The ever-growing price of precious metals has promoted the widespread use of nickel and copper in the internal electrodes and end terminations of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs). While these base metal electrode (BME) capacitors are less expensive than capacitors made with palladium and silver/palladium, their unique production process produces an identifiable wear-out mechanism. Highly accelerated lifetesting is used to evaluate the reliability of BME MLCCs within reasonable timeframes by using high electric field stress and high temperature. The results of this testing are fit to a well known reliability model and then the model is used to predict device reliability under maximum rated conditions for these capacitors. Median life, t50, is found to be in excess of 1000 years at maximum rated conditions.


Over time, as secularization took root in Black churches during the Civil Rights era, the prevalent framework in understanding African American spirituality discourse has shifted from theology to sociology. This paper tries to discern this major shift from the black literature perspective. It aims to discuss the main charachers' paradoxical state of mind in understanding God in the novel The Color Purple. The 1982 Pulitzer Prize for fiction winner is organized around an intimate conversation between two female characters, Celie and Shug Avery, whose understanding of God were challanged by complexity of sexism and racism in the black family. Sociological approach is adopted to understand the characters' dynamic concept of God. Discussion in this paper suggested that Alice Walker's naturalist theology is embodied in Celie and Shug Avery's conceptualization of God in the novel. Keywords: Black Theology, The Color Purple, God in Black Literature.


Wind over the ocean can be divided into two parts: the mean wind and the unsteady, time-varying wind. The unsteady component of the wind profile is not often included when modeling wind and predicting its impact on ship motions, but may have an effect, particularly in extreme cases. The mean velocity profiles for the wind have been thoroughly investigated and documented, however the time varying portion is not as well understood, mostly due to insufficient data. A portion of the time-varying wind is due to wind gusts, which are typically modeled as a Gaussian stochastic process and can be fully described by a wind gust spectrum. Wind gust spectra measured over land typically have less energy at lower frequencies than measured spectra over the ocean, and this low frequency energy can be important in design of ships and offshore structures. Several wind gust spectra have been proposed, with various dependencies on frequency, height above sea level, and mean wind speed. These spectra are compared with data collected from the High Resolution Air Sea Interaction (HIRES) research program, sponsored by the Office of Naval Research (ONR), from surface buoy data at 1 m as well as from the Research Platform (R/P) FLIP at 30 m above sea level. The various spectra from the literature bound the data at the 1 m level, but all tend to over predict the spectra at the 30 m level. In addition to gusts, the mean wind profile may be modified by the time-varying wave profile, another aspect of wind behavior that can affect the design of ships and offshore structures. Air flow separation over water waves has been observed by many researchers over the years, though a global criterion for separation and a model for the separated flow have not yet been conclusively determined. Evidence in the literature shows that both the wave age and wave slope play a role in separation. A separation criterion is proposed, based on data from the literature, as well as a model for the adjusted wind profile based on a separation profile developed for land. The adjusted profile compares well with data from the literature. The criterion and proposed model are also compared with preliminary results from the ONR supported computational fluid dynamics code, Numerical Flow Analysis (NFA). The objective of this numerical effort is to research and develop the capability to couple advanced free-surface hydrodynamic predictions with numerical wind distributions in a marine atmospheric boundary layer. By developing a wind/wave boundary interaction model for the Numerical Flow Analysis (NFA) code, an important step towards carrying out this objective is achieved. It is the final goal of this development to provide a wind/wave interaction prediction capability that includes the possibility of correctly predicting the impact of breaking ambient waves.


SUMMARY The aim of this study is to compare the hen‐day egg production (HDEP) (%), egg size (ES) (g), feed intake (FI) (g), bodyweight (BWT) (kg), body weight gain (BWTG) (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed utilization (FU), and mortality of imported and local commercial egg layers from one to 20 wk of lay, as well as to predict their egg sizes. Two‐thousand‐six‐hundred Hy‐line Silver Brown commercial layers (imported) and 2,470 Boschveld indigenous commercial layers (local) were reared from d old to 44 wk of age and fed the same diet throughout. ANOVA was used to test their effects due to the strains, and the CHAID algorithm of regression tree method was used to predict the ES. The local strain came into lay first at wk 20, while the imported came into lay at 21 wk of age. The imported layers performed better in ES, FI, HDEP, BWTG, and FCR (P < 0.05) throughout the laying period, while the local layers were better (P < 0.05) in BWT with higher mortality than the imported. Also, the imported layers performed better in FU (P < 0.05) at wk 4, 8, and 24. Among the imported, the highest ES (58.116 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 13.266 < HDEP < 20.35 and FI of 137.95 < FI< 138.176, while in the local layers, the highest ES (54.802 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 37.876 < HDEP < 47.802.


Abstract:This paper aims to uplift a story by a queer Black woman activist residing in Port of Spain, Trinidad. Using various narrative analysis techniques, this paper also explores the tales told to understand how queer people in the Caribbean create a home of recognition and belonging, as well as analyzing the effects of how queer, Black, transnational sharing of stories promotes survival and activism. Utilizing a Black feminist framework, this paper seeks to interrogate homeplace for queer people of color, as well as the spaces where activism lives, how it is enacted, and what that means for positive identity formation and healing from a toxic, homophobic environment. The piece is grounded in Black feminist works such as Demonic Grounds: Black Women and the Cartographies of Struggle by Katherine McKittrick (2006) and bell hooks's (1990) "Homeplace: A Site of Resistance," as well as other feminist texts such as Borderlands/La Frontera by Gloria Anzaldúa (1987). By highlighting Ann's story, the goal is to analyze the impermeability of borders within spaces, identities, and activism, as well as examine the ways that geographies can be mapped onto the bodies of Black queer women and their health.


Sixty-seven family practice residents and 18 faculty members completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory and listed three factors they believed most responsible for resident burnout. In addition, faculty rated residents and residents rated themselves on overall burnout. Mean resident scores on the Maslach ranged from moderate to high, while global self-ratings indicated moderate burnout. Patterns did not vary across programs surveyed, postgraduate year, or gender. Faculty did not appear to be modeling burnout, since they scored in the low to moderate ranges on all Maslach subscales. Residents and faculty overwhelmingly cited time demands as the factor most responsible for resident burnout. Residency directors were more accurate than psychologist faculty in identifying which residents saw themselves as most burned out. Directors significantly underestimated the absolute level of burnout, but psychologists did not. Combined assessments of both faculty groups resulted in significantly better identification than either alone. The prevalence and patterns of burnout and difficulties in identifying affected residents are discussed in terms of the demands of residency training programs and the investment of residents and faculty in current models of medical education.


Submerged and semi-submerged bodies experience unique forces acting upon them. This thesis will experimentally investigate the drag and resultant forces acting on submerged and semisubmerged bodies with varying velocities and angles of attack. A sphere was used to calibrate the experimental test apparatus to ensure data collected was valid in comparison to historical data. A test apparatus was designed out of aluminium sections and a 1KN load cell was used to measure the forces acting on each of the test objects. The output from the load cell was averaged over 60 measured data points for each fixed velocity and angle of attack. The result, when converted into coefficient form, was a close match to historical data which implied the experimental test apparatus is accurate. It can then be used to explore the forces involved in more complex shapes in semi-submerged/ planning conditions. Data for a ski shape was taken and the result was an exponential Cd v Re curve which aligns with the graph for the drag equation as expected. Overall the results taken in tests with the experimental test apparatus align with theoretical and historical values which proves that the apparatus functions as intended and can be used as a method of measuring forces on submerged and semi-submerged objects in the future.


A damage-dependent constitutive model for laminated composites has been developed for the combined damage modes of matrix cracks and delaminations. The model is based on the concept of continuum damage mechanics and uses second-order tensor valued internal state variables to represent each mode of damage. The internal state variables are defined as the local volume average of the relative crack face displacements. Since the local volume for delaminations is specified at the laminate level, the constitutive model takes the form of laminate analysis equations modified by the internal state variables. Model implementation is demonstrated for Ex and vxy of quasi-isotropic and cross-ply laminates. The model predictions are in close agreement to experimental results obtained for graphite/epoxy laminates.


Dentofacial morphology was evaluated in 94 adolescent or early adult patients born with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. As well as lip closure, the primary treatment included vomer flap surgery and pushback palatal repair. Roentgencephalometric measurements as well as classification of the patients into different classes of dentofacial deformity indicated development of bimaxillary retrognathia with severe midfacial deficiency in about a quarter of the cases. Our results were similar to those reported by other teams who used similar surgical regimen.


This study evaluated the compression strength of gypsum type IV and V according to 2 variables: 1) water proportioned randomly or as recommended by the manufacturer and 2) according to 3 (three) different groups of operators (dentists, technicians and dental students). 180 specimens, produced according to ADA regulation nr. 25 underwent, after seven days (dry resistance), the compression strength test in an universal testing machine. After statistical analyses of the data, there was no statistical significant difference regarding the group of operators. Regarding the variable proportion, the specimens manufactured using a random proportion of water/gypsum powder presented a lower compression value (626,2 Kgf/cm) when compared to the group where the amount of water/gypsum powder followed the recommendation of the manufacturer (741,7 Kgf/cm). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.01).


In these proceedings, measurements of J/psi polarization in p+p collisions at 200 and 500 GeV via the dielectron decay channel at mid-rapidity with the STAR experiment are discussed. At 200 GeV the polarization parameter, $\lambda_{\theta}$, related to the polar anisotropy is obtained in the helicity frame as a function of transverse momentum, 2 < $p_{T}$ < 6 GeV/c, and compared to different model predictions. A new J/psi polarization measurement at 500 GeV extends the previous analysis to a wide transverse momentum range of 5 < $p_{T}$ < 16 GeV/c. Also, the polarization parameter related to the azimuthal anisotropy, $\lambda_{\phi}$, is extracted in addition to $\lambda_{\theta}$, in two reference frames: the helicity and Collins-Soper frames. This allows for the frame invariant parameter calculation vs $p_{T}$ in these two frames.


The High Field Magnet Laboratory at the Radboud University in Nijmegen provides DC magnetic fields up to 33 T to a European-wide user community since May 2003. Starting from 2006 the HFML will be part of the Nijmegen Center for Advanced Spectroscopy (NCAS), a consortium focused on using a broad range of spectroscopic tools in high magnetic fields for nanoscience, and supported by the Innovation Platform of the Dutch Government. NCAS will develop a 45 T hybrid magnet system with 32 mm room temperature access in conjunction with a free electron laser, which will provide far-infrared electromagnetic waves in the range 100 μm − 1.5 mm (0.2 − 3 THz). In this contribution we will give an overview of the considerations for the hybrid magnet, and we will in particular list the options that are under discussion for the realization of the new hybrid magnet system.


The reactions of biologically relevant free radicals with Sand Se-containing amino acids are reviewed with regard to amino acid reactivity, the nature of product radicals, and ensuing radical reactions. Emphasis is placed on the formation and reactions of thiyl and selenyl radicals as well as radical cations from sulfides and selenides. The reactions of thiols with carbon-centered radicals, superoxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and tyrosyl radicals are covered as well as the reactions of thiyl radicals with oxygen. Reversible intraand intermolecular hydrogen transfer reactions of thiyl radicals are discussed in view of recent experimental and theoretical data. One-electron oxidation reactions of sulfides are reviewed especially with regard to the stabilization of sulfide radical cations through heteroatom-containing substituents, which are present in peptides and proteins. The relevance of these radical reactions for protein oxidation under conditions of oxidative stress is discussed.


This paper proposes a convex optimization based distributed algorithm to solve the multi-period optimal gas- power flow (OGPF) problem in coupled energy distribution systems. At the gas distribution system side, the non- convex Weymouth gas flow equations are convexified as quadratic constraints. Then the optimal gas flow (OGF) subproblem is solved by an iterative second-order cone programming (SOCP) procedure, whose efficiency is two orders of magnitudes higher than traditional nonlinear methods. A convex quadratic program based initiation scheme is suggested, which helps to find a high-quality starting point. At the power distribution system side, convex relaxation is performed on the non-convex branch flow equations, and the optimal power flow (OPF) subproblem gives rise to an SOCP. Tightness is guaranteed by the radial topology. In the proposed distributed algorithm, the OGF problem and the OPF problem are solved independently, and coordinated by the alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM). Numerical results corroborate significant enhancements on computational robustness and efficiency compared with existing OGPF calculation methods.


BACKGROUND
In 2009 Polish Society of Epileptology have conducted the survey of public opinion over the situation of the children suffering from epilepsy. Intellectual disability is a major indication for children with epilepsy to attend to special schools and learn in integrative classes. Neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disability, is associated with 5% of new-diagnosed cases of epilepsies and with 18% of all epilepsy cases in children.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Hereby author describes mechanisms that leads to cognitive impairments in the course of epilepsy, including influence of temporal and extratemporal seizures as well as school problems of children with epilepsy. From 5% to 50% of children suffering from epilepsy have problems in school and 30% require attending to special schools. School achievements of children suffering with epilepsy and normal IQ is similar to those without this disorder with IQ ranging from 71 to 85. The influence of biological factors (age of onset, number of seizures or antiepileptic drugs therapy) on school achievements is smaller than described by earlier authors. Nevertheless, even nowadays retardation in acquisition of reading, writing and calculating capacities can be noticed in 60% of children with epilepsy. Described risk can be increased by coexistence of attention deficit and emotional problems. The impairment decreases with age.

CONCLUSIONS
Children suffering from epilepsy require constant monitoring of school achievements and psychostimulation even in cases with normal IQ.


The growing need for liver transplantation has led to an increased need for living liver donors. Partial hepatectomy in donors carries significant risk, requiring rigorous preoperative evaluation. Contrast-enhanced MRI and MR cholangiography can assess liver lesions and biliary variants, while chemical shift-encoded MRI and MR elastography detect and quantify fat, iron and fibrosis in unexpected diffuse liver disease. This study summarizes our experience with an extended MRI protocol in 68 potential donors. MRI, in isolation or in combination with other test results identified more than half of patients at risk for surgical complications of liver donation.


To elucidate the genetic mechanism of growth trait in Takifugu rubripes during ontogeny, developmental genetic analysis of body weight was conducted by mixed genetic model with additive-dominance effects, using complete diallel cross with three different strains of T. rubripes from Laizhou Shandong, Tangshan Hebei and Dalian Liaoning. Unconditional genetic analysis revealed that the unconditional dominance effects with very significant P<0.01 were detected during 8 to 20 months and the unconditional additive effects were detected only at 17 and 20 months. This suggests that the body weight trait was mainly controlled by dominance effects from 8 to 17 months and by both dominance and additive effects from 17 to 20 months. Conditional analysis showed that the net dominance effects were ascertained during growth from 0 to 8, 8 to 11, and 11 to 14 months, and the net additive effects were detected only during growth from 14 to 17 months. The following conclusions could be drawn from the results: the selection period should be considered during 14 to 17 months if the genetic improvement of T. rubripes is conducted using selective breeding, and the selection period should be considered during 8 to 14 months if cross breeding is used. The conditional genetic procedure is a useful method to elucidate the dynamics of genes action governing the variability of quantitative traits during ontogenetic development. In addition, the study is also highly important to determine the appropriate developmental period (t-1→t) for trait measurement in developmental quantitative genetic analysis in fish. Key words: Takifugu rubripes , body weight, genetic parameters, gene effects.


Systems based on artificial neural networks have high computational rates due to the use of a massive number of simple processing elements. Neural networks with feedback connections provide a computing model capable of solving a rich class of optimization problems. In this paper, a modified Hopfield network is developed for solving constrained nonlinear optimization problems. The internal parameters of the network are obtained using the valid-subspace technique. Simulated examples are presented as an illustration of the proposed approach.


【The objective of this study was to discern the effects of a balance training program on the performance of lower extremities in order to improve strength (muscle power, flexibility, walking power), balance control and walking ability in the elderly. The subjects selected were aged 65 years and over, with no known relevant medical history that may disturb their balance, and have also been visiting the Gimhae Senior Welfare Center. The variable group consisted of 30 subjects, of whom were people who had been participating in balance training programs (One Leg Standing; OLS, Functional Reach; FR, Timed Get Up and Go; TUG) as an intervention for 8 weeks 3 times per a week. They were examined in order to identify their balance control before and after. The control group consisted of thirty subjects who preferred to exercise without any intervention relating to balance training program. The subjects were measured before and after balance training in order to determine the effectiveness of exercise and the effectiveness of exercise combined with the aid of a Balance Performance Monitor. 1. Mean time on OLS test with left and right sided extremities in the experimental group was 35.44 sec, 42.10 sec longer than control group respectively. In FR tests applied to the left and right side, mean reaching distance was increased up to 5.56 cm, 6.73 cm in experimental group respectively. Mean time on TUG test from a chair in experimental group was decreased to 2.33 sec. 2. Mean value of decline in the level balance control, both left and right side, decreased to 2.24% as examined by the Balance Performance Monitor. Mean scores for sway level after balance training decrease to .98% and for balance control both anterior and posterior directions decreased to mean 1.07% and 1.44%, respectively.】


Summary: Factors obtained from certain S variants of Staphylococcus aureus can both increase the potency of and destroy the coagulase produced by R variants of the organism. Evidence that separate factors are responsible for potentiation and for destruction of coagulase is based on differences of pH optimum and of temperature range of the factors. Potentiation of coagulase is most marked below pH 7 and occurs at temperatures ranging from 9° to 37°. The optimum pH value for destruction is between 7 and 8, and it does not occur at 9°. There is evidence, though incomplete, that both factors are enzymes. In the course of both potentiation and destruction the mode of clotting by R coagulase is altered from a granular to a solid type. Some properties of the factors and their partial purification are described and their possible mode of action is discussed.


The European Regulation 650/2012 aims, among other goals, encourage the planning of succession in Europe. In this sense, it seems to line up with the latest trends on inheritance law, surpassing the old perspective of sustaining family needs to give way to considerations focused on the autonomy of the de cuius and the continuity of businesses. However, geographical constraints that is inevitably doomed and its own choices in selecting the applicable law compromise the achievement of those objectives.


Introduction: entering the new millennium Deborah Z. Cass, Brett Gerard Williams and George Barker Part I. The World Trading System: 1. The impact of China's accession on the WTO John H. Jackson 2. WTO membership for China: to be and not to be: is that the answer? Sylvia Ostry 3. China and the constitutionalization of international trade law Deborah Z. Cass Part II. The Accession: 4. China's WTO accession: the final countdown Jeffrey L. Gertler 5. China's accession: improving market access and Australia's role and interests Graeme Thomson Part III. China: The Domestic Sphere: 6. The state of the Chinese economy: structural changes, impacts and implications Ligang Song 7. Trade policy reform and China's WTO accession Elena Ianchovichina and Will Martin 8. China's WTO entry in labor surplus and Marxist terms Raj Bhala 9. Enforcement of WTO agreements: illusion or reality? Qingjian Kong 10. China: trade, law and human rights Alice Tay Part IV. Trade in Goods: 11. China's interest in the WTO's deregulation of international textiles trade Ian Dickson 12. China and the agreement on technical barriers to trade Ichiro Araki Part V. Trade in Services and Competition Policy: 13. WTO membership and professional services regulation in China Christopher Arup 14. The impact of accession on regulation of distribution and logistics industries in China Dene Yeaman 15. Regulating the new economy: implications for telecommunications and e-commerce in China Ian Macintosh 16. Segregation and convergence: the Chinese dilemma for financial services Richard Wu 17. Adopting a competition law in China Mark Williams Part VI. Intellectual Property: 18. Chinese trademark law and the TRIPs agreement Angela Gregory 19. TRIPs goes East: China's interests and international trade in intellectual property Antony Taubman 20. The impact of WTO membership on review of the TRIPS agreement Daniel Stewart and Brett Gerard Williams Part VII. Dispute Settlement: 21. Interpreting China's accession protocol: a case study in anti-dumping Michael Lennard 22. Dispute settlement and sub-national entities Ravi P. Kewalram.


MEMS has become a very high profile technology during the past year, but there are a host of issues that require economical technical solutions. Getters will play a key role in MEMS and MOEMS packaging. Dual-purpose moisture-particle getters appear ideal and are already used in some optical MEMS commercial products. More work must be done in this area, especially for quasi-hermetic packaging. A getter may enable lower cost packaging such as adhesive sealing or even plastic packaging.


Objective: The aim of the study to determine the frequency of cardiogenic shock and its associated factors in patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction in tertiary care hospital. Study Design: Observational Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease (NICVD), Karachi. Period: January to July 2017. Material & Methods: A total of 241 patients with acute inferior wall MI presented with the complain of chest pain for more than 30 minutes and less than 24 hours were recruited in this study. A detailed history including age, sex, family history and co-morbidities status was taken. Patients undergone right sided ECG. Cardiac shock was assessed and recorded prospectively. Results: There were 144 male and 97 female patients. Mean age was 52.58±10.13 years. 44.8% were hypertensive, 14.5% were diabetic, 19.1% had family history of CAD, and 14.9% were smokers. In our study, 7.9% cases were found with cardiogenic shock. The association of cadiogenic shock was found significant with age, female gender, co-morbidities (P-values<0.05). Conclusion: Cardiogenic shock (CS) remain the leading cause of death in hospitalized patients with myocardial infarction. The present study concluded that there is increased risk of cardiogenic shock in patients having inferior myocardial infarction along with right ventricular infarction. The study shows prevalence of cardiogenic shock and factors that increases the risk. The factors such as age, female gender, patients with medical conditions such diabetes and hypertension, smoking status are risk factors of cardiogenic shock in patients with coronary heart disease.


Machine learning based sleep scoring methods aim to automate the process of annotating polysomnograms with sleep stages. Although sleep signals of multiple modalities and channels should contain more information according to sleep guidelines, most multi-channel multi-modal models in the literature showed only a little performance improvement compared to single-channel EEG models and sometimes even failed to outperform them. In this paper, we investigate whether the high performance of single-channel EEG models can be attributed to specific model features in their deep learning architectures and to which extent multi-channel multi-modal models take the information from different channels of modalities into account. First, we transfer the model features from single-channel EEG models, such as combinations of small and large filters in CNNs, to multi-channel multi-modal models and measure their impacts. Second, we employ two explainability methods, the layer-wise relevance propagation as post-hoc and the embedded channel attention network as intrinsic interpretability methods, to measure the contribution of different channels on predictive performance. We find that i) single-channel model features can improve the performance of multi-channel multi-modal models and ii) multi-channel multi-modal models focus on one important channel per modality and use the remaining channels to complement the information of the focused channels. Our results suggest that more advanced methods for aggregating channel information using complementary information from other channels may improve sleep scoring performance for multi-channel multi-modal models.


Business Intelligence (BI) has received wide recognition in IT, business and academia. Through the use of BI businesses are able to address 'big data' related problems for better management decisions across all industries. However, few studies have clearly articulated a theoretically grounded model or provided empirical data to explain what factors influence the effective use of BI. Drawing on the theory of effective use (TEU) and literature on enterprise architecture, business intelligence and IT user performance, I developed a research model to examine the impact of different stages of enterprise architecture maturity on the representational fidelity of BI, which has been identified as one of the critical dimensions of effective use of BI influencing managers' decisionmaking performance. The study will adopt a mixed methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative data collection from managers in BI-based organizations. This study makes an important theoretical contribution to the study of effective use of BI, and also makes a practical contribution by providing insights into the creation of environments to facilitate more effective BI use in the pursuit of better decision-making performance.


Human parvovirus B19, which is most commonly known to cause erythema infectiosum in children, is also known to cause infection in adults, with complications ranging from a self-limited polyarthropathy in immunocompetent patients to hydrops fetalis in pregnant women, transient aplastic crises in patients with chronic hemolytic anemias, and chronic aplastic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. We describe a previously healthy immunocompetent woman who presented with manifestations of acute parvovirus B19 infection.


In this study, the effects of feeding citrus by-products on the quality and fatty acid compositions of chicken eggs were investigated. Two samples of chicken eggs were used for this study: T0 (eggs of chickens that were not fed citrus byproducts) and T1 (eggs of chickens that were fed 4% citrus byproducts). There was no statistically meaningful difference between T0 and T1 in terms of various properties, such as chemical composition, cholesterol content, minerals, vitamins, pigments, and total structural amino acid. The caloric content of the egg yolk was higher in T1 than in T0, and total free amino acid of egg albumin and egg yolk was higher in T1 than in T0 (p<0.05). There was a not significant difference in SFA:UFA ratio between T0 and T1, but the linolenic acid content was higher in T1 than in T0 (p<0.05). The results of this study show that citrus by-products can be used for feed for laying hens by adding them to general feed. Keywords : Citrus byproduct, chicken egg, egg quality, fatty acid composition


Nanomedicine is a young and rapidly emerging field, which integrates clinical medicine with nanotechnology. Although the commercial nanomedicine is still in a fairly embryonic state, the recent advances in the nanotechnology-based therapeutics and diagnosis has changed the landscape of medicine. Bibliometric analysis shows a surge in research activity over the past decade. In this review, we have discussed some of the promising materials and their applications to this nascent field, such as carbon nanomaterials, polymeric drug delivery systems, and diagnostic imaging agents.


Polycations constitute an important group of polymeric materials widely used in the construction of novel drug delivery systems. The positive charge of these compounds renders them highly soluble in aqueous media and allows for strong electrostatic interactions of these polymers with anionic substances, including drugs and substances contained in the body (proteins and nucleic acids, in particular) as well as negatively charged anatomical structures (e.g., cell membranes, glycocalix or mucosa). A wide spectrum of delivery systems containing polycations has been recently developed and studied, including polyelectrolyte complexes, nano- and microparticles, injectable hydrogels, liposomes and micelles. Cationic polymers are also intensively used as penetration enhancers and release triggers. In this chapter the recent developments in the application of polycations for delivery of various therapeutic agents are summarized and discussed. The potential problems related to their potential cytotoxicity and the possible ways of eliminating unwanted side effects are also presented.


Stripe rust is an important disease in wheat, and development of genetic resistance in cultivars is an effective approach to control the disease. Wild species of wheat, such as Thinopyrum intermedium, are an excellent gene source for wheat improvement. In this study, two stripe rust-resistant wheat-T. intermedium chromosome translocation lines, CH4131 and CH4132, were characterized by cytogenetic and pathological methods. The introgressed chromosome fragment was tagged using amplified fragment-length polymorphism-derived sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers and intron targeting markers, indicating that CH4131 and CH4132 both possess a homologous group 3 chromatin of T. intermedium. Genomic in situ hybridization results suggested that a very small T. intermedium chromosome segment was translocated to the terminal region of wheat 1BS for both lines, forming a configuration of T3Ai-1BS.1BL. The two translocation lines were resistant to stripe rust, and the resistance gene, temporarily designated YrCH-1BS, was likely derived from T. intermedium. The translocated chromosome fragments have no genetic linkage drag to agronomic performance. The grain quality indexes of these two translocations were higher than local wheat varieties. Therefore, CH4131 and CH4132 could be used as potential gene sources in wheat improvement programs. The SCAR markers are useful to select stripe rust resistance from T. intermedium.


In this two-part paper, the problem of channel estimation in Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) systems is investigated. In Part I, a novel Hybrid Sparse/Diffuse (HSD) model is proposed for the UWB channel, and new channel estimation strategies are designed for this model. In this paper (Part II), a Mean-Squared Error (MSE) analysis of the Generalized MMSE and Generalized Thresholding Estimators developed in Part I is performed, for the asymptotic regimes of low and high SNR. The analysis quantifies the achievable MSE performance of these schemes over unstructured estimators. Specifically, we prove that it is beneficial to be conservative in the estimation of the sparse component, i.e., to assume that the sparse component is sparser than it actually is. Moreover, we analyze the scenario with a non-orthogonal pilot sequence, and establish a connection between the Generalized Thresholding estimator and conventional sparse approximation algorithms proposed in the literature. In addition to the theoretical analysis, these channel estimation schemes are evaluated in a more realistic geometry-based channel emulator, for which the HSD model developed in Part I is an approximation. The numerical results are shown to match the expected asymptotic MSE behavior. Moreover, the proposed estimation techniques are shown to outperform conventional unstructured and purely sparse estimators, from both an MSE and a bit error rate perspectives, even for the realistic geometry-based channel model.


Malaria is a common and serious disease that primarily affects developing countries and its spread is influenced by a variety of environmental and human behavioral factors; therefore, accurate prevalence prediction has been identified as a critical component of the Global Technical Strategy for Malaria from 2016 to 2030. While traditional differential equation models can perform basic forecasting, supervised machine learning algorithms provide more accurate predictions, as demonstrated by a recent study using an elastic net model (REMPS). Nevertheless, current short-term prediction systems do not achieve the required accuracy levels for routine clinical practice. To improve in this direction, stacked hybrid models have been proposed, in which the outputs of several machine learning models are aggregated by using a meta-learner predictive model. In this paper, we propose an alternative specialist hybrid approach that combines a linear predictive model that specializes in the linear component of the malaria prevalence signal and a recurrent neural network predictive model that specializes in the non-linear residuals of the linear prediction, trained with a novel asymmetric loss. Our findings show that the specialist hybrid approach outperforms the current state-of-the-art stacked models on an open-source dataset containing 22 years of malaria prevalence data from the city of Ibadan in southwest Nigeria. The specialist hybrid approach is a promising alternative to current prediction methods, as well as a tool to improve decision-making and resource allocation for malaria control in high-risk countries.


High temperature sintering (1200–1400 °C) has been performed on ZnO ceramics. An X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) study shows that high sintering temperature introduces a constant amount of VO and VZn defects without any significant effect on the crystal or electronic structure of Wurtzite ZnO. The combined effects of grain boundaries and voids are considered responsible for the apparent colossal dielectric constant (ε′) > 104 at low frequency (∼102 Hz) for all the sintered ZnO ceramics. The superior contact among grains of the ZnO-1200 sample enhances both the interfacial and orientational polarization of the Zn2+–VO dipoles, which results in the increase of low and high frequency dielectric constants (ε′) and the corresponding dielectric loss (tan δ) also increases. On the other hand, high temperature sintering of ZnO at 1300 °C and 1400 °C introduces voids at the expense of reduced grain and grain boundary contact areas, thus affecting both the interfacial and orientational polarization with corresponding reduction of dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss. Orientational polarizations due to Zn2+–VO dipoles are suggested to remain fixed and it is the microstructure which controls the dielectric properties of high temperature sintered ZnO ceramics.


India is a cash centric nation. High circulation of cash encourages the corruption and hawala transactions. To break this grip, Rs.500 and Rs1000 notes were demonetised last year. The new policy of demonetisation has shifted India towards the digital era. Cashless economy is a state where the flow of cash is trivial and most of the transactions are performed through electronic channels. Digital economy unearths black money and control circulation of fake currency. This paper will throw light on the basic concepts, modes of digital economy and the initiatives taken by government to create cashless environment. This paper will also examine the perspective of people regarding cashless economy. Data has been collected using both primary and secondary sources and analysed using simple research techniques


The paper presents a new theory of unfolding of eigenvalue surfaces of real symmetric and Hermitian matrices due to an arbitrary complex perturbation near a diabolic point. General asymptotic formulae describing deformations of a conical surface for different kinds of perturbing matrices are derived. As a physical application, singularities of the surfaces of refractive indices in crystal optics are studied.


The equations of motion of ionospheric electrons in the field of plane electromagnetic waves subject to the frictional force of collision and to the force of the earth's magnetic field are developed in a form permitting graphical calculation of the wave polarization. The complex Poynting vector is then calculated in terms of the polarization, the complex refractive index, and a third function related to the forward tilt of the electric vector. Graphical integration is used to obtain curves representing the direction of energy flow for the ordinary and extraordinary modes, in a parabolic distribution of ionization for fixed values of geomagnetic latitude, collision frequency, and wave frequency for the case of vertical wave propagation. When collision is taken into account, the deflection has a small westward component for both ordinary and extraordinary modes. At zero collision frequency the deflections are in the vertical plane of the earth's field; the ordinary mode bending towards the poles and the extraordinary mode towards the equator. The normal ionization gradient with latitude, together with diurnal expansion and contraction of the ionized region, can explain the diurnal variation in the fz-f0critical frequency difference as due to the diurnal variation in the total path deflection.


Summary Overexpression of the EGFR ligands amphiregulin (AREG)/epiregulin (EREG) may be a surrogate of EGFR dependency regardless of sidedness in metastatic colorectal cancer. High AREG/EREG may be coupled with negative hyper-selection (i.e., lack of genomic drivers of primary resistance beyond RAS and BRAF) to identify patients with right-sided tumors and potential sensitivity to EGFR blockade. See related article by Williams et al., p. 4153


The ongoing move of hardware platforms to many-core processor challenges the traditional software design methodology. It is critical to develop new programming paradigms and efficient ways to port legacy applications. This paper analyzed a typical packet processing application and also the cache hierarchy and behavior of Raw architecture many-core processor. It presented an easy to implement run-time dynamic core grouping approach to improve the system performance. This approach reduced the cache swap latency by grouping neighbor cores attached to the mesh network. It optimized the scale of group by experimental data got beforehand. The test results showed this approach can improve the Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) system performance around 10% with very minor code change.


Television debates can be approached as the filming of talk in interaction. The TV crew creates a live representation, which is witness to, and utilizes, the ordinary intelligibility of speech exchanges. The paper proposes the analysis of the filming of a short sequence. A first participation framework is made visible on the screen through a succession of shots presenting the panellist currently talking and his opponents. An alternative participation framework emerges when a new shot shows the host of the debate, who has not appeared on screen during the panellist's turn at talk. That shot makes visible the host's impending turn-taking. The resources for such an anticipation of participation frame shifting lie in the design of the panellist's turn. The turn moves from a critique of his adversaries to an accusation of partiality addressed to the host. During that sequence, the right to talk becomes what is at stake. Professional (TV) filming of talk appears then as liable to align with and make visible one of the alternative participation frameworks.


In recent years, the entanglement spectra of quantum states have been identified to be highly valuable for improving our understanding on many problems in quantum physics, such as classification of topological phases, symmetry-breaking phases, and eigenstate thermalization, etc. However, it remains a major challenge to fully characterize the entanglement spectrum of a given quantum state. An outstanding problem is whether the difficulty is intrinsically technical or fundamental? Here using the tools in computational complexity, we perform a rigorous analysis to pin down the counting complexity of entanglement spectra of (i) states generated by polynomial-time quantum circuits, (ii) ground states of gapped 5-local Hamiltonians, and (iii) projected entangled-pair states (PEPS). We prove that despite the state complexity, the problems of counting the number of sizable elements in the entanglement spectra all belong to the class $\mathsf{\# P}$-complete, which is as hard as calculating the partition functions of Ising models. Our result suggests that the absence of an efficient method for solving the problem is fundamental in nature, from the point of view of computational complexity theory.


: This study examined the effects of context type on the use of context while lipreading and listening. Results indicate that the ability to use context by type and modality are not global skills, but instead are specific to the context type and perceptual modality in use. Results further suggest that context is more readily used in the visual channel over the auditory channel.


Given the triplication of chromosome 21 and the location of the amyloid precursor protein gene on chromosome 21, almost all adults with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer disease (AD)‐like pathology and dementia during their lifetime. Comparing amyloid accumulation in DS to autosomal dominant AD (ADAD), another genetic form of AD, may improve our understanding of early AD pathology development.


In this paper we will present a case study in Iran which explains the reasons for inaction by a society that is highly dependent on rapidly depleting groundwater resources. To obtain a better understanding of social inaction when faced with groundwater depletion, we investigated the changing role of society in groundwater systems and the movement away from collective action. A qualitative inquiry was used in this study, based mainly on an analysis of multiple interviews conducted with groundwater users, complemented by documentary analysis. Results are presented in different sections. First, a brief description of groundwater management in Rafsanjan is presented as typical of groundwater management in Iran. Then we present the chronology of the emergence of chaos in groundwater management in Rafsanjan. Finally, we provide the water users' dominant frame of reference for the resolution of the critical water resource situation. Results indicate that the two main factors contributing to changes in groundwater drawdown are technological transitions and national policy reforms. However, findings suggest that the incorporation of factors related to political ecology – such as power relations, equity, and corruption – are important elements to consider in relation to the collective self-regulation of groundwater social-ecological systems. This paper does not provide a feasibility study for implementing a specific model of community-based management in Rafsanjan Plain, neither does it present an action plan towards selfregulation. It does, however, provide a more realistic viewpoint on the potential for pursuing a community-based management approach by helping to identify key challenges that would have to be considered.


Estimated deaths rate due to snake bites are more than 46,000 annually in our country. Ninety-seven to ninety eight percent bites occur in rural or remote areas. Snake bite is a one of common problem faced in rural India. It takes a high toll of lives mainly of working male of the family. The current prospective observational study was carried out to study the clinical and management by systematic approach of snake bites. The 245 cases of snake bite were hospitalized to Rural Hospital in a period of July 2017 to June 2018. The present data showed that majority (91.43%) of cases were encountered from rural area,in the age group ranging from 21 to 30years (24.90%) Majority were male patients (62.04%). Most affected were the agricultural laborers and farmers (56.33%). 60.82% of the cases were presented with bite over lower extremities .Most of the snake bite (75.97%) occurred during day time. July to October was the period in which most snake bite cases were observed. It was seen that syndromic or systematic approach was more effective in early diagnosis and treatment of snake bite. The average requirement of anti- serum venom (ASV) required for cobra bite was 16,krait bite 22,Russell's viper bite 12 and saw scaled viper bite 10. The total duration of treatment in hospital for cobra bite were 6, krait bite 8, Russell's viper bite 4 and saw scaled viper 4 days.


Since 1959, informal admission has been used for the admission of non-resisting adults to hospital for treatment of their mental health problems. The Court of Appeal has ruled this practice unlawful. As a consequence, certain issues in relation to the admission and management of these patients will have to be reconsidered and while there will be positive repercussions for the management of patients there will also be some negative effects. This article considers the implications.


A 33-year-old man with human immunodeficiency virus type1 (HIV-1) infection was admitted because of acute hepatitis B. His serum alanine aminotransferase level was 1200 IU/mL and CD4 cells count was 268/mm3. Antiretroviral therapy including tenofovir and emtricitabine, which suppresses both HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, was initiated. The liver enzymes decreased dramatically. The viral loads of both HIV-1 and HBV were suppressed below detectable limits. Seroconversion from hepatitis B surface antigen to hepatitis B surface antibody was acquired 19 weeks later. In this case, the initiation of antiretroviral therapy with anti-HBV activity during the acute phase of hepatitis B had a favourable effect on HBV serostatus.


Background: Medical errors are a serious threat for they can lead to injury and death of the patients, as well as increased healthcare cost. According to the Institute of Medicine 2000 report, there were 3 to 16% of adverse events (AEs) occurred in inpatient care in United States, Denmark, United Kingdom, and Australia. However, AEs data in Indonesia is still limited. This study aimed to identify the distribution of AEs in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Ob-gyn) of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital based on locations, contributing factors, failure to prevent the occurrence, and additional length of stay. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted towards AEs occurring in the Department of Ob-gyn of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during January to December 2015. Data were obtained from Public Service Coordinator which had been clinically audited with the root cause analysis method. Results: During 2015, 36 AEs were reported, followed by a clinical audit by clinical risk management team. Twenty-four cases were included in this study. Based on the location, 13 (54%) cases occurred in the emergency room (ER), 4 (17%) in intensive care unit (ICU), 4 (17%) in operation theatre, and 3 (12%) in the hospital ward. Based on the contributing factor, 18 cases (75%) were due to lack of knowledge and skill of the medical personnel, 4 (17%) were due to other causes, and 2 (33%) were due to technical error. Based on the failure to prevent the occurrence, there were eight cases (33%) of delayed medical care or intervention, six (25%) of malpractice, five (21%) of misdiagnosis, three (13%) of failure to act based on test results, and two (8%) of failure to take precautions. The median of additional length of stay was of 2 days (0–34 days; 95% CI). Conclusion: Most of AEs in Department of Ob-gyn of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, in 2015 occurred in ER (54%). The most frequent cause was lack of knowledge and skill of the medical personnel (75%), with delayed medical care or treatment as the most frequent failure to prevent the occurrence (33%). Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (2021): 10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1862


: In traditional target-based data deduplication system, all of the files should be chunked and compared for reducing duplicated data blocks. One of the critical problem of this system arises as the number of files are increasing. The system suffers from computational delay for calculating hash value and processing metadata for handling each file. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose a novel data deduplication system using logical partition of storage system. The system applies data deduplication scheme to each logical partition not each file. Experiment result shows that the proposed system is more efficient compared with traditional deduplication scheme where the logical partition is full of files by 50% in terms of deduplication capacity and processing time.


How do urban spatial practices contribute to the formation of collective identities and action and to the hierarchical structures of a city's varied communities? This paper examines this question by presenting a comparative case study of two East Oakland public spaces – the streets and parks of a residential neighborhood and the hybrid public spaces of the Eastmont Town Center. A comparative analysis of the implicit property relations and "publics" produced at each site shows that, despite their differences, these spaces and their attendant collectivities share the same fundamental logic and limits.


Venous thromboembolic disease remains a common and potentially fatal complication after total joint arthroplasty. The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) has been reported to be between 5% and 60% in a number of studies using a variety of prophylaxis regimens. Symptomatic pulmonary embolism has been documented as high as 23%, while fatal pulmonary embolism, although relatively infrequent, remains one of the most catastrophic complications of total joint arthroplasty.


Repetitive thermal stress induces a reduction in the characteristic Thy1.2+B220+ lymphocyte subpopulation in lupus mice which were studied before the onset of disease. The immunomodulating effect was systemic, and alterations were not related to corticosterone serum levels.


In this paper, we develop a quantum statistical theory of light propagation in a twin-core doped optical fiber. The optical nonlinearity induced by the atomic dopants in the fiber dramatically modifies the quantum fluctuations in the paraxial photon modes. We find that with appropriate arrangement of the device, the input light field with the usual Poissonian photon statistics can be transformed into sub- or super-Poissonian photon statistics. For the sub-Poissonian photon statistics, the quantum noise in the photon numbers in the paraxial modes is reduced below the level of the noise in the usual laser field. >


Background: The clinical outcomes are very important for different pattern of diseases among the hospital admitted patients. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the pattern of diseases with their clinical outcomes of hospital admitted patients in the medicine ward at a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Medicine at Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh from March 2003 to June 2003 over a period of 16 weeks. The study population comprised of all patients admitted in the selected Medicine wards during the study period irrespective of age and sex. All admitted patients in the selected wards irrespective of age and sex carefully screened out by examining the patients' daily hospital records and discharge certificate at the time of their discharge. The different disease pattern of the admitted patients were recorded. Clinical outcome of diseases were categorized cured, referred or deceased. Result: A total number of 124 patients were recruited for this study. Various types of diseases were categorized into 8 groups. Out of 124 respondents 35 (28.2%) patients were suffering from Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases that topped the list followed by patients with cardiovascular diseases (21.8%). Majority (59.7%) were cured and 15.3% were found to be referred. One fourth of the patients admitted were deceased. Most of the patients (94.4%) had investigations done whereas only a small fraction (5.6%) did not under go any laboratory investigations. Conclusion: In conclusion most of the admitted patients in the medicine unit of hospital are suffering from gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary diseases and majority are cured before discharge from the hospital.


Building Energy Management Systems are finding widespread use for the holistic control of all energy-influencing elements of buildings and are responsible for ensuring an effective and parsimonious energy use. In most cases, fixed-logic controllers are deployed in the building to implement predetermined strategies. Good performance can not be guaranteed due to inherent uncertainties that can not be a priori ascertained, such as weather variations, occupant actions, and changes in the building state and characteristics. In this paper, a model-assisted tuning methodology is presented to adaptively and automatically fine-tune relevant controller parameters. In our approach, at the end of each day of the building operation, given "reasonable" predictions for the following day, and using an accurate thermal-simulation model to evaluate performance, a new set of controller parameters is generated to be used the following day. This way, good performance can be achieved using controllers with simple mathematical structure.


With increasing demand of energy requirement and problem of global warming new technology were studied now a days to fulfill the requirement of energy concern. Co-combustion has getting much interest regarding environmental problem and good possibility for utilizing biomass for valuable product that is for power generation. The study were conducted for the particle size analysis of coal and biomass for co-combustion. In this regard, we had taken various biomass like cow dung, manure, tree leaves and banana tree waste for co-combustion. The samples were collected from different areas of Sindh province and that were analyzed by using different sieve. The maximum mass fraction were obtained in tree leaves is between 4-4.75mm, cow dung manure 0.3-1.00mm , banana tree waste 4-4.75mm and for lignite coal 4-4.75mm. With the increase in mass fraction of material, decrease in percentage finer and size analysis had effect on co-combustion of coal and biomass . Higher heating value of coal ,cow dung manure ,banana tree waste and tree leaves are 730539btu/lb, 712800btu/lb, 809612btu/lb and 794640btu/lb respectively


EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS SUSPENSION WITH ANGLED IMPELLER IN A PHARMACEUTICAL MIXING VESSEL by Yingxi Tang Angled-mounted impellers are commonly used in a number of pharmaceutical industry applications, from laboratory reactors to full-scale tanks. In these systems, the impeller is not centrally and vertically mounted, as in most stirred vessels, but it enters the vessel, and is therefore immersed in the fluid, at an angle from the vertical. This arrangement provides some baffling effects that would not otherwise exist if the impeller was centrally mounted. One common requirement for such systems is that they are capable of suspending small solids dispersed in the liquid. Therefore, it is critical to know the value of the minimum agitation speed at which solids become just suspended, Njs. Despite their common use in industry, and especially the pharmaceutical industry, these systems have received little attention in the literature in general and as far as their ability to solid suspension is concerned in particular. Therefore, the focus of this work was to determine under what conditions fine divided solids become suspended in a liquid-filled, unbaffled stirred vessel provided with angled-mounted impellers. A small laboratory vessel with a hemispherical bottom was used here. Different types of axial and radial impellers mounted at different angles (0°, 5° and 10°) at different off-bottom impeller clearances were tested. The value of Njs was experimentally obtained by visually inspecting the tank bottom and determining the impeller agitation speed at which the solids were observed to rest on the tank bottom for no more than 1-2 seconds before being swept away. In addition, a novel observerindependent criterion was developed, relying on the experimental determination of the fraction of solids remaining on the vessel bottom at increasing agitation speeds. This approach results in values of Njs that are close agreement with the visually determined Njs values. This approach was used to determine Njs for different impellers under a number of operating conditions. In general, mounting the impeller at an angle resulted in Njs values lower than those obtained with centrally mounted impellers. In addition, it was found that lower impeller clearances resulted in lower Njs values, although the minimum for Njs was obtained when the impeller clearance was about 20% of the vessel diameter. The results obtained in this work are expected to be applicable to a number of systems currently used in the pharmaceutical industry. EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS SUSPENSION WITH ANGLED IMPELLER IN A PHARMACEUTICAL MIXING VESSEL


Research was conducted in the University Forest at Yagirala Forest Reserve, KalutaraDistrict, Sri Lanka, to compare the efficiency of point and plot sampling in Pinus caribaeaplantation using computer simulated sampling on a population of trees using data collectedin the field. In all, 3294 trees on 5.4 hectares constitute the population. The data base hasbeen filed with tree number, dbh, X and Y co-ordinates. Edge effect bias was minimizedusing the reflection method. Random sampling was used in all cases for sample sizes n = 10, 20, 30, 60 and 100. Inorder to make meaningful comparisons, the concept of equivalent plot was used whichaimed at obtaining equal tallies per sampling unit for point and plot sampling. Basal areafactors applied were 2, 4, 9 and 16. Efficiency for given point - plot equivalents werebased on standard error % and cost values (where cost was based on time). In 19 of the 20point-plot combinations studied, point sampling was found to be the more efficient. Themost suitable BAF is BAF2 and it is recommended that point sampling be applied inplantation forest inventories in Sri Lanka where trained staff are available.


The population of Photorhabdus luminescens C9, bacterial symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis 90, increased rapidly to 1.2-2.6x10(9) cells g(-1) wet Galleria mellonella larvae within 24 h of nematode infection of the larvae, and maintained a relatively constant level (1.2-2.0x10(10) cells g(-1)) through the entire 14-day period of nematode development. The antibiotic, 3, 5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene, was produced by P. luminescens C9 after 24 h of nematode infection, increased rapidly at 2-5 days postinfection and remained at a level of 3000-3600 microg g(-1) wet larvae until about 21 days, decreasing gradually thereafter. The early production and continued presence of a relatively large amount of 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene in the infected insect supports the hypothesis that the antibiotics produced by the bacterial symbiont help minimize competition from other microorganisms and prevents the putrefaction of the nematode-infected insect cadaver.


Young children's reasoning about ability was investigated among 155 preschoolers (M = 4 years, 10 months) across 3 studies. Results suggest that preschoolers are sensitive to mental state information when making judgments about another child's ability: They judged a child who finds a task easy to be smarter than one who finds the same task hard. Systematic patterns of errors on recall tasks suggest that preschoolers perceive positive correlations between (a) exerting effort and experiencing academic success, and (b) being nice and having high academic ability. Results from a comparison group of forty 9- to 10-year-olds (M = 9 years, 10 months) suggest that the preschool findings generally reflect emerging patterns of reasoning about ability that persist into later childhood, but that the perceived correlations between high effort and academic outcomes and between social and academic traits diminish with age.


Islands have long held a central place in Western cultures' mythical geographies. They have been associated for centuries with heroic journeys and holy quests, imagined realms of magical transformations. Islands have also been sites of significant rites of passage, and they continue to perform this function in the modern secular world. Today, popular islomania is expressed in the frequency of seasonal sojourning on European and American archipelagos. No longer destinations of permanent residence, islands now provide access to a sense of temporal and spatial rootedness that is no longer available on mainlands. They loom large on the mental maps even of those who rarely, if ever, visit them.


Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify the impact of traditionally unmonitored energy sources and sinks on assessment of the as-built thermal performance of occupied homes. The analysis aims to demonstrate the potential scale of uncertainties introduced in a heat balance estimation of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) when using in-use monitored data.

Design/methodology/approach
Energy flows for two UK homes – one a 1930s dwelling with high heat loss, the second a higher-performing 2014-built home – are predicted using the UK Government's standard assessment procedure (SAP) and visualised using Sankey diagrams. Selected modelled energy flows are used as inputs in a quasi-steady state heat balance to calculate in-use HTCs as if from measured data sets gathered in occupied homes. The estimated in-use HTCs are compared against SAP-calculated values to illustrate the impact of including or omitting various heat sources and sinks.

Findings
The results demonstrate that for dwellings with low heat loss, the increased proportion of heating demand met by unmetered internal and solar gains informs a greater sensitivity of a heat balance estimation of the HTC to their omission. While simple quasi-steady state heat balance methods may be appropriate for dwellings with very high heat loss, alternative approaches are likely to be required for those with lower heat loss.

Originality/value
A need to understand the impacts of unmetered heat flows on the accuracy with which a building's thermal performance may be inferred from in-use monitored data is identified: this paper illustrates the scale of these impacts for two homes at opposite ends of the energy performance scale.


Providing sustainable financial services for rural areas and agriculture in developing countries has proven to be difficult. Millions of lei have been spent in Republic of Moldova for subsidizing programs and policies to develop financial institutions to serve this neglected market. But, Moldovan farmers are dissatisfied with the results. Agriculture continues to receive only a small share of total formal credit and that most farmers must rely on savings or informal credit supplies to finance their operating costs and long-term investments. These critics argue for a return to more active government intervention, including the creation of state-owned agricultural development


The problem of fault detection and test generation for programmable logic arrays (PLAs) is investigated. The effect of actual physical failures is viewed in terms of the logical changes of the product terms (growth, shrinkage, appearance and disappearance) constituting the PLA. Methods to generate a minimal single fault detection test set (T /sub S/) from the product term specification of the PLA, are presented. It is shown that such a test set can be derived using a set of simple, easily implementable algorithms. Methods to augment Ts in order to obtain a multiple fault detection test set (T /sub M/) are also presented.


Convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is an emergency condition associated with mortality and morbidity. It is commonly treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), but these may cause serious adverse events and even death in children. Research on their effectiveness for CSE, and related adverse events in children remains limited. The primary aim of this research was thus to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of AEDs in treating acute tonic-clonic seizure including convulsive status epilepticus (CSE). Two systematic reviews and meta-analyses were conducted to address these aims. The first evaluated the effectiveness of AEDs in children with acute tonic-clonic seizures including (CSE). The second evaluated the safety of AEDs in this population.

The systematic review of AED effectiveness identified 20 studies published between 1946 and April 2015. It showed that buccal midazolam was more effective than rectal diazepam for treating acute tonic-clonic seizures including CSE in children, and was associated with a lower recurrence rate. Lorazepam and diazepam were equally effective in terminating seizures, but for lorazepam, intravenous administration was more effective than the buccal, sublingual or intranasal routes. Intravenous valproate appeared to be more effective than intravenous phenytoin and phenobarbital; however, the difference was not significant.

The systematic review of AED safety for children with acute tonic-clonic seizures identified 25 studies, published between 1946 and April 2015. These studies were predominantly randomised controlled trials and of these 19 studies reported more than one adverse event, while 6 reported none. A total of 203 adverse events were documented, most commonly respiratory depression (101 children), mainly after treatment with diazepam (46 children). The rates of respiratory depression with buccal midazolam and rectal diazepam were similar (3.0% and 3.3%, respectively). Compared to intravenous diazepam, intravenous lorazepam was associated with less respiratory depression. No child suffered respiratory depression associated with intravenous valproate treatment, compared to one child with intravenous phenobarbital. When looking at all adverse events, intravenous valproate was significantly safer than intravenous phenobarbital. Respiratory depression was not noted in children who received intravenous levetiracetam; however, all levetiracetam studies identified in this review were cohort and non-comparative.

In conclusion, in the treatment of acute tonic-clonic seizures (including CSE), buccal was the best administration route for children admitted to the emergency department. Intravenous lorazepam treatment was associated with less respiratory depression than intravenous diazepam. Where IV access was practicable, intravenous lorazepam was the drug of choice. More randomised control trials are needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of AEDs as a second-line treatment.


Abstract Part One presents the current classification that includes all accepted genera and higher taxa above the generic level in the phylum Ascomycota. It is based on the changes listed in Myconet notes 4751–5113. In the current outline, three subphyla (Pezizomycotina, Saccharomycotina, Taphrinomycotina) are accepted. Taphrinomycotina includes four classes (Neolectomycetes, Pneumocystidomycetes, Schizosaccharomyces, Taphrinomycetes). Saccharomycotina consists of one class and Pezizomycotina includes eleven classes (Arthoniomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Geoglossomycetes, Laboulbeniomycetes, Lecanoromycetes, Leotiomycetes, Lichinomycetes, Orbiliomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes). Part Two presents 363 notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of ascomycetes (Ascomycota) at the generic and higher levels. Numerous changes in higher levels resulted from multi-authored phylogenetic papers resulting from the AFTOL and Deep Hyphae projects, especially a publication on a revised fungal classification spearheaded by David Hibbett in 2007 and a 2009 volume of Studies in Mycology edited by Conrad Schoch and others dedicated to the phylogeny of the Dothideomycetes. The new name Alectoria gowardii Lumbsch is proposed for Gowardia arctica P. Halonen, L. Myllys, S. Velmala & H. Hyvärinen (non Alectoria arctica Elenkin & Savicz).


The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pre-university adiposity and physical fitness on changes of body weight and adiposity during the freshmen year. Twenty-nine freshmen (sixteen females and thirteen males) completed the study. Body weight and composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), waist circumference (WC), energy intake (7 d food diary) and activity-related energy expenditure (accelerometry) were measured in September, December and at the end of March. Peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was assessed at baseline only. Significant increases in body weight (1·9 (sd 2·0) kg, P < 0·05), BMI (0·6 (sd 0·7) kg/m2, P < 0·05), WC (2·7 (sd 3·0) cm, P < 0·05) and % body fat (BF) (3·1 (sd 2·3) %, P < 0·01) were noted in males, especially over the course of the first semester. No significant changes were observed in females. Results from correlation analyses showed that, baseline %BF was negatively associated with changes in body weight (r − 0·53, P < 0·01) and %BF (r − 0·41, P < 0·05) over the academic year. Baseline %BF predicted 27 % (P < 0·05) of the change in weight. Alcohol intake explained 34 % (P < 0·01) and 17 % (P < 0·05) of the changes in WC and %BF, respectively. The change in body weight and %BF were also positively associated with baseline VO2peak (r 0·51, P < 0·01; r 0·48, P < 0·01, respectively) while dietary restraint was negatively related to the changes in %BF (r − 0·43, P < 0·05). In summary, lower pre-university adiposity, higher VO2peak and higher alcohol intake are associated with greater changes in adiposity and body weight during the freshmen year.


Magneto-electric (ME) multiferroic CuFeO2 and slightly diluted CuFe1−xAlxO2 are rare examples of ME-multiferroics whose ferroelectricity originates from the 'proper-screw' type magnetic ordering. Recent polarized neutron diffraction studies have revealed that there is a one-to-one correspondence between the spin helicity and the polarity of induced ferroelectric polarization. In the present study, we have performed unpolarized neutron diffraction measurements under applied poling electric field up to ~ 2.2 MV/m using CuFe1−xAlxO2 (x = 0.02) sample, which undergoes ferroelectric transition at Tc ~ 7 K in zero magnetic field. The present results revealed that the shape of the magnetic diffraction profile in the ferroelectric phase significantly depends on applied poling electric field, while the integrated intensity of the magnetic reflection does not. This implies that the poling electric field affects the magnetic correlation through the local ME-coupling in this system.


Aim To investigate the potential influence of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation on the inflammatory mediators secreted by alveolar macrophages (AMs) in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) and to evaluate the effect of an inhibitor of NF-κB-N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups, 30 of each: control, ANP, and ANP plus NAC groups. The ANP rat models were established by a retrograde injection of 5% sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct. In addition to sodium taurocholate, the ANP plus NAC group received intravenous infusion of NAC (25 mg/100 g). At the sixth hour after modeling, the protein content of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, the myeloperoxidase in the lung tissue, and the transforming growth factor α and the nitric oxide (NO) secreted by AMs were determined. The histopathologic changes of the pancreas and the lung were observed under light microscope, and NF-κB activation of AMs was detected. Results The protein content of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and the myeloperoxidase level of the lung tissue showed a significant increase in the ANP group as compared with the NAC-administered group. The levels of transforming growth factor α and NO secreted by AMs in the ANP and the ANP plus NAC group rose significantly over that in the control group, and there was a significant difference between them. Although they were still higher than those in the control group, the pancreas destruction and the lung injury were slighter in the ANP plus NAC group and the activation of NF-κB was lower in the ANP plus NAC group as compared with that in the ANP group. Conclusions The correlation between the NF-κB activation, the up-regulation of the inflammatory mediators secreted by AMs, and the tissue damage suggests a key influence of NF-κB in the pathogenesis of ANP. Inhibition of NF-κB activation may reverse the lung injury of ANP.


In this study, perception of body image, eating attitudes and weight control were examined by the degree of obesity using Body Mass Index (BMI). Methods: Out of 420 questionnaires distributed to the female middle school students (aged 12-16 years), 407 were returned (97% response rate) and 395 were analyzed (94% analysis rate). Female students were divided into two groups based on the BMI percentile using the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. (1) normal weight (5th percentile ≤ BMI < 85th percentile) (2) obese (85th percentile ≤ BMI) by 2007 Korean National Growth Charts. Satisfaction of self-body shape, risk of disturbed eating attitudes (Eating Attitude Test : EAT-26), and weight control behaviors were examined. Results: Distribution of the subjects by BMI was 74.5% of normal and 25.5% of obese. There were significant differences between self-perceived current body image and self-perceived ideal body image. The dissatisfaction of body image was higher in obese than in normal groups (p < 0.001). 51.4% of female students were unsatisfied with their body image, while 2.6% were very satisfied. Among the students unsatisfied with their body image, 150 (52.1%) were of normal weight and 48 (49.4%) were obese. EAT-26 total scores were significantly higher in the obese group (16.42 ± 8.23) compared with normal group (13.72 ± 8.10) (p < 0.01). Attempted to weight control were significantly different by the BMI (p < 0.001). Conclusions: This study concludes that there was desire to become thinner than current status in female students, even those with normal BMI. Many female students were dissatisfied with their body image and attempted to lose weight. It is harmful to their health and nutritional status if they choose undesirable methods. These findings suggested that there are needs to encourage female students for maintaining healthy weight. A higher score of EAT-26 was associated with dissatisfaction of selfbody image and this may lead to unhealthy behaviors in obese female students.


ABSTRACT The 1998 October Crisis between Turkey and Syria has long been studied in various aspects. However, these studies are limited to an understanding that depicts the crisis as a relational power relationship in which Turkey forced Syria to cease its support for the PKK, which Syria would not have done otherwise. While not rejecting the relational explanation, this paper attempts to complement it with a structural approach, drawing on the post-positivist structural power conceptualization, by investigating how Syria's structurally shaped subjective interests in the post-Cold War international structure and norms regarding international terrorism disempowered it resisting Turkey's demands.


Due to the high surface area, porosity, and rigidity, applications of nanofibers and nanosurfaces have developed in recent years. Nanofibers and nanosurfaces are typically produced by electrospinning method. In the production process, determination of average fiber diameter is crucial for quality assessment. Average fiber diameter is determined by manually measuring the diameters of randomly selected fibers on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. However, as the number of the images increases, manual fiber diameter determination becomes a tedious and time consuming task as well as being sensitive to human errors. Therefore, an automated fiber diameter measurement system is desired. In the literature, this task is achieved by using image analysis algorithms. Typically, these methods first isolate each fiber in the image and measure the diameter of each isolated fiber. Fiber isolation is an error-prone process. In this study, automated calculation of nanofiber diameter is achieved without fiber isolation using image processing and analysis algorithms. Performance of the proposed method was tested on real data. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown by comparing automatically and manually measured nanofiber diameter values.


WiMAX or IEEE 802.16 is one of the most promising radio access technologies to offer performances similar to wired xDSL systems. Different deployment concepts are foreseen for WiMAX networks. They can cover isolated areas such as rural hot spots, private campus networks, and remote neighborhoods. Even more WiMAX can be deployed as a cellular network that offers ubiquitous broadband services over large geographic regions to mobile subscribers. This paper provides a formal approach to estimate coverage and performance of metropolitan and cellular wireless networks based on IEEE 802.16 technology.


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

Introduction: Cancer therapies that combine agents directly targeting tumor cells with those impacting the tumor stroma hold the promise of improving patient outcomes. In this preclinical study, we examined the effects of inhibiting both EGF signaling in human tumor cells and angiopoietin signaling in the murine stroma. Using tumor xenograft models, we tested a treatment combination of panitumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against human EGF receptor, and trebananib, an investigational peptide-Fc fusion protein that prevents binding of angiopoietins 1 and 2 to their receptor, Tie2. We assessed the effect of this combination on tumor growth and explored mechanisms of enhanced efficacy.

Methods: Athymic nude mice were injected SC in the right flank with either 1x107 A431 (human epidermoid carcinoma) or 5x106 DLD-1 (colon adenocarcinoma) cells. When tumors were ∼ 200 mm3, 20 μg panitumumab IP and/or 70 μg trebananib SC were given twice weekly. Controls were isotype antibody or human Fc. In mechanism of action studies, DLD-1 tumors (∼ 300‐400 mm3) received 2 treatments over 5 days before harvest and processing for paraffin sectioning. To examine endothelial cell proliferation, treated tumors were enzyme-digested and stained with anti-CD31, anti-CD45, and anti-BrdU antibodies. The percentage of BrdU-positive tumor-associated endothelial cells (CD31high/CD45neg) was determined by flow cytometry.

Results: In both tumor models, combined treatment with panitumumab and trebananib resulted in significantly greater tumor growth inhibition (p≤0.014) than treatment with either single agent alone. All treatments were well tolerated; no significant weight loss was observed. Mechanistic studies revealed that combination treatment did not alter the single-agent activity of either treatment: histological analyses showed a significant reduction in estimated blood vessel area within viable tumor after treatment with either trebananib (p=0.0006) or panitumumab (p=0.012) alone; this reduction was not affected by combination treatment. Similarly, BrdU incorporation assays demonstrated that single-agent panitumumab significantly impaired tumor cell proliferation (p=0.0003), whereas single-agent trebananib significantly reduced endothelial cell proliferation (p<0.0001). Combined treatment did not change the effects on cell proliferation seen with either single agent alone.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that combined treatment with agents targeting EGF signaling in the tumor and angiopoietin signaling in the stroma results in significantly enhanced antitumor activity. Neither agent appears to impact the biochemical activities of the other, but instead gives rise to an orthogonal enhancement of antitumor activities. These findings support further clinical testing of agents that target the tumor stroma in combination with direct tumor-targeting therapies.

Citation Format: James V. Bready, Paula Kaplan-Lefko, Jodi Moriguchi, Marc Payton, Stephen Kaufman, Jonathan Oliner, Robert Radinsky, Angela Coxon. Combined treatment of trebananib (AMG 386) with panitumumab in preclinical tumor models. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5089. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5089


The Jacinto vein system in the Camaguey district of central Cuba is a low-sulfidation, adularia-sericite epithermal gold deposit. It is hosted by volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of Cretaceous age along the margin of the Camaguey batholith. Jacinto is unusually old and much more closely associated with a large batholith than would be expected for an epithermal vein deposit in an island arc. This study was undertaken to determine how Jacinto could have been preserved for so long. The Jacinto system includes at least five veins that range in length up to 1 km, have maximum widths of 60 m, and extend to depths of at least 150 m. The veins consist almost entirely of quartz, with minor amounts of adularia, calcite (commonly bladed), pyrite, and gold, which form at least 20 growth zones that can be divided into five main stages and can be correlated from one vein to another. Gold ore shoots are restricted vertically and are more continuous horizontally. Their present configuration suggests that the entire system has been tilted about 5 degrees to the northeast. Wall-rock alteration is limited and consists of minor K feldspar and sericite. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz homogenize at temperatures of 200 degrees to 320 degrees C and freeze at temperatures characteristic of salinities of about 0 to 1 wt percent NaCl equiv. The presence of bladed calcite and silica pseudomorphs after bladed calcite suggests that the hydrothermal fluids boiled. Stable isotope analyses of quartz, calcite, and inclusion fluids indicate that the veins were deposited by waters with delta 18 O and delta D values that range from values just above those of magmatic water to those typical of Cretaceous meteoric water. 40 Ar- 39 Ar analyses of adularia in the Jacinto veins indicate an age of about 72 Ma for mineralization, and geologic relationships suggest that the vein system is related to La Sierra rhyolite flows and domes of that approximate age. La Sierra rhyolite was extruded onto an erosion surface that exposed the Camaguey batholith and related volcanic rocks, indicating that erosion rates were relatively rapid immediately prior to formation of the deposit. Shortly after the deposit formed, however, it was tilted and then buried beneath Late Cretaceous to Eocene sediments of the Maraguan basin, which are being eroded to expose the system today. This fortuitous sequence of volcanism, batholith emplacement, rapid erosion to deep batholith levels, extrusion of rhyolite, and local sedimentation appears to be the result of collision between the Cuban arc and the Bahamas platform. Similar collisions between arcs and continental masses could have formed other epithermal deposits.


The NSTX is a new national facility for the study of plasma confinement, heating, and current drive in a low aspect ratio, spherical torus (ST) configuration. The ST configuration is an alternate magnetic confinement concept which is characterized by high beta (ratio plasma pressure to magnetic field pressure) and low toroidal field compared to conventional tokamaks, and could provide a pathway to the realization of a practical fusion power source. Engineering design began in October 1995. Installation of the torus in the test cell began in October 1998. First plasma was achieved in February 1999. Following this event, with the completion of the installation of the internal hardware and RF antenna over the summer of 1999, the construction project has been declared complete, and the machine has been restarted. Operation of the machine, and production of plasma, has been quite reliable, and the experimental campaign has now begun. This paper reports on highlights of the construction, commissioning, and initial operations.


Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the etiological agent of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) poses a worldwide threat to public health. The ability of HIV to adapt to current antiviral drug therapy places some importance on other means to inhibit viral replication. Ribozymes may offer a promising avenue of research in the battle against HIV. Hammerhead ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes, catalyzing the substrate-specific cleavage of target RNAs. Ribozyme targeting of HIV RNAs essential to replication have been shown to reduce or inhibit viral replication. Among the genes most commonly targeted are tat and rev, which regulate viral transcription and post-transcriptional modification, respectively. In this paper we describe the design, synthesis, and cloning of a hammerhead ribozyme targeted to HIV-1 v//(Virion Infectivity Factor). This gene encodes a protein that enhances viral infectivity by blocking a host antiviral defense pathway, which relies on the host protein APOBEC3G Vifs ability to inhibit this cellular defense mechanism makes it a potentially advantageous target for ribozyme-mediated down-regulation of HIV. INTRODUCTION The identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus as the causative agent of AIDS in 1983 was accompanied by a tremendous research effort directed at limiting or preventing the spread of this virus into susceptible populations. While these measures have temporarily succeeded in reducing the number of HIV infected individuals who progress to AIDS, they are not curative. To this end, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated in late 2003 that about 40 million people worldwide were infected with HIV, and in that year alone, approximately 5 million new HIV infections and 3 million AIDS-related deaths occurred (NIAID, 2004). The rapid adaptation of HIV-1 to antiviral drugs (Freeman and Herron, 2001) gives some urgency to investigating other means to inhibit viral replication. One such area of investigation involves the use of catalytic RNAs, or ribozymes, to target and cleave viral mRNAs. Ribozymes are RNA molecules that act as enzymes, catalyzing the substrate-specific cleavage of substrate RNAs (Cech, 1989). Ribozyme targeting of HIV mRNAs could potentially inhibit viral replication by reducing HIV gene expression and limiting assembly of viral progeny. One class of catalytic RNA was found to exist naturally in the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus (sTobRV) (Prody et al., 1986). Forster and Symons (1987)


AIMS
To review retrospectively 21 cases adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheobronchial tree (TACC) with emphasis on their clinical and pathologic features, treatment and the possible prognostic factors.

METHODS AND RESULTS
21 cases TACC diagnosed by surgical biopsy or resection at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH) over 10 years. Patients aged 24-69 years (median, 49 years), 6 men/15 women. Cough (18/21), dyspnea (14/21) and hemoptysis (10/21) were the most frequent manifestations. 15 patients had tumors in trachea. Ten patients had pathologically positive margin (n = 11). Immunohistochemically, BCL-2, CD117, P16, type IV collagen, SMA and P63 were positive (20/20); GFAP was focally positive (4/20); TTF-1 and P53 were negative (0/20). Ki-67 index ranged from 2% to 35%. Fifteen patients had followed up, 13 of which received postoperative radiotherapy. The median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 56.9 months and the 5-year RFS was 48.6%. By univariate analysis, postoperative radiotherapy had favorable prognostic significance (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
TACC, which is mainly located in primary trachea or bronchus, is difficult to be detected at early stage. The tumors are not likely to be completely removed by surgery, and postoperative radiotherapy is helpful for reducing the likelihood of recurrence and metastasis.


During the past decades, spectroscopic characterization of exchange interactions and electron delocalization has developed into a powerful tool for the recognition of metal clusters in metalloproteins. By contrast, the biological relevance of these interactions has received little attention thus far. This paper presents a theoretical study in which this problem is addressed. The rate constant for intermolecular electron-transfer reactions which are essential in many biological processes is investigated. An expression is derived for the dependence of the rate constant for self-exchange on the delocalization degree of the mixed-valence species. This result allows us to rationalize published kinetic data. In the simplest case of electron transfer from an exchange-coupled binuclear mixed-valence donor to a diamagnetic acceptor, the rate constant is evaluated, taking into account spin factors and exchange energies in the initial and final state. The theoretical analysis indicates that intramolecular spin-dependent electron delocalization (double exchange) and Heisenberg-Dirac-van Vleck (HDvV) exchange have an important impact on the rate constant for intermolecular electron transfer. This correlation reveals a novel relationship between magnetochemistry and electrochemistry. Contributions to the electron transfer from the ground and excited states of the exchange-coupled dimer have been evaluated. For clusters in which these states have different degrees of delocalization, the excited-state contributions to electron transfer may become dominant at potentials which are less reductive than the potential at which the rate constant for the transfer from the ground state is maximum. The rate constant shows a steep dependence on HDvV exchange, which suggests that an exchange-coupled cluster can act as a molecular switch for exchange-controlled electron gating. The relevance of this result is discussed in the context of substrate specificity of electron-transfer reactions in biology. Our theoretical analysis points toward a possible biological role of the spin-state variability in iron-sulfur clusters depending on cluster environment.


Taiwan Photon Source (TPS) with beam energy 3 GeV and beam current 500 mA is a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility of medium energy. In the initial commissioning stage of TPS, the machine will be equipped with ten insertion devices (ID) and serve seven beamlines in phase I. Of these, three long straight sections configured as a double-minimum betay function lattice design with minimized beam influence of emittance are used for the installation of a pair of insertion devices in a straight section, two undulators of APPLE-II type and four in-vacuum undulators (IU), to produce great brilliance and coherent X-rays with great flux. The details of these insertion devices are explained herein.


We investigate the rheological properties of polydomain smectic A Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Elastomers (SCLCE) by dynamic shear and compression measurements and find a very similar behavior for both experiments. We show that the dynamic shear modulus G' is independent of a precompression applied to the sample. In addition, we present the first dynamic measurements of the anisotropy of G' observed for the corresponding Liquid Single Crystal Elastomers (LSCE). We find that these monodomains show dynamically a dramatic difference depending on whether the shear is in a plane parallel or perpendicular to the layer normal, demonstrating the in-plane fluidity of the smectic layering.


To increase the carrying capacity and reduce the weight and size of AMBs, it is necessary to use a ferromagnetic material with high magnetic flux density, which can make AMBs run in the nonlinear region. The simple linear model before is not gratifying, so some more precise analysis methods are demanded, the finite element method(shorted as FEM) is one of such methods. In this paper, the mathematic model and the simplified calculation of AMB rotor are introduced, and the finite elemental model and its boundary condition are produced. Then, the coupling phenomena of the magnetic fields and the effects of different parameters on the magnetic fields of AMB with a non-homocentric rotor are simulated using the FEM analysis software of ANSYS. The distributions of 2D magnetic lines of force and the flux density in rotor and stator are given. The conclusions are of instructed meaning for the design of AMBs.


8-Arylnaphthyl substituents are privileged motifs frequently integrated into late-transition-metal catalysts, endowing them with an ability to retard chain transfer in ethylene polymerization. In this contribution, we disclose a sort of novel α-diiminenickel and -palladium complexes containing flexible 8-alkylnaphthyl in lieu of rigid 8-arylnaphthyl and their catalytic performance in ethylene polymerization. An interesting feature of these 8-alkylnaphthyl-substituted α-(diimine)PdMeCl complexes is that they present as a mixture of syn and anti isomers (syn:anti = ca. 1:1 ratio, determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy). In ethylene polymerization, these nickel complexes displayed high activity (up to 3.37 × 106 g mol-1 h-1) and generated branched polyethylenes with broad or bimodal molecular weight distributions (4.6-29.3), while the corresponding palladium complexes exhibited moderate activity, producing highly branched polyethylenes with unimodal and narrow molecular weight distributions (<1.8). In ethylene (E)/methyl acrylate (MA) copolymerization, highly branched E-MA copolymers with considerable MA incorporations were achieved by these palladium complexes. Most interestingly, compared to rigid 8-arylnaphthyl-substituted α-diiminenickel and -palladium complexes, the flexible 8-alkylnaphthyl ones showed significantly improved activity and generated lower or comparable molecular weight polyethylenes or E-MA copolymers.