The August AAP News contained an insert titled "Managed Care, School Health, and Public Policy: Where9s home?" While this insert addresses financial issues, it fails to address the most obvious weakness of the school health services movement — lack of parental participation. As a former public school teacher and current School Health Advisory member for our local school district, I endorse the vital role of schools in our communities for our children and families. I have no strong aversion to offering health care in the school setting as long as the health care delivered is consistent with the AAP definition of a "medical home," including "family-centered."


In brief: Walking is an increasingly popular way to exercise-and for good reason, this panel of six researchers contends. They suggest that walking is an almost ideal activity in light of recent findings about the health benefits of lifelong exercise. It can be used to improve aerobic capacity and lose weight, it is companionable and relatively easy, it causes few injuries, it may help prevent osteoporosis, and it can provide a bridge to more intense exercise. While walking burns fewer calories than running, its energy cost can be increased by carrying weights on the extremities and swinging the arms.


Nowadays, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) live streaming applications have attracted great interest. Despite the fact that numerous systems have been proposed in the past, there are still problems concerning delay and quality requirements of live video distribution. In this paper, we consider a pull-based P2P live video streaming system where the video is disseminated over an overlay network. We propose a mesh-based overlay construction mechanism that enhances the received video quality while minimizing, as much as possible, the play-out delay. The principal feature provides each newcomer with a set of neighbors holding almost the same video segments and enough available transmission capacities to deal with its requests. A particular algorithm has been designed to estimate the peer's available capacities. The results of simulations show our mechanism efficiency in heterogeneous systems.


Virtual electronic patient records (VEPR) enable the integration and sharing of healthcare information within large and heterogeneous organizations. The use of wireless technology can improve and hasten healthcare treatment because it brings information to the point of decision allowing also for users' mobility. This use has to comply with security requirements as the wireless technology introduces some specific security problems. The main objective of this work is to model and develop a proposal for a secure wireless architecture in order to access a VEPR. This VEPR is being used within a university hospital by more than 500 doctors, on a daily basis. Its users would greatly benefit if this service would be extended to a wider part of the hospital and not only to their workplace. They would achieve faster and greater mobility in the treatment of their patients. The wireless architecture includes the latest wireless security standards and protocols, and models security requirements according to users and organizations' needs. It provides an extra security layer to the wired system. An evaluation of the proposed solutions against network attacks and its efficiency in terms of complexity and impact within the network are also presented in this paper


Hypoxylon ferrugineum has been collected repeatedly on branches of Tilia in the urban area of Graz. It is described and illustrated based on this newly collected material as well as the previously known collections from Austria. An overview of the known distribution of H. ferrugineum is given. Its ecology, host specificity, and some newly observed as well as previously rarely reported morphological characters are discussed. Hypoxylon ferrugineum appears to be a distinct and well-characterized species based on morphology as well as the results of phylogenetic analyses of β-Tubulin, α-Aktin, and ITS sequences


Glioblastoma is the most malignant primary brain tumor with significant heterogeneity and a limited number of effective therapeutic options. Many investigational targeted therapies have failed in clinical trials, but it remains unclear if this results from insensitivity to therapy or poor drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Using well-established EGFR-amplified patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cell lines, we investigated this question using an EGFR-directed therapy. With only bioluminescence imaging, we used a mathematical model to quantify the heterogeneous treatment response across the three PDX lines (GBM6, GBM12, GBM39). Our model estimated the primary cause of intracranial treatment response for each of the lines, and these findings were validated with parallel experimental efforts. This mathematical modeling approach can be used as a useful complementary tool that can be widely applied to many more PDX lines. This has the potential to further inform experimental efforts and reduce the cost and time necessary to make experimental conclusions. Author summary Glioblastoma is a deadly brain cancer that is difficult to treat. New therapies often fail to surpass the current standard of care during clinical trials. This can be attributed to both the vast heterogeneity of the disease and the blood-brain barrier, which may or may not be disrupted in various regions of tumors. Thus, while some cancer cells may develop insensitivity in the presence of a drug due to heterogeneity, other tumor areas are simply not exposed to the drug. Being able to understand to what extent each of these is driving clinical trial results in individuals may be key to advancing novel therapies. To address this challenge, we used mathematical modeling to study the differences between three patient-derived tumors in mice. With our unique approach, we identified the reason for treatment failure in each patient tumor. These results were validated through rigorous and time-consuming experiments, but our mathematical modeling approach allows for a cheaper, quicker, and widely applicable way to come to similar conclusions.


This paper discusses partial approaches to trade liberalization, such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group's Early Voluntary Sector Liberalization (EVSL) proposal and the "zero-for-zero" approach. Distortions to resource allocation and global markets that might result from partial liberalizations are discussed, and parallels drawn to the possible trade diversion impacts and welfare losses of regional liberalization and tariff escalation. A global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model is used to provide some numerical illustrations of the issues with respect to international trade in grains, oilseeds, and related processed products.


Background: In the management of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), the relationship between systemic inflammation-based predictors and tumor response remains unclear. This study aimed to determine whether these inflammatory factors can predict tumor response.Methods: Totally 205 LARC patients underwent neoadjuvant CRT and curative surgery between 2008 and 2017 were analyzed. After propensity score matching, 146 patients (73 matched pairs) were included in this study. The hematological parameters were collected and their relationship with tumor response was investigated.Results: After propensity score matching, the neutrophil-lymphocyte-ratio (NLR) and platelet-lymphocyte-ratio (PLR) before CRT in good response group were significantly lower than those in poor response group, while there was no significant difference in all hematological characteristics between two groups after CRT. The cutoff values of pre-CRT NLR and pre-CRT PLR were 3.10 and 198.7 after receiver operating characteristic analysis. Multivariate analysis model indicated that pre-CRT PLR was not related with tumor response, while pre-CRT NLR≥3.1 was the predictor of poor tumor response (OR=2.047, 95%CI =1.241-3.377, p=0.005). Besides, patients with NLR≥3.1 had a significantly poor tumor regression grade rates compared with patients with NLR<3.1 (p=0.036).Conclusion: The increased NLR before CRT can be regarded as a hematological factor for poor tumor response in LARC, and higher NLR also represents worse tumor regression grade.


A first-order analysis of the problem of photoeffects in semiconducting materials with quadratic volume recombination has been carried out using the method of the Laplace transform. The change in the excess carrier distribution arising out of such recombination is discussed and depicted graphically for certain typical cases. Modified expressions for photoconductor gain are derived for thick and thin samples of materials. Expressions for open-circuit photoelectromagnetic voltage are also given and discussed for such samples. The change in the collection efficiency of a photovoltaic-type energy converter, and also the problem of distortion and noise in the case of a junction-type heterodyne optical detector, are examined. Tentative estimates are made of the excitation levels at which the results of the present analysis would be applicable.


Learn Office the easy way, no jargon. Clear, concise and to the point... Using Microsoft Office 365, is the essential step by step guide to getting the most out of Microsoft Office, providing a complete resource for both the beginner and the enthusiast. This book explores the concept of office 365 and what it is what version to get using office on demand to work from anywhere office web apps to access your work anywhere using microsoft skydrive a look at common office 365 apps getting a microsoft account purchasing office 365 installing office 365 constructing professional looking documents adding and using graphics and clipart, fonts, tables, graphs and formatting; creating stunning PowerPoint presentations for your lessons, lectures, speeches or business presentations powerpoint animations and effects setting up your projector and laptop ready to present. Using Excel to create spreadsheets to analyse data. Excel functions and formulas Excel charts and graphs and more... Techniques are illustrated step-by-step using photography and screen prints throughout, together with concise, easy to follow text from an established expert in the field, provide a comprehensive guide to office applications. Whether you are new to Microsoft Office, an experienced user or studying a computer skills course this book will provide you with a firm grasp of the underpinning foundations and equip you with the skills needed to use Office like a pro.


A sedimentary bacterial isolate has been shown to contain trans-monounsaturated fatty acids (6% of the total fatty acids). The ratio of trans- to cis-acids in this isolate was in the range 3.2 to 7.6. The identification of trans-monounsaturated acids in a marine bacterium implied that the trans-acids which have been reported in recent sediments could derive, in whole or part, from direct bacterial input.


The Teaching Assistants of the Faculty of Psychology of the Autonomous University of Barcelona are a group of students that provide support to the teaching staff. Three years of collaborative work have demonstrated to be an effective method for the consecution of their duties. The results of two satisfaction surveys, one answered by the teaching staff and another by the same participating students, are analysed in this paper.


BACKGROUND
Metastases of melanoma often follow predictable patterns of lymphatic drainage. However, some cases demonstrate first-echelon drainage to an unexpected basin. We describe a patient with drainage from melanoma on the calf to a sentinel lymph node in the iliac basin.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Biopsy of the sentinel lymph node was guided by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative use of a gamma probe and blue dye. The node excised from the iliac basin showed evidence of metastasis.

CONCLUSION
The failure to detect aberrant sentinel lymph nodes and bypassed basins may lead to improper assessment of disease stage and deficient patient management.


BACKGROUND
A systematic review was performed to deliver a critical view on clinical and research practice on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Saudi Arabia. Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were searched for original articles reporting clinical and/or imaging findings among HCM patients in Saudi Arabia. Of 559 records identified, 3 studies and 1 abstract were included, involving 169 patients.

METHOD
The mean ages ranged between 40-56 years, up to 93.3% were males. A family history of HCM was reported in one study (5%), and sudden cardiac death was investigated in two studies (9% and 13%). Where reported, dyspnea was the most frequent symptom (60-68.7%), followed by chest pain (12.5%-73.3%).

RESULT
Regarding complications, atrial fibrillation was reported among 0-25% of the patients, mitral regurgitations among 13.3-50%, and ventricular tachycardia among 5-12.5%. Imaging parameters were inadequately documented, and suggested high prevalence of left atrial enlargement, SVI + RV5 > 35 mm, blocks, and asymmetric septal hypertrophy.

CONCLUSION
The ejection fraction was reported by two studies with a mean±SD of 68±13% and 77.2±8.07%. The researchers stress the paucity, low quality and disparity in time of original studies about HCM in Saudi Arabia and recommend conducting national multicenter studies, with appropriate design, notably using screening-based recruitment methods.


Abstract Problem, research strategy, and findings Mandatory inclusionary housing, which requires private developers to include a portion of affordable housing units in market-rate developments, has become an internationally popular policy instrument to recapture land value and create affordable housing. Two common criticisms of mandatory inclusionary housing are that 1) it produces limited affordable housing and 2) it constrains housing supply and pushes up housing prices. In this study we examined how private developers responded to an expansion of a strong mandatory inclusionary housing scheme in London (UK). Between 2005 and 2008, each of the 33 local authorities in Greater London extended their affordable housing requirements, previously for housing projects with 15 or more units, to those with 10 to 14 units. We found that the expansion led to a reduction in new developments in the target market segment (projects with 10 to 14 units) and an increase in new developments in the unregulated alternative market segment (projects with 9 or fewer units). There was no net loss of new homes, though the strategic behavior of private developers could have dampened the affordable housing output of the expansion of mandatory inclusionary housing. Takeaway for practice Our findings suggest that, given appealing unregulated alternatives with low barriers, developers tend to divert development to avoid mandatory inclusionary housing. This, overall, calls for better evaluation of the potential alternatives and a more comprehensive, regional approach to inclusionary housing to maximize its effectiveness and to minimize its impacts on housing supply.


Conducts a strategic group mapping exercise by analysing R&D investment, sales/marketing cost and leadership information pertaining to the pharmaceuticals industry. Explains that strategic group mapping assists companies in identifying their principal competitors, and hence supports strategic decision-making, and shows that, in the pharmaceutical industry, R&D spending, the cost of sales and marketing, i.e. detailing, and technological leadership are mobility barriers to companies moving between sectors. Illustrates, in bubble-chart format, strategic groups in the pharmaceutical industry, plotting detailing-costs against the scale of activity in therapeutic areas. Places companies into 12 groups, and profiles the strategy and market-position similarities of the companies in each group. Concludes with three questions for companies to ask when evaluating their own, and their competitors, strategies and returns, and suggests that strategy mapping can be carried out in other industries, provided mobility barriers are identified.


A study of the genus Padina in the Mediterranean Sea, based on detailed morphological and molecular analyses using chloroplast rbcL and mitochondrial cox3 gene sequences, as well as RuBisCO spacer and partial rbcS sequences, revealed the presence of two new species, P. ditristromatica Ni-Ni-Win & H. Kawai and P. pavonicoides Ni-Ni-Win & H. Kawai. They are two to three-layered and three-layered species, respectively. Padina ditristromatica is characterized by a thallus composed of two cell layers from the marginal portion to the inrolled margin and a mixture of two and three layers in the other portions; heavy calcification on both surfaces of the thallus except for the hair lines; alternating hair lines that are spaced at unequal distances between the upper and lower surfaces; and broad indusiate oogonial and tetrasporangial sori forming broken lines or patches arranged in a concentric row, which are distally close to the hair lines and half immersed in the epidermis layer only on the lower surface. Padina pavonicoides is characterized by a thallus composed of three cell layers from the base to the marginal portion and two layers at the inrolled margin; alternating hair lines that are spaced at equal distances between the upper and lower surfaces; and indusiate oogonial and tetrasporangial sori forming patches located distal to the hair lines only on the lower surface. All molecular phylogenetic analyses indicated that the new species are closely related to P. pavonica, a common species in the Mediterranean Sea. However, the cox3 region could not be amplified for P. ditristromatica. Therefore, the RuBisCO spacer and partial rbcS were analysed for the Mediterranean specimens in order to confirm their identity as well as their closest relationships. The combined rbcL, RuBisCO spacer and partial rbcS data also support their genetic separation and show that P. pavonica is more closely related to P. pavonicoides than P. ditristromatica, as in other molecular analyses.


Presently available schemes for data centric storage in sensor networks usually use geographical routing protocols to communicate data between sensor nodes. However, sensor nodes are required to know their locations for them to use geographical routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol that does not rely on location information, and thus can be used for data centric storage in the sensor networks where location information is not available.


Draft American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Standard N13.30 (Performance Criteria for Radiobioassay) was developed in response to a concern expressed by the US Department of Energy and US Nuclear Regulatory Commission to help ensure that bioassay laboratories provide accurate and consistent results. The draft standard specifies the criteria for defining the procedures necessary to establish a bioassay performance-testing laboratory and program. The testing laboratory will conduct tests to evaluate the performance of service laboratories. Pacific Northwest Laboratory helped define responsibilities and develop procedures as part of an effort to evaluate the draft ANSI N13.30 performance criteria for quality assurance at bioassay laboratories. This report recommends elements of quality assurance and quality control responsibilities for the bioassay performance-testing laboratory program, including the qualification and performance of personnel and the calibration, certification, and performance of equipment. The data base and recommended records system for documenting radiobioassay performance at the service laboratories are also presented. 15 refs.


Two electrochromic polymers based on thiophene-benzene derivatives were prepared using an electrochemical method and exhibited multiple separate redox couples due to the introduction of side chains. The energy storage states of electrochromic supercapacitors based on the resulting polymers could be monitored by their appearance colour.


Background: Five different methods have been described to define the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal for radiographic measurements of the first metatarsophalangeal angle. None of these methods has been validated for both preoperative and postoperative assessment of patients undergoing hallux valgus surgery. Previous studies have demonstrated conflicting results regarding the measurement accuracy of these methods. Methods: To evaluate the measurement accuracy of these five methods, we calculated the intraobserver and interobserver coefficients of repeatability for all five methods with use of twenty preoperative and twenty postoperative standardized plain dorsoplantar weight-bearing radiographs of patients undergoing chevron distal osteotomy. Results: The preoperative assessment of the metatarsophalangeal angle revealed small differences among the five methods. The intraobserver coefficient of repeatability ranged from 2.10° to 3.34°, and the interobserver coefficient ranged from 2.17° to 3.44°. The postoperative assessment demonstrated substantial differences between methods in which the diaphysis of the first metatarsal is used as a reference (intraobserver coefficient, 5.06° to 7.23°; interobserver coefficient, 5.29° to 8.19°) and methods in which there is one reference point in the metatarsal head and one reference point in the base of the first metatarsal (intraobserver coefficient, 1.88° to 2.67°; interobserver coefficient, 1.86° to 2.34°). Conclusions: For the assessment of patients undergoing a distal metatarsal osteotomy, we cannot recommend methods in which the metatarsal shaft is used as a reference for the axis of the first metatarsal. Such methods had poor measurement accuracy, especially postoperatively. Methods with reference points distal and proximal to any possible osteotomy site had much better measurement reproducibility. We recommend the method described by Miller in 1974, in which a line is drawn from the center of the first metatarsal head through the center of the base of the first metatarsal, as it was the most precise method and was least biased by postoperative effects.


The purpose of this research is to see how flash cards influence the students' English vocabulary mastery. The researchers of this research used quantitative research methods with posttest only control design of true experimental design. The random sampling method was employed in this research's sampling. The data collected in this research was put to the test (multiple choice test). The researchers of this research gave different treatments for the experimental and control groups. The treatment for the experimental group was learning English with flash card media and the treatment for the control group was learning English conventionally. After the two sample groups were given different treatment, the two sample groups were each given a posttest with an instrument consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions with 4 alternative answer choices that had been tested beforehand and validated empirically. Analysis of research data is descriptive and inferential, which inferentially uses the t test, by first testing the assumptions of data normality and homogeneity of variance. The results showed that flash cards had an influence on students' English vocabulary mastery. Therefore, it can be said that this research has proved that there was a significant result of using Flash Cards towards children's English vocabulary mastery.


This work present the experimental investigation on heat transfer enhancement and thermal performance in a square-duct heat exchanger inserted with 45o V-downstream winglet turbulator is carried out by varying velocity of air in the turbulent regime for Reynolds numbers (Re) ranging from 4000 to 26,000 in the test section with a constant wall heat flux condition. Influents of four different pitch lengths; P=22.5, 33.75, 45 and 90 mm (PR=P/H=0.5, 0.75, 1 and 2) and three different winglet heights, e=6.75, 9 and 11.25 mm (BR=e/H=0.15, 0.2 and 0.25) were inserted diagonally and placed in the core flow area into the test duct on heat transfer rates in the term of Nusselt number (Nu), pressure loss in form of friction factor (f) and thermal performance (). It was found that the 45o V-downstream winglet is provided the Nu and f higher than the smooth surface around 6.0 to 8.7 times and 37 to 170 times, respectively depending upon operating conditions while the thermal performance are about 1.50–2.06. The maximum thermal performance for using 45o V-downstream winglet turbulator is 2.06 at Re=4100, BR=0.2 and PR=1.0 in this experiment.


In a nuclear accident of even moderate size, locations will inevitably be exposed which do not have adequate monitoring. In these situations nontraditional dosimeters such as brick, tiles or other environmental materials have historically provided measurements against which models of transport and exposure could be tested. Given sufficient speed and accuracy, the utility of TL techniques applied to natural materials can extend well beyond model verification to a variety of dosimetric applications.


Morphological awareness can help learners of a second language (L2) infer and learn the meaning of unknown words. It is, however, unclear how morphological awareness evolves in adult English-speaking learners of instructed L2 Spanish and how this development relates to vocabulary knowledge. Moreover, the manner in which derivational morphology is instructed is unknown. This dissertation examines these aspects within four studies.
Study 1 explores the development of morphological awareness for English-speaking learners of instructed Spanish L2 (n=209) and whether development depends on vocabulary size or other factors, such as proficiency. The results suggest that proficiency is the main predictor of morphological awareness. When morphological awareness was receptively measured, i.e., learners analyzed and identified derivational suffixes, higher levels of awareness were reached even at the lowest proficiency level. When it was productively measured, i.e., learners analyzed, identified, and manipulated derivational suffixes, mastery was only achieved by the most advanced learners. Thus, a partial awareness of morphology precedes a more complete awareness. Moreover, the number of derivational suffixes that these L2 learners manipulated was limited.
Study 2 also surveys morphological awareness by making the participants of Study 1 infer the meaning and structure of unknown words. The findings suggest that though all learners rely on derivational morphology but advanced learners deploy morphological awareness the most.
Study 3 examines the implicit knowledge of derivational morphology, specifically distributional and semantic knowledge, from the participants of Study 1 and 2. In a timed Lexical Decision Task, learners accurately distinguished violations from non-violations, i.e., learners were aware of distributional and semantic constraints. Learners' reactions were also dependent on the suffix of the word, which suggests that every suffix can be independently learned and stored. These learners, however, did not show RTs that decreased with proficiency, which suggests they have yet to automatize derivational knowledge.
Study 4 uses Borg's framework (2003) to investigate classroom practices and teachers' beliefs about derivational morphology for five Spanish instructors at a large university. The classroom observations reveal that derivational teaching is mostly unplanned, incidental, scarce, and, on occasion, ambiguous. Neither textbooks nor teaching training emphasize the teaching of derivational morphology.


The development of effective drug delivery systems is one of the major challenges in the fight against cancer. Gold nanoparticles could effectively harness cancer therapies by improving their potency while reducing toxic side effects. In this work, we describe a high-yield one-step synthesis of small water-soluble gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Efficient purification was monitored, and discrete structure was fully characterized by combining molecular analytical technics (UV-visible and NMR spectroscopies) and solid-state analyses (thermal gravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy). These AuNPs have good dispersibility in various biocompatible media and can be used without any additives. Preliminary study with in vitro treatment of IB115 human cancer cells showed massive cellular uptake associated to moderate intrinsic cytotoxicity. The high control of the synthesis and the small size of these AuNPs are offering fine surface properties control, crucial for challenging biological nano-dispersion issues. Thus, limitation of the agglomeration of nanoparticles and improvement of interaction with the surface of cell should open new leads for vectorization of drugs or imaging probes for diagnosis.


One of the fundamental tasks of science is to find explainable relationships between observed phenomena. One approach to this task that has received attention in recent years is based on probabilistic graphical modelling with sparsity constraints on model structures. In this paper, we describe two new approaches to Bayesian inference of sparse structures of Gaussian graphical models (GGMs). One is based on a simple modification of the cutting-edge block Gibbs sampler for sparse GGMs, which results in significant computational gains in high dimensions. The other method is based on a specific construction of the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo sampler, which results in further significant improvements. We compare our fully Bayesian approaches with the popular regularisation-based graphical LASSO, and demonstrate significant advantages of the Bayesian treatment under the same computing costs. We apply the methods to a broad range of simulated data sets, and a real-life financial data set.


Physical anthropomorphic phantoms have an important role in radiation dosimetry studies and quality assurance of medical imaging. Therefore, the phantoms' equivalent materials should have the same physical properties as human's tissues. Hitherto, different tissue equivalent materials loaded in different physical phantoms for internal and external dosimetry purposes. Although wide range of equivalent materials has been introduced, the purpose of our study was finding the best tissue equivalent materials in xray radiations from CT examinations. The principal characteristic which should be considered for selecting the best equivalent material in photon studies is density and mass attenuation coefficient. Achieving this goal, in the first phase, the gamma's mass attenuation coefficients for different materials such as K2HPO4, B-100, A150, Urethane, Polyurethane, SL5510, Tissue-equivalent gas (methane based or propane based), the composition recommended by White and even water was calculated. The results showed that using Polyurethane as soft tissue or White compound provides better agreements. Then, absorbed doses in TLD which were set in 8 organs were calculated by MCNPX simulation for ORNL hermaphrodite phantom for three different tube voltages (80, 100 and 120 kVp). This step was repeated by replacing the original tissue of ORNL phantom by best equivlaent materials determined from the previous phase. Finally, it was observed that differences between amounts of dose in TLDs placed in original tissues and equivalent tissues of White compound was less than that of Polyurethane.


In this study, we explored the application of Wasabi addition to baechu kimchi with regard to quality improvement, by reviewing the optimum Wasabi level and its effects on the product physicochemical characteristics during fermentation. The final weight percentages of Wasabi in the baechu kimchi were adjusted to 0, 2, 3, 4, and 5% per weight of baechu, respectively, and the samples were fermented for 35 days at 10C. Following fermentation, the treatments over 3% Wasabi contained the highest pH and lowest total acidity values. Total vitamin C and reducing sugar content increased initially, up to certain fermentation times depending on the level of Wasabi contents within the treatments over 3% Wasabi, and decreased afterwards. The water soluble pectin content increased as the fermentation period increased; however, it decreased with increasing levels of Wasabi. In conclusion, the optimum levels of added Wasabi in the baechu kimchi were 3% and 5% per weight of baechu, to have a fermentation⁃retarding effect on the product.


We measured bone mineral density (BMD) in girls with juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) considering multiple factors in order to determine if it could be used as a predictor of reduction in bone mass. A cross-sectional study of lumbar spine BMD (L2-L4) was conducted on 10 girls aged 7-16 years with JDM. A group of 20 age-matched healthy girls was used as control. Lumbar spine BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Weight, height and pubertal Tanner stage were determined in all patients and controls. Duration of disease and mean daily and cumulative steroid doses were calculated for all patients on the basis of their medical charts. JDM activity was determined on the basis of the presence of muscle weakness, cutaneous vasculitis and/or elevation of serum concentration of one or more skeletal muscle enzymes. Seven patients demonstrated osteopenia or osteoporosis. Lumbar BMD was significantly lower in the JDM patients than the age-matched healthy control girls (0.712 vs 0.878, respectively; Student t-test, P = 0.041). No significant correlation between BMD and age, height, Tanner stage, disease duration, corticosteroid use, or disease activity was observed in JDM girls, but a correlation was observed between BMD and weight (Pearson's correlation coefficient, r = 0.802). Patients with JDM may be at risk for a significant reduction in BMD that might contribute to further skeletal fragility. Our results suggest that reduced bone mass in JDM may be related to other intrinsic mechanisms in addition to steroid treatment and some aspects of the disease itself may contribute to this condition.


In 1907 Ernest Rutherford (later named 'The Crocodile' by Peter Kapitza), 36 years old and already a world–famous physicist, moved from McGill University in Montreal, Canada, to the University of Manchester, England. In the same year Niels Bohr (later known by some as 'The Elephant'––he was one of the very few non–royal recipients of the Order of the Elephant), a 22–year–old student at the University of Copenhagen, received the gold medal of the Royal Danish Academy for his first research project, an experimental and theoretical study of water jets. During the next 30 years, until Rutherford's death in 1937, these two great scientists dominated quantum physics. Rutherford was the father of nuclear physics; together they founded atomic physics; and, with their students and colleagues, they were responsible for the great majority of the decisive advances made in the inter–war years. This lecture tells the story of the development in quantum physics, and makes some comparisons between Bohr and Rutherford–as men and scientists–drawing especially on their extensive correspondence between 1912 and 1937, the material that Bohr gathered in connection with the publication in 1961 of his Rutherford Memorial Lecture, the interviews that he gave just before his death in 1962, and other published and unpublished material from the Niels Bohr Archive in Copenhagen.


Objective: to meditate on the epistemology's challenges of the therapist-patient relationship in the contemporary world. This article arises the bibliographical revision in order to participate in the public merits convocation, in Nursing School, University of Antioquia, 2004. Conclusions: Today's therapist is heading to negotiate with multiple powers, derived of the cultural knowledge, the application of the technology, the access to the information and market relationships that mediate in the benefit of the health services to complete their caregiver or caretaker function. For that reason, more than a healer-caretaker today's therapist is advisor or mediator between patient and the systems health. This mediation ia enclose by ethical conflicts that demand to be approached in extensive during the health professional teaching process.


Overexpression of thymosin beta-10 (TB10) has been shown in rat thyroid transformed cell lines, and in human thyroid carcinoma tissues and cell lines. To investigate whether TB10 detection could be a valid tool in the diagnosis of human thyroid neoplasias, we extended the analysis of TB10 expression to a large number of thyroid hyperproliferative and neoplastic tissues using an immunohistochemical assay. Our analyses showed a TB10 positive staining in all human thyroid carcinomas particularly in the anaplastic histotypes, whereas no TB10 immunostaining was observed in normal thyroid, in adenomas and the majority of the goiters. These results suggest that the evaluation of TB10 gene expression may be considered a promising means of diagnosis of human thyroid hyperproliferative disorders.


Diabetic foot ulcers cause elongated hospitalisations with high treatment costs and high rates of lower extremity amputations resulting with increased morbidity and decreased quality of life. The aim of this study was to determine amputation rate in patients admitted to our hospital with the diagnosis of diabetic foot and the most common risk factors in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. 131 patients admitted to outpatient clinics of Izmir Katip Celebi University Ataturk Training and Research Hospital between January 2011 and December 2011 with the diagnosis of diabetic foot ulcer were retrospectively analyzed. Of these 96 were males and 35 were females. Age, gender, smoking and alcohol habits, comorbid diseases, presence of infection, growth of microorganism in medium, presence of leukocytes, hypertension, method of treatment and regimes of antibiotics are recorded. Mean age was 61,1 ( 26-90). Patients are divided into two groups according to treatment protocols, first group was consist of debriated and medicaly treated patients, while the second group covered amputated patients. 66 were amputated and the rest 65 had debridement-wound care and antibiotherapy after they were evaluated in the diabetic foot council of our hospital. Rate of amputation was 50 %. 37 of the amputated patients had major and the others had minor amputations. Most common comorbidities that related and nonrelated to diabetes were peripheral arterial disease ( 102 out of 131; 77% ) and hypertension ( 50 out of 131; 38% ); respectively. Grading of diabetic ulcers according to Wagner-Meggit classification yielded that most commonly seen wounds were grade 4 in the amputation group and grade 2 in the debridement group. According to pathophysiological classification most common cause were ischemic wounds in both groups. Compared to the literature, our amputation rates are higher. This issue can be attributed to high rates of comorbid factors, higher age and irregular follow-up.


The aim of this investigation was to determine if resistance training exercise improved glucose uptake and transport in rodent skeletal muscle. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of the three groups: control (CON), resistance trained (RT) and aerobic exercise trained (AT). Resistance trained rats were placed in a rodent squat apparatus and performed three sets of 10 repetitions at 75% of their one repetition maximum 3 days week-1 for 12 weeks. Aerobic exercise training consisted of running the rats 3 days week-1 for 45 min over a 12-week period on a motor-driven treadmill (32 m min-1, 15% grade). Following the training period, all animals were subjected to hind limb perfusion in the presence of 500 microU mL-1 insulin. Hind limb glucose uptake was similar in the RT (9.91 +/- 0.7 micromol g-1 h-1) and AT (10.23 +/- 1.0 micromol g-1 h-1) animals and significantly greater than control (CON) (6.40 +/- 0.6 micromol g-1 h-1). Rates of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport in the RT animals were elevated in the muscles utilized for RT while in the AT animals rates of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport were increased in those muscles recruited for running. The increased rates of 3-O-methyl-d-glucose transport in the skeletal muscles of the resistance trained and aerobic exercise trained animals appeared to be, in part, because of an increased GLUT4 protein concentration. These findings suggest that both resistance or aerobic training exercise can improve insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake and transport, but the training adaptations are restricted to the muscles recruited for the exercise performance.


We perform and analyze the results of a global magnetohydrodynamic simulation of the fast coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on 2011 March 7. The simulation is made using the newly developed Alfvén Wave Solar Model (AWSoM), which describes the background solar wind starting from the upper chromosphere and extends to 24 R⊙. Coupling AWSoM to an inner heliosphere model with the Space Weather Modeling Framework extends the total domain beyond the orbit of Earth. Physical processes included in the model are multi-species thermodynamics, electron heat conduction (both collisional and collisionless formulations), optically thin radiative cooling, and Alfvén-wave turbulence that accelerates and heats the solar wind. The Alfvén-wave description is physically self-consistent, including non-Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin reflection and physics-based apportioning of turbulent dissipative heating to both electrons and protons. Within this model, we initiate the CME by using the Gibson-Low analytical flux rope model and follow its evolution for days, in which time it propagates beyond STEREO A. A detailed comparison study is performed using remote as well as in situ observations. Although the flux rope structure is not compared directly due to lack of relevant ejecta observation at 1 au in this event, our results show that the new model can reproduce many of the observed features near the Sun (e.g., CME-driven extreme ultraviolet [EUV] waves, deflection of the flux rope from the coronal hole, "double-front" in the white light images) and in the heliosphere (e.g., shock propagation direction, shock properties at STEREO A).


Radix Sort is a sorting algorithm based on analyzing digital data. We study the number of swaps made by Radix Select (a one-sided version of Radix Sort) to find an element with a randomly selected rank. This kind of grand average provides a smoothing over all individual distributions for specific fixed-order statistics. We give an exact analysis for the grand mean and an asymptotic analysis for the grand variance, obtained by poissonization, the Mellin transform, and depoissonization. The digital data model considered is the Bernoulli(p). The distributions involved in the swaps experience a phase change between the biased cases (p ≠ ½) and the unbiased case (p = ½). In the biased cases, the grand distribution for the number of swaps (when suitably scaled) converges to that of a perpetuity built from a two-point distribution. The tool for this proof is contraction in the Wasserstein metric space, and identifying the limit as the fixed-point solution of a distributional equation. In the unbiased case the same scaling for the number of swaps gives a limiting constant in probability.


For purposes in evaluating the elastic and plastic behaviors of weld zones, tensile tests and alternating plane bending tests beyond the elastic range were carried out on the transverse-weld specimens of a 80 kg/mm2 class heat-treated high-strength steel, and the individual stress-strain curves for the weld metal, heat-affected zone and base metal were observed in detail. The strain was measured with electric-resistance strain gauge of 1 mm gauge-length sticked on each zone. Also, these curves were compared with those examined on the quenched or and tempered specimens of the base metal. The tests revealed the following:The over-heated zone, which exhibited high hardness and low ductility, began to yield gradually at considerably small stress as against the abrupt yielding of the base metal, the 0.02% offset elastic limit of the zone being about half of the yield point of the base metal. This low elastic limit again resulted in oilquenched specimens, whose microstructures were similar to that of the over-heated zone in the weld.In the cyclic bending each stress-strain hysteresis loop for the weld metal, softened zone and base metal widened with decrease in elastic limit as cycling continued, while the loop for the over-heated zone became rather narrow due to strain hardening in similar way for the quench-hardened base metal.


Development of indirectly heated cathodes and duoplasmatron type electron feed assemblies is being pursued for use on positive ion sources of neutral beam systems. The cathodes utilize La/sub 2/O/sub 3/ doped molybdenum emission surfaces which supply ionizing electrons for a large rectangular (28 cm. x 60 cm.) magnetic multi-cusp confinement chamber. Single and double electron feed assemblies with different electrode geometries were tested at discharge currents of greater than or equal to 1000 A and pulse lengths of approx. 35 sec. Details of construction and performance results such as plasma uniformity are discussed.


In this paper, we study the design of nonbinary low-density parity-check (LDPC) cycle codes over Galois field GF(q). First, we construct a special class of nonbinary LDPC cycle codes with low error floors. Our construction utilizes the cycle elimination algorithm to remove short cycles in the normal graph and to select nonzero elements in the parity-check matrix to reduce the number of low-weight codewords generated by short cycles. Furthermore, we show that simple modifications of such codes are parallel sparse encodable (PSE). The PSE code, consisting of a quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC cycle code and a simple tree code, has the attractive feature that it is not only linearly encodable, but also allows parallel encoding which can reduce the encoding time significantly. We provide a systematic comparison between nonbinary coded systems and binary coded systems. For the MIMO channel considered, our results show that the proposed nonbinary system employing the PSE code outperforms not only the binary LDPC code specified in the 802.16e standard, but also the optimized binary LDPC code obtained using the EXIT chart methods.


Intellectual property rights disputes constitute one of the longest standing conflicts between the European Court of Justice and EU member states over the scope of ECJ authority. Although the treaties explicitly reserve to member states the right to maintain copyright and patent regimes, by the early 1970s the European Court of justice had begun delivering pro-integrative decisions in such disputes. These judgments eliminated or re-wrote national regulations and contravened the explicit intentions of the treaties; it is unsurprising that their legitimacy was constantly challenged by member states. This paper examines why it was, however, that member states were unable to effectively challenge the Court's decisions and how the ECJ developed an extensive and nuanced set of EU Level rules, governing traders' intellectual property rights. This paper shows the importance of (1) private litigants' strategies of intensive repeated litigation and (2) the ECJ's move to precedent based decision making in the 1970s to its capacity to contravene member state preferences.


Chronic ethanol exposure may induce neuroadaptive responses in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, which are thought to underlie a variety of alcohol-related brain disorders. Here, we demonstrate that hyperexcitability triggered by withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure is associated with increases in both synaptic NMDA receptor expression and activation. Withdrawal from chronic ethanol exposure (75 mM ethanol, 5–9 days) elicited robust and prolonged epileptiform activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons from hippocampal explants, which was absolutely dependent upon NMDA receptor activation but independent of chronic inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA). Analysis of Sr2+-supported asynchronous NMDA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) was employed to assess changes in NMDA neurotransmission. After chronic exposure, ethanol withdrawal was associated with an increase in mEPSC amplitude 3.38-fold over that after withdrawal from acute ethanol exposure. Analysis of paired evoked α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid EPSCs and spontaneous mEPSCs indicated that withdrawal after chronic exposure was also associated with a selective increase in action potential evoked but not spontaneous transmitter release probability. Immunoblot analysis revealed significant increases in total NR1, NR2A, and NR2B subunit expression after chronic exposure and unaffected by PKA-inhibition manner. Confocal imaging studies indicate that increased NR1 subunit expression was associated with increased density of NR1 expression on dendrites in parallel with a selective increase in the size of NR1 puncta on dendritic spines. Therefore, neuroadaptation to chronic ethanol exposure in NMDA synaptic transmission is responsible for aberrant network excitability after withdrawal and results from changes in both postsynaptic function as well as presynaptic release.


A climate shift is imminent in the northeast Pacific Ocean, research suggests, and may have a major impact on marine resources, particularly Pacific salmon. Scientists anticipate that the shift, driven by large-scale changes in the Earth's atmospheric wave pattern, will become evident in the next few years. The most recent shift, characterized by a switch from cold and wet conditions to warm and dry conditions in the Pacific northwest of the United States, occurred in 1977 [e.g., Trenberth and Hurell, 1994].

The expected climate shift is suggested by studies of oscillations in ocean surface water drift and in treering records. Drift trajectories, derived from a new measure of decadal variability, showed well-defined oscillations in the 20th century, but researchers were concerned that this decadal nature might not be as evident over a considerably longer time. Thus because of the possible rarity of the 30-year interval since the last climate shift, treering width data was scrutinized for the western juniper for the period from 1500 to 1900 A.D.


Abstract. Large uncertainties exist in global climate model predictions of radiative forcing due to insufficient understanding and simplified numerical representation of cloud formation and cloud–aerosol interactions. The Holistic Interactions of Shallow Clouds, Aerosols and Land Ecosystems (HI-SCALE) campaign was conducted near the DOE's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site in north-central Oklahoma to provide a better understanding of land–atmosphere interactions, aerosol and cloud properties, and the influence of aerosol and land–atmosphere interactions on cloud formation. The HI-SCALE campaign consisted of two intensive observational periods (IOPs) (April–May and August–September, 2016), during which coincident measurements were conducted both on the G-1 aircraft platform and at the SGP ground site. In this study we focus on the observations at the SGP ground site. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and an Ionicon proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) were deployed, characterizing chemistry of non-refractory aerosol and trace gases, respectively. Contributions from various aerosol sources, including biogenic and biomass burning emissions, were retrieved using factor analysis of the AMS data. In general, the organic aerosols at the SGP site was highly oxidized, with oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) identified as the dominant factor for both the spring and summer IOP though more aged in spring. Cases of isoprene-epoxydiol-derived secondary organic aerosol (IEPOX SOA) and biomass burning events were further investigated to understand additional sources of organic aerosol. Unlike other regions largely impacted by IEPOX chemistry, the IEPOX SOA at SGP was more highly oxygenated, likely due to the relatively weak local emissions of isoprene. Biogenic emissions appear to largely control the formation of organic aerosol (OA) during the HI-SCALE campaign. Potential HOM (highly oxygenated molecule) chemistry likely contributes to the highly oxygenated feature of aerosols at the SGP site, with impacts on new particle formation and global climate.


Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is an infectious disease that can result in death, caused by dengue virus and transmitted through Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The incidence of dengue fever every year, requires more serious attention to increasing awareness of the disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the Maya Index (MI) and density of Aedes aegypti larvae in Labuh Baru Timur subdistrict, Payung Sekaki, Pekanbaru city. Method of the reseach was survey research using questionnaire and larva identification using single larva method method. A total of 131 houses that have been surveyed got 589 containers. MI status based on breeding risk index and hygiene risk index, found high as many as 23 houses (17.58%). Free number of larvae of 67.94, Container index (CI) of 8.32, House Index (HI) 32.06 and Breteau index of 37. HI and CI figures are still high that has not met the government target. The density of larvae is on the 3 - 5 scale, ie the medium category, meaning that the area has a medium transmission risk to the spread of DHF.


Ceftriaxone was administered to Israeli-Friesian male calves by IV and IM routes. The antibiotic was administered IV (10 mg/kg) to 10 calves and IM to 23 calves; 8 were given the antibiotic at the rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight, 5 were given 20 mg/kg, and 10 were given 10 mg/kg, together with probenecid at 40 mg/kg. Serum concentration vs time profiles measured after IV and IM administration were analyzed by use of statistical moment theory. The following mean values +/- SD were found: elimination half-life (t1/2) was 83.8 +/- 8.6 minutes after IV administration and significantly longer 116.8 +/- 20.5 minutes (P less than 0.001) after IM administration at 10 mg/kg. The t1/2 was increased to 141.3 +/- 24.4 minutes by the coadministration of probenecid and to 145.0 +/- 48.2 minutes by doubling the IM dosage to 20 mg/kg. The total body clearance was 3.39 +/- 0.42 ml/min/kg and the renal clearance 2.37 +/- 0.74 ml/min/kg. The specific volume of distribution was 0.2990 +/- 0.0510 L/kg. The average mean residence time (MRT) was 94.0 +/- 12.3 minutes after IV administration and 137.6 +/- 19.9 minutes after IM administration of ceftriaxone at 10 mg/kg. The MRT was increased to 198 +/- 48.8 minutes by the coadministration of probenecid and to 191.0 +/- 59.4 minutes by doubling the IM dose. The former value was significantly different from the MRT after IM administration of the antibiotic at 10 mg/kg. Bioavailability of ceftriaxone after IM administration at 10 mg/kg and at 20 mg/kg was 78% and 83%, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


In the use of the medical devices, it is essential to prevent the attachment of bacteria to the device surface or to kill the attached bacteria. To kill bacteria, many researchers have used antibiotics or studied nanostructure-based antibacterial surfaces, which rely on mechanical antibacterial methods. Several polymers are widely used for device fabrication, one of which is polycaprolactone (PCL). PCL is biocompatible, biodegradable, easy to fabricate using 3D printing, relatively inexpensive and its quality is easily controlled; therefore, there are various approaches to its use in bio-applications. In addition, it is an FDA-approved material, so it is often used as an implantable material in the human body. However, PCL has no inherent antibacterial function, so it is necessary to develop antibacterial functions in scaffold or film-based PCL medical devices. In this study, process parameters for nanopillar fabrication were established through a simple thermal imprinting method with PCL. Finally, a PCL film with a flexible and transparent nanopillar structure was produced, and the mechano-bactericidal potential was demonstrated using only one PCL material. PCL with nanopillars showed bactericidal ability against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) bacteria cultured on its surface that resulted in membrane damage and death due to contact with nanopillars. Additionally, bacteriostatic results were shown to inhibit bacterial growth and activity of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) on PCL nanostructured columns. The fabricated nanopillar structure has confirmed that mechanically induced antibacterial function and can be applied to implantable medical devices.


The objective of the study was to develop a simple, accurate, precise and rapid a UV spectrophotometric i.e. first order derivative method for the determination of aceclofenac and thiocolchicoside in combined dosage form i.e. tablets by using methanol as a solvent. The method was further validated by ICH guidelines. The proposed first order derivative method involves the measurement of absorbance of one drug at zero crossing point of other; hence wavelengths 259 nm and 353.6 nm were selected for the estimation of aceclofenac and thiocolchicoside respectively. The linearity of the proposed method was found in the concentration range of 1 to 14 µg /ml (r2= 0.9995) for aceclofenac and 1 to 14 µg /ml (r2= 0.9999) for thiocolchicoside respectively. The percentage mean recovery was found to be 100.52 % for aceclofenac and 100.72% for thiocolchicoside and respectively. The method was also statistically validated for its linearity, accuracy and precision. Both intra and inter day variations showed less percentage (%) RSD values indicating high grade of precision of this method.


This article explores women's access to ministerial power in an important but understudied arena of executive politics: cabinet committees. Specifically, we analyse the gendered patterns in the distribution of cabinet committee assignments in two 'typical' Westminster cases, Canada and the United Kingdom, and under two prime ministers, Justin Trudeau (2015–2021) and David Cameron (2010–2016), who both made explicit gender-equity pledges. Informed by previous research into gendered allocation of ministerial portfolios, we investigate the overall extent of women's committee assignments, the gendered dimensions of these assignments and the status of assignments, namely the 'prestige' of committee remits, whether committees were chaired by the prime minister and the allocation of chairing responsibilities across committees. In both cases, overall assignment broadly matched shares of women ministers at the cabinet level, but less so during the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition in the UK (2010–2015). Women's shares of committee assignments were likely to be lower on 'masculine' and 'high-prestige' committees compared to 'neutral', 'feminine' and 'low-prestige' committees, but commitment to gender equity is more evident in the Canadian case. While our aim is exploratory and descriptive, we offer several explanations for these patterns, including the supply of women ministers, departmentalism, party branding and the low public profile of cabinet committees.


Summary
Building on strategic human resource management literature, this study investigates the effects of various human resource development (HRD) dimensions on organizational performance. We identify four distinct dimensions of HRD that reflect either quantitative or qualitative approaches from either managerial or employee perspectives. Furthermore, we propose that HRD affects organizational performance by shaping employee outcomes, a prevailing but rarely tested assumption. Multi-source data collected from 207 manufacturing companies at three time points over a 5-year period largely support our theoretical propositions. A series of structural path analyses confirm that HRD improves employee commitment and competence, which in turn determine the financial performance of the organization. The quantitative dimensions of HRD (resource investment in HRD) predict only employee commitment. By contrast, the qualitative dimensions of HRD (management support for, and perceived benefits of, HRD) enhance both employee commitment and competence. Our analysis also demonstrates synergistic interactions between the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of HRD in predicting employee outcomes. This study elaborates the distinct values of different dimensions of HRD and highlights the significance of employee outcomes as the mediating mechanism between HRD and firm performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Objective: Cancer patients who travel long distances to access medical services face considerable disruption and personal financial cost. This study quantified the financial cost of receiving cancer treatment for individuals residing in regional, rural and remote locations.

Method: Adults diagnosed or treated for cancer at the Townsville Hospital Cancer Centre within the last 30 months who most recently presented to the cancer centre within the previous six months were recruited to this cross-sectional study (n=439). Direct out-of-pocket expenses relating to travel, accommodation and other expenses were estimated together with financial support received. Bootstrapping statistics assessed significant subgroup differences in costs with 95% confidence intervals.

Results: Over an average period of 16 months since diagnosis, net out-of-pocket expenses of $1.8 million were reported for 410 regional men and women relating to their cancer treatment (mean $4311, median $2263, inter quartile range $563-$6231). Personal costs were significantly higher for participants who lived more than 100km from Townsville Hospital ($7752) and for those treated with radiation ($5135).

Conclusion: Financial costs for rural cancer sufferers vary widely and may be extensive. Consideration of adequate financial support from governments and other organisations is essential if rural Australians are to continue accessing standard cancer treatment.


The purpose of the paper is to explore the architecture of the institutional culture with the aim of proposing a programmatic template to use to implement culture change initiatives in the higher education (HE) sector in South Africa. The need for institutional culture change has been flagged in numerous studies as a barrier in the implementation of substantive and qualitative transformation. Through document analysis, this paper argues that the problem in implementing institutional culture change interventions aligned with the humanising mission of the sector is related to the failure to adopt a social inclusion approach that is based on a systems thinking paradigm. The paradigm is a holistic analysis of a system with the purpose of identifying elements of that system, which this research manifests and explicates. The findings of the research show that changing institutional culture is inextricably linked to the objectives of transformation. Second, the article highlights the significance of adopting the social inclusion framework, including understanding the politics and practices of social inclusion.


Strategically aligned behaviour (SAB), i.e. employee action that is consistent with the company's strategy, is of vital importance to companies. This study provides insights into the way managers could promote such behaviour among employees (who can be managers as well) by stimulating employee motivation, by informing employees, and by stimulating the development of their capabilities. The results of surveys conducted in three organizations suggest that, first, perceived efforts by management aimed at motivating and informing employees (both managers and non-managers), and at developing their capabilities, each are related to SAB. Second, among the perceived efforts to stimulate motivation among employees, providing a rationale for the strategy and an open communication climate have a stronger relationship with SAB than participation in decision making and supportiveness. Third, the perceptions of the different types of managerial effort are related to each other. For this reason, the efforts have direct as well as indirect relationships to SAB. Fourth, each of the perceived efforts seems to be complementary to the others, in the sense that the relationship of one type of effort to SAB is stronger when other types of effort are perceived to be higher.


Abstract. An understanding of how past conditions have shaped present-day ecological patterns and trends is critical to science-based conservation management. Unfortunately, the records, specimens, and objects historical ecologists need to help generate that understanding are often lacking. And because of a general underinvestment by society in systematic collection and museum curation, future historical ecologists may be similarly limited in their ability to investigate conditions regarding our present day. Given the importance of historical data and materials in contemporary conservation decision-making, we suggest it is incumbent upon resource managers and scientists to ask whether additional research efforts are needed to document past and present conditions of the places and resources of their interest. Here, we discuss how such an inquiry was applied to the terrestrial and nearshore environments of Santa Cruz Island, California, USA. The island harbors numerous endemic taxa, important archaeological and fossil sites, and rich cultural significance. It also has undergone dramatic and ongoing alteration due to past and present human activities. We describe an interdisciplinary effort to identify information gaps regarding past and present conditions of the island. In many cases, filling those gaps will require a research focus on a broader geography and suite of resources, including the archipelago in which the island sits and mainland "sister sites." An initiative to improve collection and retention of priority information could be a basis of interdisciplinary and multi-institutional collaboration and could be designed to foster environmental education and citizen science programs that engage the next generation of conservationists. An outcome of this initiative would be an archive of materials and data to inform the historical ecologists and conservationists of the future, and to help conservationists today ensure that the resources they deem most important will be stewarded successfully into that future.


Aim: Carabelli's trait, a morphological feature on the mesiopalatal surface of the maxillary molars, has importance in anthropology, forensic sciences, and clinical dentistry. The aim of this study was to find the frequency and degree of expression of Carabelli's trait and to assess the asymmetry of the trait, on three permanent maxillary molars in a sample of Turkish individuals.
Methodology: Carabelli's trait was evaluated using Dahlberg's eight-grade scale on 462 subjects. Data were analyzed using a chi-square test.
Results: The frequencies in the total, positive and negative expressions of the trait were, respectively, 64.5%, 37.7% and 26.8% on the first molars, 27.1%, 19.6% and 7.6% on the second molars and 10.3%, 8.7% and 1.6% on the third molars. The occurrence of the trait on the first and second molars was more prevalent in males than in females. The trait was most frequently bilateral and symmetrical without significant sex differences, with varying degrees of asymmetry that increased from the first to the third molars. The frequencies of presence-absence asymmetry and any degree of asymmetry on the first molars were 5.3% and 15.7%, respectively.
Conclusion: This study revealed a comparatively high frequency of Carabelli's trait with a relatively low asymmetry in a contemporary Turkish sample. This data has the potential to be used for anthropological, forensic, and clinical purposes.

How to cite this article:
Yılancı HÖ, Özkan G, Akkaya N, Boyacıoğlu H. The frequency and degree of expression of Carabelli's trait on the permanent maxillary molars in a sample of Turkish individuals. Int Dent Res 2022;12(3):112-9. https://doi.org/10.5577/intdentres.2022.vol12.no3.2

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.


Contrary to some projections, planetary alignments of the type that have begun recently (when the sun, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn move into almost perfect alignment) should have no perceptible effect on solar flare activity. Some researchers have postulated that the increased gravitational attraction exerted on the sun by the aligned planets could produce massive eruptions near sunspots. The radiation and particles directed earthward by the sun, according to this hypothesis, would change the atmosphere in a way that would slow the earth's rotation; and this change in rotation rate would cause the large plates which constitute the earth's crust to grind together more vigorously and cause major earthquakes. Because Jupiter is the largest of the planets, and so exerts the most gravitational attraction, this geophysical domino theory is sometimes referred to as the Jupiter Effect. But, at least at the solar end of this theory, one would not expect much change in solar activity from planetary alignments of this type.


Purpose: Due to a wide variation of diseases reported and drugs utilized in different regions, It became necessary to assess the pattern of diseases commonly reported and drugs utilized prior to and after visiting the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Patients who reported with various diseases at the first point of visit were randomly selected after obtaining ethical consent from the health institution. Results: Out of 4253 patients who were assessed, the male to female ratio was 0.92:1. The age range was 56 ± 26.02 [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] years. The diseases reported were classified; the most common was trauma (open wounds: 62.69%) followed by infection (malaria: 62.51%), gastrointestinal disease (upset stomach: 65.06%), respiratory disease (cough: 69.79%), cardiovascular disease (hypertension: 68.51%), central nervous system disease (headache: 63.97%), endocrine disease (diabetes: 81.66%), musculoskeletal disorder (pain: 91.40%), and dermal disease (rash: 63.15%). The commonly utilized classes of drugs prior/post visits were analgesics (acetaminophen 44.87%/diclofenac 24.24%), antiallergic (chlorpheniramine 1.01%/loratadine 0.16%), anti-infective (ampicillin-cloxacilline 12.16%/ciprofloxacine 18.75%), antidiarrhea (oral rehydration salt 0.6%/zinc sulfate 0.25%), antifungal (clotrimazole 1.42%/fluconazole 3.12%), antihypertensive (Moduretic 10.02%/amlodipine 7.02%) antimalarial (artemether-lumefantrine 24.42%/artemether-lumefantrine 41.51%), antiulcer (mist magnesium trisilicate 1.08%/omeprazole 2.40%), anxiolytic (diazepam 0.42%/bromazepam 0.55%), and minerals/vitamins (ascorbic acid 4.00%/ferrous sulfate 1.48%). There was a significant difference in the pattern of disease among the ages (P < 0.05) but the difference was insignificant between the sexes (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Essential drugs were being prescribed and utilized prior to and after hospital visits. It is therefore, recommended that an enhanced adequate stocking and prescribing be encouraged in accordance with the reported diseases.


Studies of forced labour in Nazi camps tend to stress the exceptionality of inmates' experiences and their profound difference from common views of work. Yet examination of the wartime and postwar accounts of inmates and survivors reveals that they often combine features of the camp reality itself with phenomena from other times, places and situations. In this way, written, oral and visual depictions articulate a reality in which concepts and ideologies of work familiar from various cultural settings mix with those of the Nazi camp system, as well as with later experiences and current debates. This article traces three cultural frameworks that inmates and survivors utilized to make sense of forced labour in Nazi camps: war and the military, industrial concepts of productive destruction and destructive production, and Jewish religious culture. In exploring the relationship between the continuity and discontinuity of meaning between these cultural frameworks and the Nazi camps, we analyse a wide range of interviews, artworks, songs, memoirs and written reports from the 1930s to the early 2000s. We argue that in order not to make their suffering and work appear senseless, inmates and survivors understood forced labour within well-established frameworks of meaning. Their accounts, we suggest, use symbolic elements as creative acts that address inmates' experiences by expanding the camp reality or going beyond it, thereby making them more comprehensible and communicable.


The effect of interdiffusion on the exchange coupling field (Hex) and coercivity (Hc) in annealing NiFe/FeMn and FeMn/NiFe systems was investigated in the study. Type I samples: Silicon substrate/Ta/NiFe/FeMn/Ta and Type II samples: Silicon substrate/Ta/FeMn/NiFe/Ta were prepared. Annealing was carried out at 200 to 450 °C for two hours under 720 Oe, respectively. The results show that the Hex and Hc in two types samples were dependent on the annealing temperature. For both types the magnetization loss ratio (ΔM/MS) is negative, which reflects a loss of magnetization associated with interfacial mixing caused by annealing. The magnetization loss ratio becomes larger when the annealing temperature increases. The exchange coupling of these two types samples is associated with interfacial diffusion between the NiFe and FeMn interface. The annealing treatment also affected the Hc. In these two types samples, the exchange coupling was improved from modification of the interface between layers by annealing. The extended annealing (above 375 °C) changes the exchange coupling in these two types samples due to serious interdiffusion of the interface between NiFe and FeMn layers. It results in unwanted interdiffusion effects at the interface and a concomitant reduction in the exchange bias field. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Received 22 March 2006 Accepted 16 June 2006 The untranslated regions (UTRs) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome contain multiple functional elements. In the 59 UTR, the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element governs cap-independent translation initiation, whereas the S region is presumably involved in RNA replication. The 39 UTR, composed of two stem–loops and a poly(A) tract, is required for viral infectivity and stimulates IRES activity. Here, it was found that the 39 end established two distinct strand-specific, long-range RNA–RNA interactions, one with the S region and another with the IRES element. These interactions were not observed with the 39 UTR of a different picornavirus. Several results indicated that different 39 UTR motifs participated in IRES or S region interactions. Firstly, a high-order structure adopted by both the entire IRES and the 39 UTR was essential for RNA interaction. In contrast, the S region interacted with each of the stem–loops. Secondly, S–39 UTR interaction but not IRES–39 UTR interaction was dependent on a poly(A)-dependent conformation. However, no other complexes were observed in mixtures containing the three transcripts, suggesting that these regions did not interact simultaneously with the 39 UTR probe. Cellular proteins have been found to bind the S region and one of these also binds to the 39 UTR in a competitive manner. Our data suggest that 59–39-end bridging through both direct RNA–RNA contacts and RNA–protein interactions may play an essential role in the FMDV replication cycle.


Introduction: The utility of patient reported symptoms and serum tryptase levels in distinguishing those with systemic mastocytosis (SM) versus mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) versus those not meeting formal diagnostic criteria for SM or MCAS has not been systematically examined. Methods: This study was approved by our institutional review board. Patients were referred for suspected SM based on symptoms of mast cell activation, osteopenia, skin rash, etc., or had an established diagnosis of SM. All patients were given a Mastocytosis Symptom Assessment Form (MastSAF) to complete at their initial evaluation. The MastSAF is comprised of 36 symptom questions to be graded on a scale of 0 (absent) to 10 (worst imaginable), and is organized around 9 symptom clusters: gastrointestinal (8 questions), constitutional (3 questions), musculoskeletal (5 questions), cutaneous (4 questions), neuropsychological (6 questions), genitourinary (3 questions), respiratory (4 questions), angioedema (1 question), and cardiovascular (2 questions). All patients underwent bone marrow biopsy and serum tryptase level assessment. SM was diagnosed by 2008 WHO criteria. In the presence of characteristic symptoms, if clonal or abnormal mast cells were not identified, and if serum/urine mast cell mediator levels were increased, then non-SM associated, non-monoclonal MCAS was diagnosed. Results: A total 53 patients were studied. 1) SM: Of 28 patients, 13 had indolent SM (ISM), 9 aggressive SM (ASM) and 6 SM with associated hematological disease (SM-AHD) The median total symptom score was 47 (range 8-159). The median (range) for SM subgroups was: ISM 51 (9-159), ASM 55 (19-157) and SM-AHD 27 (8-131) (p=0.2). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories (total median score/no. of symptoms per category) in order of severity was cutaneous 1.9, gastrointestinal 1.8, constitutional 1.7, neuropsychological 1.3, respiratory 1.3, musculoskeletal 0.9, cardiovascular 0.3, genitourinary 0.3, and angioedema 0. Symptom severity was not significantly different among the 3 SM subgroups, except for constitutional symptoms (median score ASM 9, ISM 4, SM-AHD 2.5, p=0.02). The median (range) tryptase level was 48.4 ng/mL (8.8-282); four patients (14%) had a baseline level 2) MCAS: 15 patients The median total symptom score was 127 (range 2-248). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories in order of severity was neuropsychological 4.5, musculoskeletal 4.2, cutaneous 4.0, constitutional 3.3, gastrointestinal 2.1, respiratory and cardiovascular 2.0 each, genitourinary 1.7, and angioedema 1.0. The median (range) serum tryptase level at referral was 12.7 ng/mL (1.7-25.8); five patients (33%) had a baseline level >20 ng/mL. 3) Neither SM/MCAS: 10 patients The median total symptom score was 119 (range 45-177). The normalized median score for individual symptom categories in order of severity was musculoskeletal 4.2, gastrointestinal 3.6, constitutional 3.3, neuropsychological 3.3, cutaneous 3.0, cardiovascular and genitourinary 2.0 each, respiratory 1.3, and angioedema 0. The median (range) serum tryptase level at referral (n=9) was 4.8 ng/mL (2.9-6.6). 4) Comparison: MCAS vs. SM: Symptom scores were significantly higher in MCAS as compared to SM (p 'Neither SM/MCAS' vs. SM: Symptom scores (total, gastrointestinal, constitutional, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, and neuropsychological) were significantly higher in the former group (p Conclusions: The spectrum and severity of patient reported symptoms was broadly similar among WHO subcategories of SM, and serum tryptase level had limited if any correlation with symptom scores. Despite the significantly higher overall symptom burden in MCAS versus SM, tryptase levels in the former group were significantly lower with values >30 ng/mL unusual. Despite overlap, the top ranked symptoms in the 3 groups were different. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


ABSTRACT Given the significant role vocabulary plays in second language acquisition, how to help learners acquire vocabulary has always been a concern for educators. Despite the general consensus that beliefs influence learners' behaviour, limited research effort has been devoted to the exploration of English as a second language (ESL) learners' beliefs about vocabulary knowledge and learning in the secondary education context and how their beliefs are affected by such factors as grades and proficiency levels. This paper reports on a convergent mixed-methods study that addresses the research gap with the use of a questionnaire administered to 556 ESL students in a Hong Kong secondary school. Results revealed that while students in general perceived vocabulary learning as important, their beliefs about vocabulary knowledge and learning were found to be related to their grade and proficiency levels. Open-ended responses provided further insights into learners' beliefs qualitatively about the difficulties faced by learners and their perceptions of the effective ways to tackle these difficulties. Overall, this paper broadens the understanding of L2 learners' beliefs about vocabulary knowledge and learning. It complements existing literature on L2 vocabulary learning and sheds light on issues related to vocabulary learning and teaching.


This work shows the development of the design and manufacturing of a very small engine, namely its head. The engine works under the 4-stroke cycle, therefore having a very complex cylinder head, housing the camshaft, valves and its auxiliaries (seats, guides, springs), spark plug, inlet and exhaust passages and a coolant chamber. The geometries, both inner and outer are highly intricate which makes the production of such a part a very difficult job. In addition, when the engine is very small, as it is the case of this engine, all dimensions are miniaturized therefore making it extremely difficult to design, cast and finish. The cooling chamber, in particular, has a critical inner core removal problem due to reduced accessibility, imposing casting limitations. The cores place also a problem of air and gas removal during metal filling and solidification. Rapid prototyping may be the only solution to build the cores, and may help in the design and manufacturing phases of the casting tools. 3D printing with a plaster based material as a rapid prototyping technique presents itself as a tool to drastically reduce the design-development-casting process effort and time cycle. This technique enables the designer to obtain new moulds for castings on the shortest time possible, following redesign and new casting simulations. This paper illustrates the various tasks involved in the design and development stages leading to the production of a running prototype of the cylinder head for this small engine.


There were 308 HPAI cases in wild birds, most of them in Germany and 13 HPAI outbreaks in poultry, with clear spatial and temporal infectious patterns. Grebes, swans, ducks, chickens and turkeys got most frequently infected. The United Kingdom, Czech Republic and Germany hosted many viral incursions.


The Editors of Circulation are pleased to announce that we shall initiate our effort to provide even more rapid access to all original scientific articles that have been accepted for publication in Circulation . As of January 1, 2002, all original clinical and basic manuscripts, once accepted, will be published Online five to nine working days after galley proofs are returned from the author to Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Rapid Access Publication will enable individual and institutional subscribers …


Currently, there is no consistent model for visually or formally representing the architecture of AI systems. This lack of representation brings interpretability, correctness and completeness challenges in the description of existing models and systems. DIAL (The Diagrammatic AI Language) has been created with the aspiration of being an "engineering schematic" for AI Systems. It is presented here as a starting point for a community dialogue towards a common diagrammatic language for AI Systems.


The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of methodological training for instructors at the Brazilian National Rural Learning System (SENAR) and analyze the relationships between background variables (individual characteristics, characteristics of the training in methodology, the job context, the work carried out and didactics) and criterion variables (development of a teaching plan and the instructor's methodological performance). The instructors did self-evaluations, and the supervisors evaluated others. The sample consisted of 234 instructors who received methodological training, and 50 supervisors. The study was conducted at 14 Administrative Regions of SENAR. The data were submitted to qualitative analysis, factor analysis and standard multiple regression. The results showed didactics to be a strong predictor of methodological performance, in the supervisors' view. For the instructors, the characteristics of the training, the work carried out and the job context proved to be significant for methodological performance. As for the variable 'development of a teaching plan', years of schooling and the number of methodological training courses taken by the instructors were taken as predictor variables.


A 45-year-old man underwent a distal arch and descending aortic replacement through a left thoracotomy. His chronic type A dissecting aortic aneurysm had the entry at the proximal descending aorta. After 9 years of his first dissection, he suffered from a second dissection. In computerized tomogram (CT), the ascending and descending aorta enlarged to 6.0 cm and 7.0 cm in diameter, respectively and descending aorta showed a three channeled dissection. The open proximal anastomosis technique was used under the deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (HCA) followed by selective cerebral perfusion (SCP). Surgical repair included the obliteration of the proximal false lumen at the level between the left carotid and subclavian artery. A thrombosed retrograde dissection in the ascending aorta was revealed in postoperative evaluation, and decreased in size at follow up CT.


CMV is the most common cause of congenital infection. During the past few decades, there has been a change in behaviour that possibly has affected the CMV infection rate of mother and child. We investigated 1350 randomly selected pregnant women from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study using an algorithm for detection of maternal and congenital CMV (cCMV) infection including both serology and nucleic acid amplification assay. The CMV IgG seroprevalence was 54% and 23 (3.7%) mothers seroconverted. Three (0.22%) children had a positive CMV PCR in the umbilical cord blood. The transmission rate was lower than reported in previous studies, probably due to lower sensitivity in plasma compared to saliva and urine. The prevalence of cCMV in the present study was compared with the number registered with the ICD‐10 code P.35.1‐congenital CMV infection in the Norwegian Patient Register. The number registered was lower than the number of estimated infections. Factors like lower level of education and parity were associated with higher CMV IgG seroprevalence, but no significant difference could be linked to age. In conclusion, in this cohort of pregnant women, a high CMV IgG seroconversion rate was found, while the vertical transmission rate was low.


ABSTRACT Salinity is a serious threat to plant growth and development worldwide reducing agricultural productivity each year. Ethylene is an important phytohormone that affects plants performance under normal and abiotic stress conditions. In this study, role of ethylene was investigated in mitigating salinity stress (100 mM NaCl) effects on photosynthesis in mustard plants subjected to different nitrogen (N; 5 and 10 mM) levels. Plants under salinity stress exhibited marked increase in proline and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Nitrogen supplementation at 10 mM was better than 200 µl l−1 ethephon treatment under no stress. However, under salinity stress, both N and ethephon were equally effective. The combined application of 10 mM N and ethephon to salinity stressed plants produced greatest increase in photosynthesis by increasing proline and antioxidant metabolism. Ethylene evolution was high under salinity stress, but treatment of 10 mM N and 200 µl l−1 ethephon greatly decreased ethylene evolution that was equivalent to the 10 mM N treatment alone. This concentration of ethylene decreased the oxidative stress and increased the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) maximally to increase photosynthesis. The use of ethylene action inhibitor, norbornadiene (NBD) showed reduction in ethylene mediated effects in alleviating salinity. Norbornadiene decreased the photosynthetic-NUE, proline and GSH content that resulted in decrease in photosynthesis under salinity stress. This study indicated that ethylene regulated the proline and antioxidant metabolism under salinity stress to increase photosynthetic functions of mustard grown with low and optimum N. The modulation of ethylene could be adopted in agricultural practices to increase photosynthesis under salinity stress.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the psychometric properties and construct validity of a self-administered Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index (RADAI).

METHODS
Five items of the Rapid Assessment of Disease Activity in Rheumatology (RADAR) questionnaire were aggregated into the RADAI and assessed for their factor loading, internal consistency, and construct validity.

RESULTS
In 55 patients with RA, the RADAI had a high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91) and correlated with physician's assessment of disease activity (r = 0.54, P < 0.01), the swollen joint count (r = 0.54, P < 0.01), and the C-reactive protein value (r = 0.43, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
The RADAI is a highly reliable and valid self-administered measure of disease activity for clinical, health services, and epidemiologic research. Its sensitivity to change in longitudinal studies needs further study.


Background: Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded RNA virus member that infects pigs and causes losses to the commercial industry reaching upward of a billion dollars annually in combined direct and indirect costs. The virus can be separated into etiologies that contain multiple heterologous low and highly pathogenic strains. Recently, the United States has begun to see an increase in heterologous type 2 PRRSV strains of higher virulence (HP-PRRSV). The high pathogenicity of these strains can drastically alter host immune responses and the ability of the animal to maintain homeostasis. Because the loss of host homeostasis can denote underlying changes in gene and regulatory element expression profiles, the study aimed to examine the effect PRRSV infections has on miRNA and tRNA expression and the roles they play in host tolerance or susceptibility. Results: Using transcriptomic analysis of whole blood taken from control and infected pigs at several time points (1, 3, 8 dpi), the analysis returned a total of 149 statistically significant (FDR ⫹ 0.15) miRNAs (n = 89) and tRNAs (n = 60) that were evaluated for possible pro- and anti-viral effects. The tRNA differential expression increased in both magnitude and count as dpi increased, with no statistically significant expression at 1 dpi, but increases at 3 and 8 dpi. The most abundant tRNA amino acid at 3 dpi was alanine, while glycine was the most abundant at 8 dpi. For the miRNAs, focus was put on upregulation that can inhibit gene expression. These results yielded candidates with potential anti- and pro-viral actions such as Ssc-miR-125b, which is predicted to limit PRRSV viral levels, and Ssc-miR-145-5p shown to cause alternative macrophage priming. The results also showed that both the tRNAs and miRNAs displayed expression patterns. Conclusions: The results indicated that the HP-PRRSV infection affects host homeostasis through changes in miRNA and tRNA expression and their subsequent gene interactions that target and influence the function of host immune, metabolic, and structural pathways.


The limited-memory BFGS (Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno) method is widely used for large-scale unconstrained optimization, but its behavior on nonsmooth problems has received little attention. L-BFGS (limited memory BFGS) can be used with or without 'scaling'; the use of scaling is normally recommended. A simple special case, when just one BFGS update is stored and used at every iteration, is sometimes also known as memoryless BFGS. We analyze memoryless BFGS with scaling, using any Armijo–Wolfe line search, on the function $f(x) = a|x^{(1)}| + \sum _{i=2}^{n} x^{(i)}$, initiated at any point $x_0$ with $x_0^{(1)}\not = 0$. We show that if $a\ge 2\sqrt{n-1}$, the absolute value of the normalized search direction generated by this method converges to a constant vector, and if, in addition, $a$ is larger than a quantity that depends on the Armijo parameter, then the iterates converge to a nonoptimal point $\bar x$ with $\bar x^{(1)}=0$, although $f$ is unbounded below. As we showed in previous work, the gradient method with any Armijo–Wolfe line search also fails on the same function if $a\geq \sqrt{n-1}$ and $a$ is larger than another quantity depending on the Armijo parameter, but scaled memoryless BFGS fails under a weaker condition relating $a$ to the Armijo parameter than that implying failure of the gradient method. Furthermore, in sharp contrast to the gradient method, if a specific standard Armijo–Wolfe bracketing line search is used, scaled memoryless BFGS fails when $a\ge 2 \sqrt{n-1}$regardless of the Armijo parameter. Finally, numerical experiments indicate that the results may extend to scaled L-BFGS with any fixed number of updates $m$, and to more general piecewise linear functions.


This is an interesting insight into the workings of inter-governmental, non-governmental and commercial organisations in health care. The author discusses the major health issues of developing countries, including the problems of providing drug therapy. Beigbeder examines the relationship between the United Nations, the World Health Organization, big businesses, the pharmaceutical industry and international public health policy in relation to breast feeding, essential drugs and the worldwide HIV/AIDS epidemic. This book is a must for those hoping to work in an international setting or with refugees. Sadly, the price may mean that it remains a library book.


Equinus deformity is one of the most common gait deformities in children with cerebral palsy. We examined whether estimates of gastrocnemius length in gait could identify limbs likely to have short-term and long-term improvements in ankle kinematics following gastrocnemius lengthening surgery to correct equinus. We retrospectively analyzed data of 891 limbs that underwent a single-event multi-level surgery (SEMLS), and categorized outcomes based on the normalcy of ankle kinematics. Limbs with short gastrocnemius lengths that received a gastrocnemius lengthening surgery as part of a SEMLS (case limbs) were 2.2 times more likely than overtreated limbs (i.e., limbs who did not have short lengths, but still received a lengthening surgery) to have a good surgical outcome at the follow-up gait visit (good outcome rate of 71% vs. 33%). Case limbs were 1.2 times more likely than control limbs (i.e., limbs that had short gastrocnemius lengths but no lengthening surgery) to have a good outcome (71% vs. 59%). Three-fourths of the case limbs with a good outcome at the follow-up gait visit maintained this outcome over time, compared to only one-half of the overtreated limbs. Our results caution against over-prescription of gastrocnemius lengthening surgery and suggest gastrocnemius lengths can be used to identify good surgical candidates.


Relatively less expensive Pd-catalysed oxidative coupling reactions for the preparation of N-alkyl and N-aryl substituted isoquinolones and their derivatives have been developed. A broad reaction scope has been demonstrated. In addition, studies of the reaction additives and mechanistic insights, as well as KIE studies for a better understanding of the reaction pathway, have been discussed.


The Poisson‐Boltzmann equation is an important tool in modeling solvent in biomolecular systems. In this article, we focus on numerical approximations to the electrostatic potential expressed in the regularized linear Poisson‐Boltzmann equation. We expose the flux directly through a first‐order system form of the equation. Using this formulation, we propose a system that yields a tractable least‐squares finite element formulation and establish theory to support this approach. The least‐squares finite element approximation naturally provides an a posteriori error estimator and we present numerical evidence in support of the method. The computational results highlight optimality in the case of adaptive mesh refinement for a variety of molecular configurations. In particular, we show promising performance for the Born ion, Fasciculin 1, methanol, and a dipole, which highlights robustness of our approach. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010


PREMISE OF THE STUDY
In organisms with holocentric chromosomes like Carex species, chromosome number evolution has been hypothesized to be a result of fission, fusion, and/or translocation events. Negative, positive, or the absence of correlations have been found between chromosome number and genome size in Carex.

METHODS
Using the inferred diploid chromosome number and 80 genome size measurements from 26 individuals and 20 populations of Carex gr. laevigata, we tested the null hypothesis of chromosome number evolution by duplication and deletion of whole chromosomes.

KEY RESULTS
Our results show a significant positive correlation between genome size and chromosome number, but the slope of such correlation supports the hypothesis of proliferation and removal of repetitive DNA fragments to explain genome size variation rather than duplication and deletion of whole chromosomes.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results refine the theory of the holokinetic drive: this mechanism is proposed to facilitate repetitive DNA removal (or any segmental deletion) when smaller homologous chromosomes are preferentially inherited, or repetitive DNA proliferation (or any segmental duplication) when larger homologs are preferred. This study sheds light on how karyotype evolution plays an important role in the diversification of the species of the genus Carex.