-Q, and higher BMI z-score (p = .02) on the LOC-ED-Q.

DISCUSSION
Neither the QEWP-C-5 nor the LOC-ED-Q was sensitive for identifying LOC-eating presence as determined by the EDE, although both were associated with greater mood symptoms. Research is needed to improve self-report questionnaires to better screen for LOC-eating presence among pediatric populations.


On joining of metals to ceramics, chemical reaction at the bonding interfaces is unavoidable in most of the combinations of ceramics and metals including brazes except for a few special cases. Thermodynamic possibility of the chemical reaction and the resulted interfacial structure are compared with the experimental results in the cases of silicon nitride and silicon carbide ceramics. The influence of the reaction products on the bond strength of the joints and the effect of impurities on the interfacial reaction are discussed.


Studying criminal justice in the United States is particularly challenging because of the nation's complex structure: the United States is not a unitary jurisdiction but rather a federation of fifty states joined under the terms of the Constitution of the United States, and the administration of criminal justice is shared among the federal government and the various states. As a result, one cannot speak of "American criminal law" or "American criminal procedures." Rather, there are fifty-one sets of laws and procedures—one for each state, and one for the federal government. To be sure, the criminal procedures of the various states and of the federal government share many similarities and in general are distinctively different from procedures used in continental Europe and elsewhere, but it is important to remember that the laws, procedures, and practices on any point may differ between one jurisdiction and another.


2016 is the fifth consecutive year of sluggish trade growth and the year with the weakest trade performance since the aftermath of the 2008 global financial crisis. Current estimates of growth in the volumes of trade in goods and services range from 1.9 percent to 2.5 percent; preliminary high-frequency data suggest that merchandise trade volumes may have grown by slightly above 1 percent. The year 2016 is different from the other post crisis years, in that trade sluggishness is a characteristic of both advanced and emerging economies. Trade developments in 2016 continued to reflect enduring structural determinants, such as the maturing of global value chains (GVCs) and the slower pace of trade liberalization, as well as cyclical factors, notably slow global growth, the trough in commodity prices, and macroeconomic rebalancing in China. The increase in policy uncertainty may account for up to 75 percent of the worsening of the trade slowdown in 2016. In this report, the authors addresses three questions concerning recent trade developments: what is happening?; why?; and does it matter? The report is organized as follows: chapter one presents trade developments in 2016; and chapter two presents trade and productivity slowdowns: the role of global value chains.


To assess the state of iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia minor among couples intending to marry at the Molla Hadi Sabzevari Health Clinic in Isfahan, Iran. Materials and methods: Couples who intend to marry have to undergo these tests as part of a compulsory countrywide program. In this study, the red blood cell (RBC) indices among the study population were measured with an electronic cell counter (Sysmex K800). The survey involved the measurement of 2 RBC indices, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and the results were compared with the England and Fraser, Shine and Lal, and Mentzer indices. Results: The study population included 11,900 individuals, of whom 901 were recognized as having hypochromia (MCH < 32 pg/cell) and microcytosis (MCV < 80 fL). Of these 901 persons, 444 had developed beta-thalassemia, and 457 had iron deficiency anemia or were affected by other causes of microcytosis and hypochromia. Conclusion: RBC indices and 3 other index components were examined with the screening test. The screening precision was based on the cut-off point of the hemoglobin A2 scale detected by column chromatography, or by DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction. The findings reveal that the England and Fraser index, with a sensitivity level of 87.2%, is an acceptable discriminator of thalassemic and nonthalassemic patients. All indices functioned more accurately for men than for women.


The present study is the first qualitative investigation of the experiences of
closeness in romantic relationships for individuals diagnosed with Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their partners. Eight participants in long term
relationships, four of whom had been diagnosed with ASD, four of whom had
partners with a diagnosis, were interviewed regarding their understandings and
experiences of closeness in the context of their relationships. Interpretative
Phenomenological Analysis was chosen as the method of analysis. Three
dominant themes emerged: closeness as authenticity, discovering the partner,
and autism as an essential difference. These themes were present in all
participants' accounts. Subordinate themes revealed distinctions in the
experiences of participants with and without a diagnosis, but, overall,
commonalities were as significant as differences. The experience of closeness
required that the partner felt able to express freely his or her "authentic" self
through his or her actions, in the confidence that these would be understood,
accepted, and responded to by the partner in a congruent fashion. Participants'
understandings of ASD, as well as their partners', were integral to their
experiences of closeness; within the diverse accounts gathered, autism
presented both obstacles to, and opportunities for, the experience of closeness.
The findings resonate with some aspects of dominant models of autism and
closeness, but problematise others, and demonstrate the distinct contribution that
qualitative research can make to the understanding of these constructs and their
relationship to each other. Consideration is given to the implications of the
findings for clinical work with people in relationships where one partner has a
diagnosis of ASD, and to potential directions for future research.


Large, curated datasets are required to leverage speech-based tools in healthcare. These are costly to produce, resulting in increased interest in data sharing. As speech can potentially identify speakers (i.e., voiceprints), sharing recordings raises privacy concerns. We examine the re-identification risk for speech recordings, without reference to demographic or metadata, using a state-of-the-art speaker recognition system. We demonstrate that the risk is inversely related to the number of comparisons an adversary must consider, i.e., the search space. Risk is high for a small search space but drops as the search space grows ($precision>0.85$ for $<1*10^{6}$ comparisons, $precision<0.5$ for $>3*10^{6}$ comparisons). Next, we show that the nature of a speech recording influences re-identification risk, with non-connected speech (e.g., vowel prolongation) being harder to identify. Our findings suggest that speaker recognition systems can be used to re-identify participants in specific circumstances, but in practice, the re-identification risk appears low.


The gradual shift in paradigm of maternity care from a paternalistic medical model of care to a more humanistic approach encourages active client participation and partnership in care, advocating the rights to information and informed choices. This consumer-led philosophy of maternity care focuses on choice, control and continuity of care, with emphasis on the need for health professionals to provide flexible and responsive services.


• Experience with 189 patients aged 70 years or older undergoing major abdominal surgery is analyzed as to factors affecting the prognosis and safeguards to be recommended. The largest group consisted of 109 patients operated on for diseases of the colon and rectum, and the operation most frequently required in this group was intestinal resection. The commonest cause for emergency surgery in aged patients was massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage necessitating gastric resection. In the 21 patients who died, the most frequent cause of death was pulmonary embolism and the second most frequent was chronic infection. Elderly patients did not tolerate chronic infections, and emergency operations carried a much higher risk than did elective surgery, but in general neither age nor sex, nor coexisting chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, or renal disease, significantly altered the mortality rate. On the basis of this experience, a list of seven safeguards is stated that have materially reduced the mortality and morbidity rates in the aged patient.


Language professionals have embraced the world of collaborative opportunities the Internet has introduced. Many tools--e-mail, discussion forums, chat--are by now familiar to many language teachers. Recent innovations--blogs, wikis, and RSS feeds--may be less familiar but offer powerful opportunities for online collaboration for both language professionals and learners. The underlying technology of the new tools is XML ("extensible markup language") which separates content from formatting, encourages use of meta-data, and enables machine processing of Internet documents. The latter is key in the ability to link automatically disparate documents of interest to individuals or groups. The new collaborative opportunities this enables have led some to consider the growing importance of XML as the signal of the arrival of the second-generation Web. FIRST-GENERATION WEB Asynchronous Tools First-generation tools are far from disappearing from the Internet landscape. E-mail continues to be a viable tool for tandem learning and classroom exchanges. Now that most e-mail programs support formatted text and graphics, e-mail is more attractive and versatile than in the days of plain ASCII. Multimedia can now be embedded directly in messages and non-Roman characters are more easily supported. However, many instructors have increasingly turned to discussion forums as the principal tool for written exchanges among class members. Compared to e-mail, discussion forums facilitate group exchanges, and they maintain automatically a log of all messages in a threaded, hierarchical structure. Some instructors find that students consider language structure somewhat more in contributing to discussion forums (as a form of semi-public display) than in writing e-mail (a quick and easy private and informal system). Discussion forums are often seen as an equalizing tool, which encourage universal participation in discussion compared to face-to-face dialogue. It will be interesting to see whether new voice-based forums such as Wimba change that dynamic. Of course, it is the encouragement of peer-to-peer networking and buddy learning, so central to a constructivist learning approach, which has made discussion forums the mainstay of Web courses in most disciplines. Language teachers have found that students at many different levels benefit from the extra writing done in discussion forums and from its use to communicate meaningfully in real contexts. While dedicated software for creating discussion forums exists (such as WWWBoard), many instructors have access to built-in forum creation in a learning management system (LMS) such as WebCT or Blackboard. Features across the different systems are very similar, although the look and feel may differ significantly. Some dedicated products, such as WebCrossing, offer additional add-ons such as polls, live messaging, and enhanced monitoring. Although most commonly used as part of a class, there are certainly uses of forums outside that setting as well, as in learner participation in native speaker forums. For commonly studied languages, there are on-line forums available on a wide variety of topics, often organized by media outlets or interest groups. As one recent study of their use by language learners points out, students need to approach such forums with a good understanding of the conventions used and of the cultural dynamics at work. Synchronous Tools Language learners face even more the issue of knowing rules and conventions when entering chat rooms, whether they be a variation of a MOO or just a generic, text-based chat. Often there are shortcuts and etiquette, which can prove confusing and frustrating to new users. Nevertheless, some language teachers have embraced the use of chat as an effective communication tool. The speed of chat exchanges forces short, spontaneous messages, which more closely mimic spoken exchanges than is the case in discussion forums. …


Objectives: Notopterygium incisum(N. incisum) and Saposhnikovia divaricata(S. divaricata) have been clinically used in traditional oriental medicine for treatment of inflammatory diseases. Also, a herbal mixture prepared with N. incisum and S. divaricata has been strongly linked to the anti-inflammatory effect. In this study, we evaluate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effect of N. incisum and S. divaricata. Methods: For evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of a herbal mixture of N. incisum and S. divaricata in vivo, we measured the changed ear thickness in 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate(TPA)-induced mouse ear edema model after topical application of herbal mixture. In addition, the levels of markers for inflammation, such as tumore necrosis factor (TNF)-, interleukin (IL)-1, and nitric oxide(NO), were determined by ELISA assay in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Results: We reported that water extracts of N. incisum and S. divaricata combination significantly inhibited the mouse ear edema induced by TPA. Moreover, the water extracts of N. incisum and S. divaricata combination exhibited synergistic effects in down-regulating IL-1 level, but not TNF- and NO. Conclusions: These results suggest that combined treatment of N. incisum and S. divaricata, based on seven methods in prescription compatibility, has a synergistic effect in down-regulating inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro models. Especially, it seems that IL-1 is a one of main target of the mixture of N. incisum and S. divaricata on anti-inflammatory activity.


Basic Network Address Translation or Basic NAT is a method by which IP addresses are mapped from one group to another, transparent to end users. Network Address Port Translation, or NAPT is a method by which many network addresses and their TCP/UDP (Transmission Control Protocol/User Datagram Protocol) ports are translated into a single network address and its TCP/UDP ports. Together, these two operations, referred to as traditional NAT, provide a mechanism to connect a realm with private addresses to an external realm with globally unique registered addresses.


In recent years we
have witnessed concerted efforts to achieve real equality between men and women
through legislative reform in the European Union (i.e., EU Directives
2002/73/EC; 76/207/EEC), and nationwide in Spain (e.g., Law 3/2007, of 22
March, for Effective Gender Equality) as well as regional legislation (e.g.,
Law 7/2004, 16 July, Galician Law for the Equality of Women and Men). In view
of the principle of equal rights enshrined in legislative reform, one would
expect social change entailing the removal of existing inequalities on the
grounds of sex. In order to explore the views of Spanish youth regarding gender
equality, a pioneering field study was carried out to assess their knowledge of
current legislation, and to examine their views towards gender equality,
particularly in relation to specific issues such
as family, divorce, separation, joint-custody, sexual relationships, education,
and employment. Moreover, perceived or real models of equality were
contrasted with ideal or desired models of equality. Thus, a total of 2071
Spanish undergraduates were administered an ad hoc questionnaire. The results
reveal the vast majority of undergraduates favoured gender equality, and the
equal participation of women and men in family and working life as well as
joint-custody in cases of divorce or separation. Nevertheless, differences in
gender were observed i.e., more women supported policies promoting the
principle of equality than men. The findings underscore the need for
implementing intervention strategies designed to foster shared responsibility
and address different forms of discrimination based on sex in the family and
the workplace and to combat them.


Almost all nuclear power plants in the world are equipped with seismic instrument system, especially the third generation nuclear power plants in China. When the ground motion measured by four time history accelerometers of containment foundation exceeds the preset threshold, the automatic shutdown trigger signal will be generated. However, from the seismic acceleration characteristics, isolated and prominent single high frequency will be generated the acceleration peak, which has no decisive effect on the seismic response, may cause false alarm, which has a certain impact on the smooth operation of nuclear power plant. According to the principle of three elements of ground motion, this paper puts forward a method that first selects the filtering frequency band which accords with the structural characteristics of nuclear power plants, then synthesizes the three axial acceleration time history, and finally selects the appropriate acceleration peak value for threshold alarm. The results show that the seismic acceleration results obtained by this method can well represent the actual magnitude of acceleration, and can solve the problem of false alarm due to the randomness of single seismic wave, and can be used for automatic reactor shutdown trigger signal of seismic acceleration.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the association between health literacy and preventable hospitalizations on a population level in Missouri, and the extent to which differing levels of health literacy are associated with county preventable hospitalization rates and associated charges.

DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING
Secondary data from the 2008 Missouri Information for Community Assessment and Missouri Health Literacy Mapping Tool was used to determine health literacy and preventable hospitalization rates for the 114 counties and city of St. Louis comprising Missouri.

STUDY DESIGN
Using correlation analysis, simple hierarchical regression models and nonparametric analysis, we investigated whether lower health literacy rates were associated with increased levels of preventable hospitalizations and charges, by county.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
Health literacy was found to be inversely associated with preventable hospitalization rates on a population level, accounting for 21 percent of the variation in preventable hospitalization rates. Preventable hospitalization rates significantly differed for counties with the highest and lowest health literacy levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Lower levels of health literacy are significantly associated with increased rates of preventable hospitalizations and charges in a population-level analysis of Missouri counties. Additional research is needed to quantify the effects of successful community health literacy interventions.


Since the 1980s, the market structure of vaccines has become increasingly oligopolistic, and in some cases, monopolistic. Alongside these supply trends, we see the emergence and growth of group procurement schemes on the demand side of the market. National governments and international organizations procure vaccines on behalf of end users. Two such organizations include the UNICEF Supply Division and the PAHO EPI Revolving Fund, for which participation is based on income or geography. Consistent with one of the main goals of group procurement, these groups obtain price discounts on vaccines relative to the private sector. This paper seeks to disentangle two possible explanations for this observed price dispersion using vaccine price data over the years 2002-2012 from UNICEF, PAHO, and the U.S. The two explanations are that of price discrimination and bargaining power. Using proxy variables in a fixed effects model, I find that price discrimination does have a significant impact on price discount. I also find support for a bargaining power effect, however, with less certainty, and the existence of supply constraints. These findings have important policy implications for national governments, as well as procurement groups.


It is known that individuals missing a functional anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in one limb exhibit changes in the walking biomechanics in that limb during mid-stance (10-30% of the gait cycle). Specifically, they exhibit reduced activation of the quadriceps muscle group and increased activation of the hamstring muscle group, resulting in a decreased net knee joint extensor moment and increased knee joint flexion. These compensations have been called a "quadriceps avoidance" strategy. It is not known whether these compensations are the direct result of the injury, or whether compensations made early in the rehabilitation process play a role in these changes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the lower limb biomechanics of ACL deficient individuals during a common rehabilitation exercise for this injury stationary cycling. Ten individuals with a unilateral ACL deficiency and ten ageand gendermatched controls performed six randomized bouts of stationary cycling for approximately one minute at intensities resulting from the combination of two cadences (60 and 90 rpm) and three power outputs (75, 125, and 175 W). It was found that, similar to during walking, ACL deficient individuals exhibited decreases in the magnitude of the quadriceps muscle activation in the injured limb. When combined with no change in hamstrings muscle activation, this resulted in a decreased net knee joint extensor moment in the injured limb. However, in contrast to walking, where increases from the hip or ankle extensors compensate for the decreased output from the knee joint extensors, ACL deficient individuals in the present study decreased output from the entire injured limb, resulting in a "limb avoidance". This limb avoidance was manifested by decreases in the magnitude of muscle activation from the rectus femoris,


Friction stir diffusion bonding (FSDB); a derived process from friction stir lap welding, was used in this investigation to produce a solid-state lap joint between magnesium alloy ZK 60-T5 and steel ASTM A 516-70. In FSDB, a conventional friction stir welding tool was used where the tool pin did not penetrate the substrate. The developed heat due to friction and forging forces exerted by the tool facilitated the diffusion process between the lapped sheets. In this work, the effects of process conditions on fabricated joints strength and microstructural changes were studied. The design of the experiment was developed based on Taguchi L9 to study four variables; i.e. tool rotational, and welding speeds, tool pin length, and tool tilt angle, with three levels at each parameter. The developed matrix was ranked based on the impact of an individual parameter on heat input, i.e low, intermediate, and high. Tensile-shear tests were performed to study the fabricated joints' strength. The microstructure of the developed interface between the magnesium alloy and steel was analyzed with an optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. At optimum conditions, tensile failure was found to occur in magnesium alloy; within the nugget zone, with a noticeable drop in the tensile strength as compared to the base (unprocessed) alloy.


Endothelin releases prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 from guinea pig or rat isolated lungs and endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the perfused mesentery of the rat. Endothelin is also substantially removed by the pulmonary circulation of the rat in vitro and in vivo and by guinea pig lungs in vitro. In the rat, the effects of endothelin on the blood pressure vary from pressor (in pithed rats) to purely depressor in anesthetized rats where the resting blood pressure is high. It therefore has the characteristics of a local pressor hormone, rather than a circulating one.


Imatinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits several protein tyrosine kinases which is central to the pathogenesis of human cancer. It forms the first-line treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Usually, the drug is well-tolerated with relatively few side effects. Adverse effects most commonly associated with imatinib include mild-to-moderate edema, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, muscle cramps, and cutaneous reactions. Other side effects such as the elevation of hepatic transaminase and myelosuppression occur less frequently and resolve with interruption of imatinib therapy. Skin rash is one of the most common adverse effects of imatinib incidence of which range from 7% to 88.9%. Exfoliative dermatitis, i.e., erythroderma has been very rarely reported with this drug. We here report a rare case of erythroderma in a patient with CML on imatinib 400 mg/day therapy within 3 months of starting the treatment.


Over the past fifty years, significant changes in UK land use and management practices have occurred, driven by UK and EU agricultural policies. There is substantial evidence that modern land-use management practices have enhanced surface runoff generation at the local scale, frequently creating impacts through "muddy floods". Such local impacts can be avoided or mitigated through the adoption of better land management practices and/or small scale surface runoff control measures. There is little evidence that local scale changes in runoff generation propagate downstream to create impacts at the larger catchment scale. This does not imply that impacts do not exist, but the very few studies in which evidence has been sought have not produced any conclusive findings. Multiscale catchment experimentation, linked to new developments in modelling, is needed which can lead to a better understanding of how small scale changes to runoff generation propagate to larger catchment scales. To facilitate the tracking of changes from the local to the catchment scale, a new modelling approach is demonstrated which allows a downstream flood hydrograph to be mapped back onto its source areas, thus presenting impact information to users in a useful and comprehensible form.


Semantic and episodic memory networks function as highly interconnected systems, both relying on the hippocampal/medial temporal lobe complex (HC/MTL). Episodic memory encoding triggers the retrieval of semantic information, serving to incorporate contextual relationships between the newly acquired memory and existing semantic representations. While emotional material augments episodic memory encoding at the time of stimulus presentation, interactions between emotion and semantic memory that contribute to subsequent episodic recall are not well understood. Using a modified oddball task, we examined the modulatory effects of negative emotion on semantic interactions with episodic memory by measuring the free-recall of serially presented neutral or negative words varying in semantic relatedness. We found increased free-recall for words related to and preceding emotionally negative oddballs, suggesting that negative emotion can indirectly facilitate episodic free-recall by enhancing semantic contributions during encoding. Our findings demonstrate the ability of emotion and semantic memory to interact to mutually enhance free-recall. (JINS, 2008, 14, 620–628.)


The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) project is proposed to study high energy gamma ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. As a component of the project, the wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array is designed to study the spectrum and compositions of cosmic rays. Two prototype telescopes have been operated since 2008. The weather condition and the air quality are very crucial to the energy reconstruction and spectrum calculation. So in order to calibrate the weather and air condition, the UV bright stars are used, as a cross check, and the infrared data are also analyzed.


We use the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) as a quasi-natural experiment to examine the link between product market competition and internal governance mechanisms. Consistent with notion that competition plays an important role in aligning incentives within the firm, SOX led to a larger improvement in the operation of firms in concentrated industries than in non-concentrated industries. Further, within concentrated industries, the effect is especially pronounced among firms with weaker governance mechanisms prior to SOX. We corroborate these findings using two additional regulatory changes in the U.S. and abroad. Overall, our results indicate that corporate governance is more important when firms face less product market competition.


The individual with a spinal cord injury lives in double jeopardy. The patient's mental outlook toward disability resulting from an SCI is affected by his/her age at onset and premorbid personality. This, in turn, will affect his/her own attitude toward maintaining an active lifestyle and living a "normal" life. The nurse is the individual's first exposure to "what people think." The nurse's knowledge of what it takes to successfully adapt and their familiarity with the real world of disability is essential. This "first exposure" determines whether one views oneself as "sick" or changed. Spinal cord injury nurses must learn the difference between facility independence and functional living if they are to ever truly assist in normalizing their clients and preventing a lifetime of illness and physical deterioration. This normalization is essential if clients are going to live a full, productive life. Spinal cord injury does not have to be synonymous with chronic illness. Spinal cord injury is not an illness, but rather an altered means of physical mobility and functioning. This article explores the concept of partnership between SCI nurses and their clients. This partnership is further discussed regarding its relationship to the impact it has upon returning control to the spinal cord injured individual and assisting him/her with experiencing opportunities to increase the return of dignity and self-worth.


As the new century approaches, trustees of hospitals and health systems are facing a bewildering array of choices and challenges. The prospect of comprehensive health care reform has faded, the promise of managed care is disintegrating, and escalating costs and declining revenues continue to batter our health care organizations.


The problem I just described is an adverse effect of what psychology terms as a "free will" model. This model denies that many psychological illnesses are actually social pathologies and invites the individual to change either his/her frame of reference in the therapeutic setting or the chemical composition of their nervous system in the emergency clinic setting; yet attention is not placed on social implications of the alleged illness. In other words, the existence of the young black man who called me 'black monkey' is ignored. In the "free will" model, individuals are asked to go through therapy to change their way of thinking and of living - to change themselves. The questions that would arise would be like 'Why do I feel upset about a black man calling me black monkey?' perhaps, "why not take this as a way of seeing myself in the comical mirror that most black Americans have chosen to view themselves in, and deem the comment as funny?', and 'why do I feel uncomfortable around fellow black people who ignore me?' or better yet, 'am I sure that they are ignoring me? Maybe it's my distorted perception that makes me feel that way - my low self esteem…why not see that the problem is with me and not with them?' Meanwhile, no intervention is made to ameliorate the oppressive social surrounding, if not to cure the social pathology all together.


PURPOSE
To measure intracellular motions inside three-dimensional living cancer tissue samples to establish a novel set of biodynamic biomarkers that assess tissue proliferative activity and sensitivity or resistance to chemotherapy.

METHODS
Biodynamic imaging (BDI) uses digital holography with low-coherence low-intensity light illumination to construct 3D holograms from depths up to a millimeter deep inside cancer tissue models that include multicellular tumor spheroids and ex vivo cancer biopsies from canine non-Hodgkins lymphoma and epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) mouse explants. Intracellular motions modulate the holographic intensity with frequencies related to the Doppler effect caused by the motions of a wide variety of intracellular components. These motions are affected by applied therapeutic agents, and BDI produces unique fingerprints of the action of specific drugs on the motions in specific cell types. In this study, chemotherapeutic agents (doxorubicin for canine lymphoma and oxoplatin for ovarian) are applied to the living tissue models and monitored over 10 hours by BDI.

RESULTS
Multicellular spheroids and patient biopsies are categorized as either sensitive or insensitive to applied therapeutics depending on the intracellular Doppler signatures of chemotherapy response. For both lymphoma and EOC there is strong specificity to the two types of sensitivities, with sensitive cell lines and biopsies exhibiting a global cessation of proliferation and strong suppression of metabolic activity, while insensitive cell lines and biopsies show moderate activation of Doppler frequencies associated with membrane processes and possible membrane trafficking.

CONCLUSION
This work supports the hypothesis that biodynamic biomarkers from three-dimensional living tumor tissue, that includes tissue heterogeneity and measured within 24 hours of surgery, is predictive of near-term patient response to therapy. Future work will correlate biodynamic biomarkers with progression free survival times. This work is supported by NIH 1R01EB016582 and NSF 1263753-CBET. Nolte, Turek and An have a financial interest in Animated Dynamics, Inc. that will be licensing technology from Purdue University.


This paper presents a high-performance maximum power point tracker (MPPT) optimized for fast cloudy conditions, e.g., rapidly changing irradiation on the photovoltaic panels. The rapidly changing conditions are tracked by an optimized hill-climbing MPPT method called dP-P&O. This algorithm separates the effects of the irradiation change from the effect of the tracker's perturbation and uses this information to optimize the tracking according to the irradiation change. The knowledge of the direction of the irradiation change enables the MPPT to use different optimized tracking schemes for the different cases of increasing, decreasing, or steady irradiance. When the irradiance is changing rapidly this strategy leads to faster and better tracking, while in steady-state conditions it leads to lower oscillations around the MPP. The simulations and experimental results show that the proposed dP-P&O MPPT provides a quick and accurate tracking even in very fast changing environmental conditions.


As a part of its capital market reform measures, market regulator SEBI introduced the concept of Anchor Investors; who are QIBs given firm allotment of shares in an IPO, with a lock-in period of 30 days. This measure is expected to provide certain benefits like protecting shareholder wealth during market volatility. This concept is similar to the concept of cornerstone investors which is vogue in countries like Hong Kong. Hence, effort is made to explain this concept and make comparisons with the concept of anchor investors. While this concept is a welcome step in boosting investor confidence and strengthening public issues, there exist certain drawbacks in the present regulations; which have been highlighted. Suggestions have also been made to strengthen the present regulatory framework.


Practical relevance: Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. Clinical challenges: Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. Patient group: CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. Audience: This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. Evidence base: Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.


ABSTRACT A number of studies have documented a positive (causal) relationship between fathers' uptake of parental leave and a more equitable division of unpaid labour in Western contexts, primarily where men contribute to a fair share of unpaid work and fathers' uptake of leave is common. South Korea offers an apt and contrasting setting to explore this relationship, with its highly gendered division of unpaid labour and low use of fathers' leave, despite recent increases. This study finds that fathers who have taken (long) leave contribute more to housework as well as both developmental and routine childcare than fathers with neither leave plan nor experience. For housework and developmental childcare, this difference is mostly explained by already involved fathers self-selecting into leave. For routine childcare, there is limited evidence to suggest that very long leave of one year or longer could potentially make fathers more involved. In short, the gender equalising impact of fathers' uptake of parental leave in Korea appears to be restricted mainly to long leave and routine childcare, if there exists any significant effect at all. Overall, this paper suggests that the gender equalising effect of fathers' leave may vary depending on the stage of the gender revolution.


Infrared thermography has been used as a key means for the identification of overheating defects in power cable accessories. At present, analysis of thermal imaging pictures relies on human visual inspections, which is time-consuming and laborious and requires engineering expertise. In order to realize intelligent, autonomous recognition of infrared images taken from electrical equipment, previous studies reported preliminary work in preprocessing of infrared images and in the extraction of key feature parameters, which were then used to train neural networks. However, the key features required manual selection, and previous reports showed no practical implementations. In this contribution, an autonomous diagnosis method, which is based on the Faster RCNN network and the Mean-Shift algorithm, is proposed. Firstly, the Faster RCNN network is trained to implement the autonomous identification and positioning of the objects to be diagnosed in the infrared images. Then, the Mean-Shift algorithm is used for image segmentation to extract the area of overheating. Next, the parameters determining the temperature of the overheating parts of cable accessories are calculated, based on which the diagnosis are then made by following the relevant cable condition assessment criteria. Case studies are carried out in the paper, and results show that the cable accessories and their overheating regions can be located and assessed at different camera angles and under various background conditions via the autonomous processing and diagnosis methods proposed in the paper.


Adolescence, spanning 10 to 19 years of age, begins with biological changes while transitioning from a social status of a child to an adult. For millions of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), this is a period of exposure to vulnerabilities and risks related to sexual and reproductive health (SRH), compounded by challenges in having their SHR needs met. Globally, adolescent sexual and reproductive ill-health disease burden is concentrated in LMICs, with sexually transmitted infections and complications from pregnancy and childbirth accounting for the majority of the burden. Adolescents around the world are using their voices to champion access to high-quality, comprehensive SRH information and services. Thus, it is imperative that adolescents' SRH and rights be reinforced and that investments in services be prioritized.


A 1-V 17-GHz 5-mW quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) based on transformer coupling is presented. Transformer coupling between two LC tank oscillators is proposed to achieve quadrature outputs with improved performance in terms of high frequency, wide tuning range, low phase noise, and low power as compared to existing active-coupling QVCOs. Implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process, the proposed QVCO measures a frequency tuning range of 16.5% at 17 GHz and phase noise of -110 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset while consuming 5 mA from a 1-V power supply and occupying a core area of 0.37 mm2.


The exploration of potential multidimensional surfaces in protein folding is a non-trivial problem of extreme importance in computational biology. An evolutionary bicriterion grid-enabled protein folding approach is reported, classical molecular mechanics equations being employed for modeling inter-atomic interactions. Afferent computations were distributed on a nation-wide grid - GRID5000. A layered software design composed of dedicated frameworks is adopted due to the highly complex aspects inherent for the underlying volatile and dynamic execution environment. A brief insight on the existing approaches and the mathematical basis describing physical molecular interactions is offered, including derived semi-empirical and purely-empirical models. Introductory multicriterion formalisms enclosing the exposed approach are also presented


This volume is n~t a translation of Prof. Bier's work on hyperemia, but is rather a brochure detailing the principles, methods of inducing, and results of using hyperemic treatment, and was written in order to furnish those that cannot read German an authoritative English version of the work of Prof. Bier. The section devoted to rhinology, pharyngology, laryngology, discusses acute coryza, frontal and maxillary sinusitis, tonsillitis, catarrh of the upper air passages, hay-fever, chronic angina and tuberculosis of the larynx. The suction apparatuses for the nose and for the tonsils are illustrated by clear cuts. The book is well gotten up, the illustrations being especially commendable.


Noted scholar and humanist argues that we can find answers to important human questions without recourse to faith in a supernatural deity. What gives purpose to our existence? What happens to our mind and body when we die? What invests our lives with meaning and propels us to go on from day to day? These are some of the questions that have occupied humankind for centuries. Do solutions to these problems of life and death depend, as many believe, on the existence and intervention of a supernatural creator god? In this contribution to the "Prometheus Lecture Series", noted scholar and humanist Kurt Baier, one of the leading ethical theorists of the 20th century, contends that rational humanism is the best alternative to theism.In "Problems of Life & Death", he offers a lively discussion of humanism and supernaturalism; problems of practical wisdom featuring death and the good; and traditional moral problems. Part one traces contemporary rational humanism to its roots in ancient Greece; its revival in the Christian renaissance; its development during the scientific revolution, the 18th century Enlightenment, the Darwinian theory of evolution, and its contemporary developments.Part two answers broad questions of practical wisdom from the rationalist point of view. The third part offers a rationalist conception of morality to replace 'the will of God' as the impetus for human action. Baier then applies this moral stance to a number of contemporary moral problems including how to lead a rewarding life, homosexual behaviour, birth control, and suicide. With fresh ideas, a carefully argued thesis, and convincing conclusions, Baier shows how the rational humanist can come to grips with some of the deepest problems of human existence, without assumptions based on religious faith.


Plasma-derived products are produced from plasma via fractionation and chromatography techniques, but can also be produced by other methods. In the performance of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAT) with plasma-derived products, it is necessary to include an internal control for the monitoring of all procedures. In order to avoid false negative results, we confirmed the usefulness of the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) for use as an internal control in the detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in plasma-derived products. These products, which were spiked with BVDV, were extracted and then NAT was performed. Specificity and sensitivity were determined via the adjustment of primer concentrations and annealing temperatures. BVDV detection allows for validation in the extraction, reverse transcription, and amplification techniques used for HCV detection in plasma-derived products.


The use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has become the standard for research projects in genomics. There is a pressing need for automating all steps of sample manipulation for NGS from sample plating to library preparation to the final pooling before loading the sequencing instruments. Most of the steps are easily automatable; however, the size selection step which is crucial for many applications is more challenging. While most purification steps can be performed using Beckman Coulter's SPRI beads, many NGS applications require a tight distribution of fragments within a specific range. This cannot easily be achieved using Beckman Coulter's AMPure XP beads and size selection on agarose gel is not amenable to high throughput. Double size selection using SPRIselect beads can yield very tight fragment size distributions and is fully automatable in a 96-well format.


Abstract Armillaria species cause Armillaria root rot on a wide range of plant species throughout the world. Based on morphology and sexual compatibility, various species of Armillaria have been reported from Australia and New Zealand. These include A. hinnulea, A. fumosa, A. pallidula, A. novae-zelandiae and A. luteobubalina from Australia. In New Zealand, A. limonea, A. novae-zelandiae, A. hinnulea and a fourth undescribed but morphologically distinct species are recognized. To determine the phylogenetic relationships between Armillaria spp. from Australia and New Zealand, the ITS region (ITS 1, 5.8S rRNA gene and ITS2) of the rRNA operon was amplified and the DNA sequences determined for a collection of isolates. The ITS sequences of A. ostoyae (from USA) and A. sinapina (from USA) were included for comparison. Phylogenetic trees were generated using parsimony analysis. Armillaria hinnulea was found to be more closely related to Armillaria spp. occurring in the Northern Hemisphere than it was to the other Australian and New Zealand species. The remainder of the Australian and New Zealand Armillaria spp. included in this study formed a monophyletic clade and confirmed separation of species based on morphology and sexual compatibility.


(1) The incidence of retinoblastoma is 1/20,000. (2) About 94% of all retinoblastoma cases are sporadic, while 6% are familial. (3) The hereditary retinoblastomas, whether sporadic or familial, represent 40% of all cases. (4) A new dominant germinal mutation is responsible for 100% of the bilateral sporadic cases and for 10-15% of the unilateral sporadic cases. (5) Knudson's multistage mutation is the best explanation of retinoblastoma's behaviour. (6) A deletion of the long arm of a D-chromosome (13q14) may be the cause of some, if not of all retinoblastomas. (7) The main difficulty in genetic counseling is the lack of means for identifying which sporadic unilateral retinoblastomas are due to a new germinal mutation.


Among children in fifth and higher grades, the helpless motivational pattern is associated with the idea that intelligence is a fixed entity. Cognitive concommitants of helplessness in younger children, however, are not well understood. To identify developmental relations between motivational patterns and cognitions about ability and achievement, 139 first, third, and fifth graders' beliefs about ability and achievement were assessed, as well as their motivational responses to challenging puzzles. A sizeable minority of children at all ages showed the maladaptive helpless pattern (nonpersistence, negative expectations, etc.). Among older children, the helpless and mastery orientations were associated with differences in whether intelligence was seen as fixed or malleable. Younger children with the helpless pattern gave outcome-oriented explanations for school grades, whereas those with a mastery orientation gave process-oriented explanations


Sensory information from visual, vestibular and proprioceptive systems is necessary to control posture and balance. Impairment in proprioception due to repetitive joints bleeding may lead to a deficit in postural balance which, in turn, leads to high joint stress and risk of bleeding recurrence. Despite the increase in attention in this field during the past few years, the data concerning to how bleeds can affect postural control in children with haemophilia (CWH) remain scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the postural balance in CWH. Twenty CWH Haemophilia Group (HG) and 20 age‐matched children Control Group (CG) were recruited to this study. A force plate was used to record centre of pressure (COP) displacement under four different postural conditions during quiet standing: eyes open on firm surface, eyes open on foam surface, eyes closed on firm surface and eyes closed on a foam surface. Variables of COP as sway area and mean velocity and in anterior–posterior (y) medio‐lateral (x) direction were processed and for each variable sensory, quotients were calculated and compared between groups. No differences were found in visual and vestibular quotients variables between groups. A higher value was found in sway area variable on proprioception quotient in the HG when compared with CG (P = 0.042). CWH with repetitive joint bleed on lower limbs showed differences in postural balance when compared with non‐haemophiliac children. The identification of early balance impairments in CWH can help us understand better the effects of bleeds inside joints on postural control and plan a more effective preventive and rehabilitative treatment.


This paper introduces a method of preference analysis based on electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis of prefrontal cortex activity. The proposed method applies the relationship between EEG activity and the Egogram. The EEG senses a single point and records readings by means of a dry-type sensor and a small number of electrodes. The EEG analysis adapts the feature mining and the clustering on EEG patterns using a self-organizing map (SOM). EEG activity of the prefrontal cortex displays individual difference. To take the individual difference into account, we construct a feature vector for input modality of the SOM. The input vector for the SOM consists of the extracted EEG feature vector and a human character vector, which is the human character quantified through the ego analysis using psychological testing. In preprocessing, we extract the EEG feature vector by calculating the time average on each frequency band: θ , lowβ , and highβ . To prove the effectiveness of the proposed method, we perform experiments using real EEG data. These results show that the accuracy rate of the EEG pattern classification is higher than it was before the improvement of the input vector.


Fetal growth abnormalities have significant consequences for pregnancy management and maternal and fetal well-being. The accurate diagnosis of fetal growth abnormalities contributes to optimal antenatal management, which may minimize the sequelae of inadequate or excessive fetal growth. An accurate diagnosis of abnormal fetal growth depends on accurate pregnancy dating and serial growth measurements. The fetal size at any given stage of pregnancy is either appropriate or inappropriate for the given gestational age (GA). Pregnancy dating is most accurate in the first trimester, as biologic variability does not come into play until the second and third trimesters. The authors describe the determination of GA with use of standard US measurements and how additional parameters can be used to confirm dating. Once dates are established, serial measurements are used to identity abnormal growth patterns. The sometimes confusing definitions of abnormal growth are clarified, the differentiation of a constitutionally small but healthy fetus from a growth-restricted at-risk fetus is described, and the roles of Doppler US and other adjunctive examinations in the management of growth restriction are discussed. In addition, the definition of selective growth restriction in twin pregnancy is briefly discussed, as is the role of Doppler US in the classification of subtypes of selective growth restriction in monochorionic twinning. The criteria for diagnosing macrosomia and the management of affected pregnancies also are reviewed. The importance of correct pregnancy dating in the detection and surveillance of abnormal fetal growth and for prevention of perinatal maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality cannot be overstated. The online slide presentation from the RSNA Annual Meeting is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.


: In communities experiencing shale gas development, the local media are an important information source on potential impacts of development; their coverage generates and spreads social representations of this issue. We examine representations of natural gas development through a content analysis of six regional newspapers in the northern United States (n=1,958 articles) – two each in Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania. Previous research showed similarities between the New York and Pennsylvania newspapers; differences emerged in nearby Ohio's coverage. In Ohio, similar percentages of articles mentioned economic impacts as in Pennsylvania and New York, but significantly fewer articles mentioned environmental or social impacts. Furthermore, valence of economic and social impacts was notably more positive in Ohio. This analysis highlights nuances inherent in regional discourse about shale gas development. In turn, these differences have implications for: (1) how politicians, journalists, activists, and researchers can better communicate about shale gas development, (2) policy/regulation of development, and (3) future research on social representations of emergent forms of energy extraction. We suggest the need, in social science research on energy development, to examine societal-level (not merely individual) influences on perceptions and to account for nuances inherent in regional variation – infrequently manifest in national sample studies.


Devices for convenient information exchange over the wireless infrared channel are commonly found in many of today's mobile platforms for computing, communicating, and imaging. Most devices comply with the international standards promoted by the Infrared Data Association for data rates of up to 4 Mb/s. With the approval of a 16 Mb/s data rate option called Very Fast Infrared, IrDA's point-to-point usage model is extendable to applications requiring wireless connectivity beyond 4 Mb/s. We describe the design and the properties of a new modulation code specifically developed for VFIr, and discuss related system design aspects. After defining basic system requirements and modulation constraints imposed by the WIrC, we introduce a rate-2/3 run-length-limited code designed to meet these criteria. The Boolean expressions for encoding and decoding are given, and their implementation is discussed together with various aspects of system design such as scrambling, invalid sequence detection, and error propagation. Furthermore, it is shown that the specific composite nature of the new RLL modulation code enables simple and efficient generation of VFIr packet frames by encoding an equivalent packet frame assembled entirely in the code's input data domain.


The performance of fifth generation offspring of a desert annual (Dimorphotheca sinuata DC.) were compared in the absence of UV‐B, under variable atmospheric CO2 and nutrient supply, after four consecutive generations of concurrent exposure of their progenitors to UV‐B at ambient (seasonal range: 2.55–8.85 kJ m–2 d–1) and enhanced (seasonal range: 4.70–11.41 kJ m–2 d–1) levels. Offspring of progenitors grown under elevated UV‐B exhibited a diminished photosynthetic rate, a consequence of a reduced leaf density, and diminished foliar levels of carotenoids, polyphenolics and anthocyanins. Conversely, nonstructural carbohydrate and chlorophyll b levels were increased. Altered physiology was accompanied by reduced apical dominance and earlier flowering, features generally considered under photomorphogenic control, increased branching and inflorescence production and greater partitioning of biomass to reproductive structures, but diminished seed production. Many of these changes were magnified under nutrient limitation and intensified under atmospheric CO2 enriched conditions. The latter disagrees with current opinion that elevated CO2 may reduce detrimental UV‐B effects, at least over the long‐term. Observed correlations between seed production and polyphenolic, especially anthocyanin, levels in offspring, and indications of diminished lignification (thinner leaves, less robust stems and fewer lignified seeds set) all pointed to the involvement of the phenylpropanoid pathway in seed formation and plant structural development and its disruption during long‐term UV‐B exposure. Comparisons with earlier generations revealed trends with cumulative generations of enhanced UV‐B exposure of increasing chlorophyll b and nonstructural carbohydrates, decreasing polyphenolics and biomass allocation to vegetative structures, and diminishing seed production despite increasing biomass allocation to reproductive structures. Notwithstanding some physiological compensation (increased chlorophyll b), the accumulation and persistence of these ostensibly inherited changes in physiological and reproductive performance suggest a greater impact of elevated UV‐B on vegetation, primary production and regeneration over the long‐term than presently envisaged.


Purpose: To analyze the influences of fracture level and comminution, time to operation and reduction quality on the results of displaced femoral neck fractures in young adults. Materials and Methods: From January 1996 to January 2003, 39 of 51 cases of displaced femoral neck fractures that were treated with closed reduction and percutaneous internal fixation using cannulated screws, were evaluated after at least two years of follow-up with respect to the fracture level, comminution, time to operation, and reduction quality. Results: The incidence of AVN and non-union were 6/39 (15.4%) and 3/39 (7.7%), respectively. The differences in the incidences of complications among subcapital, transcapital, and subcapital fractures was not significant (p=1 & p=1). There was a higher incidence of AVN (p=0.0066) and non-union (p=0.0219) with posterior comminutions than anterior ones. The time to operation was not an important factor in influencing the development of complications (p=0.4984 & p=1). Between acceptable and poor reductions, the differences in the incidences of AVN was significant (p=0.0105), but not in the incidences of non-unions (p=0.1011). Conclusion: We concluded that good quality of reduction is more important than the time to operation for achieving good results, and that comminution is a more important prognostic factor than is the fracture level.


Objective Inferior intercavernous sinus (iICS) is a venous channel below the pituitary gland. Inferior intercavernous sinus injury is predisposed to cause venous bleeding during dura incision in transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenomas. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a radiological assessment of iICS before transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary microadenoma. Methods A retrospective evaluation was performed on 156 patients who underwent magnetic resonance imaging examinations in our hospital before endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary microadenoma. Both sagittal reformatted and coronal contrast-enhanced (CE) sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip angle evolutions (SPACE) images were interpreted for the presence, shape, and size of the iICS. Results In CE SPACE, the iICS was identified in 72 patients (46.15%) with pituitary microadenoma. The iICS was appeared as a filiform-shaped hyperintense structure below the pituitary gland on coronal CE SPACE planes and a crescent-shaped hyperintense structure on sagittal CE SPACE planes. The mean ± SD width, depth, and height of iICS were 11.15 ± 3.47 mm, 5.29 ± 1.24 mm, and 1.41 ± 0.19 mm, respectively. Conclusions Contrast-enhanced SPACE may serve as a promising technique in evaluating iICS and individualized preoperative planning before transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary microadenoma.


Objective: Tabernaemontana divaricata a common garden plant on tropical countries has been used as a traditional medicine. There is an increasing commercial demand for nanoparticles due to their wide applicability in various areas such as electronics, catalysis, chemistry, energy, and medicine. Metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are quite often toxic and flammable. In this work, we describe a cost effective and environment friendly technique for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from T. divaricata leaf extract. Methods: Biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV– Vis absorption spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR and SEM analysis. Cytotoxicity of AgNPs was tested in human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Results: TEM analysis showed the average particle size of 22.85 nm as revealed in their structure. The qualitative assessment of reducing potential of leaf extract has also been carried out which indicated presence of significant amount of reducing entities. Green synthesized AgNPs by T. divaricata leaf extract show cytotoxicity to human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Conclusion: The most important outcome of this work will be the development of value-added products from T. divaricata. The characteristics of the obtained AgNPs were analysed which could be used potentially in various human contacting areas such as cosmetics, foods, and medical


Shesuo deposit is located in the north of Shenzha county, Tibet. It is near the Bangong Lake-Nujiang metallogenic belt, and a small skarn type copper-richen polymetallic deposit. This paper is based on the systemic field geological survey, indoor rock and ore appraisal, zircon LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating, test of major and trace element, H-O, C, S and Pb isotopes, Raman spectra, temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions, and find out its chronology and geochemical characteristics. The age of granodiorites which is metallogenic rock is 116Ma, A/CNK value is near 1.0, A/NK value 1.62~1.88. The roceks belong to transition types between metaluminous and ultraluminum. In the spider diagram of trace elements, big ion incompatible elements Rb, Th, Pb and Ti are rich, and Nb is poor. The distribution pattern of rare earth elements is right-trending type, and the curve of heavy rare-earth elements is gentle, ∑REE is range from 89.89×10-6 to 97.92×10-6, ∑LREE/∑HREE=7.47~9.31, δEu=0.75~0.89, and namely it has no obvious negative Eu abnormalities. Bangong Lake-Nujiang oceanic crust subducts southward (Gangdes plot). The deposit formed in island-arc environment. Pb isotopes of granodiorites which are metallogenic rocks reflects that it belongs to crust source. The date of H and O isotopes of inclusions in sulfide-quartz veins shows that it mainly belongs to the magma water. The δ13CV-PDB of calcite ranges from -3.6‰ to -2.0‰; The δ34SV-CDT=10.3‰~2.7‰, and they are negative values, and mainly appear -8.5‰ and -3.5‰ two peaks, δ34S of molybdenum reflects larger negative values. In the structure model image, Sr-Nd isotope dates is located near the mantle,and is affected by lower crust. All inclusions are gas-liquid two phase inclusions, and the gas phase composition is mainly CO2 and a little with CH4 and N2. The ratio of gas to liquid is between 5% and 45%, and the size is of 3×6~33×20μm. Uniform temperature ranges from 130℃ to 290℃, and is mainly 180~260℃; and the salinity in mainly 3%~6% NaCleqv and 10%~18% NaCleqv, and overall it shows the low temperature and salinity characteristics. The ore-forming materials are provided by magama and strata together.


The tour guide profession has become the most essential element of the tourist sector. On the other hand, Professional tour guides must undergo extensive training. Tourism has established itself as one of the most important factors for the global community, particularly for the people of South Nias, who still preserve and present natural and cultural beauty that remains intact even in the midst of modernity, alongside changes and improvements in social, cultural, and economic factors. The presence of present tourists will, of course, generate a favorable response. Thus, to prevent this from happening, a solution is needed, namely by providing teaching or socialization in the form of training of tour guide for the next generation. The community services program organized by Warmadewa University and Nias Raya University which aim to educate and increase the interest of the younger generation regarding the preservation of the tour guide and the awareness of tourism destination, this also has a relationship with cultural and linguistic aspects. Technically, the method used in this research was qualitative research through the interview stage to find out partner problems. The source of data used in this study is primary data by conducting field observations to find out the problems faced by the students of English Language Study Program in Nias Raya University. The results showed that there was an increase in understanding the tour guides profession and being able to describe instructions or tourist attractions in practice.