We study diamagnetism of a gas of fermions moving in a nonhomogeneous magnetic field $( {\bf B} =B( 0, 0, 1/cosh^{2}( \frac{x-x_{0} }{ \delta })))$ The gas magnetization, the static magnetic susceptibility, the chemical potential and the gas compressibility are discussed and compared with the uniform field case. General need to study dynamics of electrons in different types of magnetic fields follows from a large number of experimental situations in which its understanding enables physicists to obtain new information.


The turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, with zero pressure gradient, is simulated numerically at four stations between Rθ = 225 and Rθ = 1410. The three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a spectral method with up to about 107 grid points. Periodic spanwise and streamwise conditions are applied, and a multiple-scale procedure is applied to approximate the slow streamwise growth of the boundary layer. The flow is studied, primarily, from a statistical point of view. The solutions are compared with experimental results. The scaling of the mean and turbulent quantities with Reynolds number is compared with accepted laws, and the significant deviations are documented. The turbulence at the highest Reynolds number is studied in detail. The spectra are compared with various theoretical models. Reynolds-stress budget data are provided for turbulence-model testing.


Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a clinical diagnosis where patients exhibit three out of the five risk factors: hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, hyperglycemia, elevated blood pressure, or increased abdominal obesity. MetS arises due to dysregulated metabolic pathways that culminate with insulin resistance and put individuals at risk to develop various comorbidities with far-reaching medical consequences such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular disease. As it stands, the exact pathogenesis of MetS as well as the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in MetS is not fully understood. Our study aimed to evaluate intestinal health in human subjects with MetS. Methods: We examined MetS risk factors in individuals through body measurements and clinical and biochemical blood analysis. To evaluate intestinal health, gut inflammation was measured by fecal calprotectin, intestinal permeability through the lactulose-mannitol test, and utilized fecal metabolomics to examine alterations in the host–microbiota gut metabolism. Results: No signs of intestinal inflammation or increased intestinal permeability were observed in the MetS group compared to our control group. However, we found a significant increase in 417 lipid features of the gut lipidome in our MetS cohort. An identified fecal lipid, diacyl-glycerophosphocholine, showed a strong correlation with several MetS risk factors. Although our MetS cohort showed no signs of intestinal inflammation, they presented with increased levels of serum TNFα that also correlated with increasing triglyceride and fecal diacyl-glycerophosphocholine levels and decreasing HDL cholesterol levels. Conclusion: Taken together, our main results show that MetS subjects showed major alterations in fecal lipid profiles suggesting alterations in the intestinal host–microbiota metabolism that may arise before concrete signs of gut inflammation or intestinal permeability become apparent. Lastly, we posit that fecal metabolomics could serve as a non-invasive, accurate screening method for both MetS and NAFLD.


With the aim of stimulating an interest in embedded systems among engineering students and young professionals, spreading the latest advances in embedded systems, and encouraging collaboration between industry and academia, the second edition of the Simposio Argentino de Sistemas Embebidos, SASE, (i.e. Argentinean Symposium of Embedded Systems) was organized in Buenos Aires, Argentina. SASE is one of the biggest South American meetings on embedded systems, having about four hundred attendees, the sponsorship of fifty universities, fifteen institutions and thirty companies, and offering 120 ninety-minute tutorials, 17 three-hour hands-on workshops, a scientific meeting with paper and poster presentations, six plenary sessions, a student-projects contest, an entrepreneurship contest, a university-equipment donation program, and a travel and accommodation grant program; all under the scope of a low fee event. In this paper we present a brief summary on how SASE was conceived, how professors from different universities and people from industry worked together to organize this event, and the obtained results.


The calibration of micro inertial measurement units is important in ensuring the precision of navigation systems, which are equipped with microelectromechanical system sensors that suffer from various errors. However, traditional calibration methods cannot meet the demand for fast field calibration. This paper presents a fast field calibration method based on the Powell algorithm. As the key points of this calibration, the norm of the accelerometer measurement vector is equal to the gravity magnitude, and the norm of the gyro measurement vector is equal to the rotational velocity inputs. To resolve the error parameters by judging the convergence of the nonlinear equations, the Powell algorithm is applied by establishing a mathematical error model of the novel calibration. All parameters can then be obtained in this manner. A comparison of the proposed method with the traditional calibration method through navigation tests shows the classic performance of the proposed calibration method. The proposed calibration method also saves more time compared with the traditional calibration method.


Even though recent trends suggest a turn downward in both incidence and mortality, breast cancer remains the most common female cancer in the industrialized world. Development of resistance to a wide variety of drugs and metastatic spread of cancer cells to distant organs pose major challenge in successful treatment of breast cancer. Virtually all the roughly 40,000 annual breast cancer related deaths in the United States can be said to have occurred because the conventional therapy has failed. It is the second-leading cause of deaths from cancer in women. The survival rate for those with advanced, metastatic breast cancer has not changed significantly for decades. Recent robust evidence indicates that treatment resistance and metastasis arise from a subpopulation with stem-like properties within a heterogeneous primary cancer. These observations are consistent with subpopulations of chemoresistant cancer stem cells within the bulk tumor cells having the potential for self-renewal and metastases through different adaptive mechanisms. Thus despite apparently successful chemotherapy, the persistence of this unique sub-population of cancer stem cells may undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition and can serve to re-initiate tumor growth and seed metastases.

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) constitute a subpopulation of tumor cells that express stem cell-associated markers and have a high capacity for tumor generation in vivo. Identification of BCSCs from tumor samples or breast cancer cell lines has been based mainly on CD44+/CD24−/low or ALDH+ phenotypes. BCSCs isolation has allowed the analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved in their origin, self-renewal, differentiation into tumor cells, resistance to radiation therapy and chemotherapy, invasiveness and metastatic ability. Over the past few years, candidate cancer stem cells have been identified in a variety of human malignancies including leukemias and a number of solid tumors such as glioblastomas, medulloblastomas and carcinomas. Breast cancer is the first human carcinoma for which a putative cancer stem cell subpopulation has been isolated (Al-Hajj et. al, PNAS, 2003). Using in vitro-separated tumorigenic cells from malignant human breast cancer-derived pleural effusions, Al Hajj and colleagues isolated a cell population characterized by high CD44 expression and low or undetectable levels of CD24 (CD44+CD24−/low). These cells were highly tumorigenic when injected into immunocompromised NOD/SCID mice and shared classic features of normal stem cells, including the capacity for self-renewal and generation of heterogeneous progeny. The stem/progenitor cell phenotype of these cells was further refined by the Daidone group, who were able to grow mammospheres from single-cell suspensions obtained from the dissociation of primary breast tumors. Mammospheres are non-adherent spherical cell clusters obtained in selective culture conditions, which have been shown to be enriched in mammary stem/progenitor cells. The vast majority of cells in culture were CD44+CD24−/low, and 10 to 20% of these retained the ability to self-renew. Recently, three groups have independently provided unequivocal direct and functional evidence for the presence of cancer stem cells by lineage tracing experiments in glioblastomas (GBM), squamous skin tumors, and intestinal adenomas, suggesting the hierarchical nature of cancer (Chen J et.al, Nature, 2012, Schepers AG et. al, Science 2012; Driessens G et. al, Nature 2012). By genetic "lineage retracing," these independent groups confirm that only a fraction of cells within the bulk tumor had clonogenic potential, giving rise to the hierarchical growth of the tumor. In the GBM model, this restricted subpopulation responsible for tumor initiation was intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy.

To combat the impact of this common cancer among women and the disparities of ouotcomes observed, efforts have been directed towards the development of new approaches to early detection, chemotherapeutics, surgical and radiation treatments with promising results. We are one of the first groups to describe the breast cancer stem cells are intrinsically resistant to conventional therapy (Li X et. al. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2008; Creighton CJ et. al, PNAS, 2009). Since these initial observations, other groups have confirmed these findings following conventional chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and have supported our findings that an increase in these BCSCs is associated with poorer prognosis. This CSC model has fundamental clinical implications. The current development of cancer therapeutics is largely based on identifying agents with the ability to cause tumor regression in animal models or in clinical trials. Since tumor stem cells comprise only a small percent of the tumor bulk, focus on tumor regression may have produced agents capable of killing actively cycling or fully differentiated cells while sparing the tumor stem cell population. Thus, targeting BCSCs in combination with chemotherapy will be necessary to eliminate the heterogeneous populations within a tumor, particularly the fraction capable of tumor initiation and metastasis.

We previously published a tumorigenic signature derived from patient biopsies (Creighton CJ et. al, PNAS, 2009). Subsequently, we used a functional approach to identify novel targets for cancer stem cells. This screen was performed by shRNA knockdown of the 477 genes in our tumorigenic signature using high-throughput mammosphere formation efficiency (MSFE) assay. We identified top candidates that significantly reduced MSFE. This stringent screening yielded two potential candidates, namely RPL39 and MLF2, as the top candidate genes that affect BCSC self-renewal. Selective siRNA knockdown of RPL39 and MLF2 in patient-derived breast tumorgrafts showed reduced tumor volume and lung metastases with a concomitant decrease in BCSC markers. Thus, targeting BCSCs in combination with chemotherapy should eliminate the heterogeneous populations within a tumor. Additionally, next generation RNA-deep sequencing confirmed mutations in RPL39 and MLF2 in approximately 40% of lung metastases from breast cancer patients (n=53). Allele specific PCR confirmed damaging mutations in RPL39 and MLF2. Gain-of-function of these mutations was demonstrated by increase in proliferation, invasion, and self-renewal assays. In vitro and in vivo siRNA knockdown of RPL39 and MLF2 showed decrease in nitric oxide synthase, suggesting that these genes are driven by nitric oxide signaling. Because of the effect of RPL39 and MLF2 siRNA in reducing lung metastases in vivo, we tested the possibility that BCSC may have escaped the primary cancer to evolve in distant metastatic sites. The presence of these damaging mutations was found only in the stem cell (CD44+/CD24 low/−) subpopulation but not in non-BCSCs. These gain-of-function mutations in RPL39 (AV14) and MLF2 (R158W and D12H) were present in both ERα-positive and ERα-negative tumors, suggesting that BCSCs with these mutations may be capable of multilineage differentiation. Most importantly, the presence of these mutations was significantly associated with worse relapse-free survival and a shorter median time to relapse.

The role of BCSCs in the clinical outcome of breast cancer patients has been analyzed using different strategies, including targeting of membrane markers and transporters, interruption of intracellular signaling pathways, and alteration of the BCSCs microenvironment. Despite the success of some of those therapies in preclinical models; toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies are still required before human tests. We have shown for the first time in human breast cancer patients that residual tumors after chemotherapy are 1) enriched for the tumorigenic CD44+/CD24−/low population, 2) show enhanced mammosphere-forming efficiency (MSFE), and 3) display an increase in outgrowths in xenograft transplants in immunocompromised SCID/Beige mice, thus suggesting their increased tumorigenicity. The preclinical data showed that pharmacological inhibition of the Notch pathway with gamma secretase inhibitors (GSI) reduced the breast cancer stem cells in breast tumorgraft models. GSI enhanced the efficacy of docetaxel in preclinical studies. The clinical trial on 30 patients with advanced breast cancer showed feasibility of the combination of GSI and chemotherapy (Schott AF et. al, Clin Cancer Res., 2013).

In conclusion, the identification of breast cancer stem cell markers and an improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of BCSC phenotypes should lead to progress in cancer therapy and improved prognoses for patients with advanced breast cancer. Such emerging picture of the biological properties of BCSCs would contribute for devising innovative therapies for breast cancer, targeting the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that maintain the BCSCs.

Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):CN06-02.

Citation Format: Jenny C. Chang, Bhuvanesh Dave, Sergio Granados-Principal, Junhua Mai, Steven Gross, Haifa Shen, Vivek Mittal, Mauro Ferrari. Breast cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2013 Oct 19-23; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(11 Suppl):Abstract nr CN06-02.


261 Objectives: FDG PET, including standardized uptake value (SUV) reporting, is widely used in clinical practice for solid tumor cancer staging and restaging. However, use of the SUV as a pharmacodynamic biomarker or clinical trial surrogate endpoint is limited by measurement error, introduced by inherent biological variability, image acquisition procedures, and post-acquisition data analysis. Valuable research has sought to standardize acquisition protocols and to harmonize data acquired using different protocols. This work concerns straightforward correction to a common deviation from scanning protocols: variation in injection-to-acquisition time. We describe 3 correction algorithms, and (following abstract submission) will compare their performance in independent dual-acquisition datasets that mimic a common desired correction for multicenter trials: SUVmax at 60 min when the scan was performed substantially later.
 Methods: The first algorithm extends both the data (60-min dynamic scans before and during neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer) and the method (linear regression models) from the 2003 Beaulieu correction (1). The number of scans for model development is increased to 150 from 20, and the linear regression model is extended to restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimates of fixed and random effects, with SUVmax at 60 min estimated with an associated confidence interval. The second algorithm, introduced in 2014 by van den Hoff (2), emphasizes the role of blood FDG clearance in time-dependence of SUVmax. Since we focus on measurements available in a standard clinical scan, we use a simplified version of the algorithm that does not require blood measurement. The third approach is empirical and nonparametric, using kernel regression (bandwidth selected by least-squares cross validation) to summarize plausible tumor time-activity curves within the range of SUV values and uptake times of interest to produce uptake-time-corrected estimates of SUVmax and of precision of the estimate.
 Results: Preliminary results are examined for an expected scenario for multicenter clinical trials and other applications of FDG PET as a pharmacodynamics biomarker: acquisition begins at 90 min post-injection (because a site desires better tumor-to-blood signal, or due to equipment- or patient-based delay) but the SUVmax value for 60 min is desired. For common SUVmax values observed at 90 min the estimated 60 min SUVmax varies substantively between different methods (updated Beaulieu, simplified van den Hoff, and empirical, respectively): for 3.5 at 90 min the 60 min estimates are (3.7, 2.6, 3.1); for 6 estimates are (5.2, 4.5, 5.0); for 10 estimates are (7.3, 7.6, 8.3). Encouragingly, these empirical estimates (3.1, 5.0, 8.3) using 1000 plausible curves generated by independent sampling from kinetic parameter estimates (see (3) and (4)) are similar to empirical estimates (3.1, 5.1, 7.9) from fitted curves from the 150 dynamic scans used for the updated Beaulieu correction. Further development (completed by SNMMI 2019) will complete precision estimates (confidence bands), formalize comparisons among algorithms, and evaluate performance in independent datasets from studies with dual acquisition (static scans at 60 and 90 min).
 Conclusions: Unexpectedly, preliminary results suggest that empirical estimates from simulated dynamic FDG-PET scans may produce more accurate uptake time adjustments than model-based adjustments fitted to 150 actual dynamic scans. If confirmed in the full analysis, an empirical adjustment is consistent with the straightforward nature of the uptake time correction problem and demonstrates the robustness of the 2-compartment model for tumor FDG uptake, with k4=0 through 120 min and a population arterial input function (3, 4).


Smoking is a major contributing factor enhanced many health problems particularly lung cancer which has a survival percentage of 16.4% which increases the risk of cancer and other diseases in humans and animals. DNA damage is the cause of cancer as it damages the cellular apoptosis system severely that the injured cell cannot kill itself and become cancerous. Tobacco smoke also contains various carcinogens other than polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, such as traces of radioactive elements. The single – cell agarose electrophoresis (SAGE), popularly known as the Comet assay is a simple, versatile and visually pleasing technique that is widely being used in detecting quantifying DNA damage and repair. Present study were observed ageing leads to increase levels of SSBs breaks


GeoTime and nSpace are two interactive visual analytics tools that support the process of analyzing massive and complex datasets. The two tools were used to examine and interpret the 2007 VAST contest dataset. This poster paper describes how the capabilities of the tools were used to facilitate and expedite every stage of an analyst workflow.


This report is a presentation of ANSYS FE models for the thermal and mechanical welding simulation. To develop suitable welding models, we must consider the process parameter (welding speed, Heat flux, Gap and Temperature), the geometrical constraints, the material nonlinearities and all physical phenomena involved in welding. Therefore it is a great challenge to consider all factors at the same time, so generally the models include some approximations: in the works, we can find some attempts to reduce modelling efforts, and Reduces Residual stress in welding.


Sustainable Development Goal 6 requires the provision of safe drinking water to the world. We propose that increased exploitation of biological processes is fundamental to achieving this goal due to their low economic and energetic costs. Biological processes exist for the removal of most common contaminants, and biofiltration processes can establish a biologically stable product that retains high quality in distribution networks, minimizing opportunities for pathogen invasion.


This study made statistics of 816 cases of correction of saddle nose with implant dense polycrystalline hydroxylapatite partic artificial bone. The factors which affected the result of the operation included selection of graininess of the artificial bone, design of implanting bed and operating errors, etc. These factors were studied in detail in this paper.


Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of continuous local anesthetic wound infiltration following open abdominal partial hepatectomy. Methods We performed a prospective, non-randomized, concurrent and controlled study. Patients undergoing open abdominal partial hepatectomy, according to their willingness, accepted one of the following managements for the postoperative pain: continuous wound catheter (CWC) infiltration, patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), patient-controlled intravenous analgesia of morphine (PCIAM), and patient-controlled intravenous analgesia of sufentanil (PCIAS). The primary outcome was postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at rest and on movement. Secondary outcomes included consumption of rescue medication, side effects, and complications associated with postoperative pain management. Results From August 2013 to December 2013, 80 patients were allocated to receive CWC (n=10), PCEA (n=22), PCIAM (n=29), or PCIAS (n=19). After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, percentage of resected liver, operation time, and Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale, there was no significant difference in the VAS scores at rest or on movement between Group CWC and the other groups, namely PCEA, PCIAM, and PCIAS, at 4, 12, 48, and 72 hours postoperatively (all P>0.05). The need for rescue medication was not significantly different between Group CWC and the other three groups at 48 and 72 hours postoperatively (all P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting or anal exsufflation time between group CWC and the other three groups (all P>0.05). No severe adverse effects associated with continuous wound infiltration were observed during the study period. Conclusions CWC has a comparable analgesic effect compared with traditional analgesia Methods at most time points postoperatively. CWC is a safe alternative for the postoperative analgesic management of open liver surgery.


BACKGROUND Abnormality of glucose metabolism is a frequent complication in Thalassemia patients. Both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance has been proposed in its pathogenesis. Some form of abnormality in glucose metabolism is expected at an earlier age in these patients in developing countries like India and Nepal where iron overload is excessive due to lack of chelation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fasting serum glucose and fasting serum insulin (FSI) were measured in 40 beta-thalassemia major patients, 40 Ebeta- thalassemia patients and 40 controls, all aged between 5 and 12 years. 2 hours after an appropriate dose of oral glucose feed (Children ingested 1.75 g/kg body weight maximum 75 gram dissolved in 250 to 300 ml water) blood samples were drawn again to measure post prandial serum glucose. Iron overload was assessed by measuring liver size, spleen size, total amount of packed cells transfused and serum ferritin. Insulin resistance (IR), insulin sensitivity (%S) and beta cell functions (%B) were derived from the measured laboratory parameters using the latest version of Homeostatic Model Assessment (HOMA) calculator software. RESULTS No one had impaired glucose metabolism or diabetes mellitus beta-thalassemia major patients showed evidence of insulin resistance in the form of significantly higher fasting serum insulin (p value 0.002), IR (p value 0.003), %B (p value 0.017) and significantly lower %S (0.002) when compared with controls. FSI showed positive correlation with total amount of packed cells received (r=0.372, p=0.018), serum ferritin (r=0.345, p=0.029) and spleen size (r=0.427, p=0.006). Similarly, IR also showed positive correlation with total amount of packed cells received (r=0.388, p=0.013), serum ferritin (r=0.336, p=0.034) and spleen size (r=0.425, p=0.005). %S showed negative correlation with all these parameters. %B didn't show any statistically significant correlation with these parameters.Ebeta- thalassemia patients didn't have any statistically significant difference in FSI, IR, %S and %B than controls. CONCLUSION Insulin resistance develops as the earliest abnormality in glucose metabolism in overtly iron loaded beta thalassemia major patients at an early age. Ebeta- thalassemia patients with milder phenotype do not develop dysfunction of glucose metabolism at such an early age. Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2014, Vol-10, No-3, 29-36


A method based on parameter-induced stochastic resonance is proposed for target echo detection in the presence of shallow-water reverberation. The signal received by the horizontal sensor array is normalized and delayed to form the input to a bistable system. The system parameters are tuned properly to maximize the detection performance based on parameter-induced stochastic resonance techniques. Considering the limitation on the length of receiving arrays, the space-time unfolding method is suggested to largely improve the detection performance.


Although the notion of an absolute Truth is conceived in post-structuralist times as a myth generated by logocentric thought, it remains at the core of a highly popular narrative genre such as detective fiction. From its inception, this specific iteration of an epistemologically unquestionable Truth depends greatly upon the urban paradigm, which generates and shapes the character of the detective at the same time as it reflects cultural hegemony, and tracing its evolution through the analysis of key works of modern detective narration will allow us to better comprehend how the city contributes to the representation of the enduring myth of the absolute Truth as well as of our epistemological certainties.


This paper presents a loop impedance(inner loop impedance & external impedance) measurement method in TN system. When the measurement of a loop impedance then the measurement result have a some error by load condition. In this paper suggest the loop impedance measurement on actual loading condition by two experiment. one was laboratory condition and the other was the actual measurement on site. Analysis result, measuring error by load condition has not effect on measuring loop impedance.


Purpose. Evaluation of the impact of the developed i ntracorneal gel stained implants for keratopigmentation based on various materials on the donor human cornea duri ng organotypic cultivation. Material and methods. Three experimental samples of intracorneal gel stained implants were investigated: sample 1 based on sodium hyaluronate with organic pigment, sample 2 based on collagen hydrolyzate with inorganic pigment, and sample 3 based on hydroxypropyl methylcellulose with organic pigment. To determine the toxicity of the studied implants the apoptosis of keratocytes was determined in cryostat sections of the cornea. The method of immunohistochemistry was used to study apoptosis. Scanning electron microscopy was used to visualize the corneal structures in the presence of implants. Results. During the investigation we showed that a gel implant based on a collagen hydrolyzate and a pigment with an inorganic toner (28% in the composition) causes a weak expression of the initiator proteins of apoptosis Caspasa 8 and Cytochrome C, and there is no expression of the BAX and effector proteins Caspasa 3/7. It was revealed that samples No. 1 and No. 3 undergo partial dissolution and washout from the intrastromal tunnel, sample No. 2 based on collagen hydrolyzate has a dense structure and remains in the corneal tunnel throughout the entire cultivation period, for at least 7 days, which is showed using an electronscanning microscopy. The proposed collagen hydrolyzate gel implant can be considered compact and non-toxic. Conclusion. As a result of organotypic cultivation for 7 days showed the best results intracorneal colored implant No. 2 based hydrolyzate of collagen and inorganic toner. Intracorneal colored implant based on collagen hydrolyzate has a more compact and dense structure than the accompanying experimental samples.


Rainfall characteristics of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, are studied in space and time; on a large scale, 550 km2, and long term scale to find out the monsoon influence, and on urban basin scale, 23 km2, to determine dynamic properties of rainfalls and spatial correlations, and on a point scale to determine the probabilities of very high rain intensities.

The importance of spatial and temporal variability of rainfall was investigated applying cross correlation on long term historical rainfalls from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Data from six rain gauges distributed over an area of 450 km2 were used. The annual and monthly rainfall correlation structures depict a pronounced effect of the monsoon. The variability of rainfall is parallel to the monsoon direction, which is perpendicular to the sea coast. The coefficient of variation for the monthly rainfalls is higher than for the annual rainfalls by a factor of two. Eight short term rainfall storms of 60 minute duration over the 23 km2 urban basin were studied to derive the average areal reduction factor curve. The results indicate that the structure of single rainfall cells is not very different from that in other climate regions. The areal reduction was well pronounced for a small urban catchment used in this study.

Dynamic properties of 30 fully synchronised short term rainfall storms were investigated. The results showed significant correlation between storm velocities and observed wind velocities on the ground. The storm movements were rather slow. There was no correlation between storm movement and high altitude wind direction. The average storm velocity was 2.6 m/s compared to a mean velocity of 12 m/s obtained in high latitude regions by other investigators.

A two-dimensional advection diffusion model was applied to two short term rainfall events for predicting rainfall intensities of one, three and five minutes ahead. The results enabled a reasonable physical explanation of model parameters. In addition, advection of the two rainfall events was carried out. However the results were not promising for prediction purposes.

Partial duration series of short term rainfall storms recorded by seven rain gauges were analysed and empirical relationships for rainfall depths and intensity ratios as dependent variables against duration time as the independent variable were determined. The intensity-duration-frequency and the depth-duration-frequency relationship were applied to a surrounding area. Results showed that a modified intensity-duration-frequency relationship accounting for hourly rainfall intensities at the position under consideration is better than the depth-duration-frequency relationship.


In conditions of long-term operation the bearing structures of a rolling stock are subject to action of an environment. It causes their uniform corrosion and decrease in bearing ability of the structures. The article is devoted to a technique of the account of uniform corrosion in problems of forecasting of a residual resource of railway structures.


In 2008, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) created a national grant program, Project LAUNCH (Linking Actions for Unmet Needs in Children's Health), to improve behavioral health and developmental outcomes for young children through the incorporation of prevention and wellness promotion practices in key early childhood settings. Project LAUNCH supports states, tribal nations, and territories to improve coordination across early childhood systems and implement 5 core strategies of prevention and promotion. This article focuses on the lessons learned from 1 of the 5 core strategies: integration of behavioral health into primary care for young children. This paper analyzes the experiences of a sample of Project LAUNCH grantees, describing 10 common elements of integration approaches and exploring some of the challenges of promoting health and preventing social, emotional, and behavioral problems at a population level. (PsycINFO Database Record


Selective functionalization of the outer walls of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with zinc and silicon phthalocyanines leaving the inner walls undamaged has been accomplished. The mode of metal phthalocyanine (MPc) connection was varied, that is, through the macrocycle periphery in the case of zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) and through the silicon axial position in the case of silicon phthalocyanines (SiPcs) to visualize its effect on phthalocyanine–DWCNT interactions. Evidence of outer wall functionalization and the degree of phthalocyanine substitution on DWCNTs were arrived from HR-TEM, AFM, TGA, XPS and Raman techniques. The sensitizer-nanotube interactions were probed from studies involving optical absorbance, steady-state and time resolved emission, and electrochemical studies. The fluorescence of phthalocyanines in these hybrids was found to be almost quantitatively quenched (>95%) due to the interactions with DWCNTs, and such interactions were more for the SiPc derived hybrids. The femtosecond transient absorption studies performed revealed that the interactions are dynamic involving the singlet excited phthalocyanines and the nanotubes. In agreement with earlier studies, evidence for charge separation in these hybrids was bleak revealing weak signature bands of MPc˙+ in the 850 nm range. Additionally, the presence of trace amounts of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the hybrids further hampered detailed spectral analysis.


A reappraisal of Paleozoic paleomagnetic data from Australia is given. An alternative apparent polar wander path is suggested after adopting the reversed polarity option for pre-Devonian poles. Hitherto 'anomalous' Siluro-Devonian pole positions thus appear as conformable. This new polar path is compared to Paleozoic paleomagnetic data from other Gondwana continents which are seen to support the Australian path. The new path, in turn, supports the interpretation of Paleozoic glacial deposits being indicative of high latitudes and the transgression of an ice cap.It is suggested speculatively that systematic polar wandering of the type described here may indicate a systematic pattern of plate motions and consequently, systematic tectonic processes.


In this paper, a method is presented for measurement of power frequency magnetic fields due to distorted sinusoidal currents in power systems. The proposed method is an integral approach and consists of a multi-rate digital signal processor, an adaptive filter and an overlap processor. In field test, actual test results are accomplished by a standard area-type measurement setup to identify and characterize magnetic fields distribution of a 69 kV SF/sub 6/-gas insulated substation (GIS) using the proposed method.


In three studies we found further evidence for a previously discovered Human-Robot (HR) asymmetry in moral judgments: that people blame robots more for inaction than action in a moral dilemma but blame humans more for action than inaction in the identical dilemma (where inaction allows four persons to die and action sacrifices one to save the four). Importantly, we found that people's representation of the "robot" making these moral decisions appears to be one of a mechanical robot. For when we manipulated the pictorial display of a verbally described robot, people showed the HR asymmetry only when making judgments about a mechanicallooking robot, not a humanoid robot. This is the first demonstration that robot appearance affects people's moral judgments about robots.


The implications are discussed of acceleration of magnetospheric ions by reflection off two magnetopause Alfven waves, launched by the reconnection site into the inflow regions on both sides of the boundary. The effects of these waves on the ion populations, predicted using the model described by Lockwood et al. [1996], offer a physical interpretation of all the various widely used classifications of precipitation into the dayside ionosphere, namely, central plasma sheet, dayside boundary plasma sheet (BPS), void, low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), cusp, mantle, and polar cap. The location of the open-closed boundary and the form of the convection flow pattern are discussed in relation to the regions in which these various precipitations are typically found. Specifically, the model predicts that both the LLBL and the dayside BPS precipitations are on newly opened field lines and places the convection reversal within the LLBL, as is often observed. It is shown that this offers solutions to a number of paradoxes and problems that arise if the LLBL and BPS precipitations are thought of as being on closed field lines. This model is also used to make quantitive predictions of the longitudinal extent and latitudinal width of the cusp, as a function of solar wind density.


ABSTRACT Wildfires are extremely destructive disasters that cause significant loss of lives, forest cover and wildlife. This is due to their uncontrolled, erratic, rapid spread and behaviour. The incidence of wildfires is expected to increase worldwide because of Global Warming. Henceforth, it becomes increasingly important to detect and tackle such fires in their infancy to minimise their adverse effects. IoT technology has shown an exponential growth in recent years. Moreover, deployment of IoT devices to monitor and collect time-critical data is pressing need of hour. This research proposes an effective Fog-IoT centric framework for timely detection of wildfires. The proposed methodology provides an efficient real-time solution to dilute the destruction caused by wildfires. Initially, K-means Clustering is used to detect the wildfire outbreak at fog layer followed by real-time alert generation to the administration and community. Furthermore, cloud layer based Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System is used for assessing the vulnerability of a forest block to forest fires as well as classifying it into one of the five risk zones based on Forest Fire Vulnerability Index. Implementation results of the proposed framework prove its efficiency in detecting and predicting wildfires. In addition, real-time alert generation further enhances the efficacy of the proposed system.


This paper describes the detailed industry composition of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander work force and measures the extent to which it differs from that of the rest of the work force. For this purpose, 1986 Census data on industry division and class of employment are used and inter- and intra-industry segregation indexes are calculated. This reveals for the first time the precise industry mix which characterises the Aboriginal labour market. At the broad level of industry divisions, the degree of employment segregation between Aborigines, Islanders and others in the work force appears to have decreased over time, although problems exist in deriving a satisfactory index to measure temporal changes in segregation. However, at the more disaggregated intra-industry level, using data for a single census year, clear patterns of relative employment concentration and exclusion in particular industry classes are in evidence. These patterns are discussed for male and female Aborigines and Islanders in each industry class with the conclusion that the bulk of Aboriginal and Islander employment is supported by a very narrow industry base which is dependent to a large extent on public sector expenditure.


Introduction The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires annual reporting of resident scholarly activities. However, this can be time-consuming for both residents and residency leadership and may not contain the most accurate or up-to-date information. This study sought to determine whether Google Scholar could adequately identify resident publications when compared with their ACGME self-report. Methods This was a cross-sectional study comparing resident Google Scholar publications with their ACGME self-reported data from 2018 to 2020. Manuscripts were only included if they were published prior to June 30, 2020, and while the participant was a resident at Rush University Medical Center. We did not count articles published prior to beginning residency. We independently collected data from the residents' self-report and Google Scholar profiles and compared the results. We assessed the overall concordance between data. When a discordant publication was identified, it was reviewed in full and discussed with the resident to ensure that it was correctly attributed to the resident. Data were presented primarily as descriptive statistics including percentages. Results Of 24 (96%) residents, 23 created Google Scholar profiles. There were 22 total publications. Google Scholar was concordant with self-report in 18 (78.3%) instances and discordant in five (21.7%) cases. In all five residents (n = 9 publications), the discordant publication was correctly identified by Google Scholar despite not being reported by the resident in their ACGME self-report. Conclusion We found that resident Google Scholar accounts resulted in the identification of publications that had not been previously reported on their ACGME self-report without missing any relevant publications.


Introduction: Our study investigated the development of social support experienced by Pacific men and women across the adult lifespan in New Zealand (18 to 65 years of age).
Methods: We examined differences in social support using data from the first six annual waves of the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 501 women and 238 men) using an age-based latent growth model.
Results and Discussion: Mean levels of social support decreased as Pacific peoples aged. More specifically, Pacific men demonstrated a significant decrease in social support and older Pacific men demonstrated the lowest levels of support of all Pacific peoples. In comparison, Pacific women maintained higher levels of social support compared to Pacific men, with social support remaining relatively stable across the lifespan of Pacific women.
Conclusion: Our research explores the importance of social support and its link to health and wellbeing among Pacific communities in New Zealand. This is important because we need to understand the factors that could buffer outcomes of low social support such as mental illness and possibly suicide among Pacific peoples.


Nowadays to make the right decision about where and how to request or buy a service, a user is often supported by a mobile device that offers more than simple descriptive data. Nevertheless, not all information on services is fully accessible. The difficulty in keeping track of changes in services' costs causes delays and can result in waste of time and money. In fact, the decision of which service to use usually involves some level of uncertainty and risk. Hence, the user should have access to some form of decision support system that could be easily available through mobile applications. The power of these devices allows to apply knowledge areas already developed, carrying statistics with dynamic and interactive graphics, thus allowing for a more systematic control of services and corresponding expenses. In this work we analyze the existing related work on mobile decision support systems and propose an architecture of a decision support system using Mobile App Statistics. Tests were carried out with a car fuel app to support the decision of choosing the gas station at each point. Results show that using the additional statistical information provided users can take better decisions during the request of a service.


During the tenure of this grant we focused our efforts on the treatment of (1) the behavior of the negative hydrogen ion, H{sup {minus}}, in a strong laser field (whose intensity extends well into the nonperturbative regime), and (2) two-electron escape from a helium atom, He, by synchrotrons light. The calculations for H{sup {minus}} were done using perimetric coordinates {mu}, {nu}, and {omega}, which are linear combinations of the three interparticle distances, together with the three Euler angles. The algebra involved in the implementation of the perimetric coordinate system can be quite formidable. However, we formulated [1] a general and tractable decomposition of the two-electron wavefunction which greatly facilitated the algebra. A complex Sturmian-type basis set, in these coordinates, was employed. One of the main advantages of the perimetric coordinates is that the matrices representing the system's Hamiltonian and its interaction with the radiation field are sparse, so that storage requirements and the number of operations are minimized. The correlation between the electrons is fully incorporated. Indeed, perimetric coordinates are ideally suited to situations where the correlation is strong; each of the planes {mu} = 0, {nu} = 0, and {omega} = 0 has the special significance that the electrons lie on a line passing through the nucleus--on the same side, of the nucleus if {mu} or {nu} is zero, and on opposite sides if {omega} = 0. We found [2] that the two-electron probability distribution for H{sup {minus}}+ has maxima on each of these planes.


Multitasking on Wireless Sensor Networks Marcin Krzysztof Szczodrak A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a loose interconnection among distributed embedded devices called motes. Motes have constrained sensing, computing, and communicating resources and operate for a long period of time on a small energy supply. Although envisioned as a platform for facilitating and inspiring a new spectrum of applications, after a decade of research the WSN is limited to collecting data and sporadically updating system parameters. Programming other applications, including those that have real-time constraints, or designing WSNs operating with multiple applications require enhanced system architectures, new abstractions, and design methodologies. This dissertation introduces a system design methodology for multitasking on WSNs. It allows programmers to create an abstraction of a single, integrated system running with multiple tasks. Every task has a dedicated protocol stack. Thus, different tasks can have different computation logics and operate with different communication protocols. This facilitates the execution of heterogeneous applications on the same WSN and allows programmers to implement a variety of system services. The services that have been implemented provide energy-monitoring, tasks scheduling, and communication between the tasks. The experimental section evaluates implementations of the WSN software designed with the presented methodology. A new set of tools for testbed deployments is introduced and used to test examples of WSNs running with applications interacting with the physical world. Using remote testbeds with over 100 motes, the results show the feasibility of the proposed methodology in constructing a robust and scalable WSN system abstraction, which can improve the run-time performance of applications, such as data collection and point-to-point streaming.


AbstractBased on the primary observasion, mild mental retarded children have low confidance, especially when the have to face the situation with the reguler children. All of the students in inclusive school are expected to be able to socialize each other. It includes the smallest thing to the biggest thing. One of the activities which are largely known is sport which has team to do it. Children will interact and socialize each other in this activity. On the other hand, reguler children tend to understimate mental retarded children. It causes the children get difficulties to sozialize and they tend to stay away from the environment, based on the result of the research, mental retarded children's socialization skill has not been maximized.This research aims to find out the effect of futsal for the mild mental retarded childern's socialization skill at inclusive school. This research is pre experiment research by using "one group pre-test post-test design". This reseach is conducted to one group. It means that this research does not have controlled group or comparative group. The subjects of the research are 3 mild mental retarded children at inclusive school SMPN 29 Surabaya. Sign test is used to analyze the data.Based on the data analysis, the critical score of 5% in the one side test (1,64) and two sides test (1,96) show the Z score, ZH=1,23 < Z table 1,64. Therefore, Ho is accepted. The conclusion in this research is futsal does not affect the mild mental retarded children's socialization skill to common children skill at inclusive school SMPN 29 Surabaya.Keywords: Futsal, socialization, mild mental retarded children.


Problem: The main objectives of this study were to identify differences in the psychosocial status of military personnel who had and who had no traumatic event experience, and to screen for potential mental health vulnerability related to post-traumatic stress. Methods: 390 military personnel were included in the study, with 103 of them reporting traumatic event experience. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview Screening for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, the CAGE instrument, the Eysenck Personality Scales, the Folkman-Lazarus Ways of Coping Questionnaire, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale and self-evaluative questions about important relationships were administered. Results: The respondents who reported traumatic event experience (TEE) also reported a significantly higher frequency of other stressful events, a significantly more frequent past history of depression (16.5 % of respondents with TEE and 6.2 % of respondents without TEE) and significantly higher risky alcohol drinking; the latter, however, is not higher than the estimate for the total Slovenian population (10.7 % of respondents with TEE and 2.7 % of participants without TEE). Respondents with TEE smoke less frequently than respondents who reported no TEE (46.6 % vs. 60.1 %), and more often rely on self in stressful situations. There was no significant difference between the respondents with reported TEE and those without TEE in their personality traits, coping styles, and self-esteem, or in the majority of job- and family-related factors. No difference was found between male and female personnel as concerns intra-personal factors and in stress- related behaviour. Conclusions: Intra-personal factors (personality, coping styles, and self-esteem) of military personnel indicate good personal potential for resilience. Stress-related substance (ab)use, especially smoking rates well above the Slovenian average, need further attention. Professional support needs to be promoted, especially in female personnel, who are less likely than men to seek social support in times of stress, and in military personnel exposed to cumulative stressors.


The Sense of Self (S0S) Scale measures different aspects of a learner's sense of purpose and self-concept that are related to their motivations to strive in their academic endeavors, and is designed to have four dimensions: sense of purpose, sense of reliance, negative self-esteem, and positive self-esteem. In this study, we developed a (conversational) Filipino version of the SOS using a translation process that combined a committee approach with back-translation. To assess the validity of the four-factor structure of the Filipino and English versions of the S0S, 765 high school students were asked 10 complete one of the two versions. Confirmatory factory analysis indicated a good fit between the four-factor structure and the data from the two language versions. The scales corresponding to the four factors were also found to show adequate internal reliability for both versions. Finally, the pattern of correlations among the four factors were similar for both versions. The discussion focused on the viability of the four-factor structure of the Filipino and English SOS Scales for use in various research explorations on Filipino students' motivations in school.


We prove the following theorem. Let L be any link. There is some N = NL such that every straight-edge embedding of the complete bipartite graph KN,N contains a finite union of cycles having link type L. This result builds on the ideas of S. Negami, who proved the analogous result for complete graphs. Most of our motivation for this paper is to give a simpler proof of Negami's Theorem.


The Pk-1slc gene encodes a mutant red blood cell (RBC) type pyruvate kinase (PK), and adult CBA-Pk-1slc/Pk-1slc mice show a severe nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. However, the number of RBCs and the proportion of reticulocytes were comparable between neonatal CBA-Pk-1slc/Pk-1slc mice and control -+/+ mice. Since the age-dependent increase of RBCs was much greater in CBA-+/+ mice than in CBA-Pk-1slc/Pk-1slc mice, significant anemia was observed in the latter mice on day 14 after birth. The increase of RBCs in CBA-+/+ mice was due to the prolongation of their survival time. The half life of RBCs increased in CBA-+/+ mice with ages, but it decreased in CBA-Pk-1slc/Pk-1slc mice. The relatively longer half life of RBCs in neonatal CBA-Pk-1slc/Pk-1slc mice appeared to be due to the delayed switching from M2-type PK that are expressed by undifferentiated erythroid precursor cells to RBC-type PK that are expressed by mature RBCs.


. For each fully commutative permutation, we construct a "boolean core," which is the maximal boolean permutation in its principal order ideal under the right weak order. We partition the set of fully commutative permutations into the recently defined crowded and uncrowded elements, distinguished by whether or not their RSK insertion tableaux satisfy a sparsity condition. We show that a fully commutative element is uncrowded exactly when it shares the RSK insertion tableau with its boolean core. We present the dynamics of the right weak order on fully commutative permutations, with particular interest in when they change from uncrowded to crowded. In particular, we use consecutive permutation patterns and descents to characterize the minimal crowded elements under the right weak order.


Information systems play an important supportive role in most sectors of the economy. This study was developed to answer the question related to the impact of information systems on user performance in Tunisian companies. This article proposes a model combining the Task Technology Fit (TTF), the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Delone & McLean model to evaluate the performance of users in the Tunisian organizations. The model was tested using survey data collected from 314 users of the information system. The results of structural equation analyzes supported the proposed model and highlighted the important role of perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness in mediating effects between TTF, system quality and information quality and performance users. The results show that TTF, system quality and information quality directly influences the performance of users and indirectly through perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use.


A novel band-notched planar monopole ultrawideband (UWB) antenna is proposed. A notched band, located in the 5 GHz WLAN band, is created using a resonator at the center of a fork-shaped antenna. The resonator is composed of an open-looped resonator and two tapped lines. With the open-looped resonator, the antenna has a good band-notched performance and bandstop-filter-like response in the target band. A parametric study of the notched bandwidth is described that explored the antenna operating mechanism. Then, an equivalent circuit model illustrates the band-notched behaviors more clearly. The antenna input admittance calculated with the equivalent circuit model reasonably agrees with the HFSS simulated result. The proposed antenna also features flat gain frequency responses, small varied group delay and 15 to 35 dB gain suppression at the notched band. Accordingly, the band-notched antenna can effectively select target bands by adjusting these antenna parameters.


jobs created are in addition to the existing ones, many pf the existing industries also need the benefit of computer if only to survive, let alone develop. Without labour displacement, problems of inventory control, materials handling, quality control not to speak of information processing for financial and marketing management can be taken care of. And these are areas which demand urgent attention for many public sector units in Kerala which have been on the red for a number of years. While there may be other factor? constraining the successful running of these units, it is not clear whether the above mentioned aspects have been taken care of in a manner that it no longer need to be examined further.


To determine the effects of trazodone, mirtazapine and hydroxyzine on sleep profiles of dysthymic disorder (DD) women with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment and compare their polysomnographic measurements with controls. Among 36 patients trazodone receiving (n = 9), mirtazapine receiving (n = 8), hydroxyzine receiving (n = 8) and only SSRI receiving (n = 11) patients were compared to each other and to controls in terms of polysomnographic (PSG) findings. Rapid eye movements (REM) ratio and sleep onset time (SO) were higher; slow wave sleep (non-REM3) ratio and total sleep duration (TSD)) and sleep efficiency (SE) were lower in patients when compared with controls. Increased REM ratio and SO; decreased non-REM3 ratio and TSD and SE were found in both only SSRI receiving patients and hydroxyzine receiving patients when compared with controls. Only SSRI receiving patients also showed increased non-REM1 ratio. Trazodone or mirtazapine receiving patients showed no difference than controls. When PSG assessment is considered, it can be suggested that both trazodone and mirtazapine improve sleep problems in DD patients with SSRI treatment, but hydroxyzine does not.


The study aims to determine how much the revenue of disparty between district/province in West Kalimantan, examine, and analyze the effect of the primary sector of GDP, secondary sector of GDP, and tertiary sector of GDP and index of Human Development toward the income disparities in West Kalimantan. The data used is secondary data from the published BPS in West Kalimantan, BAPPEDA, and other sources related to the study. The data is analyzed by using an index theil and multiple reggresion of the data panel from 14 districts/province in West Kalimantan in 2008-2012. The result of the study shows the income disparity in West Kalimantan is still relatively small which is the number increasing from 2008 to 2012. According to the analyis conducted by the GDP, primary sector has a significant negative effect due to the primary sector of GDP is a basis sector in most areas of the district/city in West kalimantan which has a role in absorbing the greater labor compared to any other sectors. The secondary sector of GDP has positive and significant effect due to the secondary sector is only owned by a small portion of district/city in West Kalimantan and have greater production output compared to the primary sector. However, this sector is less able to absorb the amount of labour. Secondary sector GDP  has a positive and negative effect due to the secondary sector GDP is only owned by Regency / City in West Kalimantan and have a higher production output as compared with the primary sector.However this sector is less able to absorb the workforce. GDP tertiary sector has a positive and significant effect due to the tertiary sector GDP is able to provide the greatest production output is compared to other sectors, other than that this sector can absorb greater of jobs than the secondary sector of GDP due to specific work of human labor which cannot be replaced. Human Development Index takes significant negative effect, it is because the increasing HDI index will give the quality of human resources so that it makes the workplace more productive and higher to seize the opportunities. Keyword: disparity, theil index, GDP sectoral, IPM


Isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting is a method routinely used in human medicine to assess the presence of oligoclonal bands (OCBs) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum. The detection of OCBs is a valuable diagnostic test, especially important in patients with the suspicion of multiple sclerosis (MS), in which at least two OCBs are found in the CSF not present in paired serum samples in up to 95% of patients. So far, presence of OCBs in CSF and serum of dogs has only been investigated in a small cohort of dogs diagnosed with degenerative myelopathy and healthy dogs. The main objective of the current study was to describe the method used for OCB detection and compare two different canine anti-IgG antibodies: a canine rabbit-anti-IgG antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch) vs. a canine goat-anti-IgG antibody (Bio-Rad). The method was performed according to the instructions of the commercial kit used. The canine goat-anti-IgG antibody showed a better performance than the canine rabbit-anti-IgG antibody. The availability of the technique of OCB detection in the dog paves the way for further studies, especially in the field of inflammatory diseases of the canine central nervous system, and comparison between specific human and canine diseases.


Distinctive shifts in the character of South Asian Islamic culture took place between eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article tracks these changes through two notable examples, Ghulam 'Ali Azad Bilgrami (d. 1786) and Hajji Imdad Allah Muhajir Makki (d. 1899). Analysis of writings by and about these two figures demonstrates shifting models of what it meant to be a South Asian Muslim intellectual. The confident cosmopolitanism of Bilgrami, on the cusp of the British colonial conquest, yields to a much more defensive posture in Hajji Imdad Allah, who was indeed engaged in resistance against the ultimately victorious British rule. Loss of traditional Muslim patronage coincided with the decline of philosophical traditions and interest in Hindu culture, along with the rise of the scriptural reformism typified by the Deoband school, which addressed a broader Muslim public. The relatively short time during which these changes occurred emphasizes the significant cultural gap between the pre- and post-colonial periods of South Asian Islam.


The flurry of interest around the European refugee crisis, whilst plainly justified, should not have the effect of distracting international attention from equally pressing humanitarian and refugee crises in other parts of the world. As such, this article highlights the extreme nature and scale of gang violence in the Northern Triangle countries of Central America, which has resulted in substantial forced displacement of affected populations. The article argues that, despite certain commonalities with situations of internal armed conflict (such as Syria), the scenario in the Northern Triangle poses a distinct set of additional challenges for ensuring the protection of refugees and displaced persons from these countries. The urgent need to address these challenges in the Americas is no less than for those presented by the current refugee crisis in Europe.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the spectrum of presentation, including both clinical and biochemical abnormalities, and the clinical course in a cohort of patients with complete mitochondrial trifunctional protein (MTP) deficiency, a rare inborn error of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation.

STUDY DESIGN
A questionnaire was sent to the referring physicians from 25 unselected MTP-deficient patients.

RESULTS
Twenty-one patients could be included. Questionnaires about four patients were not returned. Nine (43%) patients presented with rapidly progressive clinical deterioration; six (67%) of them had hypoketotic hypoglycemia. The remaining 12 patients presented with a much more insidious disease with nonspecific chronic symptoms, including hypotonia (100%), cardiomyopathy (73%), failure to thrive, or peripheral neuropathy. Ten patients (48%) presented in the neonatal period. Mortality was high (76%), mostly attributable to cardiac involvement. Two patients who were diagnosed prenatally died despite treatment.

CONCLUSION
Complete MTP deficiency often presents with nonspecific symptomatology, which makes clinical recognition difficult. Hypotonia and cardiomyopathy are common presenting features, and the differential diagnosis of an infant with these signs should include MTP deficiency. In spite of early diagnosis and treatment, only a few patients with this condition have survived.


Objective: To evaluate the role and molecular mechanism of Nei endonuclease VIII-like protein 3 (NEIL3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Methods: RNA sequencing of HCC samples was the first step in determining the level of gene NEIL3 expression in normal tissues and tumors. Then, NEIL3 was used for the Gene Ontology, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, gene enrichment analysis, immune cell infiltration analysis. The samples were divided into high and low expression groups according to the median expression level of NEIL3 in liver cancer tissues. Logistic regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram prognostic model were used to explore the clinical and prognostic significance of NEIL3 in HCC. Results: Compared with normal samples, NEIL3 was highly expressed in most malignant tumors, including HCC (P < 0.05). High expression of NEIL3 was related to cell cycle, DNA replication, and cell receptor pathways. In addition, the high expression of NEIL3 was significantly positively correlated with T-helper 2 lymphocytes and infiltration levels (R = 0.670, P < 0.001). Compared with the NEIL3 low expression group, the NEIL3 high expression group had a higher level of Th2 cell infiltration in tumor tissues (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that NEIL3 overexpression was associated with high T stage, high pathological stage, high tissue grade, AFP > 400 μg/L and vascular invasion of HCC. The Kaplan-Meier analysis results showed that overall survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.53, P < 0.001)], disease-specific survival (HR = 2.52, P < 0.001), and progression-free interval (HR = 1.82, P < 0.001) in patients with HCC with high NEIL3 expression were unfavorable. Cox regression analysis results showed that high NEIL3 expression was an independent risk factor for an unfavorable prognosis in HCC patients (P = 0.002). The nomogram and calibration chart further demonstrated that high NEIL3 expression was one of the risk factors for an unfavorable prognosis in HCC patients. Conclusion: Elevated expression of NEIL3 is associated with an unfavorable prognosis and an increased proportion of immune cells in HCC, and it is likely to be used as a potential biomarker for evaluating the prognosis and immune infiltration level.


Surface life has been argued to be crucial in keeping a planet habitable in the long term. Biologically enhanced weathering compensates for increasing solar luminosity, and temperature‐dependent plant productivity weakens climate perturbations. Furthermore, a reduced calcification rate of marine organisms provides a negative feedback to rising atmospheric CO2. Here, I present a model of the long‐term carbon cycle including biological enhancement of weathering and marine calcification. Climate oscillations of periods from thousands to millions of years arise from a simple model of mountain uplift and erosion. I systematically study the influence of the biologically driven feedbacks on damping these oscillations. For oscillations of periods <2 Myr, the marine calcification feedback yields surface temperature amplitudes that are approximately 1/3 lower compared to a model that ignores this feedback. Abiotic oceans, however, would not necessarily imply a less stable climate on short timescales, due to a higher pH and thereby a higher buffer capacity. On longer timescales, the higher ocean pH would reduce climate stability, since the seafloor weathering feedback would work less efficiently. Biological enhancement of weathering helps stabilizing the climate against oscillations of periods >0.5 Myr. These findings are sensitive to the ratio of land to oceans, however. Furthermore, the mantle carbon degassing rate plays a role, since the temperature dependence of biological primary productivity may be smaller at higher temperatures. Altogether, life can be argued to stabilize the climate on timescales longer than some 100 kyr, while details depend on the geological state of the planet.


Increased Clq binding levels have been obtained in serum from twenty-one (50%) of forty-two patients with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) suggesting the presence of circulating immune complexes. There was a low frequency of positive results using a number of other tests for circulating immune complexes. The increased Clq binding levels were observed in six (35%) out of seventeen patients with lone lung involvement and in fifteen (60%) out of twenty-five patients with extrapulmonary connective tissue disorders. There was an especially close correlation between arthritis and elevated Clq binding. A strong correlation between Clq binding levels and levels of circulating rheumatoid factor (RF) and IgG, and enhancement in macrophage radiobioassay tests using RF-containing sera, suggested that RF might be involved in the circulating immune complexes in these patients. DNAase pre-treatment of sera did not influence the findings, and there was no correlation between Clq binding and levels of immunofluorescent ANA, C-reactive protein levels, or platelet counts. A weak correlation between Clq binding and erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and slightly lower binding levels in treated than untreated patients with 'lone' CFA suggested that binding levels may give some indication of disease activity and may in some instances be influenced by treatment.


Omni directional wheeled robots have recently gained increasing attention in the mobile robots applications due to their unique feature. They have higher degree of maneuverability and are widely used in dynamic environment applications due to their holonomic property. Approximation of the parametric uncertainties in system model leads to inaccurate model that leads to improper control design. Problems of control designs for omnidirectional mobile robots with parametric uncertainty are addressed. Anadaptive sliding mode control (SMC) is presented. The commonly adopted adaptive linearizing control fails due to control singularity. The presence of parametric uncertainty directs the designed control input to a very large value. This happens when a term in the calculated control input tends to zero. For solving such a problem, a robust control with smooth transition has been presented. Path planning with static obstacle avoidance is also done. Simulation of path tracking and path planning are carried out.


We consider the homogenisation of a coupled system of parabolic partial differential equations in a heterogeneous two-phase medium and study various choices of scaling of the material parameters with powers of the homogenisation parameter. The system may be regarded as modelling a reaction–diffusion problem, the Stokes problem of single-phase flow of a slightly compressible fluid or as a heat conduction problem (with or without interfacial resistance). A proper nondimensionalisation shows that, depending on the ratio of the characteristic diffusion times of the different species, different scalings of the diffusivities and the interfacial-exchange coefficient with the scale parameter ε appear reasonable. It is shown that, starting with the same type of problem on the microscopic scale, different choices of scaling of the diffusion coefficients (resp. permeability or conductivity) and the interfacialexchange coefficient lead to different types of macroscopic systems of equations in the limit. In a unified approach, the limit problems are classified for a whole range of scaling parameters. New limit problems arise and well-known results from the literature are recovered as special cases for certain scalings such as the models of Barenblatt et. al and Arbogast et. al for single-phase flow.


The invention concerns an intensive homologous promoter obtained from hamsters, in particular the promoter of the gene which codes for ubiquitin-S27a fusion protein. The promoter can be used in processes for preparing heterologous gene products in culture cells, in particular in Chinese hamster ovary cells.


In recent years, electronic (e)‐cigarettes have dramatically increased in popularity as an alternative to conventional cigarettes. Little is known about the effects of e‐cigarette vapor (EV) on bacteria that colonize the nasopharynx, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As most cases of pneumonia can be traced to bacteria in a patient's nasopharynx, increased virulence in potential pathogens could have direct consequences clinically for these patients. And because bacterial colonizers are spread between humans, increased virulence in one subject has implications for the commu- nity. There is accumulating evidence that exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) increases the pathogenicity of MRSA, as well as its dampening effects on the host immune system. EV exposure has also been demonstrated to increase MRSA virulence both in vitro and in a murine model of pneumonia. In this chapter, we will compare the virulence changes reported in MRSA exposed to CS vs. those exposed to EV, as well as proposed mechanisms and therapeutic targets.


Renal blood flow (RBF) responses to arginine vasopressin (AVP) were tested in anesthetized wild-type (WT) and CD38(-/-) mice that lack the major calcium-mobilizing second messenger cyclic ADP ribose. AVP (3-25 ng) injected intravenously produced dose-dependent decreases in RBF, reaching a maximum of 25 ± 2% below basal RBF in WT and 27 ± 2% in CD38(-/-) mice with 25 ng of AVP. Renal vascular resistance (RVR) increased 75 ± 6% and 78 ± 6% in WT and CD38(-/-) mice. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) increased the maximum RVR response to AVP to 308 ± 76% in WT and 388 ± 81% in CD38(-/-) (P < 0.001 for both). Cyclooxygenase inhibition with indomethacin increased the maximum RVR response to 125 ± 15% in WT and 120 ± 14% in CD38(-/-) mice (P < 0.001, <0.05). Superoxide suppression with tempol inhibited the maximum RVR response to AVP by 38% in both strains (P < 0.005) but was ineffective when administered after L-NAME. The rate of RBF recovery (relaxation) after AVP was slowed by L-NAME and indomethacin (P < 0.001, <0.005) but was unchanged by tempol. All vascular responses to AVP were abolished by an AVP V1a receptor antagonist. A V2 receptor agonist or antagonist had no effect on AVP-induced renal vasoconstriction. Taken together, the results indicate that renal vasoconstriction by AVP in the mouse is strongly buffered by vasodilatory actions of NO and prostanoids. The vasoconstriction depends on V1a receptor activation without involvement of CD38 or concomitant vasodilatation by V2 receptors. The role of superoxide is to enhance the contractile response to AVP, most likely by reducing the availability of NO rather than directly stimulating intracellular contraction signaling pathways.


Purpose
The tightening operations are one of the most critical operations in automotive assembly lines because of its direct impact on customer safety. This study aims to evaluate the major complexity drivers for manual tightening operations, correlate with real tightening failure data and propose mitigations to improve the complexity.

Design/methodology/approach
In the first stage, the complexity drivers for manual tightening operations were identified. Then, the relative importance of the risk attributes was defined by using pairwise comparisons questionnaire. Further, failure mode effect analysis–analytic hierarchy process (FMEA–AHP) and AHP ratings methods were applied to 20 manual tightening operations in automotive assembly lines. Finally, the similarities between the revealed results and the real failure rates of a Turkish automotive factory were examined and a sensitivity analysis was conducted.

Findings
The correlation between the proposed methods and manual tightening failure data was calculated as 83%–86%. On the other hand, the correlation between FMEA–AHP and AHP ratings was found as 92%. Poor ergonomics, operator competency and training, operator concentration-loose attention fatigue, manual mouthing before the tightening operation, frequent task changes, critical tightening sequence, positioning of the part and/or directional assembly were found relatively critical for the selected 20 tightening operations.

Originality/value
This is a unique study for the evaluation of the attributes for manual tightening complexity in automotive assembly lines. The output of this study can be used to improve manual tightening failures in manual assembly lines and to create low complexity assembly lines in new model launches.


In order for true beliefs acquired from reading fiction to count as knowledge proper, they must survive 'the challenge from luck'. That is, it must be established that such beliefs are neither luckily true, nor luckily believed by readers. The author considers three kinds of true belief a reader may, she assumes, get from reading fiction: a) those based on testimony about empirical facts; b) those based on 'true in passing' sentences; and c) those beliefs about counterfactuals one may get from reading a 'didactic' fiction. The first group escape the challenge from luck relatively easily, she argues. However, things turn out to be more complicated with the second group. The author examines Mitchell Green's suggestion, effectively, that knowledge of fictional genre may see off the challenge from luck here, but rejects this in the form presented by Green, adapting it substantially to offer beliefs of this kind a more promising escape route. The author finishes by following Green's lead once again, and discussing the category of 'didactic' fiction, as he calls it. She argues that any true beliefs about counterfactuals gained from such fictions are likely to be lucky. The author concludes however that things are much more promising for any true beliefs gained about oneself as a result of engaging with what Green calls an 'interrogative' fiction.


Changing practices: a qualitative study of drivers for change in Norwegian museums and archives Åshild Andrea Brekke Since the mid-1990's, policy objectives and funding measures have been designed to encourage Norwegian museums and archives to embrace a more socially engaged practice. These governance initiatives, however, have often not achieved the goal of long-term effect: once funding stops, so do the projects, leaving little or no mark on institutional practice. Based on the premise that financial incentives are clearly insufficient in bringing about practice change, this thesis looks beyond the effect of project funding on institutional core attitudes, probing underlying factors which affect organisational practice in more depth. This thesis is situated within the methodological framework of Pierre Bourdieu's practice theory and draws on qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews, document analysis and survey data. The theoretical perspectives underpinning the thesis can be broadly grouped under two headings: the museum as idea and as organisation. The first one refers to the ideological nature of museums, its philosophy, purpose, power and ethos as an institution, and the second one to the practical manifestation of these ideas: organizational structure, culture and dynamics in and around the institution. The findings suggest that museum professionals are engaged in a complex balancing act, continually negotiating positions, priorities and relations both within and around the institution. Elements such as power and values play a part, as do professional identities, academic capital and personal engagement. This thesis argues that organisational change is ultimately contingent on individuals and the way they perceive their profession: the stronger the alignment of ideas, values and purpose between the individual and the organisation, the stronger the potential impact of the museum. To develop and sustain a socially engaged practice, museum directors need to create organizational resonance around the idea of the museum as an agent for social change, enabling it to amplify its social impact.


Compressed air energy storage is the most promising energy storage technology at present, and aquifer compressed air energy storage can achieve large-scale storage of compressed air by breaking the dependence of traditional compressed air energy storage on geological conditions such as large rock caves. Based on Kushnir's study and some hypotheses, the mathematical model of compressed air energy storage in aquifer is established in this paper. Then, taking 3 MW energy storage scale as an example, the energy storage model of underground aquifer with buried depth of 800m in horizontal stratum is established by using numerical simulation method. The initial gas bag formation after gas injection and the parameters of pressure and gas saturation during the system cycle were analyzed. Experimental results show that the pressure and gas saturation change little after a complete cycle, and the effective gas phase volume of the available energy storage and energy release cycle decreases slowly with the cycle going on. The aquifer is widely distributed and well sealed, so it is feasible to store compressed air energy as a gas storage bank.


Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare bleeding disorder caused by inhibitory autoantibodies against coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). AHA is a disease that most commonly affects the elderly but has also been observed in children and in the postpartum period. AHA is idiopathic in 50% of cases and is associated with autoimmune diseases, malignancies, and infections in the remaining 50%. Recently, cases of association between AHA, COVID-19 vaccination, and infection have been reported in the literature. For diagnoses, determining FVIII levels is crucial to distinguish the different causes of aPTT prolongation. Treatment of AHA is based on bypassing agents (recombinant factor VIIa, activated prothrombin complex concentrate) and porcine FVIII to control the bleeding and immunosuppressive therapy (corticosteroids, rituximab, cyclophosphamide) to suppress autoantibody production. It is important to start a prophylactic regimen to prevent further bleeding episodes until the inhibitor is negative. Recently, the series of cases reported in the literature suggest that emicizumab may provide effective and safe haemorrhage prophylaxis in the outpatient setting.


Increased intestinal permeability (IP) has emerged recently as a common underlying mechanism in the pathogenesis of allergic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. The characterization of zonulin, the only physiological mediator known to regulate IP reversibly, has remained elusive. Through proteomic analysis of human sera, we have now identified human zonulin as the precursor for haptoglobin-2 (pre-HP2). Although mature HP is known to scavenge free hemoglobin (Hb) to inhibit its oxidative activity, no function has ever been ascribed to its uncleaved precursor form. We found that the single-chain zonulin contains an EGF-like motif that leads to transactivation of EGF receptor (EGFR) via proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) activation. Activation of these 2 receptors was coupled to increased IP. The siRNA-induced silencing of PAR2 or the use of PAR2−/− mice prevented loss of barrier integrity. Proteolytic cleavage of zonulin into its α2- and β-subunits neutralized its ability to both activate EGFR and increase IP. Quantitative gene expression revealed that zonulin is overexpressed in the intestinal mucosa of subjects with celiac disease. To our knowledge, this is the initial example of a molecule that exerts a biological activity in its precursor form that is distinct from the function of its mature form. Our results therefore characterize zonulin as a previously undescribed ligand that engages a key signalosome involved in the pathogenesis of human immune-mediated diseases that can be targeted for therapeutic interventions.


rules completely given. But the method throughout is rather a progressive formalization of ordinary English, by standardizing and restricting its forms of expression and removing irregularities, and by adding special notations from time to t ime. Letters p, q, e tc . are introduced as syntactical variables for sentences; similarly the combinations Fx, Gx, e tc . are used as syntactical variables for expressions (matrices) containing the letter x as a free variable, and so on. Prepositional and functional variables are avoided—a feature which seems to the reviewer undesirably restrictive, because i t precludes the statement of general laws (the transitive law of material implication, for instance) and leaves only the substitute of a syntactical rule for stating any chosen particular case. As appears from discussion in Chapter VII , the purpose of thus avoiding the use of propositional and functional variables is to do without, or at least postpone, the assumption that there are abstract entit ies. I t would seem to the reviewer that the author has construed the notion of a concrete ent i ty so liberally that existence is often a t least as doubtful as of abstract entities. But even so the author is in fact obliged to assume abstract entities from the beginning, a t least in the syntax language, because he must speak of sentences and use variables for sentences. I t is essential tha t the sentences are not physical things, particular utterances, but shapes or patterns of such utterances and therefore abstract.—An a t t empt might be made to resolve the difficulty by taking a sentence to be a complex physical event, composed of all its actual utterances, and thus a concrete ent i ty within Quine's meaning (if the reviewer has understood him correctly). But consequences of this are such as to give one pause. Thus, sentences (in the ordinary sense) which happen never to be uttered would be exempted from the rules, and such now familiar matters as the identification of syntax and arithmetic would be put in doubt. An important feature of Quine's t reatment not yet mentioned is his use of the deduction theorem as a primitive rule of inference. By this device the development is greatly simplified throughout, though a t the cost of allowing a primitive rule of different and much more complex character than is customary. Advantages for an elementary treatment are obvious. The first appearance of the deduction theorem in the literature, though not under that name, seems to have been in Herbrand's 3825, where it is demonstrated as a derived rule of inference for quantification theory (or functional calculus of first order) . I t was also proposed by Tarski in 2857, independently and nearly simultaneously, as a general methodological postulate. For expositions of the deduction theorem as a derived rule of the pro positional calculus and functional calculus, reference may be made to Hilbert-Bernays 5077, pages 155,157, and the reviewer's V 114, page 62, and X 19, pages 9,45. Jaskowski's method of suppositions (5141) may also be described as including use of the deduction theorem as a primitive rule, and it is thus closely related to Quine's procedure. The same applies to Gentzen's calculi N (4422). But the relationship to Gentzen's calculi L is more remote, since Quine has in his object language nothing comparable to Gentzen's


Internet of Things (IoT) are increasingly being adopted into practical applications such as security systems, smart infrastructure, traffic management, weather systems, among others. While the scale of these applications is enormous, device capabilities, particularly in terms of battery life and energy efficiency are limited. Despite research being done to ameliorate these shortcomings, wireless IoT networks still cannot guarantee satisfactory network lifetimes and prolonged sensing coverage. Moreover, proposed schemes in literature are convoluted and cannot be easily implemented in real-world scenarios. This necessitates the development of a simple yet energy efficient routing scheme for wireless IoT sensor networks. This paper models the energy constraint problem of devices in IoT applications as an optimization problem. To conserve the energy of device nodes, the routing protocol first aggregates devices into clusters based on a number of different features such as distance from base station, data/message length and data sensed from the environment in the current epoch. Then, a cluster head is elected for each cluster and a directed acyclic graph (DAG) is generated with all the cluster heads as nodes. Edges represent communication intent from transmitter to receiver and the edge weights are computed using a formulated equation. The minimum cost path to the base station is computed to allow for efficient real-time routing. Sleep scheduling is also optionally used to further boost network energy efficiency. The proposed routing protocol has been simulated and outperforms existing routing protocols in terms of metrics such as number of active nodes, energy dynamics and network coverage.


The growth in the use of small sensor devices, commonly known as the Internet of Things (IoT), has resulted in unprecedented amounts of data being generated and captured. With the rapidly growing popularity of personal IoT devices, the collection of personal data through such devices has also increased exponentially. To accommodate the anticipated growth in connected devices, researchers are now investigating futuristic network technologies that are capable of processing large volumes of information at much faster speeds. However, the introduction of innovative network technologies coupled with existing vulnerabilities of personal IoT devices and insufficient device security standards is resulting in new challenges for the security of data collected on these devices. While existing research has focused on the technical aspects of security vulnerabilities and solutions in either network or IoT technologies separately, this paper thoroughly investigates common aspects impacting IoT security on existing and futuristic networks, including human-centric issues and the mechanisms that can lead to loss of confidentiality. By undertaking a comprehensive literature review of existing research, this article has identified five key areas that impact IoT security for futuristic next generation networks. Furthermore, by extensively analysing each area, the article reports on conclusive findings and future research opportunities for IoT privacy and security for the next generation of network technologies.


Objectives The objectives of this chapter are to understand: • The mechanisms of action of non-invasive ventilation. • The clinical applications for non-invasive ventilation in the acute setting. • The role of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus non- invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). • The limitations and complications of non-invasive ventilation. • The practical application of non-invasive ventilation. Introduction Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is the umbrella term used to describe the provision of ventilatory support through the patient's upper airway using a mask or similar device. NIV is principally indicated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with respiratory distress and hypercapnia, and in acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Evidence indicates a reduction in intubation rates and mortality, particularly in patients with COPD. NIV may also be used in patients who are not considered suitable for intubation. A ceiling of treatment, and whether escalation to intubation is indicated, must be defined at the outset. Do not use NIV as a substitute for intubation and invasive ventilation if the latter is more appropriate. Early consultation with the intensive care team is imperative in both cases. Modes of non-invasive ventilation The terminology used to describe different types of NIV is complex. Outside the intensive care unit the two main types of NIV used in the UK are: • Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). During CPAP a constant positive pressure is applied throughout the respiratory cycle. • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV). NIPPV provides wo levels of pressure support during the ventilator cycle – one during expiration and a higher one during inspiration. Mechanisms of action Continuous positive airway pressure CPAP is typically used to correct hypoxaemia in type 1 respiratory failure (Pa O2 <8 kPa with a normal or low Pa CO2). It has several mechanisms of action: • Increase in functional residual capacity (FRC) – the volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal expiration. A low FRC causes atelectasis and lung collapse, leading to ventilation/perfusion mismatch, reduced pulmonary compliance and increased airway resistance. This increases the work of breathing. Restoration of the FRC towards normal improves oxygenation and reduces work of breathing. © College of Emergency Medicine, London, 2015.


The mathematical model of Francis turbine, operating at variable speed hydrounit, has created. The results of numerical modeling are fully consistent with the physical representation of the behavior of the hydraulic turbine in dynamic modes.


In order to qualify materials and develop integrated scenarios for ITER, Joint European Torus (JET) is going to operate with a new wall consisting of beryllium in the main chamber and tungsten in the divertor. These new materials will require particular care when the machine operates, considering that they are much more vulnerable than the present combination of graphite and stainless steel. Early detection of hot spots, which are regions of the first wall where the temperature approaches dangerous levels, is considered one essential element in the safety strategy. In this paper, cellular nonlinear networks (CNNs) are applied to the task of detecting hot spots in the infrared images of JET wide-angle camera. The ability of the CNNs to process the pixels of the images in parallel makes this technology a very good candidate for this task. Various algorithms are presented, which can locate the hot regions in any part of the image with a temporal resolution on the order of 60 ms, which is considered adequate for safety purposes at JET. In addition to the frame-by-frame static identification of the hot spots, their evolution in time is also followed to determine if they approach dangerous parts of the vacuum vessel. The potential of the CNNs would therefore allow for the implementation of alternative protection strategies, such as following the increase and displacement of the hot spots inside the entire vacuum vessel and identifying particles dropping into the plasma.


An efficient modular synthesis of N(1)-substituted triamines containing different tether lengths between nitrogen centers was developed. A series of N(1)-(9-anthracenylmethyl)triamines were evaluated for biological activity in L1210 (murine leukemia), alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO)-treated L1210, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and CHO-MG cell lines. All triamines 8 had increased potency in DFMO-treated L1210 cells. The 4,4- and 5,4-triamine systems had the highest affinity for the polyamine transporter (PAT) with L1210 K(i) values of 1.8 and 1.7 microM, respectively. This trend was also reflected in the CHO studies. Surprisingly, the respective 4,4- and 5,4-triamine systems had 150-fold and 38-fold higher cytotoxicity in CHO cells containing active polyamine transporters. Initial microscopy studies revealed the rapid formation of vesicular structures within A375 melanoma cells treated with the N(1)-(9-anthracenylmethyl)homospermidine (4,4-triamine) conjugate. In summary, the 4,4- and 5,4-triamines were identified as selective vector motifs to ferry anthracene into cells via the PAT.