From the Publisher:
The Internet presents businesses with the most potent collection of tactics and new business opportunities they've ever experienced. But the Web is certainly no magic bullet, and setting your business apart requires that you understand exactly how the Internet fits in with all the other elements of your company's growth strategy. Inside, two experts reveal their knowledge of how to deepen and profit from brands in the era of the Internet. Using examples of established companies both large and small, Marc Braunstein and Edward H. Levine trace the steps every successful business must take to develop a strategy that not only surmounts the challenges of e-commerce but, just as important, reinforces customer loyalty. In Deep Branding on the Internet, You'll also discover:

How a deep brand can be the ultimate search engine for your business
Why you should ignore online users and focus instead on customers
How smart, multi-channel brandholders should win on the Internet every time
Why the Internet has a low barrier to entry but a high barrier to profit
How the Web can give you more control over channels and markets that are becoming increasingly fragmented
And much more!

Insightful, easy to read, and packed with practical information, Deep Branding on the Internet is a must-have tool that everyone from a Fortune 500 manager to an aspiring small-business owner will want to read, share, and act upon.


Contemporary international migrations are limited to the consolidation of global economy, political structuring of societies and ethnicities generation. On the basis of this broad consensus, the research focuses on the economic, political or ethnic groups involved. In this article we analyze the particularity of these processes taking into account the characteristics of immigration in Argentina border. Our emphasis is on the uruguayan immigration process lived in that country, according to their demographics and their associations aspects. With respect to the latter, we consider their general characteristics and the criteria which often conduct the different groupings.


The article examines the main problems associated with acceleration of innovation-and-investment processes on the railway transport. The special attention is paid to issues of attracting investments as a prerequisite for the replacement of fixed assets and the innovative development of railways.


The object of this study was to establish parameters to evaluate the physiological quality of castor bean seeds (Ricinus communis L.) using the the tetrazolium test. Five seed lots were evaluated for viability and vigor by the tetrazolium test and the results compared with the germination test in sand, on paper, first count of the germination test on paper, seedling emergence in the field, emergence speed index, seedling vigor classification, seedling length and dry matter, and accelerated ageing. The statistical design was completely randomized and the comparison of means was by the Tukey test at the 0.05 level of probability. The tetrazolium test viability results were correlated with the germination test in sand, with seedling emergence in the field and with seedling length, and tetrazolium vigor was correlated with seedling vigor classification. It was concluded that the parameters established are efficient for estimating castor bean seed viability and are promising for evaluating castor bean seed vigor using the tetrazolium test.


We present a generalization of the diagrammatic pump-probe approach to coherent backscattering (CBS) of intense laser light for atoms with degenerate energy levels. We employ this approach for a characterization of the double scattering signal from optically pumped atoms with the transition $J_g\rightarrow J_e=J_g+1$ in the helicity preserving polarization channel. We show that, in the saturation regime, the internal degeneracy becomes manifest for atoms with $J_g\geq 1$, leading to a faster decrease of the CBS enhancement factor with increasing saturation parameter than in the non-degenerate case.


Morphological characters of spores of Acaulospora rehmii and Gigaspora margarita (Glomeromycota) were described and illustrated. Spores of the two species were found in field-collected mixtures of rhizosphere soil and roots collected in Poland. Attempts to produce spores in trap cultures succeeded only with G. margarita. All attempts to establish one-species cultures of the two fungi failed. Gigaspora margarita was for the first time found in Poland and this paper is the first report of the occurrence of A. rehmii in Europe. The known distribution of the two fungal species in the world is also presented.


This study looked into how different cultural factors affect gender involvement in entrepreneurship in a multi-ethnic country, Kenya. A majority of previous similar studies have been done in Western, developed societies where national cultures have evolved and have dominated the literature on the 'cultural perspective' on gender and entrepreneurship. In the majority of sub-Saharan countries, ethnic cultures play a more dominant role in moulding the values and perceptions of its citizens than national cultures. The differential rate of gender involvement was compared among four Kenyan ethnic groups namely Luo, Kikuyu, Kalenjin and Kamba. A significant outcome of the study, is that there were neither significant gender differences on community perception of entrepreneurship nor the extent on the presence (or absence) of personality traits associated with entrepreneurship. From the study, it appears that for the communities studied, ethnic cultural influences play a larger role in women's propensities towards entrepreneurship and their view of their community perception towards the same, than does gender. This is pronounced even when men and women from the same communities are compared along the same dimensions.


We present a method for identification of models with good predictive performances in the family of Bayesian log-linear mixed models with Dirichlet process random effects. Such a problem arises in many different applications; here we consider it in the context of disclosure risk estimation, an increasingly relevant issue raised by the increasing demand for data collected under a pledge of confidentiality. Two different criteria are proposed and jointly used via a two-stage selection procedure, in a M-open view. The first stage is devoted to identifying a path of search; then, at the second, a small number of nonparametric models is evaluated through an application-specific score based Bayesian information criterion. We test our method on a variety of contingency tables based on microdata samples from the US Census Bureau and the Italian National Security Administration, treated here as populations, and carefully discuss its features. This leads us to a journey around different forms and sources of bias along which we show that (i) while based on the so called "score+search" paradigm, our method is by construction well protected from the selection-induced bias, and (ii) models with good performances are invariably characterized by an extraordinarily simple structure of fixed effects. The complexity of model selection - a very challenging and difficult task in a strictly parametric context with large and sparse tables - is therefore significantly defused by our approach. An attractive collateral result of our analysis are fruitful new ideas about modeling in small area estimation problems, where interest is in total counts over cells with a small number of observations.


The kinetics of the catalytic reduction of NO by CO on Rh(111) surfaces was investigated by using dynamic Monte Carlo simulations. Our model takes into account recent experimental findings and introduces relevant modifications to the classical reaction scheme, including an alternative pathway to produce N2 through an (N-NO)* intermediate, the formation of atomic nitrogen islands in the adsorbed phase, and the influence of coadsorbed species on the dissociation of NO. All elementary steps are expressed as activated processes with temperature-dependent rates and realistic values dictated by experiments. Calculated steady-state phase diagrams are presented for the NO + CO reaction showing the windows for the conditions under which the reaction is viable. The model predicts variations in both production rates and adsorbate coverages with temperature consistent with experimental data. The effect of varying the individual kinetic parameters and the importance of each step in the reaction scheme were probed.


Tregs are well-known for their role in maintaining peripheral self-tolerance and immune homeostasis. One such role is regulation of the humoral response, which is most clearly demonstrated by abundant auto-antibody production in Scurfin mice and IPEX patients, both of which lack functional Tregs. Indirect Treg regulation of the humoral response via their influence on helper T cells, in particular in germinal centers, is well established. Prior demonstration of direct Treg inhibition of B cells has also been demonstrated, but is mostly attributable to Treg killing of B cells. We have re-addressed the role of Tregs in directly suppressing Ig secretion specifically, and we have begun to elucidate the mechanism behind this suppression. Because it is likely that regulation is dependent on the developmental stage of the B cell, we used a homogeneous, immature, antibody secreting cell line, Ramos B cells. We demonstrate that human Tregs can directly suppress basal and stimulated IgM secretion by Ramos through a death- and contact-independent mechanism. This suppression is enacted by a soluble, anti-inflammatory factor and does not appear to alter the rate of IgM transcription but instead specifically affects the amount of secreted IgM mRNA by altering RNA processing. The finding that Tregs suppress IgM secretion by immature B cells via a soluble factor is novel. We plan to further characterize this suppression and determine if it is altered in disease states that present with high immunoglobulin titers.


Research Design in Clinical Psychology helps students to achieve a thorough understanding of the entire research process – developing the idea, selecting methods, analyzing the results, and preparing the written scientific report. Drawing examples from clinical research, health, and medicine, author Alan E. Kazdin offers detailed coverage of experimental design, assessment, data evaluation and interpretation, case-control and cohort designs, and qualitative research methods. In addition to new pedagogical tools that guide students through the text, the Fifth Edition offers expanded coverage of key topic areas, such as cultural issues, scientific integrity, and recent changes in the publication and communication of research.


Plasmids are not integral part of bacteria as their absence makes no harm. But the extraordinary properties carried by plasmids make them attractive to study their usefulness for microbes in a hostile environment and it has tremendous contribution for molecular biotechnology. There are many classification of plasmids based on their properties, compatibility or replication pattern but still many unidentified useful plasmids are remain. Two properties of bacteria namely antibiotic resistance and bioremediation have come from plasmids. Probably there are many researches on antibiotic resistance group of bacteria which transfer their determinants through R-Plasmids. These resistant plasmids are used for selective growth of positive clones in gene cloning experiments. But transfer of these plasmids, are quite harmful for aquatic animals as well as for human being, as it increases the antibiotic / therapeutics dose resistance. Microbes are ultimate stage of food chain where everything on earth has to be recycled. Based on this concept researchers have identified a process called Bioremediation, where a group of useful plasmids diversify bacteria to tolerate high concentration of pollutants and to degrade it. With the increase in human population, pollution is a big challenge. So the study of plasmids having crucial role in bioremediation will definitely have vast scope in future. Other properties such as nitrogen fixation, sulphur utilization and hydrocarbon degradation need to be studied in details for their implementation for mankind or to address various environmental issues.


Nano and submicrometric fibers of poly(D,L-lactide) (PDLLA or PLA) were spun from solutions using a solution blow spinning (SBS) apparatus. Fiber morphology and diameter were investigated by scanning electron microscopy as a function of polymer concentration, feed rate, and air pressure. A more systematic understanding of the SBS process parameters was obtained, and a quantitative relationship between these parameters and average fiber diameter was established by design of experiments and response surface methodology. It was observed that polymer concentration played an important role in fiber diameter, which ranges from 70 to 2000 nm, and its distribution. Lower polymer concentration tended to increase the formation of bead-on-string structures, whereas smooth fibers were formed at higher concentrations. Fiber diameter tended to increase with polymer concentration and decrease with feed rate. Based on these results, optimal conditions could be obtained for solution-blow spun fibers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.


This article offers an interpretation of Àmọ̀tẹ́kùn, a security outfit established by the governors of Southwest Nigeria to tackle rising cases of insecurity in the region. In the light of existing discourse of identity politics in Nigeria; the inauguration of the outfit in early 2020 initially sets the southwest states on collision course with the federal government due to the fact that the police in Nigeria are centrally controlled. Drawing from online news reports and qualitative data obtained through interview the article argues that Àmọ̀tẹ́kùn together with the controversies that follow the launch illustrates a particular way in which the Yorùbá of southwest Nigeria construct and as well resist real or imagined ethno-regional hegemony. Although created to address insecurity, the shared meanings that grow out of Àmọ̀tẹ́kùn emphasize more complex significations: Yorùbá trailblazing tradition, succor from the suffocating silence and inactivity of the Nigerian state, possibility of political restructuring, and more importantly, resistance of ethno-regional hegemony.


The coherent RAKE reception of wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) signals with complex spreading is considered. A general multipath-fading channel model is assumed. A dedicated pilot channel, which is separate from the data channels, is used for the purpose of channel estimation. Based on a digital implementation, the coherent demodulation scheme is presented. Pilot channel estimation error, due to multiple access and multipath interference, is studied. The system performance is evaluated by means of the bit error rate (BER). The analysis shows that the error of channel estimation significantly degrades system performance and can be effectively suppressed by low pass filters (LPFs). A discussion on the envelope variation of complex spread signals is also included, which illustrates that the complex spread signal has a more stable envelope than the dual-channel spread signal. The power ratio of pilot to data channels should be chosen in the range of 0.2 to 0.4 (or -7 to -4 dB), in order to achieve maximum system capacity.


Plans for future broadband communication systems require the development of alternative types of antennas. A combination of a slot and microstrip patch antenna leads to convenient geometries. Previously, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) appeared as an alternative solution for feeding antennas (Menzel and Grabherr 1991; Smith and Williams 1992) and CPW microstrip patch antennas became interesting. This paper proposes a design of a CPW aperture coupled patch antenna at 30 GHz. This antenna is implemented on high dielectric constant substrate.


Teachers are seen as key actors of change within programmes and projects on global learning. But all too often they are regarded in an instrumental way or as promoters of some form of ideal global teacher. Evidence from the UK and elsewhere suggests that if a pedagogical approach is taken to the role of teachers within the process of learning, then three distinct locations of teachers as change agents can be identified. These are as change agents within the classroom, within the wider school, and within society as a whole.


Abstract Mild traumatic brain injury is often missed in the course of treating other injuries. This failure to identify the brain injury can be critically important, even life threatening. This report shows one such case in which the brain injury was overlooked, possibly because of the differential effect of age on the severity of the damage incurred from what appeared to be a mild trauma. Distant to the time of the injury, deficits in speech fluency and word finding led the individual to seek further evaluation, and imaging studies revealed a large subdural hematoma. CT scan images are included.


Purpose of Study Mitotic behaviors are likely important for maintaining and restoring homeostasis in lung diseases with epithelial injury. We recently proposed that regenerative asynchrony in repairing tissue may underlie chronic inflammation and fibrosis, where immune cell infiltration is secondary to pro-inflammatory cross-talk among asynchronously repairing adjacent tissues. Building on our previous finding that regenerative asynchrony is associated with pro-inflammatory/fibrotic cytokine secretion, here we provide proof of cause-and-effect. Methods Used In vitro experiments were performed wherein airway epithelial cells were mitotically asynchronous due to disease state and then resynchronized via capture of the G1/S checkpoint via pulse exposure to dexamethasone, simvastatin, or aphidicolin. Experiments utilized a novel method we developed for inducing mitotic asynchrony in normal progenitors. Induced populations were used to elucidate if TGF- β1 plays a role in the resynchronization process. Summary of Results Human asthmatic fully-differentiated air–liquid interface airway epithelial mitosis was asynchronous relative to normal epithelia. Mitotic capture increased the percentage of progenitors in G1. This resynchronization in the asthmatic epithelia reduced basolateral TGF-β1 secretion. We next examined whether inducing mitotic asynchrony in normal epithelial cells would result in TGF-β1 secretion. Mitotic asynchrony was induced and samples showed moderate asynchrony at 6 and 12 hours that resolved spontaneously by 48 hours. These cells show elevated TGF-β1 secretion at 12 hours compared to either cell population in isolation. Regulation of TGF-β1 is being investigated as a possible mechanism for synchronization through contact and non-contact dependent experiments. Additionally, blocking TGF-β1 delays resynchronization. Conclusions Cumulative analysis shows mitotic synchrony is the homeostatic state in airway epithelial progenitor populations and poorly-synchronized mitosis (as in asthma) induces TGF-β1 secretion and a pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic airway. This finding establishes rationale for targeting progenitor cell mitotic behavior rather than immune-mediated inflammation in fibrotic disease.


Previous studies have proved the anticancer effects of solasonine against a number of human cancers. Considering this, the present was study designed to explore the anticancer effects of solasonine against the human gastric cancer cells with an emphasis on elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed that solasonine significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the cancer cell proliferation and also reduced the colony forming potential of gastric cancer cells. The antiproliferative effects of solasonine were due to the induction of apoptosis in the gastric cancer cells as evident from the DAPI, AO/EB and PI staining assays. Further, the chemosensitivity of gastric cancer cells was seen to be enhanced markedly under solasonine administration. Solasonine was shown to exert its anticancer effects through miR-486-5p and its treatment increased the expression of miR-486-5p significantly. The up-regulation of miR-486-5p imitated the growth inhibitory effects of solasonine treatment on gastric cancer cells. The miR-486-5p in turn exerted its molecular role by targeting PIK3R1. The results of this study are suggestive of anticancer role of solasonine against the gastric cancer via modulation miR-486-5p/PI3KR1 axis.


Targeted gene disruptions have revealed significant roles for caspase family members in the regulation of neuronal programmed cell death. Both caspase-3- and caspase-9-deficient mice exhibit a variably severe neurodevelopmental phenotype that may include marked ventricular zone expansion, exencephaly, and ectopic neuronal structures. Our previous studies of caspase-3- and caspase-9-deficient mice were performed using mice on mixed genetic backgrounds, raising the possibility that strain-specific genetic factors influence the effects of caspase deficiency on nervous system development. To directly test this hypothesis, we backcrossed the caspase-3 mutation for 7–10 generations onto pure C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ genetic backgrounds. Caspase-3-deficient 129X1/SvJ mice were uniformly and severely affected. These mice died during the perinatal period and exhibited marked neural precursor cell expansion and exencephaly. In contrast, caspase-3-deficient C57BL/6J mice reached adulthood, were fertile and showed minimal brain pathology. Intercrosses of C57BL/6J and 129X1/SvJ mutants revealed that the vast majority of caspase-3−/− F1 mice displayed the severe 129X1/SvJ-"like" phenotype. These findings are consistent with an incompletely penetrant strain-dependent genetic modifier (or modifiers) that alters the neurodevelopmental consequences of caspase-3 deficiency. Since caspase-9- and Apaf-1-deficient mice also display variably severe developmental neuropathology, this strain-dependent modifier(s) may be involved in the activation of a caspase-independent death pathway; alternatively, strain-dependent compensatory caspase activation and/or its inhibition may influence the severity of the caspase-3-deficient neuronal phenotype.


In Reply. —We apologize to D Samples for conveying the impression that we either unfairly dismissed or made a pejorative reference to their important study. On the contrary, their landmark work is the first that demonstrates that topical therapy cans that topical ence acute postoperative IOP rise following argon laser trabeculoplasty. A pilot study is "an inquiry, survey, or study of limited scope, employed to test the feasibility of more extensive investigations." 1 We therefore do not believe that referring to an investigation as a pilot study is in any way pejorative or misleading. In fact, we refer to our own analysis as a pilot study. We currently ddo not konw ow extensive an IOP elevationeye with preexisting glaucoma can toleratl without increased optic nerve damage. Both of our studies deal with severely damaged eyes already receiving maximum tolerated available medical therapy. It therefore would be ideal


Reasons for teaching electrostatics are mentioned and additions and modifications of traditional approaches that may help to fit it in with current electricity discussed. Details of apparatus are considered where they are particularly important. Field intensity and flux density are discussed with special reference to the m.k.s. system, and there are practical details of a rough fundamental measurement of potential. Rough radioactivity measurement with simple electroscopes is considered as an introduction to radioactive ionization.


Biodiversity consists of wide range diversity such as genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Nowadays, agrobiodiversity conservation is one the most important aspects of sustainable agriculture. In this research, agrobiodiversity in farmlands, gardens and home garden systems was assessed and compared. In addition the role of home gardens as an effective strategy in In-situ conservation was evaluated. Needed information was obtained by questionnaire method in eight villages in east of Tehran province (Jajrood basin). The questionnaires were completed by 30 percent of households in the area during 2009 and 2010. The result showed that, richness and Shannon indices which were indicators of spices diversity in home gardens were more in farmlands and horticulture ecosystems Results also revealed that in some villages like Siahsang which lots of farmland and garden ecosystems had been disappeared, home gardens were the only conservative systems of species, which indicate the important function of home gardens species conservation. In this study Maranak and Khosroabad villages with 7 and 12 species, respectively in farmland and gardens show had the highest species richness index in agricultural ecosystems.


The ammonium phosphomolybdate–mediated photocatalytic degradation of janus green B was investigated in aqueous solution of dye by monitoring the change in colour. The effect of various parameters such as janus green B concentration, amount of photocatalyst, pH, light intensity, etc. on the rate of photodegradation of janus green B was investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of dye followed pseudo-first order kinetics. Photodegradation was followed spectrophotometrically at λmax = 615 nm. A maximum color removal of 97.9 % was achieved in 4 hours. The mechanism of photocatalysis has been discussed.


This article addresses the central impediment to the wide-spread exploration of the potential of Local Composition Control (LCC) in Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF), and presents a Feature-Based Design (FBD) approach for modeling complex components with LCC. The approach will allow the designer to simultaneously edit geometry and composition until a satisfactory result is attained. The concise and machine-general procedural representation will be maintained throughout the design process and will be evaluated for the purpose of visual feedback to the designer and for post-processing, i.e., the creation of machine-specific instructions for fabrication.


In modern computer systems, memory access latencies can have a significant impact on performance, and caching and prefetching are used to reduce these latencies. Caches store recently accessed data to allow the central processing unit (CPU) to access it quickly, while prefetchers attempt to predict future data requests and load them into the cache in advance. However, the simultaneous use of different prefetchers at different levels of the cache hierarchy can be challenging, as interactions between them can potentially lead to performance degradation. As prefetchers are often designed in isolation, without considering how they interact with prefetchers at other levels, these prefetcher interactions have not been studied extensively. Therefore, this thesis investigates these inter-level prefetcher interactions. Various prefetcher and system evaluation metrics are presented and applied using adaptations made to the simulator used. Two different approaches are introduced for the further analysis of harmful prefetcher interactions. By applying these approaches for demonstration purposes, it was possible to identify, reduce or even eliminate some performance degrading interactions between prefetchers.


The aim of this paper is to develop the classification system using Artificial Neural Network for Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. A good standard traditional method is to use Electroencephalogram for diagnosing patients brain functioning that corresponds to epilepsy and different brain disorders. This research focused on designing new classification techniques for single channel EEG recordings. This work proposes three classification techniques namely Back propagation feed forward neural networks (BPFFNN) with different training algorithms, Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) and Particle swarm optimization (PSO) based neural network to classify from EEG signals whether a person is epileptic or nonepileptic. The first aspects of proposed work is to extract the features from EEG signals based on statistical measures and evaluate the neural networks architecture with various numbers of hidden neurons to reduce the complexity of the system. Feed forward neural networks have trained using different learning algorithms. Particle swarm optimization techniques proposed with optimal parameters to train the feed forward neural network. The performance of proposed method has compared with other commonly used classification techniques. The BPLM, RBFNN and PSONN provide very promising and practical results and required much less time and memory resources and improved classification accuracy and generalization. This study based on EEG benchmark database and it is publically available source.


Introduction: Peripheral venous cannulation in the paediatric age group is always a challenging task. The transillumination technique improves the visualization of veins. The Light Emitting Diode (LED) vein finder device is based on the side transillumination principle. Aim: To evaluate the role of transilluminating LED vein finder device (Optramed Vein-Lite), for peripheral intravenous cannulation in children with respect to ease of cannulation, time taken and number of attempts. Materials and Methods: This randomised clinical study was conducted in Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India, from January 2018 to January 2020. Total 130 patients, age <3 years, of either sex, and scheduled for surgery under general anaesthesia were included in the study. They were randomised into two groups. Group I (n=65) where venous cannulation was done using a transilluminating LED vein finder device, and group II (n=65) where venous cannulation was done after visualising and palpating the vein manually (conventional technique). Both the groups were compared with respect to the Difficult intravenous access (DIVA) score, number of attempts, ease of intravenous cannulation (cannulation on first or second attempt as 'easy', more than two attempts as 'difficult' cannulation) and time required for intravenous cannulation. The qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies/percentages and compared using the Chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the population in group I was 17±13 months, and in group II was 15±23 months (p-value=0.5427). There was a significant variation with respect to the number of attempts; the first attempt success was 90.7% in group I vs 63% in group II (p-value= 0.0014). In group I, cannulation was easy in 95% of patients while in group II only 76.9% of patients had easy cannulation (p-value=0.0018). Time taken for intravenous cannulation in group I was 19.385±6.2015 sec and in group II was 22.886±11.6716 sec (p-value=0.0346). Conclusion: Transillumination is a useful technique to improve the success rate of peripheral venous cannulation in infants and children.


We use electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction to study the microstructure of TiN deposited on Al. In contrast to previous work, we show that the TiN has a large (≈1 μm) grain size arising from its epitaxial orientation on the underlying Al. Within a single grain, the TiN has a heavily voided columnar structure that closely mimics the appearance of fine grains. The within-grain columnar structure arises from the usual shadowing mechanism for sputtered films, and has a weak dependence on the deposition temperature.


AbstractField instrumentation of an in-service cast iron gas pipe buried in a residential area is detailed in this paper. The aim of the study was to monitor the long-term pipe behavior to understand the mechanisms of pipe bending in relation to ground movement as a result of seasonal fluctuation of soil moisture content. Field data showed that variation of soil temperature, suction, and moisture content are closely related to the prevailing climate. Change of soil temperature is generally related to the ambient air temperature, with a variation of approximately −3°C per meter depth from the ground surface in summer (decrease with depth) and winter (increase with depth). Seasonal cyclic variation in moisture content was observed with maxima in February and March, and a minimum around September. The pipe top was under tensile strain during summer and subsequently subjected to compressive strain as soil swelling occurred as a result of increase in moisture content. The study suggests that downward pipe bend...


1. The percentage of fetal with malformation as classified by ultrasound imaging was 1.95% in early pregnancy(11-13+6 weeks gestation) and 1.99% in mid-pregnancy(14-18 weeks gestation). 2. The top four rate of fetal malformation in early and Mid-pregnancy were: multi-system malformation >central nervous system malformation > small malformation > hygroma in the neck and back(P<0.05,=), respectively. 3. The detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities in deformed fetus was 34.7% for early pregnancy and Mid-pregnancy, however, there were no significant difference in each system (P> 0.05). 4. The rate of induced labour was 90% for fetal malformation in early pregnancy, and 88.5% in mid-pregnancy..


The thesis focuses on lightning-related electromagnetic wave phenomena observed by spacecraft in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. Two different approaches are used to identify the frequency and spatial extent where lightninggenerated emissions significantly contribute to the overall wave intensity. First, whistler detections onboard the DEMETER spacecraft are used to sort the measurements according to the whistler activity. Second, we use a geographic distribution of lightning activity and analyze a dependence of the overall wave intensity on geomagnetic longitude. We show that, especially during the night, the overall wave intensity observed in the plasmasphere is well correlated with lightning activity. The other focus of the study is on special electromagnetic wave events consisting of alternating frequency bands of enhanced and reduced wave intensity formed in the ionosphere due to lightning. We analyze their occurrence and parameters, and we suggest a possible mechanism of their formation.


Abstract : Activities this year have been largely devoted to the adaptation of the ground software to accommodate the very low levels of solar activity, to continued examination of the robustness of the procedures to recover for single event upsets, and to the analysis and post-mortem associated with a malfunction of the ion drift meter on the F17 spacecraft. The low levels of solar activity have led to a significantly contracted ionosphere that resides predominantly below the satellite altitude. Such a condition leads to the dominance of H+ in regions where O+ might be expected to be the major ion. This condition has required the re-programming of some of the logic associated with ground software processing for the retarding potential analyzer (RPA) and the ion drift meter. Extensive analysis of the F17 drift meter data, and the physical configuration of the sensor, has been undertaken following a malfunction that rendered the instrument inoperable. During this reporting period, various failure modes were investigated and compared with the temporal history of the instrument performance. The most likely failure mode has been identified and a detailed analysis has been provided to AFRL.


We tend to assume that we may divide our activities into talk and action. In so doing we tend to suggest that talk is subordinate to action.

Taking issue with these presumptions, Stories for Management Success: The Power of Talk in Organizations argues that talk is central to what managers do. Indeed it argues that, for managers, 'walking the walk' necessarily implies 'talking the talk such that storytelling is now central to managerial work'. Noting that managerial talk is increasingly located within an account of storytelling the book offers a critical review of the academic debates associated with telling tales at work and uses this critical reflection to shape and guide those who would realise the power of talk. Thus, the book concludes with six key questions designed to prompt both introspection and action on storytelling in an organized context. With reflections on the relevant management research, the author provides a scholar's digest to aid management thinking and practice.

This book offers an examination of the processes of organizational storytelling and has been designed to allow practitioners of management to recognise and in so doing to unleash the power of talk in organizations.


In this article I propose to analyse the off-screen spaces and folds used in classical Hollywood to represent its most lurid scenes under the Hays Code. The first part of this article discusses off-screen space, interpreting the conventional uses and narrative limits that characterised this concept during the period of the Code. In the final sections, the concept of "the fold", taken from Gilles Deleuze's studies on Leibniz and the Baroque, is proposed as a way of naming and analysing a new, more elaborate and complex notion which, having grown to maturity during the era of censorship, has carried on be-


Wildlife health is of emerging relevance for conservation, human health, and domestic animal health. Increased research on wildlife health problems has not been accompanied by a relative increase in effective solutions. Translational research was developed in human health to overcome blocks impeding the development of solutions out of basic research, and a translational research framework is proposed to overcome the same barriers in wildlife health. This framework has four translational phases: problem definition, potential solution development, efficacious solution development, and effective solution development. Implementation of translational research will require a restructuring of the wildlife health research enterprise with a shift, supported by funding sources and journals, to solutions-focused research including later translational phases, the creation of more deeply integrated multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary teams incorporating better representation from human social sciences, and the inclusion of end user and stakeholder participation in all phases of research.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the current periodontal status of 35 to 44-year-olds from the Chinese population and to analyse potential influence factors on periodontal disease.

METHODS
The data of subjects were collected from both urban and rural areas of all 31 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of the mainland of China, as part of the 4th National Oral Health Survey. All subjects were aged 35 to 44 years old. In total, 4,410 subjects were enrolled in the present study. Each subject was asked to undergo a professional oral examination and to fill in a questionnaire. Periodontal health status was evaluated by probe bleeding, calculus, periodontal pocket depth and clinical attachment loss. The data were analysed using the chi-square test and binary logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS
The prevalence of probe bleeding and calculus was 87.4% and 96.7% respectively among the 35 to 44-year-old population. Prevalence of shallow pockets (4 mm ≤ PD < 6 mm) and deep pockets (PD ≥ 6 mm) was 45.8% and 6.9% respectively among 35 to 44-year-old people. In addition, prevalence of clinical attachment loss (CAL > 3 mm) was 33.2%. Gender, educational level, smoking, teeth brushing frequency, dental floss and toothpick use were found relevant to periodontal condition.

CONCLUSION
Periodontal disease was highly prevalent among 35 to 44-year-old Chinese adults. Gender, educational level, smoking, teeth brushing frequency, toothpick and dental floss use could be potential influence factors of periodontal health status.


Rising air pollution levels in South Asia will have worldwide environmental consequences. Transport of pollutants from the densely populated regions of India, Pakistan, China, and Nepal to the Himalayas may lead to substantial radiative forcing in South Asia with potential effects on the monsoon circulation and, hence, on regional climate and hydrological cycles, as well as to dramatic impacts on glacier retreat. An improved description of particulate sources is needed to constrain the simulation of future regional climate changes. Here, the first evidence of very frequent new particle formation events occurring up to high altitudes is presented. A 16-month record of aerosol size distribution from the Nepal Climate Observatory at Pyramid (Nepal, 5,079 m above sea level), the highest atmospheric research station, is shown. Aerosol concentrations are driven by intense ultrafine particle events occurring on >35% of the days at the interface between clean tropospheric air and the more polluted air rising from the valleys. During a pilot study, we observed a significant increase of ion cluster concentrations with the onset of new particle formation events. The ion clusters rapidly grew to a 10-nm size within a few hours, confirming, thus, that in situ nucleation takes place up to high altitudes. The initiation of the new particle events coincides with the shift from free tropospheric downslope winds to thermal upslope winds from the valley in the morning hours. The new particle formation events represent a very significant additional source of particles possibly injected into the free troposphere by thermal winds.


I ntravascular ultrasound is a new technique that allows intraluminal catheter-based vascular imaging. Technological advances in miniaturization have produced 4F to 8F catheters that can be safely maneuvered within coronary and peripheral arteries.1,2 Images obtained provide accurate measurements of lumen area as well as high-resolution images of arterial wall components.3,4 Histopathological studies have demonstrated the ability of intravascular ultrasound to characterize plaque morphology,5-7 and these findings have been extrapolated to provide a novel method of examining plaque morphology in vivo. There has been increasing interest in intravascular ultrasound during the past 5 years, including attempts at tissue characterization and computer-based three-dimensional reconstruction.8 There subsequently have arisen high expectations of using intravascular ultrasound for overcoming the known limitations of coronary angiography as well as for guiding catheter-based vascular interventions.9,'0


The synthesis of sequential full interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and negatively charged poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PNVP) was described and their swelling, drug release, and diffusion studies were investigated. PNIPAAm was used as a host network. According to swelling experiments, IPNs gave relatively lower swelling ratios compared to PNIPAAm hydrogel due to the higher cross-linking density. Lidocaine (LD) was used as a model drug for the investigation of drug release behavior of IPNs. LD uptake of the IPNs were found to increase from 24 to 166 (mg LD / g dry gel) with increasing amount of PNIPAAm and AMPS contents in the IPN structure. It was observed that the specific interaction between drug and AMPS co-monomer influenced the drug release profile. In the diffusion transport mechanism study in water, the results indicated that the swelling exponents n for all IPNs are in the range from 0.50 to 0.72. This implies that the swelling transport mechanism was transferred from Fickian to non-Fickian transport, with increasing AMPS content and NIPAAm character in the IPN structure. In addition, diffusion of LD within the IPNs showed similar trend. The incorporation of AMPS leads to an increase in electrostatic interaction between charge sites on carboxylate ions and cationic LD molecules. Therefore, the highest diffusion coefficient (D) of drug was found for IPN2 sample. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Small B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation frequently present diagnostic challenges. Session 3 of the 2009 Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology Workshop focused on lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL). The submitted cases illustrated classic examples of bone marrow-based and nodal LPL and cases with atypical features, including unusual phenotypes or involvement of extranodal sites. Several cases showed varying degrees of overlap with marginal zone lymphoma, and, as acknowledged in the 2008 World Health Organization classification, a definitive distinction between these 2 possibilities cannot always be established. Session 6 of the workshop focused on other non-marginal zone lymphomas that may display plasmacytic differentiation. This session highlights the wide variety of neoplasms that enter into the differential diagnosis of small B-cell lymphomas with plasmacytic differentiation and demonstrates the use of clinical features and ancillary studies in establishing an appropriate diagnosis by 2008 World Health Organization criteria.


This thesis considers the development of novel parameter estimation and system identification methods for fractional-order continuous-time nonlinear systems from sampled input-output signals. It is recognised that there is no universal model parameter estimation method which would be suitable for all types of nonlinear system models. In this work, two parameter estimation methods, targeting specific nonlinear model structures, have been developed. The first proposed parameter estimation method is based on an extension of the simplified and refined instrumental variable method for identification of integer-order continuous-time linear transfer function models. The proposed extended method is able to estimate parameters of fractional-order continuous-time Hammerstein–Wiener (HWFC) models, where the case of estimation of linear, Hammerstein (HFC), and Wiener (WFC) models is considered as a special case. It is also possible to estimate the classical integerorder model counterparts as a special case. Subsequently, the proposed extension to the simplified and refined instrumental variable methods for HWFC model estimation is abbreviated to HWSRIVCF and HWRIVCF, respectively. The refined version, HWRIVCF, considers the noise model to be of Box-Jenkins type, while the simplified version, HWRIVCF, assumes an output error measurement noise scenario. The advantage of this novel extension, compared to published methods, is that the output static nonlinearity of the Wiener model part does not need to be invertible. The second proposed fractional-order parameter estimation method is based on an existing delayed integer-order state variable filtering technique. In general, the developed method is able to estimate parameters of continuous-time fractional-order nonlinear models, when formulated in input-output form. The individual elements of the inputoutput equation (regression model) comprises of higher order time derivatives, signal powers, and products between the input and output signals and their powers. In this thesis, the focus is on a special model subclass, namely, a class of bilinear system models due mainly to its previous use in control engineering applications. A comprehensive case study, presenting the full system identification cycle, is also given. In this study, fractional-order continuous-time transfer function model of a 1D linear solid a diffusion process has been identified from sampled input-output data. The data was generated from a governing diffusion equation solved by the finite volume method.


Historically, when a patient's dental condition reached a state of total tooth loss, treatment was limited to a complete denture with no hope of improving that status. The greatest challenge, particularly when working with a lower jaw, was providing a denture with reasonable stability and retention.1 Success was greatly dependent upon the skill of the practitioner but also on the neuromuscular ability of the patient, their supporting structures and a philosophical attitude toward their condition.2 Treatment for patients suffering complete edentulism has been revolutionised by the ongoing success of dental implants so that the standard of care for the mandible is an implant overdenture.


The establishment of macroeconomic stability, the conducted reforms and the institutional changes in the past years resulted into the improvement in the business conditions in Serbia. Significant advances were made in 2008 as regards the formulation and implementation of the policy of development of SMEs, and in the implementation of the European chart on small enterprises. Despite the improvements achieved, the business environment in Serbia is still ranked as insufficiently stimulative for the development of SMEs. In 2009 ,Serbia ranked 93th out of 133 countries in the World Economic Forum's Index of Business Competitiveness .This country ranks is lower than in any other country in the region. In this context, the importance of the state support to the development and stability of this sector is invaluable, especially because the entrepreneurship sector was most severely hit by the economic crisis in Serbia. In addition, the economic has also resulted into the fall in the employment rate and the rise in the unemployment trend, which will be especially analyzed in this paper.


While deep learning algorithms demonstrate a great potential in scientific computing, its application to multi-scale problems remains to be a big challenge. This is manifested by the"frequency principle"that neural networks tend to learn low frequency components first. Novel architectures such as multi-scale deep neural network (MscaleDNN) were proposed to alleviate this problem to some extent. In this paper, we construct a subspace decomposition based DNN (dubbed SD$^2$NN) architecture for a class of multi-scale problems by combining traditional numerical analysis ideas and MscaleDNN algorithms. The proposed architecture includes one low frequency normal DNN submodule, and one (or a few) high frequency MscaleDNN submodule(s), which are designed to capture the smooth part and the oscillatory part of the multi-scale solutions, respectively. In addition, a novel trigonometric activation function is incorporated in the SD$^2$NN model. We demonstrate the performance of the SD$^2$NN architecture through several benchmark multi-scale problems in regular or irregular geometric domains. Numerical results show that the SD$^2$NN model is superior to existing models such as MscaleDNN.


The purpose of this project is to enhance the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 for the photocatalytic reduction of aqueous nitrates for application as a solar-catalytic treatment of polluted water. The aim is also to establish a better understanding of the mechanisms by
which noble metals enhance the activity of TiO2. Mono-metallic and bi-metallic Au, Ag and other M-TiO2 catalysts were prepared with the aim of improving charge-carrier separation,these catalysts were then characterised by XRD, BET and TEM. Preparation method variables such as calcination temperature and metal loading were investigated and found to have a large effect on catalytic activity.
Metal loadings of between 0.3 and 0.4% were found to give the highest activity and this was concluded to be due to an optimum amount of surface coverage by small metal nanoparticles.
The catalysts were found to be very selective towards nitrogen with Au catalysts tending to form ammonia at high conversions and Ag catalysts forming nitrite at low conversions.
Bimetallic AuAg catalysts were prepared that had higher activities than their mono-metallic equivalents with 100% selectivity to N2. These catalysts were found to be highly reusable.
None of the prepared M-TiO2 catalysts were found to have any visible-only activity for nitrate photo-reduction and the enhancement of photo-activity with the deposition of metals was concluded to be due to increased charge-carrier separation effects.
Attempts were made at visibly-active TiO2 by N-doping but although UV-visible DRS analysis showed a redshift in the adsorption band of these catalysts and XRD found the
anatase to rutile ratio to be near ideal no reproducible visible-light activity was achieved.


A completely ionized beam of metal clusters is deposited with variable kinetic energy on a substrate. Mirror-like and strongly adhering films having unusual properties are produced for sufficiently high cluster impact energies. Numerical simulations provide the physical insight why this novel technique gives different, and sometimes superior results compared to conventional methods. Several examples are presented.


This review describes and evaluates methodological approaches aimed at unraveling the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and later misuse of alcohol, which is complicated by the significant overlap between factors that elevate risk for CSA exposure and those that increase risk for problem alcohol use. We critique methods used to distinguish direct effects of CSA events on alcohol-related outcomes from the effects of risk factors frequently present in families in which CSA exposure occurs (e.g., parental alcohol-related problems). These methods include measurement and adjustment for potentially confounding factors and the use of co-twin designs. The findings across methodological approaches provide support for a CSA-specific risk for alcohol misuse, despite the significant contribution of family background factors to overall risk, but much work remains to be done before a comprehensive model for this association can be proposed. Additional directions for research, including the incorporation of measured genes and the use of longitudinal designs, are proposed to further efforts to model the pathways from CSA to alcohol-related problems.


The reuse of knowledge generated during the different phases of a product's lifecycle is crucial for a company in order to achieve competitive advantage. This thesis investigates knowledge transfer within the service phase and between service and design phases through case studies from the oil industry. Knowledge generated during the service phase was analyzed from the point of view of service engineers and engineering designers. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved in the transfer of knowledge within the service phase and between service and design were investigated. Both service engineers and engineering designers were interested in knowledge about changes, issues and improvements generated during service; however, engineering designers were more orientated towards knowledge of the equipment at a component level while service engineers were interested in obtaining an overview of the systems. The study showed that knowledge transfer between the service and design departments was not systematic and consisted primarily of knowledge pushed by service engineers to engineering designers. The issues that posed a barrier to a systematic reuse of service knowledge were taken into consideration whilst developing a model for managing the knowledge generated during the service phase. The core of this model, called the RSK model, is the analysis phase, in which information from service cases is evaluated and integrated into existing documentation. The RSK model has been developed based on the case studies from the oil industry, however an auxiliary case study from the aerospace industry indicated it is also suitable to answer the needs of the variant design industry.


This work focuses on parameter calibration of a variable-diffusivity fractional diffusion model. A random, spatially-varying diffusivity field with log-normal distribution is considered. The variance and correlation length of the diffusivity field are considered uncertain parameters, and the order of the fractional sub-diffusion operator is also taken uncertain and uniformly distributed in the range (0,1) . A Karhunen-Loève (KL) decomposition of the random diffusivity field is used, leading to a stochastic problem defined in terms of a finite number of canonical random variables. Polynomial chaos (PC) techniques are used to express the dependence of the stochastic solution on these random variables. A non-intrusive methodology is used, and a deterministic finite-difference solver of the fractional diffusion model is utilized for this purpose. The PC surrogates are first used to assess the sensitivity of quantities of interest (QoIs) to uncertain inputs and to examine their statistics. In particular, the analysis indicates that the fractional order has a dominant effect on the variance of the QoIs considered, followed by the leading KL modes. The PC surrogates are further exploited to calibrate the uncertain parameters using a Bayesian methodology. Different setups are considered, including distributed and localized forcing functions and data consisting of either noisy observations of the solution or its first moments. In the broad range of parameters addressed, the analysis shows that the uncertain parameters having a significant impact on the variance of the solution can be reliably inferred, even from limited observations.


Selfish behavior can plague the formation of cooperative relationships and collective efforts. Understanding ways in which groups can overcome selfish motives and foster cooperation, therefore, becomes essential. Recent research reveals that reputation systems promote cooperation and deter antisocial behavior in groups. Little is known, however, about how and why people share reputational information. In this dissertation, I seek to establish the existence and dynamics of prosocial gossip, the sharing of negative evaluative information about a target in a way that protects others from antisocial or exploitative behavior. I present a model of prosocial gossip and the results of five studies testing the model's claims. Results of Studies 1-3 demonstrate that (a) individuals who observe an antisocial act experience negative affect and are compelled to share information about the antisocial actor with a potentially vulnerable person, (b) sharing such information reduces negative affect created by observing the antisocial behavior, (c) individuals possessing more prosocial orientations are the most motivated to engage in such gossip, even at a personal cost, and exhibit the greatest reduction in negative affect as a result. Taken together these results highlight the roles of prosocial motivations and negative affective reactions to injustice in maintaining reputational information sharing in groups. Studies 4-5 explore two ways in which prosocial gossip can effectively deter selfishness and promote cooperation. Study 4 reveals that prosocial gossip promotes cooperation by deterring selfish behavior, especially among those who are more egoistic and prone to exploit others. Study 5 demonstrates how prosocial gossip fosters cooperation by facilitating partner selection, guiding the recipients of the gossip in selecting who to interact with and who to ostracize. I conclude by discussing implications for reputational theories of the maintenance of cooperation in human groups and laying out possibilities for future research.


Francisco López: untitled #333 [for A+a] (6:02) Hasan Hujairi: 10000 Simple Steps to Perfectly Draw an Arabian Horse (9:31) Matthew Burtner: Six Ecoacoustic Quintets, No. 1: Water (Ice) (4:47) João Orecchia: Storage 1896–2015 (4:00) Emeka Ogboh: Monday Morning in Lagos (4:19) James Webb: Le Marché Oriental (2:20) Susie Ibarra: Mirrors and Water (11:04) edGeCut + diFfuSed beats: Listening Still (8:00) Rupert Huber and Robert Adrian X: Applaus (12:12)


This article applies materialist rhetoric to Christopher Nolan's 2000 neo-noir film Memento and positions its protagonist Leonard Shelby, a man with a brain injury that prevents him from making new memories, as a figure of mētis: a classical concept addressing the cunning ability to respond to the contingent,kairotic moment by engaging situations through a reciprocal process of change. As evidence for its assertion, the article examines Leonard's relationship to his shifting bodily archive of tattoos, handwritten notes, and annotated Polaroid pictures. It also aligns him with the ancient hero Odysseus and the sophistic rhetorician Gorgias, two classical exemplars of mētis. Leonard's mētic existence informs how contemporary selves emerge from networks of objects both physical and virtual.


This paper presents stochastic tree search, an alternative method to local search. Stochastic tree search consists of the exploration of a search tree, making use of heuristics for guiding the choice of the next branch, and a combination of diving and randomized selection of the path for exploring the tree. Stochastic tree search efficiency relies on avoiding the repetition of the search on the same areas of the space, thus being unlikely to be trapped in a particular area of the search tree. By concentrating first on the most promising parts of the search tree, it allows to quickly determine solutions of very good quality.


Sounds produced in the avian vocal organ may be modified by filter properties of the upper vocal tract. Possible mechanisms to actively control filter characteristics include movements of the beak, tongue, and larynx and adjustments of tracheal length. We investigated whether length changes of the trachea are a likely mechanism for adjusting upper vocal tract filter properties during song in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). Tracheal length was monitored at the basal end using sonomicrometry and was recorded together with subsyringeal air sac pressure and acoustic output. Tracheal shortening occurred at the onset of song bouts, and during each motif the tracheal length decreased during expiratory pressure pulses and increased during the short inspirations. A bilateral tracheal syringeal nerve cut confirmed that the initial shortening at the onset of the song bout is an active shortening of the trachea (i.e., mediated by syringeal muscle activity). The modulation of length during the motif was not affected by the denervation and is most likely driven by the pressurization of the interclavicular air sac. The absolute length change during the motif was small (<0.2 mm) and not clearly related to acoustic features of the song. For example, some high-frequency syllables, which are generated during inspiration, were accompanied by tracheal elongation. Because this elongation shifts tube resonances to lower frequencies, it is inconsistent with an active adjustment of length to enhance high frequency sounds. The small magnitude and inconsistent nature of dynamic tracheal length changes during song make it unlikely that they significantly affect vocal tract filter properties if the trachea is modeled as a rigid tube.


Antifoulants are the most vital substances in antifouling coatings to prevent marine organisms from colonizing the undersea substrate surfaces. In addition to antibacterial performance, inhibition of biofilm formation is an important criterion for antifouling coatings. In this study, we synthesized pH-responsive matrine@chitosan-D-proline (Mat@CS-Pro) nanocapsules of about 280 nm with antibacterial properties and biofilm dispersibility. The prepared Mat@CS-Pro nanocapsules exhibited high-level antibacterial properties, reaching about 93, 88, and 96% for E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Such nanocapsules can cause irreversible damage to bacteria and cause them to lose their intact cell structures. Moreover, Mat@CS-Pro nanocapsules also possessed outstanding dispersal biofilm performances, in which the biofilm thickness of E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa was decreased by 33, 74, and 42%, respectively, after 3 days of incubation. Besides, the Mat@CS-Pro nanocapsules had remarkable pH-responsive properties. As the environmental pH became acidic, the nanocapsules swelled to about 475 nm and the released concentration could reach 28.5 ppm after immersion for 10 h but maintained a low releasing rate in pH 8 conditions.


The dependence of mode partition noise (MPN), and its association with the eye diagram and power penalty, on carrier lifetime in 1.3 /spl mu/m InGaAsP multimode semiconductor lasers for a 1.2 Gbit/s lightwave transmission system was investigated. It was found that lasers with shorter carrier lifetimes showed less MPN, and hence, a better eye opening and a lower power penalty, than the lasers with longer carrier lifetimes. The significant dependence of MPN, eye opening, and power penalty on carrier lifetime in multimode semiconductor lasers suggests that the carrier lifetime of the laser, which depends on the laser design, can be used as an important parameter for characterizing the performance of high-speed lightwave transmission systems.<<ETX>>


The 14 partial differential equation system describing the longitudinal–flexural–torsional dynamic behavior of liquid-filled pipelines contains coupled equations due to mutual boundary conditions and Poisson contraction ratio terms. Solutions of the above system are available in the frequency-domain or in the time-domain (method of characteristics (MOC)). In this paper, an analytic solution in the domain of time and space is achieved. Double integral transform, namely, finite sine Fourier transform (FSFT) and Laplace transform, is applied to the derived system of the 14 fourth-order partial differential equations, yielding an algebraic system in terms of the transformed variables. The inversion of the FSFT is an easy task, but the analytic inversion of the Laplace transforms is very challenging. Both integral transform inversions of the 14 transformed variables are successfully performed, and an analytic matrix formula in the domain of time and space along with numerical results is obtained.


This intersection of bodily concerns with post-Famine regimes of institutional child welfare has not been well documented. However, it is a crucial theme that requires consideration when analysing the development of Ireland's reformatory and industrial school system. Tom Feeney has persuasively argued that the idea of reforming criminal children was popularised in Ireland during the 1920s and 1930s when child guidance clinics became fashionable; sites where behaviour deemed deviant could be medically and psychologically rectified. However, Feeney's arguments fail to recognise a longer genealogy of managing child deviance in Ireland that has much in common with early twentieth-century interventions. Although abandoned, neglected and orphaned children were assimilated into a range of institutions following the Famine – including orphanages, ragged schools and workhouses – mid-nineteenth century reformatories and industrial schools served as key sites of bodily, psychological and moral reform. In recent years, the system, as a historical artefact, has been intensely criticised and scrutinised in response to internationally publicised allegations of sustained child abuse having surfaced. Recent historical literature pertaining to these institutions tends to mirror modern perspectives by adopting an understandable, but somewhat biased, strategy of uncovering historical accounts of abuse and neglect. Conor Reidy, for instance, places the phrase 'moral hospital' in inverted commas in the title of his recent study of early twentieth-century borstals; a narrative act presumably intended to suggest the irony of the words 'moral' and 'hospital' when applied to sites now commonly associated with sexual abuse and violence. Yet if we are to fully understand the historical development of Irish institutional provision for children, and, indeed, to appreciate what was actually meant by the label 'moral hospital', it is crucial to fully contextualise its origins and to avoid routinely imposing negative preconceptions on our historical conceptions of these institutions. Accordingly, within this chapter I probe into the bio-psychological paradigms that underpinned 'moral hospitals' and chart how childhood health was negotiated and managed with reference to a historically specific set of concerns over juvenile criminality. I begin by suggesting that criminality was often understood within an organic framework that identified the bodies and minds of child criminals as having abnormally developed in the absence of nurturing parental influence. This precept played a formative role in the development of Irish reformatories and industrial schools; sites that both emphasised bodily and psychological reform as a mechanism deployed to restore normative patterns of physical, mental and moral growth. I continue by demonstrating that reformatories and industrial schools were initially designed as healthy environments juxtaposed to the criminal settings where the 'dangerous classes' were reared. Accordingly, institutional regimes targeted the physiological and psychological roots of criminality. As illustrative examples, I explore the multiple uses of outdoor work and diet as tools to reinstate normative growth. I conclude by suggesting that although these ideas remained predominant, other forms of medical superintendence evolved as new institutional health demands surfaced and as shifting forms of biological knowledge – in particular germ theory – needed to be incorporated into the bodily strategies of reformatories and industrial schools. Importantly, the forms of illness and disease encountered in reality were often not those that medical thought had connected to criminality, meaning that these institutions ultimately came to, or were forced to, provide services bordering upon paediatric healthcare. Overall, I explore what reformatories and industrial schools were intended to be as a guide to furthering our knowledge of their development and to provide an alternative narrative that complements critical commentary on how these sites gradually transformed into places where the sanctity of childhood was threatened and undermined.


OBJECTIVES
Because the full version of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory was considered too long, a short English version (10 items/five factors) was initially proposed in the literature (PTGI-SF). Thereafter another short Italian version (10 items/five factors) and a unidimensional English version (11 items) were proposed. This study aimed at evaluating which of these three versions of the PTGI-SF could be best adapted to women diagnosed with breast cancer.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional and psychometrics study.

METHODS
A total of 239 breast cancer patients or survivors were included in the study. To assess all items related to the different PTGI-SF candidate versions; the full-length PTGI has been used to measure PTG. A set of psychometric analyses, including a confirmatory factor analysis, composite reliability and construct validity has been performed.

RESULTS
The English unidimensional version did not fit the data (SB-Chi2  = 184.47, df = 42, p < .001; SB-RMSEA = .119; SB-CFI = .814; SB-TLI = .757; SRMR = .083). Both the English (SB-Chi2  = 61.40, df = 25, p < .001; SB-RMSEA = .078; SB-CFI = .948; SB-TLI = .907; SRMR = .048) and Italian (SB-Chi2  = 26.52, df = 25, p > .05; SB-RMSEA = .016; SB-CFI = .998; SB-TLI = .996; SRMR = .026) versions (10 items/five factors, respectively) showed satisfactory psychometric results.

CONCLUSION
Further investigations are thus required to identify which of these two versions of the PTGI-SF is the most appropriate for women diagnosed with breast cancer.


Background Methotrexate (MTX) remains the gold standard treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), yet most recent research refers to it only as a referent or placebo without context of dose or form of administration. Objectives To examine the real-world use trends of MTX in the US since 1998. Methods Using a large observational cohort, the National Data Bank for Rheumatic Diseases (NDB), we characterized patients with RA who initiated MTX from 1998 through 2015. Baseline characteristics were assessed by MTX administration route, injectable (INJ) and oral (PO), and by mono- vs. concomitant DMARD therapy. Discontinuation, described using Kaplan-Meier survival curves, was defined as either ending MTX or adding another DMARD. Sensitivity analyses were performed with alternative discontinuation definitions. GEE were also used to model change on MTX dose over time. Results In our study of 22,621 RA patients, MTX had widespread use with 73.5% ever being exposed, 59.4% using it during our study, and 11.4% initiating without any prior DMARD. The MTX-exposed baseline mean age was 59±13 years, 79% female, and 14±12 years RA duration. Of these, 21% used MTX-INJ and had worse disease severity and higher weekly doses compared to MTX-PO (PAS: INJ 4.1±2.2 vs. PO 3.6±2.2; Dose: INJ 16.2±4.2 vs. PO 13.8±5.5 mg). When initiating MTX, 42.8% took mono-therapy, and concomitant use was split 53/47% on synthetic/biologic DMARDs with trends of being younger, more employed, and more private insurance (34% vs 27% on mono-therapy). Overall median (IQR) survival time after initiating MTX was 2.5 (1–6) years per patient with 24,823 p-yr followup. Sensitivity analysis of discontinuation requiring ending MTX had 8 (2.5-.) years per patient, 38,290 p-yr followup. By route, the median (IQR) survival was 1.5 (0.5–3.5) years for INJ and 2 (1–5.5) years for PO with 16.2% of patients switching between routes. Also, survival was 6 (1.5–…) years for mono-therapy and 3 (1–9) years for concomitant therapy. MTX doses increased by 0.01 (95% CI 0.01 – 0.02) mg/yr/patient with 50% of patients increasing MTX dose a median (IQR) of 5 (2.5–10) mg and 3.3% of patients decreasing their dose. Conclusions Patients who tolerate MTX early tend to use it for several years even while adding concomitant DMARDs. We showed notable differences between patients by MTX route, with trends of increasing dose over time. Acknowledgement This study was funded by Pfizer Corp. Disclosure of Interest None declared


The axon guidance molecule Semaphorin-6A (SEMA6A) plays a key role during nervous system development. SEMA6A, classically known as a ligand for Plexin-A2 and -A4, is a transmembrane protein that can also elicit signaling via its intracellular domain in vitro. However, the physiological relevance of this 'reverse' signaling route is largely unknown. We generated a new transgenic mouse model, Sema6aΔcytfl/fl, in which the cytosolic part of SEMA6A can be conditionally removed using Cre-recombination. Upon Sema6aΔcyt mutation, SEMA6A can only act as a ligand and reverse signaling is perturbed. Germline deletion of SEMA6A's intracellular part results in developmental defects in axon pathfinding and neuron migration that partially phenocopy defects observed in full Sema6a knockout mice. These defects include disorganization of the anterior commissure, piriform cortex, lateral olfactory tract, thalamocortical and corticospinal white matter tracts, and defected neuron migration in the neocortex and cerebellum. Intriguingly, the hippocampal malformation described in Sema6a full knockout mice was not reproduced, suggesting a specific role for SEMA6A forward signaling in hippocampal development. Our results indicate that the intracellular domain of SEMA6A is essential for proper axon targeting and neuron migration, and provide the first proof of a SEMA6A reverse signaling pathway in vivo.


Web accessibility has only recently begun to be considered as a key component in the task of the web localiser and, crucially, in the assessment of localisation quality. The ALMA research project (Approaching Localisation by Means of Accessibility) seeks to address this gap by gradually but comprehensively introducing accessibility awareness, issues and perspectives in the principles and procedures of localisation. One of the approaches of ALMA focuses on localiser education and aims at both integrating web accessibility as content to be transferred in the process of localisation and as a methodological way of rethinking website analysis and interlingual, intercultural, intersemiotic transformation. This would allow localisation students to observe the interrelation between the different semiotic, temporal, spatial or ergodic elements coded in the product, with the aim of being perceived, understood and operated by users through different modalities, senses, capacities and technologies. In this chapter, the specific example of culture and heritage websites is used to illustrate how the social and technological dimensions of multimodal translation, localisation and accessibility converge. By exploring the interrelation of web accessibility, localiser education, Universal Design for Learning, and culture and heritage websites, we conclude that such combination can provide a critical opportunity to enhance accessibility and learning at various levels: as an outcome of localisation training (more accessible multilingual culture and heritage websites), as a motivational driver for all students to access and be engaged in education, as an accessibility-aware mindset and methodology (better and deeper access to training materials), as well as an excellent interdisciplinary tool.


The distribution coefficient (log P) is an important molecular characteristic that allows us to estimate the lipophilicity of chemical compounds and predict how a drug will behave, fundamentally against the processes of absorption and excretion. The experimental determination of this and other properties of interest has several limitations, such as the high time invested and the consumption of considerable amounts of sample. In recent years, the development of new drugs has been supported by computational tools that allow a theoretical prediction of their properties from the information collected by their molecular descriptors, their design being much faster and cheaper. This paper shows the results of a structure-property relationship (QSPR) study aimed at finding a predictive mathematical model of the distribution coefficient of organic compounds of pharmaceutical interest. Through the computer programs ACDLabs (simplified molecular representations and calculation of log P) and MODESLAB (calculation of molecular descriptors) a training series consisting of 200 compounds classified in ten pharmacological groups was formed. Using the BuildQSAR computer program, an optimal prediction model of log P was obtained, considering the five molecular descriptors that best correlated with this property as independent variables. The model obtained showed a percentage of adjustment to the experimental data of 85%, as well as a standard error of the estimate lower than the logarithmic unit. Its internal validation showed an adjustment percentage of 80%.


Objective: To establish whether poor parental supervision is associated with head injury and self-reported reactive aggression (ie, aggression in response to perceived provocation or threat) in adolescents in a Young Offender's Institute, by examining correlations between these variables. Understanding this population is important, as they are at a key pivotal age for intervention to prevent lifelong reoffending. Methods: Ninety-six male participants aged 16 to 18 years were recruited from a UK Young Offender's Institute. Self-report measures of remembered parenting, reactive aggression, and head injury history were administered during individual interviews. Results: Seventy-four percent of participants reported having experienced a lifetime traumatic brain injury (TBI), and 46% of participants reported experiencing at least 1 TBI leading to a loss of consciousness (LOC). We found that poor parental supervision, length of LOC following TBI, and self-reported reactive aggression were all positively correlated. Conclusions: Findings show that there are correlational relationships between poor parental supervision, length of LOC following lifetime TBI, and higher levels of self-reported reactive aggression. This suggests there may be pathways resulting from poor parental supervision leading to both TBI with LOC, and reactive aggression. We advocate for future research with longitudinal designs and larger samples to examine the nature of these interactions, and to establish whether poor parental supervision is a prospective risk factor for more TBIs leading to LOC, and reactive aggression. This is key to understanding whether parenting interventions could help to reduce the disabling effects of TBI in adolescents, and help to prevent contact with the law.


Propylene glycol is a solvent commonly used in drug preparation. Although generally considered nontoxic, there are reports of toxic effects in animals and humans. Noted toxic effects have included seizures, sudden collapse, cardiac arrythmia and asystole, hepatic damage, renal damage, hemolysis, and serum hyperosmolality with a marked osmolar gap. We have previously reported serum hyperosmolality in small premature infants receiving a large dose of propylene glycol during IV nutrition. The major source of propylene glycol for these infants was an IV multivitamin solution, MVI-12 (Armour Pharmaceutical Co). Other drugs used in the newborn nursery were also found to contain significant amounts of propylene glycol (Table 1).


Maize ( Zea mays L.) is the most widely cultivated staple food crop in sub-Saharan Africa. However, its production is severely constrained by abiotic and biotic factors of which declining soil fertility is a major contributor. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fecal matter based organic fertilizers on growth, nutrient uptake, yield and yield components of maize, in two distinct agro-ecological zones. Five fertilizer treatments (control, Diammonium Phosphate (DAP), cow manure, struvite, compost from fecal matter) were tested in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications per site. Data were collected on crop emergence (%), plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area index (LAI), tasseling (%), nutrient uptake and grain yield and yield components. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and treatment means separated using Tukey's HSD test. Results showed that crop emergence in the control treatment, except for struvite, was significantly higher than DAP and fecal matter based organic fertilizer plots in Bahati and Lanet sites. The end-point plant height (9 WAP), LAI and tasseling were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by location and organic fertilizer treatments. At the Lanet site, DAP and struvite treatments equally had the tallest maize plants (163 cm) followed by fecal compost (128 cm), manure (121 cm), and the control (79 cm). Similar result trends were recorded in Bahati where struvite (193 cm) had the tallest plants followed by fecal compost (166 cm), DAP (155 cm), manure (151 cm) and the control (98 cm), respectively. A contrasting result was observed at the Egerton University site in which cow manure and the control plots equally had the tallest plants (117-121 cm), followed by DAP and fecal compost (98-99 cm), and struvite (91 cm). The LAI, tasseling and grain yield were significantly influenced by location with struvite and fecal compost treatments producing the highest grain yield (≈8 t/ha) and one thousand (1000)-seed weights (480-560 g) at the Egerton University and Bahati experimental sites. Nitrogen uptake by maize for organic fertilizer treatments was higher than the control at all three locations. However, there was no difference in uptake of phosphorous and potassium between control and organic fertilizer treatments. These findings have demonstrated the potential of fecal matter based organic fertilizers as alternatives to inorganic fertilizers in smallholder agriculture. Key words: Zea mays , fecal compost, struvite, nutrient uptake, manure, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium


This paper presents a case of a patient who developed a mandibular premolar supernumerary tooth between the age of 11 and 20 years. Evidence for the late development of the supernumerary tooth comes from consecutive panoramic radiographs. A review of the international literature concerning late developing supernumerary teeth is included.


Our contribution maps the journey towards setting up a transdisciplinary, interprofessional collaboration between coaching practitioners and coaching researchers from the fields of Applied Linguistics and Applied Psychology. The goal of such a project is to build a community of interest around a common cause, i.e., a practically relevant, language-based coaching problem (in our case, questioning practices in executive coaching), and to collaboratively solve the problem on the basis of assembling and integrating the various epistemes. The purpose of our contribution in the form of a travel report is twofold: firstly, to theoretically and conceptually discuss the challenges and affordances of aligning perspectives and assembling epistemes for such a transdisciplinary research project; Secondly, to present the available epistemic bases and offer first empirical results from our applied linguistic research and our cooperation with Applied Psychology that served as the basis for conceptualising the project Questioning Sequences in Coaching (Graf, Spranz-Fogasy, & Künzli, 2020). We end this travel report by critically assessing the transdisciplinary character of the current project and by envisioning another kind of cooperation between coaching practice and coaching research as the future destination of our research journey.


This paper summarises three abuses of 'theory' described in my previous paper in this journal. These are the theory of incommensurate qualitative and quantitative paradigms, the needless deification of past theorists, and the insistence by peer-reviewers on an explicit theoretical framework for all empirical work. These three abuses are widespread in UK education research. They form part of the difficulty in enhancing the capacity of professional researchers to treat a variety of research methods with respect, and to consider the use of mixed methods in their own work. The paper follows the response by Nash to my previous paper. It recognises our areas of agreement, suggests that some areas of disagreement are based on misunderstanding, and considers the impact on Nash's response of his well-known enthusiasm for using the theoretical concepts of Bourdieu.


We present Very Large Telescope/X-shooter spectra of 13 galaxies in the redshift range 1 ? z ? 6, which are strongly lensed by massive galaxy clusters. Spectroscopic redshifts are measured for nine galaxies, while three sources have redshifts determined from continuum breaks in their spectra. The stellar masses of the galaxies span four orders of magnitude between 107 and 1011?M? and have luminosities at 1500 angstrom rest frame between 0.004 and 9L* after correcting for the magnification. This allows us to probe a variety of galaxy types from young, low-mass starburst galaxies to massive evolved galaxies. The lensed galaxies with stellar masses less than 1010?M? have a large scatter compared to the fundamental relation between stellar mass, star formation rates and oxygen abundances. We provide a modified fit to the fundamental relation for low-mass, low-metallicity galaxies with a weaker dependence of the metallicity on either the star formation rate or stellar mass compared to low-redshift, high-mass and high-metallicity Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies.


Background Ischemic stroke research faces difficulties in translating pathology between animal models and human patients to develop treatments. Mechanical thrombectomy, for the first time, offers a momentary window into the changes occurring in ischemia. We developed a tissue banking protocol to capture intracranial thrombi and the blood immediately proximal and distal to it. Objective To develop and share a reproducible protocol to bank these specimens for future analysis. Methods We established a protocol approved by the institutional review board for tissue processing during thrombectomy (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT03153683). The protocol was a joint clinical/basic science effort among multiple laboratories and the NeuroInterventional Radiology service line. We constructed a workspace in the angiography suite, and developed a step-by-step process for specimen retrieval and processing. Results Our protocol successfully yielded samples for analysis in all but one case. In our preliminary dataset, the process produced adequate amounts of tissue from distal blood, proximal blood, and thrombi for gene expression and proteomics analyses. We describe the tissue banking protocol, and highlight training protocols and mechanics of on-call research staffing. In addition, preliminary integrity analyses demonstrated high-quality yields for RNA and protein. Conclusions We have developed a novel tissue banking protocol using mechanical thrombectomy to capture thrombus along with arterial blood proximal and distal to it. The protocol provides high-quality specimens, facilitating analysis of the initial molecular response to ischemic stroke in the human condition for the first time. This approach will permit reverse translation to animal models for treatment development.


The operation of Fiber Optic Gyro is based on the Sagnac Effect which states that light beams propagating along opposite directions in a rotating frame experience an optical path length difference. These two counter-propagating waves propagate within a closed fiber coil, and when this coil rotates the resultant phase difference is proportional to the rotation rate Ω. Fiber optic gyroscopes are desirable devices for many navigation and guidance applications because, being solid state devices, they have several major advantages including light weight, long working lifetimes, no moving parts and operate using low voltage power. In this paper the Optolink's single-axis and three-axis fiber optic gyroscopes are described. The Optolink's FOGs consist of the light-emitting diode, one or three photodetectors, circulators and polarization maintaining fiber couplers to divide the light into two or three parts, one or three sets of ring interferometers to sense one or three orthogonal angular rates, and installed PCB signal processing circuits. The ring interferometer consists of a multifunction integrated optic chip and polarization maintaining fiber coil, both these components are designed and fabricated by Optolink. The results illustrate the versatility of the technology, showing its potential to meet both the low-cost, compact sized needs of tactical guidance, as well as the very high performance needs of inertial navigation and precision applications. The optic and electronic blocks of closed-loop gyroscopes with integrated optic components are also considered in this paper.


This scientific work is devoted to the milk produced by cattle farms - cows in Kosovo. Kosovo is a new country and as such is not yet sufficiently consolidated in all its areas of social - political, legal, and economic, health, food and agriculture. Its boundaries are not completely controlled, and it makes for penetrating foreign goods from countries of the region and the world in general. Good of dubious origin food plant or animal, which pose a serious threat primarily to public health and food security in Kosovo market. Control over food quality sound and not be absent for our customers, who do not lose faith in local food products, including dairy products. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the system of technology works and food biotechnology, and focus on driving study elements technological processes of various products and by-products of milk.


Background: Several studies have assessed the association between dietary choline and betaine and cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes but their results are inconsistent. The present study aimed to determine the association between dietary intake of choline and betaine and risk of CVD events and mortality in the general population over a 10.6-year of follow-up. Methods: The present cohort study was conducted on participation in the third wave of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (2006-2008) and was followed-up until March 2018. Dietary intake of choline and betaine was calculated using the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database. Data about CVD events and mortality were collected using patients' medical records or death certification. Results: In this study, 2606 subjects with no previous CVD were participated and followed-up for a median of 10.6 years. During the follow-up periods, 183 incidences of CVD and 17 deaths were detected. Results of the multivariate analysis indicated neither per one standard deviation (SD) increase in dietary choline nor betaine associated with the incidence of CVD, CHD, stroke, and CVD mortality. There was no significant association between food sources of choline and CVD outcomes and mortality. When we assessed the relationship between dietary contributors betaine, per one SD increase in betaine content of fruit and vegetables and oils and fats significantly associated with increased risk of CVD mortality.Conclusion: Our investigation indicates no association between per one SD increase in choline and betaine and a 10.6-year risk of CVD events and mortality among adults. Besides, we found no relationship between significant food sources of choline and betaine and outcomes of interest.


The living blood-cells of tunicates have been studied by means of phase contrast microscopy. The species used were Ascidia atra Lesueur, Ecteinascidia turbinata , and Clavelina picta , all of which are common in the Bermuda region. Blood-cells in blood taken directly from the heart, or from the vessels, or elsewhere, particularly in the tunic of Ecteinascidia turbinata and Clavelina picta , were observed for periods ranging up to 24 h. A new type of appendage is described for those cells which we have called vacuolate cells ('Q cells' of Fulton, 'signet-ring' and 'colorless morula cell' of George). Individual cells show from 1 to 5 appendages, which are beaded and actively undulate. Fragments from the appendages continue to undulate. Such fragments bear some resemblance to blood-platelets of higher vertebrates in their strongly adhesive properties. In view of the morphological features, motility characteristics, and apparent functions, the terms lymphocyte and macrophage are considered appropriate for the finely granular and coarsely granular amoebocytes. No active swimming motions of the orange cells, nor of any other corpuscles were seen; but all of the types of cells, coloured and colourless, with the exception of the vacuolate cells, exhibit amoeboid progression. No transformation of vacuolate into green cells was brought about in our experiments with varying strengths of acid, contrary to the earlier findings of Fulton. Many types of blood-cells in the tunicates have 'fixed cell' counterparts in the tissues. It is suggested that the large 'bladder cells' of the tunic of A. atra Lesueur may be such counterparts of the vacuolate cells of the blood.


The authors examined microscopically 110 randomly taken thyroid in serial sections. In 10 cases latent papillary thyroid carcinomas were found. The age and sex were without any influence on the incidence. Latent thyroid carcinomas incidence in this material was similar to that reported from the U.S.A., and Canada, but lower than in Japan and among Japanese population of the Hawaian Islands.


We study the contribution from the electron spin to the ponderomotive force, using a quantum kinetic model, including the spin–orbit correction. Specifically, we derive an analytical expression for the ponderomotive force, applicable for electrostatic waves propagating parallel to an external magnetic field. To evaluate the expression, we focus on the case of Langmuir waves and on the case of the spin resonance wave mode, where the classical and spin contributions to the ponderomotive force are compared. Somewhat surprisingly, depending on the parameter regime, we find that the spin contribution to the ponderomotive force may dominate for the Langmuir wave, whereas the classical contribution can dominate for the spin resonance mode.


DNA nanostructures are made using synthetic DNA strands, the sequences of which are designed such that they will self-assemble into the desired form by hybridization of complementary domains. Various structures and devices have been presented, including DNA tweezers, nanorobots and a range of linear motors such as bipedal walkers. Inspiration for the latter is drawn from naturally occurring molecular motors like kinesin.
This paper describes a concept for an autonomous rotary nanomotor made from DNA, which utilizes the well-known and widely-studied phenomenon of toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement. The motor is to be driven by a series of strand displacement reactions, the order of which is controlled by steric constraints arising from the secondary structure of the DNA strands comprising the motor mechanism.
The capabilities of DNA motors would be extended significantly if autonomous rotary motion could be achieved. The device has a range of potential applications, including molecular computation and single-molecule manipulation.


In the late period even following mild closed brain injury, diseases of the viscera and the body's systems develop as a result of diffuse lesions in the brain regions. Experimental studies have shown that this is associated with impaired self-regulatory mechanisms responsible for energy metabolic processes in the brain.