Obesity has reached an epidemic dimension composing a serious threat to health systems worldwide. It has been associated with numerous comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, arthritis, infertility, eating disorders, unemployment and a reduced quality of life. Bariatric surgery is currently the only effective treatment for severe obesity. Non-surgical treatment modalities include lifestyle changes, diet and/or exercise, with pharmacotherapy and less invasive medical devices. This article therefore aims to discuss the available therapy options including surgical and non-surgical treatments as well as to compare both modalities regarding their clinical effectiveness.


Previous analysis of motional-Stark Effect (MSE) data to measure the q-profile ignored contributions from the plasma electric field. The MSE measurements are shown to be sensitive to the electric field and require significant corrections for plasmas with large rotation velocities or pressure gradients. MSE measurements from rotating plasmas on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) confirm the significance of these corrections and verify their magnitude. Several attractive configurations are considered for future MSE-based diagnostics for measuring the plasma radial electric field. MSE data from TFTR is analyzed to determine the change in the radial electric field between two plasmas. The measured electric field quantitatively agrees with the predictions of neoclassical theory. These results confirm the utility of a MSE electric field measurement.


The three components of the 'enterotoxin complex' have been purified and the sequence of the first 14-15 amino acids of the proteins determined. Limited homology was found in the N-terminal sequence of the three proteins. The molecular mass of the proteins was determined to be 48, 40 and 34 kDa, respectively. Only the 40-kDa protein was toxic to Vero cells, whilst the 34-kDa protein was found to be hemolytic. The sequence of the first 14 N-terminal amino acids of this protein was identical to the sequence of the sphingomyelinase residues 28-41 (the N-terminal after loss of the signal sequence), except for a change from Gln to Glu in position 33 of the sphingomyelinase sequence.


The application of the molecular dynamics computer simulation technique to the problem of elucidating alkali ion migration mechanisms in alkali silicate glasses is reviewed. Some new results are presented that help to clarify the processes and their timing. In particular, it is shown that alkali ions jump into empty sites; that is, the mechanisms owe more in character to their crystalline vacancy counterpart rather than their interstitial cousins.


The article examines the attitudes of Muslim migrants in Western Europe to gender equality in the labor market measured using the statement «When jobs are scarce, men should have priority over women». Applying a multilevel non-hierarchical regression analysis of the combined and harmonized datasets from the European Social Survey (ESS), World Values Study (WVS) and European Values Study (EVS), the author compares the migrant attitudes with the attitudes of European residents, as well as with values in twelve Islamic countries of origin. The survey shows that the migrants' attitudes are generally closer to the society of destination than to the society of origin; however the Muslim migrants assimilate slower than others, and their attitudes are considerably more egalitarian than attitudes in the societies of origin though more patriarchal than attitudes in the societies or destination.


An outbreak of narasin poisoning in swine is described. Forty nine out of 108 lactating sows died over a period of one month after being fed a ration accidentally contaminated with narasin. Clinical signs included anorexia, respiratory distress, lethargy and posterior paresis, progressing to lateral recumbency and death. Necropsy examination in 3 pigs revealed extensive myocardial and skeletal muscle damage. Analysis of the feed confirmed the presence of high concentrations of narasin.


We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents of 186 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from medical facilities in Gifu, Aichi, Toyama, and Fukui prefectures from October 2013 to February 2014. MIC₅₀/₉₀ of piperacillin (PIPC), tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (CFPM), imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEPM), doripenem (DRPM), aztreonam (AZT), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX), amikacin (AMK) and colistin (CL) against P aeruginosa was 8/32, 4/32, 2/8, 2/16, 1/32, 0.5/8, 0.25/4, 8/32, 0.25/8, 0.5/16, 4/8 and 1/1pg/mLrespectively. Two strains of multidrug resistant P aeruginosa were isolated (1.1%). They were isolated from the respiratory tract, intra-abdominal, and urinary infection. The susceptible ratio against P aeruginosa derived from intra-abdominal infection for carbapenem was lower than those from respiratory tract and urinary infection. The susceptible ratio against P aeruginosa derived from urinary infection for penicillin, cephem, monobactam, and fluoroquinolone was lower than those from respiratory and intra-abdominal infection. It is meaningful to pay attention to the susceptibility to antibacterial agents in each clinical specimen from infected organ.


Melatonin has been shown to exert protective effect during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). However, the underlying mechanism is not completely understood. Using the oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) model of H9c2 cells in vitro, we found that melatonin alleviated OGD/R-induced H9c2 cell injury via inhibiting Foxo3a/Bim signaling pathway. Inhibition of Rac1 activation contributed to the protective effect of melatonin against OGD/R injury in H9c2 cells. Additionally, melatonin inhibited OGD/R-activated Foxo3a/Bim signaling pathway through inactivation of Rac1. Furthermore, JNK inactivation was responsible for Rac1 inhibition-mediated inactivation of Foxo3a/Bim signaling pathway and decreased cell injury in melatonin-treated H9c2 cells. Taken together, these findings identified a Rac1/JNK/Foxo3a/Bim signaling pathway in melatonin-induced protective effect against OGD/R injury in H9c2 cells. This study provided a novel insight into the protective mechanism of melatonin against myocardial I/R injury.


Vitiligo is a skin disorder that is characterized by selective melanocyte destruction and simultaneous appearance of de-pigmented macules. Vitiligo is caused by an autoimmune response that is usually mediated by the cytotoxic T cells against the melanocytes. Auto antibodies against pigment cells might result from a genetic predisposition to immune dysregulation at the T cell level. Vitiligo auto antibodies could also result from an immune response to melanocyte antigens. But an immune response to damaged pigment cells might further aggravate melanocyte loss. In vitro studies have shown that vitligo auto antibodies are able to destroy melanocytes by complement mediated damage and ADCC. And in vivo following the passive immunization of nude mice grafted with human skin. Hence the present study was conducted in our laboratory on 80 Vitiligo patients and 30 Healthy Normals for their anti-melanocyte antibody against melanocyte antigens using Electrochemical detection to understand the realcause of melanocyte destruction. This is the first study conducted in India.


This study is the first to provide best practices exclusively for communication about crises that involve issues of culture, ethnicity, and/or race from expert crisis managers' perspectives. Using complexity theory as a framework, this study provides an in-depth, theoretically grounded understanding of managing issues and crises involving culture, ethnicity and/or race through the experiences of 34 senior crisis communicators. Complex insider perspectives suggest that responsibility for crisis management must move beyond any managerial bias to become more organic, normative, inclusive, and community spirited. First, issues and crises involving culture, ethnicity, and/or race are defined, laying a foundation for future theory development on ways these issues can become or exacerbate crises. Second, research participants' stories coalesce to produce best practices and a useful decision-making framework for practical application in organizations.


Background. Prior studies have demonstrated Bartonella as one of the etiologies of blood culture negative endocarditis. The objective of this abstract is to describe three cases of Bartonella quintana endocarditis identified within one year in a large hospital in Washington, D.C. Methods. Descriptive, retrospective study based on a review of medical records at an 800-bed urban hospital. All patients were identified between April 2013 and December 2013. Results. All patients were men (median age 55, range 52-57), homeless, and reported a history of alcoholism. Blood cultures were negative for all patients. Echocardiography demonstrated aortic and mitral valve perforation and regurgitation in one patient, aortic valve vegetation with regurgitation in the second, mitral and aortic valve vegetation with regurgitation in the third patient. All patients had a positive Bartonella quintana serum IgG with negative IgM. PCR on DNA extracted from cardiac valves was positive for Bartonella, and DNA sequencing of PCR amplicons identified Bartonella quintana in all patients. Patients received treatment with doxycycline/rifampin or doxycycline/gentamicin. Conclusion. Although much of the existing literature regarding Bartonella endocarditis stems from Europe, our findings suggest that Bartonella endocarditis may be an under-recognized cause of culture-negative endocarditis in the U.S., and should be considered in patients with risk factors such as homelessness and alcoholism. Amplification of DNA extracted from affected cardiac valves may provide enhanced diagnostic accuracy. Disclosures. All authors: No reported disclosures.


This research paper aims to establish the principles of halal logistics. This exploratory research paper is based on a large discussion group held in Malaysia to define the scope of halal logistics, its principles and foundation for Muslim and non-Muslim countries. Halal logistics covers warehousing, transportation and terminal operations. The establishment of these principles serves as a guide for the creation of a global halal logistics system; minimising hardship for the halal industry; define cross-contamination between halal and haram and how to avoid it; create an evolution of a complete halal value chain and supply chain; and benchmark with existing standards and best practices. For Muslim countries, halal logistics is based on avoiding direct contact with haram , addressing the risk of contamination, and perception of the Muslim consumer. For non-Muslim countries, halal logistics is only based on avoiding direct contact with haram and addressing the risk of contamination. Since this paper is an exploratory study, it provides some insights into the minimum and preferred level of halal logistics in Muslim and non-Muslim countries. However, quantitative research is needed to confirm this difference in consumer perception between Muslim and non-Muslim countries.


This appendix lists some of the more common conversion factors for units of measure used throughout Current Protocols manuals, and gives prefixes indicating powers of ten for SI units.


In this paper, wear of polycrystalline diamond (PCD) cutting tools and the surface integrity during machining of SiC – Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is discussed. An attempt is made to establish relation between the hardness of the tool and the flank wear. A newly developed PCD tool, which is superior in hardness with lower flank wear than the conventional tools is introduced. During machining with PCD tools, the severity of transfer material on the tools increased significantly with cutting distance and cutting speed. The superior surface finish obtained with the PCD tools cannot be merely explained by their low wear. The low degree of adhesion that these tools had with the work material appeared to be the main reason for the superior surface obtained at both low and high cutting speeds. At low cutting speed, when the use of coolant resulted in a marked reduction in the amount of work material on the machined work pieces, high Ra and PV values can be obtained.


Theoretical values are not valid for the relation of fresh-water head to the depth of the fresh-water-salt-water interface beneath barrier islands when there is substantial motion of fresh groundwater and where the sedimentary deposits are not homogeneous or isotropic. Zones of fresh and salt water are stratified; fresh water occurs in zones of high permeability, whereas salty water occurs in zones of low permeability. Near Frisco, on Hatteras Island, North Carolina, the concentration of chloride in groundwater varies inversely with the relative permeability of the water-bearing zones to a depth of about 140 feet. Permeable zones generally contain water with a chloride content of less than 100 ppm, whereas relatively impermeable zones contain water with a chloride content greater than 100 ppm. The position of the contact of fresh water with salt water depends on the permeability of the sediments at depth and is affected by differential flushing by fresh groundwater as a result of the retreat of the sea water originally saturating the entire stratification, rather than by fresh-water head differences in the shallow aquifer system.


A new manual of System of Health Accounts (SHA) 2011, was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. This offers more complete coverage than the previous version, SHA 1.0, within the functional classification in areas such as prevention and a precise approach for tracking financing in the health care sector using the new classification of financing schemes. This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 1970-2014 constructed according to the SHA2011. Data sources for public financing include budget and settlement documents of the government, various statistics from the National Health Insurance, and others. In the case of private financing, an estimation of total revenue by provider groups is made from the Economic Census data and the household income and expenditure survey, Korean healthcare panel study, etc. are used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 105 trillion won in 2014, which accounts for 7.1% of Korea's gross domestic product. It was a big increase of 7.7 trillion won, 7.9%, from the previous year. Public share (government and compulsory schemes) accounting for 56.5% of the CHE in 2014 was still much lower than the OECD average of about 73%. With these estimates, it is possible to compare health expenditures of Korea and other countries better. Awareness and appreciation of the need and gains from applying SHA2011 for the health expenditure classification are expected to increase as OECD health expenditure figures get more frequently quoted among health policy makers.


Although some recent research has indicated reduced performance monitoring in patients with schizophrenia, the literature on this topic shows some remarkable inconsistencies. While most studies suggest diminished error signals following error responses, some studies reported normal post-error slowing, while others reported reduced post-error slowing. Here we review these studies and highlight the most important discrepancies. Furthermore, we argue that overall error rates are a mostly neglected issue that can at least partly explain these discrepancies. It has been reported previously that post-error slowing depends on the error rates. Participants or patients that make more errors are likely to show decreased post-error slowing. Therefore, when a group of patients is compared to a group of controls, it is extremely important to match error rates. For this purpose, we developed a procedure where we matched individuals' error rates. In a task where subjects had to press a response key corresponding to one of four colors we manipulated the difficulty on an individual basis by varying the discriminability between the colors. Schizophrenic patients and a group of controls were tested with this procedure showing that differences in accuracy disappear. Interestingly, we can see that in patients, the color values that were needed to reach similar levels of accuracy correlate with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scale, with higher PANSS requiring more color. Most important, we found that schizophrenic patients have increased rather than decreased post-error slowing when the inter-trial interval (ITI) is short. This result can be interpreted within the framework of the orienting account, as it has been demonstrated previously that schizophrenic patients show increased distractibility.


We study over-the-air model aggregation in federated edge learning (FEEL) systems, where channel state information at the transmitters (CSIT) is assumed to be unavailable. We leverage the reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology to align the cascaded channel coefficients for CSIT-free model aggregation. To this end, we jointly optimize the RIS and the receiver by minimizing the aggregation error under the channel alignment constraint. We then develop a difference-of-convex algorithm for the resulting non-convex optimization. Numerical experiments on image classification show that the proposed method is able to achieve a similar learning accuracy as the state-of-the-art CSIT-based solution, demonstrating the efficiency of our approach in combating the lack of CSIT.


Worrying about possible future economic dangers subtracts from the present well-being of individuals, which is why affluent societies have complex systems of private insurance and public social protection to provide a degree of economic security. However, such protections are largely unavailable to the citizens of poor nations (i.e., most of humanity). How can one measure economic security in these very different contexts? This paper examines trends in the IEWB Economic Security Index for four affluent OECD countries and compares a cross-section of 70 rich and poor countries in 2007/08. To reflect better the reality of developing countries, it revises the IEWB index to: (1) include the volatility of food production in the risk of loss of livelihood; (2) adjust the risks of health care costs to consider the proportion of household spending on food (which is non-discretionary, and large in poor countries); and (3) add adult male mortality to the risk of divorce in calculation of the risk of single parent poverty.


This study aims to determine the results of classroom learning using the method of learning models PAIKEM Sucker ball game compared to the class using lecture methods vary. The study design used in this study is the type of experimental research. Based on research results, obtained an average post test experimental class is 75.47 and the average grade control was 67.97. For results of test calculations with an average difference of post-test scores obtained thitung = 1.403 while the ttabel = 1.35 for ? = 5% and dk = (32 +32-2) = 62 is obtained t (0.95) (62) = 1.35. Because thitung t (0.95) (74) so H0 is rejected, this means that there are significant differences in the quality of learning between the experimental and the control groups. Based on the research results can be concluded that there are differences in learning outcomes between the classes that use PAIKEM with learning outcomes using the lecture method


The "brain" form of the anion exchanger protein 3 (bAE3) has been purified to homogeneity from the rabbit kidney by differential centrifugation and immunoaffinity chromatography. A single protein band of approximately 165 kDa was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. Monomers, dimers (a major component), and a higher oligomeric form (apparently tetramers) were found after oxidative cross-linking of purified bAE3. The largest form of bAE3 was separated from dimers and monomers by sucrose gradient centrifugation and was studied by transmission electron microscopy to confirm a tetrameric structure. Two main types of bAE3 images were detected, round (approximately 11-14 nm) and square-shaped (approximately 12 x 12 nm). Image analysis revealed fourfold rotational symmetry of both the round and square-shaped images, indicating that bAE3 consists of multiples of 4 subunits. We conclude that bAE3 in Triton X-100 solution is predominantly a mixture of dimers and tetramers with a smaller amount of monomers.


The maintenance of occlusal integrity has to be observed in all restorative procedures. The author of this article discusses the natural design of occlusion, diagnosis of the need for occlusal treatment, and the dentist/material/procedure interaction. Understanding those principles is the learning objective of this article.


Traditionally, the major way to teach/study law has been using a doctrinal approach. It focuses on complex legal issues or problems and relies on interpretation and application of the law using legal precedent, law sources and the work of other academics, etc. In the era of globalization, an innovation of legal education is incorporating a comparative approach. This approach analyses how different legal systems and jurisdictions have dealt with a particular problem. This short article aims to explore the expectations of different stakeholders amid the globalization of legal education and some theoretical issues concerning a comparative and functional approach to corporate law teaching, predominantly from the perspectives of a practitioner in the UK higher education establishment.


The formation of carbon nanoparticles in low pressure magnetized H2/CH4 and H2/C2H2 plasmas is investigated using infrared quantum cascade laser absorption, mass spectrometry, and electrostatic probe measurements. Results showed that dust formation is correlated to the presence of a significant amount of large positively charged hydrocarbon ions. Large negative ions or neutral hydrocarbon were not observed. These results, along with a qualitative comparison of diffusion and reaction characteristic, suggest that a positive ion may contribute to the growth of nanoparticles in hydrocarbon magnetized plasmas.


OBJECTIVE
Few studies have systematically evaluated high-resolution CT (HRCT) imaging of the thorax 5 years after severe ARDS to determine the association between radiologic fi ndings and functional disability. The primary aim of this study was to determine chest radiologic abnormalities at 5 years in survivors of severe ARDS from the University of Toronto ARDS cohort. The secondary aim was to determine the relationship between the observed radiologic abnormalities on HRCT scan and pulmonary symptoms, pulmonary function test abnormalities, and healthrelated quality of life at 5-year follow-up.

METHODS
HRCT scans were obtained in 24 of 64 eligible patients. Three anatomically comparable levels were selected for scoring, and each level was divided into four quadrants. The extent and distribution of individual CT image patterns (ground glass opacifi cation, intense parenchymal opacifi cation, reticular pattern, and decreased attenuation) were also reported.

RESULTS
Eighteen patients (75%) had abnormal fi ndings on HRCT imaging. These findings were minor and in the nondependent lung zones. No correlation was found between radiologic findings and patient symptoms, pulmonary function tests, 6-min walk distances, or heath-related quality of life measures.

CONCLUSIONS
Exercise and functional limitations experienced by survivors of severe ARDS are unlikely to be related to structural lung disease and may be more consistent with extrapulmonary muscle weakness.


Particulate air pollution is one of the major causes of premature death in the world, and combustion-derived soot emissions contribute strongly to the particulate pollution to which humans are exposed. Black carbon (BC) is one such emission and denotes soot with strong light absorption in the ultraviolet to infrared spectrum. Combustion can also generate brown carbon (BrC) particles, with absorption confined to shorter wavelengths than BC and absorption Angstrom exponents (AAEs) significantly higher than 1. When emitted to the atmosphere, BC and BrC can accelerate global warming by absorbing incoming solar radiation. The overall aim of this thesis is to improve the understanding of relationships between combustion conditions, physicochemical soot properties, and parameters which are of relevance for adverse health effects and climate impact.Soot emissions were studied from a miniCAST soot generator, a heavy-duty diesel engine, and from traditional and modern biomass based cook stoves. The soot particles were characterized for their optical properties, chemical composition, size, and carbon nanostructure (soot maturity). Soot formation and oxidation processes were studied by extracting particles from the cylinder of a heavy-duty diesel engine. The diesel engine was equipped with an exhaust gas recirculation system, and used either Swedish MK1 fossil diesel, a rapeseed methyl ester (RME) biodiesel, or a renewable hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) fuel. Immature soot was characterized by short and amorphous nanostructures, BrC absorption, high polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions, and refractory organic carbon that partially formed pyrolytic carbon during thermal-optical analysis. Mature soot was characterized by ordered nanostructures, BC absorption, low PAH mass fractions, and mass dominated by elemental carbon. A novel methodology was introduced to investigate differences in soot maturity using a soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP AMS). Mature soot, characterized by long fringe lengths, generated mainly low molecular weight carbon cluster fragments (C1-5+). In addition to C1-5+, immature soot with shorter fringe lengths produced signals from midcarbon and fullerene carbon clusters (C≥6+). The new methodology and interpretation can improve methods that use aerosol mass spectrometry for the source apportionment of combustion emissions. It can also aid in the development of new emission mitigation strategies, for example, with respect to the soot oxidation reactivity of relevance for diesel particulate filters. The results show that low temperature combustion conditions result in soot with immature characteristics, while higher temperatures result in more mature soot. The elevated AAEs and a major fraction of the BrC absorption were assigned to refractory soot components. Specifically, the analysis suggested that the progression from BrC to BC absorption as soot maturity increased was caused primarily by the growth of refractory aromatic units, which are the soot building blocks. This description of how combustion conditions may control soot properties can improve our understanding of processes related to light absorption in the atmosphere.The renewable HVO and RME fuels reduced particulate matter and BC emissions; the RME, in addition, reduced PAH emissions compared to fossil diesel. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism in particle-induced toxicity. The ability of soot particles to form ROS increased with increasing combustion temperatures. It was hypothesized from the analysis of soot properties that the diesel soot potential to form ROS with increasing combustion temperature in the first step increased due to more mature soot nanostructures, and in the second step due to increased oxidation and altered surface oxygen functional groups. This hypothesis can form a basis for future evaluations of drivers of soot particle toxicity that are of relevance for global air pollution problems. (Less)


We rewrite the time dependent Schrödinger equation by using only three dimensional vector algebra and by avoiding to introduce any complex numbers. We show that this equation leads to the same conclusions than the "complex version" concerning the hydrogen atom and the harmonic oscillator. We show also that this equation can be written as a Maxwell-Ampère equation.


Field surveys were conducted in Lake Chickamauga, Tenn., to determine the effects from wastewater discharge from the Volunteer Army Ammunition Plan. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is the principal munitions component manufactured at this facility, and process wastes contain a complex mixture of compounds associated with the production of this explosive. Effects from the waste stream via selected components were established in periphyton and the macroinvertebrate communities, utilizing the Pinkham-Pearson Biotic Similarity Analysis. Less success was achieved in assessing impact by employing the Shannon-Weaver diversity theory. The utility of standard artificial substrates in periphyton studies was realized by comparing effects between community structures on natural substrates and glass slides. The results of the investigation show that effects on fixed biological communities from wastewater components of TNT manufacture can be detected at concentrations in the microgram per litre range.


The foetal pH values of eighty-eight cases delivered within 30 min after foetal blood sampling were correlated with the 1-min Apgar score. With a pH of 7·20 or above the error of prediction was 1·3%. The error in cases with pH below 7·20 was 54·5%. Significantly higher pH and lower δ base deficit were present in the low foetal pH group in vigorous, as opposed to depressed infants, suggesting that infusion acidosis was present in infants with a high Apgar score. The degree of correlation between the foetal pH and the Apgar score was not significantly influenced by shortening the sampling-delivery interval to 15 min or lengthening it to 3 hr. The most significant factor affecting the degree of correlation in the present study was the setting of the critical pH. If the criterion of the critical pH was taken as 7·13 there would have been no false positive results and the error of prediction in cases delivered within 30 min of foetal blood sampling would be reduced to 1·1%.


OBJECTIVES: To determine if there was a high correlation between the prescription of a general anaesthetic for dental treatment in young children by a Personal Dental Services (PDS) general anaesthetic pilot and the dental health of children at a ward level. BASIC RESEARCH DESIGN: Postcode data from an audit of the single dental general anaesthetic provider in an area was extracted and mapped to individual wards. A proxy for the oral health population was obtained by using the results of a large-scale dental prevalence study of five-year-olds. The wards were ranked into quintiles by dmft and a mean dmft calculated for each. There were 1,406 patients who had a general anaesthetic, 74% were aged 11 years or less. SETTING: A personal dental service dental general anaesthetic pilot in the north of England providing services for a population of approximately 300,000 residents in a non-fluoridated area. RESULTS There was a positive correlation between increasing levels of dental decay in the population and increasing intervention ratios for dental treatment under general anaesthesia (r2 = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: The PDS pilot provided dental care under general anaesthesia for more patients from wards with poor dental health than from wards with better dental health.


response (SVR) achievement in LTR with slow virologic response (SlowVR) to PEGIFN and ribavirin (RIB) antiviral treatment (AVT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2004 until 2014 we initiated 48 courses of PEGIFN/RIB in LTR with HCV genotype 1 recurrence. Blood samples were screened for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) near the IL28B genes (rs8099917G≥T and rs12979860 C>T) by kit 'AmpliSens GenoscreenIL28B-FL' (CRIE) in 39 LTR. G-allele (rs80999917) and T-allele (rs12979860) were determined as 'unfavorable'. RESULTS: By the time of analysis 41 courses were finished. In intent-to-treat manner SVR, null response (NR) and relapse after full treatment course were achieved in 11 (26.8%) cases for each of these outcomes. Other eight courses were discontinued prematurely due to patients' death (2), refuse (1) or serious adverse events (5). Aviremia HCV at week 4 occurred in 5%, at week 12 – in 29% and after week 12 (SlowVR) – in 39% of courses. In four out of six courses with SlowVR and treatment duration 72 weeks, but in none courses with SlowVR and treatment duration less than 72 weeks SVR was achieved. Eight LTR had entirely favorable TT/CC genotype. Among them 6 LTR achieved aviremia before week 12, 1 – before week 24 and one remained NR. Among 21 cases with 1 (eight cases) or 2 (13 cases) unfavorable SNP only 4 LTR achieved aviremia HCV before week 12; 9 LTR – before week 24 and other eight – were NR. All but one out of 8 LTR with 3 (five cases) or 4 (three cases) unfavorable SNP achieved aviremia only at week 24 (five cases) or never (two cases) (p < 0.05 for trend). On the contrary, we didn't find any differences in number of 'unfavorable' SNP or C/C versus non-CC genotype in dependence on SVR rate. CONCLUSIONS: PEGIFN/RIB therapy provides SVR only in a quarter of LTR with HCV genotype 1. Early viral kinetic is slower than in non-transplant settings, but even if slow virologic response occurred, SVR is possible when AVT prolonged up to 72 weeks. The time point of virological response in HCV-infected LTR undergone AVT depends on quantity of SNP in different positions of IL28B region.


RATIONALE: Patients with sarcoidosis are quite young and are deemed to have their lung checked on a regular basis, which is usually done by CT. A radiation free imaging technique, like Magnetic resonance (MR), would be important to reduce radiation burden. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of proton MRI of the lung in sarcoidosis patients and the agreement between the imaging appearance of pulmonary sarcoidosis on MRI and CT. MATERIALS/METHODS: 22 patients were included (13f, 9m), 15 patients were available for comparison between chest CT scans and pulmonary MRI scans (1.0Tesla, T1w & T2w sequences, no contrast media). The scans were scored by one experienced radiologist for sarcoid stage, image quality, gross parenchymal opacification, reticulation, nodules, and masses using a 3-point lobar scale. Total scores for corresponding MRI and CT scans were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Quality of MR scans was rated excellent in 12 and good in 3 cases. The disease severity (stage) was: stage 1 – 4 patients; 2 – 7; 3 – 3; and 4 – 2; with 100% agreement between both imaging modalities. There was substantial correlation for T2w images in parenchymal opacification (CT-SSH: p=0.74; CT-T2-SPIR: p=0.74; CT-T1: p=0.23). Correlation in parenchymal reticulation: CT-SSH: p=0.59; CT-T2-SPIR: p=1; CT-T1: p=0.55. Pulmonary nodules: CT-SSH: p=0.09; CT-T2-SPIR: p=0.31; CT-T1: p=0.01. Pulmonary masses: CT-SSH: p=0.68; CT-T2-SPIR: p=0.68; CT-T1: p=0.32. CONCLUSION: There is substantial correlation and agreement between MRI and CT in the scoring of pulmonary sarcoidosis especially using T2w sequences. However, improvement in detection of small pulmonary nodules seems warrant.


Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by structural and neurochemical changes in limbic structures, including the hippocampus, that regulate mood and cognitive functions. Hippocampal atrophy is observed in patients with depression and this effect is blocked or reversed by antidepressant treatments. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other neurotrophic/growth factors are decreased in postmortem hippocampal tissue from suicide victims, which suggests that altered trophic support could contribute to the pathophysiology of MDD. Preclinical studies demonstrate that exposure to stress leads to atrophy and cell loss in the hippocampus as well as decreased expression of neurotrophic/growth factors, and that antidepressant administration reverses or blocks the effects of stress. Accumulating evidence suggests that altered neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus mediates the action of antidepressants. Chronic antidepressant administration upregulates neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus and this cellular response is required for the effects of antidepressants in certain animal models of depression. Here, we review cellular (e.g. adult neurogenesis) and behavioral studies that support the neurotrophic/neurogenic hypothesis of depression and antidepressant action. Aberrant regulation of neuronal plasticity, including neurogenesis, in the hippocampus and other limbic nuclei may result in maladaptive changes in neural networks that underlie the pathophysiology of MDD.


Cryptography is a small but crucial part of information security. The design of secure cryptographic primitives and protocols is an extremely difficult task and the rigorous analysis of such constructions is of paramount importance. In order to reduce the complexity of the analysis of such constructions and to provide structure to proofs of security, cryptographers have advocated for describing the probabilistic experiments representing the security properties and the underlying assumptions as programs (games) in a probabilistic language, and structuring the proofs as sequence of such programs. More recently, this methodology drew attention of the programming language and program verification community and relying on standard methods well-known in these communities, interactive tools were built to support this kind of reasoning. Among these, CertiCrypt and EasyCrypt were developed. The core component of these tools is a set of program logics that, in combination, allow to justify the validity of each transition in the sequence of games. This approach was widely applied and classical results of cryptography were reproduced and validated using the tools. However, while this approach is indeed attractive in many aspects and drew the attention of part of the community, its adoption remained limited. From our point of view, there are two factors that have hindered the adoption: - Overhead: the effort required to obtain a machine-checked proof in these tools is significantly larger than the one invested in a pen-and-paper proof. Essentially the whole proof needs to be worked out to a much higher level of detail and transitions deemed trivial when performing a semi-formal argument sometimes become tedious. - Learning curve: the background required to carry-out these machine-checked proofs does not necessarily match the one of the intended users, namely, cryptographers. Deep understanding of how the program logics work, experience in program verification and in interactive theorem are fundamental to be able to complete these proofs. In this thesis, we explore two complementary approaches that can mitigate the overhead of machine checked cryptography proofs, and to make their construction and development more accesible to cryptographers: fully automated analysis and modularity of cryptography proofs in the computational model. We propose a novel combination of symbolic and computational methods to achieve automated analysis of classes of constructions, without sacrificing the rigor of the code-based approach, and enabling for the first time the use of program synthesis in cryptographic design with computational guarantees. We develop a generic proof of one-round authenticated key exchange protocols that can be applied to a large set of protocols and we performed a fine-grained analysis that allows to obtain proofs under weaker assumptions. The initial cost of developing the proof is justified by its multiple applications and it constitutes a cost-effective way of developing such proofs.


The scientific heritage of Alexander Luria is vast and not completely studied. His scientific archive includes a range of documents that academics have never encountered. We analyzed the history of Luria's research of semantic aphasia, specifically as it is related to the impairment of visuospatial processing. For this purpose, we investigated unpublished archive materials dating back to 1928–1940, particularly the monograph 'Parietal Aphasia' from 1940. The literature regarding the history of the issue and neurophysiological and linguistic interpretations of semantic aphasia is discussed in detail by Luria. We also introduce Luria's diagnostic manualfor the semantic impairment of language and describe the syndrome structure of semantic aphasia. To conclude, we discuss the specificity of semantic aphasia analysis in the pre-war monograph compared to later studies.
Keywords: semantic aphasia, visuospatial processing, temporal-parietal-occipital association area, A.R. Luria, neuropsychology, neurolinguistics, history of psychology


The most important complications after open heart surgery are neurological, gastrointestinal (GI), and renal complications. New neurological deficits may occur in 1%, and neuropsychiatric alterations may be observed in 40%. In 6% peripheral neurological damage occurs. Endoscopy in all patients whose clinical history suggests signs of gastric ulcer disease, and perioperative H2-blocking therapy are effective in reducing severe GI bleeding to 1%. Small-bowel ischemia is a rare but high risk complication. Hepatitis due to homologous blood transfusion is as low as 2%-3%. Postoperative renal insufficiency occurs in 1% needing hemodialysis. Good hemodynamic condition during and after surgery reduces the frequency of extracardiac complications as well as the reduction of use of homologous blood transfusions for open heart surgery.


In this paper, we analyze various Decentralized Finance (DeFi) protocols in terms of their token distributions. We propose an iterative mapping process that allows us to split aggregate token holdings from custodial and escrow contracts and assign them to their economic beneficiaries. This method accounts for liquidity-, lending-, and staking-pools, as well as token wrappers, and can be used to break down token holdings, even for high nesting levels. We compute individual address balances for several snapshots and analyze intertemporal distribution changes. In addition, we study reallocation and protocol usage data, and propose a proxy for measuring token dependencies and ecosystem integration. The paper offers new insights on DeFi interoperability as well as token ownership distribution and may serve as a foundation for further research.


Autogenous and homologous fascia lata have been used to correct many problems in ophthalmic surgery. This paper has described the use of autogenous fascia late to correct lid retraction secondary to thyroid ophthalmopathy, cicatricial entropion and extruding orbital implants. The surgical procedures have been briefly discussed, as well as the presentation of one clinical example of each procedure the pathologic and immunologic aspects of fascia lata grafts will be reported at a later date.


In this study, we examined the effects of TNF-alpha on Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2), Smads (which play intracellular signaling of BMPs) expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of human dental pulp (HDP) cells to clarify the mechanism of tertiary dentin formation. The quantity of RT-PCR product for BMP-2 from the HDP cells stimulated by TNF-alpha is increased. However, ALP activity was not increased on the cells incubated with TNF-alpha. On the other hand, ALP activity was significantly increased on HDP cells treated with Ammonium Pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC, NF- kappaB inhibitor) groups and combined supplementation of TNF-alpha and PDTC groups. Furthermore, we examined the effect of TNF-alpha and PDTC on Smad7 expression using RT-PCR and western blot analysis. Smad7 expression in HDP cells was increased by TNF-alpha, but decreased by PDTC treatment. These results suggest that NF- kappaB and Smad7 play an important role in the down regulation of ALP activity by TNF-alpha on HDP cells.


Considered here are equilibria, notably those that solve noncooperative games. Focus is on connections between evolutionary stability, concavity and monotonicity. It is shown that evolutionary stable points are local attractors under gradient dynamics. Such dynamics, while reflecting search for individual improvement, can incorporate myopia, imperfect knowledge and bounded rationality/competence.


Glomerulonephritis was induced in mice by the repeated injection of human glomeruli or purified glomerular basement membrane. The glomerular basement membranes of nephritic animals were observed to develop subepithelial extensions, "spikes." Although normally Type IV collagen is found throughout the full thickness of basement membranes, the "spikes" reacted with antibodies to laminin but not with antibodies to Type IV collagen. It is proposed that in murine autoimmune glomerulonephritis, the visceral epithelial cells produce an excess of laminin.


Communicable diseases and children's malnutrition are of significant health concerns in Indonesia. Some obstacles of overcoming these health problems are ranging from the lack of health promotion and disease prevention, inadequate early warning system, delayed case finding, and lack of collaboration between hospital and Puskesmas in the continuation of case management. These conditions may keep reoccurring due to thelack of documentation accuracy and prompt data report since the documenting and reporting processes are handled manually by the Puskesmas officer altogether with the community health cadres. This research is a preliminary study of the implementation of the management information system in the hospital and Puskesmas. The research is designed as a qualitative approach to explorate current situation and incremental study. The current findings from these puskesmas and hospitals demonstrate a need of an integrated nursing management information system (NMIS). Therefore, the research has developed a prototype NMIS of the Puskesmas and hospital. Accordingly, the research needs to be continued to the tryout and implementation phase in the Puskesmas and the hospital setting.

 Key words: Early warning, documentation, nursing, nursing management information system.


This study seeks to address the question of whether China's Western Development Strategy (WDS) has affected the carbon emission intensity of the regions it covers. There remains a distinct lack of analysis based on the normative causal inference method regarding the impact of this economic development policy on carbon emissions. Our research contributes to the large body of international literature studying the effects of place-based policy and has implications for place-based policies regarding the impact of carbon emissions. It constructs a duopoly model to illustrate the relationship between lower prices of capital (caused by policies such as tax reduction) and carbon emissions. Using county-level data on both sides of the provincial boundary of the WDS from 1998 to 2007, and applying the difference-in-differences method, our results indicate that the WDS has significantly increased carbon emission intensity of the western counties. Our findings also indicate that while the WDS has had no significant positive effect on counties' economic growth, no policy trap effect was found. There is also no evidence suggesting that the economic activities attributable to the WDS have brought any negative externalities of carbon emissions to the counties east of the western provincial border.


This study was carried out to investigate the effect of homestead animal rearing on household food security and economic empowerment. Structured questionnaire was purposely distributed to one hundred and forty nine homestead animal rearers in urban and rural areas of Owo Local Government of Ondo state. Information was obtained on their socio-economic and demographic characteristics, types of animal kept, utilization of the income and economic empowerment. Data collected were analyzed using frequency and percentages. The result shows that the predominant animals were poultry (38.66%) and goat (32.98%) while pig was the least reared (4.12%). The animals were reared mainly on free range (39.47%) and local cage (38.16%). High proportion (62.16%) of the income derived from homestead animal sale was used to augment family feeding. Of the respondents, 8.9% derived their livelihood from homestead animal rearing. Homestead animal keeping impacts positively on household food security, standard of living and economic empowerment.


It should be stated, there exist many abnormalities of monocytes function in HD patients, while examined in vitro. Their biological significance in vivo remains to be elucidated. The disturbances of monocyte-macrophage system certainly influence the immunoregulation mechanism, especially T-cell-macrophage cooperation and this way augment the immune deficite observed in patients with HD, increase their susceptibility to infections and may be an additional factor favoring tumour dissemination, particularly in the advanced stages of the disease.


Hawai'i, particularly east Hawai'i Island, is the epicenter for angiostrongyliasis in the United States. Case numbers have been increasing and appear to parallel the introduction and spread of the semislug (Parmarion martensi) to east Hawai'i. The infective larvae in rainwater catchment as a source for household and agricultural water may also play a role. The spread of Angiostrongylus cantonensis as well as the potential introduction of the semislug P. martensi should be a concern to the mainland United States. The State of Hawai'i should recognize the seriousness of this growing problem and thus collaborate to fund studies to address the growing challenges surrounding angiostrongyliasis.


Scaling analysis based on scaling laws was performed first for a single-phase natural circulation loop. Two geometrical reduced models were built. Numerical simulations for them using a CFD code named FLUENT were carried out. The calculated heat removal capabilities of the two reduced models show good agreement with the predicted results by the RELAP5/Mod3.2. The reversely deduced heat removal capabilities of the loop prototype from the numerically calculated results agree well with the prediction by the RELAP5/Mod3.2 for full height scaling model.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


The article explores the characteristics and variations of the book trailer genre in light of the different ways in which book trailers stage the literary experience of their source texts. The book trailer's intermedial character as audiovisual representation of linguistic texts raises a 'question of representation' that poses a significant artistic challenge and potentially violates the virtual quality of the literary reading experience. On the basis of an extensive sample, a number of book trailers are analysed and a tentative book trailer typology is established based on different modes of addressing the genre's inherent 'question of representation'.


Recent developments in first-principles lattice dynamics and classical force field based molecular dynamics are revolutionising the field of neutron spectroscopy. Herein we present a short review of these methods, their critical role in the supporting of cutting-edge experiments, and how they are improved by matching experimental data. We begin with a brief overview of how lattice dynamics calculations can be compared to inelastic neutron scattering (INS) and molecular dynamics simulations to both INS and quasi-elastic neutron scattering (QENS). We then provide a series of exemplar applications where lattice dynamics and molecular dynamics have been used in conjunction with neutron spectroscopy to bring significant understanding to topical areas of materials science namely: (i) lattice dynamics and INS for the study of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (ii) lattice dynamics and INS for the study of flexible porous solids and (iii) molecular dynamics and QENS for probing molecular behaviour in zeolite catalysis. In all three cases, the understanding gained through the synergy of experiment and computation would have been significantly reduced using either in isolation. Finally, we consider the current state of the art, describing outstanding challenges and suggesting future directions in this exciting and fertile area of physical science.


There is a high prevalence of premature mortality and unhealthy lifestyle behaviours in Lower Silesia in Poland (regional capital is the city of Wroclaw). One plausible reason is low health literacy among this population. Health literacy is one of the most important elements of public health and health promotion endeavours. It can be conceptualised as abroad range of cognitive and social skills as well as knowledge needed by an individual to maintain good health, prevent or manage diseases, and effectively engage with healthcare professionals and resources. The Health Promotion Foundation (HPF), in collaboration with regional institutions and organisations, initiated in 2017 a broad initiative to improve health in this region. The overarching aim of the wider programme is to improve the quality of care among primary care patients. The project stream led by HPF aims to improve knowledge and health-related competences in the population of primary care patients in Lower Silesia. It involves (1) needs assessment based on the analysis of data on health status and neds from 50 participating primary care clinics, followed by (2) development of tailored face-to-face workshops that will be delivered by trained public health students, (3) who will be mentored using train-the-trainer approach. It is anticipated that the project will impact on three main areas in the long term. First, it will lead to creation of a package of workshops that could be delivered to other primary care patients. Second, it will create opportunities for students majoring in public health in the region to become directly involved in activities focused on health education and promotion. Three, it is anticipated that the project will lead to improvements in health and wellbeing among the participating patient groups. The present report describes the scope and method of the project.


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

Emerging clinical evidence suggests that tumor response to treatment occurs along stochastic, evolutionary trajectories, with the amplification of pre-existing clones of resistant cells being shown to be responsible for treatment failure in a number of cases. In this evolutionary view of cancer, pre-existing tumor heterogeneity forms a pool of candidate mutations for selection to act on. Thus, a clearer picture of the heterogeneity in cancer cell lines will facilitate a mechanistic understanding of the dynamics of resistance evolution.

In this report, we describe the development of an in vitro system based on the soft agar clonogenic assay, to characterize the degree of heterogeneity in net growth rate (fitness) and the effects of this variation in fitness on the population-level response to drug treatment.

The in vitro system was developed as a 24-well soft agar clonogenic assay, with sequential images of the growing colonies taken every day, over a period of two weeks. An automated system for plate preparation, imaging, and plate transfer from incubator to imager was developed to increase assay throughput. A modified greedy algorithm was developed in MATLAB to reliably track colonies as they grow and shift in the image frame from day to day. The individual growth rates of colonies in the pre-treatment colonies followed an exponential model, indicative of a clonal origin for the individual colonies, which was confirmed by microscopy.

Next, we developed an in silico platform (based on a Monte Carlo stochastic simulation) to study this heterogeneity in growth rates, and derive insights that are relevant to the planning of therapeutic interventions. This simulation was also used to optimize the design of the experimental system and can provide guidance on the optimal seeding density to avoid merging colonies. We are now using this simulation platform to explore the impact of heterogeneity on population fitness and on drug resistance. This platform can also be extended to examine the individual colonies derived from drug treatment, and provides a rapid and simple means of isolation of resistant subclones for further study.

Taken together, the combined in vitro/in silico platform presented here forms the basis of a Systems Biology approach for assessing the role of cancer cell heterogeneity in the evolution of resistance in response to treatment

Citation Format: Keisuke Kuida, Carl Boand, John Bradley, Jean Courtemanche, John Donovan, Doanh Mai, Jerome Mettetal, Santhosh Palani, Derek Blair, Jeffrey Ecsedy, Andy Dorner, Wen Chyi Shyu, Joe Bolen, Doug Bowman, Arijit Chakravarty. An integrated in vitro / in silico platform to study the evolutionary dynamics of resistance to cancer therapy . [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5229. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5229


The improvement methods of the marketing policy of meat processing trade enterprises and recommendations for its improvement by providing the target orientation traders were analyzed. The problems of creating the competitive advantages of trade enterprise through the development and implementation of strategies for the sales were marked


Ultrashort pulse generation in the 1600 nm wavelength region is required for deep-tissue biomedical imaging. We report on the characterization and adaptive compression of a multi-soliton output spanning >300 nm from a large-mode area photonic-crystal fiber rod for two separate laser setups. Sub-30 fs pulses are generated by first compressing of each soliton individually, and then followed by coherently combining all of the pulses in the train, which are separated by hundreds of femtoseconds. Simulations of the source, together with amplitude and phase coherence measurements are provided.


The Multiview Methodology for Information Systems Development has never been a widely used or mass‐market approach. It has always had a small user base, a localised approach to a global issue: coherent IS development. This paper concerns the underreported innovation of the Multiview3 methodology for Information systems analysis, design and development –specifically designed for non‐specialists working in developing countries. The innovation emerged from the identification of a methodological 'gap' in support for non‐specialists struggling with Information Systems problem structuring challenges. The Multiview3 story tells us how IS methodology can be innovated to address the needs of users. This version of Multiview is argued to be theoretically distinct from previous versions in terms of its focus (developing countries) and application (problem solving and co‐learning in practice).


The Steel Slit Panel (SSP) is studied for its viability as a lateral force resisting system (LFRS) for regions of high seismicity. Anticipated benefits for the SSP are architectural flexibility, as well as repair and retrofit possibilities. This paper is focused on the stiffness of the SSP frames, since it depends not only on the SSP but also on the beams bounding the panels, the position in the bay, the thickness of the panel, and other factors. The stiffness has been studied by means of finite element models (FEM). A methodology for the calculation of the stiffness is in development.


Abstract Tanzanian novelist and philosopher Euphrase Kezilahabi strives to "dismantle the resemblance of language to the world" (1985: 216) through challenging the fundamental philosophical dichotomy of subject and object. The result of this dismantling will be a new "language whose foundation is Being" (Kezilahabi 1991: 69; lugha ambayo msingi wake ni kuwako). This is an expression of a new relationship between humanity and Being built on a holistic epistemology of experience and embodiment. Through "kuwako", Kezilahabi expresses in Swahili the Heideggerian concept of Sein (Being). His adherence to Heidegger, however, puts him at risk of compromising the very foundation of his own philosophy: his continued critique of essentialism. This article argues that Kezilahabi salvages his concept of "kuwako" from these essentialist pitfalls precisely through his declared "destructive rather than deconstructive stand vis-à-vis the Western philosophy of value and representation" (Kezilahabi 1985: 4). The destruction is implemented on the thematic level: a phase of "vurumai" (chaos) which destroys previous traditions of philosophy is staged in Nagona. However, translation is an even more powerful device to carry out this destruction: "kuwako" is not an innocent reiteration but a radical reformulation of Heidegger's central philosophical concept, decisively informed by Kezilahabi's lifelong propensity for existentialism.


This thesis focuses on the performance of terrestrial communication systems that use channel assignment schemes to allocate base stations in a scenario that implements the coexistence of mixed terrestrial communication systems based on cognitive radio technology. Interaction and coexistence of different channel assignment schemes is investigated. Reinforcement learning is applied into multicast downlink transmission with power adjustment to develop the intelligence of cognitive radio.

We focus on investigating channel assignment schemes that select channels based on optimizing the coverage area supported by a terrestrial network. Four channel assignment schemes are developed and compared individually followed by an interaction of mixed schemes. It was found that for mixed schemes, different combinations will affect performance, either delivering better coexistence or more interference. It is shown in this thesis that the dynamic channel assignment used in different situations can efficiently improve the performance of spectrum management.

We investigate how channel assignment in multicast terrestrial communication systems with distributed channel occupancy detection can be improved using intelligence based on reinforcement learning and transmitter power adjustment. A weighting factor is used to determine the highest priority channels and help in controlling the performance of the system. It is shown how such schemes significantly reduce the number of reassignments and improve the dropping probability at the expense of increased blocking. It is found that using different minimum quality of service threshold percentages can partly control and improve performance in place of the more traditional SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) threshold levels. We also show how a power adjustment technique is developed, that significantly reduces the level of overlap between adjacent base stations and further reduces interference and transmitter power.


This study examined the relationship between personal growth initiative (PGI) and hedonic and eudaimonic happiness among a sample of South African university students (N = 235; mean age = 20.38, SD = 1.55; female = 61.70%). Students completed measures on personal growth initiative, hedonic happiness, and eudaimonic happiness. Regression analysis indicated personal growth initiative to positively predict students' reported scores on hedonic and eudaimonic measures. The findings underscore the importance of PGI among student populations in advancing well-being among university students. It is proposed that higher education student development and support services should tap into PGI as a resource for enhancing student self-directed change and happiness.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Dysregulation of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) has been found in a variety of cancers and is related to oncogenesis and progression. However, the functions of RBPs in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remain unclear. In this study, we obtained gene expression data and corresponding clinical information for LUSC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, identified aberrantly expressed RBPs between tumors and normal tissue, and conducted a series of bioinformatics analyses to explore the expression and prognostic value of these RBPs. A total of 300 aberrantly expressed RBPs were obtained, comprising 59 downregulated and 241 upregulated RBPs. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed RBPs were mainly associated with mRNA metabolic processes, RNA processing, RNA modification, regulation of translation, the TGF-beta signaling pathway, and the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Nine RBP genes (A1CF, EIF2B5, LSM1, LSM7, MBNL2, RSRC1, TRMU, TTF2, and ZCCHC5) were identified as prognosis-associated hub genes by univariate, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), Kaplan–Meier survival, and multivariate Cox regression analyses, and were used to construct the prognostic model. Further analysis demonstrated that high risk scores for patients were significantly related to poor overall survival according to the model. The area under the time-dependent receiver operator characteristic curve of the prognostic model was 0.712 at 3 years and 0.696 at 5 years. We also developed a nomogram based on nine RBP genes, with internal validation in the TCGA cohort, which showed a favorable predictive efficacy for prognosis in LUSC. Our results provide novel insights into the pathogenesis of LUSC. The nine-RBP gene signature showed predictive value for LUSC prognosis, with potential applications in clinical decision-making and individualized treatment.


The ongoing floating exchange rate regime in Turkey since 2001 brings about both positive and negative impacts on the economy. Although, foreign exchange market relatively happens to retrieve stability, TL strengthening has detrimental side effects on the current account balance in the Turkish Economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the real effective exchange rate on the current account balance in the Turkish Economy for the period 2003:01-2010:12 by applying time series econometric analysis. In the study, it is found that the real effective exchange rate inversely affects the current account balance in the long run, indicating Marshall- Lerner condition holds in the Turkish Economy in the long run. According to the impulse response results, the J-Curve effect exists in the Turkish Economy. Thus, competitiveness oriented currency, monetary and fiscal policies must be efficiently designed and applied in the Turkish Economy to achieve sustainable current account balance path.


Accurate, long‐term, consistent data are fundamental to climate science and satellite observations are the key to obtain such data globally in the Earth's atmosphere. Current methods are unable to jointly and consistently observe essential climate variables including thermodynamic ones (temperature, pressure, humidity), wind, and greenhouse gases. Here we introduce a method that profiles these variables over the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and beyond as consistent benchmark dataset (e.g., monthly‐mean temperature accurate to 0.1 K, wind to 0.5 m s−1, carbon dioxide concentration to within 1 ppm). It combines microwave and infrared‐laser occultation between satellites in low Earth orbit for thermodynamic state, greenhouse gas and line‐of‐sight wind profiling. With adequate scaling it can also be applied beyond Earth's atmosphere such as in planetary atmospheres. The method may become an authoritative reference standard for global monitoring of greenhouse gases and climate change in Earth's free atmosphere over the 21st century.


This paper dealt with the LED optical illumination system design for the Masthead navigation light to replace halogen lamps. We made Fresnel lens satisfy luminous intensity distribution of "Convention on the International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea(COLREG)". The optical system is designed by classifying three parts: light source, lens, and cut off plate. The source of light has been made to have the uniform horizontal and vertical light distribution by placing 6 LEDs at intervals of 54°, and as the cylindrical Fresnel lens, the lens has been designed to achieve the uniform horizontal and vertical light distribution in the range of plain light. Finally, the cover has been designed to block the light from the outside of plain light and ultimately met the standards for light distribution of navigation lights. In addition, the validity of design has been verified with manufacturing a trial product.


We propose to establish flying clearance at the head-disk interface by wearing the slider region that contains the transducer. The wear process is controlled by slider design, disk design, and the techniques used to control contact pressure at the wear region. The resulting distribution of flying clearance for a population of head-disk interfaces provides performance gains associated with lower magnetic spacing.


Melville, J., Smith Date, K.L., Horner, P., and Doughty, P. 2019. Taxonomic revision of dragon lizards in the genus Diporiphora (Reptilia: Agamidae) from the Australian monsoonal tropics. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 78: 23–55. The Australian dragon lizard genus Diporiphora currently comprises 21 species based on genetic and morphological evidence, with 11 of these species occurring in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. Diporiphora are climbing lizards that are found on either trees, grasses or rocks, with usually only subtle morphological differences to distinguish between species. Since the last taxonomic treatment of this genus in northern Australia over 40 years ago, species delimitation using genetic techniques has clarified the number of lineages and increased collections from recent surveys have significantly broadened the distributions of these taxa. However, no formal taxonomic assessments have been undertaken to redefine species, including the many lineages that represent undescribed species. Currently, there are seven species of Diporiphora with vast distributions across northern Australia and a broad and variable set of morphological characteristics that make species identification challenging, even for experienced field workers. Here, we provide a comprehensive taxonomic treatment of Diporiphora species across northern Australia based on previously published genetic data and morphological examination of voucher specimens. Our analyses demonstrate that these broadly distributed taxa actually comprise multiple, often allopatric, species, with especially high diversity in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. We redescribe nine previously described species and describe five new species of Diporiphora based on historical types, newly collected material and older museum vouchers. In the D. australis species group, we resurrect D. jugularis Macleay from synonomy. In the D. bennettii species group, we synonomise D. arnhemica Storr with D. albilabris Storr, and raise to full species the latter and D. sobria Storr. In addition, we describe as new a wide-ranging saxicoline species previously attributed to D. bennettii Gray. In the D. bilineata species group, we resurrect D. margaretae Storr from synonomy with D. magna Storr and describe three new species. Lastly, we describe a species from the northwest Kimberley that is more closely related to an arid zone radiation. The revision of the northern Diporiphora dragons here stabilises the taxonomy, redefines many species distributions and reveals many new species. Further work on Diporiphora includes further surveys to better understand distributions and habitat preferences and continue to refine their evolutionary history and biogeography in northern Australia.


OBJECTIVE
To follow up the cured and discharged patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from Wuhan Mobile Cabin Hospital and investigate their epidemiological and clinical characteristics as well as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) nucleic acid test results, so as to provide evidence for epidemic prevention and control.

METHODS
The clinical data including epidemiology, clinical symptoms, laboratory and imaging data of 117 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to Wuhan Hongshan Mobile Cabin Hospital from February 6 to March 10, 2020 were collected by telephone follow-up and analyzed, so as to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.

RESULTS
Among the 117 COVID-19 patients who met the discharge criteria, there were 49 males and 68 females with an average age of (49.00±11.88) years old, and the average length of hospital stay was (17±6) days. Among them, 91 patients had no obvious symptoms after discharge, and the proportion of asymptomatic patients was 77.78%. A small number of patients had clinical symptoms such as chest distress, palpation and asthma, etc. after discharge. After discharge, 7 patients had chest distress symptom, 5 cases had sore throat and palpitate symptom, 4 patients still had cough, asthma and chest pain existed in 3 cases for each, and headache, diarrhea, difficulty in breathing existed in 1 case for each. The 2019-nCoV nucleic acid results of 7 discharged patients were positive, with a re-positive rate of about 5.98%. The nucleic acid positive result occurred after 10-19 days in meeting the discharge standard. Most of the patients did not receive chest CT scan after discharge, but 24 cases of the patients received chest CT scan during follow-up showed normal manifestations, and the lesions of 6 patients were all almost absorbed or normal.

CONCLUSIONS
Some patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan Mobile Cabin Hospital who were re-positive with 2019-nCoV nucleic acid after discharge did not cause further transmission. Moreover, the patients with re-positive nucleic acid results were not significantly correlated with their length of hospital stay and the presence of clinical symptoms after discharge as well as CT findings. It is recommended to detect feces or other specimens in discharged patients, and to strengthen the regular monitoring and follow-up of discharged patients.


It is commonly known that autonomic modulations are caused by depression, fatal arrhythmia, and vascular disease. This may lead to be an urgent need of a reliable physiological technology to evaluate autonomic modulations. The specific purpose of the current study is to examine the possibility of whether the Acceleration Plethysmography (APG) system can become a new useful tool to measure autonomic modulations. We verified the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis by APG whether it can be used as same as by the ECG. The HRV is interpreted from the a-a interval (Taa) on APG waves. We assembled the simultaneous measurement system of APG and ECG, examined the identities of the R-R interval (TRR) of ECG and the Taa of APG in six subjects of 22-60 old, and then compared variables in frequency domains of HRV by both APG and ECG. The results showed a close correspondence of the Taa and the TRR. Furthermore, when the regression formula was set as Taa=C*TRR, the coefficient of regression (C) was 1.0002, 1.0001, 0.9997, 1.0000, 0.9999, 1.0001 respectively; whereas for each subject, the coefficient of determination was 0.9901, 0.9892, 0.9968, 0.9740, 0.9676, 0.9677 respectively (p<0.01) . As for the difference between APG and ECG, the coefficient of variation of HRV was merely 0.1-0.2%, and the LF/HF ratio as 0.1-0.4. If we carefully interpret the results of the frequency analysis, the APG system can be a useful objective methodology to evaluate autonomic modulations. Because of its simplicity in usage, it is expected to be employed in the occupational health or primary care.


Recent observation of unusual vortex patterns in MgB(2) single crystals raised speculations about possible "type-1.5" superconductivity in two-band materials, mixing the properties of both type-I and type-II superconductors. However, the strict application of the standard two-band Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory results in simply proportional order parameters of the two bands-and does not support the "type-1.5" behavior. Here we derive the extended GL formalism (accounting all terms of the next order over the small τ=1-T/T(c) parameter) for a two-band clean s-wave superconductor and show that the two condensates generally have different spatial scales, with the difference disappearing only in the limit T→T(c). The extended version of the two-band GL formalism improves the validity of GL theory below T(c) and suggests revisiting the earlier calculations based on the standard model.


In this paper we provide a summaries of previous work done in coevolution. We present results for replicating some of Nathan William's work in coevolution search. Williams discovered when coevolution is executed with random initialization using a lattice grid, it leads to a 78 percent success rate. We would like to investigate coevolution further to understand more of the underlying reasons for this high success rate. We experiment with a smaller grid of 20 x 20 and compare our results to those from a larger grid of 50 x 50. We explore the use of a fixed maximum node size during the entire search by returning a fitness value of zero for any node greater than the specified node size limit. Lastly, we modify the global co-evolution method so that parasites are evaluated on all hosts. We describe the process by which this co-evolutionary system operates so that more experiments may be carried out in the future.


Proper water management involves two basic considerations: when and how much irrigation water to apply. The timing of an irrigation event (the when) involves utilizing information on plant needs and soil water conditions. How much depends primarily on the soil's water holding capacity, the depletion level and the rooting depth of the crop. Once you have calculated how much water to apply, how can you be sure that you have accurately applied that amount? Or, if you miss your target amount, how do you determine how much water you actually applied? The amount of water applied to a field is a function of time, flow and area. The time of an irrigation is easily recorded. The amount of area irrigated is also easily calculated. However, estimating flow rate in an open ditch is often guess work, at best. In this bulletin we shall discuss ways to measure water flow in an open ditch.


Hardcore and Ising models are two most important families of two state spin systems in statistic physics. Partition function of spin systems is the center concept in statistic physics which connects microscopic particles and their interactions with their macroscopic and statistical properties of materials such as energy, entropy, ferromagnetism, etc. If each local interaction of the system involves only two particles, the system can be described by a graph. In this case, fully polynomial-time approximation scheme (FPTAS) for computing the partition function of both hardcore and anti-ferromagnetic Ising model was designed up to the uniqueness condition of the system. These result are the best possible since approximately computing the partition function beyond this threshold is NP-hard. In this paper, we generalize these results to general physics systems, where each local interaction may involves multiple particles. Such systems are described by hypergraphs. For hardcore model, we also provide FPTAS up to the uniqueness condition, and for anti-ferromagnetic Ising model, we obtain FPTAS where a slightly stronger condition holds.


Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) is basically anagrarian economy and is known as "Granary of the South" by producing one-tenthof India's total output of food grains. Initially the agriculturists dependmore on non-institutional sources for their credit requirements which used tosqueeze the blood of the poor peasants by charging high rates of interest.Hence adequate and timely credit to the farmers on liberal terms becomes Sinequa non. Cooperatives are considered as the agencies for mobilization anddevelopment of rural resources in a planned and cost effective manner besidesproviding inputs, services and marketing facilities to the rural economy. InAndhra Pradesh, Credit Co-operatives are playing a significant role in servingthe needy farmers by fulfilling their credit requirements. On this backdrop, anattempt is made to analyze its role in the agricultural development of thestate. The main objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of CreditCooperatives by analyzing its deposits, credit and impact of credit on the beneficiaries.In the state,Co-operatives are functioning in most efficient manner by providing adequate,cheap and timely credit to agricultural sector. These are providing not onlycredit, but also non-credit services for all activities under primary, secondaryand tertiary sectors of rural economy. Through cooperative credit the farmersbenefitted to maximum extent by increasing their agricultural output which inturn increased their levels of employment and income. Hence it can be concludedthat cooperative credit has become a powerful tool in the agriculturaldevelopment of the state.


In this investigation, four blended cement pastes were made from Portland cement and limestone by using the suitable water of consistency of each paste. The influence of limestone replacement was studied through the determination of non-evaporable water content, free lime content, total porosity, compressive strength and pH value for each blended cement paste. The blended cements were compared with the ordinary Portland cement. The pH values increase with the increase of limestone addition as well as with curing time. Also, the addition of limestone enhances the rate of hydration as measured from the combined water contents. In the light the results obtained, blended cement pastes and mortars can be made by the addition of limestone up to 20 % giving reasonable mechanical properties and suitable passivation of reinforcing steel in the concrete.


Language policies in education in multilingual postcolonial contexts are often driven by ideological considerations more veered towards socio-economic and political viability for the country than towards the practicality at implementation level. Centuries after the advent of colonisation, when culturally and linguistically homogenous countries helped to maintain the dominion of colonisers, the English language still has a stronghold in numerous countries due to the material rewards it offers. How then are the diversity of languages – often with different statuses and functions in society – reconciled in the teaching and learning process? How do teachers deal with the intricacies that are generated within a situation where children are taught in a language that is foreign to them? This paper is based on a study involving pre-primary teachers in Mauritius, a developing multilingual African country. The aim was to understand how their approach to the teaching of English was shaped by their biographical experiences of learning the language. The narrative inquiry methodology offered rich possibilities to foray into these experiences, including the manifestations of negotiating their classroom pedagogy in relation to their own personal historical biographies of language teaching and learning, the policy environment, and the pragmatic classroom specificities of diverse, multilingual learners. These insights become resources for early childhood education and teacher development in multilingual contexts caught within the tensions between language policy and pedagogy.


This paper presents a novel time-optimal motion planning strategy for a mobile robot with kinematic constraints. The method works in environments in presence of obstacles, without needing to generate the configuration space for the robot. Further, it derives a minimum time first derivative smooth path, as opposed to a minimum distance path which is commonly given by various present solution techniques. The problem is solved in three stages: (i) A reduced visibility graph for a point object is obtained. (ii) The reduced visibility graph is converted into a feasible reduced visibility graph accounting for the size and kinematic constraints of the robot. (iii) The A* algorithm is used to search the feasible reduced visibility graph with the cost function being the time of travel, to obtain a safe, time-optimal, smooth path. The algorithm runs in polynomial time. The method has been tested in computer simulations and test results are presented


The work of the thesis begins with a study of the physical layer tasks of WCDMA systems, including some key techniques and channel structures for both downlink and uplink with an emphasis on the downlink common pilot channel and the time-multiplexed pilot symbol structure. Multipath fading effects and Rake receiver techniques are also covered. These techniques and channel configurations are then used for the simulation of the entire WCDMA downlink system. The second part of this thesis is concerned with antenna array processing techniques and the performance of a two-element antenna that can easily be incorporated into mobile handsets. A simulation study of an antenna array receiver is carried out for various parameters and different combining schemes. The main contribution of the thesis is in the investigation of the downlink performance of a WCDMA system using an adaptive antenna array. Both temporal and spatial diversities are taken into account in the simulation. Based on the WCDMA specification, it is found that the spatial-temporal receiver with n/4 (3.5cm) distance between the antenna elements can provide strong beamforming capability. The diversity gain of a smart antenna system with different combining schemes is also examined. It is shown that when both spatial and temporal signal processing techniques are combined, the multiple access interference and the multipath fading effect can be significantly mitigated or eliminated


In economic models of crime individuals respond to changes in the potential value of criminal opportunities. We analyse this issue by estimating crime-price elasticities from detailed data on criminal incidents in London between 2002 and 2012. The unique data feature we exploit is a detailed classification of what goods were stolen in reported theft, robbery and burglary incidents. We first consider a panel of consumer goods covering the majority of market goods stolen in the crime incidents and find evidence of significant positive price elasticities. We then study a particular group of crimes that have risen sharply recently as world prices for them have risen, namely commodity related goods (jewellery, fuel and metal crimes), finding sizable elasticities when we instrument local UK prices by exogenous shifts in global commodity prices. Finally, we show that changes in the prices of loot from crime have played a role in explaining recent crime trends.


Despite similar exposure to pituitary gonadotropins by perfusion of both ovaries with the same peripheral blood, only 1 of the 2 ovaries sponsors the single dominant follicle in the typical menstrual cycle. In the present study was examined the initiation of asymmetrical ovarian function during recruitment and selection of the dominant follicle in the primate ovarian cycle by comparison of steroid hormones in the ovarian venous effluent. Thirty-four adult female rhesus monkeys were selected because of high estimated fertility based on their reproductive performance. These monkeys underwent laparotomy for ovarian inspection and collection of ovarian venous blood on 1 of days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 after the onset of menses. In addition, femoral blood was collected daily. Repeat laparotomies were performed in the midluteal phase to assess the location of the functional corpus luteum. Concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol, androstenedione, and progesterone were determined in all sera, as well as LH and FSH in peripheral sera, by RIA. In all, 17 of 19 ovulatory monkeys manifested clear asymmetry of 17 beta-estradiol 5 days before the LH/FSH midcycle surges. Often, asymmetry of androstenedione levels was not apparent until 3 days before the midcycle gonadotropin surge. Uniformly, in ovulatory monkeys, the ovary associated with significantly greater concentrations of 17 beta-estradiol and androstenedione in ovarian venous serum ultimately bore the functional corpus luteum observed in the midluteal phase and confirmed by elevated progesterone in peripheral serum. We interpret these findings to indicate that asymmetrical ovarian steroid secretion, especially of 17 beta-estradiol, may be among the earliest indicators that the dominant follicle, or at least the ovary destined to bear it, is already selected by 5 days before the preovulatory FSH/LH surge in the typical menstrual cycle.


In recent time the perception of climate change is beginning to gain recognition in policy circles, due to the need to understand how individuals' experiences and attributes influence their understanding of climate change and their adaptation  processes.This is important to development well-targeted policies and interventions among the forest poor. The perception of climate change and adaptation decision of forest communities in Nigeria were analyzed using the logit model. Results show that over88% of the respondents have perceived climate change in one form or the other in all the ecological regions except in the montane forest where only 33% has.Over 84 % are aware of changes in forest resource use over time except in the montane forest where only 24% did. Ability to notice climate change was positively associated with spring rainfall, but negatively associated with education, net income, summer and fall precipitation. Decision to take up innovation was positively associated with access to electricity, number of years of forest use, winter rainfall and temperature, and negatively associated with summer rainfall. Spring rainfall has a 2.4% likelihood of positively influencing the chance of noticing climate change, while it is negative with summer and fall rainfall; 0.4 and 1.7% respectively.Access to electricity, number of years of forest use and winter rainfall likely increase innovation adoption by 18.6, 0.5 and 1.5% respectively, while summer precipitation reduces the likelihood of adoption by 0.4%.It is therefore important for stakeholders to synchronizethese information in order to help build the adaptive capacity of forest communities not only in Nigeria but across the developing world. Keywords : Adaptive capacity, Adoption, Forest resources, Innovation, Policy.


A 64-year-old woman underwent bilateral upper eyelid blepharoplasty and subsequently presented with decreased vision at her first postoperative visit 1 week later. She was found to have an 8-mm partial-thickness corneal laceration of her left eye and underwent immediate surgical laceration repair. The laceration etiology was thought to be related to damage from the initial blepharoplasty incision or Bovie cautery tip-induced laceration. After laceration repair, she had residual astigmatism and corneal scarring leading to poor vision. Corneal injuries, including abrasions and perforations, are rare complications of blepharoplasty, and the case in this study is the first report of corneal laceration following blepharoplasty. Corneal perforations and lacerations can lead to significant damage and vision loss, indicating a need for careful attention to surgical technique and instrument placement intraoperatively, routine use of corneal protectors even during superficial aesthetic procedures such as blepharoplasties, and comprehensive postoperative patient instructions.


Inulin, sodium, potassium and chloride levels were determined on serum and submaxillary, parotid and pancreatic glands of inulin-administered nephrectomized rats. Methods of tissue preparation and analysis were examined in some detail. From data obtained, volumes of inulin and electrolyte distribution were calculated. Volumes of distribution in submaxillary, parotid and pancreatic glands, in that order, were, for inulin, 198 ml/kg, 257 ml/kg and 209 ml/kg; for sodium, 232 ml/kg, 318 ml/kg and 275 ml/kg; and, for chloride, 365 ml/kg, 460 ml/kg and 388 ml/kg. Comparison of these values led to the conclusion that intracellular sodium in these glands is possible and that intracellular chloride is likely. Intracellular potassium seems present in concentration similar to that in mammalian muscle. From electrolyte data and levels of amylase in parotid gland and its secretion, it is speculated that parotid secretion could be formed from a small fraction (approx. 10%) derived from unmodified intracellular fluid to which is then added solution having electrolyte composition of extracellular fluid. The closely isotonic secretion of rat parotid gland can thus be predicted without assuming appreciable reabsorption of electrolytes or water.


Drought severity has pervasive impacts on honey production via direct impacts on water resources and nectar availability. The current mega-drought in Chile has impacts on water resources and forest vigor, particularly in the Mediterranean and Temperate regions where honey production is concentrated. While honey production plays an important role in the local rural economy and providing pollination services to other agricultural activities, studies of the long-term impacts of the mega-drought on honey production are scarce. Here, we evaluate the impact of climate variability on historical changes in honey production in the Mediterranean (32°S–37°S) and Temperate (37°S–41°S) regions of Chile, using annual honey production records of beekeepers together with national records of honey exports. We also used questionnaires and interviews to evaluate beekeeper perceptions regarding the effects of climate change on honey production and adaptation practices in both regions. Results indicated a declining trend in honey production and exports in the last decade, largely related to changes in precipitation and temperature in both regions. Declines in honey production affected 82% of beekeepers, 80% of whom had employed adaptive measures, and 74% considered that these measures were effective. The drier, warmer Mediterranean region showed more severe declines in precipitation and honey production, which beekeepers reported as a main contributing factor to transhumance from the Mediterranean to the Temperate region. This is the first study to show the effects of drought on honey production in Chile, providing a foundation for future climate change adaptation strategies within apiculture.


Background Outbreaks of Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) in sexual networks of men who have sex with men (MSM) are reported in several countries in Europe. Although accurate laboratory diagnosis is required to provide adequate patient management, the laboratory identification of LGV can be problematic. Objective To establish a fast and reliable testing algorithm for the identification of Chlamydia trachomatis L serovars. Methods Previously, anal specimens from MSM suspected to be positive for C trachomatis were tested with a testing algorithm using commercial molecular amplification assays. Confirmed C trachomatis samples were then analysed in batches by RFLP to identify the L serovars. From September 2010 onwards, the Abbott CT/NG Real Time PCR has been used for the detection of C trachomatis in biological specimens collected at or referred to the ITM for Chlamydial infection diagnosis. Furthermore, confirmation of C trachomatis and identification of the L serovar types are performed with an in-house Real Time PCR assay. This assay uses DNA extract obtained with the Abbott assay. The selection of the primers and test procedure is based on the publication by Chen et al. and includes two specific probes for the detection of the L and the non L serovars. Results Out of a total of 940 samples tested with the new methods, we detected 58 (6.2%) positive samples for C trachomatis and of those 12 (20.7%) were L serovars. Eight were detected in specimens collected from the anus, two in urethral specimens, one in urine, and one in a vaginal specimen. All non vaginal specimens were collected from men. With the Abbott CT/NG Real Time PCR for screening and the in house RT PCR assay for confirmation, we were able to confirm positive results for C trachomatis and to distinguish the L serovar from the non L serovar types within 2 days after specimen reception. In addition the in house RT PCR assay was more sensitive, more discriminative and at least 4 times cheaper compared to the RFLP method. Conclusion The detection of L serovar of C trachomatis can be done on a routine basis at a very acceptable cost and test around time. The L serovar types may be more frequent in Belgium then initially thought, they are present in various biological specimens and possibly in women. Abstract O3-S6.03 Table 1 LGVV Testing Year specimens tested* L serovar non L serovar not typable 2011 January 196 4 11 0 2010 Sept-Dec 744 8 35 0 2010 Jan-Aug 23 14 9 0 2009 23 17 5 1 2008 13 11† 1 1 2007 19 13 5 1 2006 14 7 4 3 2005 6 2 1 3 2004 11 8 2 1 * Until September 2010 only male anal specimens or rectal biopsies were tested except for 2008 when 2 specimens from penile ulcers were tested. † Two penile ulcer specimens.


Study of 26 cases of osteo-articular infections with an identified organism collected in a rheumatology department, has confirmed in the first place the increasing importance of gram negative organisms, compared with the staphylococcus which has always mainly predominated in this type of infection. In each case, the authors have made as complete a bacteriological study as possible, including antibiotic sensitivities, the measurement of the minimum inhibitory concentration of the antibiotics on the isolated strains, study of the bactericidal power in vitro of various combinations, and study of the inhibitory power of the serum on the organism. This study of the inhibitory power of the serum approximates most closely to testing the antibiotic activities in vivo, since one cannot make this assessment, in most cases, within the infective focus itself. Rifampicin, with the imperative condition that it is not used alone, is a major antibiotic in the osteo-articular infections, by reason of its very great activity against the staphylococcus, its excelent penetration into bone, and its ease of use. Other recognized anti-staphylococcal antibiotics behave in a more disappointing fashion. When the effectiveness of treatment is checked regularly by the inhibitory power of the serum, together with the other classical criteria of surveillance, cure of the infection as been achieved in every case.