This paper uses an events data set for the post-Cold War era to measure the impact of trade interdependence on three different types of dyadic interactions: political, military, and economic. The paper extends the literature on trade and peace by estimating a model in which trade and interstate interactions are treated as endogenous. We also move beyond the common measure of conflict as the use of force to consider different types and levels of conflict that fall short of war. We find that trade significantly raises net cooperation on political and economic interactions, but trade does not improve net cooperation over military issues. By allowing for mutual causality between cooperation and trade, we show that more cooperation on political and military issues leads to greater trade between countries. Moreover, the impact of overall cooperation on trade is larger than the effect of trade on cooperation. An important lesson from the paper is that the relationship between trade and net cooperation depends on the type of interstate relations being examined. The general findings are supported even after performing a number of robustness checks.


The removal of droplets from a dioctyl phthalate mist by a fluidized bed of silica gel was studied. The mist used had a narrow range of droplet diameters, which averaged 0.87 microns in size. Silica gel particles were in the range of −150 mesh to +200 mesh.

It was found that removal efficiencies were only slightly affected by a 50% change in inlet mist concentration, or by a 300% variation in depth of the fluidized bed. Collection efficiencies varied from about 90% at low superficial gas velocities to 70% at high velocities.

It is shown from these results that collection is primarily by particle diffusion. Results can be correlated in terms of equations for mass transfer in fluidized beds. The possible uses of a fluidized bed as a collecting device are discussed.


We describe the development of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of citrulline and other amino acids relevant to intestinal diseases. The amino acids were derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl) and their derivatives were separated on two different columns, a core–shell column (Halo C18) and a silica-based monolith (Chromolith Performance RP-18). The derivatization reaction was optimized with respect to pH, buffer concentration and reproducibility. The optimal derivatization conditions were achieved with 0.4 M borate buffer at pH 9.20, a constant ratio of FMOC-Cl/total amino acids (10 : 1) and 75 mM tyramine after 1 min (quenching reaction). The separation conditions with both chromatographic supports were also optimized. The chromatographic performance (peak capacity and global resolution) of these two columns was compared. This proposed HPLC-UV method was satisfactorily applied to the analysis of a real plasma sample.


This paper addresses the adaptive allocation of subcarrier, bit and power resources in the downlink of multicell OFDMA systems, where base stations allocate radio resources in a decentralized manner. Our algorithm uses discrete bit-loading values which is more applicable to the practical systems. Noncooperative game theoretic approach is adopted and we first only include the transmit power and throughput in the payoff function of each base station. Using the optimal solutions as the benchmark, the performance of this noncooperative game is obtained through computer simulations. Our simulation results show that in the multicell OFDMA systems with frequency reuse factor of one, such payoff function provides inadequate utilization efficiency due to the presence of high co-channel interference. We next incorporate the number of allocated subcarriers in the payoff function of each base station. We show that the new payoff function avoid neighboring base station from transmitting using the same subcarrier when interference is large. This resembles the use of interference avoidance technique in the algorithm, and can achieve better resource utilization when compared to the water-filling counterpart.


AIMS
To investigate the feasibility of transvenous left ventricular (LV) pacing by autocapture at long term. A reliable measurement of LV evoked response (ER) is the pivotal requirement for beat-to-beat detection of ventricular capture and automatic output adjustment.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Seven patients with accepted class I indication to permanent cardiac pacing received a DDDR pacemaker with automatic output adjustment based on beat-to-beat capture verification (Insignia Ultra 1290, Guidant), whose ventricular port was connected to a LV lead placed in a branch of the coronary sinus. The device allows LV threshold trending, performing a threshold test every 21 h, and diagnoses acute and non-acute issues of ER detection during follow up. Average follow up after implantation was 34 +/- 6 months (range 28-45, median 34). Left ventricular pacing threshold showed an increase from implantation (1.2 +/- 0.4 V at 0.4 ms) that peaked at week 4 (1.6 +/- 0.7 V at 0.4 ms), and returned to baseline (1.1 +/- 0.5 at 0.4 ms) by the end of the 7th week. Autocapture performance at long term, as assessed by the trend of LV threshold and of ER diagnostic issues, did not show any pitfall.

CONCLUSIONS
Our observations support the feasibility and safety of capture verification during LV pacing alone. A possible application of this pacing technology could be biventricular stimulation.


The present study was conducted to assess the feasibility of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for milk preservation and also to investigate the effects of H2O2 on growth of bacteria population in milk. Milk samples were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural University dairy farm and preserved with 0.12% H2O2 of 10% concentration on the basis of volume of milk and milk without H2O2 addition treated as control sample. Parameters used to monitor the shelf life of milk were organoleptic and chemical tests. All milk samples were kept in glass container at room temperature (28-31°C) in the laboratory. Organoleptic parameters (color, flavor, texture, taste) and chemical tests (acidity %, COB test and pH) were done every one hour interval until spoilage. Standard Plate Count (SPC) of the samples was done two times, initially and after spoilage of milk. Acidity% increased gradually in all sample but this increase was rapid in control sample than H2O2 treated sample. From COB test it was found that raw milk sample gave positive result at 10th hour but 0.12% H2O2 treated sample (after 20 min of milking ) and 0.12% H2O2 treated sample (after 3 hrs. of milking ) gave positive result 14 and 15th hour respectively. From the result it was observed that shelf life of milk with H2O2 increased. From the SPC result it was found that the bacterial growth rate is very high in control milk sample compare to H2O2 treated milk sample. Significant difference (p<0.01 was found in case of bacterial growth rate of the milk samples. The results of this experiment indicated that H2O2 be used as an effective preservative for prolonging milk preservation. So H2O2 can be used as an effective milk preservative for prolonging milk storage in environmental condition.
Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2021, 6 (1), 19-25


The primary concern of financial analysis is the operating performance of a firm when they consider investing in a firm. Due to recent several corporate bankruptcies, the financial analysts and Finance Managers are using different valuation methods in order to achieve more accurate results out of their analysis before deciding upon further investments (Beneda 2003). Sofat et al. (2011), in their book Strategic Financial Management, described the valuation of a firm as a combination of theory, judgments, and experience. Bradford Cronell (cited in Sofat 2011:275) expressed the same view about the corporate valuation "Valuing a company is neither an art nor a science but an odd combination of both. There is enough science that appraisers are not left to rely solely on experience, but there is enough art that without experience and judgments, failure is assured."

Business valuation is done for a different reason i.e. acquisition & disposal, stock market floatation, share disposal or purchase in unlisted companies, internal trading of employees' shares or options, assessment of an owner's tax liabilities, and establishing collateral for a loan (anon 2008). In this case study, we will explore different corporate valuation techniques and identify the strengths and weaknesses of those techniques. Furthermore, we will perform the valuations on a publicly listed company to determine whether this company is a worthwhile investment. As the Free Cash Flow (FCF) basis valuation produces a most accurate assessment of economic worth (anon 2008), we will perform this valuation first and later we will carry out the Dividend basis and Earnings basis valuation in order to determine whether our selected company is worth to be invested in.


Video games are a form of software and thus an obvious object of study in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). Interaction with video games differs from the usual understanding of HCI, however, because people play video games rather than use them. In this dissertation we ask: " How can we analyse human-computer interaction in video games when the interaction in question is play?" We propose video game values, defined as sustained beliefs about preferable conduct during play, as a basis for video game HCI. In order to describe and analyse play we use activity theory, focusing on how the interface mediates players' beliefs about preferable conduct. Activity theory allows us to address the multiple levels of context and detail in play as well as the role of conflict. We employ a qualitative case study methodology to gather data about five popular video games: Civilization III, Fable, Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Half-Life 2, and The Sims 2. Our core data comes from observation and interview sessions with twenty-five experienced players of these games. We collected further data based on the games' interfaces, participant observation, and documentation such as manuals and walkthroughs. We make three key contributions to video game HCI: 1) We introduce video game values as a means to analyse play as a form of human-computer interaction and show how the values of PAIDIA and LUDUS influence all aspects of play; 2) we develop a video game activity framework for describing and analysing video game play at multiple levels of detail and context; and 3) we extend the video game activity framework to include contradictions and breakdowns as a means to describe and analyse the role of conflict and challenge in video game play.


Abstract Since the mid 1970s, infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV) in Thailand has shifted from hyper-endemic to mesoendemic. In 2004, to explore this trend in prevalence further, 3997 subjects from four geographically distinct provinces of Thailand were tested, in a commercial ELISA, for antibodies to HAV. The results indicate that the seroprevalence of HAV continues to fall, almost certainly because the profound socio–economic development that has occurred over the last few decades in Thailand has brought with it significant improvements in sanitation and personal hygiene. As exposure to HAV declines, however, the risks of symptomatic and potentially severe infection in adulthood (rather than asymptomatic infection during childhood) and of epidemics of such infection, which would lead to profound economic loss, increases. Improvements in hygiene and sanitation to reduce exposure to the virus and measures to reduce the incidence of symptomatic disease in those infected, such as vaccination (which may only be cost-effective when targeted at high-risk groups), need to be carefully considered.


The aim of this article was to summarize the conclusions reached by a panel of Ibero-American experts regarding the five most relevant problems in the area of Radiological Protection (RP) in diagnostic radiology in Latin America. The topic was analyzed within the framework of the Ibero-American Conference on Radiological Protection in Medicine (CIPRaM) 2016, held in Madrid, Spain, between October 18 and 20, 2016, together with an analysis of the current situation of our country in these issues. The CIPRaM was addressed to all those involved in RP in medicine, including physicians, technicians, physicists, regulatory agents, health authorities and the general public. In conclusion, the most relevant problems were the lack of justification for the studies, the lack of culture of dose optimization of radiological techniques, the need to deepen the educational efforts of health personnel, the need to establish diagnostic reference levels in the region and further promote a PR culture and greater risk-benefit dialogue. As indicators of follow-up, it was proposed to quantify the number of countries with clinical guidelines for referral clinicians, the number of countries with quality manuals in use, the number of guidelines for conducting examinations adopted, the number of countries in the region with national diagnostic reference levels, the number of Educational programs, actions and campaigns in RP for each national society and finally, the number of countries with an updated regulatory framework according to the international basic safety standards.


In this paper, we propose a new framework for online handwritten mathematical expression recognition. In this approach, we consider handwritten mathematical expressions as the output of stroke generation processes based on a stochastic context-free grammar which generates handwritten expressions stochastically. We estimate the most likely expression candidate derived from the grammar, rather than solving one by one the three major problems in mathematical expression recognition: symbol segmentation/recognition, 2D structure recognition, and expression syntax analysis. With this method, we can simultaneously recognize the symbols and structure of an expression within the grammatical constraint. Experiments revealed that this simultaneous estimation decreases errors in symbol segmentation and recognition, and that these errors are reduced as grammatical restriction is strengthened.


This paper analyzes the determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Pakistan. In this paper we want to analyze why Pakistan is unsuccessful in attracting FDI instead of its policy reforms. In this study we used secondary time series data sample from 1970-2010. We use variables GDP, Market size (GNP), Infrastructure, Terrorism, Exchange rate in order to measure the impact of these variables on FDI. We collect data on these variables from state bank of Pakistan and other secondary data sources. We use log log model to find out the determinants. We use ordinary least square method (OLS) in order to test the variable. At the end we find that all the variables have significant impact on FDI. We find that FDI is significantly and positively explained by GDP, Market size (GNP) and Exchange rate but Infrastructure and terrorism has negative impact on FDI. We have conclude that when there is high level of GDP (GDP is increasing), high level of GNP (increase in GNP), and exchange rate is stable then the level of FDI increases. And when the terrorism in an economy rises then FDI of Pakistan starts to decline. We also use a variable named infrastructure but here we find that there exists a negative relation between FDI and infrastructure which may be wrong due to unavailability of data problem or may be some deviation in data became the cause of this result. We recommended that there is a need of not only good policies but also there is a need of implementation of these policies in order to increase FDI in Pakistan. Policy makers should provide conducive and friendly environment to investors to attract more and more FDI for Pakistan. Foreign investors should be given more incentives for the transfer of technology to host country. This would lubricate the local enterprises. In Pakistan import substitution policy related to FDI have played a great role in increasing FDI in Pakistan.


Planning, implementation and operation of plants are very costly and time-consuming processes. Due to parallel material movements, various possible combinations of the plant building blocks and because each plant is designed as a complete, customized system, the complexity of the plants can be enormous. For these reasons, a tool based on discrete event simulation has been developed, which allows the producer of the plants to model, emulate, simulate and animate the plant processes. This allows the system experts to make exact forecasts of the attainable performance. In this paper we describe the development of this automated modeling and simulation tool, regarding system architecture, processing of control system orders and task handling in the simulation environment. Finally, based on the findings of the realization and validation of the tool, this paper discusses the opportunities arising from this approach as well as its future potential.


The work done in this thesis includes an exploration of both the conformal field theory techniques and holographic techniques of the Gauge/Gravity duality. From the field theory, we have analyzed the analytical aspects of the Conformal Bootstrap program to gain handle on at least a part of the CFT spectrum. The program applies equally to the strongly coupled as well as the weakly coupled theories. We have considered both the regimes of interest in this thesis. In the strongly coupled sector, as we have shown that it is possible to extract information about the anomalous dimensions, of a particular subset of large spin operators in the spectrum, as a function of the spin and twist of these operators. The holographic analog of the anomalous dimensions from CFT are the binding energies of generalized free fields in the bulk, which has also been analyzed in this thesis. On the contrary, in the weakly coupled sector, the same idea can be used to calculate the anomalous dimensions of operators, with any spin and dimension in an −expansion. We have considered a simple set of scalar operators, whose anomalous dimensions are reproduced correctly up to O( 2). In another holographic calculation, we have analyzed generic higher derivative theories of gravity, which corresponds to boundary theories with infinite colors but finite 't Hooft coupling. Certain universal aspects of these theories, such as anomalies and correlation functions are also calculated. The three point functions for these higher derivative theories will serve as a building block for considering four point functions for finitely coupled boudary CFTs. In the conclusion, we have pointed out the directions of interest which could be locating the bulk duals of large N finitely coupled theories, or that of an intermediate theory with both finite 't Hooft coupling as well as finite gauge group, with a speculative string theory dual.


We propose a model predictive control approach to path-following problems of constrained nonlinear systems. We directly consider input and state constraints. Furthermore, we introduce an extended corridor path-following problem, which allows to add spatial degrees of freedom to the path formulation.We give sufficient stability conditions for predictive solutions to 1d and corridor path-following problems. To illustrate the performance of our approach we discuss the example of an autonomous vehicle subject to input constraints.


SUMMARY: Growth of Candida 107 on n-alkanes (C10, C16 or a mixture) completely repressed formation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and partially repressed the fatty acid synthetase complex. As all fatty acids must then be derived directly from the substrate no matter what its chain length, the yeast must be able to elongate even-chain acids (C10 to C14) and modify, by unknown reactions, odd-chain acids to give even-chain acids. Short-term control of fatty acid biosynthesis appears to be by long-chain (C16 or C18) fatty acyl-CoA esters feedback-inhibiting the activities of both acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase. n-Alkanes, n-alcohol, free fatty acids or C12 and C14 acyl-CoA esters, had little or no effects on these enzymes. Extracts from n-alkane-grown yeast inhibited the carboxylase in extracts from glucose-grown yeast, the pattern of inhibition being similar to that observed with hexadecyl-CoA.


Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex chronic inflammatory disorder with challenges in diagnosis, choosing appropriate therapy, determining individual responsiveness, and prediction of future disease course to guide appropriate management. Artificial intelligence has been examined in the field of inflammatory bowel disease endoscopy with promising data in different domains of inflammatory bowel disease, including diagnosis, assessment of mucosal activity, and prediction of recurrence and complications. Artificial intelligence use during endoscopy could be a step toward precision medicine in inflammatory bowel disease care pathways. We reviewed available data on use of artificial intelligence for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, grading of severity, prediction of recurrence, and dysplasia detection. We examined the potential role of artificial intelligence enhanced endoscopy in various aspects of inflammatory bowel disease care and future perspectives in this review.


A model is developed for the study of optical wireless cell occupancy times of mobile nodes. Unlike similar radio models, it allows nodes to move in eight directions, as well as to remain stationary. It is these two elements, together with the introduction of indoor room barriers that are novel. Theoretical results are compared with computer simulations. The agreement between the two sets of results is extremely good, demonstrating the mutual accuracy of both.


The effect of niobium (Nb) addition on recrystallization texture formation in cold-rolled low carbon steel sheets containing 2% manganese (Mn) was investigated. The microstructures of hot-bands were significantly refined by Nb addition, which led to the development of the cold-rolling texture in both the γ-fiber (<111>//ND-fiber) and the α-fiber (<110>//RD-fiber). Recrystallization was retarded by Nb addition, in particular, the growth of <110>//ND grains was retarded. However, the γ-fiber and {112}<110> grains developed during annealing even in the intercritical (α-γ) region. Consequently, the r-value increased as the content of Nb was increased due to the development of the intensity ratio of the <111>//ND texture to the <100>//ND texture, which is desirable for deep-drawable high strength steel sheets.


Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) are one of the leading candidates for Dark Matter. So far the usual procedure for constraining the WIMP-nucleon cross sections in direct Dark Matter detection experiments have been to fit the predicted event rate based on some model(s) of the Galactic halo and of WIMPs to experimental data. One has to assume whether the spin-independent (SI) or the spin-dependent (SD) WIMP-nucleus interaction dominates, and results of such data analyses are also expressed as functions of the as yet unknown WIMP mass. In this article, I introduce methods for extracting information on the WIMP-nucleon cross sections by considering a general combination of the SI and SD interactions. Neither prior knowledge about the local density and the velocity distribution of halo WIMPs nor about their mass is needed. Assuming that an exponential-like shape of the recoil spectrum is confirmed from experimental data, the required information are only the measured recoil energies (in low energy ranges) and the number of events in the first energy bin from two or more experiments.


The equipartition of energy applied in binary mixture of granular flow is extended to granular flow with non-uniform particles. Based on the fractal characteristic of granular flow with non-uniform particles as well as energy equipartition, a fractal velocity distribution function and a fractal model of effective thermal conductivity are derived. Thermal conduction resulted from motions of particles in the granular flow, as well as the effect of fractal dimension on effective thermal conductivity, is discussed.


Semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi IPN) hydrogels of poly(ethylene glycol; PEG) were prepared as a water adsorbent for dye (Janus Green B) sorption. For this, PEG and copolymer of acrylamide/sodium methacrylate (AAm/SMA) were prepared by polymerization of aqueous solution of acrylamide (AAm), sodium methacrylate (SMA) using ammonium persulfate (APS)/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as redox initiating pair in presence of PEG and poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) as crosslinker. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of different repeating units in the semi IPNs. Some swelling and diffusion characteristics were calculated for different semi IPNs and hydrogels prepared under various formulations. Water uptake and dye sorption properties of AAm/SMA hydrogels and AAm/SMA/PEG semi IPNs were investigated as a function of chemical composition of the hydrogels. Janus Green B have used in sorption studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012


Experts disagree on whether questionnaires should have items worded in both positive and negative directions or items all worded in the same direction. This study examined this controversy in a sample of 921 employees of a state agency who completed two versions of a widely used questionnaire, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey. One version had both positively and negatively worded items, and the other version had only positively worded items. Subsamples of respondents high and low on inconsistency and inaccuracy scales (response validity scales developed by the author) were studied to determine whether invalid responding might account for problems with item wording. Correlations between job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback) and work outcomes (general job satisfaction, internal motivation, and growth satisfaction) were compared between subsamples using the Fisher r to z transformation. Out of 18 comparisons, only 3 correlations were significantly different for the subsamples of respondents. The conclusion was that results were similar regardless of item wording and regardless of invalid responding. However, further research may be warranted to assess whether inflated correlations for respondents high on the inaccuracy scale suggests that they are prone to common method variance.


In this paper we describe the merge of the Danish wordnet, DanNet, with Princeton Wordnet applying a two-step approach. We first link from the English Princeton core to Danish (5,000 base concepts) and then proceed to linking the rest of the Danish vocabulary to English, thus going from Danish to English. Since the Danish wordnet is built bottom-up from Danish lexica and corpora, all taxonomies are monolingually based and thus not necessarily directly compatible with the coverage and structure of the Princeton WordNet. This fact proves to pose some challenges to the linking procedure since a considerable number of the links cannot be realised via the preferred cross-language synonym link which implies a more or less precise correlation between the two concepts. Instead, a subpart of the links are realised through near synonym or hyponymy links to compensate for the fact that no precise translation can be found in the target resource. The tool WordnetLoom is currently used for manual linking but procedures for a more automatic procedure in future is discussed. We conclude that the two resources actually differ from each other quite more than expected, both vocabulary and structure-wise.


ABSTRACT The paper describes chosen habitat conditions determining the occurrence and nesting of the Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus and their effect on the nest type (breeding nest BN or mock nest MN). The Little Bittern is a monogamous bird whose male can build a couple of nests during the breeding season. The main questions posed in this work are: (1) what habitat is chosen for the nesting site, and (2) do habitat conditions influence the nest type? The study was carried out in a fishpond complex in the Lasy Janowskie Landscape Park (SE Poland) during the breeding seasons of 2010−2012. All 44 nests (23 BN and 21 MN) were built in a waterside belt of perennial Common Reed Phragmites australis. All nests were built at sites with water depth between 11 and 101 cm. The type of the nest did not depend on the date when it was built during the breeding season. There was a significant difference in the width of the nests between breeding and mock nests. Moreover, obtained results showed a significant influence of the reed belt height and reed stem diameter on the nest type. Further studies on the Little Bittern's nesting habitat, protection of suitable wetlands, and proper water management are important for the conservation of this vulnerable species.


We investigated temperature dependent optical conductivity spectra of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 single crystal. We found that polishing and surface scattering effects on the Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 crystal surfaces could significantly distort the optical responses, especially in the mid-infrared region. However, oxygen annealing and gold normalization processes seemed to remedy the distortions. We found that the spectral weight of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3 in the metallic state might be composed of a Drude carrier term and a strong incoherent mid-infrared absorptions. The temperature dependence of the spectral weight suggests that the electron-lattice coupling should be important in optical properties of colossal magnetoresistance manganites.


In this letter, we propose unified active Q factor formula for use in oscillator noise spectrum estimation from Leeson's and Hajimiri's models. This formula is derived from its oscillation condition as unified expression which covers the conventional formulas. Since this formula can reduce to conventional formulas, we confirm that the unified formula is valid regardless of topology and type of active device. In addition, we applied this unified formula to a cascode FET amplifier based oscillator as an example. As the result, we found that it has Q factor twice as high as a single FET oscillator using the same passive network. From these issues, we conclude that active Q factor can be estimated only if we know the oscillation condition and its frequency slope. It will contribute to low-phase-noise oscillator design and optimization.


Abstract Perinatal HIV prevention has been successful in developing countries but disparities in success between rich countries and poor countries have also been observed. Access to prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) remains a challenge in many developing countries. In 2007, the Ministry of Health launched the Plan to Reduce the Vertical Transmission of HIV and Syphilis in Brazil to address this need. A cross-sectional study of children living in families affected by HIV was conducted in Ceará State, Northeast Brazil between June 2008 and January 2009 to explore socioeconomic effects of HIV status. Proportion of children with an HIV-positive test was calculated and stratified by age to estimate the impact of PMTCT programs. Chi-square test was employed to compare those proportions. Stata™10.0 software was used for the calculation. We interviewed 437 adults who were visiting the hospital for a consultation or to pickup medication who also had a child less than 13 years of age living with them. They also provided information about other household members (n=1789). Our study showed that children infected with HIV or who live in a household with one or both parents infected with HIV or dead from AIDS live in families of low social class and educational achievement. Seroprevalence is not lower in the cohort of those children 0–2 as compared to 3–4 and 5–12 years of age. Even in Brazil, with its successful PMTCT program overall, there are great disparities among sites. Data from the sites reported here are equivalent to many poor areas in sub-Saharan Africa. This argues that global concern for targeting areas most affected by the epidemic must consider areas within some of the most prosperous countries in the world.


SETTING
A large urban teaching hospital in the southeast of Paris.

OBJECTIVE
Primary surveillance of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB) by systematic restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP) of isolates (n = 161) recovered from smear-positive pulmonary TB patients identified from 1 March 1993 to 28 February 1994, and from all TB patients (with any form of tuberculous infection) identified from 1 March 1994 to 30 April 1995.

RESULTS
Systematic RFLP analysis revealed 12 clusters of patients (n = 40) infected by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis showing matching RFLP patterns. None of the isolates were multidrug-resistant. Compared with non-clustered patients, clustered patients were more likely to be homeless (55% vs 19%, P < or = 0.001), or Africans living in hostels for migrant workers (20% vs 6%, P = 0.01), and had fewer previous admissions to hospital (12% vs 28%, P = 0.05). Further epidemiological investigations showed that the clustered TB cases actually resulted not from nosocomial transmission, but from transmission in the community, very likely in homeless shelters and hostels for migrant workers.

CONCLUSION
No nosocomial transmission of TB was identified among the patients included during the study period. Systematic RFLP analysis using hospital-based sampling can detect the spread of TB in specific environments in the community where transmission is occurring.


The fact that women and people of color tend to underperform at professional schools is a source of controversy. Conservatives blame affirmative action, while liberals blame intentional discrimination. The extensive research reported in "Professional Identity Crisis" belies both conspiracy theories. The author spent over 400 hours observing how first-year students are socialized in two very different environments, Boalt School of Law and the School of Social Welfare at UC Berkeley, watching how they adapted to different expectations of how to speak, dress, and behave in the classroom. Costello found that students who were female, of color, disabled, or poor were not underqualified compared with their privileged peers. Nor did the research uncover intentional bigotry. Instead, the disproportionate success of white men can be explained by the fact that they are more likely to acquire appropriate professional identities swiftly, with little inner conflict. Students from less privileged backgrounds, however, suffered from "identity dissonance." For example, Jasmine, a Filipino student from Los Angeles, explained, "In the legal culture you have to adopt a different way of being, a different vocabulary and way to carry yourself...That's how I got this far. And when I go home, if I act the way I do here, they won't get it. My cousins and my friends say, 'You're kind of whitewashed.' And when I come back here I have to get back my law style.


2,6-Dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) is a compound used for the synthesis of chemicals and pharmaceutical agents. The present work is intended to evaluate the impact of Mr. Trivedi's biofield energy treatment on physical, thermal and spectral properties of the 2,6-DCP. The control and treated 2,6-DCP were characterized by various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and ultra violet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) analysis. The XRD results showed the increase in crystallite size of treated sample by 28.94% as compared to the control sample. However, the intensity of the XRD peaks of treated 2,6-DCP were diminished as compared to the control sample. The DTA analysis showed a slight increase in melting temperature of the treated sample. Although, the latent heat of fusion of the treated 2,6-DCP was changed substantially by 28% with respect to the control sample. The maximum thermal decomposition temperature (Tmax) of the treated 2,6-DCP was decreased slightly in comparison with the control. The FT-IR analysis showed a shift in C=C stretching peak from 1464→1473 cm-1 in the treated sample as compared to the control sample. However, the UV-vis analysis showed no changes in absorption peaks of treated 2,6-DCP with respect to the control sample. Overall, the result showed a significant effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectral properties of 2,6-DCP. It is assumed that increase in crystallite size and melting temperature of the biofield energy treated 2,6-DCP could alleviate its reaction rate that might be a good prospect for the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds.


Voice-based conversational assistants are growing in popularity on ubiquitous mobile and stationary devices. Cortana, as well as Google Home, Amazon Echo, and others, can provide support for various tasks from managing reminders to booking a hotel. However, with few exceptions, user input is limited to explicit queries or commands. In this work, we explore the role of implicit conversational cues in guided task completion scenarios. In a Wizard of Oz study, we found that, for the task of cooking a recipe, nearly one-quarter of all user-assistant exchanges were initiated from implicit conversational cues rather than from plain questions. Given that these implicit cues occur in such high frequency, we conclude by presenting a set of design implications for the design of guided task experiences in contemporary conversational assistants.


Optimization via simulation came true; most discrete-event simulation packages have some kind of optimization routines but the optimum search can become very time-consuming as the factor number increases. This paper's objectives show how factorial designs help the optimization via simulation to reach the optimum solution by reducing the number of factors. A comparative study between an optimization without planning and an optimization planned based on factorial designs is carried out. Results are presented where the reduction of the number of runs needed to find the optimum is showed. This work concludes with brief considerations on the factorial designs and optimization via simulation integration


Results from the NESTLE advanced nodal code are presented for multidimensional numerical benchmarks representing four different types of reactors, and predictions from NESTLE are compared with measured data from pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The numerical benchmarks include cases representative of PWRs, boiling water reactors (BWRs), CANDU heavy water reactors (HWRs), and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs). The measured PWR data include critical soluble boron concentrations and isothermal temperature coefficients of reactivity. The results demonstrate that NESTLE correctly solves the multigroup diffusion equations for both Cartesian and hexagonal geometries, that it reliably calculates k{sub eff} and reactivity coefficients for PWRs, and that--subsequent to the incorporation of additional thermal-hydraulic models--it will be able to perform accurate calculations for the corresponding parameters in BWRs, HWRs, and HTGRs as well.


A New-PVE lubricant was developed for use with R32 refrigerant. R32 has been proposed as an alternative refrigerant for R410A refrigerant, to reduce global warming. In this report, we evaluated the relationship between the New-PVE lubricant and R32 and R410A refrigerants. The evaluation items were physical properties (miscibility, solubility, mixture viscosity and volumetric resistivity) and thermal stability and lubricity. In addition, a New-PVE was also developed to improve miscibility with R32 refrigerant.


People are living longer than their forebears. In the 22 years between 1937 and 1959, life expectancy from birth increased by ten years in the United States. The catch is, of course, that we cannot award these extra ten years as a prize squeezed between the ages of twenty and twenty-one or fifty and fifty-one but we have to add them to life as a postscript or addendum after three score years and ten. When would you like to win an extra ten years? I suggest that the best time to receive this prize might be at the age of twenty-two or twenty-three; this would solve all the problems of medical education even if it broke some of our deans. In any event, 16 million Americans were 65 or more years of age in 1960. And old people need more care than young. The care of these old people is


Abstract This paper discusses the invariance of the rank of a matrix, the conditions and applications of matrix inequalities, the relationship between matrix rank and matrix operations, the relationship with matrix reversibility, the linear correlation with vector groups and the zero relationship of eigenvalue algebra multiples and other properties. The application of the rank of the matrix in linear algebra, analytic geometry, probability theory, etc. is obtained.


Objective: To investigate whether central facilitation of trigeminal pain processing is part of the pathophysiology of cluster headache (CH). Methods: Sixty-six patients with CH (18 episodic CH inside bout, 28 episodic CH outside bout, 20 chronic CH) according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders–II classification, as well as 30 healthy controls, were investigated in a case-control study using simultaneous recordings of the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) and pain-related evoked potentials (PREP) following nociceptive electrical stimulation on both sides of the forehead (V1). Results: nBR latency ratio (headache side/nonheadache side) was decreased in all CH patients independent from CH subtype compared with healthy controls indicating central facilitation at brainstem level. Area under the curve ratio was increased in patients with episodic CH inside bout only. PREP showed decreased N2 latency ratio in patients with chronic CH indicating central facilitation at supraspinal (thalamic or cortical) level. Conclusions: Asymmetric facilitation of trigeminal nociceptive processing predominantly on brainstem level was detected in patients with CH. This alteration is most pronounced in the acute pain phase of the disease, but appears to persist in remission periods. Only chronic CH patients show additional changes of PREP prompting to supraspinal changes of pain processing related to the chronic state of disease in regard to neuronal plasticity, which exceeds changes observed in episodic CH.


Tumorigenesis is accompanied by broad changes to the surrounding tissue microenvironment in a tumor- and patient-specific manner. Phenotype shifts in tissue-resident immune cells promote cancer progression by establishing a proliferative inflammatory environment, activating angiogenesis, stimulating tumor cell invasion and suppressing anti-tumor immunity. While the former mechanisms are well appreciated and often targeted by current cancer therapeutics, the nature of the mechanisms controlling establishment of the local immunosuppressive state that contribute to a failure of anti-tumor immunity are less clearly defined. Blockade of tumor antigen-specific T cell killing is clearly a major contributor to the failure to control tumorigenesis. However, evidence suggests that phenotypic shifts in innate immune cell populations also contribute to the failure of anti-tumor immunity. We hypothesize that the emergence of early lung adenocarcinomas is accompanied by a shift in myeloid phenotypes, rapidly establishing a microenvironment favorable to tumor growth, survival and vascularization, and hostile to cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. Through the utilization of a Cre-inducible mouse model of p53-null, Kras-G12D+ lung adenocarcinoma, we have begun to define the natural history of the myeloid component of the tumor microenvironment, from tumor initiation to a point equivalent to human stage I adenocarcinoma. Histological, flow cytometry and real-time PCR approaches collectively demonstrate that tumor-associated myeloid phenotypes emerge at a very early stage of disease. These data are consistent with our hypothesis that the myeloid component of the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in establishing an immunosuppressive state during early tumorigenesis. Implications of these findings for current and emerging immunotherapies will be discussed. Citation Format: Mouna Lagraoui, Clifton L. Dalgard, Gauthaman Sukumar, Celeste Huaman, Thomas Summers, Corey A. Carter, Brian C. Schaefer. Establishing the natural history of the immunosuppressive myeloid microenvironment in an inducible model of lung adenocarcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4000. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4000


Background. Intensive therapy for childhood cancer is possible in large part due to improvements in supportive care that are currently available. Blood product transfusions, including red blood cell transfusions, are supportive care measures which are important in the tolerability of this therapy, and are frequently used in the majority of patients receiving therapy for childhood cancer. Although it is well recognized that frequent red blood cell transfusions in pediatric hematological disorders, such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia major, lead to iron overload and its complications (ie, organ dysfunction), pediatric oncology patients receiving numerous red blood cell transfusions are not routinely screened or evaluated for risk of iron overload or its consequences. This study was done to identify pediatric oncology patients with iron overload in a general pediatric hematology/oncology clinic. Methods. A retrospective blood bank records review was performed of pediatric hematology/oncology patients treated in our clinic in the last 10 years (2003-2013) to identify those patients receiving >10 packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusions. These patients' medical records were reviewed to determine which patients had been assessed for iron overload with a serum ferritin level. If a serum ferritin was obtained and the result was >1000 ug/L, records were reviewed to determine if patients received therapy for iron overload. Results. For the time period 2003-2013, blood bank records were screened on 144 patients. Fifty patients (34.7%) were identified as receiving >10 PRBC transfusions. Of these patients, 22 (44%; M/F = 12/10; age range = 2-23 y/o) were patients who had received therapy or were on active therapy for childhood cancer; 14 with leukemia (5 AML, 9 ALL), 8 with solid tumors (5 sarcomas, 1 hepatoblastoma, 1 lymphoma). Of these 22 patients, 6 (27%) patients had a serum ferritin level that was obtained and the remaining 16 (73%) had not. All the patients (100%) with a serum ferritin result had a serum ferritin level >1000 ug/L (range 1048-22021). Only one patient (off-therapy sarcoma patient, serum ferritin =1788 ug/L) was on therapy for iron overload (Exjade and phlebotomy). Conclusions. Pediatric oncology patients receiving numerous PRBC transfusions are at risk for iron overload. Routine risk screening and assessment for iron overload should be accomplished in all pediatric oncology patients as part of their off therapy follow-up management. For those identified as having iron overload, appropriate therapy should be considered as indicated. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


This review aims to describe the way in which people with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (IDD) are treated within the criminal justice system (CJS) in the United Kingdom (UK). The relevant empirical literature and national reports are reviewed, and the current care model for offenders with IDD described. The care of people with IDD within the CJS is relatively advanced in UK; however, offenders with IDD experience difficulties at all stages. This includes engagement with police and the courts, accessing adapted therapies, and after discharge from inpatient care or release from custody. This review highlights a number of strengths of the existing model of care, as well as ongoing challenges. Care of people with IDD within the CJS is highly political, and many aspects of the current model operate according to government policy, based upon charitable or independent review evidence, rather than empirical research. Further research on people with IDD in the CJS is urgently needed, to fully understand the factors related to treatment outcomes.


Purpose To assess the incidence of nasal injury in newborns submitted to non-invasive ventilation (NIV) via binasal prongs, to identify risks that come with using this interface, and to present actions for nasal injury prevention. Patients and Methods Observational and descriptive study performed in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of a public hospital in the south of Brazil. This research was divided into three stages. In the first one, nasal injury incidence was assessed in 148 newborns, using data collection from medical records. In the second stage, injury incidence, severity and a preliminary analysis of risks associated with the prescription of binasal prongs were analyzed in 33 newborns who required NIV. In the third stage. recommendations were presented to prevent nasal injury during NIV with short binasal prong. Results The incidence of nasal injury in the first stage was 37.16%, and 63.64% in the second one. As for severity, 68.42% of the injuries showed Stage I severity, and 31.58% Stage II. The main risks associated with the use of binasal prongs were inappropriate prong size, inappropriate prong model, interface reuse, prolonged NIV use exclusively with binasal prongs, incorrect prong position and NIV circuit pulled. A total of 17 preventive approaches were recommended: 13 related to newborns care and not dependent on prior investment. Among them: to choose appropriate prong size; to keep the prong and the NIV circuit well positioned and periodically massages with circular movements in the nasal septum and columella. Conclusion The inappropriate prong size, interface reuse, prong model, prolonged NIV use with binasal prong and incorrect prong and NIV circuit position may be associated with the high occurrence of injury in the NICU studied. Simple approaches concerning clinical staff care actions towards the newborn in NIV, which do not require a financial investment, can prevent nasal injury.


We address the problem of assisting human dispatchers in operating power grids in today's changing context using machine learning, with theaim of increasing security and reducing costs. Power networks are highly regulated systems, which at all times must meet varying demands of electricity with a complex production system, including conventional power plants, less predictable renewable energies (such as wind or solar power), and the possibility of buying/selling electricity on the international market with more and more actors involved at a Europeanscale. This problem is becoming ever more challenging in an aging network infrastructure. One of the primary goals of dispatchers is to protect equipment (e.g. avoid that transmission lines overheat) with few degrees of freedom: we are considering in this paper solely modifications in network topology, i.e. re-configuring the way in which lines, transformers, productions and loads are connected in sub-stations. Using years of historical data collected by the French Transmission Service Operator (TSO) "R\'eseau de Transport d'Electricit\'e" (RTE), we develop novel machine learning techniques (drawing on "deep learning") to mimic human decisions to devise "remedial actions" to prevent any line to violate power flow limits (so-called "thermal limits"). The proposed technique is hybrid. It does not rely purely on machine learning: every action will be tested with actual simulators before being proposed to the dispatchers or implemented on the grid.


Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible plant defense response and is effective against a broad spectrum of pathogens. Biological induction of SAR usually follows plant cell death resulting from the plant hypersensitive response (HR) elicited by an avirulent pathogen or from disease necrosis caused by a virulent pathogen. The elicitation of the HR and disease necroses by pathogenic bacteria is controlled by hrp genes. Previously, it was shown that the Pseudomonas syringae 61 (Pss61) HrpZPss protein (formally harpinPss) elicited the HR in plants. In this study, it is shown that HrpZPss induced SAR in cucumber to diverse pathogens, including the anthracnose fungus (Colletotrichum lagenarium), tobacco necrosis virus and the bacterial angular leaf spot bacterium (P. s. pv. lachrymans). A hrpH mutant of Pss61, which is defective in the secretion of HrpZPss and, possibly, other protein elicitors, failed to elicit SAR. Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, including peroxidase, β-glucanase and chitinases, were induced in cucumber plants inoculated with Pss61, C. lagenarium or HrpZPss. The induction patterns of PR proteins by HrpZPss and Pss61 were the same, but were different from that induced by C. lagenarium. Interestingly, the hrpH mutant induced two of the three identified PR proteins, despite its failure to induce SAR. These results suggest that proteinaceous elicitors, such as HrpZPss, that traverse the bacterial Hrp secretion pathway are involved in the biological induction of SAR and that at least some PR proteins can be induced by bacterial factors that are not controlled by hrp genes.


RATIONALE
Stable isotopic labeling techniques are useful for quantitative proteomics. A cost-effective and convenient method for diethylation by reductive amination was established. The impact using either carbon-13 or deuterium on quantification accuracy and precision was investigated using diethylation.

METHODS
We established an effective approach for stable isotope labeling by diethylation of amino groups of peptides. The approach was validated using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and nanospray liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization (nanoLC/ESI)-ion trap/orbitrap for mass spectrometric analysis as well as MaxQuant for quantitative data analysis.

RESULTS
Reaction conditions with low reagent costs, high yields and minor side reactions were established for diethylation. Furthermore, we showed that diethylation can be applied to up to sixplex labeling. For duplex experiments, we compared diethylation in the analysis of the proteome of HeLa cells using acetaldehyde-(13) C(2)/(12) C(2) and acetaldehyde-(2) H(4)/(1) H(4). Equal numbers of proteins could be identified and quantified; however, (13) C(4)/(12) C(4) -diethylation revealed a lower variance of quantitative peptide ratios within proteins resulting in a higher precision of quantified proteins and less falsely regulated proteins. The results were compared with dimethylation showing minor effects because of the lower number of deuteriums.

CONCLUSIONS
The described approach for diethylation of primary amines is a cost-effective and accurate method for up to sixplex relative quantification of proteomes. (13) C(4)/(12) C(4) -diethylation enables duplex quantification based on chemical labeling without using deuterium which reduces identification of false-negatives and increases the quality of the quantification results.


Abstract Experimental techniques in omics sciences need strong support of bioinformatics tools for the data management, analysis and interpretation. Scientific community develops continuously new databases and tools. They make it possible the comparison of new experimental data with the existing ones, to gain new knowledge. Bioinformatics assists proteomics scientists for protein identification from experimental data, management of the huge data produced, investigation of molecular mechanisms of protein functions, their roles in biochemical pathways, and functional interpretation of biological processes. This article introduces the main bioinformatics resources for investigation in the protein world, with references to analyses performed by means of free tools available on the net.


We report the detection of two CH3OH lines (JK = 2K–1K and 3K–2K) between the progenitor's disks ("Overlap") of the mid-stage merging galaxy VV 114 obtained using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Band 3 and Band 4. The detected CH3OH emission shows an extended filamentary structure (∼3 kpc) across the progenitor's disks with relatively large velocity width (FWZI ∼ 150 km s−1). The emission is only significant in the "overlap" and not detected in the two merging nuclei. Assuming optically thin emission and local thermodynamic equilibrium, we found the CH3OH column density relative to H2 ( ) peaks at the "Overlap" (∼8 × 10−9), which is almost an order of magnitude larger than that at the eastern nucleus. We suggest that kpc-scale shocks driven by galaxy–galaxy collision may play an important role to enhance the CH3OH abundance at the "Overlap." This scenario is consistent with shock-induced large velocity dispersion components of ionized gas that have been detected in optical wavelength at the same region. Conversely, low at the nuclear regions might be attributed to the strong photodissociation by nuclear starbursts and/or a putative active galactic nucleus, or inefficient production of CH3OH on dust grains due to initial high-temperature conditions (i.e., desorption of the precursor molecule, CO, into gas phase before forming CH3OH on dust grains). These ALMA observations demonstrate that CH3OH is a unique tool to address kpc-scale shock-induced gas dynamics and star formation in merging galaxies.


We used sequence and structural comparisons to determine the fold for eukaryotic ornithine decarboxylase, which we found is related to alanine racemase. These enzymes have no detectable sequence identity with any protein of known structure, including three pyridoxal phosphate‐utilizing enzymes. Our studies suggest that the N‐terminal domain of ornithine decarboxylase folds into a β/α‐barrel. Through the analysis of known barrel structures we developed a topographic model of the pyridoxal phosphate‐binding domain of ornithine decarboxylase, which predicts that the Schiff base lysine and a conserved glycine‐rich sequence both map to the C‐termini of the β‐strands. Other residues in this domain that are likely to have essential roles in catalysis, substrate, and cofactor binding were also identified, suggesting that this model will be a suitable guide to mutagenic analysis of the enzyme mechanism.


It has been argued that the fundamental laws of physics do not face a 'problem of provisos' equivalent to that found in other scientific disciplines (Earman, Roberts & Smith, 2002). What is more, it has been said there is only the appearance of 'exceptions' to physical laws if they are confused with differential equations of evolution type (Smith, 2002). In this paper I argue that even if this is true, fundamental laws in physics still pose a major challenge to standard Humean approaches to lawhood, as they are not in any obvious sense about regularities in behaviour. A Humean approach to physical laws with exceptions is possible, however, if we adopt a view of laws that takes them to be the algorithms in the algorithmic compression of empirical data. When this is supplemented with a distinction between lossy and lossless compression, we can explain exceptions in terms of 'compression artefacts' present in the application of the lossy law.


For the human life development that to preasure for public service has more be growt too. The people did not tend to give needed life but furthermore to need aware for a quality service for give to consumer satisfied. PDAM Alor will be effort to give service for needed water treatment that away for application often has problem with community using water and specially from consumen. The last survey will say that is difficult to take cleaning water this is a problem in Alor that was not to regulation from Alor Goverment in this case is institution of PDAM. On one side demand of community will the water treatment is will be more but the other side the quality service to giving for consumen did not compare with demand of community. This survei has to do get know effect for the service quality was consumen satisfied. The subyek survei is PDAM Alor, the survei of sample is the consumen of PDAM Alor with number 97 person. The technical survei in this sampling is use proposive sampling and aksidental sampling. The type of survei is casual survei that is survei to aim for experiment variable with extrogen to endogen variable. From the model of survei to do is with hope there are experiment to relation with variable that all to do one implication this hipotesis there for posetive implication and significant with service of satisfied consumen. Methot of getting sample is use a personally adminsitrasi question this methot to do with giving question form (questioner) to any person. After indicate was limited time to filled question form, than the question form will be back to surveyor for to do the primer data in this survey getting sample to do with use close angket. Result of processing data as be considere interval. The question in the close angket to do by use scala 1 - 10 has to get interval considere data. Lattice instrument to do use for indicate service quality and satisfied consumen. cenist of two variable naimly quality service and satisfied consumen. Technical analysis data for use has to know stage of consumen satisfied with consumen PDAM Alor to considere descriptif statistic. Therefore hipotesis experiment to do is regresi analysis , validasi test, reliability test, and normalitas test with use software SPSS v 15. From the hipotesis tes to get t value count 10.017 and table value 2.626 or t value count > t table and signifikan degree 0,000 below far 0.05 that shown service quality. Will effect posetive and signifikan for consumen satisfied. The result survey shown indicate determination koefIsien (R Square) 51.4 % its mean 51.4 satisfied consumen to get of quality satisfied and than the rest. Will be effect by the other any cause in out quality service. Resume from this survey has prove the servis quality was impact for consumen satisfied. The service quality will be able from reliability , responsiveness, assurance emphaty and tangible.


The fast-twitch SERCA1 isoform of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase was purified to homogeneity and conjugated to peroxidase. The SERCA1 probe showed high affinity binding to the immobilized monomeric enzyme, but not crosslinker-stabilized oligomers. This suggests a preferential complex formation via homo-dimerization, rather than interactions with established oligomeric structures.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and profitability of improved bread wheat varieties at Seruanketo kebele of Hitosa district,Arsi Zone. Along with their management practices under farmers' Training center (FTC) field to enhance farmers' knowledge and skill on bread wheat production performance and it profitability. The varities used to demonistrate were Four improved bread wheat varieties namely DAKA,Wane(check),Lemu & Honkolo. According to the results, an average yield of 52 qt/ha, 40 qt/ha 36 qt/ha and 30qt/was harvested from DAKA,Honkolo,Wane & Lemu varieties respectively. DAKA variety had a 44.4 %yield advantage over the standard check (Wane) and Honkolo had a 11.1% yield advantage over the standard check and the variety Lemu had a negative -16.6%% yield loss or below the standard check and the Autors conclude that both DAKA& Honkolo varities are the first and second option for the farmers whereas the variety Lemu is not recommended due to low productivity in the study area and others areas having similar agro ecologies.Economic analysis showed that DAKA had the highest net benefit (110,647 bir/ha) followed by Honkolo(77046.75 bir/ha),Wane(66171 Bir/ha) and variety Lemu had a (50,671 Bir/ha) had the lowest net benefit. Based on the rules of decision making and the yield advantages on the bread wheat varieties the tested varieties met the requirements for recommendation, Therefore, DAKA and Honkolo varieties in addition to Wane (The standard check) were recommended for Seruanketo kebele and other areas with similar agroecological conditions in the South eastern districts.


Kazakhstan's economy faces the challenge of adjusting to a large terms-of-trade shock in a context of declining domestic and external demand. The authorities responded to the collapse of global oil prices through a rapid fiscal adjustment followed by corresponding monetary and exchange-rate policy adjustments. A difficult external environment will continue to affect Kazakhstan's medium-term outlook. In the medium term, the economy continues to face significant downside risks, including the possibility of delays in Kashagan offshore oil production or a protracted recession in Russia and a further slowdown in China. Over the longer term, diversification of the economy will be required to increase its resilience to external shocks.


- The studies on the operating performance analysis or design about the fixed tilt angle flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) system are still lively going off. However the operating property analysis about the arch type PV system which means PV array were designed as round type is dissatisfied. In this paper, we theoretically established the factors which are cause of the deterioration in performance of arch type PV system. In addition, we use the Solar Pro simulation tools to design both flat-plate type and arch type 30kW PV systems. The simulations about arch type PV system applied two ways such as central inverter and string inverter were conducted. The performance ratio (PR) of the PV system with flat-plate type shows the highest value 74[%] when the tilt angle is 30°. In case of arch type, when applying central inverter method, PR value shows approximately 73[%] and no more difference with arch type of the PV array. This value shows 1[%] decrease compare with the flat-plate type. However when applying string inverter methods, the average PR value shows 80 % and 6% improved than the central inverter method.


Objectives: Orthopaedic injury and surgery is relatively common in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes and can have devastating career consequences. However, there is a paucity of data regarding predictors of orthopaedic surgery in collegiate athletes. The purpose of this study was to analyze player-related predictors of orthopaedic surgery, including that of the shoulder, hip, and knee, in NCAA athletes. Methods: All NCAA Division I collegiate athletes at a single institution who began participation from the 2003-2004 through 2008-2009 seasons were retrospectively identified. Player-related factors, including gender, sport, and any pre-college upper or lower extremity orthopaedic surgery, were elicited through pre-participation evaluations (PPEs). Athletes who underwent an orthopaedic surgery in college were identified through the Sports Injury Monitoring System and medical records. All patient-related independent variables were included in a multiple Cox regression model. Exposure time was calculated from the date of PPE to the date of surgery (event) or to the end of the collegiate athletic career (censored). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: In total, 1,142 athletes in 12 sports (baseball/softball, basketball, football, golf, gymnastics, rowing, swimming & diving, soccer, tennis, track & field/cross country, volleyball, water polo) were identified. There were 262 documented orthopaedic surgeries, including those involving the shoulder (n = 34), hip (n = 25), and knee (n = 72), in 182 athletes. Using the multiple Cox regression model, pre-college lower extremity surgery was an independent predictor of orthopaedic (P = 0.004, HR = 1.88) and knee (P < 0.001, HR = 3.91) surgery, and type of sport was an independent predictor of orthopaedic (P < 0.001), shoulder (P = 0.002), and knee surgery (P < 0.001) (Table 1). Participation in gymnastics, basketball, and volleyball were the strongest predictors of orthopaedic surgery. Similarly, participation in volleyball, gymnastics, and baseball/softball were the strongest predictors of shoulder surgery, and participation in basketball, football, and volleyball were the strongest predictors of knee surgery. Lastly, athletes with a history of a pre-college orthopaedic surgery were more susceptible to another surgery in the same extremity during college (P = 0.046, HR = 2.18). Gender was not a significant predictor of any surgery. No independent predictors of hip surgery were identified. Conclusion: NCAA athletes who underwent a pre-college lower extremity surgery were more likely to undergo orthopaedic and knee surgery during their collegiate careers. Those in overhead sports (e.g., volleyball, baseball/softball) were more likely to undergo shoulder surgery, and those in cutting and jumping sports (e.g., basketball, football) were more likely to undergo knee surgery. Furthermore, athletes with a history of a pre-college orthopaedic surgery were more likely to undergo another surgery in the same extremity during college, suggesting inadequate rehabilitation or less than full return of function after surgery. The time lost from athletic participation due to an orthopaedic surgery and its potential career impact underscores the need for injury prevention and improved surgical outcomes in the amateur athlete.


Interface between the Bible and ideas about gender and church mission work in Africa is a phenomenon that calls for discussion within theological forums. Despite both men and women being active in church activities, the early church depicts men as being at the forefront while women quietly participated. Concerning the missionary era, men publicly were the leaders as women followed or privately served as the personal assistant or as administrators. In addition, looking now at the contemporary church, in the traditional (orthodox) churches, the so-called historical or mainstream churches, men take the top leadership roles while women deputize them. However, this position is being challenged by the new religious movements and Christian ministries movements where women are usurping the top leadership positions. This paper therefore seeks to paint a seemingly more balanced account of gender roles that would benefit men and women alike by exploring historical and theological leadership roles and gender in the church.


Neisseria meningitidis is a rare cause of cellulitis. No cases of meningococcal sialadenitis have previously been reported. We recently successfully treated a patient who had meningococcal cellulitis and sialadenitis. We review previously reported cases of cellulitis due to N meningitidis and speculate on the role of underlying disease in the pathogenesis of this infection.


The mitotic spindle self-assembles in prometaphase by a combination of centrosomal pathway, in which dynamically unstable microtubules search in space until chromosomes are captured, and a chromosomal pathway, in which microtubules grow from chromosomes and focus to the spindle poles. Quantitative mechanistic understanding of how spindle assembly can be both fast and accurate is lacking. Specifically, it is unclear how, if at all, chromosome movements and combining the centrosomal and chromosomal pathways affect the assembly speed and accuracy. We used computer simulations and high-resolution microscopy to test plausible pathways of spindle assembly in realistic geometry. Our results suggest that an optimal combination of centrosomal and chromosomal pathways, spatially biased microtubule growth, and chromosome movements and rotations is needed to complete prometaphase in 10–20 min while keeping erroneous merotelic attachments down to a few percent. The simulations also provide kinetic constraints for alternative error correction mechanisms, shed light on the dual role of chromosome arm volume, and compare well with experimental data for bipolar and multipolar HT-29 colorectal cancer cells.


Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)/polyamide 11 (PPO/PA11 80/20) blend filled with neat (SiO2) or modified silica having amine functional groups (A-SiO2) was melt mixing in a twin-screw extruder. The silica was prepared by the sol–gel process. SEM shows that, with increasing A-SiO2 content from 1 to 5 wt.%, the morphology of PPO/PA11blend changed from droplet matrix to co-continuous with phase inversion. The phase inversion was also observed for 5 wt.% of neat silica, but the droplet-matrix structure was retained. The overall rheological and mechanical properties improvement of the A-SiO2-filled composites in comparison with the unfilled blend and neat silica counterpart was drastic, especially in terms of viscosity and stiffness. A-SiO2 improved PPO and PA11 miscibility and reduced the crystallinity of PA11, without affecting the Tc, owing to the compatibilization effect. On the other hand, neat silica slightly increased the crystallinity of PA11 and decreased the crystallization temperature of PA11 and the glass transition temperature of PPO as a result of its plasticization.


While analyzing Obergefell (same sex marriage) and other select court decisions related to identity oppression (the oppression of groups identifiable by race, gender or sexual orientation), I demonstrate the limits of a traditional textualist and originalist approach and the advantages of a critical theory approach to legal analysis. Although I define both of these approaches, I focus on the application of critical theory to an analysis of Supreme Court decisions that sustain identity oppression. Critical theory focuses on the manner in which the dominant culture biases the decisions of Supreme Court judges against racial, gender and sexual orientation minorities. I illustrate that in Obergefell, both the dissenting and majority opinions applied a traditional textualist approach. However, the difference between the two opinions arose not from textualism but from the manner in which the dominant culture biased the judgment of the dissenters, distorted their concept of liberty and rights, and left them blind to the dignity of members of the identity group. Although I applaud the "new textualism," I argue that it does not go far enough. While focusing on methods of analysis, it pays too little attention to identity biases in the dominant culture. I argue that the dominant culture contains images, stories, ideas and assumptions about identity groups that diminish the dignity and humanity of their members. This culture operates to legitimize and normalize patterns of identity oppression. Although, there has been much progress in civil rights policies, this problem of the dominant culture persists in constitutional law today.


Considers the gauged N=2 (simple) supersymmetric seven-dimensional (d=7) supergravity theory with the scalar field potential having two critical points. Applying a modified Witten argument reduces the question of stability to deciding if a particular non-linear ordinary differential equation has a global solution. The author shows that it does and that therefore the non-supersymmetric ground state is stable against arbitrary spin-0, spin-1 and spin-2 fluctuations.


To reduce the likelihood that psychology will develop in a deeply flawed manner, the present article seeks to provide an introduction to Freud's conception of consciousness because, for among other reasons, his general theory is highly influential in our science and culture and among the best understood by clinicians and experimentalists. The theory is complex and all of its major parts have a bearing on one another; indeed, consciousness has a central place in the total conceptual structure — as is argued, in effect, throughout the present article. The discussion focuses mainly on how conscious psychical processes differ from processes of the psychical apparatus that do not instantiate the Freudian attribute of consciousness. This intrinsic attribute that belongs to every conscious psychical process is seen as including, along with qualitative content, an unmediated, witting awareness of the psychical process that is directed upon itself.


Traditional company reporting requirements concentrate on financial reporting, consisting of the balance sheet, the profit and loss account and the notes. A consensus exists that sustainability is hindered by the traditional accounting regime in which the emphasis on financial reporting has been at the expense of the social and environmental reporting requirements, leaving companies opportunities to escape full accountability for their externalities. Non-financial reporting gives additional information, especially on the environmental and societal impacts of a company's activities. Integrated reporting tries to combine both financial and non-financial elements. The most important proponent of integrated reporting, the International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC), regards integrated reporting as "a process founded on integrated thinking that results in a periodic integrated report by an organization about value creation over time and related communications regarding aspects of value creation. An integrated report is a concise communication about how an organization's strategy, governance, performance and prospects, in the context of its external environment, lead to the creation of value in the short, medium and long term." This Chapter focuses on companies' reporting requirements and considers especially whether changes in the European Union's (EU) reporting requirements for business entities are necessary to fulfil the duties set out in Article 11 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), and whether the recent and pending new EU non-financial reporting requirements are sufficient to fulfil those duties. This Chapter explores this development and how it is likely to be affected by the more international progress towards integrated reporting. The Chapter also considers the prospects of success for the integrated report from the sustainability perspective, especially compared with the recent amendments in the EU law. It will suggest that whilst there is much promise in the EU plans and the IIRC's plans, a number of potential limits will need to be addressed and new amendments proposed if full success is to be achieved. Our conclusion is that the integrated report presents an opportunity to close the information gap and to avoid any disconnect between financial and non-financial information, and so fulfil the requirements of Article 11 TFEU, but its success depends on the inclusion of a number of factors in the development and implementation of integrated reporting, presented at the end of the Chapter.


The de Sitter space is known as a Lorentz space with positive constant curvature in the Minkowski space. A surface with a Riemannian metric is called a spacelike surface. In this work we investigate properties of the second order geometry of spacelike surfaces in de Sitter space S5 1 by using the action of GL(2,R) X SO(1,2) on the system of conics defined by the second fundamental form. The main results are the classification of the second fundamental mapping and the description of the possible configurations of the LMN-ellipse. This ellipse gives information on the lightlike binormal directions and consequently about their associated asymptotic directions.


Intersection Improvement at Sholinganallur in Rajiv Gandhi Road is studied. It is one of the major junctions in CMA which need attention to decongest. It is supported just by roadways. The increase in traffic volume with lack of road geometry results in congestion. Rajiv Gandhi Road has IT companies with lakhs of employees travelling along this road. This intersection has roads along north to south and east to west which connects to the major regions. It strug- gles with more volume than the capacity which leads delay and queuing of vehicles. This static delay will increase journey time. Traffic system management is suggested by avoiding right turn movements and diverting the vehicles will decrease the volume. As a long ter.0m measure, a grade separator is suggested as per standards along north- south will control the volume and sustain for the coming years.


Malaria is a major challenge to public health and socio-economic development worldwide and in sub –Saharan Africa in particular. It causes an estimated 300 to 500 million cases and 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths worldwide each year, of which 80% of the cases and 90% of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa. The main objective of this study was to identify the risk factors of malaria related in-hospital mortality. The data were taken from hospital records at Bushulo major health center from June 2007 to June 2010, Hawassa, Ethiopia. From a total of 6594 laboratory confirmed malaria positive in the health center, a sample of 539 patients were selected using stratified random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using the classical logistic regression and Bayesian Logistic regression approaches. In this effort the two approaches were compared using standard errors of model parameters. The results of the study showed that 78.5% of malaria patients were found to be discharged while the rest 21.5% died of malaria in the health center. From Bayesian logistic regression analysis.....


Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of carbon chain length and percent ethoxylation of primary linear ethoxylated alcohols on postemergence control of johnsongrass and quackgrass with primisulfuron. Control of johnsongrass and quackgrass was greatest with primisulfuron plus the experimental ethoxylated alcohols 1412-60 and 1412-70 which had chain lengths of 14 and 12 carbon atoms (60:40 ratio) and 60 or 70% ethoxylation. Control of these two weed species decreased when primisulfuron was applied with ethoxylated linear alcohols of similar chain lengths but decreased percent ethoxylation or with alcohols of similar percent ethoxylation but decreased carbon chain length. Quackgrass and johnsongrass control with primisulfuron plus 1412-60 or 1412-70 was equal to or greater than the control obtained with primisulfuron plus the commercial adjuvants of the nonionic, organosilicone, sunflower methyl ester, or crop oil concentrate types. The experimental adjuvant 1412-70 provided equal or greater uptake and translocation of 14C-primisulfuron in johnsongrass and quackgrass compared to four commercial adjuvants.


A theoretical concern exists that atazanavir (ATV) use during pregnancy may exacerbate physiologic neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. The aim of this substudy was to evaluate patterns of neonatal bilirubin following ATV/ritonavir (RTV) treatment of pregnant mothers and clinical and pharmacogenetic factors that may correlate. The design involved a subanalysis of study AI424182, a multicenter, open-label, prospective, single-arm Phase I study. The study had two treatment arms: (1) ATV/RTV 300/100 mg once daily or (2) ATV/RTV 400/100 mg once daily, both in combination with zidovudine/lamivudine 300/150 mg twice daily. Total bilirubin was assessed at baseline, each visit, and delivery day for mothers and on days 1 (delivery day), 3, 5, and 7 and weeks 2 and 6 for neonates. Blood samples were obtained for UGT1A1 genotyping and ATV cord blood concentration. Bilirubin elevation of any grade occurred in 14/40 neonates (35%). All Grade 3 to 4 bilirubin abnormalities (n=7) occurred after day 14. The pattern of neonatal bilirubin levels reported was consistent with neonatal physiologic elevations of bilirubin. Little correlation was observed between either maternal bilirubin levels over the last 4 weeks of pregnancy (including delivery) or ATV cord concentration and neonatal bilirubin. There was a significant association between UGT1A1 genotype and bilirubin grade in the maternal population (p=0.0006) but not neonates (p=0.49). Neither neonatal UGT1A1 genotype nor cord blood ATV concentration is a good predictor of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. ATV/RTV treatment of mothers does not appear to exacerbate neonatal physiologic hyperbilirubinemia.


Compton profiles have been computed for variously ionized carbon atoms with configurations 1sm2sn2pq, m = 1-2, n = 0-2, q = 0-2. The values of the Compton profiles from the present calculation can be used to interpret experimental cross sections of variously ionized carbon atoms colliding with other atoms. The calculation s have been performed in impulse approximation using numerical Hartree-Fock wave functions. Compton profiles of neutral carbon atoms, available in the literature, are in excellent agreement with the present calculation.


In a unique exploration of line of duty police deaths, Kachurik and colleagues found that police officers in the USA with greater social investment (i.e., officers who were married and had children) were less likely than single officers to be feloniously killed (compared with accidental death) in the line of duty (Kachurik S, Ruiz J and Staub M [2013] Police officers killed on duty: a different view. International Journal of Police Science & Management 15: 114–124). This was confirmed by Gibbs et al. (2014) studying deaths of Baltimore Police Department officers, finding marriage, but not the number of children an officer had, was negatively associated with officer homicide (Gibbs JC, Ruiz J and Klapper-Lehman SA [2014] Police officers killed on duty: replicating and extending a unique look at officer deaths. International Journal of Police Science & Management 16: 277–287). Because marriage and children may have varying effects on each sex, this study explores the relationship between social investment and police officer deaths in the line of duty, comparing men and women officers. With a sample of 4840 men and 207 women police officers in the USA who died in the line of duty between 1980 and 2014, logistic regression confirmed the link between social investment and manner of death—although this relationship presented differently for men and women officers. Specifically, children, but not marriage, significantly influenced the death of women police officers; those who were married at the time of their death were less likely to be killed in the line of duty (compared with accidental death) than unmarried officers, but the number of children had no effect on line of duty deaths for women officers. Marriage had no effect on line of duty deaths for men, although having children increased the odds of a felonious death—which is inconsistent with prior studies. Implications are discussed.


Purpose - This paper aims to make an assessment of the contribution made by accounting histories of women produced since 1992 and the current state of knowledge production in this subject area. Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on a review of published sources on accounting history and women's, gender and feminist history. Findings - Whereas feminist historians and historians of gender boast substantial advances in research and transformative impacts on the wider discipline of history, similar momentum is less evident in accounting history. It is argued that over the past 15 years scholarship has remained substantially in the "recovery" phase, has not "defamiliarized" the sub-field and is yet to engage with developments in feminist and gender historiography which offer regenerative potential. Research limitations/implications - The paper argues that sex and gender differentiation persist in both the past and the present and their study should feature large on the accounting history research agenda. Originality/value - Core themes in feminist and gender history are explored with a view to identifying research questions for accounting historians. These themes include the oppression and subordination of women, the public-private divide, restoring women to history, devising new periodisations, investigating socio-cultural relations, and the construction of identities.


Simple Summary Breast cancer is a genetically heterogeneous disease with different molecular biological and clinical characteristics. The available knowledge about the genetic heterogeneity of the most aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer—triple-negative—has led to discoveries in drug treatment. Identification of the molecular-genetic phenotype of breast cancer is an important prognostic factor of the disease and allows personalization of the patient's treatment. Abstract Understanding of the genetic mechanisms and identification of the biological markers of tumor progression that form the individual molecular phenotype of transformed cells can characterize the degree of tumor malignancy, the ability to metastasize, the hormonal sensitivity, and the effectiveness of chemotherapy, etc. Breast cancer (BC) is a genetically heterogeneous disease with different molecular biological and clinical characteristics. The available knowledge about the genetic heterogeneity of the most aggressive molecular subtype of breast cancer—triple-negative (TN)—has led to discoveries in drug treatment, including the use of DNA damaging agents (platinum and PARP inhibitors) for these tumors, as well as the use of immunotherapy. Most importantly, the ability to prescribe optimal drug treatment regimens for patients with TNBC based on knowledge of the molecular-genetic characteristics of this subtype of BC will allow the achievement of high rates of overall and disease-free survival. Thus, identification of the molecular-genetic phenotype of breast cancer is an important prognostic factor of the disease and allows personalization of the patient's treatment.


Nursing is the profession that presents the highest risk of tension and illness due to the burden and stress occurring in daily life, making it possible to generate psychological suffering at the moment when one is unable to adapt the psychic-mental state to the physical relationship. This study was conducted with the objective of identifying what motivated the nursing professionals to work within mental health, and to acknowledge the possible problems that this activity provoked in their health. To perform this research, ten nursing staff professionals who worked in mental health for more than one year in a substitutive psychiatric institution in the south of Minas Gerais were interviewed, by means of a semi-structured interview with guiding questions about the performance of the nursing team. The content analysis method of Bardin was used as the methodological reference, and as the theoretical reference, the theory of Margaret Newman was used. By means of the results achieved, it was perceived that entry into mental health was due to the lack of options for work in other areas or due to unemployment. The work in mental health did not interfere in the physical or psychological health of the staff, who were able to achieve satisfaction and a change in behavior. It was concluded that studies of this nature can contribute to reflection on the practice of the nursing staff, with a view to the improvement of the care given to the individual with mental illness, starting from the comprehension that it is necessary to rethink the prejudices that still exist in relation to mental health.


This thesis is about new digital moving image recording technologies and how they augment the distribution of creativity and the flexibility in moving image production systems, but also impose cons ...


Small Area Estimation (SAE) is an indirect method that has been widely used for estimating parameters in a small area or small domain by borrowing strength of predictor variables from census or registration. This study uses Hierarchical Bayes (HB) method under the univariate and bivariate Fay-Herriot (FH) model to estimate monthly average per capita expenditure of food and non-food commodities for each district level in Province of Bali in 2014. Then estimation results from both models will be compared. The bivariate FH model is expected to increase the accuracy of the results of estimation by taking into account correlation between two types of expenditure rather than perform univariate estimation separately. Thirteen predictor variables from the administrative record of village data (PODES 2014) are included in each model as factors that affect these two types of expenditure. From the result, there are three variables that have significant effect on food expenditure, both in univariate and bivariate FH model. While, for non-food expenditure both model show different result on significant variables. Based on the results of the performance comparison, the best model is bivariate FH model since it has smaller Mean Square Prediction Error (MSPE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value than univariate FH models. In addition, the bivariate FH model produces shorter 95% credible interval of estimated values. These conditions indicate that jointly modeling can improve the accuracy of estimation. Bivariate FH also produces significant improvement in adjusted R2 value. Finally, the mapping result shows the same pattern for two types of expenditure. The highest monthly average per capita expenditure is more localized in the southern districts of Bali. While the lowest expenditure is more localized in the eastern and western districts of Bali.


Experiments were performed to characterize the so-called leak current of the slowly adapting stretch receptor neurone of the European lobster with respect to its ionic basis, its kinetics and its pharmacology. Estimates of the leak current were obtained by subtraction of a Na-K pump current and of an unspecific impalement current from a non-dynamic ('instantaneous') current, recorded in a voltage range from approximately -120 to approximately -30 mV, after blockage of spike-generating currents and a hyperpolarization-activated inwardly rectifying current (Q-current). The leak current, estimated in this way, was seen to reverse direction at the cell's K+ equilibrium voltage, thus indicating that it is carried by K+ passing through channels which, also, proved to be permeable to Rb+ and NH4+, but not permeable to Na+ or Cl- to any significant extent. Kinetically, the leak current was found to be characterized by being enhanced by increases in extracellular K+ and by being subject to outward rectification, most distinctly at elevated extracellular [K+]. In quantitative terms, these kinetic properties could be accounted for by a mathematical model comprising (1) a one-site two-barrier Eyring formulation describing ion permeation through membrane channels and (2) an ordinary dose-response relationship describing the channel-opening effect of K+ at an extracellular regulatory site. Pharmacologically, the leak current proved to be distinguished by being reversibly blockable, in a non-voltage dependent manner, by CO2+ (Kd = 0.9 mM, Hill coefficient 1.1) and procaine, but not by Ba2+, Gd3+, bupivacaine (a local anesthetic), or other K+ channel blockers such as TEA, 4-AP and Cs+. It is concluded that, in native unimpaled cells, the K+ carried leak current (1) is setting the resting voltage together with the (mainly) Na(+)-carried Q-current and the Na-K pump current, (2) is determining the cell's firing threshold, together with the spike generating currents, and (3) is also stabilizing the cell's membrane excitability in conditions of varying extracellular [K+], by virtue of its K+ sensitivity.


The paper considers the nexus of sound art theory and ambiance or atmosphere studies. It seeks to articulate how concepts of ambiance support the critical aesthetics of sound art, especially participatory works in urban space, as well as how this field may in turn be productive for addressing future ambiances. Focussing on the reception of specific sound art works in urban space that activate listening – Akio Suzuki's Oto-date (2014), O+A's urban space – urban sound (2013) and Katrinem's SchuhzuGehor (2015) – the paper will frame their aesthetics through notions of atmosphere (G. Bohme)/ambiance (JP Thibaud) with reference to their conditioning of particular sonic effects (F. Augoyard and H. Torgue), and framing of listening practices.


From the Publisher:
How ever simple or complex the applications that you develop are they all have one thing in common, at sometime you'll need to debug them. In fact when you considering the large amount of time most developers spend debugging you'll realize that this is one of the most important day to day skills!
Visual Studio and the .NET Framework provide powerful tools to help you debug your applications. The book will look at the tools available and show you how to get the best out of them. This book does not just cover how to use the tools though, it looks at the problems that you encounter when debugging real world applications and also how to make your code easier to debug.
Weather your developing basic WinForms applications or complex multithreaded distributed applications, the techniques discussed in this book will save you time and make your code more robust.
Specifically this book will cover:
Visual Studio Debugging Basics
Remote Debugging
Debugging Multithreaded Applications
Exception and Error Handling
Debugging Support in the .NET Framework (such as the Debugger class)
Logging and Tracing
Debugging Class Libraries
Debugging Win Forms applications
Debugging Web Applications
Debugging Interop code
Legacy errors
Server Side Debugging
Command Line Debugging


Rapid increase in the number of photo voltaic systems (PVSs) across the low voltage distribution systems requires real-time monitoring of those systems. However, considering the necessary investment cost, real-time monitoring infrastructure installation does not seem to be achieved in the near future. Thus, alternative approaches to achieve this necessity is crucial. In this study, a method is proposed to nowcast the power generation of the behind-the-meter PVSs. The method relies on the strong correlation between the harmonic current injection of the PVS inverter and the power generation of the PVS. The Artificial Neural Network method (ANN) is utilized to model the relation between the predictors and the aggregated PVS output, i.e. generated power. Finally, the effectiveness of the approach is assessed with real field data.