Background: The Abbey Pain Scale (APS) is an Australian observational scale for assessing pain in nursing home residents with end-stage dementia. The APS is widely used both in nursing homes and by other caregivers in Sweden for people with various diseases. No validated peer-reviewed translation to Swedish is available. The aim of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the APS for persons with end-stage dementia in Sweden.Methods: After an initial discussion of concepts, the APS was translated into Swedish and back into English to check for accuracy. The resulting Swedish version was then revised and culturally adapted through a series of interviews with nursing assistants, nurses, and physicians (n = 11) to develop the final Swedish version – the APS-SE.Results: The interviews emphasized the need to adapt the scale not only to the Swedish culture, but also to the educational and linguistic differences among the various staff members using it in different care contexts.Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of introducing new staff members carefully to the instrument, the APS-SE, to ensure understanding of all words and items.


We study venture capital finance with experimentation. An entrepreneur contracts with an investor and has private information about a project, which requires costly experimentation by both parties to succeed. In equilibrium, investors learn about the project from the arrival of exogenous information and from the entrepreneur's contract offers. The optimal contract features vesting and dilution, consistent with empirical evidence. Early payouts, pivots, and prestige projects emerge as signaling devices. Surprisingly, technological progress, which lowers the cost of experimentation or which increases the rate of learning, delays separation of types and worsens adverse selection. Liquidation rights for investors also delay separation.


Background: Mindfulness practices provide numerous benefits for individuals with a variety of health issues. Recent research has highlighted the benefits of mindfulness for health professionals. The potential benefits for physical and occupational therapists or students however, are currently unclear. Objectives: To perform a scoping review on the effects of mindfulness practices among physical (PT) and occupational therapists (OT) and students of those disciplines. Methods: Eligible published articles in English were identified through a literature search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and AMED from the inception of databases to November 2015. Titles, abstracts, and full-text articles were screened for the selection of relevant papers. Articles identified as editorials, correspondences, commentaries, case reports, abstracts alone, and review papers were excluded. Results: Six studies (two qualitative studies, one quantitative study, one mixed-method study, and two experimental studies) met the inclusion criteria. Three studies focused on PT/OT students, two on clinicians and one on current clinicians who had previously failed a course. These studies highlighted the potential benefits of mindfulness for physical and occupational therapists. They should be interpreted with caution however, due to the small number of relevant studies, high heterogeneity in mindfulness interventions and methodological limitations. Conclusions: There is a paucity of research on the effects of mindfulness among physical and occupational therapists and students of those disciplines. The lack of relevant studies makes a systematic review challenging but the findings of the current studies suggest potentially promising effects.


We have introduced a Taylor collocation method, which is based on collocation method for solving fractional Riccati differential equation with delay term. This method is based on first taking the truncated Taylor expansions of the solution function in the fractional Riccati differential equation and then substituting their matrix forms into the equation. Using collocation points, we have the system of nonlinear algebraic equation. Then, we solve the system of nonlinear algebraic equation using Maple 13, and we have the coefficients of the truncated Taylor sum. In addition, illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Comparing the methodology with some known techniques shows that the present approach is relatively easy and highly accurate.


Non-speech sounds (cough, wheeze) are typically known to perform better than speech sounds for asthmatic and healthy subject classification. In this work, we use sustained phonations of speech sounds, namely, /α:/, /i:/, /u:/, /eI/, /o℧/, /s/, and /z/ from 47 asthmatic and 48 healthy controls. We consider INTERSPEECH 2013 Computational Paralinguistics Challenge baseline (ISCB) acoustic features for the classification task as they provide a rich set of characteristics of the speech sounds. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) are used as the baseline features. The classification accuracy using ISCB improves over MFCC for all voiced speech sounds with the highest classification accuracy of 75.4% (18.28% better than baseline) for /o℧/. The exhale achieves the highest classification accuracy of 77.8% (4.2% better than baseline). Comparable accuracies using speech sound /o℧/ and non-speech exhale indicate the benefit of the rich acoustic features from ISCB. An analysis of 21 ISCB features groups using forward feature group selection shows that loudness and MFCC groups contribute the most in the case of /o℧/, with interquartile range between 2nd and 3rd quartile of loudness feature being the best discriminator feature.


results. Correlation between adefovir resistance and clinical factors were analyzed. Results: Totally 106 patients were tested and 45 patients (42.5%) were adefovir resistance (table 1). There were no statistical differences in the rising level of HBV DNA (P>0.05) and biochemical breakthrough rates (P>0.05) between patients with single mutant and combination mutants. But patients with rtA181T mutant had lower rising level of HBV DNA (P=0.014) and higher rate of biochemical breakthrough (P=0.023) than resistance patients without rtA181T mutant. There was no statistical difference in resistance rate between genotype B and C patients (P>0.05). Adefovir resistance patients are more common in lamivudine refractory patients than in nucleoside-naïve patients (P=0.010).


Moniliasis is the most limiting factor of cocoa production in Talamanca. Participatory evaluation of cultural and biological control in organic smallholdings was carried out. Weekly and fortnightly removal of diseased fruits and seven biological treatments were tested. Weekly phytosanitation reduced moniliasis significantly via a reduction in sporulation. Both regimes increased yields, but only weekly removal increased the percentage of healthy pods. Four biological treatments reduced moniliasis with yield improvements of up to 50%. The trials were carried out in years of extremely low production and neither cultural, nor biological control were economical. Nevertheless, using a previously developed computer model, extrapolation to a normal year indicated that fortnightly phytosanitation should be economical on family-run smallholdings but not where alternative employment exists. Three applications of biocontrol agents, followed by fortnightly phytosanitation are predicted to maximize profits. This integrated strategy also coincides with farmers' preferences.


Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a serious health problem in Thailand. It is caused by the combined effects of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), carcinogens and genetic susceptibility. The glutathione S-transferase M1 gene (GSTM1) encodes a phase II enzyme responsible for detoxifying carcinogenic electrophiles. Polymorphic null forms of the gene GSTM1 lack enzyme activity and have been associated with susceptibility to several cancers including NPC. To examine the association between GSTM1 polymorphism and NPC susceptibility in Thais, GSTM1 genotypes (normal and null genotypes) in 78 NPC patients and 145 age-matched healthy controls were determined using PCR assays. Overall, no statistically significant differences were observed in the frequency of GSTM1 genotypes between cases and controls, nor among NPC patients compared on the basis of sex and clinical stage of disease. Carriers with the GSTM1 null genotype had a 2.9-fold increased risk for NPC of WHO type III when compared to those with GSTM1 normal genotype (P < 0.05 with OR =2.9, 95% CI = 1.2-6.8). When cases and controls were categorized into 3 age groups (>40, (>45 and (>50 years), the frequencies of GSTM1 null genotype in cases the (>45 and (>50 age groups were significantly different from controls (P< 0.05). In addition, carriers of the GSTM1 null genotype in age groups (>45 and (>50 years had a 2-fold and 3-fold increased risk for NPC when compared to those with GSTM1 normal genotype (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.1-4.7 and OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.5). We suggest that GSTM1 polymorphism may be associated with NPC susceptibility in Thais, especially for GSTM1 null genotype carriers of age higher than 45 years. The GSTM1 null genotype may be a useful genetic marker for predicting Thai NPC and for screening of early stages of Thai NPC.


Analysing whether neural language models encode linguistic information has become popular in NLP. One method of doing so, which is frequently cited to support the claim that models like BERT encode syntax, is called probing; probes are small supervised models trained to extract linguistic information from another model's output. If a probe is able to predict a particular structure, it is argued that the model whose output it is trained on must have implicitly learnt to encode it. However, drawing a generalisation about a model's linguistic knowledge about a specific phenomena based on what a probe is able to learn may be problematic: in this work, we show that semantic cues in training data means that syntactic probes do not properly isolate syntax. We generate a new corpus of semantically nonsensical but syntactically well-formed Jabberwocky sentences, which we use to evaluate two probes trained on normal data. We train the probes on several popular language models (BERT, GPT-2, and RoBERTa), and find that in all settings they perform worse when evaluated on these data, for one probe by an average of 15.4 UUAS points absolute. Although in most cases they still outperform the baselines, their lead is reduced substantially, e.g. by 53% in the case of BERT for one probe. This begs the question: what empirical scores constitute knowing syntax?


The definition of the most important complications of the gunshot wound (wound sepsis, dystrophy of the wounded) is given on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the pathology data collected during the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945. The main conditions of the rise of the wound sepsis are characterized in detail, its dependence upon the severity of the gunshot wound is proven, the examples of a regular distribution of lethal wound sepsis cases in wounds of different localization are presented. It is shown the dystrophy syndrome of the wounded results from the combination of a long-lasting wound infection and grave metabolic disturbances. The latter are attributed to the atrophic and degenerative changes of organs and tissues, primarily those of the alimentary canal, skeletal muscles, subcutaneous fat and neuro-regulatory apparatus. The appearance of such a syndrome depends, not to a lesser extent, on the inadequate nutrition. Thus this syndrome is of an infections-alimentary nature.


Low-light image enhancement plays very important roles in low-level vision areas. Recent works have built a great deal of deep learning models to address this task. However, these approaches mostly rely on significant architecture engineering and suffer from high computational burden. In this paper, we propose a new method, named Retinex-inspired Unrolling with Architecture Search (RUAS), to construct lightweight yet effective enhancement network for low-light images in real-world scenario. Specifically, building upon Retinex rule, RUAS first establishes models to characterize the intrinsic underexposed structure of low-light images and unroll their optimization processes to construct our holistic propagation structure. Then by designing a cooperative reference-free learning strategy to discover low-light prior architectures from a compact search space, RUAS is able to obtain a top-performing image enhancement network, which is with fast speed and requires few computational resources. Extensive experiments verify the superiority of our RUAS framework against recently proposed state-of-the-art methods. The project page is available at http://dutmedia.org/RUAS/.


ABSTRACT We examined the genetic diversity of Nostoc symbionts in some lichens by using the tRNALeu (UAA) intron as a genetic marker. The nucleotide sequence was analyzed in the context of the secondary structure of the transcribed intron. Cyanobacterial tRNALeu (UAA) introns were specifically amplified from freshly collected lichen samples without previous DNA extraction. The lichen species used in the present study were Nephroma arcticum, Peltigera aphthosa, P. membranacea, and P. canina. Introns with different sizes around 300 bp were consistently obtained. Multiple clones from single PCRs were screened by using their single-stranded conformational polymorphism pattern, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. No evidence for sample heterogenity was found. This implies that the symbiont in situ is not a diverse community of cyanobionts but, rather, one Nostoc strain. Furthermore, each lichen thallus contained only one intron type, indicating that each thallus is colonized only once or that there is a high degree of specificity. The same cyanobacterial intron sequence was also found in samples of one lichen species from different localities. In a phylogenetic analysis, the cyanobacterial lichen sequences grouped together with the sequences from two free-living Nostoc strains. The size differences in the intron were due to insertions and deletions in highly variable regions. The sequence data were used in discussions concerning specificity and biology of the lichen symbiosis. It is concluded that the tRNALeu (UAA) intron can be of great value when examining cyanobacterial diversity.


The field of study concerning promotion and/or inhibition of angiogenesis has gathered much attention in the scientific community. A great deal of work has been invested towards defining reproducible assays to gauge for promotion or inhibition of angiogenesis in response to drug treatments or growth conditions. Two common components of these assays were noted by our group to have an unexpected and previously unreported interaction. Suramin is a commercially available compound, commonly used as a positive control for in vitro angiogenic inhibition assays. Matrigel is a popular extracellular substrate that supports angiogenic network formation when endothelial cells are cultured on its surface. However, our group demonstrated that suramin alone (without the presence of cells) will actively dissolve Matrigel, causing the extracellular matrix to transition from the gel‐like physical state to a more liquid state. This causes cells on the Matrigel to congregate and sink to the bottom of the well. Therefore, previous observations of inhibition of endothelial cell angiogenesis through the incubation with suramin (including previous observations made by our group) are, largely, an artefact caused by suramin and matrix interaction rather than suramin and cells interaction, as previously reported. Our results suggest that the presence of sulphate groups and amphiphilic properties of suramin are likely responsible for the disruption of the matrix layer. We believe that this information is of prime importance to anyone using similar in vitro models, or employing suramin in any therapy or drug development assays.


Abstract A novel polysaccharide-based hydrogel nanocomposite was prepared using grafting of acrylic acid (AA) on to kappa-carrageenan (κC) by incorporating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MCNT). In fact, MCNTs were used as nano-sized reinforcements in the synthesized nanocomposite. Spectroscopy together with morphology proved relatively strong κC-MCNT interaction. Besides, the swelling behavior of the nanocomposite hydrogel was studied. The results showed that in the presence of MCNTs, the equilibrium swelling capacity was decreased. This can be attributed to cross-linking role and hydrophilicity nature of MCNTs. The adsorption performance of hydrogel nanocomposite was also investigated for the removal of crystal violet (CV) as a cationic dye. The effects of some important parameters such as MCNT concentration, pH and contact time on the uptake of CV solution were studied. Equilibrium adsorption isotherm data of the hydrogel exhibited better fit to the Langmuir than to the Freundlich isotherm model. According to this model, the maximum adsorption capacity of κC-based hydrogel nanocomposite was found to be 118 mg . g-1.


This paper presents an inductorless wideband cryogenic low-noise amplifier (LNA) by the current reuse feed-forward noise canceling technique in 40-nm CMOS. The proposed LNA consists of a complementary input stage with self-forward body bias (SFBB) for low-power operation, which can also compensate for Vth reduction and improve rout under cryogenic temperature. A noise-canceling stage is used to suppress the channel noise, achieving a sub-1dB noise figure at room temperature. The LNA attains a measured gain (S21) of 25.6 dB with a minimum noise figure of 0.63 dB at 1.8 GHz. At 4K, it shows a measured gain of 29 dB with a 3-dB bandwidth across 10MHz‒3GHz under a power consumption of 19.4 mW. The circuit only occupies a core area of 0.018 mm2.


Monitoring water quality has become a goal to prevent issues related to human health and environmental conditions. In this sense, the concentration of metal ions in water sources is screened, as these are considered persistent contaminants. In this work, we describe the implementation of customized graphite electrodes decorated with two types of Hg nanoparticles (Hg-NPs), optimized toward the electrochemical detection of Cd, Pb and Cu. Here, we combine Hg, a well-known property to form alloys with other metals, with the nanoscale features of Hg-NPs, resulting in improved electrochemical sensors towards these analytes with a substantial reduction in the used Hg amount. Hg-NPs were synthesized using poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) in a combined role as a reducing and stabilizing agent, and then appropriately characterized by means of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Zeta Potential. The surface of composite electrodes with optimized graphite content was modified by the drop-casting of the prepared Hg-NPs. The obtained nanocomposite electrodes were morphologically characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and electrochemically by Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the Hg-NP-modified electrodes present better responses towards Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cu(II) detection in comparison with the bare graphite electrode. Analytical performance of sensors was evaluated by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV), obtaining a linear range of 0.005–0.5 mg·L−1 for Cd2+, of 0.028–0.37 mg·L−1 for Pb2+ and of 0.057–1.1 mg·L−1 for Cu2+. Real samples were analyzed using SWASV, showing good agreement with the recovery values of inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) measurements.


This paper develops a dynamic, behavioral model with an explicit spatial structure to explore the co-evolutionary dynamics between infrastructure supply and vehicle demand. Vehicles and fueling infrastructure are complementarities and their "chicken-egg" dynamics are fundamental to the emergence of a self-sustaining alternative fuel vehicle market, but they are not well understood. The paper explores in-depth the dynamics resulting from local demand-supply interactions with strategically locating fuel-station entrants. The dynamics of vehicle and fuel infrastructure are examined under heterogeneous socio-economic/ demographic conditions. The research reveals the formation of urban adoption clusters as an important mechanism for early market formation. However, while locally speeding diffusion, these same micro-mechanisms can obstruct the emergence of a large, self-sustaining market. Other feedbacks that significantly influence dynamics, such as endogenous topping-off behavior, are discussed. This model can be applied to develop targeted entrance strategies for alternative fuels in transportation. The roles of other powerful positive feedbacks arising from scale and scope economies, R&D, learning by doing, driver experience, and word of mouth are discussed.


Haemophilus influenzae has rarely been reported to cause urinary tract infections. Nevertheless, its real incidence has been little studied, since media supportive of its growth are not routinely used for urine cultures. A case of a two-year-old child with infection due to this microorganism is reported and the role of this bacteria as causative agent of urinary tract infection is reviewed.


Background Primmorphs are a special form of 3D-cell aggregates obtained from sponge cells. They can be used as biofermenters for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the commercial development of sponge-derived drug leads, the production of primmorphs is one of the methods proposed to solve the supply problem. In addition, using primmorphs for the production of drugs can preserve the sponge population from extinction by producing enough quantities of the extracts and compounds that present in wild sponges. Objectives The presented work aimed to produce primmorphs of Red Sea sponges Hemimycale aff arabica, Stylissa carteri, and Crella (Yvesia) spinulata as long-term cultivation in vitro and identify the impact of different cell densities on their formation and growth. Results Microscopic studies suggested that primmorphs are formed through four stages: amorphous large cell floc within 1–3 h; small irregular cell aggregations in 1 day; large primary cell aggregations and round-shaped primmorphs after 3 days. Primmorphs of C. spinulata and S. carteri remained alive for 3–6 months. The primmorphs of H. arabica remained alive for 1 month. Long-term primmorph cultivation in vitro allows the creation of a controlled live model under experimental conditions. Conclusion This work may provide a solution to the 'supply problem' in the commercial development of sponge-derived drugs, as primmorphs can be used as biofermenters for bioactive secondary metabolite production. In addition, primmorphs can be used to study the morphogenesis of their sponges at different stages and transdifferentiation as well as the processes of spiculogenesis.


Nanophotonics focuses on the control of light and the interaction with matter by the aid of intricate nanostructures. Typically, a photonic nanostructure is carefully designed for a specific application and any imperfections may reduce its performance, i.e., a thorough investigation of the role of unavoidable fabrication imperfections is essential for any application. However, another approach to nanophotonic applications exists where fabrication disorder is used to induce functionalities by enhancing light-matter interaction. Disorder leads to multiple scattering of light, which is the realm of statistical optics where light propagation requires a statistical description. We review here the recent progress on disordered photonic nanostructures and the potential implications for quantum photonics devices.


Magnetic fields emanate from radial tires due to the presence of reinforcing belts which are made of magnetized steel wire. When these tires spin, they generate alternating magnetic fields of extremely low frequency (ELF), usually below 20 Hz. The fundamental frequency of these fields is determined by tire rotation rate and has a sinusoidal waveform with a high harmonic content. The static field of radial tires can exceed 500 microT at the tread, and the tire-generated alternating fields can exceed 2.0 microT at seat level in the passenger compartment of vehicles. Degaussing the tires reduces both the static and alternating fields to low levels, but the fields increase gradually over time after degaussing. The tire-generated fields are below the frequencies detected by most of the magnetic field meters used in previous studies of power frequency magnetic field health effects. If these fields are biologically active, failure to detect them could compromise exposure assessments associated with epidemiologic studies.


Abstract— This paper describes the construction of three adult female voxel models, two whole-body and one from head to thighs, from computed tomographic data of 3 women of different stature. Voxel models (also called phantoms) are human models based on computed tomographic or magnetic resonance images obtained from high resolution continuous scans of a single individual. The gray-scale data or information content of the medical images are interpreted into tissues (i.e., organs), a process known as segmentation. The phantoms, consisting of millions of volume elements, called voxels, provide a three-dimensional representation of the human body and the spatial form of its constituent organs and structures. They were initially developed for radiation protection purposes to estimate the organ and effective doses and hence the risk to a person or population due to an irradiation. This paper also presents conversion coefficients for idealized geometries of external photon exposures of energies 10 keV–1 MeV for the three female models, calculated with a Monte Carlo code. Until now there were not any published data on conversion coefficients for explicit female voxel models. Such sets of conversion coefficients exist for voxel adult males or for MIRD-type male, female, and hermaphrodite models. Numerical differences of the calculated conversion coefficients for the voxel female models and MIRD-type models can amount up to 60% or more for external exposures and are due to the improved anatomical realism of the voxel models. The size of the model also has an effect on the conversion coefficients, particularly for deeper lying organs and energies below 200 keV. The three separate sets of conversion coefficients allow one to choose the most suitable model according to the size of the individual as well as to study the dosimetric variations due to the size of the model.


The Three Gorges Reservoir area is one of the most ecologically sensitive areas in China, and the forest landscape pattern in this region shows dramatic change due to the influence of the Three Gorges reservoir project. In this study, the locally parameterized Biome-BGC model, generated with long-term meteorological monitoring data, was used to simulate net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon density of the vegetation layer, the litter layer, and the soil layer for various forest types from 1992 to 2012 in this area. The total and unitary forest NPP presented obvious annual fluctuation under the combined influences of land use change and extreme weather events. Apart from the year 2006, from 1992 to 2012, the NPP values of each forest type showed an increasing trend, although the growth rates decreased. In 2006, due to abnormally high air temperatures and less precipitation, total and unit area forest NPP values decreased by 46.3% and 53.9%, respectively, compared to 2002. From 1992 to 2012, the carbon stocks of the forest vegetation layer, the litter layer, the soil layer, and the entire area gradually increased with decreasing growth rates. Additionally, forest carbon stocks were high in the east and the south and low in the west and the north. Generally, the forest productivity is greatly affected by the physiological and ecological characteristics of the plants themselves as well as the environmental factors, whereas total forest productivity is largely influenced by human activities. The increase in forest area and the optimization of the forest landscape pattern could improve the forest productivity and carbon sequestration.


Retrospective analysis of two transfusion protocols applied in our institution to the bone marrow transplanted patients was conducted. Granulocyte transfusions should be only proposed as a therapeutic treatment to patients with severe well documented bacterial infection resistant to an adapted antibiotherapy. Leukocyte-depleted blood products reduce the incidence of HLA-immunization but do not influence the frequency of CMV infections. Random single donor platelet concentrates (obtained by cytapheresis) could decrease the incidence of polyspecific HLA-antibodies in comparison with the use of random standard platelet concentrates. The best transfusion protocol should associate leukocyte-depleted blood products with transfusion of prophylactic single donor platelet concentrates. In our institution, this protocol is less expensive than the protocol with prophylactic white blood cell transfusions and has the same cost than other protocols using standard blood products.


Stimuli-responsive star polymers gain more and more interest over the last decades due to their unique properties compared to their linear counterparts. The branched structure for instance has influence on the responsive behavior of these polymers. This review offers an overview of stimuli-responsive star polymers generated by different polymerization techniques, e.g. anionic and controlled radical polymerization (CRP). Beside conventional branched homopolymers different other types like block copolymers, miktoarm star copolymers, core crosslinked star polymers (CCS) and comb polymers are also presented. Furthermore their responsive behavior in solution or immobilized on a substrate, and their applications are outlined. VC 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2980–2994


In this, his most important collection of essays since Le systeme des objets, Jean Baudrillard contemplates Western culture "after the orgy" -- the orgy, that is, of the revolutions of the 1960s. The sexual revolution has led, he argues, not to sexual liberation but to a reign of transvestism, to a confusion of the categories of man and woman -- to the "androgenous and Frankenstein appeal of a Michael Jackson." The revolution in art has led to a "transaesthetic realm of indifference." The cybernetic revolution has blurred the distinction between man and machine, while the political revolution has led to a 'transpolitics' that merely simulates old political forms. Such are the points of Baudrillard's compass as he steers his way through the mental landscape of this febrile fin de siecle.


Liquid storage tanks are used in industries for storing chemicals, petroleum products, and for storing water in public water distribution systems. Behaviour of Cylindrical liquid storage tanks under earthquake loads has been studied as per Draft code Part II of IS 1893:2002. A FEM based computer software (STAAD -PRO) used for seismic analysis of tanks which gives the earthquake induced forces on tank systems. Draft code Part II of IS 1893:2002 which will contain provisions for all types of liquid storage tanks. Under earthquake loads, a complicated pattern of stresses is generated in the tanks. Poorly designed tanks have leaked, buckled or even collapsed during earthquakes. Common modes of failure are wall buckling, sloshing damage to roof, inlet/outlet pipe breaks and implosion due to rapid loss of contents. In this research, a circular cylindrical elevated water tank, with 500 cubic meters capacity is analysed by using finite modelling techniques. This paper presents the study of seismic performance of the elevated water tanks for various heights and various seismic zones of India. The effect of height of water tank, earthquake zones on earthquake forces have been presented in this paper with the help of analysis of 20 models for same parameters. Analysis is carried out by using finite element


Objectives: To analyze the rationality status of prescriptions and drug utilization pattern in indoor patients of pediatrics department.
Method: The present observational prospective study was undertaken in pediatrics indoor patient department for a period of six months during which data of 100 patients was collected. The prescriptions were analyzed for rationality score and rationality status (rational, semi-rational, irrational) using Phadke's criteria; a 30 point score system in which choice of drugs and their dose, unnecessary drugs, irrational drugs/combinations and use of hazardous drugs were taken into consideration. Data was also analyzed for drug utilization pattern using WHO- prescribing indicators.
Result: Data of total 100 patients was analyzed, of which 69 were male and 31 were female. Rationality scores of 100 prescriptions were in range of 30 to 19, with mean rationality score of 28.4%. Of 100 prescriptions, 91 were rational and 9 were semi-rational. Main reason for getting less score were improper dose and use of second choice drug or wrong selection of drug. Average number of drugs used was 6.01 per patient. 54.76% drugs were prescribed by generic name, 33.33% by brand name and 11.90% by both. Drugs prescribed from WHO-EML for children were 48.81%. Antimicrobials were prescribed for 93 patients, of which most common were amoxicillin+ clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone and cefotaxime.
Conclusion: Though the results reflect rational prescribing in pediatrics department of our set up, there is still scope of improvement in areas of dosage calculation, proper documentation, prescribing drugs by generic name and from WHO-EML for children as far as possible


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

Introduction: In 1995 a large European phase III clinical trial ('EORTC 26951') was initiated to examine the effects of adjuvant procarbazine, CCNU and vincristine (PCV) chemotherapy in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas (AOD and AOA). This trial showed that the addition of 6 cycles PCV after 59.4 Gy RT increases overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in these tumors. However, some patients appeared to benefit more from the addition of PCV treatment than others. In current study, we aimed to identify the patients in this trial that benefit from adjuvant PCV treatment using genome wide methylation profiling.

Methods: Methylation profiles of a total of 115 samples were generated, 49 of which were reported previously.

Results: Most (59/66) samples were formalin-fixed and embedded in paraffin (FFPE). Our first experiment was therefore aimed at determining the performance of methylation arrays using such tissue. Paired snap frozen (FF)-FFPE sample analysis on six glioma samples demonstrated that the correlation between FF and FFPE samples was high: 0.961±0.023. Between FFPE technical replicates it was 0.987±0.009. These results demonstrate that methylation profiling can be performed on DNA isolated from FFPE samples. We then performed methylation profiling on an additional 66 samples of the EORTC26951 trial (59 FFPE, 7 FF) and combined the data with those of the 49 FF samples previously analyzed. The cohort analyzed for methylation profiling had similar characteristics as the entire EORTC26951 cohort. However, OS within the RT-only treatment arm of included patients was worse compared to OS in patients not included. Univariate analysis indicated that CIMP (CpG island methylator phenotype) status was a favorable prognostic marker for OS with CIMP+ tumors having a more favorable prognosis than CIMP- tumors (median OS 1.05 v. 6.46 years HR 0.225 95% CI [0.138, 0.369], P<0.0001. Multivariate analysis indicates that CIMP status is a prognostic factor for overall survival that is independent of clinical and histological parameters (age, sex, performance score and review diagnosis). IDH1 mutations (39/51), 1p19q LOH (29/63) and MGMT promoter methylation (45/52) were predominantly identified in CIMP+ tumors whereas EGFR amplification was predominantly identified in the CIMP- subtype (20/42, 48%). When stratified for treatment, CIMP+ tumors showed a clear benefit from adjuvant PCV chemotherapy, both for OS and PFS. Median OS of CIMP+ samples in the RT and RT-PCV arms was 3.27 and 9.36 years respectively (HR: 0.409; 95% CI [0.224,0.746], P=0.0036). There was no such benefit for CIMP- tumors.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that CIMP status is predictive for benefit from adjuvant PCV in AODs and AOAs in samples of the EORTC 26951 clinical trial. Further validation of these results is urgently required.

Citation Format: Pim J. French, Lale Erdem-Eraslan, Ahmed Idbaih, Wim Spliet, Wilfred den Dunnen, Johannes L. Teepen, Pieter Wesseling, Peter A. Sillevis Smitt, Johan M. Kros, Thierry Gorlia, Martin van den Bent. A hypermethylated phenotype as predictive marker for response to PCV in anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. A report from EORTC study 26951. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 642. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-642


Updates on searches for the effects of compositeness are presented with emphasis on results from the LEP Collaborations updated to include all data taken during 1991. No evidence for the production of excited fermions is seen and limits are placed on the couplings of these particles. Results from the first investigation of contact term interactions at LEP are also presented and compared with those from lower energy experiments.


We report several wet-chemical methods for synthesis of one-dimensional CuO nanostructures in water−ethanol mixed solvents at 77−82 °C and 1 atm. Single-crystalline monodispersed CuO nanorods with a selected breadth in the range of 5−15 nm have been prepared by controlling reagent concentrations. The nanorods are preferentially grown along 〈010〉 directions. A two-step continuous process has also been developed to prepare CuO nanorods and ribbons (length up to 1 μm) with a large aspect ratio under pseudo-steady-state operation. Furthermore, a two-dimensional netted structure has been assembled for the first time from short nanorods formed after prolonged aging; the nanorods are attached each other using their {001}, {100}, and {110} crystal planes. With concentrated NaOH used in synthesis, the nanorods can also be extended along 〈100〉, which gives rise to the formation of CuO nanoplatelets. Various synthetic parameters have also been investigated.


The introduction of wireless ATM (WATM) in customer premises network environments necessitates the design of mobility protocols, since the existing versions of B-ISDN signaling do not support terminal mobility. Such protocols can be deployed either as extensions to the standard signaling capabilities, or as individual solutions that have little or no impact on existing infrastructures (switches, signaling software, etc.). A WATM architecture that adopts the latter approach is presented. After a discussion of the problems encountered in the integration of wireless networking and B-ISDN ATM technologies, a mobility management and control (MMC) protocol is proposed. Finally, in the framework of the proposed MMC protocol, algorithms for implementing mobility procedures (handover and registration) are described.


In its resolution 1715 of 9 October 2006, the United Nations Security Council unanimously recommended the appointment of the South Korean Foreign Minister, Mr Ban Ki-moon as the eighth Secretary-General of the world body for a five year term from 1 January, 2007. As is required by the UN Charter, this recommendation was made to the General Assembly to make the final, but symbolic, decision. Four days later, on 13 October, the latter appointed the South Korean with acclamation "to succeed Kofi Annan when he steps down on 31 December."


Learning as a complex process in which the child's experience is determined not only by nature and ways of learning, but also by the condition and factors of the environment are analysed in this article. Among various authors who studied the relation between learning and the child's development, J. Vaitkevicius is noted for efforts in analyzing didactic inseparably from other branches of science and in relating teaching and learning with child's personality development. The author treats learning as an interaction of the teacher and pupils and among various factors he emphasizes three sides of learning – pedagogical, psychological and sociological and notes the necessity of their subordination. The author's holistic views of teaching and learning, its structure, the importance of interactive learning in conveying the contents of education are revealed in the article. Recent teaching theories such as structuralism in which the significance of the process take place not only at school and also beyond as well as that of the context in the cognitive and emotional development of pupils are discussed in this study as well.


BACKGROUND
Carbapenemase-producing E. coli is a grave public health concern as the potential emergence of resistant strains and their transmission. Isoorientin belongs to a potential antimicrobial flavonoid compound existing in several plants, while the research on the antimicrobial activity of isoorientin is limited thus far.

METHODS
We evaluated the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of isoorientin against biofilm-forming carbapenem non-sensitive Escherichia coli (E. coli) from raw milk of goats, and explored its molecular mechanisms.

RESULTS
Isoorientin showed obvious antimicrobial ability with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and it exhibited synergistic activity with traditional antimicrobials against the carbapenem non-sensitive E. coli. Isoorientin could also significantly inhibit the carbapenem non-sensitive E. coli biofilm formation and destroy the established biofilms, with the percentage of inhibition ranging from 27.8% to 75% at MIC, and the corresponding percentage of eradication ranging from 15.3% to 61.6%, respectively. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated that the E. coli biofilm reduced in thickness with increasing concentrations of isoorientin. Dose-dependent decrease in eDNA revealed that isoorientin interacted with the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of the biofilm. qRT-PCR assay for the biofilm-forming associated genes further confirmed the above results.

CONCLUSIONS
Overall, these results concluded that the isoorientin has significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against carbapenem non-sensitive E. coli, and has potential application in prevention of food contamination and spoilage.


This paper discusses some central theoretical and methodological constructs in the field of urban ecologies, identifies research gaps in the field, and uses the Victoria Laboratory of Urban Ecologies (VALUE) as a case study illustrating possible directions of future urban ecologies research. It begins by tracing the theoretical roots of urban ecologies before reviewing contemporary urban ecologies studies throughout the world. Two critical gaps in urban ecologies research are identified, suggesting opportunities for future studies. The paper then introduces the research teams and projects of VALUE – a research centre hosted by the School of Architecture and Building at Deakin University. The paper concludes that the research activities in VALUE are at the edge of urban ecologies research due to the interdisciplinary nature of collaboration in and between project teams, which have thus been able to address gaps in urban ecologies research and make important contributions to the field.


In this work the importance of clusters for the particular case of SMEs is analyzed, in its road toward knowledgebased and globalize economies. In short the influence that globalization has about the local economies is studied, as well as the importance of the geographical concentration of the companies in order to increase their competitiveness. Among the obtained conclusions it highlights the fact that in these concentrations true communities of knowledge can settle down, where new knowledge is generated and exchanged, at the same time that innovation is empowered, and their competitive advantage is increased. Finally, the particular case of the Valencia Textile Cluster (Spain) is studied, in order to validate the theoretical part of the article.


This work was aimed to evaluate the features of mortar samples taken from the underwater archaeological area of Baia, (Naples, Italy), an important site, where the remains of the ancient Roman city of Baiae and Portus Iulius are submerged after bradyseism events, started from IV th  century A.D. Several architectural structures are still preserved into the submerged environment, such as: luxurious maritime villas, imperial buildings, private houses, thermae, tabernae and warehouses. In particular, some samples were collected from the masonry walls belonging to a building of the underwater area called Villa a Protiro. A first archaeometric approach has been applied to analyse twelve archaeological mortars samples in order to define: textural features, chemical composition and raw materials used for their production. For this purpose different analytical methods were used, such as, polarizing optical microscope (POM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS).


Language and critically thinking play a major role in academic performance. In multilingual contexts, multiple factors account for the way Second Language (L2) learners make sense of the academic texts they read. The students' multilingual and multicultural diversity impacts on their interpretation of academic texts. This article is derived from a work with mixed method but focuses on qualitative design. This article qualitatively analyses how L2 students read and interpret academic texts in South African Universities. Members of a study group were interviewed both as a group and individually. In the end, students' study practices towards academic literacy reveals translanguaging as one strategy of interpreting academic. One argument is that most African Universities have English as a medium of instructions whereas the students are often from diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds. This diversity tends to influence the way students read and interpret academic texts.


This paper looks at how mobile and social technologies are influencing informal learning in the context of online community membership. The development of mobile technologies that use Global Positioning System (GPS) data to pinpoint geographical location together with the rapidly evolving Web 2.0 technologies supporting the creation and consumption of content suggest a potential for collaborative informal learning linked to location. The research described in this paper asks whether these technologies can provide an effective focus for community activities and, if so, whether this combination of location-awareness, mobile, and Web 2.0 technology results in the creation of novel informal learning opportunities. The community selected for study was the Geocaching community, a geographically dispersed group who use mobile and Web 2.0 technologies to link the virtual social spaces of the Internet with the physical spaces that surround them.


Vestibular perception is useful to maintain heading direction and successful spatial navigation. In this study, we present a novel equipment capable of delivering both rotational and translational movements, namely the RT-Chair. The system comprises two motors and it is controlled by the user via MATLAB. To validate the measurability of vestibular perception with the RT-chair, we ran a threshold measurement experiment with healthy participants. Our results show thresholds comparable to previous literature, thus confirming the validity of the system to measure vestibular perception.


Fine et al. from USA have identified a sub-group of patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with a low risk of mortality and suggested that it may be cost-effective to manage them as outpatients. The aims of this study were: to evaluate the outcome of low risk CAP patients that were hospitalised in our local setting, and to gauge the number of such patients in order to estimate the potential cost-savings by treating them as outpatients, as well as the safety of such an approach. All patients with CAP admitted to our hospital from 1 April 1997 to 1 March 1998 were enrolled into this prospective cohort study. Low-risk patients were identified, and their hospital outcome compared with other patients. Hospitalisation charges were obtained from the Finance Department. There were 226 patients with CAP. The average age was 64 years with a range of 12 to 96 years. The median hospital stay was 6 days. Mortality was 13.7%. 16.8% required admission to the ICU; none of these were low-risk patients. There were 47 (21%) low-risk patients, and there was no mortality in this group. They had significantly shorter hospital stay (6.4 days versus 10 days) and lower hospitalisation charges ($2,160 versus $5,770) compared to other CAP patients. Only one low-risk patient had a positive blood culture. In conclusion, nearly one-fifth of our CAP admissions consisted of low-risk patients that experienced no mortality, and required a significantly shorter hospitalisation. The management of such patients who are young (< or = 50 years), with no serious co-morbidities in an outpatient setting may be a cost-effective strategy, and this group of patients consumed 9% of the total hospitalisation charges for CAP.


BACKGROUND
Youth baseball has been associated with elbow pain and elbow abnormalities, leading to the implementation of throwing and pitching guidelines. The purpose of the current study was to examine elbow abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in asymptomatic Little League baseball players and to correlate these findings with the players' throwing history and physical examinations.

METHODS
A prospective study of Little League players who were 10 to 13 years of age was performed. Players were recruited prior to the start of the season and underwent bilateral elbow MRI. All players underwent a physical examination and responded to a questionnaire addressing their playing history and any arm pain. The MRIs were read by 2 radiologists. Responses on the questionnaire and physical examination findings were compared between subjects with and without positive MRI findings utilizing chi-square and analysis of variance techniques.

RESULTS
Twenty-six players were enrolled. The majority (77%) were right-handed and 14 (54%) were a pitcher and/or catcher. Nine players (35%) had 12 positive MRI findings: 7 findings of edema or signal change of the medial epicondyle apophysis, 2 findings of fragmentation of the medial epicondyle, and 3 findings of edema or signal change of the sublime tubercle. The prevalence of positive MRI findings and a history of arm pain were not greater in pitchers and catchers compared with other players. Players with a positive MRI finding demonstrated greater reduction in shoulder internal rotation (12°) compared with the nondominant arm (3°) (p = 0.04). The two factors associated with a positive MRI finding were year-round play (47% of year-round players compared with 11% of non-year-round players; p < 0.01) and working with a private coach (71% compared with 21%; p = 0.02). Additionally, a history of pain was associated with year-round play and a private coach (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
MRI abnormalities involving the medial aspect of the elbow are common in year-round Little League baseball players, especially those with internal rotation deficits and private coaches. Although Little League guidelines potentially lessen abnormalities seen in pitchers, further refinement of these guidelines addressing year-round play, pain, and private coaching should be considered.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.


We describe an extension of special relativity characterized by three invariant scales, the speed of light, c, a mass, κ and a length R. This is defined by a non-linear extension of the Poincare algerbra, A, which we describe here. For R → ∞, A becomes the Snyder presentation of the κ-Poincare algebra, while for κ → ∞ it becomes the phase space algebra of a particle in deSitter spacetime. We conjecture that the algebra is relavent for the low energy behavior of quantum gravity, with κ taken to be the Planck mass, for the case of a nonzero cosmogical constant Λ = R −2. We study the modifications of particle motion which follow if the algebra is taken to define the Poisson structure of the phase space of a relativistic particle.


The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS or the Commission) is a specialist body with a limited mandate with the potential to have a significant impact upon the dynamic of the law of the sea in coming decades as more coastal States seek to claim outer continental shelves (OCS). By the end of 2007, the Commission had received nine submissions but made only three recommendations. Many coastal States will be lodging OCS submissions in the coming years, raising issues as to the Commission's workload and capacity to efficiently consider each submission. Coastal States need to be mindful not only of the legal but also of the practical and strategic issues that are emerging in OCS submissions, including how many of them can meet the May 2009 submission cut-off. Making a partial OCS claim may be one approach. A review is undertaken of relevant State and Commission practice to date.


There will always be chips designed with the highly manual approaches required to extract the utmost in performance. However, unless the market for a chip is well into the hundreds of millions of dollars, this approach may not be economically justified. A better approach for the vast majority of chip designs is to start with a methodology with proven high productivity, and carefully examine extensions to that methodology which can be added in order to meet performance, area or power objectives. If new capabilities are added in a way which does not break major design tools, technology utilization can be brought from what ASICs achieve to near that of the leading edge full-custom designs, while at the same time having a controlled impact on design productivity. On the other hand, if the approach starts with highly optimized manual circuits and a lack of discipline with respect to tool compatibility, poor productivity is certain to result.


This report presents the results of a before study of some effects of the introduction of wheel clamps in Central London. Park and visit, vehicle following, registration number and business interview surveys were conducted in two areas of Central London: Mayfair in which wheel clamps were to be introduced, and Bloomsbury where they were not. The surveys were designed to determine the availability of parking spaces, the extent to which vehicles searched for parking spaces, the time spent doing so and gaining access to destinations, the level of through traffic, and the parking problems perceived by businesses. They were complementary to a series of surveys conducted by consultants for TRRL.

The report describes the design and piloting of the surveys, presents the results of the surveys, identifies the levels of change which it will be possible statistically to detect and makes recommendations for the after surveys. In particular it recommends that the park and visit and vehicle following surveys be repeated, and also presents arguments in favour of repeating the business survey and conducting a survey on trade.


3D Point Cloud Data (PCD) is an efficient machine representation for surrounding environments and has been used in many applications. But the measured PCD is often incomplete and sparse due to the sensor occlusion and poor lighting conditions. To automatically reconstruct complete PCD from the incomplete ones, we propose DeepPCD , a deep-learning-based system that reconstructs both geometric and color information for large indoor environments. For geometric reconstruction, DeepPCD uses a novel patch based technique that splits the PCD into multiple parts, approximates, extends, and independently reconstructs the parts by 3D planes, and then merges and refines them. For color reconstruction, DeepPCD uses a conditional Generative Adversarial Network to infer the missing color of the geometrically reconstructed PCD by using the color feature extracted from incomplete color PCD. We experimentally evaluate DeepPCD with several real PCD collected from large, diverse indoor environments and explore the feasibility of PCD autocompletion in various ubiquitous sensing applications.


The enrichment of the Intra-Cluster Medium (ICM) with heavy elements is reviewed. There is now good observational evidence for enrichment including abundance ratios and metallicity distributions. Various processes involved in the enrichment process – ram-pressure stripping, galactic winds, galaxy-galaxy interactions, AGN outflows and intra-cluster supernovae – are described. Simulations of the ICM evolution taking into account metal enrichment are presented.


Infectious bursal disease virus is an immunosuppressive ubiquitous pathogen that causes serious economic losses in poultry production. The virus is prone to genetic changes through mutations and reassortment, which drive the emergence of new variants and lead to a change in the epidemiological situation in a field. Such a situation is currently being reported due to a large wave of IBDV A3B1 reassortant infections in northwestern Europe. On the other hand, in Poland, which is the largest producer of chicken meat in the EU, the IBDVs of genotypes A3B2 and A3B4 were circulating just before the emergence of A3B1 reassortants. The purpose of the presented study was to update the IBDV epidemiological situation. The performed molecular survey based on the sequence of both genome segments showed the presence of very virulent strains (A3B2) and reassortants of genotypes A3B4 and A3B1; moreover, two of these genotypes are newly introduced IBDV lineages. In addition, a number of amino acid substitutions were demonstrated, including within antigenic epitopes and virulence determinants. In conclusion, the results obtained indicated a dynamic epidemiological situation in Poland, which highlights the need for further monitoring studies in the region and verification of protection conferred by the vaccines used against infection with detected IBDV.


The magnetic moment of the τ lepton is an interesting quantity that is potentially sensitive to physics beyond the Standard Model. Electroweak gauge invariance implies that a heavy new physics contribution to it takes the form of an operator which involves the Higgs boson, implying that rare Higgs decays are able to probe the same physics as a τ . We examine the prospects for rare Higgs decays at future high energy lepton (electron or muon) colliders, and find that such a project collecting a few ab − 1 would be able to advance our understanding of this physics by roughly a factor of 10 compared to the expected reach of the high luminosity LHC.


Abstract A linear model of the steady response of a stratified fluid to isolated heat sources on a sphere is developed. The model is used to examine the response to diabatic heating associated with summer monsoon precipitation in India and to low-level diabatic heating along the northeast coast of Africa. In a laterally unbounded, spherical domain, the summer monsoon heat source forces a cross-equatorial meridional cell that is about half as strong as the main response feature, which is a cell oriented zonally and situated on the west side of the source. The imposition of a meridional wall concentrates the cross-equatorial flow in the meridional cell into a western boundary current. For representative summer monsoon heating the northward transport in this simple East African Jet is comparable to what is observed. The cross-equatorial flew pattern forced by low-level, diabatic heating along the African coast consists of a western boundary current near the equator that turns into a geostrophically balanced ...


Recent advances in theory, algorithms, and computational power make it possible to solve complex, optimal control problems both for off-line and on-line industrial applications. This paper starts by reviewing the technical details of the solution methods pertaining to three general categories: dynamic programming, indirect methods, and direct methods. With the aid of a demonstration example, the advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed, along with a brief review of available software. The main result that emerges is the indirect method being numerically competitive with the performance of direct ones based on non-linear programming solvers and interior point algorithms. The second part of the paper introduces an indirect method based on the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). It also presents a detailed procedure and software tools (named PINS) to formulate the problem, automatically generate the C++ code, and eventually obtain a numerical solution for several optimal control problems of practical relevance. The application of PMP relates to the analytical derivation of necessary conditions for optimality. This aspect—often regarded in the literature as a drawback—is here exploited to build a robust yet efficient numerical method that formally eliminates the controls from the resulting Boundary Value Problem, thus gaining robustness and a high convergence rate. The elimination of the control is obtained either via their explicit formulation function of state and Lagrange multipliers— when possible—or via an iterative numerical solution. The paper closes presenting a minimum time manoeuvre of a car using a fairly complex vehicle model which also includes tyre saturation.


This study is a first synthesis focused on incised-valleys located within the inner shelf of the Bay of Biscay. It is based on previously published results obtained during recent seismic surveys and coring campaigns. The morphology of the valleys appears to strongly controlled by tectonics and lithology. The Pleistocene sedimentary cover of the shelf is very thin and discontinuous with a maximum thickness ranging between 30 and 40 m in incised valley fills. Thus the incised bedrock morphology plays a key-role by controlling hydrodynamics and related sediment transport and deposition that explains some variations of those incised-valley fills with respect to the previously published general models.


The aim was to design a district health management performance framework for Iran's healthcare system. The mixed-method study was conducted between September 2015 and May 2016 in Tabriz, Iran. In this study, the indicators of district health management performance were obtained by analyzing the 45 semi-structured surveys of experts in the public health system. Content validity of performance indicators which were generated in qualitative part were reviewed and confirmed based on content validity index (CVI). Also content validity ratio (CVR) was calculated using data acquired from a survey of 21 experts in quantitative part. The result of this study indicated that, initially, 81 indicators were considered in framework of district health management performance and, at the end, 53 indicators were validated and confirmed. These indicators were classified in 11 categories which include: human resources and organizational creativity, management and leadership, rules and ethics, planning and evaluation, district managing, health resources management and economics, community participation, quality improvement, research in health system, health information management, epidemiology and situation analysis. The designed framework model can be used to assess the district health management and facilitates performance improvement at the district level.


SELF-CONSISTENT CALCULATIONS OF THE POWER DEPOSITION AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION DURING ICRH INCLUDING FINITE ORBIT WIDTHS, SPATIAL RF-INDUCED DRIFT AND DIFFUSION. Self-consistent calculations of ICRH for toroidally directed wave spectrum have revealed the importance of including finite orbit width and RF-induced spatial transport. This is in particular important for heating at higher harmonics in which case the cyclotron absorption depends strongly on the details of the distribution function.


The Bilharzia Control Project, supported by GTZ in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, began in late 1981 with two pilot areas, namely Nkoma and Pirimiti. The aims of the programme are to decrease the level of morbidity due to schistosomiasis through health facilities, chemotherapy, sanitation and health education. The glass sandwich diagnostic technique is used for the diagnosis of S. mansoni infection. The Nytrel urine syringe filtration technique, with Lugol's solution to stain eggs, and urine test strips are used for diagnosis of S. haematobium infection. Chemotherapy using the "test and treat" (TAT) approach, is carried out in a community, whether at a school or in a village. It is possible to treat between 100 and 300 people per day for S. mansoni infection using this approach with three bilharzia assistants (health surveillance assistants). This is also possible in S. haematobium areas. The "test and treat" teams can spend more than 3 weeks in a village and can treat up to 300 persons per day (using a microscope). Mapping and census of a village is done on the afternoon before the day of treatment. Health education talks are conducted on this same afternoon. Health education is to be the number one priority in the schistosomiasis control programme in Malawi. The role of man in the cycle of the infection will have to be emphasized in the informational component of schistosomiasis control. The Bilharzia Control Programme needs to join forces with other ministries or organizations through the primary health care approach, to motivate and mobilize the communities in its control activities.


Phase-legs of DC/AC modular multilevel converters (MMC, M2LC) transfer power from the DC input to the corresponding phase output terminal by means of a current that circulates through the DC input and the phase-leg. In addition to the load-dependent DC component required for the power transfer, this circulating current contains significant harmonics if no countermeasures are implemented. Prominently, a large second harmonic appears, essentially because each converter arm performs a single-phase power conversion. This results in higher RMS values of the arm currents and ultimately in higher-than-necessary losses. One option to mitigate these undesired harmonics and the associated losses extends each arm of the MMC by an active filter module that controls the circulating current by injecting a common-mode component into the arm voltage. In this paper, we propose a new variant of an MMC topology with such active filter modules. In contrast to the state of the art, the proposed realization shows lower realization effort: it uses only a single active filter module per MMC phase-leg instead of two, which corresponds to a reduced effort in terms of both, power hardware components and also control and communication electronics. Furthermore, a single active filter module can operate fully self-contained if desired, i.e., without an external communication interface, thus simplifying system integration.


This letter proposes a method for the generation of temporal action proposals for the segmentation of long uncut video sequences. The presence of consecutive multiple actions in video sequences makes the temporal segmentation a challenging problem due to the unconstrained nature of actions in space and time. To address this issue, we exploit the nonaction segments present between the actual human actions in uncut videos. From the long uncut video, we compute the energy of consecutive nonoverlapping motion history images (MHIs), which provides spatiotemporal information of motion. Our proposals from MHIs (PMHI) are based on clustering the MHIs into actions and nonaction segments by detecting minima from the energy of MHIs. PMHI efficiently segments the long uncut videos into a small number of nonoverlapping temporal action proposals. The strength of PMHI is that it is unsupervised, which alleviates the requirement for any training data. Our temporal action proposal method outperforms the existing proposal methods on the Multi-view Human Action video (MuHAVi)-uncut and Computer Vision and Pattern recognition (CVPR) 2012 Change Detection datasets with an average recall rate of 86.1% and 86.0%, respectively.


In this research, the perishable products' closed-loop supply chain network design problem is assessed by considering the disruption in production and distribution capacity and taking into account the uncertainty in customer demand. e main contribution of this research is modeling perishable products' supply chain optimization and providing intelligent solution methods. In this regard, a mixed-integer mathematical model is proposed. is mathematical model consists of three objective functions.e ‡rst objective function is related to pro‡t maximization, the second objective function is to minimize delivery time, and the third objective function is to reduce lost business days. Moreover, non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGAII) and Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) have been applied to optimize the proposed model. e research results show that the proposed meta-heuristic algorithm can provide a complete set of Pareto solutions in a reasonable amount of time. Moreover, based on di'erent criteria, MOEA provides the non-dominated solutions with a higher quality, while NSGAII presents the Pareto boundary with more solutions than MOEA.


Background: Urinary tract infections are one of the most common bacterial infections in humans both in community and hospital settings. The etiology of UTIs and the antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary pathogens have been changing over the years.  Objectives: This work aimed to compare the accuracies of API 20E, Vitek1 system with GNI card with conventional reference biochemical tests for the identification of  non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli in patients with urinary tract infection. Methodology: This study was conducted on 320 patients attending outpatient urology clinic. Physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations were done first to urine samples. Then, urine samples with pus cells <10 per high power field (HPF) or with bacterial cells or yeast were chosen for culture. These samples were 142 out 320 urine samples. These urine samples were isolated on nutrient, blood & MacConkey's agar media. Results: Standard bacteriological identification was done for all isolates (187 isolates) by colony morphology and microscopic examination. Only non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (60 isolates) were further examined. Other growths were excluded. Motility test, biochemical reactions by conventional methods, API 20E, and vitek1 system with GNI card were done on non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. Antibiotic susceptibility test by reference broth microdilution MIC procedure and Vitek1 system with GNI-108 card were done on non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. One hundred thirty-five strains isolated from 94 hospitalized catheterized patients and fifty-two strains isolated from 48 outpatients sixty isolates (32.1%) were non-lactose fermenting Gram-negative bacilli. Out of them (thirty-one (16.5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, twenty (10.7%) Proteus mirabilis, six (3.2%) Proteus vulgaris, and three (1.6%) Providencia stuartii). After completion of supplemental tests, there was no difference between API 20E and vitek1 system in their ability to correctly identify Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, and Providencia stuartii to the species level with there was difference between identifying isolates from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with vitek1 system. Conclusion: API 20E needs more time than vitek1 for identification of Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia stuartii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the most effective antibiotic against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was ticarcillin/clavulant (77.4%), for Proteus mirabilis isolates were aztreonam and imipenem (each with 100%), for Proteus vulgaris isolates was imipenem (100%), and for Providencia stuartii isolates were amikacin, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and TMP/SMX (100%).


This study investigates the differential effects of two learning contexts, formal instruction (FI) at home and a study abroad period (SA), on the oral production skills of advanced-level Catalan-Spanish undergraduate learners of English. Speech samples elicited through an interview at three data collection times over a 2-year period were quantitatively assessed for fluency, accuracy, and complexity. The results reveal robust fluency gains during SA, moderate improvement in accuracy, and lack of gains in complexity. No gains were obtained during FI. Initial fluency scores, rather than post-FI scores, accounted for a substantial amount of variance in the fluency scores after SA. These findings provide strong evidence for the positive impact of an SA period on the development of oral fluency.


SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Foreign body aspiration is one of the childhood emergencies that thoracic surgeons are interested in, and it can cause morbidity and mortality. Although the relationship between various behavioral problems related to children and foreign body aspiration has been investigated so far, there is no study investigating the relationship between maternal temperament and anxiety sensitivity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal emotional temperament, anxiety sensitivity, and foreign body aspiration. METHODS: Mothers of 18 children with foreign body aspiration have been evaluated by a thoracic surgeon, and 18 healthy controls have also been included in the study. Maternal emotional temperament has been measured with the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego – Auto questionnaire scale, and anxiety sensitivity has been measured with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. RESULTS: There has been no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of maternal emotional temperament and anxiety sensitivity. In the logistic regression analysis conducted to determine the predictors of foreign body aspiration, it is determined that the mother's anxious temperament has predicted foreign body aspiration significantly. CONCLUSION: As a result of the study, it can be concluded that mothers' anxious temperament can be considered a risk factor for foreign body aspiration because it affects parenting skills and children's ability to manage behavioral problems. Consistent results could be able to be obtained with studies including larger samples on the subject.


The latest Pleistocene continental-rise sediments of the western Equatorial Atlantic are composed of (1) hemipelagic clay rich in terrigenous silt and organic detritus, and (2) redeposited terrigenous silt/sand beds up to several meters thick. The abundance, thicknesses, structures, textures, and compositions of the redeposited silt/sand beds indicate that the continental rise has been shaped largely by deposition from turbidity currents and related mass flows. In contrast, previous investigators have demonstrated that the continental rise of the western North Atlantic has been shaped largely by deposition from geostrophic contour currents. Thus, although both the Equatorial and North Atlantic rises are on the western side of the ocean basin, receive large influxes of ter igenous sediment, and have similar late Pleistocene sedimentation rates, the two continental rises have very different sedimentary histories. The fact that contour-current deposition has not been a significant factor in shaping the continental rise of the western Equatorial Atlantic indicates that the contour-current model for continental rise formation which was derived from observations in the western North Atlantic cannot be utilized arbitrarily to explain formation of all continental-rise sequences, ancient or modern. The process which formed any particular continental rise may have an important bearing on the potential of that rise as a hydrocarbon province. Continental-rise sequences shaped by turbidity-current processes (such as the western Equatorial Atlantic) would seem to conta n both excellent source and reservoir rock: whereas good reservoir rocks apparently would be absent from continental-rise sequences shaped by contour currents (such as the western North Atlantic).


The basic concept of an adaptable fixturing system and its hardware implementation are described. The system employs reconfigurable fixture elements that are used to locate and hold various workparts for assembly. The fixture configuration can be changed automatically depending upon the workpart geometry and the assembly operations required. Analytic tools are developed for designing fixture layouts. Kinematic modeling, analysis, and characterization of workpart fixturing are presented. The condition for a fixture layout to locate a given workpart uniquely at a desired location is derived. Desirable fixture layout characteristics are obtained for loading and unloading the workpart successfully despite errors in workpart manipulation. The fixturing of a plastic cover of an electrical appliance with complex shape is used as an example to verify the analytic results and for demonstrating the concept.


We developed a new active vision system using an artificial retina chip and the shape memory alloy actuator. A foveated CMOS retina chip for edge detection designed and fabricated for an image sensor of the developed system and the shape memory alloy actuator was used for mimicking the roles of the ocular muscles to track a desired target. Also, we proposed a new computational model that mimics the functional roles of our brain organs for generating the smooth pursuit eye movement. In our model, a neuromorphic model for the medial temporal cell generates motion energy, and the medial superior temporal cell is considered to generate an actuating signal so that the developed active vision system smoothly pursues the target with similar dynamics to the motion of our eyeball during the smooth pursuit. Experimental results show that the developed system successfully operates to follow the edge information of a moving object.


Abstract Marking the 25th anniversary of the Good Friday Agreement, we review the gendered legacy of power-sharing and peacebuilding in Northern Ireland. The participation of an all-women's political party in the 1996–1998 peace talks and world-class commitments to human rights and equality enshrined in the Good Friday Agreement suggested that Northern Ireland would stand as a conflict resolution and institutional design model par excellence. While the intervening years have been largely peaceful, and women's political representation has improved, years of political stalemate and poor equality and human rights protections for women suggest a mixed legacy of gender inclusion and power-sharing. In this paper, we chart the ups and downs of Northern Ireland's power-sharing institutions in the context of feminist peace activism over two and a half decades and offer a set of feminist reflections on the promise and peril of power-sharing in Northern Ireland.


PURPOSE Many individuals with communication impairments use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems involving letters, words, or line drawings that rely on the visual modality. It seems reasonable to suggest that display design should incorporate information about how users attend to and process visual information. The organization of AAC symbols can influence the speed and accuracy with which children select a target symbol on a display. This research examined why some displays facilitate responding. METHOD Eye-tracking technology recorded point-of-gaze while children without disabilities engaged in a visual search task with 2 AAC displays. In 1 display, symbols sharing an internal color were clustered together. In the other display, like-colored symbols were distributed. Dependent measures were (a) latency to fixate on the target compared with distracters and (b) the number of fixations to target and distracters. RESULTS Participants were significantly slower to fixate on the target when like-colored symbols were distributed; there was a significant increase in the number of fixations to distracters that did not share color with the target. CONCLUSIONS Efficient search was related to minimizing fixations to nonrelevant distracters. Vulnerability to distraction can be a significant problem in individuals with disabilities who use AAC. Minimizing the intrusion of such distraction may, therefore, be of importance in AAC display design.


Shoreline is particularly vulnerable to wave action resulting in coastal erosion. As shoreline erosion continues, more and more topsoil is drawn into the coastal areas,threatening aquatic life and eventually leading to the need for costly removal or dredging. Several preventive measures such as the use of breakwaters, geotubes, and groynes have been suggested that will provide benefits to the community, and led to a decrease in coastal erosion. The other option is to protect the shoreline by using
natural vegetation resources such as mangrove forest. Previous research has found that mangrove can reduce shoreline erosion and protect shoreline against sea storms and floods. Remote sensing as a tool provides valuable information for mapping
vegetation and monitoring of mangrove changes along the coastal areas. It can also provide up-to-date valuable information to monitor changes along shorelines. In this research remote sensing technology using Landsat 7 ETM+ and ERDAS Imagine
version 8.6 and band combination 5,4,3 that are classified image of red, green and blue was utilized in detecting changes in mangrove areas from Tanjung Piai to Kukup Island within a ten year period. Three datasets images of 1995, 2000, and 2005 were overlayed to monitor the changes within the three training sites include Tanjung Piai, along the coastal area and Kukup Island of mangrove areas. Changes of the three datasets were performed by an image differencing process to detect the changes. The changes were analyzed based on three input raster data of 1995 and 2000, 1995 and 2005, 2000 and 2005. This was followed by ground truthing to enable the calibration of remote-sensing data, and aids in the interpretation and analysis of the data. The analysis of the overlay maps showed the changes in
mangrove acreage. From the total original acreage of 890.28 hectares in 1995 the mangrove area has decreased to 761.40 hectares in 2005, a decrease of 128.88 hectares or 14 percent. To mitigate it is recommended that both the natural and manmade
structures are combined together. Species such as Rhizophora apiculata (Bakau Minyak), Rhizophora mucronata (Bakau Kurap) and Sonneratia (Perepat) found along the shoreline was observed to be able to serve as a buffer against the destruction of wave action, wind and tide. However, mangrove trees which are at the
front of the big wave energy will not be able to withstand the incessant assault.


PURPOSE: We present a case of a 62 year-old woman, with a single eye functional vision (VA of 0.16) who improved her vision after following a vision rehabilitation program, which included optical and non-optical devices for daily performance. CONCLUSIONS: A correct optometric evaluation and a training program are key factors to improve quality of life in low vision patients, whose ocular pathology allows no other treatment.


This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics, nutritive value, acceptability and digestibility of corn stover-swine waste silage. Feedlot performance of beef cattle fed this silage was investigated. Corn stover was ensiled with fresh swine waste and 5% molasses solution. Corn stover and swine waste were mixed at a proportion of 60:40 based on 90% dry matter and ensiled for three weeks at a pH of 4.3-4.6. The silage was evaluated in terms of physical appearance, nutrient composition, and digestibility. Research station and barangay-based feeding trials were conducted using 10 beef cattle each; 5 animals were fed corn stover-swine waste silage and 5 were fed pure corn stover. Corn stover-swine waste silage had a pleasant smell, smooth texture and a golden yellow appearance which resembles that of good quality grass silage. There was marked improvement in the nutritive value of the silage compared to pure corn stover after ensilage. The addition of swine waste and molasses improved the nutrient composition of silage. Moreover, the cell wall components of corn stover decreased when ensiled with swine waste and molasses. The silage was highly acceptable and palatable to beef cattle as shown by the voluntary dry matter intake value of test animals. Results of the digestion trial revealed that corn stover-swine waste silage had higher digestibility values than pure corn stover. Beef cattle fed with corn stover-swine waste silage had an average daily gain of 310-720 g while those on pure corn stover had an average daily gain of 85-130 g.


In recent times, the importance of peptides in the biomedical domain has received increasing concern in terms of their effect on multiple disease treatments. However, before successful large-scale implementation in the industry, accurate identification of peptide toxicity is a vital prerequisite. The existing computational methods have reached good results from toxicity prediction, and we present an improved model based on different deep learning architectures. The modification mainly focuses on two aspects: sequence encoding and variational information bottlenecks. Consequently, one of our modified plans shows an obvious increase in sensitivity, while the rest show good performance meanwhile adding novelty in the peptide toxicity prediction domain. In detail, our best model could achieve an accuracy of 97.38 and 95.03% in protein and peptide toxicity predictions, respectively. The performance was superior to previous predictors on the same datasets.


In lieu of an abstract, below is the essay's first paragraph. "Where the priests feed the flock committed to them both by their word and by their example the people are preserved from many errors." From Defense of the Catholic Priesthood by St. John Fisher (1525; translated by Philip Hallet, 1934) Father Michael Costanzo was a man who wore his learning lightly. He was constantly reading and reflecting. I had many fascinating conversations with him over the years regarding his views on such figures as Edith Stein, Vincent Van Gogh, Oscar Wilde, and Simone Weil, all of whose complete works he had immersed himself in. He was eager to share what he had learned from them, and encouraged me to read them as well. This in memoriam is available in Verbum: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/verbum/vol15/iss1/8


The principles and applications of dc motors, ac induction motors, stepper motors, solenoid actuators, and micromotors used in process automation are discussed. Their operating principles, characteristics control approaches are outlined. Several output devices typically used in industrial applications are defined. Microactuators, new members of the output equipment family, are also introduced. Several real industrial actuator products and their specifications are described. Computer-based displays and data loggers are introduced and and important technical trends are pointed out. It is clear that future applications of output devices will focus on the development of industrial actuators of smaller size, lighter weight, higher output power and torque, and better static and dynamic characteristics. Novel mechanisms for force generation and more sophisticated machining technique to facilitate the realization of these goals are expected.


Catfish may carry pathogenic bacteria that can cause harm when consumed. Therefore, this study is aimed to
determine the level of physicochemical parameters in water and the distribution of Escherichia coli in water and
catfish samples. In addition, the study was also done to determine the occurrence of pathogenic E. coli 0157:H7
in the samples. The study was done in one catfish farm and two wet markets. From each sampling site, 5 water
and 5 catfish samples were collected. Therefore, a total of 45 samples composed of 15 catfish intestines, 15
catfish muscles and 15 water samples were used. Only water samples were subjected to physicochemical analysis
while for microbial analysis, both water and catfish samples were analysed. Microbial analyses were done by
using standard plate count followed by a series of biochemical tests and detection of E. coli 0157:H7 using
multiplex PCR. The results showed that the selected physicochemical levels were in Class I as according to the
National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia. The total heterotrophic bacterial count of water, catfish intestines
and muscles ranged from 1.77 x 104 CFU/mL to 6.26 x 105 CFU/mL which both in the catfish muscle. From the
45 samples, E. coli spp. was present in all samples except in 3 catfish muscles where no E. coli spp. can be found.
However, pathogenic E. coli 0 157:H7 was not det~ted in any of the samples. This indicates that the catfish and
water samples are free from pathogenic E. coli 0157:H7.


Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) is one of the greatest consequence in the evaluation of drug safety. Also, most of the adverse drug reactions are not discovered during limited pre-marketing clinical trials; but, they are only observed only after a long term post-marketing observation of drug usage.The exposure of adverse drug reaction, is an important method of research technique for the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, more number of adverse events and the improvement of data mining technology have motivated the development of statistical and data mining methods for the detection of Adverse drug reactions. These methods, without integration into the knowledge discovery systems, are very tedious and uncomfortable for users and the processe for exploration are time-consuming.


This paper explores the traditional knowledge systems of pastoral communities in Ethiopia, justifications for large-scale agricultural investment, its implications, and policy considerations. Pastoralists are by-passed by development, because of their incompatibility to most development proposals. Transforming pastoral communities into large-scale agriculture entrepreneurs comes with a lot of resistance to relentlessly protect original community values engraved in the spiritual, cultural, mental, social, economic, and political aspects. This is done with the right human tools, with a clear understanding of pastoralists' unique traditions and the knowledge associated to it, such that the identities of endangered societies are protected and conflict associated to de-identification and de-nationalization is prevented; so that while solving challenges of famine, low incomes, and poor standards of living, traditional aspects are integrated in economic reforms. The unique culture soon becomes an economic force and a source of pride, unity, peace, and solidarity. And tourism turns out to be an alternative driver to country's economic success and beauty, from the attractions arising from strong cultural traditional, arid landscape, featured wild animals, plants, and how all are related. There is need for mindfulness of foreign conspiracies to alienate traditional life-knowledge systems in the name of development. And Investment should be one that concerns itself with advancement of local solutions to solving local, regional, and global problems


Racism is a principal determinant of health inequity, but recent events have galvanized local and state leaders across Ohio to declare racism a public health emergency. In addition to the renewed call to racial justice, sustained progress will require ongoing measurement to determine which anti-racist efforts are working, and why. In this review, we present existing measures categorized by 3 dimensions of racism that interact and build off of one another: (1) systemic racism, considering the health effects of policies in housing, voting, criminal legal system, economic opportunity, and health care; (2) interpersonal racism, and measures of provider bias and cultural competency; (3) internalized racism, measured as allostatic stress and heightened vigilance in distinct contexts. After identifying knowledge gaps, we developed a racism measurement framework that more comprehensively depicts the disparities caused by racism within Ohio and can be used to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of anti-racist efforts implemented across the state. As such, this framework provides not only a call for action against racism in Ohio, but an opportunity for organizations to measure the extent to which efforts have intervened on supposedly entrenched pathways to health inequities and disparities caused by racism.


The title compound, C42H72N2O5, a hindered amine light stabiliser (HALS) with the trade name Tinuvin 144 was prepared from bis(1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl) 2-butylmalonate and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-[(dimethylamino)methyl]phenol using lithium amide as a catalyst. In the molecule, both piperidine rings adopt chair conformations. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds occur.


Recently, two different proofs for large and intermediate-size solitary waves of the nonlocally dispersive Whitham equation have been presented, using either global bifurcation theory or the limit of waves of large period. We give here a different approach by maximising directly the dispersive part of the energy functional, while keeping the remaining nonlinear terms fixed with an Orlicz-space constraint. This method is to our knowledge new in the setting of water waves. The constructed solutions are bell-shaped in the sense that they are even, one-sided monotone, and attain their maximum at the origin. The method initially considers weaker solutions than in earlier works, and is not limited to small waves: a family of solutions is obtained, along which the dispersive energy is continuous and increasing. In general, our construction admits more than one solution for each energy level, and waves with the same energy level may have different heights. Although a transformation in the construction hinders us from concluding the family with an extreme wave, we give a quantitative proof that the set reaches `large' or 'intermediate-sized' waves.


We present an efficient multi-plane based fast network failure recovery scheme which can be realized using the recently proposed multi-path enabled BGP platforms. We mainly focus on the recovery scheme that takes into account BGP routing disruption avoidance at network boundaries, which can be caused by intra-AS failures due to the hot potato routing effect. On top of this scheme, an intelligent IP crank-back operation is also introduced for further enhancement of network protection capability against failures. Our simulations based on both real operational network topologies and synthetically generated ones suggest that, through our proposed optimized backup egress point selection algorithm, as few as two routing planes are able to achieve high degree of path diversity for fast recovery in any single link failure scenario.


The aim of this research is to know the process of applying inquiry model to the crative character of 5th grade students in science subjects in SDIT Al-Madinah Cibinong, and to know the influence of inquiry learning model on the creative character of 5th grade students in science subjects in SDIT Al-Madinah Cibinong. The approach used in this study is quantitative research with the type of quasi-experimental research, in this study the selection of samples on experimental quasi type Non Equivalent Control Group Design is not done random sample selection but deliberately selected by the researchers with each sample experiment class 21 Students and control class of 21 students. The instruments used in this research are: test, observation, questionnaire and documentation. The process of applying inquiry learning model in science subjects through six stages: Presenting questions or problems, Making hypotheses, Designing experiments, Conducting experiments to obtain information, Collecting data and analyzing data, and Making conclusions. Based on the research that has been done, the average post-test of the experimental class is 77.61 and the average post-test of the control class is 64.28 so that it is obtained -t arithmetic> -t table (-11.004> -2.086), it can It is concluded that there is a significant influence of the use of inquiry learning model on student learning outcomes. Observational data resulted in average after applying experimental class learning 92,14, and average after applying of control class study 73,57 so that obtained-t arithmetic> -t table (-20,254> -2,086), hence can be concluded that there is A significant influence of the use of inquiry learning model to foster the creative character of the students. In addition the results of the experimental class questionnaire obtained an average of 32.38 and control classes 31.43 the number of scores in the range 30-36 that students in the experimental class and control classes have a high creative value in carrying out its duties. So it can be concluded that the influence of inquiry learning model to the creative character of students. So the application of inquiry learning model can influence the students' creative character in science subjects are said to be effective and there are significant changes or improvements. This inquiry learning model can be an alternative learning model that can be applied in the learning process.