The work deals with the results of experimental evaluation of the influence of some new modified derivatives of muramyldipeptide (MDP) on the course of staphylococcal infection in mice. The preparations under study were found to produce rapid elimination of bacteria from kidneys and the increase of phagocytic activity of blood macrophages in animals. At the same time MDP and its derivatives stimulated natural killer cells whose activity was inhibited during infection. The dependence between the structure of these compounds and their protective action in staphylococcal infection, as well as the increase of the natural immunity characteristics of the body was followed.


The aim of research to determine the relationship of development budget development and local revenue with economic growth in the province Aceh. To determine the impact of Development budget and Local Revenue on economic growth in the province Aceh. The methodology used is unrestredted VAR (Vector autoregressive) models, with time series data 1984-2014 period. The results showed that development budget and local revenue to economic growth in the province Aceh is not so impacted. The relationship between the local revenue is described by development budget the previous three years and economic growth in the province of Aceh in the same year.

 Keywords: Development Budget, Local Revenue, Economic Growth


For a stable autonomous flight for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), high-precision position and attitude information is required without using heavy and expensive sensors. For this purpose, position and attitude estimation of UAVs can be performed using sensor fusion algorithms based on different approaches. Although there are many studies about the subject, it is difficult to theoretically evaluate the effectiveness of the preferred approaches. This study covers the sensor fusion design and implementation in MATLAB simulation environment for position and attitude estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) approaches, which are the most preferred filters in navigation systems. In the study, sensor fusion design is using sensor data of an inertial measurement unit (IMU), global positioning system (GPS), a barometer and a magnetometer on the UAV, without using the dynamic model of the UAV. Quaternions were used as the state variables which indicate the attitude with respect to local navigation frame. The system consists of a total of 22 state variables: quaternions, velocity, position, gyroscope and accelerometer bias, magnetic field, and magnetic field bias. Two different sensor fusion models designed by EKF and UKF approaches which has sensor models that use real (sensor error-free) flight data provided by MATLAB, were run in MATLAB simulation environment. The estimator performances of these approaches were compared with real flight data and results were evaluated.


Although adequate adherence is paramount in achieving the beneficial effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea, long‐term adherence and the variables involved in continuous positive airway pressure compliance in patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea are yet unknown. We conducted a prospective, multicentre, observational study in 177 patients recruited from hypertensive units with resistant hypertension confirmed by means of 24‐hr blood pressure monitoring (blood pressure ≥ 130 and/or ≥ 80 mmHg, despite taking at least three antihypertensive drugs or < 130/80 mmHg with > 3 drugs) and obstructive sleep apnea (apnea–hypopnea index ≥ 5 in a respiratory polygraph) who were prescribed continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Good adherence was defined as an average cumulative continuous positive airway pressure use of ≥ 4 hr per night at the end of the follow‐up. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of continuous positive airway pressure adherence. Patients were followed for a median of 57.6 (42–72) months after initiating continuous positive airway pressure therapy. At the end of the follow‐up, the median continuous positive airway pressure use was 5.7 (inter‐quartile range 3.9–6.6) hr per night, and 132 patients (74.5%) showed good continuous positive airway pressure adherence. The only baseline variable associated with poor adherence was the presence of previous stroke (hazard ratio 4.00, 95% confidence interval 1.92–8.31). Adequate adherence at 1 month also predicted good adherence at the end of the follow‐up (hazard ratio 14.4, 95% confidence interval 4.94–56). Both variables also predicted adherence at a threshold of 6 hr per night. Our results show that good continuous positive airway pressure adherence is an achievable and feasible goal in patients with resistant hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea. Previous stroke and short‐term adherence predicted long‐term adherence.


The coupling of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has demonstrated multiple advantages, including high separation efficiency, sensitivity and resolution, as well as low sample consumption and detection limit. The technique has been widely used for the speciation of environmental and biological samples. The interface between CE and the nebulizing system of ICP-MS plays a key role in the hyphenation of CE and ICP-MS. The most important factors in the interface design were reviewed in this paper, including electrical connections, nebulizer designs and flow compensation in the nebulizer system. Methods for achieving stable electrical current within the capillary were discussed, including the employment of concentric sheath flow, stainless steel components, platinum wire and silver paint. The structures and performance of various nebulizer designs were reviewed and compared, including the concentric pneumatic nebulizer (CPN), micro concentric nebulizer (MCN), high efficiency nebulizer (HEN), ultrasonic nebulizer (USN) and direct injection nebulizer (DIN). To eliminate nebulizer suction, four compensations systems were suggested, including applying a negative pressure at the inlet of the capillary, putting a sol-gel frit at the outlet of the capillary, pumping an appropriate make-up flow to the interface and adjusting the height of the make-up flow. 35 papers were cited.


In our previous study, the c-growth region of the RE123 melt-solidified bulks was found to exhibit huge second peak effect in their magnetization hysteresis loops, reflecting the improved Jc  properties under high fields compared with their a-growth region. The cylindrical Ho123 bulks containing Pt (0.5 wt.%) and CeO2 (1 wt.%) were synthesized by the melt-solidification method using cold-seeding technique in the present study. These bulks are composed of c-growth regions as major parts. Dispersion of Ho211 particles, crystallinity of the Ho123 matrix and Jc characteristics were systematically studied for the a- and c-growth regions of the bulks. In the c-growth region just below the seed crystal, the volume fraction of Ho211 particles was lower than in the a-growth region, while this part showed huge second peak effect. However, the c-growth region maintained higher Jc than that of the a-axis region even at the positions far from the seed crystal, where the mean particle size and volume fraction of Ho211 were almost identical to those in the a-growth region. These preferable Jc properties observed in the c-growth region can be explained by excellent crystallinity of the Ho123 matrix with few low-angle subgrain boundaries


In this presentation, we will focus on the results obtained by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) onboard the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile and Evolution (MAVEN) mission while performing stellar occultations observations. In the IUVS wavelength range, CO2 possesses a distinct and broad signature shortward of 200 nanometers which allows one to retrieve CO2 concentration and subsequently to deduce atmospheric pressure and temperature profiles from 30 to 150 km of altitude (upper troposphere up to the thermosphere) as well as the concentration of other atmospheric consitituents (clouds/aerosols, ozone and molecular oxygen). The occultation technique relies on the determination of atmospheric transmission at various altitudes above the surface. Only relative measurements are needed to infer species abundances, and thus the method is self-calibrated.The ratio of spectra taken through (close to Mars) and outside (far from Mars) the atmosphere gives an atmospheric transmission at each altitude. If any absorbing or/and scattering species is present along the optical path, photons are lost and resulting transmissions are lower than 1. The sampling rate yields a vertical resolution typically greater than 3 km on the vertical. For Mars, the sounded region inside which a quantity of atmospheric constituents can be derived lies generally between 20 and 150 km depending on the atmospheric state (dust loading). The compiled dataset has already yielded a variety of results, showing high concentrations of ozone in the deep polar night as well as the detection of a highly elevated aerosol layer potentially made of CO2 ice.


Background Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and γ-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT) are commonly observed in patients with acute pyelonephritis. The goal of this study was to examine the clinical significance of elevated serum AP and γ-GT levels and to explore the mechanisms underlying these changes. Methods We examined serum AP and γ-GT levels in 438 patients with acute pyelonephritis. Urine AP/creatinine (Cr), urine γ-GT/Cr, fractional excretion of AP, and fractional excretion of γ-GT (FEγ-GT) were evaluated in patients with elevated and normal serum levels. AP isoenzymes were also examined. Results We identified 77 patients (17.6%) with elevated serum AP and 134 patients (30.6%) with elevated serum γ-GT. Among them, both enzymes were elevated in 64 patients (14.6%). Older age, longer hospital stay, elevated baseline serum Cr, and complicated pyelonephritis were associated with increases in serum AP and γ-GT. Multivariate analysis showed that high serum AP levels were significantly correlated with renal impairment (odds ratio, 2.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–4.19; P = 0.029). FEγ-GT was significantly lower in patients with elevated serum enzyme levels. The liver fraction for AP isoenzyme profile did not increase in patients with elevated serum AP. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that elevated serum AP and γ-GT levels are associated with complicated pyelonephritis and renal impairment. Lower FEγ-GT levels in patients with elevated serum enzymes may be the result of decreased urinary excretion of these enzymes.


Parallel detection of several achromatic phase-shifted images is used to obtain a high-speed, high-resolution, full-field, optical coherence probe tomography system based on polarization interferometry. The high enface imaging speed, short coherence gate, and high lateral resolution provided by the system are exploited to determine microbump height uniformity in an integrated semiconductor chip at 50 frames per second. The technique is demonstrated using the Linnik microscope, although it can be implemented on any polarization-based interference microscopy system.


We report magnetic and electrical transport studies of an epitaxially grown trilayer thin film structure comprising La0.59Ca0.41MnO3 sandwiched between La0.67Ca0.33MnO3 electrodes. Since La0.59Ca0.41MnO3 lies at the edge of the thin film ferromagnetic metallic phase field, phase separation effects are expected. These effects can explain the observed magnetic isotropy of the middle layer. By contrast, the electrode material is magnetically uniaxial. Easy axis magnetic field sweeps of the trilayer produce two sharp magnetic transitions, but only one sharp transition in current-in-plane resistance measurements.


Raised fasting blood lactate levels were observed in diabetic patients on phenformin in therapeutic dosage. After an intravenous glucose load this effect was exaggerated and the lactate/pyruvate ratio increased. Withdrawal of the drug led to normal blood lactate levels and a fall in the lactate/pyruvate ratio.


Introduction: Elderly Demographic change will have a significant impact on societies. Locomotive disorders are common and important cause of disability and reduced quality of life in old age. Recognizing screening methods, can be early detection Locomotive syndrome (LS), prevented the incidence, prevalence and disability caused by this syndrome. The aim of this study is to integrative review of screening methods for LS in the elderly. Method: In this review study, searches in international and national databases and journals: Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Irandoc, SID, with keywords Locomotive syndrome, Locomotive disorder, screening tool, assessment tool, physical performance test, from 2000 to 2018were extracted and reviewed. Results: From 70 related articles, 19 English articles were reviewed. Methods and tests used to assess, evaluate and LS screening in 19 Articles related to the purpose of this study include evaluation method of 9 Physical and 3 questionnaire or Evaluation Checklist. These include: stand up test, one-leg standing test (with open eye), two-steps test, 5-times-sit-to-stand test, 6-walking time, the 10-m gait time, measuring back muscles strength and grip strength, timed up-and-Go (TUG Test), maximum stride, self-check list (Loco-check), questionnaires GLFS-25 and GLFS-5. Conclusion: In this study, screening methods of LS described. Because of the importance of the LS, using the perfect screening methods recommended in elders, for timely detection of LS.


A complete theory of cognitive architecture (i.e., the basic processes and modes of composition that together constitute cognitive behaviour) must explain the systematicity property—why our cognitive capacities are organized into particular groups of capacities, rather than some other, arbitrary collection. The classical account supposes: (1) syntactically compositional representations; and (2) processes that are sensitive to—compatible with—their structure. Classical compositionality, however, does not explain why these two components must be compatible; they are only compatible by the ad hoc assumption (convention) of employing the same mode of (concatenative) compositionality (e.g., prefix/postfix, where a relation symbol is always prepended/appended to the symbols for the related entities). Architectures employing mixed modes do not support systematicity. Recently, we proposed an alternative explanation without ad hoc assumptions, using category theory. Here, we extend our explanation to domains that are quasi-systematic (e.g., aspects of most languages), where the domain includes some but not all possible combinations of constituents. The central category-theoretic construct is an adjunction involving pullbacks, where the primary focus is on the relationship between processes modelled as functors, rather than the representations. A functor is a structure-preserving map (or construction, for our purposes). An adjunction guarantees that the only pairings of functors are the systematic ones. Thus, (quasi-)systematicity is a necessary consequence of a categorial cognitive architecture whose basic processes are functors that participate in adjunctions.


Kupffer cells are resident liver macrophages and play a critical role in maintaining liver functions. Under physiological conditions, they are the first innate immune cells and protect the liver from bacterial infections. Under pathological conditions, they are activated by different components and can differentiate into M1-like (classical) or M2-like (alternative) macrophages. The metabolism of classical or alternative activated Kupffer cells will determine their functions in liver damage. Special functions and metabolism of Kupffer cells suggest that they are an attractive target for therapy of liver inflammation and related diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases. Here we review the different types of Kupffer cells and their metabolism and functions in physiological and pathological conditions.


The evaporation of water is a major energy consumer around the world where the evaporation of water from agricultural products, natural resources, processed foods and feeds, and petrochemical products is required for long term storage, subsequent processing or other desired attributes. The control of product attributes associated with drying can also be challenging in terms of measurement and modelling which may lead to inefficiencies in the operation of a dryer. This discussion below will address solutions to improve the thermal efficiency of dryers and to control the critical properties of the product being dried.  In addition, the benefits of haring information between the dryer supplier and the dryer operator will be discussed through the use of the Industrial Internet of Thing Keywords: heat recover; design; control.


Identifying liquids in chemical technologies and in the oil industry is an actual problem. Such identifications can be made using individual characteristics of thermocapillary flows and deformations in the horizontal layers of the investigated liquids. Numerical algorithms and calculating code have been developed for solving inverse problems for identifying properties of liquid. As additional information for inverse problem a function of thermocapillary response is used. The algorithm for solving inverse problem is based on solving problem of minimizing the residual function. The minimum is obtained numerically by the Newton's method. Numerical calculations have been made for silicone oil. Thermocapillary responses have been calculated for different values of the coefficients. The developed algorithms have been tested on synthetic data, which have been obtained from the solution of direct problems. The developed algorithms have shown a good convergence and efficiency.


In image processing, removal of noise without blurring the image edges is a difficult problem. Aiming at orthogonal wavelet transform and traditional threshold's shortage, a new wavelet packet transform adaptive threshold image de-noising method which is based on edge detection is proposed. By edge detection method, the wavelet packet coefficients corresponding to edge which is detected and other non-edge wavelet packet coefficients are treated by different threshold. Using the relativity among wavelet packet coefficients and neighbor dependency relation, at the same time, adopting the new variance neighbor estimate method and then the adaptive threshold is produced. From the experiment result, we see that compared with traditional methods, this method can not only effectively eliminate noise, but can also well keep original image's information and the quality after image de-noising is very well.


Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to haemodynamic stress. Pressure and/or volume overload in hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI) and valvular heart disease are pathological stresses that lead to left-ventricular (LV) dilatation and/or wall thickening. While in the short term compensatory mechanisms maintain cardiac output, sustained hypertrophic responses can lead to maladaptive remodelling, predisposing to cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure.

Physical exercise and pregnancy are examples of physiological stress. The nature of the exercise determines the balance between dilatation and increased wall thickness, producing so-called physiological hypertrophy. Although similar degrees of LV hypertrophy are achieved in pathological and physiological hypertrophy, physiological hypertrophy generally fails to produce adverse consequences like ventricular arrhythmias (Viitasalo et al. 1982; Biffi et al. 2008).

So, what makes the consequences of physiological remodelling different from those of pathological remodelling?


High velocity of fluid along with the severe head loss causing several turbulences in the flow, may lead to the occurrence of cavitation phenomenon in hydraulic structures and severe destruction in some parts of them. In this research, pressure fluctuations, its processes and cavitation phenomenon in area of service gate slot have been investigated and analyzed by a hydraulic model including bottom outlet of Gotvand Olya storage dam. These experiments were conducted at the gate openings of 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 percent and at different 2, 3 and 4 meter-heads in the region of gate slot. Pressure data were collected by using a transducer and were then transferred to an amplifier and finally were recorded in the computer. These data were analyzed on the basis of 0.001 probability level. The obtained results indicated that the probability of cavitation occurrence in 30, 50 and 70 percent of gate openings was higher than 10 and 100 percent ones. Also the piezometer which was the closest to the gate lip was subject to more fluctuations and critical point of pressure fluctuations was shifted to higher points due to increase of gate opening. coefficient of pressure fluctuations (C'p) was the maximum for 10 of gate opening, indicating compaction and pressure impacts on the structure in this opening. So by suitable lining, control of hydraulic conditions, and change of slot geometry probability of cavitation occurrence can be decreased to the lowest value.


Fe-Co-based amorphous alloys were studied by x-ray diffraction and anomalous x-ray diffraction methods for a range of sample compositions and preparation methods. The main structural characteristics at short- and medium-range scales were investigated. The presence of chemical ordering with preferred Co-Co and Fe-Fe homonuclear correlations and partial Fe-rich phase separation, suggested from previous extended x-ray absorption fine-structure experiments, were clearly in evidence.


There have been many terms incorporated into English as idiomatic expressions as a result of the mass media's mania for games and sporting events. Moreover, regarding the increasingly important role of games and sports in the development of global interactions and understanding among the world's nations, a mastery of terminology involved in every one of the sports seems indispensable. Sports terms, on the other hand, can present a challenge in the process of translation so that a translator has to be very familiar with the regulations and jargon for different kinds of sports both in SL and TL. Sports terms and idioms can mostly embody duality of meaning. That is, sports terms and idioms can be interpreted as not only being related to the sporting event itself, but also as having something to do with non-sports situations such as business and social interactions. This duality of meaning is the main focus of the present study. If a translator understands the sport, the game and the way it is played, he/she will understand better the idiomatic expressions derived from these games and henceforth can produce a more successful translation out of the texts.


A novel homogenization technique, combining an asymptotic multiscale method with wave-field conception, is proposed for computing the quasi-static effective parameters of three-dimensional lattices of general bianisotropic composite materials. This technique is based on the decomposition of the fields into an averaged nonoscillating part and a corrected term with microoscillation. This paper provides an original and accurate way to model the electromagnetic fields in fine microstructures of bianisotropic particles with complex inclusion shapes when the wavelength is larger than the periodicity of the microstructure. The effects of the interaction between edges and corners of adjacent inclusions on the macroscopic effective parameters have been studied, and numerical results and verifications have been presented


The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of the heart in human fetuses at weeks 18-40 of intrauterine development. The investigation included 2 series of observations: 182 hearts were taken from the fetuses at autopsy, while 58 hearts were studied in living fetuses by ultrasonography of the pregnant women. The following parameters were assessed: heart length and width, atrial and ventricular width, diameter of the aorta. The dimensions of the fetal heart were found to grow in proportion to the gestational age, however the growth of individual heart structures was nonuniform. Both intravital and posthumous investigations have established that in the fetuses of this gestational age the width of the right chambers of the heart prevailed over that of the left chambers.


In large multicast groups, the size of the group membership table maintained by RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol) participants may become unwieldy, particularly for embedded devices with limited memory and processing power. This document discusses mechanisms for sampling of this group membership table in order to reduce the memory requirements. Several mechanisms are proposed, and the performance of each is considered.


Background The public often seeks rule-of-thumb criteria for good or poor sleep, with a particular emphasis on sleep duration, sleep latency, and the number of awakenings each night. However, very few criteria are available. Aim The present study sought to identify such criteria. Methods Whether or not a person has sought medical help for sleep problems was selected as an indicator of poor sleep. The group that was studied constituted a representative sample of the general Swedish population (N=1,128), with a response rate of 72.8%. Results Logistic regression analysis, with an adjustment for age and gender, showed an increased OR for a weekday sleep duration of ≤6 hour, (OR >2, and for <5 hour: OR >6). For weekend sleep, the value was ≤6 hour (OR >2). For awakenings per night, the critical value was ≥2 (OR >2, and for ≥5 awakenings: OR >9), and for a sleep latency the critical value was ≥30 minutes (OR >2, and for ≥45 minutes: OR >6). Adding difficulties falling asleep and early morning awakening (considered qualitative because of the reflected "difficulty"), led to the elimination of all the quantitative variables, except for the number of awakenings. The addition of "negative effects on daytime functioning" and "sleep being a big problem" resulted in the elimination of all the other predictors except age. Conclusion It was concluded that weekday sleep ≤6 hour, ≥2 awakenings/night, and a sleep latency of ≥30 minutes, can function as criteria for poor sleep, but that qualitative sleep variables take over the role of quantitative ones, probably because they represent the integration of quantitative indicators of sleep.


OBJECTIVE
To report on a series of vascular tumors of the iris.

DESIGN
Noncomparative case series. A retrospective medical record review of all patients with an iris vascular tumor was performed to identify the clinical features and develop a simple classification of these lesions. Included were demographics, clinical features, systemic associations, complications, management, and histopathology.

RESULTS
There were 54 eyes in 45 patients with an iris vascular tumor. These were categorized as racemose hemangioma (41 eyes: 29 simple and 12 complex), cavernous hemangioma (3 eyes: 2 localized and 1 systemic), capillary hemangioma (1 eye, localized), varix (3 eyes, localized), and microhemangiomatosis (6 eyes, localized). The hemangiomas occurred in adults at a median age of 55 years, whereas capillary hemangioma occurred in infancy and cavernous hemangioma with systemic involvement occurred in a child. Of the 41 eyes with iris racemose hemangioma, none showed systemic involvement. Of all 54 eyes, transient hyphema was the main complication, found at some point in 30% or more of each affected eye except for iris capillary and racemose hemangioma. Surgical resection was necessary in 1 cavernous hemangioma and 1 varix. The remainder were managed with observation.

CONCLUSIONS
There are now well-documented examples of iris racemose hemangioma, cavernous hemangioma, capillary hemangioma, varix, and microhemangiomatosis. Transient hyphema is the main complication. Observation is usually advised. Most are solitary lesions confined to the iris and some (cavernous hemangioma and microhemangiomatosis) can have important systemic associations.


The flipped classroom model is one of the active learning techniques which has depicted good results worldwide when applied to university education, especially in developing countries. This technique has been employed in several areas of knowledge; however, its application within a Pavements course has not been reported yet. So, this article aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the flipped classroom technique applied to this subject. Two research questions related to the influence of the flipped model on both, students' final grades and their opinion about its effectiveness were carried out. The experiment was applied to four groups: two groups took the course with the traditional method while the other two attended the flipped classroom model. Students from group A-B had to attend a face-to-face lecture, while learners from group C-D had to watch a pre-recorded lecture before class attendance. As result, students in the traditional model got better average final grades than those of the flipped one; however, students, in general, were more satisfied with the flipped model. The flipped model promoted self-learning and proactivity from students to look for what is unknown to them, which is a quite valuable skill in the field of Civil Engineering.


Abstract. Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for the formation of atmospheric secondary inorganic particles, such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate. Although the chemical processes associated with the gas-to-particle conversion are well known, atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia are still scarcely characterized. However, this information is critical, especially for processes concerning the equilibrium between ammonia and
ammonium nitrate, due to the semivolatile character of the latter. This study presents an analysis of the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia
during a pollution event over the Paris megacity region in spring 2012 (5 d in late March 2012). Our objective is to analyze the link between the
diurnal evolution of surface NH3 concentrations and its integrated column abundance, meteorological variables and relevant chemical species involved in gas–particle partitioning. For this, we implement an original approach based on the combined use of surface and total column ammonia measurements. These last ones are derived from ground-based remote sensing measurements performed by the Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy (OASIS) Fourier transform infrared observatory at an urban site over the southeastern suburbs of the Paris megacity. This analysis considers the following meteorological variables and processes relevant to the ammonia pollution event: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and the atmospheric boundary layer height (as indicator of vertical dilution during its diurnal development). Moreover, we study the partitioning between ammonia and ammonium particles from concomitant measurements of total particulate matter (PM) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations at the surface. We identify the origin of the pollution event as local emissions at the beginning of the analyzed period and advection of pollution from Benelux and western Germany by the end. Our results show a clearly different diurnal behavior of atmospheric ammonia concentrations at the surface and those vertically integrated over the total atmospheric column. Surface concentrations remain relatively stable during the day, while total column abundances show a minimum value in the morning and rise steadily to reach a relative maximum in the late afternoon during each day of the spring pollution event. These differences are mainly explained by vertical mixing within the boundary layer, provided that this last one is considered well mixed and therefore homogeneous in ammonia concentrations. This is suggested by ground-based measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, used as tracer of the vertical distribution of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Indeed, the afternoon enhancement of ammonia clearly seen by OASIS for the whole atmospheric column is barely depicted by surface concentrations, as the surface concentrations are strongly affected by vertical dilution within the rising boundary layer. Moreover, the concomitant occurrence of a decrease in ammonium particle concentrations and an increase in gaseous ammonia abundance suggests the volatilization of particles for forming ammonia. Furthermore, surface observations may also suggest nighttime formation of ammonium particles from gas-to-particle conversion, for relative humidity levels higher than the deliquescence point of ammonium nitrate.


A monolithic wireless receiver (100) suitable for use in a global positioning system (GPS) or other radio frequency (RF) application suitably includes a mixed-mode integrated circuit and a stacked memory device. The mixed mode integrated circuit appropriately includes a digital portion (104) and an analog portion (106) on a common die. The analog portion implements an RF receiver circuit, and the digital portion includes a signal processor that communicates with the RF receiver. The memory device appropriately communicates with the integrated circuit to store electronic instructions and data for the signal processor. The monolithic receiver may be conveniently integrated into a portable electronics device such as a camera, personal digital assistant (PDA), portable phone or the like to provide location sensing or other RF functionality.


We studied regime-switching behaviour of the volatility of the returns from the ZAR/USD exchange rate for the period January 4, 2002 to December 31, 2017. The results showed that, contrary to mainstream approaches for estimating volatility using GARCH (1,1) there are clear regimes in the returns which necessitate regime switching models. The results further revealed that the Markov regime switching model GARCH (1,1) with skewed student-t innovations is superior in capturing the heteroscedasticity of the returns. The deviance information criteria were used as a selection metric from among six candidate models.


It wasn't long ago that California hospitals were brooding over the introduction of post-surgical recovery-care centers. But the centers' ability to treat patients at lower costs is enticing some hospitals to establish friendly ties.


GPR40 is highly and dominantly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and is activated by mediumto long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) to potentiate glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Fasiglifam was a novel, oral, and selective small molecule agonist of GPR40 under development as a once-daily treatment for type 2 diabetes. Unfortunately, a development program was terminated late in phase III clinical trials due to liver safety concerns. Three important serious liver injury cases were identified among around 9100 patients treated with Fasiglifam; one case was adjudicated to be a clear Hy's Law case [ALT or AST > 3 x ULN (upper limit of normal) and total bilirubin > 2 x ULN] and the two remaining cases were considered to closely approximate Hy's Law cases. Fasiglifam-related liver toxicity was also observed in repeat-dose dog toxicity studies. It was characterized by elevation of plasma AST, ALT, ALP, and /or bilirubin and portal/periportal granulomatous inflammation with crystal formation in histopathology. This toxicity was observed in a 4-week study at 1000 mg/kg/day. The toxicity measures were greater than those observed at 150 and 80 mg/kg/day in 13and 39-week studies, respectively, indicating that the toxicity was both doseand duration-dependent. We analyzed the composition of foreign body materials observed in dog liver and identified Fasiglifam and Fasiglifam glucuronide. Although elevations of serum bilirubin and ALT were observed in repeat-dose rat studies, no histopathological changes indicative of liver injury were observed in any rat studies even at the lethal dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In this symposium, the mechanisms for liver toxicity of Fasiglifam in dogs, safety margins in plasma and bile, human relevancy and discussion with FDA and PMDA would be introduced. SL1 Predicting human liver toxicity using in vitro measures: Can past failures lead to future success?


The book of Qohelet presents a literarily noteworthy double voicing and differing perspectives by means of the sage "Qohelet" and the Epilogist. Interpreters have responded with redactional schemas, on the one hand, and with literary defenses of the rhetorical unity of the book, on the other. Aligned with literary studies that discern a rhetorical purpose underlying the fictional character of the sage, the present essay argues for a governing metanarratological irony mediated by the construction of the persona of "Qohelet." Building on appraisals of key functions of irony by Kierkegaard, Booth, and Hutcheon, this study analyzes ways in which ironic representation and authorial voice work rhetorically in the book of Qohelet. Clues to the pervasive irony informing the representation of the persona of "Qohelet" can be discerned in the unreliability of "Qohelet's" voice, in the hyperbole that shades over into caricature regarding "Qohelet's" claims about himself, and in the epistemologically illegitimate way in which "Qohelet" grounds his global skepticism in his avowedly unique and un(con)testable personal experience. Intertextual allusions to the Garden of Eden story are mustered in support of the position that the book's ironic perspective inscribes in the body of "Qohelet" and in the corpus of the text the catastrophic effects of the human choice to privilege the sapiential quest over halakhic obedience. Implications of the present analysis press a challenge to postmodernist hermeneutical strategies that fail to address adequately the issue of the competent decoding of authorial intention in ironic texts.


As the circular economy (CE) concept gains growing popularity among consumers and producers, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) increasingly look for ways to reorganize their offering and operations to integrate into the CE. This study examines the impact of (1) circular eco-innovations and (2) external funding available for CE activities on the growth of European SMEs using a dataset of 5100 SMEs across 28 European countries in 2016. Findings reveal that a significant threshold investment (i.e. higher than 10% of revenues) into circular eco-innovations is required for SMEs to benefit from investing into the CE. Moreover, the majority of circular eco-innovations fail to boost the growth rates of SMEs, with the exception of investments into eco-design innovations. While traditional forms of debt and grant finance targeted to CE activities are found to have no or negative impact on the growth of SMEs, equity finance (i.e. angel and venture capital investments) contributes positively to their growth. The study offers insights into the lower levels of SME engagement in the CE as well as policy implications for improving engagement.


Purpose: The charge of Task Group 186 is to provide guidance to early adopters of model‐based dose calculation algorithms (MBDCA) for brachytherapydose calculations. Methods: Contrary to external beam radiotherapy(EBRT), the brachytherapy (BT) community has not widely adopted heterogeneity‐correction algorithms. Yet, BT dose calculation accuracy is highly dependent on scatter conditions and photoelectric effect cross‐sections relative to water. In specific situations, differences between the current water‐based BT dose calculation formalism (TG‐43) and MBDCA can lead to differences in dose calculation exceeding a factor of ten. MBDCA raise three major issues that are not addressed by current guidance documents: 1) MBDCA doses are sensitive to specification of dose medium, resulting in energy‐dependent dose differences between computing dose to water in homogeneous water geometry (TG‐43), dose to the local medium in the inhomogeneous geometry, and the intermediate scenario of computing dose to water in the inhomogeneous geometry. 2) MBDCA doses are sensitive to voxel‐by‐voxel interaction probabilities. Neither conventional single‐energy CT nor ICRU/ICRP tissue composition compilations provide useful guidance for the task. 3) Since each patient‐source‐applicator combination is unique, having reference data for each possible combination to benchmark MBDCA is an impractical strategy. Hence, a new commissioning process is required. Results: TG‐186 addresses in detail the above issues through literature review and provides explicit recommendations based on the current state of knowledge. These recommendations include voxel‐by‐voxel tissue/organ material assignments based on modern imaging devices, applicators and shields, transport medium definition, dose scoring medium effects, a proposed commissioning process, possible changes in BT dose prescriptions, and MBDCA limitations. When data are insufficient, interim recommendations are made and potential areas of research are identified. Conclusions: Application of TG‐186 guidance should retain practice uniformity in transitioning from the TG‐43 to the MBDCA approach.


To obtain highly efficient adsorbents that were insoluble in acidic and basic aqueous solutions, we synthesized new types of crosslinked chitin derivatives (carboxymethylchitin and carboxymethylchitosan) with ionizing radiation, and we investigated the sorption of Cu(II) ions onto these crosslinked chitin derivatives. Sorption kinetic studies indicated the rapid removal of copper(II) ions from the aqueous solutions. Also, isothermal sorption data revealed that Cu(II) was removed by these crosslinked carboxymethylated chitin derivatives with high efficiency. Sorption isothermal data were interpreted well by the Langmuir equation. The uptake of Cu(II) ions was 161 mg/g on crosslinked carboxymethylchitin and 172 mg/g on crosslinked carboxymethylchitosan at pH 5.5. A low pH was favorable for Cu(II) desorption. The Cu(II) ions were desorbed from the crosslinked matrix rapidly and completely after a treatment in a diluted HCl solution, and at the same time, the adsorbents were regenerated to be used again to adsorb heavy metal ions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 556–562, 2004


A four-year-old cross-breed and neutered bitch weighing 24 kg, was presented with vaginal bleeding for one month and a vaginal mass identified two previously. An ovariohysterectomy operation was performed at two years of age; however, mating subsequently continued. Vaginal bleeding and an irregular-shaped, oedematous vaginal mass (12 × 9 × 7 cm) were detected on clinical examination. The bitch also exhibited leukocytosis and erythrocytopenia. Abundant erythrocytes together with neutrophils, lymphocytes, intermedier cells and transmis - sible venereal tumour cells were observed in vaginal cytology. Abdominal ultrasonography showed cystic ovarian tissue (2.42 × 1.36 cm) next to the right kidney. Chemotherapy was performed once a week for six weeks leading to a gradual declined in the size and oedema of the mass and to a stop in bleeding. Subsequently, the vaginal mass was extirpated and the ovarian remnant tissue was removed via laparotomy on the same day. The bitch was found to be healthy on examination four months later.


Discussions of the politics and practicalities of confronting health security challenges—from infectious disease outbreaks to antimicrobial resistance and the silent epidemic of noncommunicable diseases—hinge on the conceptualization of health security. There is no consensus among analysts about the specific parameters of health security. This inhibits comparative evaluation and critique, and affects the consistency of advice for policymakers. This article aims to contribute to debates about the meaning and scope of health security by applying Baldwin's (1997) framework for conceptualizing security with a view to propose an alternative framing. Asking Baldwin's concept‐defining questions of the health security literature highlights how implicit and explicit assumptions currently place health security squarely within a narrow traditionalist analytical framework. Such framing of health security is inaccurate and constraining, as demonstrated by practice and empirical observations. Alternative approaches to security propose that security politics can also be multiactor, cooperative, and ethical, while being conscious of postcolonial and feminist critique in search of sustainable solutions to existential threats to individuals and communities. A broader conceptualization of health security can transform the politics of health security, improving health outcomes beyond acute crises and contribute to broader security studies' debates.


Simple Summary Captive breeding is important for ex-situ conservation and future reintroduction. This research aims to conduct a population viability analysis (PVA) for a sustainable reintroduction program for bantengs. The monthly development of 23 founder individuals was assessed. The PVA showed that the time required to reach the maximum population in a captive banteng program is dependent on the carrying capacity of the habitat. The reduction of a small banteng founder group by the reintroduction of animals into the wild can negatively affect the population growth of the captive group. This information can be used to maintain the population viability of bantengs and sustain ex-situ conservation and the reintroduction program in Thailand and elsewhere. Abstract Captive breeding is important for ex-situ conservation and the future reintroduction of bovids that become extinct in the wild. The age structure, development, and viability of captive-bred bantengs (Bos javanicus) are important to sustain the long-term reintroduction program in Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary (SWF) and other areas. This research conducted a long-term population viability analysis (PVA) using height, weight, body condition scores (BSC), age structure, and development in captivity for a sustainable reintroduction program of bantengs in Thailand. Monthly development photographs of 23 founder individuals (12 males and 11 females) were assessed by three banteng experts, two researchers, and three members of the general public. The assessments of weight and BCS were not significantly different among the three groups, while height was underestimated by the general public. The PVA showed that the time to reach the maximum population in a captive banteng program is dependent on the carrying capacity of the habitat. The reduction of a small banteng founder group by the reintroduction of animals into the wild can negatively affect the population growth of the captive group. This information can be used to maintain the population viability of bantengs and sustain ex-situ conservation and the reintroduction program in Thailand and elsewhere.


The router buffer sizing problem has been identified recently as an important problem in networking research. Contrary to static proposals and rules of thumb recent efforts have been attempting to develop simple practical algorithms for dynamic queue size management, where the problem is defined on a heuristic optimization basis and the objective is to track a volatile optimum point by continuously tuning at runtime the buffer queue size, thereby adapting to the current traffic conditions. On the basis of a robust extremum control solution to the problem, proposed recently, in this paper we evaluate the QoS improvements that can be obtained with a dynamic router buffer sizing strategy compared to static proposals. The analysis is based on a plethora of data collected from several representative Ns-2 simulation experiments. Simple SLAs are adopted to reflect the QoS requirements of different applications in generic Internet traffic scenarios.


Abstract Background Hospitals devote considerable resources to water distribution system (WS) surveillance and remediation for Legionella in an effort to reduce risk of transmitting Legionnaires disease (LD). There are no models that accurately predict periods of greatest risk for Legionella culture positivity (cx +) within a WS. Our goal was to build and validate a model based on weather and water parameters that predicted Legionella cx+ in our hospital WS. Methods One liter water samples from fixtures at 2 campuses were cultured for Legionella on BCYE plates with cysteine as part of infection prevention protocols. Logistic regression (LR) and random forest (RF) models included daily hospital WS measurements and Pittsburgh FAA weather observation station data. Training and validation used 2014–2015 and 2016–2017 data, respectively. Models predicted a first +cx within 14 day windows. Results Cxs were defined as + by loop-day, if any cx from within a unique WS loop was + for Legionella on a given day. Of the 7,272 water samples, 5,304 were collected from 16 buildings on 2 campuses in which ≥1 cx + was obtained. A total of 1,262 WS loop-days were collected over 339 unique days from these buildings. Details on training and validation data sets appear in figure. Overall, water was Legionella cx + on 3% of loop-days. Models predicted positivity if risk was >6%. The LR model comprised of independent predictors of cx + had sensitivity/specificity of 44%/80% (AUC: 0.715; misclassification error: 0.21), and PPV/NPV of 9%/97% in the validation data set. The RF model comprised of the same predictors had sensitivity/specificity of 100%/98% (AUC: 1.0; misclassification error: 0.02), and PPV/NPV of 67%/100%. The most important RF variables in the validation data set were WS temperature and minimum pH over the 7 days prior to cx. Conclusion An RF model using water and weather data was validated as an accurate predictor of new Legionella cx+ within a hospital WS. Most importantly, NPV for the model was 100%, meaning that no positive Legionella cxs were recovered during periods identified as low-risk. The RF model is a powerful tool for most efficiently directing resources to Legionella surveillance and LD prevention. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Glam rock in the 1970s was often interpreted as a backlash to the pretense of the hippie culture and its failed ambitions to install a new social sensibility based around love, peace, and music (Stratton 1986). In this respect, glam's colorful costumes and garish make-up were regarded as a self-mocking send-up of the late 1960s era. Not discounting its emphasis on parody and satire, this chapter offers a different reading of glam, as a style that drew on and celebrated a broader and more nuanced post-war history of youth, style, and popular music. If glam has been described as a form of proto-punk in terms of its musical sensibilities, the same could be said of its stylistic assemblage. In much the same way that Dick Hebdige (1979) argued that punk presented in cut-up style the whole sartorial history of post-war youth, we suggest that glam actually paved the way in its revisiting of quintessential moments of 1950s rock 'n' roll and 1960s mod music and fashion.


Networks play more and more important role for human life and activity, both in critical occupations (aviation, power industry, military missions etc.), and in everyday life (home computers, education, leisure). Interaction between human and other elements of human-machine
system have changed, because they coincide in the information habitat. Human-system integration has reached new level of defense needs. The paper will introduce features of information society in respect of a human and corresponding changes in HF/E: (1) information becomes a tool, goal, mean and environment of a human activity, (2) it becomes a part of the human nature and this makes him/her unprotected, (3) human psycho-physiological status becomes not only a basis of effective performance, but an object of control and support, and means of a human security and safety should be a part of information habitat, (4) networking environment becomes an
independent actor in a human activity. Accompanying cyber-security challenges and tasks are discussed, as well as types of networking threats and Human View regarding the cyber security challenges.


The results of the placebo-controlled multicenter study of the epidemiological efficiency of the preparation Cycloferon for the prophylaxis of acute respiratory viral infections in children and adolescents are presented. A total of 16,000 children and adolescents were selected for the study. The epidemiological efficiency of the preparation manifested in 1.5- 2.9-fold decreased morbidity level with a protection index equal to 41 - 90%, was demonstrated.


Strontium-isotope ratios of Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates from two guyots in the Mid-Pacific Mountains are compared with high-resolution data derived from stratigraphically well-calibrated belemnites and oysters from sequences in England. The thickest section penetrated on Resolution Guyot can, with the aid of carbon-isotope data, be divided into stages ranging from uppermost Hauterivian to the Albian/Cenomanian boundary. The section on Allison Guyot, although more ambiguous in interpretation, is exclusively Albian, and its upper limit is also close to the contact with the Albian/Cenomanian boundary. Comparison of age-vs.-thickness data on the two guyots suggests that Allison was subsiding at a rate at least twice that of Resolution Guyot during the Albian. The strontium-isotope data are compatible with the hypothesis of synchronous cessation of deposition of shallow-water carbonates at both sites.


T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling controls the development, activation and survival of T cells by involving several layers and numerous mechanisms of gene regulation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent mRNA modification affecting splicing, translation and stability of transcripts. Here, we describe the Wtap protein as essential for m6A methyltransferase complex function and reveal its crucial role in TCR signaling. Wtap and m6A methyltransferase functions were required for the differentiation of thymocytes, control of activation-induced death of peripheral T cells and prevention of colitis by enabling gut RORγt+ regulatory T cell function. Transcriptome and epitranscriptomic analyses reveal that m6A modification destabilizes Orai1 and Ripk1 mRNAs. Lack of post-transcriptional repression of the encoded proteins correlated with increased store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) activity and diminished survival of T cells. These findings uncover how m6A modification impacts on TCR signal transduction and determines activation and survival of T cells.


Longitude determination at sea gained increasing commercial importance in the late Middle Ages, spawned by a commensurate increase in long-distance merchant shipping activity. Prior to the successful development of an accurate marine timepiece in the late-eighteenth century, marine navigators relied predominantly on the Moon for their time and longitude determinations. Lunar eclipses had been used for relative position determinations since Antiquity, but their rare occurrences precludes their routine use as reliable way markers. Measuring lunar distances, using the projected positions on the sky of the Moon and bright reference objects--the Sun or one or more bright stars--became the method of choice. It gained in profile and importance through the British Board of Longitude's endorsement in 1765 of the establishment of a Nautical Almanac. Numerous 'projectors' jumped onto the bandwagon, leading to a proliferation of lunar ephemeris tables. Chronometers became both more affordable and more commonplace by the mid-nineteenth century, signaling the beginning of the end for the lunar distance method as a means to determine one's longitude at sea.


Introduction In recent years, materials research has increasingly focused on developing a better understanding of the disordered state of matter. Much of our understanding amorphous materials has depended upon the atomic pair distribution function (PDF) obtained from diffraction experiments. However, the PDF method has poor sensitivity to medium-range order (MRO), the characterization of which is a long standing problem. Recently, fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM) was developed and successfully used for probing MRO in amorphous materials [13]. This technique gains its sensitivity to MRO by examining fluctuations in coherently scattered (speckle) intensity patterns from very small sample volumes, on a length scale determined by the illuminated radius or associated imaging resolution. The speckle variance depends on two-, threeand four-body atomic correlation functions, whereas the average, which is just the diffracted intensity, depends only on the two-body PDF. Higher order correlation functions are more sensitive to MRO [4]. In the x-ray regime, many techniques exist to probe longand shortrange order in matter, in real space by imaging and in reciprocal space by diffraction and scattering. The average intensity obtained from scattering and diffraction experiments is routinely inverted to give the atomic PDF. At present, no x-ray technique effectively probes MRO. By comparison to electrons, x-rays provide access to longer length scales due to their longer wavelengths and offer greater sample penetration with less radiation damage, as well as elemental and chemical sensitivity through resonant effects. Consequently, we are developing fluctuation x-ray microscopy (FXM) at the 2-ID-B soft x-ray beamline to study MRO in bulk samples, solutions and films at nanometer and larger length scales [5]. Compared to FEM, FXM is better suited to materials with larger characteristic length scales such as polymers, biological macromolecules and their complexes, as well as other nanostructured materials, nanocomposites and hybrids.


Islam provided a very wide space for the development of the economy. One of the basic principles in Islamic economics is the bermuamalah sistem . Namely that all the legal changes, unless there is an argument that forbids it, become the main driver of economic innovation that accelerates the growth of Islamic economics. However, many problems occur in the economic sistem in Indonesia, including the sistem of socialization, marketing, human resources that are less competent, Products produced from Islamic economics, Sharia Banks Turns Not Yet Sharia and the lack of attention of the Indonesian government in responding to the concept of Islamic Economics in Indonesia. This paper aims to find several solutions in socio-economic problems. It focuses on the concept of Islamic economics. The purpose of this study is to determine what obstacles are faced in the implementation of the Islamic economic sistem in Indonesia, how problems that arise and can be overcome so that they can be significantly solved. The method used in this research is library research with descriptive-analytic approach. With the results of the study show
that the solutions in dealing with Islamic economic problems in Indonesia include Correlation of Educational Institutions in the Development of Sharia Banking, Attention from the Government, Show the Real Role of Sharia Economy, Implementation of Dinar and Dirham Currency, Office Network, Implementation of Firm and Sistematic Regulation, Improving the Quality of Human Resources that are Less Competent and Professional, Training / Education / Socialization to Employees and the Community, Innovative Marketing, Product Innovation, Reorientation to the Real Sector and Improving Services and Professionalism.


Wireless power transfer (WPT) is frequently used as an alternative to batteries to accomplish miniaturization in electronic medical implants (eMIs). However, established WPT methods require bulky parts within the implant or cumbersome external systems, hindering minimally invasive deployments and the development of networks of eMIs. As an alternative, we propose a WPT approach based on volume conduction of high frequency (HF) current bursts. These currents are applied through external textile electrodes and are collected by the eMIs through two electrodes at their opposite ends. This approach avoids bulky components to obtain power, making it possible to develop implants with a flexible threadlike conformation. In here we study in humans if HF (6.78 MHz) current bursts complying with safety standards and applied through two textile electrodes strapped around a limb can provide substantial powers from pairs of implanted electrodes. Time averaged electric powers obtained from needle electrodes (diameter = 0.4 mm, length = 3 mm, separation = 30 mm) inserted into arms and lower legs of five healthy participants were 5.9 ± 0.7 mW and 2.4 ± 0.3 mW respectively. We also report a procedure to characterize the coupling between the external system and the implants using two-port impedance models generated from medical images. The results demonstrate for the first time in humans that innocuous and imperceptible HF current bursts that flow through the tissues by volume conduction can be used to wirelessly power threadlike eMIs, overcoming the limitations of existing WPT methods in terms of minimal invasiveness and usability.


Ultrasonography has been widely used in medicine for decades but often by specific users such as cardiologists, obstetricians, and radiologists. In the last several years, the use of this imaging modality has moved to the bedside, with clinicians performing and interpreting focused point of care ultrasonography to aid in immediate assessment and management of their patients. The growth of point of care ultrasonography has been facilitated by advancement in ultrasound-related technology and emerging studies and protocols demonstrating its utility in clinical practice. However, considerable challenges remain before this modality can be adopted across the spectrum of disciplines, primarily as it relates to training, competency, and standardization of usage. This review outlines the history, current state, challenges and the future direction of point of care ultrasonography specifically in the field of pediatric critical care medicine.


High-quality thermochromic monoclinic VO2(M) and series of W-doped V(1-x)W(x)O2(M) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by an improved thermolysis method. The products were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technologies. The measurement of DSC revealed that the metal-insulator phase transition (MIT) of 2.0% W-doped VO2 sample occurred at 25.6 degrees C, which was much lower than the MIT of host VO2(M) nanoparticles at 67.6 degrees C. The results showed that the proportion of the transmittance of tetragonal phase reached only about 29% of that of monoclinic phase for 0.5% W-doped VO2 at the wavenumber 900 cm(-1), which indicated W-doped VO2(M) was an intelligent window and optical switch materials.


Spectrophotometric determination of Ni(II) was carried out using picolinaldehyde-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (PAPT) as a complexing/chromogenic reagent. The possibility of using a micellar system was explored to enhance the degree of detection and allow a more sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of nickel ions. The anionic surfactant Triton X-100 greatly enhanced the molar absorptivity and limit of detection relative to that observed with bulk water or an organic solvent. The linear calibration graphs were obtained for 0.5-2.0 mg L−1 and 0.001-1.0 mg L−1 of Ni(II) in aqueous and surfactant media, respectively. Using this approach, the limit of detection for the PAPT-Ni(II) complex (based on 3σ of blank absorbance/slope) was found to be 0.0008 mg L−1 with a micellar enhancement reagent. The interference from over 50 cations, anions, and complexing agents was studied at 0.50 mg L−1 of Ni(II); most metal ions can be tolerated in considerable amounts in aqueous micellar solutions.


Cell contact guidance is the phenomenon of changes in cell shape, adhesion and migration in response to the substrate anisotropy. Here, we describe the application of fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy for the investigation of contact guidance. The model system used in this study consisted of HaCaT human keratinocytes grown on either random or aligned electrospun mats. Scanning electron microscopy allowed us to describe the cell shape and visualize both the nanofibers and the cell surface. The fluorescence microscopy was used to assess the influence of the substrate morphology on cell proliferation. HaCaT cells proliferated more intensely on the aligned mats than on the random ones.


Abstract This research is the first to analyze the relationship between lifestyles and purchase intentions in first-generation bicultural consumers residing in Canada. It applies the Activities, Interests, and Opinions (AIO) model and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and includes education level as a moderating variable to find differences in consumption between the country of origin and the host country. A total of 194 personal surveys were administered. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), suggesting that subjective norm predicts purchase intention, being positively related to Health and Optimism and Household Oriented and Industrious, and negatively related to Self-reliance and Leadership. A negative impact was found between the education level and the subjective norm, which was significant concerning the host country. The study also revealed that the subjective norm is positively related to Health and Optimism and negatively related to Self-reliance and Leadership, improving the model's predictive accuracy when the educational level is involved. The findings demonstrate the usefulness of TPB and provide marketers with better identification of psychographic market segments.


The developmental switch to sporulation in Physarum polycephalum is a phytochrome-mediated far-red light-induced cell fate decision that synchronously encompasses the entire multinucleate plasmodial cell and is associated with extensive reprogramming of the transcriptome. By repeatedly taking samples of single cells after delivery of a light stimulus pulse, we analysed differential gene expression in two mutant strains and in a heterokaryon of the two strains all of which display a different propensity for making the cell fate decision. Multidimensional scaling of the gene expression data revealed individually different single cell trajectories eventually leading to sporulation. Characterization of the trajectories as walks through states of gene expression discretized by hierarchical clustering allowed the reconstruction of Petri nets that model and predict the observed behavior. Structural analyses of the Petri nets indicated stimulus- and genotype-dependence of both, single cell trajectories and of the quasipotential landscape through which these trajectories are taken. The Petri net-based approach to the analysis and decomposition of complex cellular responses and of complex mutant phenotypes may provide a scaffold for the data-driven reconstruction of causal molecular mechanisms that shape the topology of the quasipotential landscape.


low risk) was associated with significantly increased diseasefree survival of 97% vs. 87% for patients with melanomas in which AMBLor was lost (P = 0 01; hazard ratio 0 20, 95% confidence interval 0 09–0 42), and with a negative predictive value of 97 1%. A budget impact model was subsequently constructed using parameters from National Health Service reference costs and a freedom of information request, involving 75 trusts and published papers. The model assumed patients with AJCC stage IA AMBLor low-risk melanoma are steppeddown from the NG14 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence melanoma guidelines follow-up regimen of four in 1 year to one at the end of the first year and with AJCC stage IB–IIB AMBLor low-risk melanomas reduced from 16 visits over 5 years to four annual reviews. Attendant reductions in computed tomography scans, SLNB and complications were modelled with pathology costs demonstrating an average saving of £175 18 per patient. Collectively, these data suggest AMBLor as a marker to identify a genuinely low-risk subsets of patients with AJCC stage I/II melanomas. Furthermore, use of AMBLor may serve as a means of stratifying patients for reduced follow-up and/or SLNB, with the potential for significant savings on healthcare resources.


24-hour mean plasma levels of T3 and T4 were compared in 29 rigorously selected breast cancer patients (all stages) and 27 healthy women, and 8 A.M. "spot" plasma T4 levels were compared in 43 consecutive unselected breast cancer patients (all stages), 22 women with other-than-breast cancer, 21 women with miscellaneous non-cancerous illnesses, and the same 27 healthy women. The 24-hour T3 levels were the same in the breast cancer patients and healthy controls, but the 24-hour T4 levels were significantly higher in the cancer patients (7.7 vs 5.8 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.001); equal elevations were present in all stages of cancer. Spot T4 levels were likewise significantly higher in the breast cancer patients than in the healthy controls (8.8 vs 7.3 micrograms/dl, p less than 0.005). The women with other-than-breast cancer and the women with miscellaneous non-cancerous illnesses also showed significant elevations of spot T4 levels, indistinguishable from those of the breast cancer patients. It is concluded that breast cancer patients as a group show significant hyperthyroxinemia and that this finding may represent a second nonspecific abnormality of thyroid hormones in disease, hypotriiodothyroninemia (low-T3 syndrome) being the first.


Infection of vertebrates with the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni induces a variety of host immune responses, which are directed against both protein and carbohydrate antigens. In this report, we describe our studies on the structures of antigenic oligosaccharides derived from glycoproteins synthesized by S. mansoni. Immobilized antibodies derived from the sera of infected hamsters and mice bind to a family of high molecular weight Asn-linked oligosaccharides in glycoproteins from the adult parasite. Structural analysis of the major antigenic oligosaccharides revealed that they have high amounts of fucose-linked alpha 1,3 to N-acetylglucosamine residues within the linear repeating disaccharide (3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc beta 1)n, a poly-N-acetyllactosamine sequence containing the Lewis X antigenic blood group. The remarkable ability of S. mansoni to synthesize these vertebrate-type oligosaccharides may have implications in both the mechanisms of host-parasite interactions and on the development of vaccines to prevent this disease in humans.


Author(s): Hopkins, Sienna | Advisor(s): Ciavolella, Massimo | Abstract: This dissertation explores the development of female biography in Renaissance Italy, particularly highlighting the thematic changes the genre experienced as a result of the Counter Reformation, and how the female ideals it portrayed often conflicted with the societal expectations of the donna illustre. The first chapters lay the groundwork for this investigation by providing a survey of the biographical genre in Italy and its ancient Greek and Roman influences, then highlighting the cultural attitudes about women as portrayed in querelle literature and female conduct manuals of 16th and 17th-century Italy. These communicate the standard of expected behavior for women in the Italian Renaissance, by which the female protagonists of biographies are measured, and the juxtaposition reveals that while the protagonists in the earlier biographies generally conform to the standards of contemporary conduct manuals, those in Post Tridentine biographies do not. Their protagonists are instead lauded for their fervent, often extreme, religious practices and for their inward search for humility. The investigation thus reveals the genre's shift in focus to be one that moves from the civic to the religious, from the public donna illustre to the private donna umile. The biographies discussed in this study are: Sabadino degli Arienti's Gynevera delle clare donne (1483) and Vita di Anna Sforza (1500); Sebastiano Morales' Vita, et morte della serenissima Maria di Portogallo principessa di Parma, a Piacenza (1577); Giovanni Petruccini's Relazione della vita esemplare della Signora Sestilia Sabolini (1621); Hippolito Porro's Vita, e morte della sig. Cornelia Lampugnana Ro gentildonna Milanese (1624); Gregorio Leti's Vita di Donna Olimpia Maldachini, che gouerni?½ la Chiesa, durante il Ponteficato d'Innocentio X (1666); and Antonio Lupis' L'eroina veneta, ouero la vita di Elena Lucretia Cornara Piscopia (1689). Three of these women's stories have survived history and accounts of their lives and influence can be found in multiple Renaissance texts: Ginevra Sforza is known as a domineering and vindictive tyrant of Bologna; Olimpia Maidalchini as the "popess" who controlled the Vatican during her brother-in-law, Pope Innocent X's reign; and Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia as the first woman ever to earn a doctoral degree. The lives of the other female protagonists, Princess Maria of Parma, Cornelia Lampugnana Ro, and Sestilia Sabolini, have only one historical voice, their biographies.


Miskwabik, Metal of Ritual examines the thousands of beautiful and intricate ritual works of art-from ceremonial weaponry to delicate copper pendants and ear ornaments-created in eastern North America before the arrival of Europeans. The first comprehensive examination of this 3,000-year-old metallurgical tradition, the book provides unique insight into the motivation of the artisans and the significance of these objects, and highlights the brilliance and sophistication of the early civilizations of the Americas.Comparing the ritual architecture and metallurgy of the original Americans with the ethnological record, Amelia M. Trevelyan begins to unravel the mystery of the significance of the objects as well as their special functions within the societies that created them.


This policy statement aims to enhance comfort and increase knowledge of pediatric organ donation and transplantation to the general pediatric community, specifically focusing on the pediatric health care professional and the medical home. The pediatric health care professional will care for neonates, infants, children, and adolescents who may become donors or transplant recipients and, thus, is a crucial member of the pediatric patient's care team. Understanding donation, transplantation, and follow-up care are important to primary care engagement. Furthermore, the pediatric health care professional may play a role in shaping public policies related to the process of organ donation and access to organ transplantation.


Field strains of the cattle tick, Amblyomma variegatum, collected from 10 herds scattered in the western part of the coastal savanna zone of Ghana, were tested for resistance to acaricides, according to the FAO Acaricide Test kit. Discriminating doses were obtained from tests with a reference susceptible strain of Boophilus microplus. The LC50 values, where possible, were derived from fitted lines for graphs of mortality rates versus acaricide concentration for the various herds. Tick larvae from all the herds were completely susceptible to cypermethrin (0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, and 0.80 %) and flumethrin (0.003, 0.006, 0.012, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, and 0.50 %). However, eight herds had significant proportions of tick larvae showing resistance to diazinon at 0.2 per cent concentration, while three herds showed resistance to 0.2 per cent dieldrin. At the discriminating dose of 0. 2 per cent coumaphos, none of the ticks from the herds tested showed resistance. The results indicate possible resistance of field strains of A. variegatum to organophosphates, toxaphene, and/or lindane. The implications of this finding are important, if tick control measures should be effective in the coastal savanna zone of Ghana. Ghana Jnl agric Sci. Vol.32(2) 1999: 199-204


Localized energy exchange and mechanical coupling across a few nm gap at a corrugated graphene-substrate interface remain great challenges to study. In this work, an infrared laser is used to excite an unconstrained epitaxial graphene/SiC interface to induce a local thermal non-equilibrium. The interface behavior is uncovered using a second laser beam for Raman excitation. Using Raman peaks for dual thermal probing, the temperature difference across a gap of just a few nm is determined precisely. The interfacial thermal conductance is found to be extremely low: 410 ± 7 W m(-2) K(-1), indicating poor phonon transport across the interface. By decoupling of the graphene's mechanical and thermal behavior from the Raman wavenumber, the stress in graphene is found to be extremely low, uncovering its flexible mechanical behavior. Based on interface-enhanced Raman, it is found that the increment of interface separation between graphene and SiC can be as large as 2.9 nm when the local thermal equilibrium is destroyed.


Clinical neurological abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia have been generally called "Neurological Soft Signs" (NSS). Studies have consistently shown increased NSS in patients with schizophrenia as compared to healthy persons. Early studies were limited by possible confounds of prior neuroleptic medications and illness chronicity. Studies in first episode never treated schizophrenia patients have addressed these confounds. The clinical significance of these findings and the correlation with cognitive dysmetria is the focus of the current review. Relevant literature was obtained using PUBMED and MEDLINE search (1980–2008) and a direct search of reference list of pertinent journal articles. In a 2003 study, neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients had significantly more NSS than controls. Patients who were more neurologically impaired had more negative symptoms. Higher NSS scores in treatment-naive schizophrenia patients and the absence of correlation between NSS and illness duration lends support to a neurodevelopmental pathogenesis for schizophrenia. The finding of incoordination and cerebellar signs in most studies also supports the "cognitive dysmetria" explanatory model for schizophrenia. A significant subgroup of patients with schizophrenia may have more neuropathological abnormalities, which predisposes them for a more severe and chronic course of illness. These patients may potentially be identified by clinical neurological examination, which might be very important for prognostication and evolving better methods of treatment for these patients. NSS, by themselves or as a composite index with other neurobiological parameters, hold potential as a candidate endophenotype for schizophrenia.


Background: Small volume nebulisers (SVNs) with masks commonly provide aerosol therapy for infants with lung diseases. However, infants and toddlers are often disturbed by and thus reject masks. Aims: To compare the lung deposition efficiency of the "usual" SVN aerosol mask and a prototype hood attached to an SVN. The advantage of the hood is that no mask is needed and medication can readily be administered during sleep. Methods:99mTc salbutamol solution was administered at random by SVN plus mask or hood to 14 wheezy infants (mean age 8 (SD 5) months). The dose and distribution of salbutamol were evaluated using gamma scintigraphy. Clinical response, tolerability by the infants, and parent preference were also compared. Results: Mean total lung deposition was 2.6% with the hood and 2.4% with the mask (p > 0.05). Variability with the mask was greater than with the hood (coefficient of variation (CoV) 54% v 39%). Both treatments provided similar clinical benefit and side effects as reflected in improved oxygen saturation, reduced respiratory frequency, and increased heart rate. Infants accepted the hood better than the mask and there was a positive correlation between poor acceptance and upper airways and stomach deposition for both treatment modalities. Parents preferred the hood treatments. Conclusions: Aerosol therapy by hood is as efficient as by mask but provides a better therapeutic index. It is much better tolerated by infants and preferred by parents. Hood nebulisation is a simple and patient friendly mode of aerosol therapy in wheezy infants.


BACKGROUND
Many side effects of combination therapy using pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been well described. Ocular complications are fairly common. Diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic hypertension are possible suggested risk factors for development of these complications.

PURPOSE
To determine the frequency of retinopathy and its risk factors in patients treated with combined pegylated IFN and ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C infection.

METHODS
Eligible 98 patients for HCV treatment with pegylated IFN a-2a, a-2b, and ribavirin between October 2011 and March 2012 were included. All patients underwent a baseline full ophthalmological examination, and any visual complaints during treatment prompted a repeat eye examination.

RESULTS
Out of the eligible 98 patients, 48 (48.78%) patients received pegylated IFN alpha-2a, and the other 50 (51.21%) patients were treated with pegylated IFN alpha-2b. Out of 98 patients, 21 (21.42%) had diabetes; 19 (19.38%) patients had hypertension and 16 (16.32%) patients had both diabetes; and hypertension. Only 8 patients (8.16%) had documented retinopathy [2 had DM; one had hypertension; 4 had both hypertension and diabetes; and one patient without DM or hypertension]. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that diabetic, hypertensive patients are at increased risk for development of IFN-associated retinopathy (IAR) (P=0.007, Odds ratio=6.5, 95% confidence interval=1.56-27.

CONCLUSION
Retinopathy in chronic HCV-infected patients undergoing treatment with combination of pegylated IFN-alpha and ribavirin therapy appears to be relatively low, and treatment cessation is rarely needed. Diabetic, hypertensive patients are at increased risk for IAR and are recommended to be ophthalmologically followed-up.


Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is marked by the persistent inflammation and osteodestruction, causing progressive disability. The mechanisms leading to joint destruction involve differentiation and activation of osteoclasts, multinucleated cells derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage. Human osteoclast progenitors (OCPs) represent a subpopulation of peripheral blood monocytes and have been shown to be present at low frequency in the peripheral blood of healthy subjects and arthritic patients. Objectives The aim of our study was to analyze the phenotype, frequency and osteoclastogenic potential of OCPs in the peripheral blood and synovial fluid of RA patients compared with peripheral blood OCPs of healthy controls. In addition, results were correlated with clinical data, including inflammatory indicators and variables describing disease activity and severity. Methods Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy controls and RA patients, after obtaining approval from the Ethical Committee and informed consent from patients. A subset of peripheral blood and synovial fluid samples were collected from RA patients prior and in the follow-up of TNF-blockage treatment. The phenotype of isolated mononuclear cells was determined within peripheral blood and synovial fluid mononuclear cells using flow cytometry for the following surface markers: CD3, CD11b, CD14, CD16, CD19, CD56, CD115, CCR1, CCR2, CCR4. Lymphoid lineage negative (CD3-CD19-CD56-) population expressing myeloid markers (CD11b/CD14) was then sorted and cultured with the addition of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF; 30 ng/mL) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand (RANKL; 60 ng/mL) for two weeks to stimulate osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts were detected by cytochemical staining for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. In addition, expression of chemokine receptors was profiled in order to determine the migratory properties of putative osteoclast progenitor subpopulations. Results We have verified that peripheral blood and synovial fluid samples of RA patients contain an osteoclastogenic population bearing the phenotype CD3-CD19-CD56-CD11b+CD14+. A proportion of cells within this population also express myeloid markers (CD115 and CD16) and different chemokine receptors. This osteoclastogenic population is significantly increased in RA patients, comprising 2.5-5.5% of circulating mononuclear cells compared to approximately 1.5% in healthy controls. The same population was found to comprise 1% of synovial fluid monocytes. Cultures of sorted OCPs from RA patients revealed that both circulatory and synovial progenitor populations exhibit in vitro osteoclastogenic potential. Anti TNF-treatment was not able to significantly decrease the proportion of OCPs, and only transiently suppressed their differentiation in cultures stimulated by RANKL and M-CSF. Conclusions Our study revealed that peripheral blood and synovial fluid monocyte subpopulations, including OCPs, are heterogeneous by surface marker expression, size and function, and could be specifically induced in chronic inflammatory joint diseases such as RA. References Komano et al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2006, 8:R152. Husheem et al. Calcif Tissue Int (2005) 76:222–230. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.4681


The insufficient number of haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in cord blood (CB) is the major potential limitation to widespread use of CB for marrow replacement. Cytokine‐mediated ex vivo expansion has been proposed as a means of increasing the number of CB HSCs for transplantation. However, the biology of CB HSCs during cytokine‐mediated ex vivo expansion, such as apoptosis or expression of adhesion molecules, has not yet been elucidated. We have investigated the patterns of apoptosis and CD44 expression on human CB CD34+ cells during ex vivo expansion. CD34+ cells isolated from human CB were cultured in a stroma‐free liquid culture system with thrombopoietin (TPO), flt3‐ligand (FL), stem cell factor (SCF), and/or granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF). During the culture, for up to 5 weeks, apoptosis was measured by staining with 7‐amino‐actinomycin D (7‐AAD) along with concurrent immunophenotyping of CD34 and CD44 with three‐colour flow cytometry. In the cultures with TPO, an apoptotic fraction with down‐regulated CD44 appeared from the fourth day up to the second week. G‐CSF also induced apoptosis but in a different manner; the apoptotic fraction without down‐regulation of CD44 appeared unremittingly for up to 5 weeks. FL did not induce apoptosis or down‐regulation of CD44. These findings show that apoptosis is indeed involved in the regulation of CB CD34+ cells in ex vivo expansion and the patterns of apoptosis are dependent on the type of cytokines used. The distinct patterns of apoptosis suggest different mechanisms of TPO and G‐CSF in inducing apoptosis, which still remains to be elucidated.


This paper describes and evaluates an approach to online supported, work-focused learning where undergraduate students operate as action-researchers; planning and implementing action for improvement in their workplace as a basis for award-bearing credit in higher education. A model is proposed for a meaningful, ongoing tripartite relationship between the Higher Education Institution, learner and small and medium enterprises that is viable. The way the design enables the learner to develop their 'higher level skills that embody the essence of higher education' (Willis, 2008) is an important issue if the ideas and approach are to be widely adopted. The paper outlines the curriculum design and the nature of the students work-focused inquiries. Data from final year research reports was analysed to identify the characteristics of the projects undertaken by students uncovering 'who they have become'. Challenges and issues of the approach are discussed.


One of the severe limitations in detecting neutrino signals from nuclear reactors is that the copious cosmic ray background imposes the use of a time veto upon the passage of the muons to reduce the number of fake signals due to muon-induced spallation neutrons. For this reason neutrino detectors are usually located underground, with a large overburden. However there are practical limitations that do restrain from locating the detectors at large depths underground. In order to decide the depth underground at which the Neutrino Angra Detector (currently in preparation) should be installed, an estimate of the cosmogenic background in the detector as a function of the depth is required. We report here a simple analytical estimation of the muon rates in the detector volume for different plausible depths, assuming a simple plain overburden geometry. We extend the calculation to the case of the San Onofre neutrino detector and to the case of the Double Chooz neutrino detector, where other estimates or measurements have been performed. Our estimated rates are consistent.


The study aims to understand which are the determining factors that influence the orientation of academic students in the business area in relation to CSR. A survey was applied to 340 students. Analyzed by structural equations and analysis of variance test, the results indicated that personal values affect the dimensions of CSR orientation. Specifically, it was found that the female gender is more prone to philanthropic CSR orientation. The other factors, on the other hand, were not statistically significant to infer different behaviors between groups, whether political, religious or volunteering.


BACKGROUND
Use of compensatory strategies may be a marker for preclinical disability.

OBJECTIVE
To determine, among persons who did not report mobility disability, if the reported use of compensatory strategies was a predictor of subsequent disability at 2 years in those who did and did not have visual impairment at baseline.

METHODS
Within a population-based sample of 2520 persons aged 65 to 84 years, those who reported no difficulty walking or stair-climbing at baseline (not disabled) were studied. Visual impairment was defined as a visual acuity worse than 20/40, log contrast sensitivity less than 1.5, or more than 30 points missing in the visual field. Use of compensatory strategies at baseline was reported as changing the frequency or method used to walk or climb stairs. Incident disability was defined as report of new difficulty in mobility at 2 years.

RESULTS
Those using compensatory strategies at baseline were 3 times more likely to report incident disability in walking and stair-climbing, compared with persons who did not use compensatory strategies. Visual field impairment was the most significant predictor of incident mobility disability of all the vision measures studied. Among those with visual field impairment, users of compensatory strategies were 3 times more likely to report incident walking disability (95% confidence interval, 1.87-5.58) and incident stair-climbing disability (95% confidence interval, 1.86-4.83) compared with those who did not use compensatory strategies.

CONCLUSION
Preclinical disability, characterized by use of compensatory strategies in those with no disability, is a predictor for subsequent disability and may help identify patients with visual impairment for whom mobility interventions are warranted.


The present invention operating state and at least one energy-may assume a saving state, the power supply 7 and the electronic device (1) which can be connected to the mains voltage in the operating state energy - can be controlled by the saving state, and relates to an electronic device (1) having an evaluation unit (4) that can be controlled by the station, the evaluation unit (4) is the power supply 7 is energy-evaluation unit (4) to assume a saving state by a turn-turn-back in order to assume the number is off and the operation mode - to be turned on and connected to the power supply (7), the evaluation unit (4) is turned in at least the power supply (7) in an off state , receive or receive supply of energy from other electronic apparatus connected to the electronic device through a standard interface and / or receive or supply energy from the capacitor and / or a supply of energy from the accumulator, and It is supplied with energy from / or solar cells. The present invention also provides at least one energy-directed to a method of controlling an electronic device in a saving state, it will also relates to a computer, also relates to a device which is comprised of computers and electronic devices.


glosses and scholia, which Usener separated from his text and printed between it and the critical notes, return, in this new edition, to their place in the codices (though in smaller type, between round brackets), even if, as in § 40 (p. 6, 3 f.), it be between the article rav and its noun a-aparav. The editor adopts the view which makes these'insertions responsible in some measure for corruption or occasionally for a lacuna. Thus he extends by one line the intrusive matter in § 50 (p. 11, 3), and treats in the same way as an insertion in § 133 (p. 50, 1-4) the well-known defence of free will, actually prefixing <A£y« iv SXkois. . . >. Wherever Epicurus said this, be must have been wrought up (as in the letter to Menoeceus) to a fine fervour, to judge by the avoidance of hiatus. Misprints are rare, bur on p. v 1523 should be 1533: in apparatus to § 143 (p. 53, last line) there is a false concord. On p. viii will be found a very useful list of articles and reviews bearing on the textual criticism of Epicurus. Although the strong point of this recension is its adhesion to the codices, sound emendations, e.g. m re (Arndt) in § 38 and ovpfUvei (Bywater) in § 140, long overdue, win just recognition. 1


The purpose of this study is to suggest of facilities improvement and plan at children shelters. To this purpose, the researcher visited and interviewed users of three children shelters. To achieve a concrete goal of the study, (1) property room size per admitted children, (2) space satisfaction as bedroom, living room in a establishment, (3) facilities satisfaction as corridor, sanitation fixture. furniture (4) environment satisfaction as electricity, cooling and heating, ventilation, (5) exterior satisfaction as building image, color, landscape was analysed by interviewing. Based on the results of the analysis, a improvement for children shelters was presented.


Introduction: South Asian and Chinese are the two largest minority groups in Canada with over 1,000,000 people each. In British Columbia these two ethnic populations account for about 70% of the province9s visible minority. While ethnic minorities represent a large segment of our population there is minimal data characterizing their cancer experience hindering the planning and implementation of effective national cancer control strategies. Objectives: The study objectives were to determine incidence rates for oral, respiratory and gastro-intestinal cancers among BC South Asians and BC Chinese and compare these rates to the rest of BC population. Methods: All new invasive cancers diagnosed between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1999 were extracted from the BC Cancer Registry. Cases were classified as BC South Asian or BC Chinese by using surnames lists compiled from local telephone directories and the BC Screening Mammography Program. Population counts were extracted from the 1996 Census. Age standardized incidence rates were calculated using as standard the 1996 BC general population. Results: The highest incidence of nasopharyngeal, liver and stomach cancers was found among Chinese. Incidence rates for nasopharyngeal cancer were 11.24/100,00 population for Chinese males, 0.59/100,000 for BC males and 0.16 for South Asian males. Among south Asians the highest incidence rates were for cancer of the mouth and gallbladder. Incidence rate of gallbladder among South Asian women was 4 times the BC and Chinese women rates. Colorectal cancer incidence rates were highest among BC population. Conclusions: The data show cancer incidence rates that are distinctive for each population underscoring the importance of reporting cancer rates by ethnic populations and the need to tailor prevention strategies to each of them.


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Photoluminescence (PL) of single poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) J-aggregate nanofibers (NFs) exhibits strong quenching under intensity-modulated pulsed excitation. Initial PL intensities (I(0)) decay to steady-state levels (ISS) typically within ∼ 1-10 μs, and large quenching depths (I(0)/I(SS) >2) are observed for ∼ 70% of these NFs. Similar studies of polymorphic, H-aggregate type P3HT NFs show much smaller PL quenching depths (I(0)/I(SS) ≤ 1.2). P3HT chains in J-type NF π-stacks possess high intrachain order, which has been shown previously to promote the formation of long-lived, delocalized polarons. We propose that these species recombine nongeminately to triplets on time scales of >1 ns. The identity of triplets as the dominant PL quenchers was confirmed by subjecting NFs to oxygen, resulting in an instantaneous loss of triplet PL quenching (I(0)/I(SS) ∼ 1). The lower intrachain order in H-type NFs, similar to P3HT thin-film aggregates, localizes excitons and polarons, leading to efficient geminate recombination that suppresses triplet formation at longer time scales. Our results demonstrate the promise of self-assembly strategies to control intrachain ordering within multichromophoric polymeric aggregate assemblies to tune exciton coupling and interconversion processes between different spin states.