Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is essential for development, differentiation and function of natural killer (NK) and memory (m) CD8+T cells. Our lab previously showed that NK and CD8+T cells facilitate systemic inflammation and physiological dysfunction during septic shock. However, factors that regulate NK and CD8+T cell function during sepsis are not well characterized. We hypothesize that IL-15 promotes the pathogenesis of sepsis by maintaining NK and mCD8+T cell numbers and function. To test our hypothesis, the response of IL-15-deficient (IL-15 KO) mice to sepsis was assessed. IL-15 KO mice showed improved survival, attenuated hypothermia, and less pro-inflammatory cytokine production during septic shock caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with IL-15 superagonist (IL-15 SA, IL-15/IL-15Rα complex) regenerated NK and mCD8+ T cells and re-established mortality of IL-15 KO mice during septic shock. Preventing NK cell regeneration attenuated the restoration of mortality caused by IL-15 SA. If given immediately prior to septic challenge, IL-15 neutralizing IgG M96 failed to protect against septic shock. However, M96 caused NK cell depletion and conferred protection if given 4 days prior to septic challenge. IL-15 SA treatment amplified septic shock, which was prevented by NK cell or IFNγ depletion. IL-15 SA treatment also exacerbated septic shock caused by CLP if given after the onset of sepsis. In conclusion, endogenous IL-15 doesn't directly augment the pathogenesis of sepsis but enables septic shock by maintaining NK cell numbers and function. Exogenous IL-15 SA exacerbates severity of sepsis by activating NK cells and facilitating IFNγ production.


The enhancement effect of the backscattered intensity in a random continuum under the forward scatter approximation is studied. This effect is attributed to the gain of coherence recovered from random decorrelation when the backward scattered ray passes through the same random structure as the incident ray. This effect can be completely described by the enhancement factor defined as the ratio of the average backscattered power over that in the absence of multiple scattering. In this paper, this enhancement phenomenon is investigated for two kinds of sources: a point source and a beam wave, and two kinds of power spectral functions: a Gaussian spectrum and a power law spectrum. For the case of a point source two ranges of scattering strength are considered: weak scattering and strong scattering. In the limit of weak scattering, the supereikonal approximation is applied. On the other hand, in the limit of strong scattering, the statistical saturation is assumed to be reached. For the case of a beam wave, only strong scattering is considered. Computations have been made as the beam size is varied. It is found that the enhancement effect subsides as the beam size is increased.


The complex interplay between genes and environment affecting body mass gain over lifecycle periods of risk is not well understood. We use longitudinal sibling cohort data to examine the role of shared household environment, additive genetic, and shared genetic effects on Body Mass Index (BMI) and BMI change. In the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, siblings and twin pairs sharing households for ≥10 years as adolescents (N=5524; mean=16.5±1.7 years) were followed into young adulthood (N = 4368; mean=22.4±1.8 years). Using a variance component approach, we quantified genetic and household effects on BMI in siblings and non-siblings sharing household environments over time. Adjusting for race, age, sex, and age by sex interaction, we detected a heritability of 0.43±0.05 for BMI change. Significant household effects were noted during the young adulthood time period only (0.11±0.06). We find evidence for shared genetic effects between BMI and BMI change during adolescence [Genetic Correlation (ρG)=0.61±0.03] and young adulthood (ρG=0.23±0.06). Our findings support a complex etiology of BMI and BMI change.


Report completed by students enrolled in CEGE 8602: Stream Restoration Practice, taught by Dr. Vaughn Voller and Chris Paola in fall 2015.


SUMMARY Concomitant use of herbal remedies may lead to toxicity or failure of conventional therapies in different patients. The objectives of this survey were to assess: (1) the prevalence of the use of vegetal remedies by cancer and transplanted patients (2) the level of communication about such use to the physicians (3) whether such use might be associated to adverse reactions or interactions with conventional drugs. The study was carried out on 100 consecutive cancer patients attending the outpatient medical oncology clinic of the University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo and on other 100 transplanted patients who were hospitalized or followed up at ISMETT, Palermo. Another group was composed of 248 relatives of patients interviewed at ISMETT. Among cancer patients, 6 referred a current use of vegetal remedies (in particular Aloein 4 cases and fennel in two), while 28 referred a previous use. Among transplanted patients, 4 and 13 referred current and previous use of vegetal remedies, respectively. Of the other subjects interviewed, 8 and 68 referred current and previous use of vegetal remedies, respectively. There was not so a substantial change in the use of herbal products with the onset of the disease, which could demonstrate a major concern for the efficacy of conventional treatments. No patient or subject reported a current or previous usage of Hypericum. 83.3% of cancer patients, 50% of transplanted patients and 87.5% of the other subjects referred having communicated the current use of vegetal remedies to their physicians. Overall, we have verified that in a Sicilian sample of cancer and transplanted patients the use of herbal remedies is relatively low and with characteristics not alarming in terms of significant toxicities or interactions with conventional drugs.


The energy used for heating and cooling has significant impact on the electricity bills of residential and commercial buildings, and heat pumps have been installed as a solution to reduce these costs. In Europe, around 11% of the buildings already have heat pumps installed, but there is still a lack of optimization of their usage profile to maintain the thermal comfort of the buildings and the equipment efficiency. Moreover, buildings with photovoltaic (PV) energy generation have additional flexibility that can be explored, but the operational complexity also increases, which makes finding the optimal profile to enhance self-consumption challenging. Techniques for energy optimization and building modeling can help to identify the best energy profile in an automated way, facilitated by IoT devices and advanced communication infrastructure. The objective of this paper is to provide a framework to perform autonomous demand response control actions and demonstrate a use case for improving the usage of heat pumps. This includes the data to be collected for the simulation of thermal patterns and to create the optimal curve of energy usage in two real scenarios. The achievements of this study show that remote access to the system data can allow for enhanced energy usage, through the utilization of building modeling and electric energy optimization models.


This paper aims to demonstrate the potential of quantitative research synthesis, i.e. meta-analysis, as a methodology for comparative and explorative research, with a particular view on tourism research. The attention is focused on regional tourist multipliers which measure the effects of tourist expenditure on the economy of a region. On the basis of a sample of studies on tourist multipliers, differences among tourist income multipliers are ex post examined. The preliminaries of this investigation are discussed in order to show some important issues a meta-analyst is confronted with. Besides, the results of the comparative analysis of previous studies are transferred to the Greek island of Lesvos. This area was estimated to have an average tourist income multiplier falling in between 0.55 and 0.67.


Sub-20-fs deep ultraviolet (DUV) pulses are generated by using nondegenerate, chirped-pulse four-wave mixing of the fundamental and second-harmonic pulses from a commercial Ti:sapphire amplifier in a CaF(2) plate. The energy of the DUV pulses is 3.8 μJ, with a conversion efficiency from total pump energy to DUV of ~3.8%. The DUV pulse is compressed using a pre-chirp, introduced via a fused silica window in the fundamental beam. The central wavelength of the DUV spectrum can be tuned from 257 to 277 nm by adjusting the cross angle between the two pump beams. The spectrum can reach a width of 16.8 nm, which can support a pulse duration of 8.7 fs.


This article will focus on the role of women in three red power events: the occupation of Alcatraz Island, the Fish-in movement, and the occupation at Wounded Knee. Men held most public roles at Alcatraz and Wounded Knee, even though women were the numerical majority at Wounded Knee. Female elders played a significant role at Wounded Knee, where the occupation was originally their idea. In contrast to these two occupations, the public leaders of the Fish-in movement were women—not an untraditional role for women of Northwest Coastal tribes.


There is increasing interest in investigating work intensification as a new job demand. However, its contribution beyond the state of work intensity remains unclear and is thus far limited to two specific occupations. In the present study, I examine work intensification and work intensity simultaneously in their relations to health complaints based on a representative sample of the German workforce. The results show that the feeling of intensified work has unique effects beyond the state of intense work and even amplifies the effect of work intensity on psychosomatic complaints. With regard to musculoskeletal complaints, the effects are weaker and the interaction is not significant. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.


Vacuum impregnation (VI) is a non-thermal, non-destructive treatment that aims to modify the composition of food material by partially removing water and impregnating it with physiologically active compounds without affecting the material's structural integrity. Vacuum impregnation can be used to accelerate the Industrial process. It has various advantages like fast process, energy economical and easily performed at room temperature. VI basically fills large volume of intercellular spaces in tissues of fruits and vegetable and modifies the physico-chemical and the organoleptic properties of the same. Furthermore, providing enough information on the various advantages of these techniques is yet to be explored and is underutilized. Present review explores the importance and technique of VI with the future gaps so that the same technology can be further exploited commercially. Accepted: 01 July 2016 Available Online: 06 July 2016


Four patients, three men aged 51, 45 and 31 and a woman aged 22 years with portal vein thrombosis presented with symptoms or signs of biliary obstruction. Laboratory examination showed cholestasis. Cholangiography demonstrated smooth indentations of the common bile duct consistent with external compression by collateral veins. The clinical course varied from spontaneous resolution of both symptoms and serum biochemical abnormalities to persistent cholestasis. In two patients, surgical treatment (splenorenal shunt and hepaticojejunostomy) failed due to the presence of numerous collateral veins. Biliary strictures secondary to formation of a portal cavernoma, so-called portal biliopathy, is a rather unknown complication of portal vein thrombosis. Although the majority of patients is asymptomatic, porto-systemic shunt surgery or endoscopic biliary intervention may be indicated in symptomatic cases.


Absolute ground-state cross sections for ASe(t,p) are observed to increase about a factor of 2.5 from 82Se to 76Se. They exceed the (1g9/2)n expectation by a factor of twenty but are in reasonable agreement with a simple model allowing excitations in 1f5/2, 2p3/2, 2p1/2 and 1g9/2 orbitals.


Even though computer science (CS) has had a historical lack of gender and race representation, its AI research affects everybody eventually. Being partially rooted in CS conferences, "AI ethics" (AIE) conferences such as FAccT and AIES have quickly become distinct venues where AI's societal implications are discussed and solutions proposed. However, it is largely unknown if these conferences improve upon the historical representational issues of traditional CS venues. In this work, we explore AIE conferences' evolution and compare them across demographic characteristics, publication content, and citation patterns. We find that AIE conferences have increased their internal topical diversity and impact on other CS conferences. Importantly, AIE conferences are highly differentiable, covering topics not represented in other venues. However, and perhaps contrary to the field's aspirations, white authors are more common while seniority and black researchers are represented similarly to CS venues. Our results suggest that AIE conferences could increase efforts to attract more diverse authors, especially considering their sizable roots in CS.


The prevalence and mortality rates for diabetes in Taiwan have gradually increased in recent years. Moreover, according to the Bureau of National Health Insurance in 1998, diabetes accounts for 11.5% of overall health care spending in Taiwan, which imposes a substantial cost burden on society and patients. From the perspective of economics, exercise is the most effective, and yet the hardest behavior for patients to carry out in terms of diabetes control. Self-regulation theory is a model that can be used to develop effective strategies for behavioral modification. We designed activities for a diabetes exercise protocol on the basis of three components (i.e., self-monitoring, self-judgment and self-reaction) of self-regulation theory. It is expected that this protocol will effectively improve patients' exercise behavior.


The following case presents an 18-year-old male collegiate soccer player 11 months after initial injury, who was previously diagnosed with and treated for a navicular stress fracture. Unlike most patients who are treated conservatively, he presented with lingering symptoms that had not resolved after the standard course of treatment. After 11 months, the athlete then underwent further testing to reveal a navicular stress fracture with nonunion due to avascular necrosis. Open reduction internal fixation was performed 17 months after the initial injury to stabilize the midfoot. This case presents many unique components, including the presentation of the injury, the unsuccessful course of initial treatment, and the complications that arose from it.


The present study sought to identify gene networks that are hallmarks of the developing inguinal subcutaneous adipose tissue (iWAT) and the interscapular brown adipose tissue (BAT) in the mouse. RNA profiling revealed that the iWAT of postnatal (P) day 6 mice expressed thermogenic and lipid catabolism transcripts, along with the abundance of transcripts associated with the beige adipogenesis program. This was an unexpected finding, as thermogenic BAT was believed to be the only site of nonshivering thermogenesis in the young mouse. However, the transcriptional landscape of BAT in P6 mice suggests that it is still undergoing differentiation and maturation, and that the iWAT temporally adopts thermogenic and lipolytic potential. Moreover, P6 iWAT and adult (P56) BAT were similar in their expression of immune gene networks, but P6 iWAT was unique in the abundant expression of antimicrobial proteins and virus entry factors, including a possible receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In summary, postnatal iWAT development is associated with a metabolic shift from thermogenesis and lipolysis towards fat storage. However, transcripts of beige-inducing signal pathways including β-adrenergic receptors and interleukin-4 signaling were underrepresented in young iWAT, suggesting that the signals for thermogenic fat differentiation may be different in early postnatal life and in adulthood.


Abstract Objective There is no conclusive evidence for involvement of intestinal barrier alteration in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). The aims of this pilot study were to identify serum markers of intestinal barrier integrity in patients with AN and to determine the relationships between those markers and body mass index (BMI), eating disorder symptoms, gastrointestinal complaints, and liver synthesis function (international normalized ratio [INR]). Method Twenty‐five outpatients with AN prior to starting treatment and 28 healthy controls (HC) were assessed. BMI and serum markers of intestinal barrier integrity were measured, including zonulin family peptides (ZFP), lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein (LBP), and intestinal fatty‐acid‐binding protein (i‐FABP). Eating disorder symptoms and gastrointestinal complaints were evaluated via questionnaires. Results The serum ZFP concentration was significantly lower in patients with AN than in HC (44.2 [7.4] vs. 49.2 [5.6] ng/ml, mean [standard deviation], p = .008). LBP and i‐FABP did not differ between the two groups. In patients with AN, serum ZFP was significantly predicted by BMI (β = 0.479, p = .009), age (β = 0.411, p = .020), and INR (β = −0.388, p = .028). No such associations were found for either gastrointestinal complaints or eating disorder symptoms. Discussion Abnormal levels of serum ZFP were observed in patients with AN. Further studies with other assessment methods are warranted to examine intestinal barrier function in AN. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02745067.


Biopsy-sections of the small intestine of established coeliac patients were investigated by immunoperoxidase procedures, using monoclonal antibodies to detect the presence of ubiquitin, a heat shock protein, to find out the role, if any, of this protein in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease. Sections from each case stained with haematoxylin and eosin were available for assessment of mucosal morphology. The epithelial cells of the small intestine appeared to stain relatively more for ubiquitin compared to non-coeliac patients. From these observations, we suggest the following: ubiquitin, a stress response protein, seems to play a role either in the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of coeliac disease, an inappropriate stress response involving this protein within the mucosa itself may be crucial as an initiating event in the architectural derangement of the mucosal damage associated with coeliac disease; ubiquitin acts probably as a cross-reacting antigen in the work up to the mucosal damage possibly via a local autoimmune process involving the activation of helper T cells against alpha-gliadin in coeliac patients; ubiquitin expression may be associated with cell death or autophagy during mucosal atrophy in coeliac disease. JOURNAL OF THE GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION Volume 2 No. 1 (2000) pp. 12-17


This paper made some modifications on traditional artificial stock market. It put forward traders' adaptive learning mechanism, enabling traders to enhance their adaptability to new stock environment by continuous learning. Furthermore, the paper started with external reasons and brought in macrocosmic analysis model, making the artificial stock market closer to the real one. At the same time, validating the characteristics of changes in stock prices, we found they meet EMH basically and the returns took on obvious heavy tail distributions. One stock was selected to be stimulated and forecasted in our artificial stock market, which gained satisfying results.


In the widespread search for a possible relation between bodily disease and epilepsy, carbohydrate metabolism has been studied by numerous authors. The occurrence of convulsions in states of hypoglycemia either as a result of the injection of insulin or spontaneously in the course of hyperinsulinism has further focused attention on the possible disorders of this function. One of the difficulties encountered in such a study lies in the absence of indications of dysfunction not primarily related to diabetes. Examinations of large numbers of normal subjects have been made more with the view of determining the character of metabolism not related to diabetes than of evaluating the functions of the organs concerned in carbohydrate metabolism. Therefore, what are described as normal types of curves, with arbitrarily constructed formulas, may be applicable for subjects who are not diabetic or destined to be diabetic, but they do not give any indication of what


The purpose of the present research is to specify the current stand and future of information services in providing news. Libraries and archives that collect newspapers, and supply services to let the readers to have quick and easy access to their contents, increase their activities and in conjunction to this, their experience. As an initial step of the present research, by methods of interviewing and administering questionnaires, Ankara branch office responsible of six nationwide distributed daily newspapers were investigated. Data were compiled about the present situation, provided services, problems to be confronted, and work plans. According to the evaluations, it seems that the developments in information technologies would also impose important tasks to libraries
in case of disseminating newspaper information.


Recent advances in capture technologies have increased the production of 3D content in the form of Point Clouds (PCs). The perceived quality of such data can be impacted by typical processing including acquisition, compression, transmission, visualization, etc. In this paper, we propose a learning-based method that efficiently predicts the quality of distorted PCs through a set of features extracted from the reference PC and its degraded version. The quality index is obtained here by combining the considered features using a Support Vector Regression (SVR) model. The performance contribution of each considered feature and their combination are compared. We then discuss the experimental results obtained in the context of state-of-the-art methods using 2 publicly available datasets. We also evaluate the ability of our method to predict unknown PCs through a cross-dataset evaluation. The results show the relevance of introducing a learning step to merge features for the quality assessment of such data. and the performance contribution of each is evaluated. We also evaluated quality prediction on through a cross-dataset evaluation. Our results show the relevance of introducing a learning step to merge features for PC quality assessment.


This paper presents a multiple branch predictor using perceptrons. The key idea is to apply neural networks to the multiple branch predictor. We describe our design and evaluate it with the SPEC 2000 integer benchmarks. Our predictor achieves increased accuracy than the Bi-Mode and the YAGS multiple branch predictor with the same hardware cost.


Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) studies of steam exploded and alkali pretreated different leafy biomass were accomplished by recombinant Clostridium thermocellum hydrolytic enzymes and fermentative microbes for bioethanol production. The recombinant C. thermocellum GH5 cellulase and GH43 hemicellulase genes expressed in Escherichia coli cells were grown in repetitive batch mode, with the aim of enhancing the cell biomass production and enzyme activity. In batch mode, the cell biomass (A 600 nm) of E. coli cells and enzyme activities of GH5 cellulase and GH43 hemicellulase were 1.4 and 1.6 with 2.8 and 2.2 U·mg−1, which were augmented to 2.8 and 2.9 with 5.6 and 3.8 U·mg−1 in repetitive batch mode, respectively. Steam exploded wild grass (Achnatherum hymenoides) provided the best ethanol titres as compared to other biomasses. Mixed enzyme (GH5 cellulase, GH43 hemicellulase) mixed culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida shehatae) system gave 2-fold higher ethanol titre than single enzyme (GH5 cellulase) single culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) system employing 1% (w/v) pretreated substrate. 5% (w/v) substrate gave 11.2 g·L−1 of ethanol at shake flask level which on scaling up to 2 L bioreactor resulted in 23 g·L−1 ethanol. 91.6% (v/v) ethanol was recovered by rotary evaporator with 21.2% purification efficiency.


We study a frustrated quantum Ising model relevant for Ca3Co2O6 that consists of a triangular lattice of weakly coupled ferromagnetic chains. According to our quantum Monte Carlo simulations, the chains become ferromagnetic and form a three-sublattice "up-up-down" structure for T≤T(CI). In contrast, long-wavelength spin-density-wave microphases are stabilized along the chains for T(CI)<T<T(c). Our mean field solutions reveal a quasicontinuous temperature dependence of the modulation wavelength, implying the existence of metastable states that explain the very slow dynamics observed in Ca3Co2O6. We also discuss implications of microphases for the related multiferroic compounds Ca3CoMnO6 and Lu2MnCoO6.


RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Guidelines for patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) are suboptimally implemented in clinical care. To improve guideline adherence, patients' perceived barriers and facilitators in current care were investigated.

METHODS
Eleven patients with knee OA were extensively interviewed using a semistructured script based on quality indicators. Directed content analysis, within the framework of Grol and Wensing, was performed to describe barriers and facilitators in 6 domains: guideline, health care professional, patient, social environment, organization, and financial context. Data were analyzed using NVIVO 10 software.

RESULTS
In total, 38 barriers, at all 6 domains, were identified. The most frequently mentioned barriers were in the domains of the patient and the health care professional, namely, patients' disagreement with guidelines recommendations, negative experience with drugs, patients' limited comprehension of the disease process, and poor communication by the health care professional. The patients' disagreement with recommendations is further explained by the following barriers: "insistence on medical imaging," "fear that physiotherapy aggravates pain," and "perception that knee OA is not a priority health issue". Patients also reported 20 facilitators, all of which are listed as opposing barriers.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients indicate that both personal factors and factors related to health care professionals play an important role in nonadherence. An interview script, based on quality indicators, was a significant aid to structurally formulate barriers and facilitators in the perceived knee OA care. Future guideline implementation strategies should take the identified barriers and facilitators into account.


Since its establishment on 1/1/1998 by the International Earth Rotation Service, the Coordinating Center for Monitoring Global Geophysical Fluids (MGGF) and its seven Special Bureaus have engaged in an effort to support and facilitate the understanding of the geophysical fluids in global geodynamics research. Mass transports in the atmosphere-hydrosphere-solid Earth-core system (the "global geophysical fluids") will cause the following geodynamic effects on a broad time scale: (1) variations in the solid Earth's rotation (in length-of-day and polar motion/nutation) via the conservation of angular momentum and effected by torques at the fluid-solid Earth interface; (2) changes in the global gravitational field according to Newton's gravitational law; and (3) motion in the center of mass of the solid Earth relative to that of the whole Earth ("geocenter") via the conservation of linear momentum. These minute signals have become observable by space geodetic techniques, primarily VLBI, SLR, GPS, and DORIS, with ever increasing precision/accuracy and temporal/spatial resolution. Each of the seven Special Bureaus within MGGF is responsible for calculations related to a specific Earth component or aspect -- Atmosphere, Ocean, Hydrology, Ocean Tides, Mantle, Core, and Gravity/Geocenter. Angular momenta and torques, gravitational coefficients, and geocenter shift will be computed for geophysical fluids based on global observational data, and from state-of-the-art models, some of which assimilate such data. The computed quantities, algorithm and data formats are standardized. The results are archived and made available to the scientific research community. This paper reports the status of the MGGF activities and current results.


PURPOSE
To determine whether the perirenal spaces communicate across the midline and with the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Helical CT was used to guide the sequential injection of 100-mL intravenous boluses of dilute contrast medium, up to 300 mL, into the perirenal space of eight embalmed cadavers (three male, five female; mean age at death, 82 years; range, 72-93 years), with four left-sided and four right-sided injections. All images were acquired after the final injection (300 mL total) to facilitate coronal and sagittal reconstruction of relevant images. All images were reviewed to assess the flow pathways of contrast medium from the perirenal space to other retroperitoneal spaces.

RESULTS
In three cadavers that received left perirenal space injections and in two cadavers that received right perirenal space injections, communication was seen with the contralateral perirenal space through an area anterior to the aorta and inferior vena cava. In three cadavers that received right perirenal space injections, contrast material flowed from the right perirenal space to outline the bare area of the liver. Communication between the perirenal and pelvic extraperitoneal spaces was seen in all eight cadavers; contrast material extended into the pelvic extraperitoneal and presacral spaces.

CONCLUSION
These findings show that the perirenal spaces communicate with each other across the midline and with the pelvic extraperitoneal spaces. Clinical implications are that perinephric collections can potentially flow into the pelvis or across the midline.


Antibodies pass from the uterine lumen of pregnant rabbits into the foetal body fluids. It has been shown that antibodies formed in rabbits enter the foetal circulation by this route much more readily than those formed in horses or cows. It is the intention of this paper to investigate further this selective admission to the foetal circulation, to determine if there is a differential selection of heterologous antibodies according to the species in which they were produced and if this selectivity changes with foetal age. Antitoxins were employed throughout and were prepared in rabbit, man, guinea-pig, dog, horse and cow, against diphtheria or tetanus toxin or Clostridium welchii α-toxin. Mixtures of sera from two or three of these species, each serum containing a different antitoxin, were administered so far as possible. The antitoxin concentrations observed in the experimental samples were corrected to unit concentration in the serum administered, the term concentration quotient (c.Q.) being used for this quantity. Measured in this way the entry of antitoxin to the foetal serum varied with the species in which the antitoxin was produced; rabbit, man, guinea-pig, dog, horse and cow forming a descending series in that order. The entry of antitoxin into the amniotic fluid, or the foetal stomach contents derived from it, does not vary with the species in which the antitoxin was produced. This is so also for the maternal serum. Thus the species in which an antitoxin is produced affects the concentration at which it will appear in the foetal serum but not that at which it will appear in the other foetal body fluids or in the maternal serum. The entry of antitoxin prepared in rabbits to the foetal circulation increases with foetal age from 20 to 26 days after copulation and decreases thereafter.


In this paper, a new teaching model was introduced in organic Chemistry experiment. It is three stages model that the skill training of basic operation and basic organic synthese comprehensive synthetic experiment and designing experiment of the open type. The practice demonstrated that this teaching model could fully give play to the students' main body effect under the guidance of teachers, and favor to cultivate and raise students'comprehensive abilities, such as scientific quality, research ability and innovation consciousness.


In this paper, we present compiler algorithms for detecting references to stale data in shared-memory multiprocessors. The algorithm consists of two key analysis techniques, state reference detection and locality preserving analysis. While the stale reference detection finds the memory reference patterns that may violate cache coherence, the locality preserving analysis minimizes the number of such stale references by analyzing both temporal and spatial reuses. By computing the regions referenced by arrays inside loops, we extend the previous scalar algorithms for more precise analysis. We develop a full interprocedural array data-flow algorithm, which performs both bottom-up side-effect analysis and top-down context analysis on the procedure call graph to further exploit locality across procedure boundaries. The interprocedural algorithm eliminates cache invalidations at procedure boundaries, which were assumed in the previous compiler algorithms. We have fully implemented the algorithm in the Polaris parallelizing compiler. Using execution-driven simulations on Perfect Club benchmarks, we demonstrate how unnecessary cache misses can be eliminated by the automatic stale reference detection. The algorithm can be used to implement cache coherence in the shared-memory multiprocessors that do not have hardware directories, such as Cray T3D.


Relative to the general population, public safety personnel (PSP) appear at an increased risk of developing mental health challenges as a result of repeated exposure to potentially psychologically traumatic events (PPTEs). To help mitigate the impact of PPTEs on PSP mental health, many PSP agencies have implemented diverse peer support despite limited empirical evidence. The current study was designed to expand the empirical evidence surrounding peer support by investigating one of the most widely used and structured peer support resources: Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). Specifically, the current study with integrated firefighters and paramedics assessed (a) the prevalence of mental disorders; (b) perceptions of high fidelity CISM peer support; and (c) the comparative associations of CISM with high fidelity (n = 91) versus unknown fidelity (n = 60) versus no CISM (n = 64) and mental health. Results indicated that (a) mental disorders are prevalent among PSP irrespective of gender, age, and years of service; (b) participants perceived CISM peer support as offering beneficial and valuable tools (e.g., skills and coping strategies); and (c) high fidelity CISM environments offer some mental health benefits to individuals who screen positive for alcohol use disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Overall, the current study offers novel information that can inform future directions for evidence-based peer support and policy decisions designed to support the mental health of PSP.


In the present paper, we introduce new types of convergence of a sequence in left dislocated and right dislocated metric spaces. Also, we generalize Banach contraction principle in these newly defined generalized metric spaces.


The majority of clinical trial failures are caused by low efficacy of investigated drugs, often due to a poor choice of target protein. Computational prioritization approaches aim to support target selection by ranking candidate targets in the context of a given disease. We propose a novel target prioritization approach, GuiltyTargets, which relies on deep network representation learning of a genome-wide protein-protein interaction network annotated with disease-specific differential gene expression and uses positive-unlabeled machine learning for candidate ranking. We evaluated our approach on six diseases of different types (cancer, metabolic, neurodegenerative) within a 10 times repeated 5-fold stratified cross-validation and achieved AUROC values between 0.92 - 0.94, significantly outperforming a previous approach, which relies on manually engineered topological features. Moreover, we showed that GuiltyTargets allows for target repositioning across related disease areas. Applying GuiltyTargets to Alzheimer's disease resulted into a number of highly ranked candidates that are currently discussed as targets in the literature. Interestingly, one (COMT) is also the target of an approved drug (Tolcapone) for Parkinson's disease, highlighting the potential for target repositioning of our method. Availability The GuiltyTargets Python package is available on PyPI and all code used for analysis can be found under the MIT License at https://github.com/GuiltyTargets. Author summary Many drug candidates fail in clinical trials due to low efficacy. One of the reasons is the choice of the wrong target protein, i.e. perturbation of the protein does not effectively modulate the disease phenotype on a molecular level. In consequence many patients do not demonstrate a clear response to the drug candidate. Traditionally, targets are selected based on evidence from the literature and follow-up experiments. However, this process is very labor intensive and often biased by subjective choices. Computational tools could help a more rational and unbiased choice of target proteins and thus increase the chance of drug discovery programs. In this work we propose a novel machine learning based method for target candidate ranking. The method (GuiltyTargets) captures properties of known targets to learn a ranking of candidates. GuiltyTargets compares favorably against existing machine learning based target prioritization methods and allowed us to propose novel targets for Alzheimer's disease.


We prove that if $(X,{\mathfrak{A}},P)$ is an arbitrary probability space with countably generated σ-algebra ${\mathfrak{A}}$, $(Y,{\mathfrak{B}},Q)$ is an arbitrary complete probability space with a lifting ρ and $\widehat {R}$ is a complete probability measure on ${\mathfrak{A}}{\,\widehat{\otimes}_{R}\,}{\mathfrak{B}}$ determined by a regular conditional probability {Sy:y∈Y} on ${\mathfrak{A}}$ with respect to ${\mathfrak{B}}$, then there exist a lifting π on $(X\times Y,{\mathfrak{A}}{\,\widehat{\otimes}_{R}\,}{\mathfrak{B}},\widehat {R})$ and liftings σy on $(X,\widehat {\mathfrak{A}}_{y},\widehat {S}_{y})$, y∈Y, such that, for every $E\in{\mathfrak{A}}{\,\widehat{\otimes}_{R}\,}{\mathfrak{B}}$ and every y∈Y, \[[\pi(E)]^{y}=\sigma_{y}\bigl([\pi(E)]^{y}\bigr).\] Assuming the absolute continuity of R with respect to P⊗Q, we prove the existence of a regular conditional probability {Ty:y∈Y} and liftings ϖ on $(X\times Y,{\mathfrak{A}}{\,\widehat{\otimes}_{R}\,}{\mathfrak{B}},\widehat {R})$, ρ' on $(Y,\mathfrak{B},\widehat {Q})$ and σy on $(X,\widehat {\mathfrak{A}}_{y},\widehat {S}_{y})$, y∈Y, such that, for every $E\in{\mathfrak{A}}{\,\widehat{\otimes}_{R}\,}{\mathfrak{B}}$ and every y∈Y, \[[\varpi(E)]^{y}=\sigma_{y}\bigl([\varpi(E)]^{y}\bigr)\] and \[\varpi(A\times B)=\bigcup_{y\in\rho'(B)}\sigma_{y}(A)\times\{y\}\qquad\mbox{if }A\times B\in{\mathfrak{A}}\times{\mathfrak{B}}.\] Both results are generalizations of Musial, Strauss and Macheras [Fund. Math. 166 (2000) 281–303] to the case of measures which are not necessarily products of marginal measures. We prove also that liftings obtained in this paper always convert $\widehat {R}$-measurable stochastic processes into their $\widehat {R}$-measurable modifications.


Retention and turnover of staff, particularly highly skilled nurses, are important issues for administrators in the current health care environment. The purpose of this article is to review the literature to improve our understanding of factors related to staff retention. Group cohesion, job stress, manager style, and autonomy are examined. Strategies to improve retention, which focus on these critical factors, are described.


Intracranial stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) is broadly used in the presurgical evaluation of intractable epilepsy, due to its high temporal resolution in neural activity recording and high spatial resolution within suspected epileptogenic zones. Neurosurgeons or technicians face the challenge of conducting a workflow of post-processing operations with the multimodal data (e.g., MRI, CT, and EEG) after the implantation surgery, such as brain surface reconstruction, electrode contact localization, and SEEG data analysis. Several software or toolboxes have been developed to take one or more steps in the workflow but without an end-to-end solution. In this study, we introduced BrainQuake, an open-source Python software for the SEEG spatiotemporal analysis, integrating modules and pipelines in surface reconstruction, electrode localization, seizure onset zone (SOZ) prediction based on ictal and interictal SEEG analysis, and final visualizations, each of which is highly automated with a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI). BrainQuake also supports remote communications with a public server, which is facilitated with automated and standardized preprocessing pipelines, high-performance computing power, and data curation management to provide a time-saving and compatible platform for neurosurgeons and researchers.


A method is described whereby the surface reflections, as well as other pulses, can be extracted from P waves recorded at teleseismic distances from nuclear explosions. The method utilizes the fact that the initial portion of the P wave is pure and subtracts this portion by successive addition (subtraction) from later parts of the P wave. Examples of separation are given for three nuclear explosions detonated in Nevada and New Mexico and recorded at Mould Bay, Canada.


Inoculation with influenza A virus of nonpermissive cells from the immune system of Wistar rats was followed by an abortive reproduction cycle accompanied by the synthesis of viral polypeptides on the background of substantially decreased total protein synthesis. The de novo synthesized proteins in virus-infected immune system cells were shown to represent at least two types of viral protein, namely the nucleocapsid (NP) and matrix (M) proteins. The ability of influenza virus to partial expression of the genome in immunocytes along with the reversible injury to the cell metabolism should be taken into account in evaluating the possible mechanisms of action of influenza A virus on the functional activity of cells of the immune system.


Several approaches to perform assessment in training simulators based on virtual reality have been proposed. There are two kinds of assessment methods: offline and online. The main requirements related to online training assessment methodologies applied to virtual reality systems are the low computational complexity and the high accuracy. In the literature it can be found several approaches for general cases which can satisfy such requirements. An inconvenient about those approaches is related to an unsatisfactory solution for specific cases, as in some medical procedures, where there are quantitative and qualitative information available to perform the assessment. In this paper, we present an approach to online training assessment based on a Modified Naive Bayes which can manipulate qualitative and quantitative variables simultaneously. A special medical case was simulated in a bone marrow harvest simulator. The results obtained were satisfactory and evidenced the applicability of the method.


A simple procedure to determine the elements of a 3×3 matrix which describes the reflection of light by natural surfaces composed of soil, sand, etc. is described. The procedure is based on the determination of the Stokes vector of the light reflected by the sample under different conditions of illumination, either with unpolarized or linearly polarized light. It is found that, in the principal plane defined by the direction of illumination and the normal to the mean surface, the reflection matrix is analogous in form to that of a specular reflector. The individual matrix elements are, however, suitably modified to account for the lack of complete polarization of the reflected light under all conditions of illumination.


This article starts with a review of the e-self directed learning, future time perspective and decision making, especially in relation to the career myths. In particular, we empirically analyzed the factors affecting the future time perspective and the decision making on the characteristics of career myths(e.g. relatedness of the test myths, the supreme myth and the family myths). Hence the main purpose of this article is to suggest an empirical model explaining how these factors affect e-self directed learning to future time perspective and decision making. Furthermore, we suggested an expanded model about future time perspective, decision making and especially in relation to the career myths. We founded that the e-self directed learning significantly affect the future time perspective and the decision making, also the future time perspective affect the test myths and family myths except the supreme myths and the decision making significantly affect the career myths(i.e., the test myths, the supreme myth, the family myths).


We investigate multiple criteria group decision-making problems in which there are priority relationships between the decision elements (criteria and experts), and decision information provided by decision makers takes the form of multigranular uncertain linguistic information. Firstly, some operational laws and possibility degree of multi-granular uncertain linguistic variables are introduced. Then, some new linguistic aggregation operators based on the prioritized aggregation operator, such as the multigranular uncertain linguistic prioritized weighted average (MULPWA) operator and the multigranular uncertain linguistic prioritized ordered weighted average (MULPOWA) operator, are developed and their desirable properties are studied. The prominent characteristics of these proposed operators are that they can aggregate directly the uncertain linguistic variables whose values form the linguistic term sets with different granularities and convey the prioritization phenomenon among the aggregated arguments. Furthermore, based on the MULPWA and MULPOWA operators, an approach to deal with multiple criteria group decision-making problems under multi-granular uncertain linguistic environments is developed. Finally, a practical example is provided to illustrate the multiple criteria group decision-making process.


This research aims to discover the category of words that are taken from an object of speech. The researcher focuses on occurrence frequency and the process of words that have been used in the speech. This research applied a descriptive qualitative method. The researcher collected some words through the speech, and then continued to classify them into morphological analysis, specifically derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme. The researcher employed the Victoria Fromkin theory to analyze the words and filter them into the derivational morpheme category and inflectional morpheme category. The results reveal the 48 words with 10 of them (21%) represent derivational morphemes. In the derivational morphemes, there are 2 words whose parts of speech do not change and 8 words that do. There are 38 inflectional morphemes (79%) that are divided into 8 categories. These 8 categories consist of 14 plural words, 9 progressive words, 8 past tense words, 2 superlative words, 2 possessive words, 2 third person singular words, and 1 past participle word.


The extended use of internet has digitalized many daily life practices in human life, including shopping, in the 21st century. While consumers used to experience the products mainly in store, now they must base their purchases whatever they see on the screen. Thus, the visual product design directly influences the digital buyers in their product purchases, but how? The earlier studies show that a product's appearance can have aesthetic and symbolic value for consumers, can communicate functional characteristics and give a quality impression (practical value), and can communicate the ease of use (ergonomic value) (Creusen a Schoormans, 2005). Although these studies explore the role of product appearance or visual product design in consumer purchases, none of them particularly targets online purchases. This study aims to fill this knowledge gap in the literature through qualitative research. The qualitative research, conducted as a part of master graduation assignment (see Appendix A to read the whole assignment), explored whether the different roles of product appearance exist in consumers' process of product evaluation in online environments and to what extent these roles influence the consumers. Also, product related or contextual factors which may potentially have an impact on consumer responses to the product form in the digital environment were researched in the scope of this project. The complete online shopping experience was designed for the participants, and they were asked to perform two simple tasks, purchasing a pair of headphones and a laptop stand through the test website. Later, they were interviewed on their choice reasons for the products. The interviews done with the participation of forty-three subjects was transcribed and coded first, then content analysis was done to learn the frequencies of each concept existing in online shopping practice. The research findings showed that different roles of product appearance exist in the consumer product evaluation process in digital environments, although the consumer responses to these roles vary for different product categories. For instance, in the experiment, some participants based their purchase on attention drawing value of the product form for a socially significant product category, headphones, whereas this value was not mentioned at all by any of the participants for the other category. Additionally, the influence of some contextual and product factors on the consumer responses to the product form was detected based on the research results. For example, an impact created by in-context images on consumer perception of symbolic value was noticed in the experiment. As a result, this study filled the knowledge gap in the topic "the role of product form in online purchase" as much as the study limitations allow.


This paper proposes a performance evaluation technique for iteratively (turbo) equalized magnetic recoding systems. The technique decomposes the bit-error rate (BER) function into an integral of two functions. The first function has a closed form expression and is determined by the characteristics of the noise. The second function depends on the parameters of the concatenated system and can be approximated using an interpolation between sample points that rely on a small number of simulations. We present numerical and simulated BER results for coded PR4 and EPR4 channels with turbo equalization. In the "waterfall region" of the BER curves, the calculated and simulated results are within about 0.1 dB.


Organometallic catalysts have played a key role in accomplishing numerous synthetically valuable organic transformations that are either otherwise not possible or inefficient. The use of precious, sparse and toxic 4d and 5d metals are an apparent downside of several such catalytic systems despite their immense success over the last several decades. The use of complexes containing Earth-abundant, inexpensive and less hazardous 3d metals, such as nickel, as catalysts for organic transformations has been an emerging field in recent times. In particular, the versatile nature of the corresponding pincer-metal complexes, which offers great control of their reactivity via countless variations, has garnered great interest among organometallic chemists who are looking for greener and cheaper alternatives. In this context, the current review attempts to provide a glimpse of recent developments in the chemistry of pincer-nickel catalyzed reactions. Notably, there have been examples of pincer-nickel catalyzed reactions involving two electron changes via purely organometallic mechanisms that are strikingly similar to those observed with heavier Pd and Pt analogues. On the other hand, there have been distinct differences where the pincer-nickel complexes catalyze single-electron radical reactions. The applicability of pincer-nickel complexes in catalyzing cross-coupling reactions, oxidation reactions, (de)hydrogenation reactions, dehydrogenative coupling, hydrosilylation, hydroboration, C-H activation and carbon dioxide functionalization has been reviewed here from synthesis and mechanistic points of view. The flurry of global pincer-nickel related activities offer promising avenues in catalyzing synthetically valuable organic transformations.


Two new 3D coordination networks Ca(cca)·H2O (1) and Mg(cca)·2H2O (2) (H2cca = 4-carboxycinnamic acid) are synthesized by solvothermal reactions and characterized by single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, optical diffuse reflection, photoluminescence spectroscopy, and internal quantum yield measurements. Crystal structure analysis reveals that compound 1 is built from edge-sharing chains of seven-coordinated calcium polyhedra, which are connected by the cca ligand to form a 2D layered structure. Compound 2 contains isolated magnesium polyhedra layers. These layers are linked by cca ligands to complete the 3D connectivity. Both compounds 1 and 2 have high thermal stability and remain intact in aqueous solutions of a broad range of pH values ranging from 3 to 11. Both compounds also show significantly enhanced luminescence with respect to the free ligand, giving rise to an increase in quantum yield by as much as 4-fold.


Conventional wisdom suggests the local cash - futures basis is determined from local supply and demand conditions. However, it may be the case that local elevators look to other locations, such as terminal locations, and adjust for transportation differentials when determining the basis for their particular market. If so, certain grain marketing locations (e.g., export and interior terminal locations) may play an important role in discovering and ultimately determining the basis for other local markets. This hypothesis is examined for the #2 yellow corn basis at various export terminal (Gulf; Toledo), river terminal (Illinois River; Omaha) and interior (S. Central Illinois; N. Central Iowa; Denver) locations. Specifically, if the basis calculated at one market location is found to lead the basis at another market location, then this suggests that the leading market plays a role in determining the basis for the other market. The findings suggest that corn basis calculated at the export terminal markets of Toledo and the U.S. Gulf, as well as the Illinois River, may indeed provide valuable information in determining the basis for other river terminal and interior locations.


The vast majority of contemporary scientists resolve Wienner's dilemma "to know nothing about everything or to know everything about nothing" in favor of the second possibility. Avalanche-like increase of scientific knowledge urges scientists to operate with an enormous amount of information concentrated in such a narrow field that its area really tends to zero. Sadly as it may sound, the hyperbole "nothing about everything" is often relevant to all branches of their own discipline in whose investigation scientists are not directly engaged. In this respect biology does not make any exception. Several decades ago, it seemed that scientists who study the action of the natural selection and those dealing with cell biology have very little to tell to each other. Fortunately, trends appear in the last decades which permit to throw bridges between these areas. The application of DNA-sequences in examination of phylogenetic relationships is an example in this respect. We believe that asymmetry in man could be another example. Both the symmetry and its "alter ego", asymmetry, are undoubtedly results of the natural selection. On the other hand, the ontogenetic pathways towards bilateral symmetry and the extent of deviations from it are genetically determined at cell and molecular levels. Though complicated, this relationship is so regular that one kind of asymmetry became a measure for the intensity and effectiveness of one of the forms of natural selection. Biomedical Reviews 1992; 1: 63-68.


Introduction The organophosphates (OPs) are a group of insecticides that have been widely used worldwide for the past 50 years. It is estimated that 3,000,000 people are exposed to OPs yearly, with the associated death rate being 3,00,000 deaths/year. OPs are cholinergic inhibitors and their toxicity is possible through acute or chronic exposure, with severe consequences for different organs and systems. The main objective of this study was to identify signs and symptoms of exposure to OPs on women with chronic exposure. Methods A prospective study (1994–2014) followed up 43 women exposed to OPs, and evaluated signs and symptoms described as being associated to OPs exposure, as well as analytical parameters associated to asthenia and cellular protection, namely pyruvate (PA) and lactate (LA). Results During the first appointment, 98% of the women had asthenia. Among the evaluated signs and symptoms, musculoskeletal injuries (78%) and menstrual cycle changes (36%) occurred with the highest frequency. Slightly less frequent were the changes observed in the peripherical nervous system (11%). Regarding the evaluated biochemical parameters, women generally showed a decrease in ferritin and an increase in TSH. Throughout the study a progressive drop in AChE was observed. In 64% and 92% of the women a change in PA and LA values respectively was observed. Discussion The results suggest that prolonged exposure to OPs can chronically affect different human organism systems, namely parameters related to mitochondrial dysfunction


The Sound of Music is typically treated as a middlebrow cultural artifact of the Sixties. Within the British historiography its popularity is now taken to signify the conservatism of public taste, and hence to offer a corrective to claims of "cultural revolution." The article interrogates this assertion, focusing principally on the Hollywood movie, but also encompassing related manifestations in other media, and introducing a British perspective to a hitherto US- or German-centric discussion. It surveys the critical literature, finding that contemporaries and later commentators dismissed the work as over-sentimental or irrelevant, and claimed it mythologized Austria's Nazi past. However, other investigators have emphasized its semiotic diversity and liberating messages, exploring, inter alia, its countercultural imagery, its work as a lesbian text, its proto-feminist meanings, and its theme of female striving. The argument here is that the key to the film's extraordinary reception lies in those scenes which bring emotional weight to the themes of child-rearing, discipline, and play, and the relationship between psychological health and the good society. This though is neither a psychoanalytic reading nor a claim that the film appealed to the collective unconscious of the audience. Rather it suggests that it both resonated with, and helped constitute, understandings of the self and society which were then current in intellectual and popular culture. The exposition begins by examining aspects of the political and personal lives of the librettist, Oscar Hammerstein, the director Robert Wise, and the leading lady Julie Andrews, to provide context for the subsequent interpretation. It draws on recent cultural histories that explore the influence of the popular musical and film, and also on biographical material, to emphasize the importance of internationalism, peace and tolerance to Hammerstein and to Wise. Andrews' personal life at the time of filming, her journey into Freudian psychoanalysis, and her earlier friendship with the British analyst Masud Khan are also described. The central sections develop an argument which relates the film's popularity to its handling of two issues. The first is its emphasis on the importance of emotional expression and play in child-rearing, expressed through Maria's role as a surrogate mother, and her challenge to the authoritarianism of Captain von Trapp. These ideas were current in mothering manuals and the discussion traces the underlying psychoanalytic thought that influenced them, notably the work of John Bowlby and Donald Winnicott (with whom Masud Khan collaborated). The second issue is its explicit and allegorical treatment of Fascism. The work suggests a relationship between psychological health, inculcated by Maria's love and encouragement of collective activity, and broader social health, in the family's rejection of Nazism. Again this is related to postwar writings examining psychological development and political outcomes. While not positing necessary authorial intent on the part of creators, the argument turns on a case for audience recognition of these themes, and this is supported by reference to the literature on psychological subjectivity between the 1940s and 1960s. All this casts doubt on a simplistic treatment of the work as manifestation of conservative Sixties' values.


Aluminum fluoride (HS-AlF3) prepared via sol-gel synthesis route under non-aqueous conditions exhibits high surface area and an extremely strong Lewis acidity, comparable with some of the strongest known Lewis acids such as SbF5 and ACF. The basis of its unusual properties is the sol-gel fluorination of aluminum alkoxide with anhydrous HF in organic solvents yielding first an amorphous catalytically inactive precursor with high surface area, which can be dried and eventually post-fluorinated to get HS-AlF3. In this book, all steps of the synthesis route were thoroughly investigated. The results of these investigations together with detailed analysis of the obtained materials are reported and discussed.


The current study approaches the practices developed by Psychology Universities Services (SEP – Serviços Escola de Psicologia) and used to train psychologists in health and social welfare policy. The experiment comprised 57 interns and 24 graduates from 4 SEP in Rio Grande do Norte State (RN). Participants anonymously answered a survey distributed in loco, among the interns, and virtually, among the egresses. A questionnaire was handed to curricular internship students in each SEP in 2012, and it was sent via google platform to the 2010 and 2011graduates by the Regional Council of Psychology (CRP-17). Results indicate the prevalence of the care model based on traditional clinical Psychology, although it is possible to see its slight association with health and social assistance networks. Different 1 Endereço para correspondência: Av. Capitão-Mor Gouveia, 2488, A3, Apto. 75, Cidade da Esperança, Natal, RN, Brasil 59070-400. Fone: (84) 98815-5339. E-mail: email@example.com Gomes, M. A. F., Dimenstein, M. 1218 types of practices were detected in addition to psychotherapy and psychological assessments. However, the SEP are still isolated, either from the other courses composing the list of professional categories that operate in this scope or from health and social assistance services.


Wind friction threshold speeds (u*t) for particle movement (saltation) were determined in a wind tunnel operating at martian surface pressure with a 95 percent CO2 and 5 percent air atmosphere. The relationship between friction speed (u*) and free-stream velocity (u∞) is extended to the critical case for Mars of momentum thickness Reynolds numbers (Reθ) between 425 and 2000. It is determined that the dynamic pressure required to initiate saltation is nearly constant for pressures between 1 bar (Earth) and 4 mb (Mars) for atmospheres of both air and CO2; however, the threshold friction speed (u*t) is about 10 times higher at low pressures than on Earth. For example, the u*t (Earth) for particles 210 µm in diameter is 0.22 m s−1 and the u*t (Mars, 5 mb, 200 K) is 2.2 m s−1.


The article addresses possibilities and barriers to economic activity and development in the Oshana region of Northern Namibia. The focus is on the role of local embeddedness of economic activities in attaining economic development. A network perspective, based on theories of value chains that are embedded both in social relations and spatially, is selected as the analytical framework. The value chains of local black entrepreneurs in the study area are short. Moreover, the analysis reveals that social obligations may impede economic development, but that such practices are diminishing. The economic dominance and competition from South Africa is the main impediment to economic development in Northern Namibia. Local political embeddedness is shallow and political measures have not significantly reduced the implications of this dominance.


Purpose

The important role of the androgen receptor (AR) in invasive carcinoma of no specific type (NST) has been increasingly recognised. However, only a few studies have been reported in special subtypes of breast cancer. Thus, we aim to investigate the AR expression and its expression features in special subtypes of breast cancer.

Methods

This study collected clinicopathological data of 718 special subtypes of breast cancer from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital. Immunohistochemical staining of AR and other biomarkers was performed.

Results

If the threshold of AR is ≥ 1%, the positive rate of AR in specific subtypes of breast cancer is 77.9% (559/718) of cases. Compared with the threshold of AR is ≥ 10%, the positive percentage of AR in each subtype of breast cancer increases about 10%. The positive expression rate of AR in carcinomas with apocrine differentiation is highest, and the coloration intensity is much stronger than that of other subtypes. The positive expression rate of AR is lowest in metaplastic carcinomas, almost negative; the positive expression rate of AR in invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs), invasive micropapillary carcinomas (IMPCs), invasive papillary carcinomas (IPCs), and is mucinous carcinomas about 70.0%–80.0%.

Conclusions

The expression features of AR in special subtypes of breast cancer vary in different subtypes, and to some extent, AR may be a useful biomarker for clinical diagnosis. Routine testing of AR has a certain guiding significance for clinical work. In addition, AR is expected to treat carcinomas with apocrine differentiation as a target.


Article History Received: December 10, 2020 Accepted: January 28, 2021 Published: February 15, 2021 The growth of the economy is one of the aims of every country, as it ensures an improved standard of living for the citizens of such countries. One of the ways this economic growth can be achieved is by investing in technologies that can yield more efficiency in operations while reducing overall costs. The developed nations have more economic prowess because of their heavy investment in technological development, which sometimes could be elusive in developing nations. Open-source software, however, levels the playing ground as it presents strengths that can drive innovation faster than can be achieved with the proprietary software development paradigm. Emerging technologies on the other hand present transformative powers that can catalyze the economic growth of the countries that can efficiently apply them. This paper examines the key characteristics of open-source software alongside emerging technologies to establish the impact of open-source software on emerging technologies and its wider impact on economic growth. Specific emerging technologies where open-source concepts are being applied were examined to reveal the positive impact of open-source software, while at the same time, specific emerging technologies that are creating disruptions that drive economic growth were investigated. It was finally concluded that open-source software presents key strengths, which when combined with the disruptive powers of emerging technologies, presents tremendous potential to increase the economic growth of the country in which it is implemented.


The objective of this study was to feasibility search about horticultural therapy program focusing on cultivation with emotion promotion program for chronic schizophrenic patients according to alexithymia levels by analyzing effect on personal relationship, self-esteem and mood. This study was conducted once a week from March 26, 2014 to June 11, 2014 at health center in Haman for 10 chronic schizophrenic patients. Only heavy alexithymia group had significant decline about factor 1 (difficulty identifying feelings: F1) and factor 2 (difficulty describing feelings: F2) in TAS-20K after horticultural therapy program focusing on cultivation. And confidence, openness, and understanding scores in relationship respectively increased significant (1.4 score, 5 score, 5.4 score). In addition self-esteem increased significant score in heavy and none-heavy alexithymia group without reference to alexithymia. On the other hand, mood had not significant to both. This result showed a possibility of horticultural therapy program focusing on cultivation for chronic schizophrenic patients according to alexithymia levels as therapeutic tool.


An analysis is made of the feasibility of increasing further the precision of the 3-μm frequency standards in which lines in the ν3 band of the methane molecule are used as the reference points. It is proposed to use stronger absorption lines of methane, cooled to cryogenic temperatures, as new reference lines. Numerical estimates are obtained of the absorption coefficients of lines in the ν3 band as a function of temperature. Experimental observations, made with a colour-centre laser, of lines in the R branch (λ = 3.2–3.3 μm) at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures are reported.


ABSTRACT We compare the processing of relative clauses in comprehension (self-paced reading) and production (planned production). We manipulated the locality of two syntactic dependencies: filler-gap (subject vs object gap) and subject–verb (centre-embedded vs right-branched). The non-local filler-gap dependency resulted in a longer embedded predicate duration, across domains, consistent with memory-based accounts. For the non-local subject–verb dependency, we observe longer reading times at the main verb, but in production a greater likelihood and duration of a pause preceding the main verb. We argue that this result stems from the cost of computing the restriction, which manifests as a prosodic break. In the context of the subject–verb dependency manipulation, we also revisit the source of interpretation break-down in multiple centre-embedding. Generally, our findings imply that memory-based accounts are adequate for filler-gap, but not subject–verb, dependencies and production studies can aid in understanding complexity effects.


The $5 - 20 M_\odot$ dark objects in X-ray binary systems and the $10^5 - 10^9 M_\odot$ dark objects in galactic nuclei are currently thought to be the Kerr black holes predicted by General Relativity. However, direct observational evidence for this identification is still elusive, and the only viable approach to confirm the Kerr black hole hypothesis is to explore and rule out any other possibility. Here we investigate the final stages of the accretion process onto generic compact objects. While for Kerr black holes and for more oblate bodies the accreting gas reaches the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) and plunges into the compact object, we find that for more prolate bodies several scenarios are possible, depending on the spacetime geometry. In particular, we find examples in which the gas reaches the ISCO, but then gets trapped between the ISCO and the compact object. In this situation, accretion onto the compact object is possible only if the gas loses additional angular momentum, forming torus-like structures inside the ISCO.


Abstract The Boltzmann equation provides a rigorous theoretical framework to study dilute gas flows at arbitrary degrees of rarefaction. Asymptotic methods have been applied to steady flows, enabling the development of analytical formulae. For unsteady (oscillatory) flows, two important limits have been studied: (i) at low oscillation frequency and small mean free path, slip models have been derived; and (ii) at high oscillation frequency and large mean free path, the leading-order dynamics are free-molecular. In this article, the complementary case of small mean free path and high oscillation frequency is examined in detail. All walls are solid and of arbitrary smooth shape. We perform a matched asymptotic expansion of the unsteady linearized Boltzmann–BGK equation in the small parameter $\nu / \omega $ , where $\nu $ is the collision frequency of gas particles and $\omega $ is the characteristic oscillation frequency of the flow. Critically, an algebraic expression is derived for the perturbed mass distribution function throughout the bulk of the gas away from any walls, at all orders in the frequency ratio $\nu / \omega $ . This is supplemented by a boundary layer correction defined by a set of first-order differential equations. This system is solved explicitly and in complete generality. We thus provide analytical expressions up to first order in the frequency ratio, for the density, temperature, mean velocity and stress tensor of the gas, in terms of the temperature and mean velocity of the wall, and the applied body force. In stark contrast to other asymptotic regimes, these explicit formulae eliminate the need to solve a differential equation for a body of arbitrary geometry. To illustrate the utility of these results, we study the oscillatory thermal creep problem for which we find a tangential boundary layer flow arises at first order in the frequency ratio.


A 76-year-old man complained of difficulty in urination and miction pain with abacterial pyuria after radiation therapy for prostate cancer. Transurethral resection of the prostate was performed and histopathologically widespread necrosis was observed in the prostate. Thereafter retention of urine and fever occurred and computed tomography scan revealed an abscess of the penile corpus. The abscess was drained, but the fever continued. He developed an abacterial lung abscess and abacterial necrotic ulcerating lesions on his back, his left leg and his lower abdomen. Macroscopic findings demonstrated typical features of pyoderma gangrenosum. Steroid treatment was initiated and the response to steroid therapy was dramatic. Finally urinary diversion using an ileal conduit was performed. We found few cases of pyoderma gangrenosum involving lesions other than those of the skin in the literature. This is the first report of pyoderma gangrenosum involving the prostate gland after radiation therapy for prostate cancer.


Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC), a rare syndrome often preceded by an emotional or physical trigger, which earned the nickname broken heart syndrome, was first diagnosed in 1990. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy can mimic an ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Originally, TC was thought to be self-limiting and benign. However, there is a 4%–5% mortality rate, which is associated with serious complications. The majority of people diagnosed with TC are postmenopausal women, but it can affect all ages. Patients will often present to the emergency department with chest pain and dyspnea. An electrocardiogram (ECG) often demonstrates ST elevation. There is no definitive way to differentiate between TC and STEMI on an ECG. Therefore, all patients need to have emergent coronary angiography with left ventriculography.


A model of size-dependent melting of small spherical particles (with diameter larger than 2-4 nm) is used to estimate the variation of their melting temperature, when their size is varied. This variation depends on two bulk parameters: the bulk melting temperature and the energy of formation of intrinsic defects. It is estimated for 71 elements. A comparison with available experimental data shows a good or satisfactory agreement.


Zinc is an important trace element for immune function. The mechanisms by which zinc ions interact with immune cells are, however, still poorly understood. In the present study, we succeeded in defining transferrin and insulin as proteins which selectively enhance zinc-induced monokine induction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). An involvement of the transferrin receptor and the insulin receptor was ruled out. Zinc stimulation of PBMC resulted in an increase of intracellular free zinc, measured by a zinc-specific fluorescence probe, zinquin, the amount of which could be raised by substitution of neither transferrin nor insulin. Inhibition of second messengers by herbimycin A and HA 1004 revealed a participation of protein tyrosine kinases and of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases in zinc-induced monokine secretion. We therefore suggest that zinc acts synergistically with stimulants of the above-mentioned signal transduction pathways by direct influence on the second messenger niveau.


Abstract Few herbicides are available that will selectively control annual bluegrass in a polyculture of bermudagrass overseeded with perennial ryegrass. Research was conducted to evaluate multifaceted annual bluegrass control programs in overseeded bermudagrass. Treatments included various combinations of four herbicides: foramsulfuron applied 2 wk prior to overseeding (WPO); ethofumesate and bispyribac-sodium (bispyribac) applied 12 or 12 followed by (fb) 15 wk after overseeding (WAO); and prodiamine applied 15 WAO to provide continued PRE annual bluegrass control. Foramsulfuron at 0.03 kg ha−1 applied 2 WPO controlled annual bluegrass 63% 28 WAO. Foramsulfuron fb ethofumesate or bispyribac applied 12 or 12 fb 15 WAO improved control to 91% or greater. Ethofumesate or bispyribac applied with prodiamine at 1.1 kg ha−1 at 15 WAO did not improve annual bluegrass control compared with ethofumesate or bispyribac treatments alone according to pairwise contrasts. Only bispyribac-containing treatments induced unacceptable perennial ryegrass injury. Bispyribac applied with prodiamine reduced perennial ryegrass cover greater than bispyribac alone according to pairwise contrast. These data indicate that ethofumesate or bispyribac applied sequentially 12 and 15 WPO can effectively control annual bluegrass in bermudagrass turf overseeded with perennial ryegrass. Nomenclature: Bispyribac, ethofumesate, foramsulfuron, prodiamine; annual bluegrass, Poa annua L.; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., 'Riviera'; hybrid bermudagrass, Cynodon dacylon (L.) Pers. X C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, 'Tifway'; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) LOLPE 'Palmer IV'


An algebraic framework for noncommutative bundles with (quantum) homogeneous fibres is proposed. The framework relies on the use of principal coalgebra extensions which play the role of principal bundles in noncommutative geometry which might be additionally equipped with a Hopf algebra symmetry. The proposed framework is supported by two examples of noncommutative $\mathbb{C} P_q^1$-bundles: the quantum flag manifold viewed as a bundle with a generic Podleś sphere as a fibre, and the quantum twistor bundle viewed as a bundle over the quantum 4-sphere of Bonechi, Ciccoli and Tarlini.


This paper is based on a national study of entrepreneurship programmes and experiences related to non-formal and informal learning processes which have taken placed in higher education in order to promote entrepreneurial skills among (post) graduates. The notions of "Learning Society" and "Lifelong Education" are closely linked with the development of a new educational paradigm which aims to enhance learning opportunities and new applications of knowledge in "organizations of all types and in all spheres of life" (Gibb, 2005). Empirical findings are gathered from the research project called Link.EES (Learning, Innovation, Networks and Knowledge), focused on Entrepreneurship in Higher Education, and funded by the Operational Programme of technical Assistance (OPTA), by the European Social Fund (OPTA – ESF). The methodological design was divided into the following steps: application of an online survey on 57 academic stakeholders of the Portuguese public Higher Education Institutions (HEI); selection of 12 case studies of good practices in the institutions of higher education and subsequent analysis by conducting in‐depth interviews; and, finally, development of a repertoire of best practices in entrepreneurial skills and their validation by key actors and academic stakeholders. Three goals are pursued: i) a comprehensive meaning of "entrepreneurial learning", taking into account the European concept of "entrepreneurial spirit"; ii) an increasing importance of programmes/experiences as well as infrastructures and services, related to entrepreneurial learning provided by the main academic stakeholders; iii) and finally, a crucial involvement of academic stakeholders in a collaborative effort to promote the entrepreneurship mindset in the academia. Our aim is to assess the collaborative work achieved through the direct participation of key stakeholders in entrepreneurial learning, by building a crucial repertoire of entrepreneurial skills linked to the formation, self-employment and labour market transition.


The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an array of novel issues for hospitals and their staff, 1 of the most noted being increased patient isolation due to visitation restrictions. This has created new challenges for health care systems and their workers. To leverage the expertise of Palliative Care Practitioners (PCP) as described here to improve patient/provider communication, patient experience, and quality of care during the COVID-19 pandemic. To address these new obstacles to patient care presented by the pandemic, a PCP was incorporated into the physician team caring for COVID-19 patients at the time of admission. Members of the care team were surveyed and interviewed regarding their experiences with this added support. During a period of peak hospital strain from COVID-19, team members consistently reported that daily PCP involvement led to improvement in communication with patients and families, greater provider awareness of psychosocial stressors, and decreased physician burnout. Integration of a PCP into a clinical care team during the COVID-19 pandemic was perceived as a valuable asset to patients, families, and clinicians.


Heat fluxes in semiconductor power devices have been steadily increasing over the past two decades, now approaching 500 W/cm2 . This dissipation requires advanced thermal management in order to maintain device maximum junction temperatures below the Si limit of 150degC. Micro-channel cooling shows great promise for high heat flux removal, with the potential for greater than 750 W/cm2 performance. As flow passages decrease in size to sub-millimeter scales, the surface area-to-volume ratio increases, allowing greater potential heat transfer area. However, the correspondingly higher pressure losses across the channel can quickly exceed the maximum pump performance at these small dimensions. A novel micro-channel heat sink was developed, featuring micro-channel passages fabricated directly into the active metal braze (AMB) substrate, minimizing the junction-to-fluid thermal conduction resistance. The heat sink performance was simulated using computational fluid dynamics models and the results show that heat fluxes above 500 W/cm2 could be achieved for a 50degC device junction-to-coolant temperature rise. The heat sink was fabricated and tested using an array of power diodes, and infrared thermography measurements validated the simulation results. The demonstrated thermal performance is superior to any existing micro-channel heat sink with a comparable electrical assembly


Recent observations in the theory of verse and empirical metrics have suggested that constructing a verse line involves a pattern-matching search through a source text, and that the number of found elements (complete words totalling a specified number of syllables) is given by dividing the total number of words by the mean number of syllables per word in the source text. This paper makes the latter point explicit mathematically, and in the course of this demonstration shows that the word length frequency totals in English prose output are distributed geometrically (previous researchers reported an adjusted Poisson distribution), and that the sequential distribution is random at the global level, with significant non-randomness in the fine structure. Data from a corpus of just under two million words and a syllable-count lexicon of 71,000 word forms is reported, together with some speculations concerning the relationship between the word length frequency distributions in output and in the lexicon. The pattern-matching theory is shown to be internally coherent, and it is observed that some of the analytical techniques described here form a satisfactory test for regular (isometric) lineation in a text


This work presents a novel approach for solving the short-term scheduling of hydro-thermal power generation, including pumped storage systems and transmission constraints. The problem addressed is known as Security Constrained Unit Commitment (SCUC). Pumped Storage Units (PSUs) are important in electric systems during the off-peak and the peak demand periods, providing economic and technical benefits. Linear aproximations are applied to nonlinear equations of this kind of mathematical problems which are: fuel cost functions, generation-discharge curves of PSUs and transmission constraints modeled with Alternating Current power flow model. Thus, MILP models are presented for the problem addessed. To prove the efficiency of the proposed models, two systems with PSUs will be tested: a modified 6-bus and the IEEE 31-bus power system. Results show that the proposed MILP models allow: modeling the SCUC problem more realistically, obtaining feasible solutions within efficient computational times, and reaching production cost savings up to almost 15% compared to power systems that lack capacities to pumping water. Several indicators obtained from results are presented through graphs, as a tool for improving operation and maintenance of power systems. The analysis of these indicators and the graphic interpretation allow to identify and classify critical parts of systems as well as to make recommendations about future system improvements.


Supermassive primordial stars in hot, atomically cooling haloes at z ∼ 15–20 may have given birth to the first quasars in the Universe. Most simulations of these rapidly accreting stars suggest that they are red, cool hypergiants, but more recent models indicate that some may have been bluer and hotter, with surface temperatures of 20 000–40 000 K. These stars have spectral features that are quite distinct from those of cooler stars and may have different detection limits in the near-infrared today. Here, we present spectra and AB magnitudes for hot, blue supermassive primordial stars calculated with the tlusty and cloudy codes. We find that photometric detections of these stars by the James Webb Space Telescope will be limited to z ≲ 10–12, lower redshifts than those at which red stars can be found, because of quenching by their accretion envelopes. With moderate gravitational lensing, Euclid and the Wide-Field Infrared Space Telescope could detect blue supermassive stars out to similar redshifts in wide-field surveys.


Abstract In the context of the rapid development of environmental research technologies and techniques to solve scientific and practical problems in different fields of knowledge including geosciences, the study of Earth's gravity field models is still important today. The results of gravity anomaly modelling calculated by the current geopotential models data were compared with the independent terrestrial gravity data for the two territories located in West Siberia and Kazakhstan. Statistical characteristics of comparison results for the models under study were obtained. The results of investigations show that about 70% of the differences between the gravity anomaly values calculated by recent global geopotential models and those observed at the points in flat areas are within ±10 mGal, in mountainous areas are within ±20 mGal.


The rapid development of multimedia and internet allows for wide distribution of digital media data. It becomes much easier to edit, modify and duplicate digital information .Besides that, digital documents are also easy to copy and distribute, therefore it will be faced by many threats. It is a big security and privacy issue, it become necessary to find appropriate protection because of the significance, accuracy and sensitivity of the information. Steganography considers one of the techniques which used to protect the important information. The main goals for this paper, to recognize the researchers for the main fundamentals of steganography. In this paper provides a general overview of the following subject areas: Steganography types, General Steganography system, Characterization of Steganography Systems and Classification of Steganography Techniques.


discovered by a kindly neighbor who dresses the baby sisters in pink pajamas and hopes that "maybe they'll grow up a little nicer this time." The classic backfire scenario is well executed in this Halloween tale; Delia and Ophelia delight in watching their plan take action up until the very moment it all goes wrong, and young audiences will enjoy watching it unravel. Desimini's cut-paper collages incorporate bold, bright chunks of color; employing both solid and patterned paper, the compositions are filled from edge to edge with blocky details. Though the illustrations lack energy, variance in perspective yields the sensation of sometimes watching the story from up above or from out the window, which builds on the covert theme of the sisters' scheming. Throw in an arts-and-crafts project where children design smelly socks (the book's endpapers feature such art contributed by young people), and you've got a ready-made October story hour. HM


Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) are known to suffer from learning uninformative latent representation of the input due to issues such as approximated posterior collapse, or entanglement of the latent space. We impose an explicit constraint on the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence term inside the VAE objective function. While the explicit constraint naturally avoids posterior collapse, we use it to further understand the significance of the KL term in controlling the information transmitted through the VAE channel. Within this framework, we explore different properties of the estimated posterior distribution, and highlight the trade-off between the amount of information encoded in a latent code during training, and the generative capacity of the model.


Abstract. Sabdanawaty FP, Purnomo, Daryono BS. 2021. Species diversity and phenetic relationship among accessions of api-api (Avicennia spp.) in Java based on morphological characters and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 22: 193-198. Api-api (Avicennia spp.) from mangrove groups is rich in economic and ecological benefits. Research on the potential of api-api has been extensively done, but no research is specifically focused on the identification of api-api. This study aims to identify species diversity and phenetic relationships of api-api in Java based on morphological and molecular characters. The morphological analysis was based on 35 characters and referred to the descriptor. The PCA analysis on the morphological characters of Avicennia spp. showed a high diversity. Morphological characters have a high effect on grouping patterns such as habitat, leaf shape, leaf tip, leaf base, and petal color. Molecular observations were done on the polymorphism of DNA bands. The ISSR primers used were ISSR02, ISSR04, and ISSR10. PCR amplification of DNA was separated and visualized using a doc gel electrophoresis. The results showed a high diversity based on the percentage of DNA polymorphism. The research resulted in three species of Avicennia spp. in Java, namely Avicennia officinalis, A. alba, and A. marina. Phenetic relationships between Avicennia spp. form was based on similarity in character, not based on the area of origin. The environmental conditions in this study slightly opposed the character of Avicennia spp., which presumably due to the similarity in various marine areas of Java such as temperature, pH, and the required salinity.


This paper targets the simulation of continuous-time Markov chain models of fault-tolerant systems with deferred repair. We start by stating sufficient conditions for a given importance sampling scheme to satisfy the bounded relative error property. Using those sufficient conditions, it is noted that many previously proposed importance sampling techniques such as failure biasing and balanced failure biasing satisfy that property. Then, we adapt the importance sampling schemes failure transition distance biasing and balanced failure transition distance biasing so as to develop new importance sampling schemes which can be implemented with moderate effort and at the same time can be proved to be more efficient for balanced systems than the simpler failure biasing and balanced failure biasing schemes. The increased efficiency for both balanced and unbalanced systems of the new adapted importance sampling schemes is illustrated using examples.


Abstract The seasonal activity of adults of eight forensically important blow fly species [Calliphora croceipalpis (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Jaennicke, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), L. cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Chrysomya chloropyga (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Ch. albiceps (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Ch. marginalis (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Ch. putoria (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), Ch. megacephala (Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)] was quantified from collections in Makhanda, South Africa. Flies were collected in traps baited with chicken liver and placed in the field at eight locations for four consecutive days each fortnight for 14 mo. The seasonal distribution of each species compared well to published seasonal distributions of these blow flies elsewhere in South Africa, with evidence of year-to-year variation within seasons that might be explained by weather. This information is important for determining when and where certain species are likely to occur and will be of use in forensic investigations and myiasis management plans.