This book places the performative gesture at the centre of debate between literature, theatre and cinema. This new study examines the representation of gesture in modernist writing, performance and cinema. Deploying a new theoretical term, 'the speech-gesture complex', Anthony Paraskeva identifies a relationship between speech and gesture which is neither exclusively literary nor performative and which, he argues, is fundamental to the aesthetics and politics of modernist authors. In discussions of works by Franz Kafka, James Joyce, Henry James, Wyndham Lewis, Vladimir Nabokov and Samuel Beckett, Paraskeva shows how this relationship is closely informed by their attention to the performed gestures of actors in theatre and cinema. It provides new close readings of major and neglected work by Kafka, Joyce, Henry James, Wyndham Lewis, Nabokov and Beckett, revealing their complex relations with both theatre and cinema. It establishes a new critical-theoretical category, and highlights an unexplored dialogue between Ibsen, Benjamin, Adorno, Griffith, Eisenstein, Chaplin, Brecht, Artaud, Lang, Meyerhold, Duse and Garbo. It analyses central and neglected modernist texts alongside stage productions, styles of acting, film history and performance theory.


The KamLAND experiment uses reactor antineutrinos to study the solar neutrino oscillation parameters. KamLAND recently updated the reactor neutrino measurement, with an almost fourfold increase of the exposure, an improved analysis technique and better understanding of the backgrounds and systematic uncertainties. Extending the analysis down to the inverse beta decay energy threshold gives a best-fit at Δm221 = 7.58+0.14-0.13(stat)+0.15-0.15(syst) × 10−5 eV2 and tan2 θ12 = 0.56+0.10-0.07(stat)+0.10-0.06(syst). Local Δχ2-minima at higher and lower Δm221 are now disfavored at >4σ. When combined with solar neutrino data, we obtain Δm221 = 7.59+0.21-0.21 × 10−5 eV2 and tan2 θ12 = 0.47+0.06-0.05. KamLAND is presently purifying the detector to measure solar 7Be neutrinos in the near future.


In the mixture of hydroquinone with other phenols the content of quinones has been measured by potentiometrical and polarographical methods. The decrease of quinone content in the mixture in comparison with the pure solution has been noted. The toxicity of solution estimated according to extinction of luminescence of bacteria at adding other phenols decreases.


Texture mapping techniques are used to achieve a high degree of realism for computer generated large-scale and detailed 3D surface models by extracting the texture information from photographic images and applying it to the object surfaces. Due to the fact that a single image cannot capture all parts of the scene, a number of images should be taken. However, texturing the object surfaces from several images can lead to lighting variations between the neighboring texture fragments. In this paper we describe the creation of a textured 3D scene from overlapping aerial images using a Markov Random Field energy minimization framework. We aim to maximize the quality of the generated texture mosaic, preserving the resolution from the original images, and at the same time to minimize the seam visibilities between adjacent fragments. As input data we use a triangulated mesh of the city center of Munich and multiple camera views of the scene from different directions.


Geometric descriptions of deep neural networks (DNNs) have the potential to uncover core principles of computational models in neuroscience, while abstracting over the details of model architectures and training paradigms. Here we examined the geometry of DNN models of visual cortex by quantifying the latent dimensionality of their natural image representations. A popular view holds that optimal DNNs compress their representations onto low-dimensional subspaces to achieve invariance and robustness, which suggests that better models of visual cortex should have low-dimensional geometries. Surprisingly, we found a strong trend in the opposite direction—neural networks with high-dimensional image subspaces tend to have better generalization performance when predicting cortical responses to held-out stimuli in both monkey electrophysiology and human fMRI data. These findings held across a diversity of design parameters for DNNs, and they suggest a general principle whereby high-dimensional geometry confers a striking benefit to DNN models of visual cortex.


We discuss the transformation of observed photometry into flux for the creation of spectral energy distributions (SED) and the computation of bolometric luminosities. We do this in the context of supernova studies, particularly as observed with the Swift spacecraft, but the concepts and techniques should be applicable to many other types of sources and wavelength regimes. Traditional methods of converting observed magnitudes to flux densities are not very accurate when applied to UV photometry. Common methods for extinction and the integration of pseudo-bolometric fluxes can also lead to inaccurate results. The sources of inaccuracy, though, also apply to other wavelengths. Because of the complicated nature of translating broadband photometry into monochromatic flux densities, comparison between observed photometry and a spectroscopic model is best done by forward modeling the spectrum into the count rates or magnitudes of the observations. We recommend that integrated flux measurements be made using a spectrum or SED which is consistent with the multi-band photometry rather than converting individual photometric measurements to flux densities, linearly interpolating between the points, and integrating. We also highlight some specific areas where the UV flux can be mischaracterized.


In the coastal ocean, rivers provide a major source of biogeochemical, ecological, hydrographic and dynamical variability. Freshwater input by rivers produces buoyant low salinity plumes impacting ocean currents and stratification, which in turn influence air-sea heat exchange and oceanic vertical mixing. Rivers are also sources of nutrients and organic material, which can be transported far from the river mouth impacting marine ecosystems over large areas. As such, river plumes have long been an active area of study within the oceanographic scientific community. Despite their importance and vast study, there remains a striking lack of observations within regions influenced by river plumes that are suitable for characterizing the spatial and temporal scales and magnitudes of variability of their impacts on ocean salinity. Salinity measurements in the coastal region are difficult to make over long time periods due to the need for frequent servicing of instruments caused by biofouling and instrument drift. Because of this and the expense of moorings, time series of salinity measurements at fixed locations are not available at high enough density to capture the spatial variability in regions influenced by river plumes. The Aquarius mission helped pioneer the era of spaceborne sea surface salinity measurements [Lagerloef, et al; 2008]. Salinity estimates derived from its L-band radiometer provided an unprecedented view of the state of global ocean salinity and its dynamics, but its relatively low (100–150 km) resolution permitted only observations of very distant effects of the largest rivers (e.g., Mississippi and Amazon) on the ocean salinity [Gierach et al., 2013; Korosov et al, 2015]. The SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) Mission was originally intended to observe land. Since Aquarius stopped working (June 10, 2015), the operational plan for SMAP now is to continue data collection over the oceans. The microwave sensors, the radar and radiometer, operate at the same frequency as those on Aquarius. SMAP instruments became the only NASA mission with the capability to monitor sea surface salinity. The combination of fully polarized, simultaneous active and passive L-band measurements, including their much higher spatial resolution than Aquarius, and with excellent radiometric precision, makes this satellite superior and unique. Due to a component failure, the radar instrument on SMAP became inoperable in early July 2015. The radiometer continues to collect valuable data for the application to sea surface salinity observation. This project is focused on improving methods of estimating salinity from SMAP data that will be applied to yield new information on salinity variability in regions impacted by river plumes. SMAP now allows salinity measurements at 40 km resolution, which allows observations of the salinity fields associated with smaller rivers (such as the Apalachicola River, with mean discharge rate approximately 5% that of the Mississippi River, but at times impacting the salinity field 200km from the coast; Morey et al., 2009).


In eigenanalysis of large delayed cyber-physical power system (DCPPS), power engineers are interested in critical electromechanical oscillation modes with damping ratios less than a specified threshold. To efficiently compute these modes, a method based on pseudo-spectral discretization of the solution operator of DCPPS (SOD-PS) is presented in this paper. First, the unique spectral mapping properties of solution operator are analyzed. The largest eigenvalues in moduli of the operator correspond to the ones of DCPPS with the largest real parts. Second, a rotation-and-multiplication preconditioning technique is presented to enhance the dispersion among eigenvalues of the solution operator's discretized matrix. Third, critical electromechanical oscillation modes of DCPPS with the least damping ratios are captured with priority and an accelerated convergence rate by the implicitly restarted Arnoldi algorithm. Subsequently, the small signal stability of DCPPS can be readily and reliably determined. In SOD-PS, the unique property of Kronecker product and the inherent sparsity in augmented system matrices are fully exploited to guarantee efficiency and scalability. The accuracy and efficiency of the presented method are intensively studied and thoroughly validated on the 16-generator 68-bus test system and a real-life large transmission grid.


Upper limits on direct photon production were determined as a function of the transverse momentum for 0.7 < pT ? 3.2 GeV/c with the WA98 experiment in p + C and p + Pb collisions at . The results are compared to direct photon measurements in Pb?+?Pb collisions at by WA98. Implications for a possible thermal direct photon contribution are discussed.


Aim: This study was carried out for the detection of Avibacterium paragallinarum from outbreaks of infectious coryza of poultry Materials and Methods: The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was standardized for the diagnosis of infectious coryza by using infectious coryza Killed vaccine, ventri biologicals, Pune as source of DNA of A. paragallinarum. Five outbreaks of infectious coryza from Andhra Pradesh were investigated in the present study. A total of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs and 22 nasal swabs were tested by PCR. Results: PCR analysis showed 56 positives (71.7%) for infectious coryza out of total 78 samples tested. Of 56 infra orbital sinus swabs tested, 47 were positive (83.9%) and 9 nasal swabs (40.9%) out of 22 tested had given positive results for infectious coryza. Samples collected from birds at acute stage of disease and samples collected before treatment with antibiotics were given better results on PCR. Conclusion: For preventing the economic losses associated with the disease, an early, accurate and rapid diagnosis is essential. PCR is a rapid and highly sensitive diagnostic technique which can substitute conventional cultural examination.


Article is devoted to the analysis of a problem of distribution Russian skautizm as innovative phenomenon for our pedagogical and children's validity.


Recent studies in rodents have demonstrated that mast cells derived from lymphoid tissues can be grown in longterm culture, provided that supportive growth factors or stromal fibroblasts are added; such findings have not been reported in man. Furthermore, although a hemopoietic origin for mast cells is supported by transplantation studies in mice, the exact origin of the human mast cell or its relationship to the circulating basophil and other hemopoietic cell lineages is unknown. We have investigated the requirements for in vitro growth of human mast cells derived from the infiltrated bone marrow of a patient with systemic mastocytosis, and have characterized both the mast cells proliferating in these cultures and those obtained from splenic infiltrates. Our data approached two questions: (1) Is there any evidence for the origin of mast cells from a bone-marrow-derived stem cell, and, if so, (2) what lineage relationship is there between mast cells and granulopoietic cells, including basophils? First, we have shown the expression of hemopoietic tissue-specific antigens by mast cells, strongly supporting a bone marrow origin for the mast cell in man (at least for those mast cells analyzed here). Second, the complete lack of granulocyte-monocyte markers contrasts with the phenotype of the basophil and suggests that mast cells diverge considerably from other granulopoietic cells during the acquisition of their differentiated specialized functions.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate treatment outcomes and healthcare resource use with conventional amphotericin B therapy for invasive fungal infections (IFIs).

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A prospective observational study in hospitalized adult patients receiving amphotericin B treatment was undertaken at four hospitals in Taiwan. Patients were observed from the start of therapy to hospital discharge.

RESULTS
A total of 108 patients (October 2000 to April 2002) were included in the study. Proven or probable IFIs as defined by the EORTC/MSG criteria were the reasons for the initiation of amphotericin B in 35.2% of the sample. A total of 24.1% patients developed nephrotoxicity (NT) (defined as a 50% increase in the baseline serum creatinine and achieving a peak of at least 2.0 mg/dL). Treatment of proven/probable IFIs [odds ratio (OR) = 4.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.61-10.75] was a significant predictor of the development of NT. The in-hospital mortality rate was 38.0%. Proven/probable IFIs (OR = 6.93, 95% CI = 2.62-18.29) and the development of NT (OR = 3.68, 95% CI = 1.22-11.04) were independent predictors of in-hospital mortality. For patients alive at discharge, those with NT had a trend of longer hospital stay compared with patients who had not developed NT (mean, 49.3 +/- 18.2 versus 29.3 +/- 22.3 days, P = 0.069). For patients who died, those who had developed NT died sooner (15.5 +/- 16.7 versus 33. 8 +/- 26.9 days, P = 0.0004).

CONCLUSIONS
NT was associated with accelerated mortality and increased hospital stay for patients who survived. Using amphotericin B carefully or the use of antifungal agents with less potential for NT might improve patient outcomes.


A system for the assessment of patients with multiple injuries is presented in which the torso is divided into three regions: (a) the great vessels, heart and esophagus, (b) the intrathoracic abdomen and (c) the pelvis and retroperitoneal space. The three areas of abdominal injury were subdivided into individual organs likely to be the site of serious injury. This system has been of great value in arousing suspicion of injury to specific organs that might otherwise have remained hidden.


Abstract Graph normal form, GNF, [1], was used in [2, 3] for analyzing paradoxes in propositional discourses, with the semantics—equivalent to the classical one—defined by kernels of digraphs. The paper presents infinitary, resolution-based reasoning with GNF theories, which is refutationally complete for the classical semantics. Used for direct (not refutational) deduction it is not explosive and allows to identify in an inconsistent discourse, a maximal consistent subdiscourse with its classical consequences. Semikernels, generalizing kernels, provide the semantic interpretation.


Understanding embryonic stem cell (ESC) fate decision between self-renewal and proper differentiation is important for developmental biology and regenerative medicine. Attentions have focused on underlying mechanisms involving histone modifications (HMs), alternative pre-mRNA splicing (AS), and cell-cycle progression. However, their intricate interrelations and joint contributions to ESC fate decision remain unclear. We performed integrative analyses on transcriptomic and epigenomic data derived from human ESC (hESC) and five types of differentiated cells. We identified thousands of AS exons and revealed their development- and lineage-dependent characterizations. Following the observation that dynamic HM changes predominantly occur in AS exons upon hESCs differentiation, we identified 3 of 16 investigated HMs (H3K36me3, H3K27ac, and H4K8ac) that are strongly associated with 52.8% of hESC differentiation-related AS events. Further analyses showed that the HM-associated AS genes predominantly function in G2/M phases and ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response pathway for cell differentiation, whereas HM-unassociated AS genes enrich in G1 phase and pathways for self-renewal. These results imply a potential epigenetic mechanism by which some HMs contribute to ESC fate decision through the AS regulation of specific pathways and cell-cycle genes. We exemplified the potential mechanism by a cell cycle-related transcription factor, PBX1, which regulates the pluripotency regulatory network by binding to NANOG. We found that the isoform switch between PBX1a and PBX1b is strongly associated with H3K36me3 alteration and implicated in hESC fate determination. Supported by extended dataset from Roadmap/ENCODE projects, we identified the alternative splicing of PBX1 as a novel candidate linking H3K36me3 to embryonic stem cell fate decision.


Wide area search munitions (WASMs) are a cross between an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and a munition. The first of these high-concept munitions, the low-cost autonomous attack system, was a miniature, autonomous WASM capable of broad-area search, identification, and destruction of a range of mobile ground targets. The LoCAAS used a small turbojet engine capable of powering the vehicle for up to 30 minutes and laser radar (ladar) with automatic target recognition to identify potential targets. The original LoCAAS was a fire-and-forget munition designed to operate independently. It flew preprogrammed search patterns until it located a target or ran out of fuel.


T he aromatic root of the perennial herb Panax quinquefolius, native to eastern North America. American ginseng, used in Chinese traditional medicine and available as a nutritional supplement, is classified as an adaptogenic herb with multiple effects, many of which are regulatory in nature. It contains a complex mixture of saponin glycosides, also known as ginsenosides or panaxosides. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, this agent is reported to enhance the immune system and reduce fatigue. Qeios · Definition, February 7, 2020


The effects of systemic infection by Potato virus Y (PVY) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices on host reaction were quantified in potato symtomatologically, morphologically, serologically, and physiologically. Reduction in plant height and root development was significantly greater with the AMF+PVY combination than with single PVY infection. Inoculation of AMF increased the symptoms of PVY infection. The G. intraradices x PVY pathosystem significantly increased disease severity and reproduction of the virus in potato. The chlorophyll contents increased in AMF plants by 18.8% more than the control. The results suggest that the inoculation of AMF reduced vegetative development in the presence of PVY infection in potato but it increased viral activity considerably. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the five-year effectiveness of the people living with HIV/AIDS who initially received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in Jiangsu province.

METHODS
HIV/AIDS initially received HAART from 1 Jan 2005 to 31 May 2014 in Jiangsu province with the CD4(+)T cell count tested in baseline, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years after treatment initiation were selected. According to their retrospectively collected baseline and follow-up data, statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 software to analyze the variation of CD4(+)T counts and its impact factors in different times after treatment initiation.

RESULTS
A total of 200 patients were included. A total of 134 patients were men, and 66 were women, the ratio of male to female was 2.03: 1; mean age was (39.7 ± 10.3) years old; 69.0% (138/200) of the patients married; 53.0% (106/200) as the most were infected with HIV through heterosexual transmission, and followed by men who have sex with men (MSM) (25.5%, 51/200); taken together as 78.5% (157/200).58.5% (117/200) were treated in the CDC. The mean (95%CI) baseline CD4(+)T cell count of cases was 106.9 (93.3-120.5) cells/µl; the CD4(+)T count tested in 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years and 5 years after treatment initiation were 107.3, 152.9, 221.6, 260.0, 281.3 and 316.4 cells/µl more than baseline respectively; the CD4(+)T count after treatment initiation has increased over time (F = 201.06, P < 0.01) . The mean(95%CI) CD4(+)T count tested in 5 years after treatment initiation can increase to 540.7(445.4-635.9) cells/µl with a baseline CD4(+)T count more than 200 cells/µl, but in the subgroups with a baseline CD4(+)T count less than or equal to 50 cells/µl, 51-100 cells/µl, 101-150 cells/µl and 151-200 cells/µl, it only can reach to 431.4 (375.9-487.0), 400.0 (339.9-460.2), 380.3 (330.6-430.0) and 412.1 (369.3-454.8) cells/µl respectively. The mean (95%CI) CD4(+)T count tested in 5 years after treatment initiation with 1 baseline symptom categories can increase to 449.2 (392.2-506.2) cells/µl, while 409.1(317.8-500.5)cells/µl in the subgroup with baseline symptom categories more than or equal to 2. The CD4(+)T after treatment increased slowly associated with a lower baseline CD4(+)T count level and more baseline symptom categories (F values were 3.96 and 2.35, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION
It has a remarkable effectiveness for HIV/AIDS treatment in Jiangsu province. The patients with a baseline CD4(+)T count more than 200 counts/µl have a better immune function recovery.


Miniaturized laser sources can benefit a wide variety of applications ranging from on-chip optical communications and data processing, to biological sensing. There is a tremendous interest in integrating these lasers with rapidly advancing silicon photonics, aiming to provide the combined strength of the optoelectronic integrated circuits and existing large-volume, low-cost silicon-based manufacturing foundries. Using III-V quantum dots as the active medium has been proven to lower power consumption and improve device temperature stability. Here, we demonstrate room-temperature InAs/InAlGaAs quantum-dot subwavelength microdisk lasers epitaxially grown on (001) Si, with a lasing wavelength of 1563 nm, an ultralow-threshold of 2.73 μW, and lasing up to 60 °C under pulsed optical pumping. This result unambiguously offers a promising path towards large-scale integration of cost-effective and energy-efficient silicon-based long-wavelength lasers.


Production data provided by commercial producers of grain sorghum is used to estimate response functions for three alternative management decision models. The evaluation of yield to the total water availability, irrigation, and water application as a percent of potential evapotranspiration. The three methods provide similar results, but each provides unique information and adds valuable information to the decision process. The value product functions and the energy cost function are used to determine the profit maximizing level of water application where adequate water to fully meet the crop needs is available and to determine the irrigation vs. no irrigation decision where water availability is limiting.


The stability and accuracy of the forward Euler scheme for the semidiscrete problem arising from the space discretization of the convection-diffusion equation using the SUPG formulation are analysed. Both linear and quadratic finite elements are considered. The stability limits are derived for the one-dimensional problem and a heuristic criterion is proposed for the multidimensional equation. Some numerical experiments are conducted in order to assess the performance of different finite elements.


raising all kinds of interesting questions. How did surgeons fight to establish their position, especially since the "German" context is rather different from the English? How did the relations between the various German states affect the pattern of moving around of medical men? Could we, through the biographies of these two men, learn something more about the differences between Berlin and Viennese practice? How did these German surgeons place themselves in the international discussions on problems like hospital fevers, epidemics, etc.? Billroth, especially, was a prolific writer and has left us an enormous correspondence, part of which was published in German in 1895, but much of which is still widely scattered. Both the biography by Absolon in English in 1979, and the present author make ample use ofthese letters. Much of the biographical work on Dieffenbach, which Genshorek quotes from, dates back to before World War II. It seems to me that biography as a genre is far from having reached its limits, and if this volume makes anything clear, it is that a lot of work can still be done. G. M. van Heteren Wellcome Institute


Many artificial intelligence tasks (e.g., planning, situation assessment, scheduling) require reasoning about events in time. Temporal constraint networks offer an elegant and often computationally efficient framework for formulation and solution of such temporal reasoning tasks. Temporal data and knowledge available in some domains is necessarily imprecise e.g., as a result of measurement errors associated with sensors. This paper introduces stochastic temporal constraint networks thereby extending constraint-based approaches to temporal reasoning with precise temporal knowledge to handle stochastic imprecision. The paper proposes an algorithm for inference of implicit stochastic temporal constraints from a given set of explicit constraints. It also introduces a stochastic version of the temporal constraint network consistency verification problem and describes techniques for solving it under certain simplifying assumptions.


This paper analyses how the formation of collaboration networks affects firm-level innovation by applying the 'Goldilocks principle'. The 'Goldilocks principle' of optimal distance in innovation networks postulates that the best firm-level innovation results are achieved when the partners involved in the network are located at the 'right' distance, i.e. 'not too close and not too far' from one another, across non-geographical proximity dimensions. This principle is tested on a survey of 542 Norwegian firms conducted in 2013, containing information about firm-level innovation activities and key innovation partners. The results of the ordinal logit regression analysis substantiate the Goldilocks principle, as the most innovative firms are found amongst those that collaborate with partners at medium levels of proximity for all non-geographical dimensions. The analysis also underscores the importance of the presence of a substitution-innovation mechanism, with geographical distance problems being compensated by proximity in other dimensions as a driver of innovation, whilst there is no support for a potential overlap-innovation mechanism.


Introduction This article looks at the leadership styles of two highly influential educational administrators: Benner C. Turner, president of South Carolina State College (SCSC) from 1950 to 1967, and Mavis Gilmour, minister of education of Jamaica from 1980 to 1984. They were in important positions at times of considerable social upheaval and change. History has viewed these leaders' styles solely as autocratic, paternalistic, and transactional. However, research data suggest that these two leaders' methods also had transformational qualities, which led to progress. Turner, a 1930 Harvard law school graduate, was selected as president by an all-White board in the office of Governor Strom Thurmond. They believed that he would not challenge the racial status quo of the school (Grose, 2006; Hine, 1992, 1996). During his tenure, Turner faced student unrest because the country was in turmoil about civil rights. Turner expelled students and dismissed faculty members who were viewed as threatening to the school's reputation and to the progress of the school. Although Turner significantly improved the school's academic structure, physical plant, and quality of the faculty, by the time he retired in 1967, his reputation was that of an autocratic leader who did not care about civil rights (Grose, 2006; Hine, 1996; Potts, 1978). In contrast to Benner Turner's privileged upbringing, Mavis Gilmour was born and raised in rural Jamaica. During the 1930s and 1940s, she attended a rural primary school headed by a woman who became her role model: She gave me the impetus to do the best always with whatever I was doing. [Gilmour, personal communication (PC), June 30, 200] Gilmour graduated with a BS in 1947 and with a doctorate in medicine in 1951. She was the first female surgeon specialist in the Caribbean. She noted that her entrance into politics was driven by a desire to serve in a larger capacity: I looked at what I was doing on the operating table: I was looking after one person. If I could sit down and make a decision, I could influence the whole society. Therefore, I changed and entered into politics. (Gilmour, PC, June 30, 2008) Gilmour served for four years in the early 1980s as the education minister for Jamaica. After her term, Gilmour's critics said that her goals to upgrade the system had not been met. They said that her autocratic style detracted from the achievement of these goals. Statement of the Problem and Study Purpose The effectiveness of historical leaders can be evaluated in respect to the climate of their era. To do so, it is useful to examine them by leadership theories. Such theories allow us to evaluate them objectively to see if they were productive. This study evaluates the leadership tasks of Turner and Gilmour, in light of their times. History currently views college presidents such as Turner as authoritarian collaborators who aimed to please their White boards (Fairclough, 2007). For example, they harshly punished any student or faculty member involved in insurrection against the school (Ellison, 1953; Gasman, 2007; Williamson, 2008). Similarly, some critics have panned Gilmour's effort to upgrade education in Jamaica and viewed her personality as contentious. This study evaluates the leadership styles of Turner and Gilmour, focusing on policies that they implemented during their administrations that reflect characteristics of transactional and transformational leadership. Significance of the Study No prior study incorporates leadership theory in relation to Turner's administration (Grose, 2006; Hine, 1992, 1996). Further, this study covers the first time that Jamaica had ever focused its policies on primary education. Gilmour, who articulated these policies, was the first woman to serve as minister of education (Lee, 1977). Review of Significant Literature In Leadership, Burns (1978) examines two management styles, transactional and transformational. …


Hirschi recently (1985) attempted to show the compatibility of social control with rational choice theory. This effort by Hirschi is noteworthy because, if successful, he could provide a connection between positive and classical sentiments which have traditionally appeared in contention. Hirschi fails, however, to achieve his objective and is hindered by what he views as the incompatible objectives of the two theories. Hirschi uses the recently accepted findings which indicate lack of specialization among persons involved in illegal behavior to illustrate the difference he sees between criminality and crime and, thus, the divergence between social control and rational choice. This paper attempts to remove the barrier found by Hirschi by providing improved measurement of specialization, such as has been proposed by Farrington (1986) and Klein (1984), and by placing the results in a more realistic criminal careers perspective than has been done in previous studies. This study utilizes data from the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort. With information to age 26 for 27,160 persons, these data are perhaps better suited to investigate this topic than any available.


INTRODUCTION : In modern science venpulli is termed as Vitiligo is a condition in which the pigment will be lost from the particular areas of the skin causing whitish patches, often with no clear cause .A condition in which the skin turns white due to the loss of pigment melanin that gives the skin. Siddha system clearly lays down the general principles of body constituents in the classic bootha system. They hold that the universe is a macrocosum made up of the five primordial elements or boothas, viz nilam(earth), neer (water), thee(fire), vali(wind), veli (space) and the human being is a microcosum made up of these five element. When there is a change in equilibirium of this five elements in macro cosum it influence the equilibirium of five elements in micro cosum. This imbalance leads to the course of a disease. AIM AND OBJECTIVES : The aim of my study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the siddha drug Rasacheenee Chooranam (Internal) and Karkadagasingi Pattru (External) both clinically and experimentally in the treatment of Venpulli. To collect the authorial measures and literature reviews of Venpulli in ancient siddha and modern literatures. Have occupation an idea of the incidence of the disease with regard to age, sex, precipitating, socio economic status, food, kaalam and factors etc. To expose the efficacy of siddhar's diagnostic principles. To utilize the modern investigation methods to confirm the diagnosis and prognosis. To have clinical trial on patients with Venpulli with selected siddha medicine. Rasacheenee Chooranam (Internal) and Karkadagasingi Pattru (External). To evaluate Toxicological screening : Acute, Sub acute, Sub chronic. To find out the statistical analysis of clinical study : Biochemical analysis, Physico chemical analysis, Bio-Statistical analysis. CONCLUSION : Vitiligo is the most common depigmentary disorder it may occur due to various causes and it leads to mental stress and strain. Hence it's one of the causes of psychomatic disorder. Venpulli (vitiligo) is mainly due to derangements of piththa humour. The trial medicine,Rasacheenee chooranam for internal and karkadagasingi pattru for external. The internal medicine of Rasacheenee chooranam had kaippu and thuvarppu suvai, neutralize the increased piththam thereby it act as ethururai maruthuvam. The Rasacheenee chooranam reveals no toxicity in the preclinical studies and hence proved to be safe for human administration. No contra indication was reported during the course of the treatment The trial medicine gave good result for skin colour changes in patients. The preparation of trial medicine is economical. The rasacheenee chooranam does not produce any toxicity in preclinically. So it is nontoxic and safe drug for venpulli. From this clinical studies, I conclude that the trial medicines which gives a 65-70% of improvement within minimum of 48 days. Rasacheenee chooranam gave complete recovery of venpulli in 35% patient. Therefore the author concluded that the trial medicine Rasacheenee Chooranam (Internal) and Karkadagasingi Pattru (External) can give better solutions for venpulli (vitiligo).