Abstract. The climate modelling community has trialled a large number metrics to evaluate the temporal performance of the Global Circulation Models (GCMs) for the selection of GCMs, while very little attention has been given to spatial performance of GCMs which is equally important. This study evaluated the performance of 20 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5) GCMs pertaining to their skills in simulating mean annual, monsoon and winter precipitation over Pakistan using state-of-the-art spatial metrics; SPAtial EFficiency, Goodman–Kruskal's lambda, Fractions Skill Score, Cramer's V, Mapcurves, and Kling-Gupta efficiency for the period 1961–2005. The multi-model ensemble (MME) precipitation was generated through intelligent merging of simulated precipitation of selected GCMs employing Random Forest (RF) regression and Simple Mean (SM). The results indicated some differences in the ranks of GCMs for different metrics. The overall ranks indicated NorESM1-M, CESM1-CAM5, GFDL-CM3 and GFDL-ESM2G as the best GCMs in simulating the spatial patterns of mean annual, monsoon and winter precipitation over Pakistan. MME precipitation generated based on the best performing GCMs showed more similarities with observed precipitation compared to precipitation simulated by individual GCMs. The MME developed using RF displayed better performance than the MME-based on SM. Multiple spatial metrics have been used for the first time for selecting GCMs based on their capability to mimic the spatial patterns of annual and seasonal precipitation. The approach suggested in the present study can be extended to any number of GCMs and climate variables and applicable to any region for the suitable selection of an ensemble of GCMs to reduce uncertainties in climate projections.


Problem faced by SD IPEKA Tomang is not reaching its predicted target in English subject. This is
caused by less understanding among students in important parts of English which reflected in making sentences
or writing essays. Teachers have difficulty in explaining about grammar usage to students, which is the basic
knowledge in making sentences. In order to avoid this problem, SD IPEKA Tomang is adding or replacing the
teaching media into a computer media. In doing this analysis and designing of e-learning is using ADDIE Model
approach. This research is done through stages of analysis, design, and development. Analysis stage uses Gap
Analysis approach to understand the needs of e-learning.


Accurate assessment of pulp status is one of the greatest diagnostic challenges in clinical practice. This may be further complicated in children and adolescent where the practitioner is faced with different situations such as: primary teeth, developing permanent dentition, traumatized teeth, patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. In addition, the dentist is frequently faced with young children who have limited ability to recall a pain history or cooperate with the test itself. A variety of pulp testing approaches exist, and there may be a confusion as to their validity in different clinical situations. Sensitivity tests include thermal testing and Electric Pulp Test. Their limitation is the possibility to get false positive or false negative results. Their primary limitation lies in the fact that they test the sensory response of the tooth, which can be temporarily lost after dental trauma. A more accurate assessment of pulp vitality would be made by determining the presence of a functioning blood supply with the use of Laser Doppler Flowmetry or Pulse Oximetry. This paper provides the clinician with a comprehensive review of current pulp testing methods and allow greater insight into the interpretation of pulp testing results, especially in young patients.


An infiltration and top seed growth method (ITSG), has been successfully used to grow a single grain of YBa2Cu3O7−x (Y123) bulk material. The nucleation of Y123 grain is controlled by seeding the Y2BaCuO5 (Y211) preform with a Sm123 or MgO seed crystal. Various configurations influencing the liquid infiltration such as that due to capillarity or gravitational force have been studied. The resulting mono-domain Y123 samples are found to be free of macrocracks, a negligible shrinkage and a microstructure with uniformly distributed fine Y211 particles. The superconducting properties of the final Y123/Y211 samples are discussed.


Background: To evaluate clinical and radiological outcomes of Rockwood Type-V Acromioclavicular joint (AC-joint) dislocations, surgically treated with a double button device, within 5 days after trauma.
Methods: Eighty-six patients (80 males, 6 females) operated under radiological guidance with the Zip-Tight® fixation device were evaluated. The mean age of these patients was 37.9 years old (18-60). Radiological evaluation measuring Clavicle-coracoid (CC) distance was performed. Clinical evaluation was made by Acromioclavicular Joint Instability score (ACJI) and Simple Shoulder Test (SST).
Results: The average Follow-up (FU) was 24.2 months (12-32). The mean CC distance was 8.5 mm after surgery, and at the last FU it was 8.9 mm (not significant). Clinical outcomes at the last FU were; mean ACJI score: 84.7. Mean SST score: 11.5. Thirty-six patients (41.9%) present some degree of horizontal displacement of the clavicle (mean ACJI score: 73.5) and 50 patients (58.1%) did not present displacement (mean ACJI score: 95.2). This difference was statistically significant (p<0.001). There were no significant differences in either subjective (pain, tenderness, daily live activities and cosmesis) or in strength parameters between these groups.
Conclusion: The surgical treatment of high degree AC-joint dislocation using double-button device provides a stable fixation and satisfactory clinical and radiological results at intermediate-term FU.
Keywords: Acromioclavicular dislocation, double-button fixation, outcomes, shoulder surgery


INTRODUCTION: Little is known about the outcome of revising failed cerclage, previously placed for sonographically short mid-trimester cervix. Our previous data reported higher risk of premature delivery in patients (pts) with revision compared to single cerclage. We aim to find if addition of 23 pts to previously reported 54 changes the results. METHODS: This is a cohort of 77 pts with ultrasound cervical length (CL) of <25 mm at 16–24 6/7 weeks (wks) who underwent high MacDonald cerclage. Nine pts required revision to correct a failed cerclage (performed by other operators). Failed cerclage was defined as presence of prolapsed membrane beyond cerclage or CL distal to cerclage of <1 cm. All surgeries were performed or supervised by one operator (FB). Gestational age (GA) at delivery, and other obstetrical outcomes, were compared between 2 groups. RESULTS: 68/77 pts had primary cerclages, 9/77 pts had revision cerclages. 4 pregnancy losses noted (2 in primary, 2 in revision). Pts with revision had shorter delivery GA; mean of 27 3/7 (±6.7) vs 36 2/7 (±4.1) wks (P=.003). Birth weight was lower in revision group; mean 1345 (±1056) vs 2830 grams (±816) (P=.005). More babies in revision group had NICU admissions 5/7 (71.4%) vs 14/64 (22%) pts (P=.008). CONCLUSION: Patients with revision cerclages have higher premature delivery compared to successful primary cerclages. Revised cerclages were associated with a high take-home baby (7/9 or 78%) but also with high preterm delivery rate (8/9 or 89%), which should be considered when counseling pts with failed cerclages and candidates for revision cerclage.


In this paper we analyze the influence of the photopolymerization process on propagation properties of photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with liquid crystal doped with a mixture of reactive monomer and photoinitiator. The obtained results showed changes in photonic band gap of the fiber due to refractive index change of the liquid crystal mixture caused by the polymerization process. Moreover, the research demonstrated the possibility of preserving the desired molecular orientation of liquid crystal initially stabilized by placing the sample in the external electric field. This was achieved by simultaneously irradiating the sample and controlling the orientation of liquid crystal molecules with the electric field. The spectral analysis of the polymerized sample showed no visible difference in propagation spectra when the electric field was turned off after the process was finished. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. Yin et al., "Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications", Light Sci Appl. 11, 161 (2022). CrossRef S. Singh, "Phase transitions in liquid crystals", Phys. Rep. 324, 107 (2000). CrossRef N. Tarjányi, M. Veveričík, D. Káčik, M. Timko, P. Kopčanský, "Birefringence dispersion of 6CHBT liquid crystal determined in VIS-NIR spectral range", Appl. Surf. Sci. 542, 148525 (2021). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, P. Kula, J. Herman, "High Birefringence Liquid Crystals", Crystals 3, 443 (2013). CrossRef R. H. Self, C. P. Please, T. J. Sluckin, "Deformation of nematic liquid crystals in an electric field", Eur. J. Appl. Math. 13, 1 (2002). CrossRef T. Hegmann, H. Qi, V. M. Marx, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Defect Formation and Potential Applications", J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 17, 483 (2007). CrossRef S. Kaur, S. P. Singh, A. M. Biradar, A. Choudhary, K. Sreenivas, "Enhanced electro-optical properties in gold nanoparticles doped ferroelectric liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023120 (2007). CrossRef I. Dierking, "Polymer Network–Stabilized Liquid Crystals", Adv. Mater. 12, 167 (2000). CrossRef D. C. Hoekstra et al., "Wavelength-Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate-Oxetane Liquid Crystals", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 10935 (2021). CrossRef Z. Ge, S. Gauza, M. Jiao, H. Xianyu, S.-T. Wu, "Electro-optics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 101104 (2009). CrossRef M. S. Chychłowski et al., "Locally-induced permanent birefringence by polymer-stabilization of liquid crystal in cells and photonic crystal fibers", Opto-electron. Rev. 26, 242 (2018). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, J. Dziaduszek, T. Szczuciński, "Mesomorphic Characteristics of Some New Homologous Series with the Isothiocyanato Terminal Group", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 124, 241 (1985). CrossRef


Why do we ask you to make that investment? • Scrapie is a difficult and dangerous disease because: It is always fatal; It can take up to six years or more to show clinical signs; It is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSe), in the same category of diseases as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSe, "mad cow disease") and chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk. Although there is no evidence that scrapie or CWD can spread to humans, either through consumption of meat or dairy products or through handling of animals, our industry may be subject to the same negative public perceptions that affect other species with TSes. • Scrapie is a disease of both sheep and goats so the program includes both species. • It is estimated that the annual cost of scrapie to producers is $10-20 million. That figure does not count losing export opportunities on the international market to two key competing countries, New Zealand and Australia, which are the only countries generally recognized as scrapie-free. • The prevalence of scrapie in the United States cull ewe population was determined in 2003 to be 0.2 percent according to the Scrapie ovine Slaughter Surveillance program. This is a relatively small percentage, so eradication efforts now are less costly than if the disease were to be left unchecked. As of July 2008, there have been only 19 diagnosed cases of scrapie found in goats since 2002. • A fair, workable indemnification program has been established to minimize producers' financial losses. The indemnification program is based on current commercial market prices, with a premium added for registered animals. • National Genetics Based Flock Clean-Up Plan is available to assist producers with flocks infected by classical scrapie to eliminate the disease. These plans provide for genetic testing of sheep in infected flocks and allow producers to keep genetically resistant sheep. NoTe: At this point there is relatively little information on scrapie genetics of goats so there is not a similar tool for this species. Also, genetic selection will NoT prevent Nor98–like, non-classical scrapie. (See Power Point presentation, "Genotyping: A Tool for Controlling Classical Scrapie" at www.eradicatescrapie.org.) Details: What You as a Producer Need to Know About the National Scrapie Eradication Program


Nonlocal (NL) van der Waals correlation has been incorporated into the spin-component and spin-opposite scaled double-hybrid density functionals (DHDFs) for noncovalent interactions. The short-range attenuation parameters for the tested DHDFs with the NL correlations are optimized by minimizing the mean absolute deviations (MADs) against the S66 database. And consequently, the obtained DHDFs with the NL correlations are denoted as PWPB95-NL, DSD-BLYP-NL, DSD-PBEP86-NL, and DOD-PBEP86-NL. These four DHDFs with the NL correlations are further assessed with the S22B, NCCE31, and ADIM6 databases. On the basis of our benchmark computations, the cooperation of the NL correlation and the spin-component and spin-opposite scaled DHDFs is successful for noncovalent interactions. However, the performances of the four aforementioned DHDFs with the NL correlations on the charge transfer interactions are less than satisfactory.


OBJECTIVE
Previous studies demonstrated the pivotal role of miR-21 in the pathogenesis and progression of gastric cancer. This meta-analysis was designed to confirm the diagnostic and prognostic value of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in gastric cancer and to investigate the influence of samples on the results of miR-21 detection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases up to August 2016. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the summary receiver-operating characteristic (AUC) were calculated by Meta-Disc (version 14.0) or RevMan 5.3 software.

RESULTS
Ten studies including 516 patients with gastric cancer and 239 healthy controls were selected. Pooled sensitivity (0.74, 95% CI: 0.69-0.79), specificity (0.81, 95% CI: 0.76-0.86), PLR (3.85, 95% CI: 3.00-4.94), NLR (0.22, 95% CI: 0.31-0.45), and DOR (13.07, 95% CI: 8.81-19.39) as well as AUC (0.8561 ± 0.0204) indicated the good diagnostic accuracy of miR-21 in detecting gastric cancer. The prognostic value of miR-21 for lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer was also demonstrated by the pooled sensitivity (0.56, 95% CI: 0.48-0.64), specificity (0.62, 95% CI: 0.53-0.71), PLR (2.02, 95% CI: 0.90-4.54), NLR (0.58, 95% CI: 0.45-0.75), and DOR (3.50, 95% CI: 1.04-11.83) as well as AUC (0.6673 ± 0.0469). Subgroup analyses showed that the samples used to detect miR-21 were the source of heterogeneity could affect the diagnostic or prognostic value of miR-21 in gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS
miR-21 can be used for the diagnosis of gastric cancer and prognosis of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.


The Schwinger variational principle for rearrangement collisions is used to study positronium formation in positron-hydrogen collisions at low energies in the range 6.8-10.2 eV. A total number of eight terms of correlated functions in the direct and rearrangement channels in a discrete basis set expansion is found to be sufficient to predict accurate cross sections for S, P, D, and higher partial waves up to L = 14 in agreement with the Kohn-Hulthen variational results available in the literature. Our findings indicate that destructive interference between partial-wave contributions to the scattering amplitude is responsible for the appearance of critical angles in positronium formation. The surface plot of the differential cross section for positronium formation displays rich structure. The predicted total cross sections are in conformity with the observed data of the Wayne State group (Zhou et al 1999 Phys. Rev. A 55 361).


This study purports to understand the direct and indirect effects between eating disorder behavior of female adolescents and their body-related variables(concerning the degree of diet regime, weight control, body satisfaction, and obesity), self-esteem and internal control, by checking three sub-categorized behavior of eating disorders of diet behavior, bulimia behavior, and eating control behavior. The sample group used for the study consisted of 190 female high school students and 292 female university students; measurement devices used for the study were those of body-related variables, self esteem and internal control, and eating disorder behavior; and data analysis was performed using , t-test, Pearson's correlation, regression analysis and path analysis. The results are as follows. First, there is a significant difference between university students and high school students regarding their body satisfaction, weight control experience, and self esteem. University students are more satisfied with their body, have higher self esteem, and control their weight better than high school students. Second, diet behavior shows a correlation with the degree of diet interest, weight control experience, and body satisfaction. Body satisfaction and internal control proved to be correlated with bulimia behavior, while weight control experience, obesity, and self esteem were correlated with eating control behavior. Third, the variables that showed a direct influence on diet behavior as an eating disorder are diet interest, weight control experience, body satisfaction and obesity, in that the explanatory power of the variables is 60.7% with the highest mark on obesity. The variables that showed effects on bulimia are body satisfaction and internal control with an explanatory power of 2.8%. Indirect variables effecting bulimia include objects, diet interest, body satisfaction, and self esteem. The variable with a direct influence on eating control behavior was self esteem with and explanatory power of 4%, whereas the variables of objects, diet interest, body satisfaction, weight control experience, and internal control were all indirectly correlated with eating control behavior.


A new species of Miroculis is described based on material from State of São Paulo, Brazil.The imago of the new species can be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: upper part of stalked portion of compound eyes with 12 facets in the longest row; forewing translucent tinged with brown, with transverse and longitudinal veins brown; general color of abdomen brown translucent; size of penis from 0.8 to 1.0 the size of forceps segment I.


Information is a most vital role for daily needs, Information is vast but not systematic organized in internet. Only librarian will give you value information for the students in right information to right users at right time. Hosmat Physiotherapy College, Bangalore plays a vital role in providing the information to their students. In the present study, the authors have made an attempt to know the information seeking behaviour of the Physiotherapy Students. A structured, questionnaire was used for the collection of data. 150 questionnaires were distributed out of 116 got back majorities of the respondents. Majority of respondents i.e. 346 (33.37%) students visit the physiotherapy library once in a week and only 24 (20.69%) students visit the library many times a Week.


Clostridium difficile TcdB is a key virulence factor that causes C. difficile-associated diseases. Our previous studies have shown that recombinant full-length TcdB (rTcdB) induces cell death in CT26 cells, and rTcdB-treated CT26 cells with high immunogenicity could stimulate dendritic cell (DC) activation and T cell activation in vitro. The rTcdB-treated CT26 cells also induce antitumor immunity in mice and protect mice from CT26 cells. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein, which has various biological functions within the nucleus and also acts as an extracellular signal molecule involving in inflammatory diseases, cancers or autoimmune diseases. In this study, HMGB1 was found to be released from the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells. HMGB1 knockdown by using specific siRNA weakened the capacity of the BMDCs loaded with the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells to prime T cells in vitro and in vivo. The released HMGB1 from CT26 cells could interact with the receptor TLR4, which is closely related to DC activation and immune responses. The knockdown of HMGB1 also affected the phagocytosis of the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells by DCs in vitro. Furthermore, HMGB1 weakened the antitumor immunity of the rTcdB-treated CT26 cells, which protects mice from rechallenge of the live CT26 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that HMGB1 plays an important role on the immunogenicity of the rTcdB-treated dying CT26 cells.


John Meier's conclusion that Jesus' teaching in Mt 5:34-37 violates the Law of Moses is incompatible with the evangelist's insistence in 5:17 that Jesus did not come to abolish the Law. Jesus remains faithful to the Law by bringing it to its intended meaning, penetrating to the essence of its teaching. If the letter of the Law is violated, its spirit is upheld: the issue is not the oaths themselves, but the importance of unqualified truthfulness. This too is the meaning of the same material in Jas 5:12. The key to understanding Jesus and the Law is to be found in christological and eschatological realities associated with the person and mission of Jesus.


Research indicates that teaching is consistently listed in the top three professions which experience the highest levels of occupational stress (NUT, 2012). A survey (Teachers Assurance, 2013) found that teachers' reported stress levels were impacting their ability to teach. This survey found teachers were more likely to experience the consequences of stress, compared to staff in management roles. The Teacher Wellbeing Index (ESP, 2018) found an overwhelming majority (74%) of the 1502 respondents considered the inability to 'switch off' from work to be the major contributing factor to a negative work-life balance. This most recent survey indicates the current pressure on staff within education.

In this research, I aim to reveal how teachers experience their role and how they manage the daily demands on them. The review revealed limited research which focused on the factors that support and undermine the wellbeing of teachers with reference to the systems in which they function. I hope this research offers an insight into the factors that support and hinder wellbeing, as well as further developing knowledge of what retains some teachers in this stressful profession. In this study, I intend to do this by examining how teachers view their role, what empowers and stresses them, and how systems support or hinder their daily practice.

I applied a narrative approach from a critical realist perspective to hear the stories teachers told about their careers, as well as what supports and undermines their wellbeing. Participants were three full-time teachers, with at least five years teaching experience, who had taught in a minimum of two schools (at least one was required to be a UK state school). Semi-structured, narrative interviews were undertaken using an 'episodic' approach (adapted from McAdams, 1993) which highlighted changes over time. This approach allowed me to hear each individual's story about their role on a daily basis, as well as across their career, with regards to systems in which they were required to work. It also meant participants were able to identify and speak about key events, such as the factors which initially brought them to the profession and which factors continued to motivate them as teachers. Stories were analysed using The Listening Guide (Gilligan, 1982).

Findings across all three narratives indicate that teachers identify as having multiple roles. These varied roles related to personal values they associated with teaching, as well as systemic-led responsibilities. The roles which closely aligned to their values generally supported their wellbeing. However, at times there were differences between what they felt they should be doing as teachers and what they were being asked to do, and these instances undermined their wellbeing. Tensions within the narratives often related to professional judgements being questioned despite high levels of training; a disregard for the holistic vision of pupils, and increasing workloads which ultimately encroach on personal time. The language within the stories generally align themselves to narratives which are becoming more publicly widespread.


Purpose To elucidate the prognostic factors in the spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to determine whether transcatheter arterial embolisation (TAE) is associated with better prognosis compared to conservative treatment. Material and methods A retrospective multicentre study was conducted involving 71 patients with spontaneous rupture of HCC. A conservative treatment group (Cons T group) included 20 patients, while a transcatheter arterial embolisation group (TAE group) included 51 patients. Results The median survival time (MST) in the Cons T group was only 16 days and the survival rate was 39% at one month, whereas the MST in the TAE group was 28 days and the one month survival rate was 63%. However, there is no statistically significant difference in the overall survival between Cons T and TAE groups (p = 0.213). Multivariable analysis identified only the presence of distant metastasis as an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.023). A subanalysis including patients without distant metastasis showed that the presence of portal vein tumour thrombosis was a significant prognostic factor (p = 0.015). Conclusions Distant metastasis appears to be a prognostic factor in spontaneous rupture of HCC. In cases without distant metastasis, portal vein tumour thrombosis could influence the prognosis. Our data failed to prove any benefit of TAE as the primary management.


BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY
The risk of reoperative valve replacement for failed aortic bioprosthesis may be overestimated, this being a dominant factor when selecting an initial prosthesis to be implanted in patients aged <70 years. The study aims were, first, to analyze the mortality and morbidity of redo aortic bioprosthesis replacement in the current era, and second, to identify preoperative risk factors and evaluate the EuroSCORE.

METHODS
A total of 156 consecutive patients (111 men, 45 women; mean age 60.9 years; range: 23-87 years) who underwent reoperation for failed aortic bioprosthesis between 1990 and 2006 was reviewed in this retrospective, single-center study. Surgery was undertaken due to bioprosthesis degeneration (82.7%), bacterial prosthetic endocarditis (14.1%), paravalvular leak (1.3%) and other causes (1.9%). Emergency procedures were performed in 9% of patients. Associated procedures were coronary artery bypass grafting in 7.7% of patients, ascending aortic graft in 7%, and complete aortic root replacement in 6.4%. The predictive mortality was 8% according to the Additive EuroSCORE, and 15% according to the Logistic EuroSCORE.

RESULTS
Overall, the operative mortality was 3.8% (n = 6), and postoperative morbidity was low. The only multivariable predictor was emergency surgery (OR = 15.22, 95% CI = 1.68-86.43; p = 0.02). A mortality trend was associated with atrial fibrillation and NYHA class III/IV, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.09 and p = 0.06, respectively). Associated procedures were not significant risk factors for mortality.

CONCLUSION
Reoperation for aortic bioprosthesis dysfunction can be performed with a low risk of mortality. It appears that this risk is overestimated by the EuroSCORE. Those patients who wish to avoid postoperative anticoagulant therapy may choose to receive this type of valve, even if reoperation is foreseeable.


We are concerned with the problem of computing electromagnetic guided waves in a closed, inhomogeneous, cylindrical wave guide. These waves correspond to solutions of an eigenvalue problem, and classical methods produce, in addition to approximations to the solutions, spurious modes which are particularly troublesome because they correspond to nonzero approximations of the 0 eigenvalue. A nonconforming finite element method for the calculation of guided waves without spurious modes is introduced and analyzed.


A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (MSc.) DEGREE IN EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION, AHMADU BELLO UIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA


Henri Nathansen's Family In June 1944, author Henri Nathansen committed suicide while living as a refugee in Lund. He was a fine Danish author whose national play Inside the Walls is the most frequently performed at the Royal Danish Theatre. He also wrote a number of fine novels about Jews caught between the traditional Jewish world and modern-day challenges. His own family's provincial life formed the background of several of his novels. Although his body of works calls for one, no biography exists of Henri Nathansen. This article describes Henri Nathansen's family background from Randers, Denmark. The Jewish congregation in Randers held a strong position in the 19th century, and was, by the middle of the century, the largest outside Copenhagen. Michael Nathan Minden and his wife Krese soon acquired a large family, of which many members lived in Randers. Among the descendants was Nathan, who married Betty Dessauer and had 17 children. One of these children was Hirsch Nathansen, who became a builder and built the synagogue in Randers. Another was Michael Nathansen, who became a soldier in the Pope's army and later volunteered to fight in the war against the Germans and received the Order of the Dannebrog. In the mid-19th century, Randers became the centre for large-scale horse dealing, and this was the start of the extraordinary tale of Isaac Nathansen, the son of Nathan Minden and Krese. Isaac was married to Rosa and became a merchant and horse expert in Randers. Isaac had a dramatic life and was confined in a madhouse several times. He wrote a number of articles and books and later became a Christian. The king more or less deported him to Brazil, where he claimed to have been appointed horse advisor to King Dom Pedro II. He returned home to his loyal wife Rosa and spent his final years in Randers. Isaac was undoubtedly of unsound mind at times, but he was also an energetic entrepreneur with many good ideas. The integration and assimilation of the Jews into Danish society was strong, and by the end of the 19th century, the Jewish congregation in Randers was in reality disappearing. The story of actor Ludvig Nathansen, who had converted to Christianity, is illustrative. He came to a dramatic end, shooting his wife and then himself. World War II dealt a hard blow to the remaining Jews, and members of the Nathansen/Hartogsohn family were sent to the Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1943. There is little doubt that his family background was of great importance to Henri Nathansen. The article is based on published and unpublished sources, and the pictures are based in part on a family album with photos of the family members. Part of the material was acquired with the help of Louise and Inge Merete Nathansen.


Both non-determinism and multi-level networks compactly characterize the flexibility allowed in implementing a circuit. A theory for representing and manipulating non-deterministic (ND) multi-level networks is developed. The theory supports all the network manipulations commonly applied to deterministic binary networks, such as node minimization, elimination, and decomposition. It is shown that an ND network's behavior can be interpreted in three ways, all of which coincide when the network is deterministic. Operations performed on an ND network are analyzed under each interpretation for changes in a network's behavior. Modifications of a few operations are given which must be used to guarantee that a network's behavior does not violate its external specification. These modifications depend on which behavior is being used and the location of related non-determinism. This theory has been implemented in a system, MVSIS. We provide comparisons among the uses of the various behaviors.


In vitro histamine release from leukocytes of 10 aspirin-intolerant donors in response to the calcium ionophore A23187 and aspirin was compared to that of controls. Incubation with A23187 induced a concentration-dependent histamine release from leukocytes of all donors. At 0.1 and 0.2 micrograms/ml A23187, release from leukocytes of aspirin-intolerant donors was significantly less (p less than 0.01) than that of controls. Preincubation with aspirin failed to alter spontaneous or A23187-stimulated histamine release. Leukocytes of aspirin-intolerant donors do not demonstrate an enhanced sensitivity to histamine release stimulated by aspirin or A23187.


An electrooptic polarization transformer which employs a multiple cascade of alternating two-way TE-TM polarization-converter and TE/TM phase-shifter sections in a birefringent crystal, such as LiNbO/sub 3/, and requires only three independent drive voltages is described. It is capable of transforming any arbitrarily varying input polarization into any desired output polarization without ever requiring a reset cycle. It accomplishes this by producing adjustable elliptical birefringence of constant total phase retardation in a single-mode waveguide. >


Background: Chronic Kidney Disease has been simplified over the last 5 years. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is defined as kidney damage or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m² for more than 3 months with implications for health. The prevalence rates of CKD worldwide are high and have increased in the last few years to about 13% -15%, with an increased prevalence of diabetes and hypertension which shows it is becoming one of the public health problems.Objective: To assess the magnitude Chronic Kidney Disease and its associated factors among patients at Zewditu Memorial hospital.Methodology: This study was done by an institutional based cross sectional study.Results: A total of 320 individuals were participating on the study. The response rate of 320 (100%). The participants, of whom 151 (47.2%) were males and 169 (52.8%) were females. The mean age (± standard deviation) of the participants was 40.1 (± 14.6) years and 128 (40%) were in the age range of 19-35 years.Conclusion and recommendations: The magnitude of CKD in this study inveterate, that the disease become abundant and need attention. Facing this, we restate the need to aware by health professionals in improvement of primary care treatment and follow-up of patients with hypertension and any kind of kidney infection.


Ultrasonic attenuation measurements have been made on an aluminum alloy, obsidian, and rock samples including lunar sample 70215,29. The measurement technique is based on a combination of the pulse transmission method and the forced resonance method. The technique is designed to explore the problem of defining experimentally, the Q of a medium or sample in which mode conversion may occur. If modes are coupled, the measured attenuation is strongly dependent on individual modes of vibration, and a range of Q-factors may be measured over various resonances or from various portions of a transient signal. On 70215,29, measurements were made over a period of a month while the sample outgassed in hard varuum. During this period, the highest measured Q of this sample increased from a few hundred into the range of 1000-1300.


Summary
The gross morphology of the giraffe skull and its superficial anatomy is described. The parietal, median, occipital, orbital, azygous horns and other exostoses are described. The giraffe's peculiar mode of intra-specific fighting is explained and the features of the giraffe's skull are related to this. It is concluded that the skull of the male giraffe is highly specialised for its particular mode of fighting. The male differs in this respect from the female whose skull is not so developed and who fights with her forefeet.


The Mirror Fusion Program in the US is now focused on two concepts that can obtain high values of the power gain factor Q. These are the tandem mirror and field reversed mirror concepts. A new facility called TMX has been constructed to test the principles of the tandem mirror. A further attempt to create field reversal is being carried out in the 2XIIB facility (renamed Beta II) with neutral beam injection into a reversed-field target plasma to be created by a magnetized coaxial gun. During the next 5 years, the main mirror facilities in the US will be the TMX, Beta II, and a large mirror device called MFTF scheduled to operate by 1982. The program based on these facilities will be outlined and initial experimental results from TMX will be discussed.


As a marker of inflammation, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) pH may be a useful screening tool in the evaluation of asthma, especially in a military recruit population. To evaluate the utility of EBC pH in the diagnosis of asthma, EBC pH levels were determined in basic military trainees prior to an evaluation for asthma that included a history, physical exam, baseline spirometry, and a methacholine or exercise challenge. Of 86 basic trainees who had symptoms suggestive of asthma and underwent methacholine or exercise challenges, 51 (59.3%) had a positive methacholine or exercise challenge and were diagnosed with asthma. The mean EBC pH of the trainees who were diagnosed with asthma (6.39, range 5.91-6.82), was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than those trainees without asthma (6.64, range 6.34-7.18). There was, however, some overlap of the EBC pH values between the two groups. The measurement of EBC pH did show a significant mean difference between asthmatic and nonasthmatic patients in a military recruit population.


Bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanowire arrays with a uniform length and controlled composition were electrodeposited in anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates by controlling the applied potential and electrolytes concentration. The length and the contents of the electrodeposited nanowires were dependent on the ion ratio of Bi3+:HTeO2+ in the electrolyte as well as the applied potential. Terich BixTey nanowires could be obtained in a Te-rich electrolyte solution at relatively slow growth rates of 7.9–18.6 μm/h while both stoichiometric and Bi-rich deposits were prepared at high growth rates of 8.4–41.4 μm/h in Bi-rich electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was conducted for electrolytes with different ion ratios at voltages in the range of −0.7–0.8 V. Consequently, we found that slow nucleation and a steady growth rate in the underpotential deposition (UPD) region were needed to assure the uniformity and stoichiometry of as-deposited nanowires. The microstructure and crystallographic texture were examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. This study can be extended to the electrodeposition of stoichiometric chalcogenide compounds derived by UPD with controlled length distribution. © 2014 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0791409jes] All rights reserved.


In this paper, the scheduling problem of the network with limited bandwidth is considered. In order to improve the network quality of service and the quality of control simultaneously, an intelligent feedback scheduling method is proposed. The scheduler reschedules the priority, the sampling period, and the output threshold concurrently according to the control authority of each node, which is calculated by the fuzzy logic. Furthermore, the scheduler assigns the network resource to the node whose performance is worse, improves the network resource utilization, and reduces the network use. Simulation results are provided to show that the proposed method can improve system performance obviously and reassign the network resource effectively.


We report the first of two recent deaths from Irukandji syndrome. A 58-year-old male tourist was stung on the face and chest by an unidentified jellyfish in shallow water off the Whitsunday Islands, Queensland. He developed muscle cramps, sweating, anxiety, nausea and hypertension, and died 30 hours later from intracerebral haemorrhage.


Introduction:
Low birth weight and prematurity are dramatically related to neonatal mortality and morbidity rate. Based on MDG, Islamic republic of IRAN has committed to reduce neonatal mortality rate about 10/1000 (alive birth) up to year 2015. KMC is a proper method for caring of premature infant. Appropriate practice of physicians, staff and mothers results in successful implantation of KMC program. Therefore evaluation of attitude and education of these groups is necessary. This research was carried out in order to reform the LBW newborn care system.
Material Methods:
This study was an analytical – descriptive and qualitative research that was carried out in Tehran Mahdieh hospital (1387). The Purpose of study was to determine the Attitude and satisfaction of physicians, staff and mothers to the Kangaroo Mother Care program. Sampling was done based on purpose. The number of 104 newborns (2.5 months before KMC) and 68 newborns (2.5 months after KMC) were studied. Unstable infants were omitted from study. 18 persons (8 physicians and 10 staff included midwifes and nurses) participated in focus group discussion (FGD).Check list and questionnaire were used for data collection. Also SPSS software was is applied for quantity data analyzing.
Results:
All of the participants in FGD believed that staff has enough motivation for performing KMC. More of the participants pointed out that not only staff's education is the most important factor for conception of KMC but also standardization of staff is necessary for successful implantation of KMC program.
Nurses were stressed since neither there wasn't any decreasing in their working load nor the presence of mothers resulted in more confusion and noise. Despite of this mention, the staff believed implantation of KMC program enhanced services that were given to premature neonates. Moreover emotional relationship of mother and baby caused more staff satisfaction. Mothers had low satisfaction from staff behavior and hospital facilities such as place and time. But they enjoyed from their role in KMC. Mothers' attendance in hospital and Mothers' self confidence are increased also in KMC group.
Discussion &Conclusion:
Regarding to increase of satisfaction of staff and mothers especially mothers' self confidence, we recommend KMC implementation in other hospitals of country.


Changes in the representation of the history of cities in Western Siberia in the journal "Siberian Lights" in the period from the beginning of the 20s to the mid 40s of the XX century are considered. These changes are interpreted by analyzing the general contexts of the development of historical local lore in Siberia and the activities of various subjects of the memory policy at both local and state levels. The relevance of the study is due to the increased interest on the part of society and the state in the problems of forming the historical memory of Russians about the national and regional past as one of the foundations of social identities. The novelty of the research is seen in the fact that until now the Siberian magazine periodicals of the Soviet era, in particular, "Siberian Lights", are poorly understood as one of the significant means of forming the historical memory of society about the past of Western Siberia. The composition of the authors of materials on the history of Western Siberian cities is described in the article. The stages of the development of the history representation of West Siberian cities in the publications of the journal are determined, reflecting various, ideologically determined assessments of the historical past of the cities of Western Siberia. It is proved that during the Great Patriotic War, authors of works on the history of Western Siberian cities synthesized both the experience of Siberian ethnographers and their antagonists, pursuing the task of stimulating patriotic upsurge and the necessary social mobilization.


Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a complex autoimmune disorder that is highly prevalent globally. The interactions between genetic and environmental factors may trigger T1D in susceptible individuals. HLA genes play a significant role in T1D pathogenesis, and specific haplotypes are associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. Identifying risk haplotypes can greatly improve the genetic scoring for early diagnosis of T1D in difficult to rank subgroups. This study employed next-generation sequencing to evaluate the association between HLA class II alleles, haplotypes, and amino acids and T1D, by recruiting 95 children with T1D and 150 controls in the Kuwaiti population. Significant associations were identified for alleles at the HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1 loci, including DRB1*03:01:01, DQA1*05:01:01, and DQB1*02:01:01, which conferred high risk, and DRB1*11:04:01, DQA1*05:05:01, and DQB1*03:01:01, which were protective. The DRB1*03:01:01~DQA1*05:01:01~DQB1*02:01:01 haplotype was most strongly associated with the risk of developing T1D, while DRB1*11:04-DQA1*05:05-DQB1*03:01 was the only haplotype that rendered protection against T1D. We also identified 66 amino acid positions across the HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1 genes that were significantly associated with T1D, including novel associations. These results validate and extend our knowledge on the associations between HLA genes and T1D in Kuwaiti children. The identified risk alleles, haplotypes, and amino acid variations may influence disease development through effects on HLA structure and function and may allow early intervention via population-based screening efforts.


In 2006 in the Netherlands, a field operational test was carried out to study the effect of adaptive cruise control (ACC) and lane departure warning on driver behavior and traffic flow in real traffic. To estimate the effect for larger penetration rates, simulations were needed. For a reliable impact assessment, the on- and off-switching of the system should be taken into account. Furthermore, because ACC systems are less cooperative than normal drivers, the reference behavior should include this cooperative behavior. In this research, cooperative driver models for normal drivers were developed as well as an ACC model that included on- and off-switching for the microscopic simulation environment known as the intelligent transportation systems modeler. Parameter settings were validated with data from the pilot. The results clearly show that on- and off-switching behavior has a large influence on traffic flow. This effect depends on the degree of congestion. In congestion, the effect of the ACC is larger. Without the possibility of switching it on and off, the ACC has a positive impact on throughput. However, when the ACC can be switched on and off, it has a negative impact on throughput.


Sexual dimorphism is not only noticed in the prevalence of many diseases, but also in multiple physiological functions in the body. This review has summarized findings from published literature on the sex differences of the pathophysiology and pharmacology of the lower urinary tract (LUT) of humans and animals. Sex differences have been found in several key areas of the LUT, such as overactive bladder, expression and function of neurotransmitter receptors in the bladder and urethra, and micturition patterns in humans and animals. It is anticipated that this review will not only evoke renewed interest for further research on the mechanism of sex differences in the pathophysiology of the LUT (especially for overactive bladder), but might also open up the possibilities for gender-based drug development by pharmaceutical industries in order to find separate cures for men and women with diseases of the LUT.


Farmer associations have been widely promoted in Uganda to bridge institutional gaps among smallholder farmers, however, their role in the sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) value chain and factors influencing membership to these associations have not been well documented. This study was conducted to assess the role of these farmer associations and socio-economic factors influencing membership. A survey questionnaire was administered to a randomly selected sample of 120 sorghum farmers in six sub-counties of Soroti, Uganda, where associations are established. A binomial logit regression model was employed to ascertain socio-economic factors that influenced membership to farmer associations. Results showed that 65% of respondents belonged to a farmer association. Regarding benefits of farmer associations, 55.8% of the respondents received training in sorghum agronomy, 39.2% were trained on postharvest management, 35% engaged in collective marketing, 43.3% received credit and 3.3% processed sorghum as part of value addition for increased income. Gender and extension contacts significantly ( P <0.05) influenced membership to farmer associations. Even with adequate resources (human and financial), the most critical factors in the process of building functional farmer associations is gender and extension contacts. Keywords: Collective action, farmer associations, sorghum, value chain, socio-economic factors, extension


Background: Occupational exposure carries significant risk of transmission of blood borne infection to Health care worker. In developing country like India awareness about using universal precautions and post exposure prophylaxis with documentation of exposure is poor.
Objective: To study and analyze "occupational exposure" among HCW that lead to blood born infections.
Methodology: This retrospective study analyzes the self reported cases of exposure in Sir T.Hospital, Bhavnagar, in year 2012-2014 of 70 health care worker. Data regarding frequency, category and mode of exposure along with clinical practice that lead to exposure is noted and tabulated.
Results: Majority of category of exposure is nursing students (29%) and most common clinical practices that lead to exposure is during blood withdrawal(45%).
Conclusion: Most importantly if all exposed cases documented and source for HIV positivity can be traceable; PEP can be initiated timely and helpful in reducing incidence of HIV. So need for such type of study and creating awareness in all organization


Seminal studies show that naive lab participants accurately predict who wins real-world elections based solely on candidate photos. It is unclear what this implies for the health of democracy without knowing whether candidates who look more electable or competent in photos behave more competently in office. This study brings novel performance data to this question and shows that voters can identify which politicians divert less public money and communicate more persuasively based solely on headshots. Such inferences do not predict politicians' effort visiting their constituencies, but neither do other available metrics like professional qualifications. I implement these studies in a low-income country where ballots include candidate photos and where weak institutional checks raise the stakes for selecting innately competent leaders. Estimates provide an example of how voters' use of heuristics need not harm democratic accountability, and can actually enhance it, in cases where these shortcuts identify traits associated with good governance.


ELECTRONIC discovery, known as e-discovery, is a hot-button litigation topic. Cost shifting and sanctions dominate the case law. The current landscape of cost shifting is dominated by the Zubulake test, which redefined the cost-shifting debate in the federal courts in 2003. The Rowe rubric had done the same a year earlier. E-discovery sanctions are a trap for the unwary, as is evidenced by a selection of e-discovery cases in which sanctions were sought or awarded in state or federal courts the past two years. It's not surprising that the U.S. Judicial Conference has proposed amendments to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in an attempt to deal with the thorny issues raised by e-discovery. In the meanwhile, there are practical guidelines lawyers can follow to manage the costs of e-discovery compliance and avoid e-discovery-related sanctions. COST SHIFTING Who pays for electronic document production--the requesting party or the producing party? In cases in which the dollars at stake are large, the answer to this question likely begins with the decisions of Judge Shira A. Scheindlin of the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York in Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC. (1) A. Zubulake I Zubulake I held that the responding party generally bears the cost of production of electronic evidence, including e-mail. The issue arose in the context of Laura Zubulake's request for responsive e-mail from her former employer, UBS, in her gender discrimination case in which she claimed a failure to promote her and retaliation for filing a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Cost shifting is a function of whether the electronic data sought is "accessible" or "inaccessible," the district court stated. If accessible, it must be produced at the responding party's cost; if inaccessible, a cost-shifting analysis is required. During discovery, UBS had produced 100 pages of e-mail. In contrast, Zubulake produced approximately 450 pages of e-mail correspondence she had retained from her employment. She claimed that UBS either had additional responsive e-mails or had improperly deleted them. UBS conceded that responsive e-mail existed on optical storage media, as required by Securities and Exchange Commission regulations, and that indexes of its magnetic backup tapes revealed that responsive e-mails were contained on a total of 94 tapes. After an initial discovery conference, UBS agreed to produce responsive e-mails from five individuals named by Zubulake for a 16-month period from the date of her hire to one month after her termination, "if retrieval is possible." Despite this agreement, UBS did not try to retrieve e-mail from optical media or magnetic backup tapes. Instead, it contended the initial production was sufficient and that further efforts would be too costly, first estimated at approximately $300,000, then stated at oral argument to be $175,000. Zubulake then filed a motion to compel production and sought sanctions. Because Zubulake herself had produced approximately 450 pages of e-mail correspondence, Judge Scheindlin agreed that UBS either had additional responsive e-mails or had deleted them. She also noted that Zubulake had produced a UBS e-mail that might qualify as a "smoking gun" in support of her case. Under Rule 34 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Judge Scheindlin explained, electronic documents, including e-mails, are indistinguishable from paper documents with respect to production obligations, even if the electronic documents in question "may have been deleted and now reside only on backup disks." Whether production of electronic evidence is unduly burdensome or expensive turns primarily on whether it is kept in an accessible or inaccessible format. And whether electronic data is accessible or inaccessible depends on which of five types of media it is stored. (2) Data which is (1) "online" or archived on current computer systems, such as hard drives, (2) "near-line," such as that stored on optical disks or magnetic tape stored in a robotic storage library from which records can be retrieved in two minutes or less, or (3) "off-line," but in storage or archives, such as removable optical disks or magnetic tape media are readily accessible using standard search engines because the data are retained in machine readable format. …


Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor. Glioma progression depends on the rapid proliferation of tumor cells accompanied by an acute immunosuppressive environment, facilitated mainly by tumor infiltration of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In this study, we characterize the role of fibronectin, a high-molecular weight extracellular matrix glycoprotein secreted by tumor cells, in controlling glioma progression and in mediating immunosuppression. Fibronectin binds to membrane-spanning integrin receptors and plays an important role in cell signaling, in defining cellular shape, in mobility, and in regulating the cell cycle. We found that inhibition of fibronectin expression in glioma cells, using short hairpin RNA-mediated silencing of gene expression, delayed cell proliferation in vitro. This delayed growth is explained, in part, by the observed reduced expression of integrin β(1) fibronectin receptor, which was restored by the inhibition of proteosomal activity. In our analysis of the downstream signaling targets of integrin β(1), we demonstrated reduced phosphorylation of Src kinase and STAT-3. We also observed reduced survivin expression that induced a three-fold increased accumulation of fibronectin-knockdown cells in the G(2)/M phase. In an experimental animal model, the fibronectin knockdown tumors had a mean survival advantage of 23 days over wild-type tumors. Moreover, brain samples of animals bearing fibronectin-knockdown tumors showed delayed Treg recruitment. Collectively, we propose that fibronectin is a key mediator of glioma progression because its inhibition delays both tumor progression and immunosuppression.


Introduction. According to epidemiological studies, the incidence of urolithiasis in the world is about 20%, and the number of patients with this pathology is steadily increasing. Renal cell carcinoma shows the similar dynamics of case growth. The development of diagnostic methods has increased the detectability of combinations of these pathologies, and therefore the urgency of the issue of simultaneous interventions in such patients raises no doubts. Objective. To determine the efficacy and safety of the simultaneous interventions of a stone and a kidney mass of the ipsilateral kidney. Materials and methods. Nine patients with combination of kidney stones and masses of the ipsilateral kidney with indications for the operative treatment were included in the investigation. Results. Laparoscopic kidney resection with pyelolithotomy was performed in all patients in a simultaneously. There was no conversion to open surgery, significant postoperative complications and lethal outcomes. The stent-catheter was removed 4 weeks after the operation. A clinical observation is presented demonstrating the successful treatment of a patient with serious diseases (stones of the right kidney, stones of the right ureter and neoplasm of the right kidney) in one combined surgical treatment. The choice of a simultaneous treatment method in this category of patients, in our opinion, helps prevent the development of intra- and postsurgical complications during staged treatment. The lack of clinical guidelines, as well as the few publications available in the form of clinical examples on the subject are available, creates the need to develop a unified approach to managing patients with a combination of urolithiasis and tumors of the ipsilateral kidney. Conclusion. Combined interventions for ipsilateral kidney stones and masses are safe treatment methods with short rehabilitation period.


Firms often focus on just matching and beating their rivals on attributes commonly agreed as important by customers and industry players. From companies' point of view, every player belongs to some well-defined strategic group. Within every strategic group, strategies tend to converge along the same basic dimensions of competition and the value is created using similar methods and value chains. Companies' new product development (NPD) processes reflect on ways of competing. Typically, firms have only one NPD process, which favors incremental improvements to existing products and for fixed market context. This paper sketches new approach to create value by combining design, marketing, engineering and strategic perspectives early in the NPD process. It is grounded on several principles. Firstly, instead of just seeking incremental improvements to existing products, customers and market contexts, new ideas should also be looked from broader arenas; from new market contexts, by creating new market space, and by changing how value is created to the customers (value chain and market structures), changing the value itself that is offered (new dimensions or combinations) as well as changing to whom the value is created (new customer groups). Secondly, new ideas should be divided according to uncertainty level they are facing. Thirdly, different uncertainty levels require different development process models. Checkpoints and requirements cannot be the same when new offering are varying significantly and they are targeting at different things. And fourthly, in order to design new value chains, value offerings, strategic positions or new customer groups, key developer groups – strategist, engineers, marketers and designers should be able to collaborate early and often enough to discover and utilize these different new ideas.


The long-term results of Blalock anastomosis in 126 patients (1954-71) for Fallot's tetralogy are presented. The operative mortality was 10% and the overall mortality 38%. The 78 survivors were reviewed after periods of surveillance ranging from six months to 17 years. Complications were few. It is concluded that although total correction as a primary procedure has become the treatment of choice in most, it may in some instances never be technically feasible because of extreme underdevelopment of the right ventricular outflow tract. In the very young with urgent symptoms and rapid deterioration total correction would be considered hazardous. In the infant a high operative mortality reflected the inadequate calibre of the vessels used in the shunt operation.


Introduction & Aims: Aging and age-related conditions such as Alzheimer's disease are associated with a decline in cerebral blood flow (CBF). Exercise training is known to delay this age-effect and improve cerebrovascular health. CBF regulation during exercise is complex and may differ with age. Improved understanding of the factors that modulate CBF would aid future exercise and therapy development. To determine the effect of oscillations in blood pressure, the aim of this study was to compare CBF responses during intermittent, repeated head-down (HDT) and head-up (HUT) tilt between younger and older men. Methods: 11 young (Y; 23.6±3 y) and 10 old (O; 68.8±2.6 y) healthy men performed 10 consecutive intermittent -6°HDT and +60°HUT using a tilt-table, alternating every 60s. Middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity (MCAv; transcranial Doppler ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; Finometer) and end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) were measured continuously. Mean responses (40s) in each position were used for comparison. Effects of age (Y, O) and tilt-repetition (HDT, HUT over time) were determined using ANOVA. Results: Baseline MCAv data was lower (O: 37.1±10.4 vs Y: 61.0±6.7 cm/s, p<0.001) and MAP data was higher (O; 95.1±11 vs Y; 87.8±8.1 mmHg, p<0.05) in O. PetCO2 was not different (O; 33.4±3.1 vs Y; 36.1±3.0 mmHg, p=0.53). Over the 10 repeated tilts, the mean reduction in MCAv from HDT to HUT was greater in Y (O: -0.5±3.3 vs Y: -4.7±2.2 cm/s, p<0.01). MAP (O: -2.6±3.7 vs Y: -3.7±6.2 mmHg, p=0.64) and PetCO2 responses (O; -2.3±0.8 vs Y; -1.7±1 mmHg, p=0.15) were not different between age. There were no time effects for repeated tilting responses in either group. Conclusion: Repeated HDT and HUT led to an oscillatory MAP and CBF response in Y. Oscillatory MAP response was also seen in O, however, their CBF response remained unchanged. This absent CBF response in older men may be associated with impaired vascular function.


We examined the germination response of 21 forb species collected from semiarid grasslands of central New Mexico. After-ripened seeds were subjected to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) no treatment; 2) a 3-wk stratification at 5 °C (cold-moist treatment); or 3) a 3-wk warm-moist treatment at 30 °C. All seeds were incubated under an alternating 10/20 °C temperature regime for 6 wk following treatment. Temperature regime had a significant effect on 13 of the 21 species. Twelve species responded positively to the warm-moist treatment, germinating during or following 3 wk at 30 °C. Six species were largely nondormant, germinating under all 3 treatment regimes, and 5 species did not germinate to an appreciable degree under any of the 3 treatment regimes. Ten species responded negatively to the 3-wk stratification, and in only one case was germination slightly improved by the 3-wk stratification. A subsequent 12-wk stratification treatment did, however, increase germination for 3 of the 5 dormant species. These results indicate that, while some species may require stratification, many southwestern grassland forbs are adapted to the combination of moisture and temperature associated with a monsoonal regime, that is, a warm-moist period. Summer, rather than fall, sowing is recommended as it will provide the benefit of dormancy-breaking dry heat followed by warm-moist conditions of the July to September monsoon.Pendleton RL, Pendleton BK. 2014. Germination patterns of a suite of semiarid grassland forbs from central New Mexico. Native Plants Journal 15(1):17–28.


By comparing natural immunity to Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) in vivo with the action of human or mouse phagocytes against AF in vitro, we delineated two sequential lines of defense against AF. The first line of defense was formed by macrophages and directed against spores. Macrophages prevented germination and killed spores in vitro and rapidly eradicated conidia in vivo, even in neutropenic and athymic mice. The second was the neutrophilic granulocyte (PMN), which protected against the hyphal form of AF. Human and mouse PMN killed mycelia in vitro. Normal, but not neutropenic mice, stopped hyphal growth, and eradicated mycelia. Either line of defense acting alone protected mice from high challenge doses. Natural immunity collapsed only when both the reticuloendothelial system and PMN were impaired. These findings are in keeping with the clinical observation that high doses of cortisone and neutropenia are the main risk factors for invasive aspergillosis. Cortisone inhibited the conidiacidal activity of mouse macrophages in vivo and of human or mouse mononuclear phagocytes in vitro. Cortisone damaged this first line of defense directly and not through the influence of T lymphocytes or other systems modifying macrophage function as shown in athymic mice and in vitro. In addition, daily high doses of cortisone in mice reduced the mobilization of PMN so that the second line of defense was also impaired. Thus, cortisone can break down natural resistance on its own. Myelosuppression rendered mice susceptible only when the first line of defense was overpowered by high challenge doses, by activated spores that cannot be killed by macrophages, or by cortisone suppression of the conidiacidal activity of macrophages. The host, thus, can call upon two independent phagocytic cell lines that form graded defense systems against aspergillus. These lines of defense function in the absence of a specific immune response, which seems superfluous in the control and elimination of this fungus.


Feedstocks used in the process of powder injection moulding characterized by the flow of highly filled (60 vol.%) compound into a mould cavity, sometimes exhibit nonmonotonous flow behaviour of viscosity in dependence on shear rate. A new 7-parameter rheological model was proposed and applied to the feedstock based on aluminium oxide powder and multicomponent partly water-soluble polymeric binder. Structural changes of the feedstock caused by shear deformation were quantified in terms of yield stresses obtained using the classical monotonous Herschel-Bulkley and Casson models. Unlike these models the newly proposed 7-parameter rheological model is valid in the whole shear rate range measured.


Violeta Parra (1917–1967) was a multifaceted and talented musician and artist. A prolific songwriter, she composed more than two hundred songs as well as experimental pieces for guitar, documentary soundtracks, and music for ballet. Her most famous song, "Gracias a la vida," has been performed by musicians the world over. In the realm of the visual arts, she was a ceramicist, sculptress, painter, and tapestry maker. In 1964, she became the first Latin American artist to have a solo exhibition at the Louvre Palace's Musée des Arts Décoratifs. Parra was also an award-winning folklorist who collected hundreds of songs and other folklore from every region of Chile.
 Born in southern Chile, she moved to Santiago at age fifteen, where she spent two decades performing a mixture of popular songs from Latin America that is often referred to as música criolla. At age thirty-five she turned to the authentic, first as a folklorist and then as an artist. She was a leader of the Chilean folk revival of the 1950s and inspired the generation of Chilean musicians who formed the protest song movement known as nueva canción in the 1960s. A communist sympathizer, she traveled to Europe as a member of the Chilean delegation to the Soviet-sponsored World Festival of Youth and Students in 1955 (Warsaw) and 1962 (Helsinki). Each time she toured the Soviet Bloc, then made her way to Paris for an extended sojourn.
 Parra contributed a significant voice to the national debate over chilenidad (Chilean identity) during a critical juncture in Chile's economic, social, and cultural development. Her biography sheds light on transnational cultural movements and competing notions of authenticity at the height of the Cold War. It is also the deeply human story of Parra's tenacious struggle to be seen and heard as an artist on her own terms.


The flue gases with high concentration of mercury are often encountered in the nonferrous smelting industries and the treatment of mercury-containing wastes. To recover mercury from such flue gases, sorbents with enough large adsorption capacity are required to capture and enrich mercury. ZnS is a cheap and readily prepared material, and even can be obtained from its natural ores. In this work, a simple controllable oxidation method-soaking in cupric solution-was developed to improve the interfacial activity of ZnS and its natural ores for Hg0 adsorption. The gaseous Hg0 adsorption capacity of ZnS was enhanced from 0.3 to 3.6 mg·g-1 after such treatment. Further analysis indicated that a new interface rich in S1- ions was formed and provided sufficient active sites for the chemical adsorption of Hg0. In addition, the cyclic Hg0 adsorption and recovery experiments demonstrated that the adsorption performance of spent activated-ZnS was recovered after reactivating sorbents with Cu2+, indicating the recovery of activated interface. Meanwhile, the high concentration of adsorbed mercury at the surface can be collected using a thermal treatment method. Utilization of raw materials from a zinc production process provides a promising and cost-effective method for removing and recovering mercury from nonferrous smelting flue gas.


BACKGROUND: Zoledronic acid has demonstrated efficacy and safety in the treatment of bone lesions in patients with multiple myeloma. However, bisphosphonates are known to have dose-dependent and infusion rate-dependent effects on renal function and patients with multiple myeloma may have disease-associated compromise of renal function. The pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and safety of monthly intravenous (IV) infusions of zoledronic acid (4, 8, and 12 mg) were investigated in a subset of patients with multiple myeloma as part of an open-label, phase I, multiple-dose study. Doses higher than the approved 4-mg dose were infused over 1 or 2 hours based on an infusion-rate model that predicted a Cmax similar to that of the approved regimen (4 mg via 15-minute IV infusion). Moreover, levels of tumor markers were measured to assess potential clinical antitumor activity at various dose regimens. METHODS: Patients received a total of 6 infusions of zoledronic acid in 28-day cycles: 4 mg via 15-minute infusion on day 1; 8 mg via 60-minute infusion on days 29 and 57; 12 mg via 120-minute infusion on days 85 and 113; and 4 mg via 15-minute infusion on day 141. RESULTS: Ten patients with multiple myeloma were enrolled, and 7 completed all 6 infusions. Median age was 58 years, ECOG performance status was ≤ 1 in 9 patients and 2 in 1 patient; 80% had received prior antineoplastic therapy, and 100% had received prior radiation and/or surgery. Three patients discontinued because of abnormal laboratory values (n = 2) or withdrawal of consent (n = 1). The most common AEs were fatigue (60%), myalgia (50%), arthralgia (40%), and nausea (40%). Increased serum creatinine > 0.3 mg/dL over baseline prompted a dose delay/reduction in 1 patient and discontinuation of treatment in 2 patients. In multiple myeloma patients, mean Cmax (± SD) was 329 (± 89) ng/mL after the first 4-mg dose infused over 15 minutes (1st infusion), 407 (± 105) ng/mL after the 2nd 8-mg dose infused over 60 minutes (3rd infusion), and 385 (± 114) ng/mL after the 2nd 12-mg dose infused over 120 minutes (5th infusion). Increasing doses produced proportional increases in drug exposure (AUC). Decreases from baseline were observed in serum markers of bone resorption; however, there were no consistent or meaningful changes in tumor marker levels (eg, serum IL-6). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that by prolonging infusion times to 1 hour and 2 hours using 8-mg and 12-mg doses of zoledronic acid, respectively, Cmax can be maintained and is similar to that obtained with the approved 4-mg dose infused over 15 minutes.


We examined the organization of multisynaptic projections from the basal ganglia (BG) to the dorsal premotor area in macaques. After injection of the rabies virus into the rostral sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (F2r) and the caudal sector of the caudal aspect of the dorsal premotor area (F2c), second‐order neuron labeling occurred in the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Labeled GPi neurons were found in the caudoventral portion after F2c injection, and in the dorsal portion at the rostrocaudal middle level after F2r injection. In the SNr, F2c and F2r injections led to labeling in the caudal or rostral part, respectively. Subsequently, third‐order neuron labeling was observed in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the striatum. After F2c injection, labeled neurons were observed over a broad territory in the GPe, whereas after F2r injection, labeled neurons tended to be restricted to the rostral and dorsal portions. In the STN, F2c injection resulted in extensive labeling over the nucleus, whereas F2r injection resulted in labeling in the ventral portion only. After both F2r and F2c injections, labeled neurons in the striatum were widely observed in the striatal cell bridge region and neighboring areas, as well as in the ventral striatum. The present results revealed that the origins of multisynaptic projections to F2c and F2r in the BG are segregated in the output stations of the BG, whereas intermingling rather than segregation is evident with respect to their input station.


This Article investigates the limits of the willful ignorance doctrine as employed in federal criminal law. This foundational rule allows willfully ignorant defendants to be treated as knowing wrongdoers. The willful ignorance doctrine is of increasing importance at the moment in light of the mens rea reform bills currently working their way through Congress. This legislation seeks to establish some form of knowledge as the default mens rea in federal law. Thus, if some version of this law is passed, the willful ignorance doctrine will provide a partial work-around.Motivated by the central role of the willful ignorance doctrine in federal prosecutions for a range of crimes — from drug offenses to white-collar crime — this Article analyzes a tension between the way federal courts justify the doctrine and the way they apply it. In particular, the Article argues that courts are committed to expanding the doctrine beyond the limits within which it is currently applied. The law allows willful ignorance to substitute for knowledge on the theory that these two mental states are equally culpable. This Article argues that, as a result, the law is also committed to allowing some forms of egregious non-willful ignorance — most importantly, reckless ignorance — to substitute for knowledge when the conditions of equal culpability are met. Moving beyond the traditional willful ignorance doctrine is especially important in order to combat the incentives that lawyers, accountants and other white-collar professionals have to remain in ignorance of fraud committed by their clients. While the existing willful ignorance doctrine is responsive to conscious efforts to remain in ignorance of fraud in one's midst, the criminal law does not have sufficient doctrinal tools to counteract the incentives to recklessly allow one's ignorance to be preserved. This is the gap that the Iterated Reckless Ignorance Principle defended here is meant to fill.


List of contributors Foreword Ariel Dorfman Acknowledgments Introduction: conflict, justice and reclamation Harvey M. Weinstein and Eric Stover Part I. Institutional Approaches to Justice: Introduction 1. A world unto itself? The application of international justice in the former Yugoslavia Laurel E. Fletcher and Harvey M. Weinstein 2. Legal responses to genocide in Rwanda Alison des Forges and Timothy Longman 3. Localizing justice: gacaca courts in post-genocide Rwanda Urusaro Alice Karekezi, Alphonse Nshimiyimana and Beth Mutamba 4. Exhumation of mass graves: balancing legal and humanitarian needs Eric Stover and Rachel Shigekane 5. Witnesses and the promise of justice in The Hague Eric Stover 6. Reparations in the aftermath of repression and mass violence Naomi Roht-Arriaza Part II. Social Reconstruction and Justice: Introduction 7. Neighbors again? Intercommunity relations after ethnic cleansing Dinka Corkalo, Dean Ajdukovic, Harvey M. Weinstein, Eric Stover, Dino Djipa and Miklos Biro 8. Memory, identity, and community in Rwanda Timothy Longman and Theoneste Rutagengwa 9. Attitudes toward justice and social reconstruction in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Miklos Biro, Dean Ajdukovic, Dinka Corkalo, Dina Djipa, Petar Milin and Harvey M. Weinstein 10. Connecting justice to human experience: attitudes toward accountability and reconciliation in Rwanda Timothy Longman, Phuong Pham and Harvey M. Weinstein 11. Public education and social reconstruction in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia Sarah Warshauer Freedman, Dinka Corkalo, Naomi Levy, Dino Abazovic, Bronwyn Leebaw, Dean Ajdukovic, Dino Djipa and Harvey M. Weinstein 12. Confronting the past in Rwandan schools Sarah Warshauer Freedman, Deo Kambanda, Beth Lewis Samuelson, Innocent Mugisha, Immaculee Mukashema, Evode Mukama, Jean Mutabaruka, Harvey M. Weinstein and Timothy Longman Part III. Survivors and Justice: Introduction 13. Art out of the rubble Pamela Blotner 14. Trust and betrayal in war Dean Ajdukovic and Dinka Corkalo 15. Empathy and rehumanization after mass violence Jodi Halpern and Harvey M. Weinstein Conclusion: a common objective, a universe of alternatives Eric Stover and Harvey M. Weinstein Index.


The nasal passages play a crucial role in the protection and functioning of the lower airways. Consequently the nerve supply of the nasal mucosa is extensive, which is related to an immediate and adequate reaction upon a variety of external and internal stimuli. A brief review of the present knowledge on nasal autonomic innervation and pharmacology will be given. There is special attention to more advanced methods, such as radioligand receptor binding techniques, which might augment our insight in the significance of the nervous system in nasal (patho)physiology. Furthermore data on the secretory activity of the nasal glands in the rat and its neural regulation will be accentuated.


Introduction: Early detection of lung cancer by screening of high risk populations (identified by epidemiological and life-style factors) has the potential to save many lives. However, effective screening is reliant on minimally invasive techniques, such as CT screening, bronchioalveolar lavage (BAL) and blood tests, and the identification of suitable biomarkers. CT screening is effective in reducing mortality, but generates a large proportion of indeterminate nodules that must be further characterised. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have great potential as biomarkers due to their tissue-specific and cancer-specific expression patterns. We have identified tumour-specific miRNAs for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), using a combination of screening on TaqMan microRNA TLDA cards and validation with qRTPCR assays, with the aim of utilising these as biomarkers in the early detection setting. Methods: Our sample group consisted of 31 frozen samples from 20 Liverpool Lung Project (LLP) NSCLC patients, including 10 adenocarcinomas (Ad), 10 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) & matched normal tissue. Two further validation sets consisted of equal numbers of Ad and SCC tumour/normal pairs (124 in total). MiRNA was prepared from tumour and normal specimens using Qiagen MicroRNeasy kits. Reverse transcription and pre-amplification was performed using Applied Biosystems MegaPlex Pools and miRNAs were quantified on a 7900HT Real-Time PCR System with TaqMan Array Human MiRNA Card Set v3.0 (covering 754 human miRNAs). Ct values were exported using SDS v2.3 data and RQ Manager software and further analysed in Bioconductor. Validation qRTPCR was performed with individual miRNA assays, following reverse transcription with MegaPlex pools. Results: When Benjamin-Hoechst-adjusted-p value 4.0 fold-change in the cancer group. A subset of 22 miRNAs including miR-34a, miR-96, let-7g and miR-183 was identified with the greatest expression in tumours. Differential expression of all 22 miRNAs was confirmed in an independent set of 24 tumour/normal pairs. Using these 22 validated miRNAs we performed discriminative modelling and identified a model based on just 8 markers that gave a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity of 98%. This panel was validated, with 97% specificity and 91% sensitivity, in a 2nd independent sample set containing 48 tumours and paired normal samples. Conclusion: A number of miRNAs was identified that showed good discriminatory power individually, but greatest sensitivity and specificity when combined as an 8 member panel. The lung cancer specific miRNAs we have identified provide a potential source of early detection biomarkers. Their applicability to minimally-invasive samples is being evaluated in a range of samples including plasma and bronchial lavage. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4133. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4133


Innovations in information technology have increased the prevalence of markets with large numbers of products. Each week, for example, an average of over 800 books are published, and an average of over 1,100 iOS apps are released in Apple's App Store. This review summarizes existing research about how consumers learn about new products in such markets, focusing on mechanisms like bestseller lists and user-generated product reviews. In addition to reviewing research findings about how these mechanisms directly influence sales, this article also discusses how these mechanisms affect broader market outcomes, such as the shape of the success distribution and the likelihood that good products are discovered.


The differential cross sections and unpolarized spin-density matrix elements for the reaction γp → pω were measured using the CBELSA/TAPS experiment for initial photon energies ranging from the reaction threshold to 2.5 GeV. These observables were measured from the radiative decay of the ω meson, ω → πγ. The cross sections cover the full angular range and show the full extent of the t-channel forward rise. The overall shape of the angular distributions in the differential cross sections and unpolarized spin-density matrix elements are in fair agreement with previous data. In addition, for the first time, a beam of linearly-polarized tagged photons in the energy range from 1150 MeV to 1650 MeV was used to extract polarized spin-density matrix elements. These data were included in the Bonn-Gatchina partial wave analysis (PWA). The dominant contribution to ω photoproduction near threshold was found to be the 3/2 partial wave, which is primarily due to the sub-threshold N(1720) 3/2 resonance. At higher energies, pomeron-exchange was found to dominate whereas π-exchange remained small. These t-channel contributions as well as further contributions from nucleon resonances were necessary to describe the entire dataset: the 1/2−, 3/2−, and 5/2 partial waves were also found to contribute significantly.


At marine cold seeps, gaseous and liquid hydrocarbons migrate from deep subsurface origins to the sediment-water interface. Cold seep sediments are known to host taxonomically diverse microorganisms, but little is known about their metabolic potential and depth distribution in relation to hydrocarbon and electron acceptor availability. In this work, we combined geochemical, metagenomic and metabolomic measurements in distinct sediment redox regimes to profile microbial activities within the uppermost 350 cm of a newly discovered cold seep in the NW Atlantic deep sea (2.3 km water depth). Depth-resolved metagenomic profiling revealed compositional and functional differentiation between near-surface sediments (dominated by Proteobacteria) and deeper subsurface layers (dominated by Atribacteria, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota and Lokiarchaeota). Metabolic capabilities of community members were inferred from 376 metagenome-assembled genomes spanning 46 phyla (including five novel candidate phyla). In deeper sulfate-reducing and methanogenic sediments, various community members are capable of anaerobically oxidizing short-chain alkanes (alkyl-CoM reductase pathway), longer-chain alkanes (fumarate addition pathway), and aromatic hydrocarbons (fumarate addition and subsequent benzoyl-CoA pathways). Geochemical profiling demonstrated that hydrocarbon substrates are abundant in this location, thermogenic in origin, and subject to biodegradation. The detection of alkyl-/arylalkylsuccinate metabolites, together with carbon isotopic signatures of ethane, propane and carbon dioxide, support that microorganisms are actively degrading hydrocarbons in these sediments. Hydrocarbon oxidation pathways operate alongside other deep seabed metabolisms such as sulfide oxidation, hydrogen oxidation, carbon fixation, fermentation and reductive dehalogenation. Upward migrated thermogenic hydrocarbons thus sustain diverse microbial communities with activities that affect subseafloor biogeochemical processes across the redox spectrum in deep sea cold seeps.


Neurologists are among the least satisfied physicians with their current electronic health record (EHR), with many known pain points and great opportunities for improved tools and workflows. Improved EHR functionality can have major implications for patient care, physician efficiency, and prevention of burnout. We describe the advocacy of the American Academy of Neurology for improved EHR usability and the resultant formation and subsequent accomplishments of a Neurology Subspecialty Steering Board at 1 major EHR vendor (Epic).


One of the most important features in image analysis and understanding is shape. Mathematical morphology is the image processing branch that deals with shape analysis. The definition of all morphological transformations is based on two primitive operations, i.e. dilation and erosion. Since many applications require the solution of morphological problems in real time, researching time efficient algorithms for these two operations is crucial. In this paper efficient parallel algorithms for the binary dilation and erosion are presented and evaluated for an advanced associative processor. Simulation results indicate that the achieved speedup is linear.


This document is the first of a three-part review of the CIAsponsored report by the American Institutes of Research (AIR) of its evaluation of the U.S. government's twenty-four year long remote viewing program. Part One, Bologna on Wry Bread, covers the operational intelligence portion of the program. Part Two, A Second Helping, points out that the research reviewed by the AIR was inadequate as a basis for a fair assessment of remote viewing. Part Three, Scraps and Crumbs, examines the AIR's faulty evaluation of that research. Part Four, has additional notes and corrections.


This article presents a taxonomy of incentive vulnerabilities that can affect public and consortium blockchain-based networked intelligent systems. The taxonomy aims to help researchers and developers better understand the related threats and design more secure systems. To this end, the proposed taxonomy is grounded in a generic multi-agent organizational model for blockchain systems (AGR4BS) and establishes a relationship between the vulnerabilities and the dedicated agent roles. We expressed the vulnerabilities as behavior deviations and classified them according to the roles and behaviors identified in AGR4BS to form the categories and refine the subcategories of the taxonomy. The proposed taxonomy is novel and distinctively different from other taxonomies found in the literature.


Reversible logic has received great attention in th e recent years due to its ability to reduce the pow er dissipation which is the main requirement in low po wer digital design. It has wide applications in adv anced computing, low power CMOS design, Optical information processing, DNA computing, bio information, quantum computation and nanotechnology. Conventional digital circuits dissipate a significant amount of energy because bits of information are erased during the logic operatio ns. Thus, if logic gates are designed such that the information bits are not destroyed, the power consumption can be red uced dramatically. The information bits are not los t in case of a reversible computation. This has led to the develop ment of reversible gates. ALU is a fundamental buil ding block of a central processing unit (CPU) in any computing sy stem; reversible arithmetic unit has a high power o ptimization on the offer. By using suitable control logic to on e of the input variables of parallel adder, various arithmetic operations can be realized. In this paper, ALU base d on a Reversible low power control unit for arithm etic & logic operations is proposed. In our design, the full Add ers are realized using synthesizable, low quantum c ost, low garbage output DPeres gates. This paper presents a novel design of Arithmetic & Logical Unit using Reversible control unit. These Reversible ALU has been modeled and verified using Verilog and Quartus II 5.0 simu lator. Comparative results are presented in terms of numbe r of gates, number of garbage outputs, number of co nstant inputs and Quantum cost.


This report is part of a series whose aim is to present in a synthetic way the major methods of «analytic combinatorics» needed in the average--case analysis of algorithms. It develops a general approach to the distributional analysis of parameters of elementary combinatorial structures like strings, trees, graphs, permutations, and so on. The methods are essentially analytic and relie on multivariate generating functions, singularity analysis, and continuity theorems. The limit laws that are derived mostly belong to the Gaussian, Poisson, or geometric type.


ZNF462 haploinsufficiency is linked to Weiss-Kruszka Syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by a range of neurodevelopmental defects including Autism. Though it is highly conserved in vertebrates and essential for embryonic development the molecular functions of ZNF462 are unclear. We identified its murine homolog ZFP462 in a screen for epigenetic gene silencing in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Here, we show ZFP462 safeguards neural lineage specification by targeting the H3K9-specific histone methyltransferase complex G9A/GLP to mediate epigenetic silencing of endodermal genes. ZFP462 binds to thousands of transposable elements (TEs) that harbor ESC- and endoderm-specific transcription factor (TF) binding sites and act as enhancers. Through physical interaction with G9A/GLP, ZFP462 seeds heterochromatin at TE-derived enhancers restricting the binding of core pluripotency TFs OCT4 and SOX2. Loss of ZFP462 in ESCs results in increased chromatin accessibility at target sites and ectopic expression of endodermal genes. Taken together, ZFP462 restricts TF binding and subsequent endodermspecific gene activation by conferring lineage and locus-specificity to the broadly expressed epigenetic regulator G9A/GLP. Our results suggest that aberrant activation of endodermal genes in the neuronal lineage underlies ZNF462-associated neurodevelopmental pathology.


The accelerating movement of urbanization poses a threat to our natural forests. Along with the rapid loss of forests, there are increasing health concerns exhibited in developed countries. This leaves society with a major challenge that must be addressed. These challenges can be solved by using urban forests. Society can use the forests as a resource to improve human health. The aim of this literature review is to analyze the various human health benefits derived from urban forests. This is accompanied by a secondary objective to promote the use of our urban forests. I will examine the physiological and psychological benefits obtained from urban forests from various case studies. The health benefits received from these forests will be divided amongst three sections of study. The first section will focus on the health benefits received from viewing a forested environment in correlation to an urban environment. The second section will review the health benefits gained from the ancient technique of forest therapy. The final section will focus on the key components of urban parks and the perceptions individuals have of them.


Plants of the 'Cara Mia' rose (Rosa hybrida L.) grown at elevated day temperatures with long photoperiodic cycles or at reduced night temperature with short photoperiods differed in shoot growth rate, petal number, final stem length, and harvest date when compared to plants grown at suggested day and night temperatures. Node number remained nearly constant under all growing conditions. Plants of 'Town Crier' rose grown with a night temperature of 13°C (minimum) during the first 3 weeks following shoot removal produced flowering shoots of the same length in the same amount of time as did those grown at a minimum night temperature of 17°C throughout shoot development. Cooler night temperatures during the second 3-week period after shoot removal increased flower development time by four days but did not affect stem length. Results indicate that some rose cultivars can tolerate lower than normal night temperatures for a portion of the growing cycle without reduced growth and/or yield.


The modern smart grid (SG) is mainly a cyber-physical system (CPS), combining the traditional power system infrastructure with information technologies. SG is frequently threatened by cyber attacks such as False Data Injection (FDI), which manipulates the states of power systems by adding malicious data. To maintain a reliable and secure operation of the smart grid, it is crucial to detect FDI attacks in the system along with their exact location. The conventional Bad Data Detection (BDD) algorithm cannot detect such stealthy attacks. So, motivated by the most recent deep learning (DL) developments and data-driven solutions, a new transformer-based model named XTM is proposed to detect and identify the exact locations of data intrusions in real-time scenarios. XTM, which combines the transformer and long short-term memory (LSTM), is the first hybrid DL model that explores the performance of transformers in this particular research field. First, a new threshold selection scheme is introduced to detect the presence of FDI, replacing the need for conventional BDD. Then, the exact intrusion point of the attack is located using a multilabel classification approach. A formally verified constraints satisfaction-based attack vector model was used to manipulate the data set. In this work, considering the temporal nature of power system, both hourly and minutely sensor data are used to train and evaluate the proposed model in the IEEE-14 bus system, achieving a detection accuracy of almost 100%. The row accuracy (RACC) metric was also evaluated for the location detection module, with values of 92.99% and 99.99% for the hourly and minutely datasets, respectively. Moreover, the proposed technique was compared with other deep learning models as well, showing that the proposed model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods mentioned in the literature.


This essay explores the reproductive rights realities of Spanish-speaking, migrant Latin@s by analyzing the interplay of cultural and linguistic difference, ideology, and translation. Rather than offer another ideographic argument in support of , this study uncovers why the term fails to translate culturally and linguistically and how this incompatibility necessitates a language alternative: reproductive justice (or justicia reproductiva in Spanish). Introduced in 1994 by U.S. Black feminist activists, this term fuses reproductive rights with social justice to provide a framework for communicating the intersecting inequalities encountered by Women of Color and the poor. This essay contends that advances White, monolingual feminism, while eliding and even erasing more precarious positionalities and perspectives. Such a tendency impedes coalition building among Third-World and other feminists. The article concludes by encouraging communication scholars to recognize and resist U.S. monoculturalism and English monolingualism, which heretofore have circumscribed our research.