In this attractively printed booklet Professor Leslau has collected four of his studies of Ethiopian argots together with an introductory essay on the linguistic principles underlying these argots. All five articles have been published before, two in 1949, one in 1952, and two as recently as 1964. Although none of them can be described as difficult of access, it is none the less agreeable to have this series united between two covers. I hope the author has similar plans for his widely scattered articles on Arabic loan-words in the various Ethiopian languages. The argots are concerned with a Gurage secret society, with people possessed by a zar, and with a merchants' and a minstrels' argot. The paper on the linguistic principles governing these special languages was read by Professor Leslau at the second International Congress of Ethiopian Studies held at Manchester in 1963. All these studies are full of linguistic and ethnographic interest and are executed with the skill of the highly trained field worker. Professor Leslau's vast output continues to arouse astonishment.


Background: Substantial epidemiologic and experimental evidence implicated the role of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway in prostate carcinogenesis. Many studies have demonstrated an increased risk of prostate cancer, especially advanced diseases among men with elevated IGF-I blood levels. Given limited evidence on the role of genetic variations in the IGF pathway on prostate cancer progression to fatal outcome, we comprehensively evaluated the association between genetic variants in 26 genes related to the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway and prostate cancer specific mortality. Methods: Within the 7 cohort studies in the NCI Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium (BPC3), a total of 590 tagging SNPs were successfully genotyped in 5887 men of European ancestry who were diagnosed with prostate cancer. SNPs were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models under genotypic and additive allele models. Follow-up was defined from the date of prostate cancer diagnosis to the date of any death or last follow-up. Patients died from causes other than prostate cancer were censored. All analyses were adjusted for age at diagnosis and cohort. To account for multiple testing, the number of effective SNPs was calculated for each gene using a Spectral Decomposition approach. Results: In total, 704 prostate cancer deaths occurred during a median follow up of 8.9 years. After adjusting for age at diagnosis, cohorts and a gene-based correction for multiple testing, 3 SNPs in IGF2AS (insulin-like growth factor 2 antisense located in chromosome 11p15.5) were significantly associated with prostate cancer-specific mortality. Two of these SNPs (rs1004446 and rs3741211) were in linkage disequilibrium (r2=1) but they were not in linkage disequilibrium with the third SNP (rs4366464, r2=0.03). For rs3741211, each additional minor allele G was associated with 16% (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.72-0.92; Pcorrected=0.02) lower risk of prostate cancer specific mortality. For rs4366464, each additional minor allele G was associated with 44% (HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.19-1.73) increased risk (Pcorrected=0.001). The association for SNP rs4366464 remained statistically significant after further adjusting for multiple testing on the 26 genes in the pathway. Conclusion: Germline variation in the IGF2AS gene was significantly positively and inversely associated with progression to fatal prostate cancer after diagnosis in this large cohort consortium of prostate cancer. These findings need to be confirmed by other studies. Given the link of this region in IGF2 imprinting, methylation and Wilms' tumors, the role of IGF2AS in cancer progression deserves attention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2599. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2599


Recognizing the central role of trust in transformational leadership processes, previous research has examined it as an intervening variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' work outcomes. However, a limited number of studies have taken into account its multidimensional nature in terms of cognition-based trust and affect-based trust (McAllister, 1995). The cognitive and affective components of trust have been demonstrated to represent different psychological processes (Lau & Cobb, 2010). To better understand transformational leadership processes, this study proposed and examined a model in which cognition-based trust and affect-based trust mediate the relationships between transformational leadership and followers' extra-role behaviors (helping behavior and knowledge sharing) and work attitudes (job satisfaction and affective commitment). Additionally, using procedural justice and other orientation as moderators, the boundary conditions of each of the links in the conceptual model were specified and tested. Procedural justice is an important issue in the leadership literature (Colquitt & Greenberg, 2003), but it has been underexplored as a factor of organizational context in transformational leadership research (Porter & McLaughlin, 2006). Procedural justice was thus proposed as a moderator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' trust in the leader. Furthermore, other orientation – as an important work motive that has a substantial influence on employees' extra-role behaviors (Grant & Berg, 2011) – was proposed as a moderator of the relationships between cognition-based trust and affect-based trust and extra-role behaviors. Survey questionnaires were distributed among sales employees of four private retail companies and servicing employees of five private manufacturing


The self-assembly and compression of polybutadiene-bpoly(ethylene oxide) (PBd-PEO) at the air/water interface enables control over surface density, height, and film structure. Interfacial transfer was performed by a combination of Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) techniques, resulting in monolayer and bilayer films. Ellipsometry and wettability results were used to characterize the efficiency of transfer and to determine the properties of the resulting films, confirming a brushlike monolayer. Importantly, a high surface density is essential to obtain the desired film structure (i.e. a dense brush) and surface properties. The films were challenged by adsorption of fibrinogen, and the results are consistent with the notion of a PEO-enriched, and protein-repellant, bilayer surface. Such a bilayer film provides an opportunity for a tunable biomaterial interface to probe cell-surface interactions.


The authors have reviewed the main toxic plants responsible for human deaths throughout the world. Forty plants (genera or species) were listed in order to establish an inventory of the botany of the plant, its use, the active molecules that could be identified, the already published analytical methods and the reported human fatal cases.


The study compares distance relationships in Eskimoid populations based on metric and attribute data with linguistic relationships based on structural and lexicostatistical data. Taxonomic congruence and the non-specificity hypothesis are investigated by matrix correlations and by a clustering procedure. The matrix correlation approaches employed are the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and the Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient. An unweighted pair-group clustering procedure provides a visual comparison of biological and linguistic relationships. Data consist of 74 craniometric measurements and 28 cranial observations taken on 12 Eskimoid populations. Mahalanobis' D2 and Balakrishnan and Sanghvi's B2 were used to compute the metric and attribute distances, respectively. The results indicate that a strict adherence to the non-specificity hypothesis is untenable. Also, there is better concordance between the sexes for metric distances than for attribute distances, and the metric data are more concordant with linguistic relationships than are the attribute data.


The diffusion of heterogeneous smart devices capable of capturing and analysing data about users, and/or the environment, has encouraged the growth of novel sensing methodologies. One of the most attractive scenarios in which such devices, such as smartphones, tablet computers, or activity trackers, can be exploited to infer relevant information is human activity recognition (HAR). Even though some simple HAR techniques can be directly implemented on mobile devices, in some cases, such as when complex activities need to be analysed timely, users' smart devices can operate as part of a more complex architecture. In this article, we propose a multi-device HAR framework that exploits the fog computing paradigm to move heavy computation from the sensing layer to intermediate devices and then to the cloud. As compared to traditional cloud-based solutions, this choice allows to overcome processing and storage limitations of wearable devices while also reducing the overall bandwidth consumption. Experimental analysis aims to evaluate the performance of the entire platform in terms of accuracy of the recognition process while also highlighting the benefits it might bring in smart environments.


Although many autoimmune diseases are associated with particular HLA/H-2 haplotypes, the mechanisms through which specific HLA/H-2 haplotypes afford autoimmune susceptibility remain enigmatic. Here, we analyzed the effects of the diabetes-associated (H-2g7) and an antidiabetogenic (H-2b) H-2 haplotypes in NOD mice deficient for programmed cell death-1 (PD-1, Pdcd1), a unique model of type 1 diabetes that confers complete penetrance and rapid onset of the disease. NOD-H2b/bPdcd1−/− mice were completely protected from diabetes, confirming that H-2g7 is indispensable for diabetes even in the absence of PD-1. However, NOD-H2b/bPdcd1−/− mice developed autoimmune inflammation in multiple tissues including peripheral nerves, stomachs, and exocrine tissues, demonstrating that autoreactive T cells are generated in the context of H-2b. These autoreactive T cells damaged target tissues only in the absence of PD-1, confirming that PD-1 deficiency unravels the hidden autoimmune susceptibility of the strain by reducing the threshold of T cell activation. Transfer experiments revealed that CD4 T cells are the effector cells of neuritis, and nerve-infiltrating CD4 T cells are strongly deviated toward Th1. Interestingly, neuritogenic T cells were also generated in the context of H-2g7, in sharp contrast to the strict requirement of H-2g7 for diabetes. In addition, 60% of the NOD-H2b/g7Pdcd1−/− mice developed diabetes, suggesting that H-2b does not dominantly suppress diabetes and that H-2g7 induces diabetes in a dose-dependent fashion.


Several methods have been applied to the texture characterization of polycrystalline films, including X-ray diffraction and several SEM and TEM techniques. Few of these techniques combine high spatial resolution with the ability to characterize large sample areas in a short time. We have fabricated annular objective apertures for the TEM, extending earlier work of Heinemann and Poppa, to characterize the orientation and size of grains within polycrystalline thin films. This procedure is similar to conical dark field imaging which has been shown to provide microtextural information over large areas Apertures were fabricated using a FEI FIB-200 focused ion beam (FIB) workstation. Bitmap templates of apertures were created using Adobe Illustrator™ and converted to stream files. These stream files were then used to controllably cut annular apertures into an existing platinum JEOL aperture strip with a 30 keV Ga+ FIB. The apertures were then placed in the objective aperture drive of a JEOL 2000FX transmission electron microscope and TiN thin films were imaged in bright- and dark-field imaging modes.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the prevalence of GDM in GCT screened women at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital.

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective descriptive study.

SETTING
Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
One thousand pregnant women who attended the antenatal care clinic and delivered at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital from October 2001 to December 2002 were recruited into the study. Glucose challenge test (GCT), 50-g glucose oral load with 1-hr plasma glucose measurement, was performed in GDM high-risk pregnancies. If GCT was positive, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), 100-g glucose orally, was done to confirm the final diagnosis. All relevant data including demographic information, previous obstetric history, risk factors for GDM, GCT and OGTT results and pregnancy outcomes were collected for further statistical analysis.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Prevalence of GDM in GCT screened women, obstetric complications and pregnancy outcomes.

RESULTS
There were totally 1000 pregnancies enrolled into the study. Despite 451 pregnant women being eligible for GCT only 411 cases were tested with 164 positive results. 29 cases of GDM were detected with the prevalence of 7.05%. (CI 95% = 0.048, 0.099). As a result, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of GCT were 100%, 64.66%, 17.68% and 0%, respectively. In the GDM group, the common indications for GCT screening were advanced maternal age (75.4%), familial diabetic history (22.1%) and glycosuria (6.8%). Furthermore, only I case of pregnancy-induced hypertension was found with cesarean section, preterm birth, LGA and SGA of 27. 6%, 10.3%, 3.45% and 13.79%, respectively. There were 2 cases of pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGD; 0.2%) with 40 high-risk pregnancies (4%) without screening.

CONCLUSION
The selective GCT screening strategy was highly effective and revealed 7.05% of GDM prevalence. Its impact on obstetric complication and pregnancy outcome was inconclusive due to the small number of studied population. Careful history reviewing plays an important role in identifying GDM risk factor for GCT screening.


The aim of this study was to measure if dentists with unfulfilled career expectations have higher burnout scores than dentists who succeeded in realising their expectations. Furthermore, the relation between type of dentist and burnout was investigated. It appeared that dentists who experienced reality being worse than expected, showed higher burnout levels, as did dentists putting more interest in life outside practice. It is recommended that attention for realistic career expectations is a regularly recurring topic in dental education. Also, introspection upon the type of dentist one prefers to be is something a professional should not neglect.


Metastatic spread of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) to the gastrointestinal tract is a rare entity. A 63-year-old woman with a history of poorly controlled HIV and a recurrent cSCC on the right temple presented with functional decline, ascites and shortness of breath. A CT scan showed widespread metastatic malignancy involving lung, pleura, heart, stomach, liver, retroperitoneum and soft-tissue. In the case presented here, an upper endoscopy revealed a submucosal lesion in the stomach. Biopsies described the lesion as a poorly differentiated SCC. Comprehensive genomic profiling yielded striking molecular similarities between the gastric tumour and the patient's prior cSCC. It confirmed the origin of the disease and excluded spread from an occult primary. This case adds to the limited literature on gastrointestinal metastases of cSCC and serves as a reminder that non-AIDS-defining cancers are on the rise in the HIV-population.


Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin-alpha (LT-alpha) are proinflammatory cytokines involved in host defense and pathogenesis of various diseases. In addition, there is evidence that TNF is involved in sleep. TNF and LT-alpha both bind to the tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR). Recently, it was shown that TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) knockout mice (R1KO) sleep less during the light period than controls. We investigated the effect of a TNF and LT-alpha double deficiency on sleep in mice (Ligand KO) and compared their sleep with that of R1KO, TNFR2 knockout (R2KO) mice, and wild-type (WT) controls. All mice were adapted to a 12:12 h light:dark cycle and their electroencephalographs (EEG) and electromyographs (EMG) were continuously recorded during a baseline day, 6-h sleep deprivation (SD), and 18-h recovery. Ligand KO and R2KO had 15% less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep during the baseline light period due to a reduction in REM sleep episode frequency. After SD, all genotypes showed an initial increase in slow-wave activity (SWA) (EEG power density between 0.75 and 4.0 Hz) in non-REM sleep, which gradually declined in the following hours. In Ligand KO the increase was mainly caused by an increase in fast SWA (2.75-4.0 Hz), which was also increased in R2KO. In contrast, in R1KO mice the increase was limited to the slow portion of SWA (0.75-2.5 Hz). R2KO and WT mice showed increases in both frequency ranges. The sub-division into fast and slow SWA frequencies corresponds to previous electrophysiological data where the two types of slow-waves were induced by either excitatory or inhibitory stimuli. Our data suggest that in Ligand KO the SWA increase is caused by an increase in excitatory input to the cortex, whereas in R1KO this input seems to be almost absent.


Purpose of reviewConnective tissue growth factor, more recently officially known as CCN-2, is a member of the CCN family of secreted cysteine-rich modular matricellular proteins. Here, we review CCN-2 in diabetic nephropathy with focus on its regulation of extracellular matrix. Recent findingsCCN-2 is upregulated in the clinical and preclinical models of diabetic nephropathy by multiple stimuli, including elevated glucose, advanced glycation, some types of lipid, various hemodynamic factors, as well as hypoxia and oxidative stress. CCN-2 has bioactivities that suggest it may mediate diabetic nephropathy pathogenesis, especially in extracellular matrix accumulation, through both induction of new matrix and inhibition of matrix degradation. CCN-2 also has proinflammatory functions. Moreover, recent studies using antibodies or antisense technologies in animal and early phase clinical trial settings have shown that inhibition of renal CCN-2 expression or action may prevent diabetic nephropathy. Additionally, determination of renal and blood levels of CCN-2 as a marker of diabetic renal disease and its progression appears to have value. SummaryRecent publications implicate CCN-2 as both an evolving marker and mediator of diabetic nephropathy.


Summary

The objective of this study was to document the frequency of occurrence of very rare fish species as well as to note the changes in diversity over time. Fish species recorded fewer than five times over the past 40 years (1969–2008) from the coasts of Izmir (central Aegean Sea) were included in the account and considered as being very rare. The records are listed chronologically. Fish species recently recorded in the area for the first time are also included. Changes in qualitative and quantitative composition of the ichthyofauna along the coasts of Izmir are also discussed.


Objective: War-traumatized refugee children and adolescents have been overlooked in research on trauma-related dissociation, and whatever research has been conducted has relied almost exclusively on questionnaires. The present study was an exploration of dissociative experiences in multitraumatized war-refugee youth. Method: In this study, we used a mixed-method approach by grouping participants according to a Western-based dissociation measure (the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale; Armstrong, Putnam, Carlson, Libero, & Smith, 1997), and conducting qualitative and quantitative analyses of their verbal descriptions of mental experiences related to dissociation in the aftermath of war and resettlement. The sample included 40 refugee youth, ages 13 to 21, 19 girls and 21 boys resettled in Sweden because of war and persecution. Results: Severe trauma-related dissociation was a problem for a considerable subgroup of the sample. Some dissociative experiences were present in all the sample; others were restricted to the most dissociative group. The correlates of severe dissociation included high frequency and severity of emotional dysregulation and intensity, negative self- and body-perception, depressive mood, and experiences of detachment. Conclusion: Clinicians are urged to be aware of and assess trauma-related dissociation in war-refugee youth, and consider not only dissociative phenomena, but also other important processes such as emotional dysregulation.


Consequent upon the need of Arab – Muslim rulers to acquire information such as would assist in handling commercial and political relations with some Islamic empires situated at Africa South of Sahara, Arab geography and history developed in the 7 th Century. Arab geographers, travellers, and traders produced a corpus of literary works in Arabic, which later became the primary source of early African historiography. In spite of the tremendous significance of these Arabic writings, to the reconstruction of African history, with particular reference to Kanem Borno, some limitations abound in the works, borne out of technical reasons. This has made the writings to be scarcely considered for historical materials sensu stricto. This paper examines some of the technical problems associated with these literary writings in historiographical perspectives as it relates to Kanem Borno Empire.


Abstract : A full Boltzmann integration scheme is implemented within a functioning discrete spectral wave model. Preliminary testing (academic) is presented and compared to alternate solution methods. It is found that third- generation models depend on a detailed balance among source terms, and it is important that these source terms be specified accurately. In the present state of the art information on all of the source terms does not appear to be sufficient to permit definitive estimates of all source terms in the detailed balance evaluations. Older means of estimating the nonlinear wave-wave interaction (Sn1) are much less accurate than the full Boltzmann method. Even the Discrete Interaction Approximation (WAMDIG 1988) representation for Sn1, used in the only documented third-generation wave model (WAM), is shown incapable of providing an accurate estimate of Snl. The full Boltzmann model should provide an improved method to investigate several important wave generation and decay situations. The WAM source terms are inconsistent with observed wave-growth laws and equilibrium-range behavior from the Joint North Sea Wave Project (Hasselmann et al. 1973). New source terms postulated in this report provide a very good match to the JONSWAP wave growth rates and equilibrium-range behavior. The present version of the full Boltzmann model should be regarded as a research tool. It is a very new model and, as such, will need to undergo considerable additional testing over several years before it could be considered as a viable option for an operational model.


Unraveling the complex interaction between catalysts and reactants under operando conditions is a key step toward gaining fundamental insight in catalysis. We report the evolution of the structure and chemical composition of size-selected micellar Pt nanoparticles (∼1 nm) supported on nanocrystalline γ-Al(2)O(3) during the catalytic oxidation of 2-propanol using X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy. Platinum oxides were found to be the active species for the partial oxidation of 2-propanol (<140 °C), while the complete oxidation (>140 °C) is initially catalyzed by oxygen-covered metallic Pt nanoparticles, which were found to regrow a thin surface oxide layer above 200 °C. The intermediate reaction regime, where the partial and complete oxidation pathways coexist, is characterized by the decomposition of the Pt oxide species due to the production of reducing intermediates and the blocking of O(2) adsorption sites on the nanoparticle surface. The high catalytic activity and low onset reaction temperature displayed by our small Pt particles for the oxidation of 2-propanol is attributed to the large amount of edge and corner sites available, which facilitate the formation of reactive surface oxides. Our findings highlight the decisive role of the nanoparticle structure and chemical state in oxidation catalytic reactions.


Vertigo is not an uncommon presentation to the emergency department. It is most commonly caused by benign peripheral processes, such as inner ear or vestibular nerve dysfunction, but can be due to central brain lesions. In this report, we present a central cause of isolated vertigo: brainstem infarct secondary to vertebral artery dissection (VAD). VAD is increasingly being recognised as an important cause of stroke in young people. We discuss the important features that need to be elicited to distinguish central from peripheral disease and the relevance of VAD.


Pathological gambling is a disabling disorder that affects at least 2 1/2 million Americans and their families. Although pathological gambling has been characterized as an impulse control disorder, it has also been associated with compulsivity. Essential features of pathological gambling include constantly recurring gambling behavior that is maladaptive, in that personal, familial, and/or vocational endeavors are disrupted. Affective disorders and substance abuse often co-occur. Incidence of suicidality is extremely high. Despite the fact that this disorder is a widespread public health problem, few controlled studies of causes or treatment have been conducted. Preliminary neurobiological studies implicate serotonergic dysfunction in pathological gamblers. Treatment with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as clomipramine and fluvoxamine, may be effective in treating this disorder. Well-defined and controlled clinical trials in large samples of pathological gamblers are needed.


A taxonomic revision of the species attributed to the subgenus Blepharidina (Afroblepharida) Biondi & D'Alessandro is provided. Seven new species are described: Blepharidina (Afroblepharida) afarensis
sp. nov. and B. (A.) tajurensis
sp. nov. from Djibouti; B. (A.) bantu
sp. nov. from Kenya; B. (A.) benadiriensis
sp. nov. from Somalia; B. (A.) nubiana
sp. nov. from Sudan; B. (A.) pusilla
sp. nov. from Ethiopia and Kenya; B. (A.) zephyra
sp. nov. from Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria. An updated catalogue, including material examined, distributions, chorotypes, and ecological notes, is supplied. The revision comprises a key to the eleven known species, habitus photos, and microscope and scanning electron micrographs of diagnostic characters, including the aedeagus and spermatheca. A phylogenetic analysis based on parsimony was provided. The strict consensus tree was used to put forward a preliminary biogeographical analysis of the taxon in the light of the current distribution of the species.


Abstract The CM pattern is a technique used for describing textural patterns and depositional processes. Over the last 15 years in the Rhône watershed, the CM pattern has been intensively used to describe the actual functioning of aquatic and terrestrial environments of the river and its tributaries. Results from this research led us to propose a global CM pattern more adapted to floodplain environments, on which geomorphological units are mapped according to their position within the graph. In addition, data collected on a large range of fluvial environments from outwash plains to deltas confirm the mobility of the complete CM pattern within the graph. Each segment of the image can shift laterally or vertically in relation to the bottom turbulence of the river and/or the unit stream power. The complete CM pattern of river environments also provides a broad assessment of the cohesiveness of deposits in the channel and across the adjacent floodplain, and can be used to identify each river type in the continuum from torrents to deltas.


x Abstract In this paper 1 , we investigate an implementation of a lazy functional logic language (in particular the language BABEL MR88,MR92]) which uses disequality constraints for solving equations and building answers. We specify a new operational semantics which combines lazy narrowing with disequality constraints and we deene an abstract machine tailored to the execution of BABEL programs according to this semantics. The machine is designed as a quite natural extension of a lazy graph narrowing machine MKLR90]. Disjunctions of disequalities are handled using the backtracking mechanism.


Background and Objectives: Due to the growing need of learners for new digital technologies in education, especially augmented reality technology, which has significant potential, the inadequacy of common electronic content, their lack of educational principles and standards and the lack of a suitable model for producing augmented reality content in education with a constructivism approach necessitate conducting research and finding a solution. The current study aimed to design and validate the model of production of augmented reality content with an emphasis on the constructivism approach. Methods: The present study was an applied one according to the purpose and based on the method, it was a mixture or combination of consecutive exploratory type. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to extract the template components. In reviewing texts and articles, the systematic review method was used and to determine the internal validity, the survey method was utilized. The statistical population for content analysis included scientific sources, books, articles, treatises and valid scientific documents in the field of augmented reality between 2000-2022. By selecting related keywords, the search was conducted in local and international citation databases. The statistical sample was selected via purposive method and included 232 cases. The statistical population for the interview included professors, specialists and producers of augmented reality and the statistical sample of the target population was formed via purposive sampling consisting of 21 people. Also, the statistical population for model validation included augmented reality specialists and university professors, from which a statistical sample of 33 people were selected via purposive sampling method. Data collection tools included a researcher-made questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. To check the inter-coder reliability, two methods of decoding and second coding were used. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts. In order to determine the reliability coefficient of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha test and to determine the internal validity of the model, frequency, mean, standard deviation, mean standard error and one-sample t-test were used. Findings: In the first and second method, the inter-coder reliability was 91% and 87%, respectively. And the content validity ratio index was 93% and 96%, respectively. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was 96% through Cronbach's alpha test. The value of t-test was positive for all questions and according to the significance level (Sig= 0.001), the difference between the mean of the questions and the theoretical mean was significant. The results of content analysis showed that 13 main categories and 55 subcategories were extracted for the augmented reality content production model. The main categories of augmented reality content production model included management, instructional design, design of constructivism learning environments, multimedia design principles, cognitive load control, technical design, production, execution, rendering, publication, development, program evaluation and academic achievement. Conclusion: By identifying the categories and their subcategories, first a conceptual model and then a process model were designed. The innovation of the designed comprehensive model in instructional and technical design requires the simultaneous attention to instructional and technical dimensions. In the presented model, the categories related to the instructional dimensions were environmentally located and the categories related to the technical dimensions were centrally located. The results of statistical analysis showed that from the perspective of experts, the designed model had a high validity and its validity was confirmed. Therefore, it is suggested that this model be used to produce electronic augmented reality content, especially for position-based training, based on a constructivism approach and designed with augmented reality content.


An ultrawideband (UWB) radar can interfere with external RF sources because of the mutual occupancy of the same frequency band. A stepped-frequency polyphase code (SFPC) waveform is proposed as a generic UWB waveform whose interference with the external RF sources is significantly reduced. The subpulses of the individual stepped-frequency (SF) pulses are phase coded using small phase perturbations. This results in a waveform which places nulls at the frequency locations of the external RF sources. Because the phase perturbations are small, a mismatched filter which uses the unperturbed pulses (no phase modulation) as a reference signal results in a simple receiver design and a small mismatch loss on receive. Furthermore, the proposed methodology also has application to narrowband or wideband radars.


As a result of an ageing population the Dutch health care system is facing a growing gap between supply and demand of care. This leads to an annual increase in health care expenditure. A substantial share of that expenditure comes from care for the chronically ill. This report demonstrates to what degree remote care, i.e. the use of technology to shift part of the health care process to the patient's home, can contribute to solving the capacity problem of the Dutch health care system. To achieve this, the issue has been considered from four perspectives: specification, business model, implementation and diffusion.
In is in principle possible to generate economic benefits with certain specifications of remote care. Academic literature reports cases of cost reductions through shorter travelling times, reduced face-to-face contact and fewer hospitalizations. However, these findings do not lend themselves for generalization. Two Dutch case studies have shown potential but no actual cost reductions. Remote care yields the greatest benefits for a select group of home care clients who live far away from the nearest clinic or who make excessive use of home care services. Additional savings are possible if complications in (co-morbid) diabetes patients can be prevented, if teleguidance can be substituted for coaching of CHF patients and if CHF patients can sooner be released from the hospital because of the availability of telemonitoring. Development of inexpensive technologies will further contribute to the cost-effectiveness of remote care.
The offering of remote care services typically requires a technical infrastructure, an interface, a database, content and in some cases measuring equipment and a medical call center. Suppliers of these resources need to stand something to gain from their efforts. This requires a well-functioning business model. A difficulty that presents itself is that most revenues from providing remote care initially flow to the care providing institution. Precisely those institutions often lack the willingness to invest in remote care as a result of their existing culture and uncertainty regarding the benefits. A working business model can be built if health care providers are subsidized for using demonstrated-to-be-cost-effective remote care applications. Dutch patients traditionally have a low individual willingness to pay for health care services, but this can be changed if those services are bundled with services aimed at safety, social care, entertainment and advertising through a low-cost infrastructure.
To make remote care work it has to be successfully implemented in existing health care organizations. Applications need to be adapted to the structure of the organization, its technological systems and especially its work processes. From an HR point of view, champions need to be identified and future users have to be involved in defining the new services in order to create trust. Poor implementation results in user resistance, persistence of redundant work processes and system conflicts, hampering the realization of economic benefits.
If remote care is to contribute to the macro capacity problem of the Dutch health care system, it needs to be implemented on a wide scale. Certain aspects of an innovation and of the channels through which it is communicated further the diffusion of that innovation. Two major success factors of an innovation are its relative advantage and its trialability. Communication channels built on existing social networks are superior to those that have yet to be developed. Visibility of the new application's strengths is a condition for its adoption. Finally, diffusion is more effectively achieved if decisions are made collectively or on authority, as opposed to optional decision-making by individual user institutions.
Remote care can significantly contribute to increasing the efficiency of chronic care and in doing so help to lower the cost of the Dutch health care system. This requires a well-considered strategy. Someone must take the initiative to enable a sustainable business model.


OBJECTIVE
To observe the effect of Shugan Tiaoshen acupuncture (acupuncture for soothing the liver and regulating the mentality) combined with western medication on depression and sleep quality in the patients with depression-insomnia comorbidity due to COVID-19 quarantine, and investigate the potential mechanism from the perspective of cortical excitability.

METHODS
Sixty patients with depression-insomnia comorbidity due to COVID-19 quarantine were randomly divided into an acupuncture group and a sham-acupuncture group, 30 cases in each one. The patients of both groups were treated with oral administration of sertraline hydrochloride tablets. In the acupuncture group, Shugan Tiaoshen acupuncture was supplemented. Body acupuncture was applied to Yintang (GV 24+), Baihui (GV 20), Hegu (LI 4), Zhaohai (KI 6), Qihai (CV 6), etc. The intradermal needling was used at Xin (CO15), Gan (CO12) and Shen (CO10). In the sham-acupuncture group, the sham-acupuncture was given at the same points as the acupuncture group. The compensatory treatment was provided at the end of follow-up for the patients in the sham-acupuncture group. In both groups, the treatment was given once every two days, 3 times a week, for consecutive 8 weeks. The self-rating depression scale (SDS) and insomnia severity index (ISI) scores were compared between the two groups before and after treatment and 1 month after the end of treatment (follow-up) separately. The cortical excitability indexes (resting motor threshold [rMT], motor evoked potential amplitude [MEP-A], cortical resting period [CSP]) and the level of serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were measured before and after treatment in the two groups.

RESULTS
After treatment and in follow-up, SDS and ISI scores were decreased in both groups compared with those before treatment (P<0.05), and the scores in the acupuncture group were lower than those in the sham-acupuncture group (P<0.05), and the decrease range in the acupuncture group after treatment was larger than that in the sham-acupuncture group (P<0.05). After treatment, rMT was reduced (P<0.05), while MEP-A and CSP were increased (P<0.05) in the acupuncture group compared with that before treatment. The levels of serum 5-HT in both groups were increased compared with those before treatment (P<0.05). The rMT in the acupuncture group was lower than that in the sham-acupuncture group, while MEP-A and CSP, as well as the level of serum 5-HT were higher in the acupuncture group in comparison with the sham-acupuncture group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Shugan Tiaoshen acupuncture combined with western medication can relieve depression and improve sleep quality in the patients with depression-insomnia comorbidity due to COVID-19 quarantine, which is probably related to rectifying the imbalanced excitatory and inhibitory neuronal functions.


The United States Air Force was established as an independent department in 1947 and in 1949 became responsible for its own medical support. In 1951 the dental division was renamed the USAF Dental Service and 432 dental officers were transferred to it from the Army. The dental service now provides a world-wide oral health service from 286 fixed dental centers having a total of over 2200 treatment rooms. The backbone of the service is the general dental practitioner and great stress is laid on the preventive aspects of the service. Eight specialty areas are recognized and in-service training, supplemented by specialist training in civilian institutions provide the trained professional resources required. The facilities for the provision of dental services comprise clinics with multiple treatment rooms for each dentist and adequate space for oral hygienists and support and administrative services. Equipment follows the modern trend towards 4-handed seated practice by the dental team.


It is well known that perceptions of intervention characteristics (e.g., cost, source, evidence strength and quality) are a critical link from dissemination to implementation. What is less known is the process by which researchers understand the characteristics most valued by key intermediaries (i.e., real-world decision-makers), particularly in the federal system of Cooperative Extension. In Extension, university-based specialists are available to assist county-based agents in program selection, delivery, and evaluation. For this work, a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was used to conduct surveys and semi-structured interviews, informed by the Diffusion of Innovations theory and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Educators and specialists were recruited across 47 states to identify characteristics of health promotion interventions that facilitate the adoption decision-making process. Analysis of intervention attribute importance survey data was conducted through a one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test to determine individual variable differences between responses. Interviews underwent a conventional content analysis. In total, 121 educators and 47 specialists from 33 states completed the survey. Eighteen educators and 10 specialists completed interviews. Educators and specialists valued components such as the community need for the intervention, and potential reach compared with other components including previous delivery settings and external funding of the intervention (p < .05). Qualitative data indicated divergence between educators and specialists; educators valued understanding the intervention cost (time and training) and specialists valued the evidence base and external funding available. Intervention developers should communicate information valued by different stakeholders to improve the adoption of evidence-based interventions.


OBJECTIVES
Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) transmitted digitally allow patients to communicate with their clinicians and track the activity of chronic diseases, such as RA. Several ePRO smartphone apps have been developed in rheumatology, yet few data have been reported regarding patient adherence. We developed a PRO app for RA and assessed adherence over 6 months.

METHODS
We developed an app to deliver daily assessments to participants (RA App v.1.0). The app was tested as part of a randomized controlled trial examining potential clinical benefits. The current analyses focus on the adherence to the ePRO app for patients randomized to receive the app. We recruited RA patients from an academic rheumatology practice in the USA. Patients randomized to receive the app received daily notifications regarding ePROs. We examined adherence to the PRO questionnaires over the 6-month study and examined factors related to adherence.

RESULTS
Seventy-eight patients received the app and have data included in these analyses: 63 (80.7%) were female, mean age was 55.2 years, 71% had attended college or beyond, and the mean Clinical Disease Activity Index at baseline was 9.7 (low disease activity). Median adherence to the daily questions was 79% (interquartile range 48-90%). Significant predictors of increased adherence were age ≥65 (P = 0.03) and low baseline Clinical Disease Activity Index (P = 0.02).

CONCLUSION
We developed and tested an ePRO app for RA over a 6-month study. Adherence to the app was strong. There was correlation between older age and better disease control and increased adherence.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT02822521.


This paper presents a general cooperative coevolution model inspired by the concept and main ideas of the coevolution of symbiotic species in natural ecosystems. A novel approach called "multi-hive artificial bee colony" for constrained multi-objective optimization (MHABC-CMO) is proposed based on this model. A novel information transfer strategy among multiple swarms and division operator are proposed in MHABC-CMO to tie it closer to natural evolution, as well as improve the robustness of the algorithm. Simulation experiment of MHABC-CMO on a set of benchmark test functions are compared with other nature inspired techniques which includes multi-objective artificial bee colony (MOABC), nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II) and multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO). The numerical results demonstrate MHABC-CMO approach is a powerful search and optimization technique for constrained multi-objective optimization.


Recently the trend of words in the world is related to sustainable development such as "green" has become a new trend in everyday human life.  This study aimed to analyze and map the chemistry learning with green chemistry insight for undergraduate students of chemistry education program as an effort to conserve the environment as one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The urgency of this study is to support the achievement of SDGs through education, especially the target number 12, responsible consumption and production and/or number 13, climate action. Data collection was used in exploratory method by combining primary and secondary exploratory framework. The primary method was focused on the observation qualitative or quantitative and the secondary on the literature research.  Data analysis were used qualitative and quantitative descriptive.  It can be concluded that; the efforts to preserve the environment through education can be pursued with green chemistry insight learning. The principles of green chemistry that can be implemented in chemistry learning on suitable material represent in some action such as; waste prevention, use the safe solvent, energy efficiency, and creating safe and secure conditions for learning both in the classroom and laboratory. Chemistry learning have the role to support SDGs through education by using some learning model/methods, such as discussion, concept map, or practical methods as well as Project Based Learning. So, the results of this study can be referred as an alternative learning that have contribution in SDGs achievement through education.


We reformulate a fundamental result due to Cook, Harbourne, Migliore and Nagel on the existence and irreduciblity of unexpected plane curves of a set of points $Z$ in $\mathbb{P}^2$, using the minimal degree of a Jacobian syzygy of the defining equation for the dual line arrangement $\mathcal A_Z$. Several applications of this new approach are given. In particular, we show that the irreducible unexpected quintics may occur only when the set $Z$ has the cardinality equal to 11 or 12, and describe five cases where this happens.


Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4)-Notch signaling regulates several key stages of angiogenesis. MEDI0639 is a human IgG1 antibody that blocks the binding of DLL4 to the Notch receptor and is being developed as a potential anticancer therapy for patients with solid tumors. Cynomolgus monkeys were selected as a pharmacologically relevant species for toxicologic evaluations of MEDI0639. The results of these studies showed dose-dependent MEDI0639-related serious adverse effects associated with possible gastrointestinal bleeding and heart failure. In general, these adverse effects were monitorable, reversible and consistent with the likely pharmacologic effects on vascular homeostasis. Pathologic changes were observed in liver, heart, lung, and thymus. Changes in clinical pathology parameters, such as decreased red blood cell (RBC) mass, were consistent with possible blood loss and responsive erythropoiesis. Elevations in levels of liver enzymes were indicative of hepatocellular injury and were consistent with histopathologic findings in liver. Due to the adverse cardiovascular (CV) findings from repeat-dose toxicity studies, the effects of MEDI0639 on the CV system were characterized in a dedicated CV safety pharmacology study in cynomolgus monkeys. Notable findings from this study were increased levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR) which tended to return to baseline levels during an 8-week dose-free recovery period. In addition to the evaluation of these toxicity parameters, the potential pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of MEDI0639 on circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in whole blood and on RNA expression levels of selected genes in the DLL4 and angiogenesis pathways in samples of colon tissue were assessed. Results showed that mRNA expressions levels of DLL4 and Notch4 were up-regulated when normalized to housekeeping genes while expression levels of Jagged1, Hey1, and Hes1 were down regulated when normalized to the EC surface marker PECAM (CD31) in all MEDI0639-treated groups. The effects of MEDI0639 on EC were confirmed by the observed increase in expression of PECAM in colon tissue and the increased numbers of total, proliferating, and apoptotic CECs in whole blood of MEDI0639-treated animals. Overall, MEDI0639-related adverse effects were monitorable, reversible and consistent with exaggerated pharmacology effects - that is DLL4 blockade is expected to lead to the formation of immature, disorganized blood vessels with inadequate mural cell coverage. This data was used to determine an appropriate starting dose for a FTIH Phase 1 clinical study of MEDI0639 in cancer patients. Citation Format: Patricia C. Ryan, Jiaqi Huang, Haifeng Bao, Song Cho, Philip Brohawn, Patricia Burke, Kim Lehmann, Fernanda Pilataxi, Yihong Yao, Kathleen McKeever, Rakesh Dixit. Nonclinical safety evaluation of MEDI0639 (Anti-DLL4 Mab) to support first time In human: linking DLL4-notch signaling blockade to exaggerated pharmacology effects in cynomolgus monkeys. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4424. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4424


Whether your operation wishes to examine nickel losses in tailings, assess the talc deportment to the concentrate, or identify the improvements in precious metal (e.g. platinum, gold, etc.) recovery, the MLA can efficiently deliver the relevant mineralogical data.


PPM focusing is quite an attractive scheme, since it eliminates the focusing solenoid (and its power supply) from the klystron. However, one technical difficulty lies in how to integrate the magnetic-circuit, which is relatively complicated, into the vacuum tube. We have solved this problem by introducing a new fabrication technique of metal-to-metal diffusion-bonding by hot-isostatic-pressing (HIP). After simply stacking alternatively the disks made of magnetic stainless-steel (Mag-SUS) and oxygen-free-copper (OFC) without any brazing-material, they were bonded together by pressing with a high-pressure (1200-kgf/cm) at a high temperature (800-°C) for 2 hours. Machining this bonded block produces the drift-tube for the PPM-klystron. We chose the neodymium magnet because of its high maximum BH-product (>40 MGOe), while still having relatively low cost. A 50-MW class C-band PPM klystron is under fabrication. Already magnetic field measurement has been performed, and the axial-field profile was confirmed to be within tolerance. A high power test is scheduled in July 2000.


Isolation of entomopathogenic fungi and their extracellular enzyme activity from rhizosphere soil were carried out. Soil samples were col-lected from rhizosphere under Arecaceae plant collection and a shrub in Bogor Botanic Garden, West Java; and another samples were gath-ered from forest floor on peat land in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan. Insect bait method was used to catch fungi from soil samples by using Coptotermes sp. termites and Xystrocera festiva larva in the laboratory. A total of 38 fungal isolates belonging to 18 spe-cies and 12 genera were successfully isolated and identified. Isolated fungi were dominated by Deuteromycotina; and Fusarium is the most common (5 species). Peat and Pinanga coronata rhizospheres; and termites bait gave the highest fungal diversity of 9 species respectively. All fungal isolates did not indicate chitinase activity, but 60.53 %, 10.53 % and 13.16 % had both of lipase and protease; lipase and protease activities, respectively. Only 15.79 % fungal isolates were negatively in lipase or protease activities.


The total radioactivities in plasma and bone marrow after im injection of [35S]diethyllipoamide were closely related to the radioprotective effects. Analysis of blood samples with paper radiochromatography and scanning showed that the active form of the drug in vivo was diethyllipoamide per se. The drug passed rapidly into the brain and was mainly distributed in liver and kidney. About 53% of the radioactivities was excreted in urine within 24 h. The characteristics of distribution of the drug in these tissues were believed to be responsible for the transient toxic signs after large doses.


To guarantee more exact maximum power of solar cell module, it is absolutely required to have performance characteristics of various solar cells. Today, there are many types of solar simulator for large area measurement. But it is very opaque how to select the best one for various solar cell module like crystalline silicon solar cell, high efficiency solar cell, amorphous silicon thin film solar cell, CdTe and CIGS solar cell module. So, in this paper, 4 types of photovoltaic module were selected to compare the electrical characteristics by changing light pulse duration time and voltage scan direction. Light pulse duration time was varied from 10msec to 800msec. And two types of voltage scan directions, Voc->Isc and Isc->Voc were selected. From this results, optimum measuring condition was suggested and electrical variation was analysed for each types of solar cell module. The detail description is specified as the following paper.


The treatment of open bite malocclusion is generally considered a challenge due to its multifactorial etiology. Many treatment modalities to correct open bites, including orthognathic surgery and dental compensation, have been proposed. Dental compensation (intruding the posterior teeth and uprighting and extruding the anterior teeth with elastics) is a treatment option for borderline patients and those who are reluctant to undergo surgery. This report documents the treatment of a patient with a severe skeletal open bite malocclusion whose treatment plan originally included fixed appliance therapy as well as orthognathic surgery. He was subsequently treated with only fixed appliances. The patient, a male 17 years, 7 months of age, presented with a Class II, Division 1 malocclusion, 5 mm anterior open bite, and an increased anterior facial height. He was treated with extraction of the maxillary and mandibular premolars, full fixed appliances, and anterior vertical elastics. After 30 months of active treatment, a Class I occlusion with improved overjet and overbite was achieved.


Growth and yield responses of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) to two elevated CO 2 levels (550 and 700 ppm) were evaluated up to the maturity of first order spikes in open top chambers (OTCs). The growth characteristics - root and shoot lengths, root volume, root:shoot ratios, leaf area, dry weights of different plant parts, leaf area duration and crop growth rate increased with 550 and 700 ppm of CO 2 levels compared with ambient control. The spike length, pod and seed yield of first order spikes increased under enhanced CO 2 levels over ambient control. Elevated CO 2 levels significantly increased the total biomass and yield of castor bean, however enhanced CO 2 levels per se did not changed the content and quality of the castor oil. A positive response of castor bean to increased CO 2 concentrations is a good indication for its future existence in potentially changed climatic conditions.


With the exception of a few anticancer agents, most breast cancer chemotherapeutics currently used have devastating effects on normal cells. We investigated the effectiveness of the natural product NI-07, derived from Arctium lappa,� to determine its killing potential on breast cancer cells and its cytotoxic effects in breast normal cells. The breast cancer cell lines HCC1419, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-468, SKBR3, the normal mammary epithelial cell line HME 50 HT and the normal mammary fibroblast cell line CCD-1074sk were analyzed in concurrently treated cultures of NI-07, Taxol™ or Untreated. NI-07- treated and Taxol™ -treated cells were cultured for two weeks to assess cell resistance/recovery. Cell viability was determined by cell counts, Trypan Blue exclusion and microscopy. Additionally, cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured by XTT. Statistical significance (p � 0.05) of NI-07 to Untreated or Taxol™ was first determined using Two-Way ANOVA. Identified significant differences were further analyzed by One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's test for honestly significant differences. The effect size of NI-07 compared to untreated or Taxol™ was determined using Cohen's d. Our results showed significant declines in cell viability occurring in NI-07- treated cancer cells after 48 hours of treatment in contrast to the more rapid effect of Taxol™ (<24h). Additionally, cancer cell recovery was less effective in NI-07 versus Taxol™. Furthermore, NI-07 showed no cytotoxicity in normal cells. This lack of cytotoxicity, coupled with its killing efficiency in cancer cells, suggests that NI-07 could potentially make a strong anti-cancer compound or neo-adjuvant to current chemotherapy-based treatments.


Astronomers in CANDELS outline changes for the academic system to promote a smooth transition for junior scientists from academia to industry.


A 69-year-old man with lymphocytic leukemia presented with fever, a pericardial friction rub, widening of the mediastinum, and left pleural effusion. Atrial fibrillation, refractory hypotension and acute paraplegia punctuated his hospital course. Invasion of the mediastinum, myocardium, mediastinal, coronary and spinal arteries with mucormycosis was present at post-mortem examination.


Load balancing middleware is used extensively to improve scalability and overall system throughput in distributed systems. Many load balancing middleware services are simplistic, however, since they are geared only for specific usecases and environments. These limitations make it hard to use the same load balancing service for anything other than the distributed application it was designed for originally. This lack of generality forces continuous re-development of application-specific load balancing services. Not only does re-development increase deployment costs of distributed applications, but it also increases the potential of producing nonoptimal load balancing implementations since proven load balancing service optimizations cannot be reused directly. This paper presents a set of load balancing service features that address many existing middleware load balancing service inadequacies, such as lack of server-side transparency, centralized load balancing, sole support for stateless replication, fixed load monitoring granularities, lack of fault tolerant load balancing, non-extensible load balancing algorithms, and simplistic replica management. All the capabilities described in this paper are currently under development for the next generation of middleware-based load balancing service distributed with our CORBA-compliant ORB (TAO).


The authors describe an advanced family of CMOS field programmable gate arrays developed to significantly reduce the gap in performance and I/O count with masked gate arrays. They detail the advancements in architecture and circuitry which allow 125-MHz 16-b counters, 65-MHz general system performance, and 10-ns clock-to-out delays across a family range of 1500 to 10000 'gate array' gates, and under 100 to over 200 I/O pins. To achieve this while still maintaining 100% automatic place and route, several key advancements were required, including a novel I/O architecture combined with a fast direct I/O clock, and a more uniform logic module for improved synthesis and enhanced combinatorial and sequential logic capability. Performance is significantly improved by scaling the antifuse and CMOS technology from 1.2 to 0.8 mu m. The scaled antifuse, with the same size as a 0.8 mu m contact, reduced the RC interconnect delay by over a factor of 2. A chip compiler allows rapid generation of an extensible family from 1500 to 10000 gate-array gates.<<ETX>>


This paper made mineral mapping on Mars using TES data and also simply described and analyzed the typical mineral mapping methods.Combining the Martian environment and the application conditions of the methods,the authors made a brief comparison of these mapping methods and analyzed the difference between them.The results obtained provide basic data for further studies of the mineral mapping of Mars and the improvement of the methods and models.


A well optimized Non-Player Character (NPC) as an opponent or a teammate is a major part of the multiplayer games. Most of the game bots are built upon a rigid system with numbered decisions and animations. Experienced players can distinguish bots from human players and they can predict bot movements and strategies. This reduces the quality of the gameplay experience. Therefore, multiplayer game players favour playing against human players rather than NPCs. VR game market and VR gamers are still a small fraction of the game industry and multiplayer VR games suffer from loss of their player base if the game owners cannot find other players to play with. This study demonstrates the applicability of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) system based on gameplay recordings for a Virtual Reality (VR) First-person Shooter (FPS) game called Vrena. The subject game has an uncommon way of movement, in which the players use grappling hooks to navigate. To imitate VR players' movements and gestures an AI system is developed which uses gameplay recordings as navigation data. The system contains three major functionality. These functionalities are gameplay recording, data refinement, and navigation. The game environment is sliced into cubic sectors to reduce the number of positional states and gameplay is recorded by time intervals and actions. Produced game logs are segmented into log sections and these log sections are used for creating a look-up table. The lookup table is used for navigating the NPC agent and the decision mechanism followed a way similar to the stateaction-reward concept. The success of the developed tool is tested via a survey, which provided substantial feedback for improving the system.


This paper examines the concept of a digital divide by introducing problematic examples of community technology projects and analyzing models of technology access. It argues that the concept provides a poor framework for either analysis or policy, and suggests an alternate concept of technology for social inclusion. It then draws on the historical analogy of literacy to further critique the notion of a divide and to examine the resources necessary to promote access and social inclusion.


The objective: to provide information and discuss the most justified and rational ways of anemia management in the perioperative period and in critically ill patients.Results: anemia as a syndrome associated with the perioperative period and critical conditions occurs in patients of the intensive care unit in 30–70% of cases. Currently, there is a clear trend towards restrictive blood transfusion tactics, the individualization of the anemic status of the patient, as well as the personalization of the treatment. Alternative approaches to blood transfusion are encouraged to improve the oxygen transport function of the blood, including the use of iron supplements in adult patients with hypoferric anemia and treatment with drugs that stimulate erythropoiesis.


OBJECTIVE
To help endocrinologists develop a position and then make decisions about the applicability of pancreas and islet transplantations for treatment of patients with diabetes.

METHODS
An overview is provided of peer-reviewed literature reporting clinical outcomes of pancreas and islet transplantations, emphasizing rates of success, effect on metabolic regulation and secondary complications, and changes in the quality of life.

RESULTS
Pancreas transplantation-related patient survival rates correspond generally to survival rates of similar patients who have not undergone transplantation, and organ survival rates are consistent with rates of other commonly transplanted organs. Beneficial effects include normalization of glycemia; restoration of glucagon, epinephrine, and symptom responses to hypoglycemia; stabilization of renal and neural complications; and improvement in the quality of life. Autoislet transplantation is commonly successful in preventing diabetes attributable to pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis. The success rates associated with alloislet transplantation remain low.

CONCLUSION
Pancreas transplantation is a therapeutic, not an experimental, option that should be considered when patients with diabetes are candidates for kidney transplantation or when they are metabolically unstable despite optimal medical management. Autoislet transplantation is a therapeutic option that should be seriously considered for patients without diabetes destined to undergo pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis. Alloislet transplantation remains an experimental procedure for treatment of diabetes.


The internal structure of porous TiO2 films prepared by electrostatic layer-by-layer deposition was investigated. The films were prepared by alternate dipping of solid substrates into dispersions of TiO2 nanoparticles and polycations, polyanions, or pure buffer solution, respectively. The surface charge of the amphoteric TiO2 particles was controlled by the pH of the aqueous dispersions. The morphology of the film surface was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the surface roughness strongly depends on the polymeric material used for the deposition process but is independent of the ionic strength of the solution or the molecular weight of the polyions. The samples with rough surfaces feature strong light scattering. The porosity and internal structure of the TiO2/polyelectrolyte films were investigated by adsorption/desorption of dye molecules. A crude estimate yields an internal surface that is up to 160 times the plane surface of the substrate for a film thickness of 1 microm. The composition of the films was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Detection of the XPS signal after each deposition step of the first three dipping cycles shows a significant increase of the relative surface coverage of Ti after the TiO2 deposition step and of PSS after the PSS deposition step. For later dipping cycles, such an increase was also detectable but less prominent.


A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of PGPR, S and three micronutrients viz. Mn, Zn and Mo on the contents of protin, carbohydrate and fat in lentil (Lens culinaris). Seeds treated along with PGPR and S, Zn, Mn and Mo soil applied at the time of sowing @ 60, 4, 0.5 and 0.1Kg/ha respectively, significantly increased protein content (26.96% in 2009 and 26.89% in 2008) in comparison of control. The application of PGPR + S + Mo + Mn + Zn resulted in higher fat (2.56% in 2009 and 2.50% in 2008) and carbohydrate content as against 1.64% and 1.49% also 54.03% in 2009 and 53.87% in 2008 as against 50.59% and 49.75% in control. Use of PGPR, S and micronutrients may thus be an effective approach for improving the dietary value of lentil by its increased protein, carbohydrates, and fat contents.


Efficient allocation of health care resources requires choosing treatments that provide good "value for money", which for chronic and progressive diseases like diabetes requires long-term modeling. For patients not controlled on metformin (MET), the ADA's Standards of Medical Care recommend that "drug-specific effects and patient factors" guide the choice of next agent and that those with atherosclerotic CVD receive treatment with agents with evidence of CV risk reduction. The SGLT2 inhibitors CANA and empagliflozin have shown such a benefit, unlike the DPP-4s. The objective of this analysis was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of CANA vs. SITA as add-on to MET from the U.S. 3rd party payer perspective. A comprehensive health economics model (ECHO-T2DM) was used to estimate health and cost consequences over 30 years. Baseline patient characteristics and biomarker changes were sourced from a previously reported head-to-head study of CANA vs. SITA as add-on to MET. Hazard ratios from the CANVAS Program for myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure hospitalization, and CV mortality were used to capture effects not mediated by changes in biomarkers (i.e., HbA1c, SBP, weight). Progression of DKD incorporated eGFR findings from the CANVAS program. In addition, adverse events associated with CANA were included in the simulations. Costs of health events and associated impacts on Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) were sourced from the literature. In the base case, use of CANA vs. SITA resulted in cost savings ($7,401), as well as increased longevity (0.48 years) and QALYs (0.46). The largest contributors to savings were antihyperglycemic drug costs (given less therapy intensification to maintain glucose control) and treatment costs associated with delayed DKD progression and MIs. These results suggest that the use of CANA vs. SITA as 2nd line therapy will improve health outcomes at a reduced cost. Disclosure M. Willis: Other Relationship; Self; Janssen Global Services, LLC. C. Neslusan: Employee; Self; Janssen Global Services, LLC. A. Nilsson: Other Relationship; Self; Janssen Global Services, LLC. C. Asseburg: Other Relationship; Self; Janssen Global Services, LLC..


In cerebellar Purkinje neurons, the degree of dendritic segregation of the Purkinje cell-specific mRNA L7/pcp-2 is correlated with their development and synaptic investment. This developmental pattern is also observed in Purkinje cells in primary dissociated culture. Short-term (12-48 h) stimulation of cultured Purkinje cells by potassium-induced depolarization or blockade of their inhibitory GABAergic input results in an increased incidence of Purkinje cells with L7/pcp-2 mRNA-positive dendrites and increased levels of L7 protein expression, the latter by a posttranscriptional mechanism. None of these treatments affected the localization of the mRNA encoding calbindin D28k nor the level of this protein in Purkinje neurons. Protracted exposure to depolarizing levels of potassium or elimination of GABAergic transmission resulted in conspicuous changes of Purkinje cell dendritic morphology. These data suggest a scenario in which activity-driven translation of subcellularly segregated mRNAs may contribute to the developmental and functional plasticity of nerve cells.


To understand the growth of Christianity, one has to be aware of numerous factors which played a part in a complex and troubled process. This book offers critical analysis of a variety of texts. Sociological categories are also included, as this is a social process, as well as anthropological material, as it is important to communicate with different cultures. Ideological and theological aspects must also be considered, because Christianity expressed Jesus' religious experience as interpreted by groups of disciples from very different backgrounds. This collective work examines the origins of Christianity from a critical and interdisciplinary perspective, on the basis that a rigorous reconstruction of its beginnings will provide a strong stimulus for present day Christianity to free itself from heavy burdens, confront unavoidable demands and discover new possibilities. Publishing rights available fromCompany: Editorial Verbo Divino CIF: R3100007H Address: Avda. Pamplona 41, 31200 Estella, Navarra Contact: María Jesús Pagola Mañeru Phone: 948556510 E-mail: email@example.com [3] Website: http://www.verbodivinbo.es [4]


Flow blockage by large wind farms leads to an upward displacement of the boundary layer, which may excite atmospheric gravity waves in the free atmosphere and on the interface between the boundary layer and the free atmosphere. In the current study, we assess the sensitivity of wind-farm gravity-wave excitation to important dimensionless groups and investigate the feedback of gravity-wave-induced pressure fields to wind-farm energy extraction. The sensitivity analysis is performed using a fast boundary-layer model that is developed to this end. It is based on a three-layer representation of the atmosphere in an idealised barotropic environment, and is coupled with an analytical wake model to account for turbine wake interactions. We first validate the model in two-dimensional mode with data from previous large-eddy simulations of 'infinitely' wide wind farms, and then use the model to investigate the sensitivity of wind-farm-induced gravity waves to atmospheric state and wind-farm configuration. We find that the inversion layer induces flow physics similar to shallow-water flow and that the corresponding Froude number plays a crucial role. Gravity-wave excitation is maximal at a critical Froude number equal to one, but the feedback on energy extraction is highest when the Froude number is slightly below one due to a trade-off between amplitude and upstream impact of gravity waves. The effect of surface friction and internal gravity waves is to reduce the flow perturbation and the related power loss by dissipating or dispersing perturbation energy. With respect to the wind-farm configuration, we find that gravity-wave-induced power loss increases with wind-farm size and turbine height. Moreover, we find that gravity-wave effects are small for very wide or very long wind farms and attain a maximum at a width-to-depth ratio of approximately $3/2$ .


This paper describes how the experience of carrying out qualitative research contributes to student teachers' development of reflective thinking, promotes constructivist approaches in teaching and learning to teach, and supports feminist perspectives in teacher education. Data was collected from a Research on Teaching class at an Israeli teacher education college over 3 years. Data came from students' qualitative research papers and tape recorded protocols of: (1) college classes in which students presented pieces from their field notes and discussed their observations and interview data and (2) individual tutorials in which student teachers reported their research progress, discussed their data, offered interpretations, and attempted conclusions. Results highlight how qualitative research experience contributed to the development of reflective thinking, constructivist learning, and feminist perspective in five areas: (1) developing awareness of the complexity of the educational situation and ability to note details; (2) identifying problems and naming and framing phenomena as characteristics of reflective thinking; (3) connecting the particular to the general and connecting theoretical concepts from educational research literature to practice; (4) showing conceptual growth and generating personal theories and original categories; and (5) deepening personal and practical knowledge and developing personal theories and learning approaches in ways demonstrating acceptance as well as criticism. (Contains 37 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.


The United States has played a key role in international efforts to address trafficking in Indonesia, as elsewhere. In October 2001, the US State Department established an Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which prepares the annual Trafficking in Persons Report, widely known as the TIP Report. In the reports, countries are divided into three tiers according to their efforts to comply with minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking. Tier One consists of those countries who fully comply with the minimum standards outlined in the US Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA); Tier Two of those who do not fully comply but are making efforts to ensure compliance; and Tier Three of those who do not comply and are not making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance (US Department of State 2000). Countries in Tier Three are subject to sanctions, including the termination of non-humanitarian aid and US opposition to assistance from international financial institutions (Ould 2004: 61). Critics argue that the TIP reports ignore forms of forced labour other than forced sexual labour, gloss over state complicity in trafficking and are vague about numbers of victims, convictions and sentencing rates (Caraway 2006: 298). Concerns have also been expressed about the impact of United States Agency for International Development (USAID) policy regarding the funding of programmes promoting safe sexual practices within brothels, which stipulate that in order to be eligible for US funding non-governmental organizations (NGOs) working in the trafficking field must declare their opposition to prostitution (Ditmore 2005; Weitzer 2007). Organizations that do not take a position on prostitution, as well as those that favour decriminalization or legalization are thus ineligible for funding from the US government.


The paper reports a technical solution for both the reactive power compensation and harmonic attenuation of an especial low-voltage heavy industrial application. The latter mainly consists of a large nonlinear load with 2.9 MW rated power that operates at 765 V. These rather uncommon data for the consumer are to be found in specific chemical or metallurgical processes. After a proper investigation of the load power quality issues, an active filter solution is proposed and correspondingly applied. Thus, four special designed active harmonic filter (AHF) connected in parallel were selected, each of them with rated current of 300 A. They constantly ensure the power correction, simultaneously with the voltage and current harmonic mitigation in accordance with actual standards and regulations. Supplementary, line reactors and an autotransformer that manages to adequately supply the active filters at their rated voltage were also designed. The proposed solution was validated by the power quality measurements. The solution could be extended for other similar heavy industrial consumers, where large reactive power circulation and waveform distortions are to be synchronously addressed.


The opportunities provided by digital technologies to governments in distributing digital welfare payments, or government-to-person (G2P) payments to poor citizens has had a profound effect on the inclusion agenda in many developing countries. However, paucity remains on research that investigates the motivations behind the transition from cash to digital G2P payments and its effects on institutional practices. Hence, this paper examined the case of a government social cash programme in Pakistan that implemented digital payments for disbursing G2P payments to poor women beneficiaries. It explored how the interplay of political forces with external and institutional forces influenced the construction of digital payments and its implications on programme managers. Also, how digital payments affected the power equilibrium for certain political actors involved in the programme. Through case study research, qualitative data was collected through interviews conducted with programme designers and stakeholders in the G2P programme. The findings concluded that digital technologies were socially-embedded in the organisational context, so were progressively transformative for programme designers. Hence, digital payments led to the institutional strengthening of the G2P programme, albeit, diminished the power of other political actors. As contribution, the paper sheds light on how the construction of digital payments was a socio-political process that shifted the power equilibrium by creating new structures of power and authority. This paper has implications for governments, banks and international funding agencies who are utilising digital payments to promote the inclusion agenda for its citizens.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by a decline of cognitive
functions. Distinctive histopathological hallmarks are neuritic plaques,
neurofibrillary tangles, and synaptic alterations. Abnormally enlarged synaptic
structures called "Meganeurite clusters" have been linked to plasticity
changes. The aims of this study were to determine if cognitive impairment was
related to specific neuritic and synaptic degeneration processes in patients
with AD, and if the results of a cognitive test could be correlated with the
histopathological damage. The neuropsychological evaluation obtained by the
Protocole d'evaluation neuropsychologique optimal (PENO) test battery was used
in live AD and control individuals. The histopathological evaluation of their
brain after their death was carried out with specific polyclonal and monoclonal
antibodies to Aβ, pTau protein,
synaptophysin, and GAP-43. Images were obtained by confocal microscopy. The
results showed a significant difference between healthy controls and Alzheimer's
patients in neuropsychological evaluation and histopathological hallmarks
expression. The most significant positive correlation in AD patients was
between memory and language results with the PENO test and the presence of Aβ +pTau+ plaques in the hippocampus. An
interesting negative correlation was between cognitive impairment and the
presence of Meganeuritic clusters, considered as "plasticity" markers. These
results strongly supported the use of the PENO battery test to evaluate the
progression of cognitive impairment in AD prone individuals and patients due to
the strong correlation of the test results with histopathological brain lesions
characteristic of Alzheimer's disease.


In the past, when pork producers were paid strictly on a live-weight basis, it was to their advantage to optimize average daily gain and feed:gain ratio. Because the producer received top dollar return for maximum growth, little attention was given to the composition of gain. This often resulted in carcasses that contained excess fat. However, as packers began implementing carcass merit buying systems, the rate and efficiency of lean tissue growth have become more economically important traits than overall growth rate. Recent research has shown that feeding programs designed to maximize lean growth rate in growingfinishing pigs are affected by several factors, including sex of the animal, environmental temperature, and genotype. Each of these factors must be addressed if the producer's goal is to maximize lean growth. Sex Effects In most genotypes, gilts will consume 10 to 12% less feed and be about 4% more efficient in converting feed to body weight gain during the finishing period as compared to barrows. To offset the reduction in feed intake, diets for gilts need to contain higher nutrient levels (namely protein or amino acids) to achieve adequate daily intakes of these nutrients. In a recent study conducted at nine experiment stations, the effect of dietary lysine level on the growth performance and carcass traits of finishing barrows and gilts was investigated. Corn-soybean meal diets with lysine levels of 0.58, 0.66, 0.73, or 0.80% were fed from 112 to 231 lb. The results from this study (Table 1) demonstrate that barrows and gilts respond differently to increased levels of dietary


The use of electronic goods is growing fast because of innovations, low price and easy to use facilities. Due to higher income, standard of living and professional requirement, people are replacing the electronic goods very fast. Mumbai Municipal Corporation is generating high e-waste in Mumbai Metropolitan Region. In Thane district, Thane Municipal Corporation generates high e-waste but Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation generates low ewaste. E-waste generation is depending on population, health and education institutions, shops and malls, industrial units etc. E-waste in Municipal Corporations of Metropolitan Region is positively co-related to population growth. People are using different kinds of electronic products in their routine life. The old electronic products are discarded in bins. The market for replacement of electronic products is not well developed. The recycling facility is not well developed in region. The policy of awareness of e-waste to manufacturers, consumers, business houses will bring good result. Similarly buy back and exchange of electronic goods will reduce e-waste at certain extent in region. Municipal Corporations should provide collection, transportation, treatment, storage and disposal service of e-waste. Municipal Corporations should set the goal of e-waste free city. Such policies will help to reduce e-waste.


Desert trees and shrubs play a relevant role in stabilizing the deserts ecosystems, and mycorrhizal association is very important for its adaptation and survival in arid and semi-arid areas. The influence of mycorrhizic fungi on the formation of water stable aggregates through glomalin and on soil carbon content has been studied. We sampled the rhizosphere of representative trees (Olneya tesota, Prosopis juliflora, and Parkinsonia microphylla), and shrubs (Jatropha cuneata and Larrea tridentata) of the Sonoran Desert for four seasons in order to evaluate the mycorrhizal status, carbon and glomalin accumulation, and their relationship with water stable aggregates. Results showed that mycorrhizic association is present all the year on studied plants, with values from 1.2 to 57% of mycorrhizal colonization, with variations depending on the season. The accumulation of carbon in the soil profile has significant differences between plants and ranged from 1.1 to 1.75% for Larrea and Prosopis, respectively. The water stable aggregates were significantly different between plants and ranged between 24% and 42%. Glomalin correlation with carbon content and water stable aggregates shows the role of mycorrhizal fungi on soil quality, highlighting influence on carbon content in rhizosphere.


We present an algorithm, "Ensemble Logical Analysis of Survival Data", for predicting survival of cancer patients based on patterns identified on gene‐expression microarray data. A pattern is defined as a combination of expression levels of multiple genes, associated with risk of mortality or metastasis of the tumor. We illustrate our method on several breast cancer microarray datasets, including 286 samples from a study of node negative untreated samples from Wang et al 2005, 347 primary invasive samples from Ivshina et al. 2006, and 255 early‐stage samples who received Tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment from Loi et al. 2008. We use the recent molecular stratification of the breast cancers into eight robust subtypes: Luminals: (LA, LB1, LB2, LB3), Basal‐like: (BA1, BA2) and Her2+: (Her2+I, Her2+NI) from Alexe et al. 2007 and identify patterns of genes which drive the disease within each of these molecular types. This is followed by an analysis of the genes seen most frequently in patterns to determine the pathways responsible for progression/metastasis/death for each subtype. At each event time point (event = death/recurrence/metastasis), we identify patterns that separate patients into high/low risk classes. Each pattern is then associated with a score defined as the integral of the Kaplan‐Meier survival curve for the samples that satisfy the pattern. Pattern space is not disjoint and a sample can satisfy more than one pattern, even for a given time point. The average of the pattern scores for each patient across all time points defines a patient‐specific survival score. All the above steps are computed using an ensemble method: two‐thirds of the data is randomly selected, patterns are generated on this random subset, and patient scores are computed. This is repeated 100 times, and patient scores are aggregated over these 100 runs. We find that these aggregated scores correlate very well with actual survival in the Wang dataset (c‐statistic: 86% for LA, 95% for LB1, 88% for LB3, 77% for Basals, and 80% for Her2+). High/low risk class assignment based on the median of the predicted survival score is highly significant (log‐rank p‐value: 0.01 for LA, 0.0004 for LB1, 0.00006 for LB3, 3.3×10−8 for Basals and 0.0003 for Her2+). The method that we propose is general and can be used for predicting survival for any cancer type. It can also be applied to RT‐PCR data, single nucleotide polymorphisms, microRNA data and data on copy number variations. Finally, we show that our risk score is significantly superior to an Oncotype DXTM score inferred for the samples from the gene expression data. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):C37.


Carbon nitride nanomembranes are currently among the most appealing two-dimensional (2D) materials. As a nonstop endeavor in this field, a novel 2D fused aromatic nanoporous network with a C5N stoichiometry has been most recently synthesized. Inspired by this experimental advance and exciting physics of nanoporous carbon nitrides, herein we conduct extensive density functional theory calculations to explore the electronic, optical and photocatalytic properties of the C5N monolayer. In order to examine the dynamic stability and evaluate the mechanical and heat transport properties under ambient conditions, we employ state of the art methods on the basis of machine-learning interatomic potentials. The C5N monolayer is found to be a direct band gap semiconductor, with a band-gap of 2.63 eV according to the HSE06 method. The obtained results confirm the dynamic stability, remarkable tensile strengths over 10 GPa and a low lattice thermal conductivity of ∼9.5 W m-1 K-1 for the C5N monolayer at room temperature. The first absorption peak of the single-layer C5N along the in-plane polarization is predicted to appear in the visible range of light. With a combination of high carrier mobility, appropriate band edge positions and strong absorption of visible light, the C5N monolayer might be an appealing candidate for photocatalytic water splitting reactions. The presented results provide an extensive understanding concerning the critical physical properties of the C5N nanosheets and also highlight the robustness of machine-learning interatomic potentials in the exploration of complex physical behaviors.


In chemical mechanical planarization, a rotating wafer is pressed facedown against a rotating pad, while a slurry is dragged into the pad-wafer interface to assist in planarizing the wafer surface. Due to stress concentration, the interfacial contact stress near the wafer edge generally is much higher than that near the wafer center, resulting in a spatially nonuniform material removal rate and hence an imperfect planarity of the wafer surface. Here, integrating theories of fluid film lubrication and two-dimensional contact mechanics, we calculate the interfacial contact stress and slurry pressure distributions. In particular, the possibility of using a multizone (i.e., piecewise constant) wafer-back pressure profile to improve the contact stress uniformity is examined by studying a particular case with realistic parameter settings. The numerical results indicate that using a two-zone wafer-back pressure profile with optimized zonal sizes and pressures can increase the "usable" wafer surface area (within which the average contact stress nonuniformity is below 0.1%) by as much as 12%. Using an optimized three-zone wafer-back pressure profile, however, does not increase the usable wafer surface area much further.


Protein metabolism after surgery in the presence of disseminated malignancy has been investigated and compared with results obtained from patients undergoing similar surgical procedures for benign disease and localized malignancy. Whole body nitrogen turnover, measured by primed continuous infusion of15 N glycine, was highest with disseminated malignancy. Similarly rates of whole body protein synthesis and breakdown, calculated from turnover and nitrogen excretion (nitrogen intake being zero), were elevated in the presence of disseminated malignant disease. The increased rates of protein metabolism may represent adaptation to the demands of inevitably growing malignant tissue.


This is a construction-based account of families of ditransitive constructions in Li Jing Ji, the sixteenth century script of a play (dating back to AD 1566) written in a mixture of Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects, two varieties of Southern Min spoken in southern Fujian (Wu 2001). I shall argue that polyfunctionality of some amphibious lexical items, be they inherent ditransitive verbs or otherwise, is amenable to a well motivated treatment in terms of the framework of construction grammar (Fillmore et al. 1988, Goldberg 1995, Jackendoff 1997, and Kay & Fillmore 1999). A ditransitive construction basically involves three semantic roles, viz., source, goal, and theme, in tandem with grammatical functions denoted by subject, direct object, and indirect object. I first examine the extended constructions featuring khit4 乞, thoo7 度, heng5/heng7 還, and yu3 與 as well as sang3 送, which are found to be closely related to ditransitive constructions. Then I explore two types of constructions bearing on the issue of whether the verbs in them are inherently or non-inherently ditransitive. The present paper proposes that the extended construction is a typologically unique feature in Southern Min, Mandarin included. It consists of a ditransitive construction and a pivotal construction. The bona fide ditransitive construction may be a result of conflating the extended construction.


Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) is a newly recognized mental disorder in ICD-11 and DSM-5-TR. Several studies using exploratory factor analysis have found a unidimensional structure of the Prolonged Grief-13 (PG-13) measure of PGD. The recently published ICD-11 proposal proposes a distinction between two clusters of symptoms: Separation distress symptoms and associated cognitive, emotional and behavioral symptoms. The aim of the current study is to test competing factor structures of PGD in Danish samples of bereaved. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test competing models of PGD among two samples of in total 1093 adults that completed the questionnaires 6 months post loss of either a parent or a partner. Convergent and divergent validity was tested via the relationship to depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and general wellbeing using regression analysis. The Danish version of the PG 13 appeared to be both valid and reliable. A two-factor model reflecting the division of core- and associated symptoms of prolonged grief disorder provided the best description of the PG-13 among Danish bereaved adults and there was evidence of partial structural invariance of the latent structure of PGD across bereavement types. Convergent and divergent validity analysis supported the validity of the two-factor model of PGD.


ty-five hundred years ago, but it is still a debated issue in our society today. It is clear that we must address this issue if we are to truly educate our youth. I am convinced that it is essential for aU students to participate in a discipline-based arts curriculum. One reason, based on the ideals of American education, is that it is important for students to appreciate the historical and cultural perspective of their past. A more practical reason is that the arts promote critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity, which are basic in our technological society. The academic bureaucracy contends that arts education for all of our youth is too expensive, that it is not relevant, and that it is inappropriate for minority and disadvantaged students. As principal of a small rural high school, removed from cultural centers, I can attest that the arts can thrive and students can excel in them. The key to excellence in the arts is a partnership between the school and the


Abstract—A switching function which is 2-summable is not linearly separable (a threshold function). A test for 2-summability is given which uses the decimal numbers corresponding to the standard products (minterms) of a function, a slide rule like device, and a preformed chart. The device may be used with functions of up to six variables.