INTRODUCTION
The proliferation of alcohol outlets has led to increased physical availability of alcohol, harmful alcohol consumption and related harm in Nigeria. This study explored alcohol licensing legislations and licensing systems across local government councils (LGC) in South-West, Nigeria.

METHODS
Twenty-four LGCs across three states participated in the study. Data were generated from: (i) documents containing LGC liquor licensing legislations; and (ii) semi-structured interviews conducted with 50 LGC officials (16 legislative council clerks and 34 finance officers [director of finance, rate officers and revenue collectors]) were thematically analysed using NVivo.

RESULTS
Nine of the sampled LGC enacted liquor licence bylaws. These mostly specified categories of liquor licences issued and licensing fees. None of the liquor licence bylaw contained regulations for controlling physical availability of alcohol and outlet density. Finance officials were licensing officers and there were no licensing committees across the LGCs. The LGC officials were unanimous in stating that generating revenue from licensing fees was the main objective for licensing alcohol outlets. The LGCs licensed alcohol outlets indiscriminately and failed to regulate outlet density.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The absence of regulations for controlling outlet density has implications for physical availability of alcohol in Nigeria. Our findings strongly suggest the need to develop national liquor licensing legislation with public health objectives and implementing regulations for controlling temporal and spatial availability of alcohol. Each LGC should inaugurate a licensing committee with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for licensing stakeholders such as LGC health officials, law enforcement agencies and community members.


Adding volatility exposure to an equity portfolio offers interesting opportunities for long-term investors. This article discusses the advantages of adding a long volatility strategy for a protection to a global European equity portfolio and to specific equity portfolios based in "core" or "peripheral" countries within the euro zone. A European investor today has the choice of investing in US or European equity volatility. We check whether a long volatility strategy based on VSTOXX futures is better than a strategy based on VIX futures. The benefit of using volatility strategies as a hedge for equities is shown through a Mean/Modified-CVaR portfolio optimization. We find that long volatility strategies offer valuable protection to all European equity investors. A long volatility strategy based on VSTOXX futures offers better protection than a similar one based on VIX futures. It reduces the risk of an equity portfolio more significantly, while providing more attractive returns. For specific European investors, and despite major differences in local European equity markets, our long volatility strategy shows a certain homogeneity and provides efficient protection, whatever the country.


CCCEP was established in October 2008 with the aim of advancing public and private action on climate change through rigorous, innovative research. Even though much of our research is ongoing, we have made several major academic contributions: - Improving understanding of the uncertainties in climate models, developing state-of-the-art economic models of decision-making under uncertainty and applying them to climate change, and pursuing novel methods of participatory assessment/modelling. - Exploring different routes to a global climate agreement and alternatives to state-based governance, all the time emphasising the role of institutions. - Advancing knowledge on the potential for climate-friendly forms of development, and development-friendly forms of adaptation. We have advanced new integrated methodologies for identifying adaptation priorities, including 'vulnerability hotspots'. - Conducting interdisciplinary research on interventions towards a low-carbon economy, including robust econometric evaluation of the impacts of existing policies, analysis of carbon markets that bridges theory and practice, and an examination of the roles of states and markets. - Developing new methodologies bridging the gap between macro-scale simulation modelling and micro-scale, context-specific approaches. To build research capacity, we have strengthened the links between key disciplines and the climate debate, trained over 50 PhD students and provided new university courses at all levels. We have actively engaged with key decision-makers at all stages of the research process, influencing the UN climate negotiations at a high level, working closely with the World Bank and other international organisations, engaging heavily in UK climate policy on critical issues such as the fourth statutory carbon budget, impacting on policy-making in many other countries and engaging with private decision-makers, e.g. through our collaboration with Munich Re. We have also secured c. £28 million in leveraged funding. Extensive consultations have highlighted the need to address the financial crisis/downturn, the continuing absence of a comprehensive international climate treaty, and recent controversies on climate science. They have stressed the need for more integrated approaches to climate research, to continue making a distinctive contribution in the context of other climate research, and to contribute to ESRC Strategic Priorities. Our five research themes for Phase Two are: 1. Understanding green growth and climate-compatible development: what could constitute green growth or climate-compatible development in industrialised and developing countries? 2. Advancing climate finance and investment: how can we unlock major flows of finance into both adaptation and mitigation in different contexts? What are the implications of such flows? 3. Evaluating the performance of climate policies: how can we assess the performance of different climate policies and how can we understand the scope for policy learning? 4. Managing climate risks and uncertainties and strengthening climate services: how can we promote new approaches to the assessment, management and communication of climate risks/uncertainties? 5. Enabling rapid transitions in mitigation and adaptation: how can we understand the scope for rapid transitions to dramatically cut emissions and adapt to significant climate change?

DATA DESCRIPTION (ABSTRACT)
In the last ten years, the use of markets to reduce pollution, particularly carbon emissions, has come of age. When markets for emission permits emerged during the 1980s, they had elementary design features, reflecting the traditional objectives and skills of environmental economists in regulating local pollutants from limited sources. Today, emission permits markets are infinitely more complex, having evolved structurally and weathered the impacts of unexpected shocks, most notably the Financial Crisis. The evolution of markets and their reaction to shocks have raised numerous - and previously little explored - questions about the markets' responsiveness and inter-connectedness. This project developed new analytical approaches to address these questions through an inter-disciplinary collaboration between scholars in economics, mathematics and climate.


The objective of this research was to develop a theoretical model that describes the psychosocial effects of beryllium sensitization (BeS) and chronic beryllium disease (CBD). The medical, nursing, health education, and psychological literature was reviewed to identify theories that might support the development of a psychosocial model of BeS and CBD. A proposed model was synthesized based upon elements from multiple academic disciplines. The conceptual model is based on three prominent psychological theories: 1) health, stress, and coping, 2) uncertainty and illness, and 3) psychosocial adjustment to illness. The model hypothesizes that workers who are diagnosed with BeS or CBD experience a great deal of uncertainty that has a detrimental effect on their health quality of life. The focal relationship in this model is between the independent variable uncertainty and the dependent variable health quality of life. It is further hypothesized that the relationship between these two variables is affected by an intermediate variable, the ability to make psychosocial adjustments to disease. Creating this model is a step toward filling a void in our understanding of the natural history of CBD. Once validated it will establish a foundation for future research, interventions and program evaluations and may lead to changes in the psychological, social, financial, and disease management support provided to this population.


We were delighted to read the recent paper by Shields (Shields 2010) because it draws attention to the way family-centred care (FCC) is commonly practised and identifies the requirement for nurses to find an evidence-base for that practice. We disagree, however, that FCC is almost impossible to implement and that it is time to question its continuation as a model of care. We suggest that FCC has its intellectual roots in several theoretical domains in addition to attachment theory. We argue that there is a gap between a theory which seeks to influence nursing practice so as to facilitate better health and developmental outcomes for children and current clinical practice which is focused on organisational goals and the fiscal bottom line. We would like to draw attention to the theoretical basis of FCC and the empirical work that provides evidence for the importance of caring for the child in the context of the family. Rather than heralding the demise of FCC, this understanding, which has its roots a wide range of disciplines including epidemiology, psychology, sociology, anthropology and neuroscience, has the potential to transform the practice of nursing and the delivery of healthcare in general.


Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) provides mathematical models, methods and algorithms for data analysis. However, by now there is no easily available program system, which would provide data analyst with unified, intelligible and transparent access to various external data sources with large amount of heterogeneous data for subsequent FCA-based knowledge discovery. The lack of such tools complicates spreading FCA methods among big data analysts and miners of unstructured data. In this paper, we describe advances and new functionality in external data querying and preprocessing subsystems of Formal Concept Analysis Research Toolbox (FCART), which helps processing data of different types in a unified way.


August 1, 2013 was the effective date of National Collegiate Athletic Association ("NCAA") legislation that reforms the organization's enforcement structure, which consists of the bylaws and regulations that govern the process for adjudicating violations of NCAA rules and the penalties imposed for such violations. The article begins with a discussion of the alleged deficiencies in the pre-August 2013 enforcement structure that prompted NCAA member institutional representatives and other constituencies to demand reform. Alleged shortcomings include the structure's failure to deter potential rules violations and inconsistency in the imposition of penalties. The article then examines key features of the new structure including new penalty guidelines, enhanced accountability for head coaches, and rules changes that embody the notion of shared governance. It concludes that the reforms alone will not restore trust in the organization's ability to fairly and effectively govern Division I athletics. Nevertheless, the changes hold promise for imposing more stringent and predictable penalties for NCAA rules violations, and incentivizing coaches and others to comply with NCAA rules.


DOI : 10.17681/hsp.424602 Purpose: Cancer is one of the most important health problems nowadays. With these features of disease; frequent occurance, being preventable, high mortality and being treated with early diagnosis, cancer is a matter of public health. Aim of this research, to test lifestyle and habits of health professionals, whether prevent the cancer occurance or not and to determine their knowledge, attitudes and behaviors about early diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study has been made by 500 people meet all the conditions among health professionals working at Okmeydani Training and Research Hospital. To find out whether their lifestyle, habits and behaviors prevent cancer, survey was administered to healthcare workers. (Number Cruncher Statistical System) 2012, PASS (Power Analysis and Sample Size Software) 2016 programme was used in the statistical evaluation. Results: 49% of the participants were women, 51% were men and the averageage is 35.17±9.18 years. 44.6% of the health workers were smoking, 42.2% were using alcohol and the seratios were found to be quite high in the society as a whole. Therate of obesity in health workers was 3.6% and much lower than in the population. The level of regular clinical examination and cancer screening among the health workers was lower than expected. Conclusion: Health worker shave a high rate of using cigarettes and alcohol when they have knowledge about habits to prevent cancer and healthy living. The proportion of those with a healthy body weight is higher than that in the society; But they were found to be inadequate to have regular health checks and screening tests that would allow early detection of cancer.


This paper investigates fault-tolerant finite-time dynamical consensus problems of double-integrator multi-agent systems (MASs) with partial agents subject to synchronous self-sensing function failure (SSFF). A strategy of recovering the connectivity of network topology among normal agents based on multi-hop communication and a fault-tolerant finite-time dynamical consensus protocol with time-varying gains are proposed to resist synchronous SSFF. It is proved that double-integrator MASs with partial agents subject to synchronous SSFF using the proposed strategy of network topology connectivity recovery and fault-tolerant finite-time dynamical consensus protocol with the proper time-varying gains can achieve finite-time dynamical consensus. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.


We solve a stochastic high-dimensional optimal harvesting problem by reinforcement learning algorithms developed for agents who learn an optimal policy in a sequential decision process through repeated experience. This approach produces optimal solutions without discretization of state and control variables. Our stand-level model includes mixed species, tree size structure, optimal harvest timing, choice between rotation and continuous cover forestry, stochasticity in stand growth, and stochasticity in the occurrence of natural disasters. The optimal solution or policy maps the system state to the set of actions, i.e. clear-cut/thinning/no harvest decisions and the intensity of thinning over tree species and size classes. The algorithm repeats the solutions for deterministic problems computed earlier with time-consuming methods. Optimal policy describes harvesting choices from any initial state and reveals how the initial thinning vs. clear-cut choice depends on the economic and ecological factors. Stochasticity in stand growth increases the diversity of species composition. Despite the high variability in natural regeneration, the optimal policy closely satisfies the certainty equivalence principle. The effect of natural disasters is similar to an increase in the interest rate, but in contrast to earlier results, this tends to change the management regime from rotation forestry to continuous cover management.


In an effort to design more specific and potent inhibitors of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) hydrolase, we investigated the mechanisms by which 5',5',6', 6'-tetradehydro-6'-deoxy-6'-halohomoadenosines (X = Cl, Br, I) inactivated this enzyme. The 6'-chloro (a) and 6'-bromo (b) acetylenic nucleoside analogues produced partial ( approximately 50%) loss of enzyme activity with a concomitant ( approximately 50%) reduction of E-NAD(+) to E-NADH. In addition, Ade and halide ions were released from the inhibitors in amounts suggestive of a process involving enzyme catalysis. AdoHcy hydrolase, which was inactivated with compound a, was shown to contain 2 mol of the inhibitor covalently bound to Lys318 of two subunits of the homotetramer. These data suggest that the enzyme-mediated water addition at the 5' position of compound a or b produces an alpha-halomethyl ketone intermediate, which is then attacked by a proximal nucleophile (i.e., Lys318) to form the enzyme-inhibitor covalent adduct (lethal event); in a parallel pathway (nonlethal event), addition of water at the 6' position produces an acyl halide, which is released into solution and chemically degrades into Ade, halide ion, and sugar-derived products. In contrast, compound c completely inactivated AdoHcy hydrolase by converting 2 equiv of E-NAD(+) to E-NADH and causing the release of 2 equiv of E-NAD(+) into solution. Four moles of the inhibitor was shown to be tightly bound to the tetrameric enzyme. These data suggest that compound c inactivates AdoHcy hydrolase by a mechanism similar to the acetylenic analogue of Ado described previously by Parry et al. [(1991) Biochemistry 30, 9988-9997].


Objectives: This manuscript describes the development of PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) Advisor, one of the first of a handful of iOS-based mobile applications to be released by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). PTT Advisor has been a collaboration between two groups at CDC (Informatics R&D and Laboratory Science), and one partner team (Clinical Laboratory Integration into Healthcare Collaborative - CLIHC). The application offers clinicians a resource to quickly select the appropriate follow-up tests to evaluate patients with a prolonged PTT and a normal Prothrombin Time (PT) laboratory result. Methods: The application was designed leveraging an agile methodology, and best practices in user experience (UX) design and mobile application development. Results: As it is an open-source project, the code to PTT Advisor was made available to the public under the Apache Software License. On July 6, 2012, the free app was approved by Apple, and was published to their App Store. Conclusions: Regardless of the complexity of the mobile application, the level of effort required in the development process should not be underestimated. There are several issues that make designing the UI for a mobile phone challenging (not just small screen size): the touchscreen, users' mobile mindset (tasks need to be quick and focused), and the fact that mobile UI conventions/expectations are still being defined and refined (due to the maturity level of the field of mobile application development).


A multimedia examination of the legacy of Douglas Gordon's disappeared work 'Proof' at Glasgow Green station. The Exhibition was designed and curated by Johnny Rodger and Mitch Miller and artefacts, film, text, photography and CAD modelling work by artists Dave Allen, Steve Davismoon, Pat Donald, Peter McCaughey, Michael Mersinis, Mitch Miller, Johnny Rodger, and Ross Sinclair.


In 2011, Alzheimer's Australia NSW (AlzNSW) was engaged by Ageing, Disability and Home Care (ADHC) to research the service and support requirements of people with younger onset dementia and their families in New South Wales. AlzNSW partnered with the Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) and UnitingCare Ageing to conduct the research. This report outlines the methods, findings and policy implications of the research. Dementia is a major cause of disability amongst older people and some younger people aged under 65 years, causing 'progressive change and degeneration in cognitive mental functions, such as memory, language, rational thinking and social skills, as well as behaviour, emotion and personality' (Mocellin, Scholes and Velakoulis, 2008:1). Younger onset dementia is defined as dementia which occurs before the age of 65 years and under 50 years for Aboriginal people. *Other authors - Ariella Meltzer, Karen R Fisher, Denise Thompson and Robyn Faine


Doubly connected cyclodextrin (CD) dimers, called duplexes, have the ability to cross-link hydrosoluble biopolymers grafted with a hydrophobic moiety, inducing a viscosity increase of the solution through formation of stable supramolecular assemblies. CD duplexes behave differently according to the nature of their inter-CD links. CD duplex with hydrophobic links has a better affinity for adamantane, but suffers from a lack of availability of its cavities, both phenomena being attributed to the hydrophobicity of its spacer arms. In the case of the CD duplex with hydrophilic links, all its cavities are available, but its affinity for adamantane is lower. We report here on the synthesis of a CD duplex displaying an original topology consisting of two capped and doubly connected concave rings. It possesses a hydrophobic arm on the CD primary face which induces an increased binding affinity for adamantane, and hydrophilic inter-CD links to keep all its cavities accessible. The cap was selected according to the binding efficiency of the monomeric capped-CD with adamantane determined by isothermal calorimetry (ITC) experiments. The synthesis of this challenging and unprecedented edifice consisting of two capped CDs doubly linked to each other was made possible thanks to our cyclodextrin debenzylation strategy, as well as the extensive use of metathesis reaction. ITC experiments with the duplex confirmed its better affinity for adamantane compared to the uncapped duplex. However, viscosity measurements revealed that capped and uncapped CD duplexes had similar cross-linking behaviour.


THE PRESENCE of distinct defects in the electroretinogram (ERG) in the varying forms of night blindness has been well documented in recent reports. The most conspicuous changes have been recorded from frank cases of primary pigmentary degeneration of the retina. In these cases the tracings are usually extinguished or greatly reduced in amplitude.* A recent article in the Japanese literature 4 describes similar but less marked changes in Oguchi's disease. Bornschein and Vukovich 5 have observed subnormal recordings with avitaminosis A, and definite changes have also been seen in cases of congenital night blindness without fundus change.† This latter form of nyctalopia appears to us to be of more interest than other forms. The existence of clear-cut alterations is of pertinent significance when clinically evaluating alleged night blindness—especially in the military service. In the past such patients have been frequently looked upon as psychiatric problems, if not actually designated as


There have been decades of interest in advanced computational algorithms with potential for clinical decision support systems (CDSS), yet these have not been widely implemented in clinical practice. One major barrier to dissemination may be a user-friendly interface that integrates into clinical workflows. Complicated or non-intuitive displays may confuse users and may even increase patient management errors. We recently developed a graphical user interface (GUI) intended to integrate a predictive hemodynamic model into the workflow of nurses caring for patients on vasopressors in the intensive care unit (ICU). Here, we evaluated user perceptions of the usability of this system. The software was installed in the room of an ICU patient, running for at least 4 hours with the display hidden. Afterward, we showed nurses a video recording of the session and surveyed their perceptions about the software's potential safety and usefulness. We collected data for nine patients. Overall, nurses expressed reasonable enthusiasm that the software would be useful and without serious safety concerns. However, there was a wide diversity of opinions about what specific aspects of the software would be useful and what aspects were confusing. In several instances, the same elements of the GUI were cited as most useful by some nurses and most confusing by others. Our findings validate that it is possible to develop GUIs for CDSS that are perceived as potentially useful and without substantial risk but also reinforce the diversity of user perceptions about novel CDSS technology. Clinical Relevance- This end-user evaluation of a novel CDSS highlights the importance of end-user experience in the workflow integration of advanced computational algorithms for bedside decision support during critical care.


Background: The detection rates and surgical resection rates of adrenal incidentaloma are increasing, but malignant tumors only account for 10%-15%. Taking adrenal cortical adenomas (ACA) as an example, this paper aims to explore if texture analysis of preoperative computed tomography (CT) images based on machine learning can reliably identify if ACA are functional.Methods: The clinical and imaging data were collected retrospectively for 75 patients with adrenal cortical adenoma confirmed by surgery and pathology in our hospital from November 2018 to November 2020. MaZda image analysis software was used to segment image data and extract features. Support vector machine (SVM) was used to create an image omics model to predict the functionality of the ACA. Lastly, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to evaluate the performance of the radiohistology model.Results: Four histological models were developed (models 1-4, which represent plain scan, arterial enhancement, venous enhancement and delayed scan, respectively). All models 1-4 showed a good ability to distinguish between functional and non-functional ACA in the training sample, with an average AUC of 0.96, 0.91, 0.91 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: Texture analysis of CT images using machine learning can effectively identify whether adrenal cortical adenoma is functional.


Previous studies have shown that saccades may deviate towards or away from task irrelevant visual distractors. This observation has been attributed to active suppression (inhibition) of the distractor location unfolding over time: early in time inhibition at the distractor location is incomplete causing deviation towards the distractor, while later in time when inhibition is complete the eyes deviate away from the distractor. In a recent computational study, Wang, Kruijne and Theeuwes proposed an alternative theory that the lateral interactions in the superior colliculus (SC), which are characterized by short-distance excitation and long-distance inhibition, are sufficient for generating both deviations towards and away from distractors. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis of the literature, ran model simulations and conducted two behavioral experiments to further explore this unconventional theory. Confirming predictions generated by the model simulations, the behavioral experiments show that a) saccades deviate towards close distractors and away from remote distractors, and b) the amount of deviation depends on the strength of fixation activity in the SC, which can be manipulated by turning off the fixation stimulus before or after target onset (Experiment 1), or by varying the eccentricity of the target and distractor (Experiment 2).


This research aims to analyze and describe the design of online learning modules integrated macromedia flash that is feasible, practical and effective to be used in the lessons of traditional bun arrangement. This research includes a type of development research with the target is students of grade XI SMK Private PAB  Medan. The research data was collected through validation sheets, student response questionnaires as well as tests. Data analysis techniques used are quantitative and qualitative data analysis and t-test. The results obtained: (1)  macromedia flash integrated online learning module developed with 4-D model(define,  design,  develop  and  disseminate),module designed in PDF format with sizeA4 (21 × 29.7 cm) and integrated macromedia flash that can be accessed and downloaded by students online through Google Classroom application; (2) the integrated online learning module  macromedia flash developed has been declared valid and practically used in the learning of traditional bun arrangement; and (3)  The resulting macromedia flash integrated online learning module is also stated to be effective in the learning of traditional bun arrangement and proven from the results of hypothesis testing with t-count  >  t-table value of 3,761  >  2.00 and sig. 0.000 < 0.05.


Artisanal and small-scale mining is characterized by an excessive exposure to silica-containing dust, overcrowding, poor living conditions and limited access to primary health services. This poses a risk to tuberculosis, HIV infection and silicosis. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the burden of tuberculosis, HIV and silicosis among artisanal and small-scale miners. We conducted a cross sectional study on 3821 artisanal and small-scale miners. We found a high burden of silicosis (19%), tuberculosis (6.8%) and HIV (18%) in a relatively young population, with the mean age of 35.5 years. Men were 1.8 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to women, adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.02–2.74)]. Artisanal and small-scale miners who were living with HIV were 1.25 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to those who were negative, [aPR = 1.25 (1.00–1.57)]. The risk of silicosis increased with both duration as a miner and severity of exposure to silica dust. The risk of tuberculosis increased with the duration as a miner. Zimbabwe is currently experiencing a high burden of TB, silicosis and HIV among artisanal and small-scale miners. Multi-sectoral and innovative interventions are required to stem this triple epidemic in Zimbabwe.


Abstract A 4-year-old, neutered male European shorthair was presented for evaluation of right hind limb lameness. Radiographs revealed bilateral femoral capital physeal fractures, widened vertebral growth plates and constipation. Physical findings included lethargy, mental dullness, mild hypothermia, retarded growth, pharyngeal stridor, moderate muscle atrophy of pelvic limbs, hair coat abnormalities, and lack of defecation and urination. A thyroid panel revealed thyroid hormone values below detection limits and high thyroid stimulation hormone values. A presumptive diagnosis of congenital primary hypothyroidism was made, however also an early onset acquired primary hypothyroidism could not be ruled out. Results of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and the parathyroid hormone as well as an adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulating test were normal. A bilateral femoral head and neck excision was performed. Levothyroxine supplementation was started at a dosage of 50 µg (11 µg/kg) BID and later adjusted to 100 µg (22 µg/kg) BID based on total thyroxine concentrations. The tomcat showed full clinical recovery and normal clinical behaviour. The case shows that primary hypothyroidism may be considered in cats presented with femoral capital physeal fractures.


Although social network sites (SNS) users' privacy concerns cannot be completely removed by privacy policies and security safeguards, the user base of SNS is constantly expanding. To explain this phenomenon, we use the lens of the calculus of behavior within a cost–benefit framework suggesting privacy concerns as cost factors and behavior enticements as benefit factors and examine how the enticements operate against privacy concerns in users' cost–benefit calculus regarding disclosing personal information and using SNS continuously. Adopting social influence process theory, we examine three enticements—the motivation of relationship management through SNS, the perceived usefulness of SNS for self‐presentation, and the subjective social norms of using SNS. From a survey of 362 Facebook users who have disclosed personal information on Facebook, we find that the motivation of relationship management through SNS and the perceived usefulness of SNS for self‐presentation lead users to disclose information but that subjective social norms do not, suggesting that the perceived benefit of behavior enticements should be assimilated into users' own value systems to truly operate as benefit factors. The results regarding the positive and negative effects of suggested benefit and cost factors on information disclosure show that only the combined positive effects of all three behavior enticements exceed the negative effect of privacy concerns, suggesting that privacy concerns can be offset only by multiple benefit factors.


Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under different physicochemical conditions like concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO3), pH and temperature, using fungal cell filtrate of Aspergillus oryzae (MTCC No. 1846) and its antibacterial properties were demonstrated. When fungal cell filtrate having neutral pH was exposed to different concentrations of aqueous solution AgNO3 (1–10 mM), formation of stable AgNPs of different sizes was observed. The size of the AgNPs decreased with the increase of AgNO3 concentration from 1 mM to 8 mM, however, the particles size increased with the increase of AgNO3 concentration from 9 mM to 10 mM. When fungal cell filtrate exposed to aqueous solution of 1 mM AgNO3 at different pH (4–10), the silver ions (Ag+) were reduced leading to the formation of stable AgNPs of different sizes. The size of the AgNPs decreased with the increase of alkaline conditions. When aqueous solution of 1mM AgNO3 with fungal cell filtrate, having neutral pH, was exposed to different temperatures (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 °С), formation of stable AgNPs having different sizes were obtained. The size of the AgNPs decreased with the increase of temperature. Synergetic effect with antibiotics and size dependent antibacterial activities were also demonstrated against Escherichia coli (MTCC 1687), Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 737), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441) and Klebseilla pneumoniae (MTCC 4030). The formation AgNPs was characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the sizes of the obtained nanoparticles. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) spectrum confirmed the formation of metallic silver. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the presence of protein as stabilizing agent around AgNPs. Scanning electron microscope (TEM) confirmed the morphological changes in the treated bacterial organisms.


This article advances some considerations on the current production of hegemonic effects, starting with some problems posed by the work of one of the most influential writers in cultural studies – the American Palestinian critic Edward Said. Said's commentary on the coverage of Islam in the US media in the late 1970s allows for some challenging considerations on how hegemonic strategies directed at the formation of publics and public opinion are increasingly integrated within a global noopolitics of communication whose understanding of the public is not derived from the notion of civil society but from the biopolitical element of the population – and the bio-racist segmentation that constitutes it. As outlined in Michel Foucault's analysis of liberal and neoliberal governmentality, such understanding of the public locates the latter straight within a new dispositif of power which is biopolitical and noopolitical at the same time, that is, which addresses itself at the same time to the biological, economic and spiritual life of the population. Such understanding involves a reconsideration of the constitution of publics and public opinion in times of netwars and information warfare as both subjects and objects of power/knowledge. In as much as such noopolitics affects what Maurizio Lazzarato calls a second bios, the life of the brain, it has the potential to give expression to the virtual power of immaterial events of subjectification which materialize in the bodies which actualize them and the possible, shared worlds that they are capable of producing.


Deferred imitation (DI) is an established procedure for behavioral measurement of early declarative-like memories in infancy and previous work has indicated a link between this type of memory and brain potentials in infants. The present study compared infants' memory performance in this paradigm with electrophysiological indices of associative learning. Thirty children (M = 14.5 months) participated, of which 15 (8 boys) had acceptable event-related potentials (ERP) recordings that could be included in the final analysis. Deferred imitation was measured with an observation-only procedure using three actions and a 30 min delay. ERP was recorded with a high-density electrode net (128 electrodes) during associative learning. Change scores based on Nc, a middle latency component associated with attentional processes, predicted deferred imitation performance. Thus, associative learning measured with ERP predicts deferred imitation using a strict observation only design in 14 to 15 month old children.


This article summarizes a research conducted with seventh grade students of the E.I. CASD in the city of Armenia (Q), about the learning of the additive and multiplicative system of the integer numbers through Virtual Learning Objects (VLO). Also it shows the transformation of the learning units to the learning objects, which serves as a motivator axis for the development of classes. Recognizing that mathematics education is constantly changing, the starting point is a set of methodological strategies to address the object of study, until reaching the learning of the object of study through a technological mediation, which became a strategy that allows us to reduce learning difficulties. In this sense, an adaptation, innovation and implementation of information technology and communication in the learning objects, students are expected to acquire the math skills established by the Ministry of National Education (MEN); from concept additive and multiplicative system in the theoretical framework of Vergnaud conceptual fields. From the information obtained, are designed OVA additive and multiplicative systems of integers so as to be easily accessible, interoperable and reusable.


Detailed behind-the-scenes accounts of the total syntheses of calicheamicin γ(1)(I), Taxol(®), and brevetoxin A are discussed with particular emphasis placed on strategies and tactics employed in these campaigns.


Background Most patients with advanced heart failure are ill-prepared and poorly supported during the end of life. To date, research has focused primarily on generalized patient accounts of the management or self-care phase of the syndrome. Little research has examined the end of life in depth or from the perspectives of family members. Aims The purpose of this study is to describe how people diagnosed with heart failure and their family members describe uncertainty related to impending death. Methods and results A narrative inquiry was undertaken using a social constructionist perspective. Twenty participants took part in over 60 interviews: 12 participants with heart failure (eight male and four female; mean = 67.3 years) and eight family members (mean = 61.6 years) engaged in two in-depth interviews, approximately 3–4 months apart, followed by a telephone follow-up 2–3 months later. Six key themes/storylines were identified. These included: prognosis messages received from physicians; whenever I die, I die; loss isn't new to me but … ; carrying on amidst the fragility of life; ultimately living not knowing; and the need to prepare. Conclusion The six key storylines of death and dying with advanced heart failure were consistent for both patients and family members. There was a desire for better communication with physicians. Many participants were critical of how the prognosis of advanced heart failure was communicated to them, even if they anticipated the news. Participants wanted frank, open conversations with their healthcare providers that both acknowledged that they were at end of life but did not remove all hope.


If you plan to work as a crop scout for the 2006 crop season, you will want to attend the upcoming Field Crop Scout School offered by Iowa State University Extension. Hands-on sessions will cover identification and scouting methods for weeds, insects, and diseases. Workshops on plant growth and development of corn, soybean, and alfalfa will be included along with discussion of common field crop problems.


Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common reason for hair loss. Its frequency in Caucasian population is up to 80% in men and 42% in women. Current gold standard for AGA treatment includes minoxidil and/or finasteride. Both drugs have moderate treatment efficacy and can cause significant side effects. Minoxidil is the only option for treatment of AGA in women since finasteride has no efficacy. This review considers actual concepts of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and current treatment options of AGA with their limitations and shortcomings. Current state and perspectives of novel approaches to AGA treatment, potentially more effective and safe than minoxidil and finasteride, are described. The review discusses growth factors and cytokines, topical 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, androgen receptor antagonists, prostaglandin analogs and antagonists, Wnt signaling activators and platelet-rich plasma injections.


Purpose of reviewThis review provides an update on the associations of testosterone, estrogens, sex hormone binding globulin, GH-IGF-I, osteocalcin and mechanical loading with relevance to skeletal health. Recent findingsThe simple concept of a dual model of action of androgens, i.e. either directly via the androgen receptor or indirectly by estrogens, is proving more complicated because of novel interactions of these hormones and their receptors with other hormonal as well as mechanical signals. SummaryTestosterone – in contrast with estrogen – is not uniformly associated with fracture risk in men. However, androgen receptor mediated action is clearly important for trabecular bone maintenance in male mice whereas both estrogens and androgens regulate cortical bone growth. The osteoblast and osteocyte appear to be involved in such androgen receptor mediated action on bone in male mice. Studies in mice also showed an unexpected interaction between osteocalcin and testosterone production in males and, vice versa, between ovarian production of follicle-stimulating hormone with testosterone and potentially bone formation.


Orthogonality is considered to be one of the most important features for design of experiment. In this paper, we investigate orthogonal main-effect designs with cyclic structure in order to ensure the balance among all design columns. We show that such designs exist for any number of factors (k) and moreover, they are not unique. An explicit form for D-efficiency of cyclic orthogonal designs is derived. It is shown that D-optimal cyclic design essentially involves minimizing the tightness of the experimental range. The minimum tightness D-optimal cyclic orthogonal designs are presented and tabulated for k < 10.


Beside yellow stem borer, leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is another important insect pest in rice. Leaf folder, which was of minor importance, assumed major pest status in the recent years causing extensive damage and considerable yield loss to the crop. The present investigation is aimed at generating information on efficacy of some insecticides against leaf folder of rice. The trial was laid out in randomized block design with three replications in variety Jaya during the dry season, 2013 and 2014 in the research farm of National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack. To study the efficacy of nine insecticides, treatments were applied at 45 and 75 days after transplanting along with untreated control. Fipronil 5% SC @ 1000 ml ha −1 was the best insecticide with highest yield of 6.3 and 5.75 t ha−1 during 2013 and 2014 respectively and was at par with bifenthrin 10% EC @ 500 ml ha−1, quinalphos 25% EC @ 1500 ml ha−1 in increasing the grain yield and reducing leaf folder damage. All the tested insecticides i.e. fipronil 5% SC @ 1000ml/ha, bifenthrin 10% EC @ 500 ml ha −1, quinalphos 25% EC @ 1500 ml ha−1, dimethoate 30%EC @ 830 ml ha−1, imidacloprid 17.8%SL @ 300ml ha−1, lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5%EC @500 ml/ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG @ 100 g ha −1, flubendiamide 39.35% SC @ 50 ml ha1, acephate 75% SP @ 1000 g ha−1 were very effective against leaf folder as compared to control.


Background:Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening condition. A number of studies reported the association between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism and AAA risk, but substantial controversial findings were observed and the strength of the association remains unclear. Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the aforementioned association in the overall population and different subgroups. Methods:PUBMED and EMBASE databases were searched until March 2016 to identify eligible studies, restricted to humans and articles published in English. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to evaluate the susceptibility to AAA. Subgroup meta-analyses were conducted on features of the population, such as ethnicity, sex of the participants, and study design (source of control). Results:Twelve case–control studies on MTHFR C677T polymorphism and AAA risk, including 3555 cases and 6568 case-free controls were identified. The results revealed no significant association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and AAA risk in the overall population and within Caucasian or Asian subpopulations in all 5 genetic models. Further subgroup meta-analysis indicated that significantly increased risks were observed among cases with a mean age <70 years (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.10–2.12, P = 0.02), cases with prevalence of smoking <60% (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.02–1.90, P = 0.04), and cases with aneurysm diameter ≥55 mm (OR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.07–2.24, P = 0.02) in the dominant genetic model. No publication bias was detected in the present study. Conclusion:In conclusion, our comprehensive meta-analysis suggests that the MTHFR C677T polymorphism may play an important role in AAA susceptibility, especially in younger, non-smoking, larger AAA-diameter subgroups of patients


In several experiments the motion after-effect as elicited by spirals and gratings ("waterfall displays") is used to analyze the processing of information within the visual system. The duration and judged strength of after-effects are determined with respect to different fixation conditions (monocular and binocular fixation conditions as well as centric and eccentric fixation). The results show, that motion after-effects in spirals and waterfall displays are generated and processed in different ways within the visual system. The results are discussed on the basis of a metric of the visual system by means of the motion after-effect.


Data acquisition for the Sodium Loop Safety Facility (SLSF) experiment P4 used three computers for the continuous collection of data and two computers for the routing and displaying of data. Four of these computer systems were located at the Engineering Test Reactor (ETR) site, in Idaho, to access sensor signals from the analog to digital interfaces. The fifth system was located at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), in Illinois, and was used mainly for display and storage of data. All display computers were connected together using the DECNET software package. The transmission of data was managed over a dedicated phone line using 9600 baud long distance modems. A stand-alone high speed data acquisition system was also used to record data during planned reactor transients.


Knowledge of the course of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries is of great importance in pancreatic surgery. Lack of care in the preparation of these vessels may lead to ischaemia or necrosis of the duodenum, the first loop of the jejunum, the head of the pancreas and even the liver, bile ducts and transverse colon. In such events, the surgeon would need to diagnose the course of the vessels and their anastomoses intraoperatively. Anatomical dissection in this special area diminishes the risk of early complications in the form of bleeding and late complications in the form of narrowing of the anastomoses, fistulas, necrosis and intestinal ileus after surgical resection or drainage. The aim of the present study was to determine the variability of the pancreaticoduodenal arteries in human foetuses. The material examined consisted of 60 human foetuses of both sexes (33 male, 27 female) from spontaneous abortion or stillbirth and ranging in age from the 16th to 38th week of prenatal life. White latex solution to of volume between 15 ml and 30 ml was injected into the thoracic aorta. The results of this were that a typical pancreatic supply from the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery was observed in all cases. The coeliac trunk, splenic artery and gastroduodenal artery also appeared invariably. However, variability was observed in further generations of branches. The gastroduodenal artery with its branches, the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, was constantly present. Irrespective of the sex of the foetus, in 10% of cases a large vessel was observed which ran horizontally on the anterior surface of the pancreas from head to tail and which originated in the anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. We termed this vessel the "anterior pancreatic artery". In all cases there were anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arcades, but in two cases (3.3%) a double anterior pancreaticoduodenal arcade was observed.


Objective: To investigate the preliminary clinical and radiographic outcomes of oblique lateral interbody fusion (OLIF) combined with percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) for the degenerative lumbar disease accompanied by prolapsed disc herniation.Methods: From March 2016 to December 2018, 15 patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis, lumbar spine instability or lumbar spinal stenosis accompanied by prolapsed disc herniation were underwent OLIF combined with PTED in our spine surgery center, including 6 males and 9 females, the mean age was 61.4±7.1 years. Clinical results, radiological parameters, and related complications were collected and analyzed.Results: All patients firstly received PTED with local anesthesia and then underwent OLIF with general anesthesia. All patients were followed up for an average of 14.6±3.7 months. Mean preoperative visual analog scale scores and Oswestry Disability Index scores were significantly improved postoperatively (P<0.05). The radiographic results include the intervertebral disc height, vertical diameter of intervertebral foramen, spinal canal anteroposterior diameter, segment angle and lumbar lordosis angle were significantly improved postoperatively, respectively (P<0.05). None major implant-related and other severe complications were happened.Conclusions: OLIF combined with PTED can successfully enables direct neural decompression without posterior decompressive procedures and might be an alternative minimally invasive surgical option for properly selected patients.


: The appropriate and effective media that will be able to attract the students' interest is the short animated movie that could help students improve writing skill. Thus, the objective of this study was about to find out whether it is effective to use short animated movie to improve students' skill in writing descriptive text to the seventh-grade students of Sumsel Jaya Junior High School Palembang or not. The experimental method was used in this study whereas the design of this method was using pre-experimental design. The type of the experimental design used was one group pretest-posttest design. The population of this study was 62 students and 30 students as the sample, which chosen through convenience non-probability sampling. The format of the test was essay and the test was using two raters to check the test result. The data obtained was analyzed by using matched t-test. It was supported by the result of the data analysis where the t-obtained that the result of matched t-test calculation was 9.427. It was higher than critical value 1.699. It could be concluded that the use of short animated movie to improve students' skill in writing descriptive text to the seventh grade students of Sumsel Jaya Junior High School was effective.


To avoid severe courses of COVID-19 infections and reduce death rates, vaccination against the SARS-CoV-1 virus was considered an essential strategy in fighting the pandemic. However, some yoga practitioners reject such vaccinations and assume that their yoga practices protect them. We therefore aimed to analyze how many yoga practitioners were vaccinated, their reasons for being vaccinated, and the influence of the ethical principles of yoga (yamas/niyamas) on these decisions. In a cross-sectional survey in summer 2021, we enrolled 1,545 yoga practitioners (86% women; mean age 51.1 ± 10.9 y). The majority of participants were already vaccinated (66%), and their percentage corresponded to that of the general population. Those who were not willing to get vaccinated scored significantly higher on the yama/niyama factors Contentment/Self-Reflection/Devotion and Surrender and Non-Possessiveness. Depending on the centrality of the yamas/niyamas in their lives, yoga participants differed on their vaccination decisions, but they did not relevantly differ on their pro-social reasons (protection of groups at risk, protection of family) when they were already vaccinated. This assumed protection against severe courses of the COVID-19 infection was higher in the nonvaccinated compared to the vaccinated individuals (Cohen's d = 0.99). This conviction was related to the niyama factor Contentment/Self-Reflection/Devotion and Surrender. Thus, in the yoga schools and other places of yoga practice the relevance of vaccination to also protect others should be discussed, and the consequences of following the yamas and niyamas for the sake of others should be clarified.


Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL

Background: No predictive biomarkers have been identified for VEGFR- and mTOR-inhibitors treatments, the 2 standards of care in mRCC. The PREDICT project (Personalised RNA Interference to Enhance the Delivery of Individualised Cytotoxic and Targeted Therapeutics) is a EU-funded research program built on the Consortium of Academic Centers, Universities, Research Institutions, SME & industrial members. Two biomarker discovery clinical trials using Everolimus (E-PREDICT) and Sunitinib (S-PREDICT) treatment in patients with mRCC have been developped and are recruiting.The 3 cornerstones of the PREDICT approach are: (i) to acquire paired pre-treatment biopsies and on-treatment nephrectomy (NE) specimens for molecular analyses and integration with clinical efficacy data; (ii) to identify genes regulating drug resistance in ex vivo RCC cultures from trial patients by a novel personalized functional genomics screening approach; (iii) to integrate functional data with genome wide molecular analyses of pre- and on-treatment samples in order to identify clinically relevant mechanisms of drug resistance and the next generation of predictive biomarkers. Methods: International multicentre single arm phase II trials of EV or SU administered peri-NE in patients with untreated mRCC are ongoing. Fresh tissue is collected in a quality-controlled setting by core biopsy of primary tumours before treatment. Treatment (EV or SU) is administered for a 2 cycle period of time (EV: 10 mg/d po for 6 wks; SU: 2 cycles of 50 mg/d po for 4 wks followed by 2 wks off drug) followed by NE. On NE specimen, fresh tissue is collected with similar standardized tissue collection and processing protocols for both genomic analysis and ex-vivo expansion in order to develop RCC cell culture from any NE as well as mice-xenografts. Ex vivo cultures from NE specimens will be used for personalized functional genomic RNA interference screening. Patient resumes treatment after wound is healed until progression. Functional imaging (perfusion CT) as clinical data are collected. The primary clinical endpoint is the safety of peri-NE E/S. Secondary endpoints include efficacy and biomarker measurements. Sample size: 60 pts in both biomarker discovery and validation cohorts per trial will allow the identification and validation of several potential predictive biomarkers per drug with an expected AUC of >0.8 while controlling the false positive rate < 5%. Results: To date 33 patients have been enrolled in the S- PREDICT Trial. Preliminary analysis of 25 first paired pre- treatment biopsies and frozen nephrectomy specimen provided sufficient and quality controlled material for genomic analysis. Three RCC cultures have been tested for functional genomic RNA interference screening. Planned genomic analyses and functional genomic screens will be further discussed.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1746. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1746


In recent years, Fourier-based methods, originally introduced by [Moulinec and Suquet, 1994], have become ubiquitous for computing numerically the properties of composite materials, with applications in domains ranging from linear elasticity [Willot et al., 2008], viscoplasticity [Lebensohn, 2001], crack propagation [Li et al., 2011], to thermal and electrical [Willot et al., 2013, Willot and Jeulin, 2011], but also optical properties [Azzimonti et al., 2013]. The success of the method resides in its ability to cope with arbitrarily complex and often very large microstructures, supplied as segmented images of real materials, e.g., multi-scale nano-composites [Jean et al., 2011], austenitic steel [Belkhabbaz et al., 2011], granular media [Willot et al., 2013] or polycrystals [Prakash and Lebensohn, 2009, Rollett et al., 2010, Lebensohn et al., 2005]. This technique allows maps of the local fields to be computed in realistic microstructures. Such fields are representative of the material behavior if the resolution is small enough, and if the system size is large enough, compare d with the typical length scale of the heterogeneities. Contrary to finite-element methods where matrix pre-conditioning often necessitates additional memory occupation, Fast-Fourier-Transform (FFT) methods are limited only by the amount of RAM or fast-access computer memory required to store the fields.


Octacin, injected 30 min before 239Pu administration, reduces the level of radioactivity in the lungs, subcellular fractions, and in highly molecular hyaloplasmic proteins. Octacin by its efficacy is similar to pentacin.


Open water systems are one of the most externally influenced systems due to their size and continuous exposure to uncertain meteorological forces. In this paper we use a stochastic programming approach to control a drainage system in which the weather forecast is modeled as a disturbance tree. A model predictive controller is used to optimize the expected value of the system variables taking into account the disturbance tree. This technique, tree-based model predictive control (TBMPC), is solved in a parallel fashion by means of dual decomposition. In addition, different possibilities are explored to reduce the communicational burden of the parallel algorithm. Finally, the performance of this technique is compared with others such as minmax or multiple model predictive control.


In 2015 SAGE became aware of author misconduct concerning the suspected fabrication of identities, as well as the impersonation of legitimate individuals, to manipulate the peer review process across three separate journal publications. SAGE and the journal Editors immediately launched an investigation and have decided to retract the following articles for reasons of author misconduct. Alireza Karimi was the submitting author on 12 of the articles. SAGE regrets the academic record was compromised by manipulation of the peer review process and apologises to readers. OnlineFirst articles (these articles will not be published in an issue) International Journal of Damage Mechanics Karimi A, Navidbakhsh M and Razaghi R. Dynamic finite element simulation of the human head damage mechanics protected by polyvinyl alcohol sponge. Int J Damage Mech, first published on 15 May 2014, DOI: 10.1177/1056789514535945.


The fields HCI and computer games have existed for a few decades with virtually no mutual interaction. However, in recent years, a number of exchanges have appeared both in academia and in practice This paper take the game design concept and HCI as the object of study, based on the cognition theory, summarized the idea of "user experience" and the strategy of human computer interaction, considered the human enjoys the quality, proposed design concept of "bottom-up user experience", proposed for the first time scenario-based user behavior model-GSOME. Eventually we conclude valuable principles and guidelines about screen layout, navigation, selection, feedback and etc, for designing everyday applications, especially 3D user interface


Porphycene with eight methoxy substituents at its β-positions was synthesized for the first time in three steps from 3,4-dimethoxypyrrole. The presence of methoxy groups increases its hydrophilicity as evident from their increased solubility in methanol. Among its metallo-derivatives, the Pd(II)-complex displays efficient singlet oxygen quantum yield (73%) and hence can be a potentially good photosensitizer for photo-oxidation, DNA cleavage, and photodynamic therapy (PDT).


The purpose of this analysis is to establish the arrangement of the Yucca Mountain Repository surface facilities and features near the North Portal. The analysis updates and expands the North Portal area site layout concept presented in the ACD, including changes to reflect the resizing of the Waste Handling Building (WHB), Waste Treatment Building (WTB), Carrier Preparation Building (CPB), and site parking areas; the addition of the Carrier Washdown Buildings (CWBs); the elimination of the Cask Maintenance Facility (CMF); and the development of a concept for site grading and flood control. The analysis also establishes the layout of the surface features (e.g., roads and utilities) that connect all the repository surface areas (North Portal Operations Area, South Portal Development Operations Area, Emplacement Shaft Surface Operations Area, and Development Shaft Surface Operations Area) and locates an area for a potential lag storage facility. Details of South Portal and shaft layouts will be covered in separate design analyses. The objective of this analysis is to provide a suitable level of design for the Viability Assessment (VA). The analysis was revised to incorporate additional material developed since the issuance of Revision 01. This material includes safeguards and security input, utility system input (size and location of fire water tanks and pump houses, potable water and sanitary sewage rates, size of wastewater evaporation pond, size and location of the utility building, size of the bulk fuel storage tank, and size and location of other exterior process equipment), main electrical substation information, redundancy of water supply and storage for the fire support system, and additional information on the storm water retention pond.


In the period ranging from 1985. to 1994. a total number of 86 patients have been treated for toxic adenoma (TA). Hyperthyroidism was more often present in males (70.83% versus 51.61%) and in enlarged adenomas (more then 2 cm in diameter). Pathohistologic type of adenoma influenced degenerative changes. Three carcinoma have been observed, two papillary and one follicular. Surgical treatment is the method of choice. Complications are rare (3.49%) and mild.


Summary Harary [10, p. 7] claims that Veblen [20, p. 2] first suggested to formalize simple graphs using simplicial complexes. We have developed basic terminology for simple graphs as at most 1-dimensional complexes. We formalize this new setting and then reprove Mycielski's [12] construction resulting in a triangle-free graph with arbitrarily large chromatic number. A different formalization of similar material is in [15].


Causative meaning including, but not limited to, causation, prevention, and enabling is realized in language use through force construal. Force is explored in this article through consideration of narratives on Tourette Syndrome, a disorder that is largely characterized by its constitutive actions (i.e. vocal and motor tics). To account for force construal, the article proposes a merger of a vector model for the description of force in language and cognition and a lexical semantic model of ontologies and construals. Force is accounted for in terms of a number of configurations (CAUSE, ENABLE, PREVENT, WITHSTAND, and DESPITE) that are realized through construal operations. This merger of explanatory models allows nuanced and flexible description of forceful meaning in actual language use. (Less)


The purpose of this research was firstly to prepare solifenacin succinate functional particles embedded in a gelling-swelling layer (PEGS) so as to achieve both taste-masking of the unpleasant taste of the drug and rapid drug elution, and secondly to incorporate these PEGS into orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs).In in vitro dissolution tests, initial drug release from the prepared PEGS could be suppressed to less than 1% after 2 minutes and increased to more than 85% after 30 minutes by adjusting the composition of the PEGS, in particular the thickness of the outer water-penetration control layer which contains a water-insoluble polymer.For the preparation of ODTs containing PEGS, a semi-direct compression method was adopted in order to prevent damage to the PEGS by processes such as granulation or compaction. The use of a fibre-shaped microcrystalline cellulose with poor fluidity improved the content uniformity of the ODTs, as the crystal fibres became entangled with the PEGS and other additives. The use of spherical mannitol with a hollow structure produced by spray drying imparted relatively high hardness and rapid disintegration properties to the final ODTs containing PEGS, which were tableted using a low compression force. There was no significant difference in the drug-release profiles of the optimally formulated ODTs containing PEGS tableted at different compression forces. The ODTs containing PEGS maintained a drug-release lag time sufficient for taste-masking of solifenacin succinate.


In this work, 9 novel LMW-GS genes (6 LMW-m and 3 LMW-i type) from 4 diploid and 1 tetraploid Aegilops species were amplified and cloned by allelic-specific PCR. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that 7 and 2 LMW-GS had 9 and 7 cysteines, respectively. Four LMW-m type subunits genes had an extra cysteine at the C-terminal III, which could form intermolecular disulphide bonds to extend the chains, and therefore would facilitate to form larger gluten polymers. This suggested that these genes are expected to be used as candidate genes for wheat quality improvement. The correlation between specific N-terminal sequences and a decapeptide deletion in the C-terminal II in LMW-GS encoded by D genome was found. Particularly, if LMW-GS possessed a METRCIPG-N-terminal beginning sequences and a decapeptide (LGQCSFQQPQ) deletion in the C-terminal II, they could be encoded by D genome.


Soil and water salinity affect growth and cause physiological disorders in plants. Recently, the high level of salt accumulated in the soil has become a problem in the 'Ribera del Xuquer' area in Valencia. Diospyros lotus, the most common persimmon rootstock used in this area, is sensitive to salinity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that exclusion of Cl− and Na+ is under genetic control. Thus, selection of suitable genotypes would restrict the translocation of Cl− or Na+ to the grafted variety. To meet this goal, the 'Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias' (IVIA, Spain) started a persimmon rootstock breeding program focused on developing rootstock genotypes tolerant to salt stress. The rootstocks used for persimmon comprise three species: Diospyros kaki Thunb., D. lotus L. and D. virginiana L. The aim of our study was to test seedlings from these species for tolerance to salinity stress. The variables studied were chloride and sodium uptake, growth and leaf gas exchange parameters. Three-month-old plants were grown in a greenhouse and irrigated for 45 days with nutrient solutions differing in sodium chloride (NaCl) content (0, 30 and 50 mM). Plant water status was disrupted by salinity-induced osmotic stress. D. kaki and D. virginiana seedlings presented reduced leaf water content and stomatal conductance. After 60 days, the Cl− content was lowest in D. virginiana leaves and highest in D. lotus. Furthermore, the Na+ content was highly variable in D. lotus and D. kaki, but remained low in all D. virginiana genotypes. The leaf Ca2+ content was highly variable in all species. The Na+/Ca2+ ratio, an indicator of root selective permeability, showed high variability in D. kaki and D. lotus genotypes, but remained low in D. virginiana. Selection of D. lotus and D. kaki genotypes with low Cl− and Na+ contents could provide salt-tolerant persimmon rootstocks.


This thesis analyzes two different aspects Social Policy in Germany is concerned with. This relates to (1) the aging of society and (2) the shifting household composition from 'classic' families to single-parent households. In Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 we analyze the evolution of the financial situation, the changes in income composition as well as the evolution of income distribution of the elderly on basis of two datasets, the EVS and the SOEP. In Chapter 4 it is examined, whether the German market for private old-age provision is subject to adverse selection in the private pension insurance market. Here we use the SAVE dataset and estimate a probit model of insurance holdings. In Chapter 5 we generate an artificial dataset and derive implicit equivalence scales in order to investigate the equity perceptions that are inherent in the German tax-benefit system. Thereby we specially focus on the German support legislation.


Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a systematic, ongoing assessment framework that allows special educators to monitor students' progress and determine the need for instructional adaptations. Jenkins and colleagues examined the accuracy and timeliness of six different schedules of CBM progress monitoring (PM). The authors found that weekly and intermittent PM schedules were similarly accurate and timely. This study replicated and extended the work of Jenkins and colleagues by examining the accuracy and timeliness of different PM schedules for 51 students with disabilities. Results indicated that the accuracy and timeliness of the PM schedules for the current sample was poorer than the accuracy and timeliness reported by Jenkins and colleagues. In line with the results of the original study, however, these results indicated that intermittent PM schedules sufficiently predicted student true growth compared to weekly PM schedule. Implications for research and practice are discussed.


Background: Cambodia's nursing profession and nursing education system continue to progress 40 years after destruction by the Khmer Rouge. The author, who has a relationship with a hospital in southern Cambodia, was asked to teach physical assessment techniques to improve patient care.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of culturally congruent physical assessment media on the knowledge-base of Cambodian nurses.Methods: This article describes two years of an on-going project designed by the author who annually recruits US based BSN nursing students to use the ADDIE model to create and record segments on physical assessment which are posted on a private You Tube channel for the limited English- speaking Cambodian nursing staff. Optional post-tests are administered by the Cambodian hospital's nursing director.Results: Test results reflect knowledge gained on cardiac, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal physical assessment skills with means ranging from 73.55% to 95.71%. Physical assessment skills until recently were not taught in Cambodia's nursing programs. Cambodia's nursing profession is advancing and a corresponding skill set including conducting physical assessments is necessary. As a majority of the project participants did not have prior exposure to the material, a pre-test was not provided and participation in post-testing was optional.  The objective was to provide useful professional educational materials at a comfortable language level for the Cambodian nurses using examples which were cultural relevant.Conclusion: The BSN students successfully developed culturally relevant educational products the Cambodian nurses the nurses found useful.


Background Various Pseudomonas strains can use l-lactate as their sole carbon source for growth. However, the l-lactate-utilizing enzymes in Pseudomonas have never been identified and further studied. Methodology/Principal Findings An NAD-independent l-lactate dehydrogenase (l-iLDH) was purified from the membrane fraction of Pseudomonas stutzeri SDM. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of l-lactate to pyruvate by using FMN as cofactor. After cloning its encoding gene (lldD), l-iLDH was successfully expressed, purified from a recombinant Escherichia coli strain, and characterized. An lldD mutant of P. stutzeri SDM was constructed by gene knockout technology. This mutant was unable to grow on l-lactate, but retained the ability to grow on pyruvate. Conclusions/Significance It is proposed that l-iLDH plays an indispensable function in Pseudomonas l-lactate utilization by catalyzing the conversion of l-lactate into pyruvate.


Geometry optimization has applications in many fields and problems such as structure design and inverse scattering. Recently, a method for geometry design was developed using genetic programming. The method is based on a tree shaped chromosome that represents Boolean combinations of convex shapes. Genetic programming (GP) is used to optimize the structure. This approach proved successful but required a large amount of computing resources. The typical number of function evaluations required was around 200,000. While other genetic algorithm (GA) based inverse scattering methods were shown to require a similar number of evaluations for problems of similar complexity, the efficiency of the method can still be improved by using local optimization. Local optimization methods such as the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method can compliment a GA's global search capabilities with a more efficient local search mechanism. The resulting method should provide more accurate answers using fewer function evaluations. One drawback is that the local optimization scheme will require a number of function evaluations that cannot be parallelized as easily as a genetic algorithm. If several chromosomes are optimized simultaneously, each can be run in parallel. In addition, the local optimizer can be run for a small number of steps.


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: A Danish tourist to Antigua in the West Indies, ate a fruit of Hippomane mancinella and developed acute poisoning with blistering of the oral mucosa and diarrhoea and a streptococcal superinfection. Ignorant tourists and their travel advisers are warned against this potentially deadly apple-tree-like plant and its tempting fruits.


In recent years, electric vehicles (EVs) have been widely accepted by general publics due to their low emissions. Particularly, those EVs which are able to be connected to power grid have earned lots of attention. In this paper, a multilayer framework is newly proposed for vehicle-to-grid operation. In this framework those gridable EVs can serve as resources to provide their capacity and energy service or as loads to be charged directly. The corresponding aggregator works as a smart controller for the framework, which is responsible for forming aggregations of gridable EVs and determining which vehicle to be a resource or a load. Cost-emission analysis is carried out based on this framework. Hence, operation cost and emissions can be reduced by using these gridable EVs.


Main-effect QTL, epistatic effects and their interactions with environment are important genetic components of quantitativetraits. In this study, we analyzed the QTL, epistatic effects and QTL by environment interactions (QE) underlying plantheight and heading date, using a doubled-haploid ( DH) population consisting of 190 lines from the cross between anindica parent Zhenshan 97 and a japonica parent Wuyujing 2, and tested in two-year replicated field trials. A geneticlinkage map with 179 SSR (simple sequence repeat) marker loci was constructed. A mixed linear model approach wasapplied to detect QTL, digenic interactions and QEs for the two traits. In total, 20 main-effect QTLs, 9 digenic interactionsinvolving 18 loci, and 5 QTL by environment interactions were found to be responsible for the two traits. No interactionswere detected between the digenic interaction and environment. The amounts of variations explained by QTLs of maineffect were 53.9% for plant height and 57.8% for heading date, larger than that explained by epistasis and QEs. However,the epistasis and QE interactions sometimes accounted for a significant part of phenotypic variation and should not bedisregarded.


Structures such as square or circular microstrip patch antennas may support two orthogonal resonant modes. The paper presents a new method of utilising the dual-mode property to increase the bandwidth of microstrip antennas. The input impedance of such a dual-mode antenna may be represented as a second-order ladder network of coupled resonators, where each resonator is coupled to a load resistor. A theoretical method for evaluating the coupling values in the network is presented, enabling the bandwidth of a dual-mode antenna to be maximised. A theoretical bandwidth improvement of up to 3:1 is achieved when compared to a single-mode antenna. This is confirmed with an experimental dual-mode circular microstrip patch antenna.


Time resolved tunable infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been used to detect the methyl radical and four related stable molecules, CH4, C2H2, C2H4 and C2H6, in H2 surface wave plasmas (f = 2.45 GHz, power density ≈10-50 W cm-3) containing 10% methane under static conditions at different pressures (p = 0.1-4 Torr). For the first time, the time dependence of the conversion of methane to the methyl radical and three stable C-2 hydrocarbons was studied in a fixed discharge volume nearly up to a stationary state. The degree of dissociation of the methane precursor was found to increase by up to 96% in the stationary state, and the methyl radical concentration was measured to be in the range of 1012-1013 molecules cm-3. The concentrations of both C2H2 and C2H4 produced in the plasma showed a maximum at a distinct time before decreasing. In contrast, the C2H6 concentration was observed to increase with time to a nearly constant value between 6×1012 and 2×1014 molecules cm-3 varying with pressure. Based on time resolved concentrations, conversion rates to the measured C-2 hydrocarbons (RC(C2Hy) = 1011-1013 molecules J-1) could be estimated in dependence on pressure in a surface wave discharge. The influence of diffusion on the spatial distribution of the hydrocarbon concentration in the discharge tube was considered. A qualitative model has been developed in order to describe the chemical processes and to identify the main plasma chemical reaction paths.


The importance of the ambience presented by instrumentation in the vehicle of today is of great significance for the automotive industry. The rapid technological development of electronic equipment has enabled the large amount of information devices in the drivers' environment. The types of driver information and their appearances are well identified by car manufacturers, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding drivers' perceptions of instrumentation clusters as well as their appearance. To increase this knowledge a study was conducted in order to measure these perceptions. Twenty-three subjects were studied using a method consisting of eye-tracking, assessments and interviews. Each subject was to view eight clusters and to assess each cluster according to six different semantic descriptions. The interviews were based on the subject's individual eye-tracking data. The subject was monitored by an eye-tracking equipment during the assessment task. The results showed that there were some significant correlations between time spent viewing a cluster and its assessment. Moreover, the results also give a view on how clusters are assessed and why they are assessed in particular ways.


Ectopic liver is a rare developmental anomaly in which liver tissue is located outside the liver, and it has been found in various sites including gallbladder, gastrohepatic ligament, umbilical cord, adrenals, splenic capsule, pancreas or thoracic cavity. Among these, ectopic liver tissues in the serosa, subserosa or mucosa of the gallbladder are more frequent than others. Heterotopic liver or choristoma may occur in association with acute or chronic cholecystitis and more frequently with cholelithiasis, although these conditions appear to be in no way related. A 63-year-old man with a 2-year history of biliary colic was found to have gallstones on ultrasound and underwent an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. During the procedure, a half-moon shape of brown tissue measuring 11 mm ¥ 4 mm ¥ 4 mm was seen to be attached to the serosa of the inferior wall of the gallbladder by a thin mesentery (Fig. 1). We performed a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The encapsulated nodule showed histologically normal hepatic architecture. Normal portal triads were present which eventually drained into the artery, vein and bile duct at the hilum of the nodule. Liver choristomas or ectopic nodules of liver tissue attached to the gallbladder by their own mesentery and completely detached from the liver are uncommon. These anomalies occur rather frequently during embryogenesis, but quickly undergo atrophy or fibrosis because of incomplete development. Consequently, they disappear and are not commonly found. It is usually an incidental finding during a laparoscopy, laparotomy or autopsy. Ectopic liver nodules are generally without clinical symptoms. Liver choristomas in the gallbladder can undergo fatty change, haemosiderosis, cholestasis or cirrhosis. Ectopic liver tissue is also at increased risk of carcinogenesis. In our case, the presence of the two vessels and bile ducts at the hilum of the ectopic liver demonstrates that it was functionally active.


Background: Nausea and vomiting are common and troublesome complication after the surgery. Although several medications as prophylactic or therapeutic are used in relation to this problem, but neither of them could not completely suppress and have numerous side effects. This study was performed to compare the prophylactic efficacy of ginger and metoclopramide in reducing nausea and vomiting after cholecystectomy. Methods: 90 patients undergoing cholecystectomy that met the inclusion criteria were divided randomly into two groups (n = 45). Before starting the operation, first group received ginger and the second group received metoclopramide. Thereafter, the severity and duration of nausea and vomiting after first and second hour of surgery was measured via visiting and self-designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square test via SPSS20 software at the significant level of P < 0.05. Findings: The two groups were not significantly different in terms of age (P = 0.18), weight (P = 0.07) and gender (P = 0.82). The two groups were divided into two subgroups of less or equal to 60 years of age 33 (55%) and 27 members (45%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively) and more than 60 years of age 12 members (40) in ginger and 18 members (60) in metoclopramide group). In terms of body weight, the two groups were divided into three subgroups of less than 70 kg 6 (85.7%) and 1 patient (14.3%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively, 70 to 90 kg 36 (45.6%) and 43 patients (54.4%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively and more than 90 kg 3 (75%) and 1 patient (25%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively. In terms of gender, patients were divided into two subgroups of men 28 (49.1%) and 29 patients (50.9%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively and women 17 (51.5%) and 16 patients (48.5%) in ginger and metoclopramide groups, respectively. The severity of nausea and vomiting at the first hours after the surgery in the group receiving ginger decreased more than the group who received metoclopramide. Conclusion: Ginger reduced incidence of nausea and vomiting more than metoclopramide during the postoperative period. It can be used as a supportive treatment in the prevention of nausea and vomiting. A¯Â?½ 2016, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences(IUMS). All rights reserved.


Total body irradiation (TBI) combined with chemotherapy is widely used as a pretreatment regimen of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in hematologic disorders. Late complications related to TBI as part of the conditioning regimen for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been revealed. Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) is a neurological syndrome characterized by disorder of motor, sensorial, and autonomic nerves, and tracts at medulla spinalis, which is resulted from involvement of spinal cord. In this paper, we presented an ATM attack developed after TBI in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) as it is a rarely seen case.


Abstract— This paper presents a study about electric field behaviour of 10kV polymer insulator with moss deposition under foggy condition. The aim of this simulation experiment was to determine if this field affect the initiation of pollution flashover. To study this effect, simulations were carried out using High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The simulation experiment includes the results of electric field distribution along the insulator and also the magnitude of electric field at three different locations in identifying the parts of the insulator's surface that likely to initiate pollution flashover. The moss deposited polymer insulator displayed uniformed and considerably intense distribution of electric field with the clean insulator. The field result showed the likelihood in discharging a corona effect. In short, the results indicated that electric field along the insulator surface would likely be influenced by moss deposition and foggy air.


Slug flow, a flow pattern with alternating aerated liquid pockets (slugs) and large gas bubbles, is a commonly observed flow pattern in oil and gas pipelines. Due to its unsteady character, the force on a pipe bend is fluctuating which results in unacceptable motions when the piping is insufficiently supported. To investigate the risk of fatigue failure of the system, finite-element models are used to predict the dynamic stresses required to estimate the fatigue life of the system. The excitation force of the slug flow is the essential input required for accurate fatigue damage predictions.
 A new, simplified model of slug forces on a bend is proposed. The model is calculating the slug force by solving the momentum balance over the pipe bend using slug flow properties as liquid holdup and phase velocities. Average properties predicted by a unit slug model cannot predict the stochastic force variations caused by the slug flow. The new approach introduces the stochastic character of slug flow in the force calculations via a log-normal slug length distribution. A Lagrangian slug tracking method is used to solve the governing equations.
 The modelled liquid holdup, pressure and predicted forces are compared with available measurements and Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations. The measurements were done under atmospheric conditions and the fluids used were air and water. Whether these measurements are representative for high-pressure oil and gas slug flow is unknown. By using a mechanistic approach where the main equations are based on physical laws instead of fitted measured data, the model is applicable for different fluids and operational conditions. To validate the model for oil and gas flows, the results are compared with Computational Fluid Dynamics calculations done with high gas density and typical oil viscosity.


I read with interest the article by van der Bijl et al published recently in Arthritis Care & Research regarding the efficacy of intraarticular infliximab (INF) administration in patients with recurrent gonarthritis (1). Van der Bijl et al treated 23 patients with recurrent gonarthritis using intraarticular injections of INF or methylprednisone (MP). A total of 41 injections were administered (20 INF injections and 21 MP injections). The authors concluded that intraarticular INF injections were not effective, while intraarticular MP injections were superior to those of INF. I would like to make some comments and emphasize the difference between the above-mentioned study with other already published data. The selection of the patients with recurrent gonarthritis is the first point to be discussed. Intraarticular administration of INF and other anti–tumor necrosis factor injections were reported in recurrent monarthritis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondylarthropathy (SpA) patients (2–5). In the present study no such patients were randomized. Instead, van der Bijl and colleagues reported that they excluded patients with gout, osteoarthritis, or septic arthritis. They did not report whether they excluded patients with lupus, mixed connective tissue disease, or pseudogout, in which administration of INF is not effective. The second point is that the authors used only an administration of 100 mg of intraarticular INF. We and other investigators have used higher doses of intraarticular INF administrations with more encouraging results (2,3). The third point that arises is the fact that the authors did not use objective tools to evaluate the clinical response of the patients. It is well known that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and Doppler studies are valuable tools for evaluating the efficacy of drug therapy in RA patients (6,7). Studies using MRI or scintigraphy have shown the beneficial effect of intraarticular INF administration in patients with RA and SpA (3,8,9). Therefore, I feel that the data presented by van der Bijl et al should be interpreted cautiously. It seems that larger studies using objective tools for evaluating the clinical response of patients are needed in order to investigate the efficacy of intraarticular injections of tumor necrosis factor blockers.


OBJECT
In this study the authors evaluated the relative role of cerebral hemodynamic impairment (HDI) in the pathogenesis of delayed cerebral ischemia and poor clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

METHODS
Cerebral hemodynamics were assessed daily with transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography in 55 consecutive patients with verified SAH. Hemodynamic impairment was defined as blood flow velocity (BFV) values consistent with vasospasm in conjunction with impaired autoregulatory vasodilation as evaluated using the transient hyperemic response tests in the middle cerebral arteries. A total of 1344 TCD examinations were performed, in which the evaluation of HDI was feasible during 80.9% and HDI was registered during 12% of the examinations. It was found that HDI occurred in 60% of patients and was frequently recorded in conjunction with severe vasospasm (p < 0.05) and a rapid increase of BFV values (p < 0.05). Detection of HDI was closely associated with the development of delayed ischemic brain damage after SAH (p < 0.05). Furthermore, because delayed ischemia was never observed in cases in which vasospasm had not led to the development of HDI, its occurrence increased significantly the likelihood of subsequent cerebral ischemia among the patients with vasospasm (p < 0.05). Detection of HDI was independently related to unfavorable clinical outcome according to Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months after SAH (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The results showed that HDI is common after SAH and can be evaluated with TCD ultrasonography in routine clinical practice. Detection of HDI could be useful for identifying patients at high or low risk for delayed ischemic complications and unfavorable clinical outcome after SAH.


Abstract Pain is underdetected and undertreated in people with dementia. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of pain in people with dementia admitted to general hospitals and explore the association between pain and behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia (BPSD). We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 230 people, aged above 70, with dementia and unplanned medical admissions to 2 UK hospitals. Participants were assessed at baseline and every 4 days for self-reported pain (yes/no question and FACES scale) and observed pain (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia scale [PAINAD]) at movement and at rest, for agitation (Cohen–Mansfield Agitating Inventory [CMAI]) and BPSD (Behavioural Pathology in Alzheimer Disease Scale [BEHAVE-AD]). On admission, 27% of participants self-reported pain rising to 39% on at least 1 occasion during admission. Half of them were able to complete the FACES scale, this proportion decreasing with more severe dementia. Using the PAINAD, 19% had pain at rest and 57% had pain on movement on at least 1 occasion (in 16%, this was persistent throughout the admission). In controlled analyses, pain was not associated with CMAI scores but was strongly associated with total BEHAVE-AD scores, both when pain was assessed on movement (&bgr; = 0.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.07-0.32, P = 0.002) and at rest (&bgr; = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.14-0.69, P = 0.003). The association was the strongest for aggression and anxiety. Pain was common in people with dementia admitted to the acute hospital and associated with BPSD. Improved pain management may reduce distressing behaviours and improve the quality of hospital care for people with dementia.


Christianity probably took a foothold on the African continent in Egypt during the first century AD. By the fifth century, Christianity had become the state religion of the Aksumite kingdom in Ethiopia, and was adopted soon after throughout medieval Nubia. With the global expansion of European societies from 1500 onwards, Christianity was introduced to much of the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, either wholly displacing indigenous animist religions or else absorbing and transforming older religious beliefs. Today, it is estimated that 400 million Africans adhere to some branch of this truly global religion, and new Christian sects continue to evolve across the continent. Despite such a pedigree, this is the first effort to provide a general overview of the diverse archaeological manifestations of Christianity found on the continent.


Soft tissue Elastography is a well-established technique that has received substantial attention in recent years in the detection and classification of tumors. The core target of elastography in the field of breast imaging is to identify the tumor at its early stage, providing a non-invasive method for obtaining the mechanical properties of tissue in the breast. Theoretically, elastography data can be utilized to obtain the Young's Modulus distribution of the targeted soft tissue region. However, elastography techniques are only able to extract the distribution of strain in the selected area. The strain data can be calculated from ultrasound based imaging techniques. To obtain the actual Young's modulus requires the knowledge of stress distribution around that region, which is challenging in different aspects. A number of research groups are working on prediction of stress distribution of tissue. In this paper, we investigate the error between the simulated results to the actual value of stress distribution, from differing external sides of the tissue, as well as based on the location of the tumor. This error, based on the location, presents the order of challenges that must be overcome in order to predict the stress distribution. .


OBJECTIVE
Assessment of stability of the advanced maxilla after two-jaw surgery and Le Fort I osteotomy in patients with cleft palate based on soft tissue planning.

SUBJECTS
Between 1995 and 1998, 15 patients with cleft lip and palate deformities underwent advancement of a retruded maxilla, without insertion of additional bone grafts. Eleven patients had bimaxillary osteotomies and four patients only a Le Fort I osteotomy. Relapse of the maxilla in horizontal and vertical dimensions was evaluated by cephalometric analysis after a clinical follow-up of at least 2 years.

RESULTS
In the bimaxillary osteotomies, horizontal advancement was an average 4 mm at point A. After 2 years, there was an additional advancement of point A of an average of 0.7 mm. In the mandible, a relapse of 0.8 mm was seen after an average setback of 3.9 mm. In the four patients with Le Fort I osteotomy, point A was advanced by 3.8 mm and the relapse after 2 years was 0.9 mm. Vertical elongation at point A resulted in relapse in both groups. Impaction of the maxilla led to further impaction as well.

CONCLUSION
Cephalometric soft tissue analysis demonstrates the need for a two-jaw surgery, not only in severe maxillary hypoplasia. Alteration of soft tissue to functional harmony and three-dimensional correction of the maxillomandibular complex are easier to perform in a two-jaw procedure. It results in a more stable horizontal skeletal position of the maxilla.