Petroleum-based oils are widely used as electrically insulating materials in high voltage power transformers for dissipating high generated heat flux and maintaining the temperature below critical values. The operating temperature of a transformer dominantly governs its aging rate. In the present research, a renewable coolant as a versatile substitution for the petroleum-based oils was investigated to be employed in the cooling of transformers. The studied coolant is a vegetable-based oil extracted from the waste cooking oils. A numerical model was developed to follow the instantaneous changes in the load profile and ambient temperature and predict the instantaneous hotspot temperature values in the transformer under dynamic load. Then, this thermal model was used to explore the capability of the studied vegetable oil in the cooling of transformers compared with conventional transformer oil. The realistic ambient temperature and loading profile, as well as thermal properties of oils and characteristics of a transformer, were applied as the model's inputs. The aging rate of the transformer in the presence of vegetable oil was also compared with the conventional transformer oil. The results indicate a better cooling performance for the vegetable-based oil, where a hotspot temperature reduction of 3 °C was observed in comparison to the petroleum-based oil. Also, the model predicts a significantly longer life for the insulating system of the transformer when the proposed vegetable-based oil is employed. The results of this research suggest a sustainable way of reusing the waste of a renewable resource as an alternative insulating liquid for the cooling of high heat flux electric/electronic devices.


The responses of male and female Eastern Screech-Owls (Otus asio) to a human approaching the nest were examined. Intensity of nest defense as measured by distance of approach, number of flights and dives, and number of vocalizations was more pronounced during the nestling stage than during the incubation stage. These results generally support both the age-investment and positive-reinforcement hypotheses. In addition, male owls defended nestlings more vigorously than did females. As in many other owls, male screechowls are smaller than females (reversed sexual dimorphism), and the increased maneuverability of the smaller males may have contributed to this difference. Other factors (e.g., the use of a relatively large predator), however, could also be involved. Males also responded with greater intensity as the human intruder moved closer to the nest, supporting the hypothesis that "well-armed" parents hould respond vigorously as a predator gets close to a nest. Such a response informs the potential predator of the direction it must move to reduce the likelihood of injury.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the imaging characteristics of 18F-FDG PET-CT and clinical presentation of patients with primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL).

METHODS
The 18F-FDG PET-CT image data of 6 patients with pathologically diagnosed PHL, were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS
The six patients included 4 male cases and 2 female cases, with median age of 65 years old , and all the cases were diagnosed as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In regarding of 18F-FDG PET-CT imaging, all the cases showed hypodense masses and high FDG uptake, with homogenous density in 5 cases and necrostic area of low density in 1 case. The SUVmax was 6.3, 9.5, 12.8, 22.1, 28.4, and 33.5, respectively. Three typical PET-CT imaging findings were as follows: 4 cases appeared as multiple nodes, 1 case was the type of solitary mass, and 1 case was the type of diffuse infiltration. 5 cases showed a mild enhancement by CT scanning, and 2 cases displayed "blood vessel floating" in. In 2 cases, MRI scanning demonstrated low signal intensity on T1WI, and homogeneous signal intensity on T2WI with mild enhancement.

CONCLUSION
The 18F-FDG PET-CT manifestation of PBL has a certain characteristics that can providt helpful to diagnose primary hepatic lymphoma.


The paper describes the up-to-date knowledge on the essential trace element, selenium, in human nutrition, its concentration in blood during pregnancy and in milk during lactation. Changes in selenium concentration in maternal milk during various stages of lactation and selenium concentration in infant blood as well as the selenium intake by breast- and formula-fed infants is discussed.


Obtaining an adequate description of the behaviour of narwhals in a pristine environment is important to understand natural behaviour as well as providing the means to determine potential changes in behaviour directly or indirectly caused by human activity. Based on $\text{Acousonde}^{\text{TM}}$ data from five narwhals in Scoresby Sound, this paper aims at modelling buzzing and calling rates of East Greenland narwhals as functions of time, space and, possibly, autoregressive memory. Both buzzing and calling are sounds produced by narwhals. Buzzing is a way for the whale to navigate and locate prey using echolocation, while calling is associated with social communication between whales. Logistic regression models without and with autoregressive components are compared based on AIC and comparatively assessed using diagnostics from point process theory. Adding an autoregressive component appears to improve the models, and further improvements for the buzzing model are made with a non-GLM extension. Effects of extrinsic covariates and memory are presented and interpreted. Buzzing occurs at deeper depths, and initiations of buzzes are separated by refractory periods. A possible feeding area is identified. Calling occurs closer to the surface, and, while the probability of calling in general is lower than buzzing, it is more likely that calls are clustered together rather than spread randomly.


SynRio is a Shiny and R based web analysis portal for viewing Synechocystis PCC 6803 genome, a cyanobacterial genome with data analysis capabilities. The web based user interface is created using R programming language powered by Shiny package. This web interface helps in creating interactive genome visualization based on user provided data selection along with selective data download options. Availability SinRio is available to download freely from Github - https://github.com/NFMC/SynRio or from http://www.nfmc.res.in/synrio/. In addition an online version of the platform is also hosted at nfmc.res.in/synrio, using shiny server (open source edition) installation.


Aims During the COVID-19 pandemic, many service lines needed to be transformed to enable more telemedicine and virtual consultations. This enabled seamless care across many service boundaries as all services adapted to operate virtually. During COVID-19, the mental health of many patients deteriorated. With easing of restrictions, we wanted the patient voice to be heard and to ensure our service was patient-centred. We undertook a service evaluation to understand our patients preferences. Our cross-sectional study evaluated patient preferences for their care which we felt was important as earlier during pandemic, patients did not have the choice to choose between virtual vs face-to-face consultations. We felt this was important to our patients so they could exercise choice of consultation and this would enable the patient voice to be heard. Methods 591 patients across three practices in primary care were identified from the Serious Mental Illness (SMI) and on the depression register. They were asked about their preference of care: telemedicine vs face-to-face consultations. Using a simple questionnaire, in order to record their preference on the patient screen. Of these a total of 495 patients (83%) participated in the study. Results Of the 495 respondents, 308 (52%) declined virtual telemedicine consultations and 175 (29%) patients were content with virtual consultations. Of the 175 patients who wanted telemedicine were 20 to 40 years of age. Reasons given included convenience (allows family and work commitment) and overall time management (reluctancy to travel). The 308 patients (52%) wanted face-to-face consultations because they wanted human contact, validation of their mental health problems, reassurance and were uncomfortable about discussions on the phone. They also had poor mobility especially the elderly who chose traditional models of care. Conclusion As services are restored to the new norm of patient care, patient choice should remain paramount if services are to remain patient centric. During the COVID-19 pandemic, many services transformed to virtual consultation of necessity without recognising the impact on patients themselves. Patients with serious mental health and depression are inherently vulnerable and our evaluation goes to show that despite the popularity of telemedicine. Patient choice should enable patients to access face-to-face care for greater patient satisfaction.


Background. So-called atypical depressive symptoms (carbohydrate craving, prolonged sleep, weight gain, increased appetite) frequently emerge in association with low illumination to which people are ordinarily exposed indoors, or even outdoors at extreme latitudes in wintertime. Our objective was to analyse the effect of physical exercise alone or combined with bright light on mood and the health-related quality of life during winter. Methods. We carried out a randomized controlled trial on 120 indoor employees in southern Finland between November and January. The subjects were allocated to supervised fitness training under bright (2500–4000 lx) or ordinary (400–600 lx) light conditions in a gym 2–3 times weekly for 8 weeks, or supervised relaxation training once a week over the same period as active placebo. We collected questionnaire data on the changes in mood and health-related quality of life after 4 and 8 weeks of training, and after 4 months follow-up. Results. Fitness training in bright light resulted in greater relief from atypical depressive symptoms and more vitality than in ordinary room light. Compared with relaxation alone, the former regime improved general mental health and social functioning in addition to the improvement in depressive symptoms and vitality, whereas the latter only increased vitality. Conclusions. Supervised physical exercise combined with exposure to bright light appears to be an effective intervention for improving mood and certain aspects of the health-related quality of life in wintertime. This effect appears unrelated to the history of season-dependent symptoms, being noticeable among healthy individuals.


The purpose of this study is to present the development of an Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) patch antenna for dual frequency operations. The size of the proposed antenna is 40×40×1.6 mm and is excited by micros trip line. The Finite Element Method (FEM) based on high frequency electromagnetic simulation software is used in this investigation. Return loss is obtained below -10 dB from 8.39 to 9.7 GHz. It has achieved stable radiation efficiency 84% with gain 3.81 dB and 4.25 dB in the operating frequency band. The antenna generates two separate resonant frequencies to cover UWB band (3.1-10.6 GHz). Lower resonant mode of the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 940 MHz (9-8.06 GHz) and the upper resonant mode has a bandwidth of 1 GHz (10.08-9.08 GHz).


When patients don't understand how to care for their chronic illness, frequent hospitalization results. One example is the patient who is admitted to a medical nursing unit in end stage renal disease (ESRD), the common complications of which are hypervolemia, hypovolemia and associated electrolyte imbalances. To prevent further disease progression and frequent hospitalization, an accurate measurement of fluid intake and output is critical, as is the patient's ability to understand and take responsibility for his/her own care.


Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. Opportunistic fungal pneumonias in the immunocompromised host continue to increase most commonly due to Aspergillus sp. Affected patients are usually hematopoietic stem cell and lung transplant recipients. Clinical presentation is protean, and the diagnosis is challenging. Culture of respiratory specimens has limited utility. The detection of circulating fungal antigens and DNA seems promising, but more studies are needed. Value of prophylactic strategies or preemptive therapy remains contentious. New antifungal drugs for managing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis continue to emerge, with better safety, efficacy, and pharmacologic profiles.


Siti Kholidatur Rodiyah Universitas Sunan Giri Surabaya email@example.com ABSTRACT Education is essentially a change of knowledge, skills, attitudes and desirable behavior in students. Designing evaluation tools is one step that should not be left behind in learning planning and design. Through proper evaluation not only can determine the success of students achieving learning goals, but also at the same time can see the effectiveness of planned design programs.


Purpose To inform social and academic discourse through an idiographic exploration of attitudes towards information expressed in Britain during the period 1832-1867. Aims and objectives To systematically examine primary sources from Britain in the period 1832-1867 for discourse pertaining to information literacy; To analyse examples thus identified in order to identify terminology and representations of 'information literacy'; To consider whether examples identified might be considered comparable to current theories. Methodology Delimitation of a sampling frame; Identification of potential source material; Identification of themes prevalent within the dataset, utilising directed, open and axial coding techniques; Content and contextual analysis of sources pertaining to each theme. Conclusions The concept of information literacy was much in evidence in the political, education, public and societal spheres of nineteenth-century discourse; It is therefore overly simplistic to regard information literacy as a modern-day construct.


In current wireless networks, interference is the main performance-limiting
factor. The quality of a wireless link depends on the signal and interference
power, which is strongly related to the spatial distribution of the concurrently
transmitting network nodes, shortly denominated as the network geometry.
Motivated by the ongoing revision of wireless network design, this
dissertation aims to describe the relation between geometry and network
performance.
Given the exponential growth of wireless devices, it is meaningful to evaluate how network interference affects signal detection. We propose a unified statistical approach based on the characteristic function of the decision variable to describe the detection performance, accounting for single and multiple interference, as well as different detection schemes and architectures. The proposed framework is able to capture the deployment density of the interferers, transmission power, and fading distribution of the interferers and the signal of interest. In addition, we establish a fundamental
limit of the interferer node density beyond which robust energy detection is
impossible. This work highlights the crucial role of spatial statistics in the
evaluation of signal detection.
The capacity gain obtained through the densification of the network
architecture comes at the expense of an increase in energy consumption.
Although small cell access points consume little energy in comparison with
the macrocell base stations, the massive deployment of these additional small
cell base stations entails a significant increase in energy consumption. We
extend the capacity analysis of small cell networks to include the energy
consumption of the small cell tier. Considering a distributed sleep mode
strategy for the small cell access points, we cast the trade-off between energy
consumption and capacity as a set of optimization problems. We develop an
analytical framework, which can be used in practice to correctly set sensing
time and sensing probability whilst guaranteeing user quality of service.
Furthermore, the analytical tool accounts for the network load and predicts
the achievable energy reduction of the small cell tier by means of distributed
sleep mode strategies as a function of the user density.
Finally, given that current networks are interference-limited, we study how signal processing can improve the signal quality. We present a probabilistic framework to describe the performance gain of successive interference cancellation and show that the benefit is modest when users connect to the base station that provides the highest average signal-to-interference ratio. We extend the analysis to include novel ways to associate users to their access points and demonstrate that the benefits of successive interference cancellation are substantial for these operational scenarios.
By systematically incorporating the spatial statistics in the performance
analysis, this dissertation presents a methodology and analytical toolset
useful to enhance the understanding of the design, operation, and evaluation
of future wireless networks.


Objective: Digital Health Literacy (DHL) is becoming a cardinal competence for all healthcare professionals (HCPs) including medical students for meaningful digital transformation of healthcare. As medical students need to navigate an increasingly digitalized healthcare environment, thus the study's objective was to assess digital health literacy among medical students.
Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted at King Edward Medical University, Lahore from October 2022 to August 2023. Medical students were asked to complete a pen and paper questionnaire of the Digital Health Literacy Instrument (DHLI) after informed consent. DHLI covers seven categories: operational skills, information searching strategy, analyzing the usefulness of online information, navigational abilities, contributing user-generated material to internet-based platforms, and privacy protection. SPSS was used for data analysis.
Results: Eight hundred ninety one medical students, from first year to final year, participated in the study. The overall mean score for DHL was 63.5 (SD=8.82). Medical students achieved a score of 83.2% of total score in their operational abilities, and 82.3% proficiency in privacy protection, which were deemed highly desirable. Furthermore, they achieved a satisfactory level in navigation skill (76.0%), information searching (73.1%), adding content (71.0%), determining the significance of data (70.1%), and assessing data reliability (68.7%), based on the overall score. A significant relationship was observed between the performance level of DHL domains and gender with higher scores in males in all domains except protecting privacy, which was higher in females and clinical years students (p-value < 0.05).
Conclusion: The assessment of the DHL of medical students was deemed desirable. But certain obstacles were encountered in few domains of DHL i.e., data reliability, relevance determination, and content augmentation. It is imperative to elevate the level of DHL of medical students to harness the potential of digital technologies in enhancing healthcare.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.1.8711
How to cite this: Farooq Z, Imran A, Imran N. Preparing for the future of healthcare: Digital health literacy among medical students in Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci. 2024;40(1):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.40.1.8711
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Amplification and overexpression of proto-oncogenes are associated with the malignant nature of some human tumours. In this study we have determined the prevalence of amplification of the proto-oncogenes c-erb B1 (= epidermal growth factor receptor gene), c-erb B2 and c-myc in 44 human intracranial tumours (27 gliomas, six metastases to the brain and 11 meningiomas). None of the tumours had an amplified c-erb B2 gene and only two tumours had an amplified c-myc gene. Nineteen per cent (five out of 27) of the gliomas, 50% (three out of six) of the brain metastases and 0% (0 out of 11) meningiomas had an amplified EGF-receptor gene. Amplification of the EGF-receptor gene appeared to give a growth advantage when single-cell suspensions of the tumours were grown in agarose.


Synaptotagmin and complexin regulate SNARE-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis. It has been proposed that complexin clamps membrane fusion and that Ca2+-synaptotagmin displaces complexin from SNARE complexes to relieve this clamping activity. Using a reconstituted system, we demonstrate that complexin and synaptotagmin simultaneously bind to neuronal SNARE complexes and that both apo-synaptotagmin and complexin inhibit SNARE-mediated membrane fusion. Moreover, the clamping ability of apo-synaptotagmin occluded the clamping activity of complexin until the arrival of a Ca2+ trigger, at which point synaptotagmin accelerated fusion while high concentrations of complexin inhibited fusion. Thus, the inhibitory patterns of synaptotagmin and complexin are different, suggesting that SNAREs assemble into distinct states along the fusion pathway. These data also suggest that during synaptotagmin-regulated vesicle−vesicle fusion, complexin does not function as a fusion clamp that is relieved by Ca2+-synaptotagmin.


The discourse around families perceived to have complex needs has developed at a policy level, very much reinforced
by media representations. The notion of the troubled family has recently been generated as a result of Coalition
Government policy-this controversial construction of particular families has been explicitly linked with the involvement
of the welfare state. Within this context, the Governments Troubled Families tsar, Louise Casey has published an
extensive outline of the policy, including the stories of a number of such families derived from interviews. The
participants accounts present a picture of some of the complex and long standing issues they face.
As a part of PhD research, literature was accessed exploring the notion of troubled and complex families. Exploring
these ideas in previous decades shows a continuity in the construction of this idea. This paper seeks to show the
continuity in the ideas about such families who present with complex problems, whilst highlighting the new, more
controversial version of these ideas. The stories of families who are the subject of intensive family intervention in
Casey's report are thus set in the context of this more individualised construction of family behaviour and will arguably
be perceived and interpreted in this new context. This discourse reflects the rebalancing of the family/state
relationship.


Background

As one of the most common cause of cancer death in the world, lung cancer causes approximate 1.6 million deaths annually. Among, NSCLC accounts approximately 85% of patients in whole lung cancer patients. As one of miRNAs, miR-126 closely involves in pathogenesis of several types of cancers including colorectal, prostate, bladder and gastric cancer, and so on. Thus, the present study aims to investigate effects of miR126 on pathogenesis of NSCLC. In the study, two lung cancer cell lines including A549 and H1650 were used.
Results

It was found that expression of miR126 was decreased in PBMC of NSCLC patients compared to healthy control. Expression of miR126 was decreased in cancer tissue compared to paracancerous tissues in NSCLC patients. MiR-126 KD remarkably increased expression of apoptosis genes including caspase3 and capsae9, and decreased cell viability in lung cancer cells including A549 and H1650 cells. Interesting, In Silico analysis indicated that miR-126 could target PI3K signaling pathway, which was confirmed by WB assay. KD of PI3KR2 compromised promotion of miR-126 on cell apoptosis. Similarly, it was found that KD of mTOR compromised promotion of miR-126 on cell apoptosis.
Conclusions

Thus, the present study confirmed that miR-126 plays an important role in apoptosis of lung cells via mTOR signaling pathway. miR-126 might be a potential therapeutic target for developing novel drugs against NSCLC.


Background Marked polyarthritis is induced in male Lewis rats by injection of either heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil (AdA) or lipoidal amine in complete Freund's adjuvant (LA/CFA). For both models, paw swelling and body weight loss occur in all rats by 10 to 12 days after immunisation. Objectives Interestingly, however, the present study demonstrates that the morphologic and densitometric changes of AdA and LA/CFA are distinguishable. Methods We induced AdA or LA/CFA in male Lewis rats (180 g) and evaluated both clinical (body and spleen weight, volume of the tibiotarsal [hock] joints) and morphologic changes (bone mineral density [BMD] by DEXA; histopathologic lesions in the hock and femorotibial [knee] joints). Readings were obtained at the day of onset (as determined by initial paw swelling) as well as 5, 10 and 25 days after onset. Results Paw swelling, loss of body weight, enhanced spleen weight were identical in AdA and LA/CFA. In contrast, hock inflammation score, hock erosion score and hock cartilage score were lower in LA/CFA, though not statistically significant from AdA. Lesions developed more slowly in LA/CFA than in AdA. However, hock BMD as well as knee inflammation and erosion scores found to be different (shown here at Onset + 5 days):Abstract OP0091 Table 1 Control AdA LA/CFA Hock BMD 100% 87.5% 99.9%* Knee inflammation score 0 3.3 ± 0.5 2.2 ± 0.4*** Knee Erosion score 0 3.2 ± 1.2 1.7 ± 1.0**** not different from control*** different from AdA (Newman Keuls post hoc test). Conclusion Inflammatory and skeletal changes for AdA and LA/CFA were similar by clinical and histopathologic measures 10 days after onset, while inflammation receded by Onset + 25 days in LA/CFA more than it did in AdA. These data indicate that bone densitometric and morphologic findings can distinguish these two models of adjuvant arthritis despite their similar clinical presentations. This finding may be relevant in screening novel therapeutic candidates as these models may define different potential efficacious effects of a compound.


A high density and high efficiency switched reluctance (SR) motor has been designed and built for vehicle propulsion. Extensive finite element (FE) analyses have been carried out to optimize the geometry for high density. Steady state performance of the drive has been simulated to ensure good efficiency at all speeds. Special attention has been given during machine design to lower the acoustic noise. Direct liquid cooling of the winding has been designed to improve the machine overload capability. Dyne test results are presented which show good overall performance of the SR drive for vehicle propulsion.


Abstract The enzymatic activities of superoxidae dismutase (SOD), hydrogen peroxidae(CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and the content of phenol in the leaves of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, changed rapidly after the cabbage leaves were infested by the larvae of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xyhstetta. Variations of the SOD, CAT, POD and PPO activities and the phenol content of damaged leaves within a day are generally different from that of undamaged normal leaves, which might result from the excessive stress caused by DBM infestation. The content of phenol and the activity of PPO are negatively correlated in the normal leaves, but the change is not the same as that in the damaged leaves. It is thus evident that the physiological disorder was caused by feeding activity of DBM in the cabbage plants, and the physiological stress response of the Chinese cabbage is prone systematically to the feeding of DBM. The defensive system of the Chinese cabbage could be destroyed by the infestation of DBM larvae, and there might be other defensive mechanisms in the cabbage resistant to the damage of DBM.


[1] We estimate the mass balance of eight drainage basins in West Antarctica from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data (GFZ RL04, GSM Level 2) using a constrained inverse-gravimetric approach. We consider InSAR observations of ice surface velocity as an indication of mass change, assuming that large mass loss occurs in areas of fast glacier flow. From these mass distribution functions we construct forward models of the geoid height change and their spatial correlations for each drainage basin. Then the difference between the GRACE data and the forward model is minimized by adjusting the total amount of mass change within each drainage basin. To overcome the ambiguity inherent in this inverse problem, we constrain its solution by including a priori estimates based on the InSAR mass-budget method. However, unconstrained (GRACE only) mass-change estimates can be recovered for three to four combined drainage basins. Differences between GRACE and InSAR values exist mainly for the Pine Island Glacier and Getz Ice Shelf region, resulting in a lower unconstrained GRACE total of −91.0 ± 3.5 Gt/yr (for the years 2002–2008) compared to the InSAR estimate of −116.6 ± 19.0 Gt/yr (outflow measurement for the years 1992, 1996, and 2006). There is evidence that this difference arises from anomalously large accumulation within the GRACE time interval (August 2002 to August 2008) in the Amundsen Sea sector and possibly from an overestimation of ice thickness for parts of the Bellinghausen Sea sector underlying the InSAR mass-budget values.


Power quality is a key factor in all industrial and many more applications. An industry need to maintain certain power quality standard during day-to-day work for variety of applications. Power quality of electricity provided by utilities is also vital aspect. The best power quality helps to increase the overall production and gets rid of any sort of technical problems reducing cost of energy. The mains power factor is one of the important parameter which decides the quality of power. When the need of reactive power becomes more, power factor decreases, reducing the efficiency of power system. Therefore, there is need to add capacitance of required value when power factor goes below the specified value, preferably 0.92. Addition of required capacitors reduces the losses improving power factor. The paper proposes digitally controlled topology for performing Automatic Power Factor Correction to improve power quality. The design and simulation of Automatic Power Factor Correction system using microcontroller (AT89S52/C51) has been presented in the paper. The system power factor has been monitored using power factor transducer followed by Arduino microcontroller which control the switching of capacitor banks in order to compensate reactive power and bring power factor near to unity enhancing power quality. The simulation results are also presented in the paper.


In mobile IP, registration of mobile node's care-of addresses (location registration) is an important problem because of an increase of location registration traffics. To solve this problem, "dormant mode host alerting ("IP paging")" and "mobile IP location registration area management" methods, which reduce location registration traffics by setting location registration areas, have been proposed. In this paper, we propose and study a new technique, "autonomous neighbor access router discovery", to be necessary to realize these methods. In this technique, mobile node holds the history of the IP addresses which are acquired whenever mobile node moves to another cell, and sends this history to access router according to the needs. Processing these histories, access router discovers the neighbor access routers' IP addresses. Utilizing this technique, each access router can autonomously construct location registration areas. As a result of the evaluation of the proposed technique, if the 1000 histories are collected at each AR, we found that the IP addresses of 1st and 2nd surrounding cells of each AR can be detected in high accuracy.


Purpose : This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sedatives for pediatric patients using noninvasive procedures. Methods : We performed a prospective study in 446 (aged 1 month-21 y) consecutive pediatric patients undergoing sedation to study noninvasive sedation techniques from February to August 2007. We reviewed demographic data, sedative drugs, dosage, complications, and successful rates of sedation according to the underlying diseases. Results : The overall successful rate of sedation was 435/446 (97.5%). The overall rate of successful sedation using chloral hydrate was 99.1% (420/424), and was 70.6% (12/17) and 60.0% (3/5) with ketamine and midazolam, respectively. Of the neurologic patients (n=172, aged 1 month to 21 years), 136 patients were sedated for EEGs, 5 patients for renal scans, and 31 patients for neuroimaging studies such as brain CT or MRI. All non-neurological patients (n=274, aged 1 month to 5 years) were diagnosed with urinary tract infection and sedated for renal scan. The overall success rate of sedation for this group was 99.6% (273/274). A total of 14 adverse events were observed (3.1%). Most adverse reactions were mild in severity and clinically insignificant. Conclusion : Using chloral hydrate alone has enough effect to sedate non-neurologic patients. However, neurologic patients in the severe course group, especially those suffering from intractable epilepsy, autism, or severe cerebral palsy, must be medicated with chloral hydrate 2 times at most; instead, injections of ketamine or midazolam in the early stage may result in a more promising outcome.


Privacy-preserving smart meter control strategies proposed in the literature so far make some ideal assumptions such as instantaneous control without delay, lossless energy storage systems etc. In this paper, we present a one-step-ahead predictive control strategy using Bayesian risk to measure and control privacy leakage with an energy storage system. The controller estimates energy state using a three-circuit energy storage model to account for steady-state energy losses. With numerical experiments, the controller is evaluated with real household consumption data using a state-of-the-art adversarial algorithm. Results show that the state estimation of the energy storage system significantly affects the controller's performance. The results also show that the privacy leakage can be effectively reduced using an energy storage system but at the expense of energy loss.


A novel photocatalytic hydrazonyl radical-mediated radical cyclization/allylation cascade reaction of β,γ-unsaturated hydrazones is developed using allyl sulfones and Morita-Baylis-Hillman adduct as allyl sources, which provides an efficient and practical access to various diversely functionalized dihydropyrazoles and tetrahydropyridazines. The reaction is enabled by controllable generation of hydrazonyl radicals via an oxidative deprotonation electron transfer strategy and selective trapping of the resultant C-centered radicals under visible light irradiation.


Background: Spinal cord herniation and thoracic anterior adhesion syndrome make up the two extremes of a rare condition; characterized by anterior dural adhesion or protrusion of the spinal cord through the arachnoideal and dural membrane into the extradural space, respectively.
Summary: We present the main features of the condition by our case series and forward a hypothesis for the consistent anterior, mid-thoracic localization. We surmise the role of an anterior pulling force by the Hofmann (meningo-vertebral) ligaments; acting when the physiologic thoracic kyphosis suddenly increases. The traction may tear the anterior dura; resulting in a dural defect; it allows the nipping/ protrusion of the spinal cord.
Key messages: Because the spinal cord compression syndrome caused by adhesion or herniation of the spinal cord may be surgically treatable; the recognition of the condition is essential. The pathogenetic traction effect of the Hofmann ligament in the affected level may have surgical an prognostic implications.


AIM
Dentinal tubules serve as disease-causing channels for infiltration and penetration of bacteria and their by-products; which are regarded as the major driver of pathogenesis in pulpal inflammation and infection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the transdentinal potential of nanoscale cetylpyridinium chloride/cholesterol (CPC/Chol) sterosomes, which are a recently developed type of cationic non-phospholipid liposomal nanocarrier; as well as their intrinsic and universal antibacterial activity.

METHODOLOGY
CPC/Chol sterosomes were formulated, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 134 ± 4 nm, a low polydisperse index of 0.161 ± 0.007, and a positive zeta potential of 41 ± 3 mV at pH 7.4. Transdentinal diffusion ability of sterosomes was evaluated using human dentine blocks in vitro, and Wistar rat molar teeth in vivo. The intrinsic antibacterial activities of CPC/Chol sterosomes against E. faecalis, S. mutans, F. nucleatum, and P. gingivalis were further examined.

RESULTS
CPC/Chol sterosomes successfully penetrated through the dentinal tubules, and diffused into the pulp, which could be internalized by dental pulp cells with a high efficiency. Additionally, they exhibited substantial levels of intrinsic antibacterial activity against these Gram-positive and Gram-negative endodontic bacteria and their biofilms.

CONCLUSIONS
Given its high penetration and diffusion ability through the dentine and pulp, great potential for multi-drug delivery, and distinct intrinsic antibacterial activity; sterosome-based nanocarriers might serve as a promising therapeutic strategy aimed at targeting various specific pathways associated with pulpal diseases. This will help determine and characterize the most appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic targets for early intervention in our future dentistry practice.


The monitoring of coagulation function has great implications in many clinical settings. However, existing coagulation assays are simplex, sample-consuming, and slow in turnaround, making them less suitable for point-of-care testing. In this work, we developed a novel blood coagulation assay that simultaneously assesses both the tendency of clotting and the stiffness of the resultant clot using printed circuit board (PCB)-based digital microfluidics. A drop of blood was actuated to move back and forth on the PCB electrode array, until the motion winded down as the blood coagulated and became thicker. The velocity tracing and the deformation of the clot were calculated via image analysis to reflect the coagulation progression and the clot stiffness, respectively. We investigated the effect of different hardware and biochemical settings on the assay results. To validate the assay, we performed assays on blood samples with hypo- and hyper-coagulability, and the results confirmed the assay's capability in distinguishing different blood samples. We then examined the correlation between the measured metrics in our assays and standard coagulation assays, namely prothrombin time and fibrinogen level, and the high correlation supported the clinical relevance of our assay. We envision that this method would serve as a powerful point-of-care coagulation testing method.


There are few books that deal with disorders of cardiac rhythm in children, and doubtless Gillette and Garson have accumulated much of the available, if limited, experience in this one. However the experience is uniquely American and there is a lack of reference to experiences obtained in European centres specialising in paediatric cardiac arrhythmias. The first three chapters deal with the diagnosis and assessment of cardiac arrhythmias; in particular the first chapter gives a comprehensive review of deductive electrocardiography, making use of a consistent format for figures of ECGs. New investigation techniques that can specifically be applied to children are considered. Practical aspects are particularly well covered and there are useful guidelines for paediatric physicians working in this field. In chapter 4, basic electrophysiological principles are reviewed and antiarrhythmic therapy in general. If differences exist in the use of drugs between adults and children, these are stressed but it is clear that more experience in this field is needed, and no doubt later editions will be necessary. The next 6 chapters deal with specific cardiac arrhythmias from extrasystoles to ventricular tachycardia, including the reentrant supraventricular arrhythmias so often a problem in children. Chapters 11-14 deal with disorders of AV conduction, and chapter 15 with cardiac pacemakers used in the management of such disorders. Chapter 16 considers the surgical treatment of refractory tachycardias. There is a useful appendix giving protocols for the investigation of certain arrhythmias, and the index is relevant and well planned. In the absence of other reference textboe'os on the subject, this book is essential reading for paediatricians and is a must f.,r libraries. P V L CURRY Pediatric Clinical Chemistry, a Survey of Reference (Normal) Values, Methods, and Instrmuentation, with commentary, second edition. Edited by S Meites. (Pp. 513; illustrated + tables. Price not given, hardback.) The American Association for Clinical Chemistry: WashingtonDC. 1981.


MOONS (Multi-Object Optical and Near-infrared Spectrograph for the VLT) is entering into the final design phase. This paper presents and discusses the latest proposed version of the optical design of the cryogenic spectrograph. The main developments and modifications were aimed at minimizing the overall size and mass of the cryogenic spectrograph. The most remarkable new feature is the design of an extremely fast (F/0.95), light and compact (40 kg in less than 80 dm3) camera with superb image quality over a very large field of view (9 degrees on a collimated beam of 265 mm). The camera consists of only three optical elements: two lenses and one mirror. All elements are made of fused-silica. The optical performances are independent on the temperature, i.e. the camera can be fully characterized at room temperatures.


Metabolic rewiring in glioblastoma (GBM) is linked to intra- and extracellular pH regulation. In this study, we sought to characterize the role of melatonin on intracellular pH modulation and metabolic consequences to identify the mechanisms of action underlying melatonin oncostatic effects on GBM tumor initiating cells. GBM tumor initiating cells were treated at different times with melatonin (1.5 and 3.0 mM). We analyzed melatonin's functional effects on GBM proliferation, cell cycle, viability, stemness, and chemo-radiosensitivity. We then assessed the effects of melatonin on GBM metabolism by analyzing the mitochondrial and glycolytic parameters. We also measured the intracellular and extracellular pH. Finally, we tested the effects of melatonin on a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model. We found that melatonin downregulated LDHA and MCT4, decreasing lactate production and inducing a decrease in intracellular pH that was associated with an increase in ROS and ATP depletion. These changes blocked cell cycle progression and induced cellular death and we observed similar results in vivo. Melatonin's cytotoxic effects on GBM were due, at least in part, to intracellular pH modulation, which has emerged as a newly identified mechanism, providing new insights into the oncostatic effect of melatonin on GBM.


The Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson is an annual plant distributed in China and Korea. The fruit of C. monnieri is used as a medicinal herb that is effective for the treatment of carbuncle and pain in female genitalia. However, the anti-cancer effects of CME have not yet been reported. In this study, we assessed the apoptotic effects and cell cycle arrest effects of ethanol extracts from C. monnieri on HCT116 colon cancer cells. The results of an MTT assay and LDH assay demonstrated a decrease in cell viability and the cytotoxic effects of CME. In addition, the number of apoptotic body and the apoptotic rate were increased in a dose-dependent manner through Hoechst 33342 staining and Annexin V-PI double staining. In addition, cell cycle arrest occurred at the G1 phase by CME. Protein kinase B (Akt) plays an important role in cancer cell survival, growth, and division. Akt down-regulates apoptosis-mediated proteins, such as mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, and Glycogen Synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β). CME could regulate the expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-GSK-3β, Bcl-2 family members, caspase-3, and PARP. Furthermore, treatment with CME, LY294002 (PI3K/Akt inhibitor), BIO (GSK-3β inhibitor), and Rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) showed that apoptotic effects occurred through the regulation of the AKT/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Our results demonstrated CME could induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HCT116 colon cancer cells.


Introduction: There is limited data on the factors affecting the retention of cemented fixed prostheses to implant abutment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of screw access channel filling method and cement type on retention of implant-supported fixed restorations. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 40 implant analogs were mounted in autopolymerizing acrylic resin blocks, and two-piece titanium abutments were placed in each implant analog. Twenty abutment samples were completely filled with silicone, and 20 other samples were filled partially. In each of the study groups, Temp Bond® eugenol-containing temporary cement was used for 10 samples, while in another 10 samples non-eugenol temporary cements were utilized. Prior to the retention test, samples were placed in the rmocycling machine with 1000 cycles for 24 h. Each sample was stretched using a Universal Pull-out Test Machine with a force of 5000 N. The required load for removing the crown was recorded. The data was analyzed USING two-way ANOVA and least square difference (I±=0.05). Results: Among the four groups, the highest retention rate was observed in the group of partial screw access channel filling with eugenol cement. Also, the rate of retention in the group of complete screw access channel filling with non-eugenol cement was significantly lower than in any other group. A significant difference was observed between all the groups except for the groups of complete screw access channel filling with eugenol cement and partial screw access channel filling with non-eugenol cement (P=0.27). Conclusion: The mean rate of retention in partial access cavity filling group was greater than that of the complete access cavity filling group; moreover, this rate was higher in the eugenol cement group than the non-eugenol cement group.


The objective of this paper is to assess, empirically, the effects of agricultural and non-agricultural exports on economic growth in Ivory Coast. The data used are those of the World Bank (World Development Indicators) and the Central Bank of West African States and cover the period from 1985 to 2015. The analysis of the data required the use of the AutoRegressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). It emerges from the study that the agricultural exports have positive and significant effects on the Gross Domestic Product. However, this rate appears to be increasingly weak in long term. On the other hand, the non-agricultural exports have a positive but not significant effect on economic growth in short term. Nevertheless, in the long run, they improve the country's economic performance. Moreover, the Gross Fixed Capital Formation stimulates the economic wealth generation. Finally, the trade openness negatively affects the economic development. Therefore, the Ivorian government, while giving priority to improving the competitiveness of export products, must apply a diversification policy in order to reduce the risks of deterioration in the terms of trade.


This paper develops a new and easy to implement analytical model for the specific on-resistance and electric field distribution along the critical path for 4H—SiC multi-floating junction Schottky barrier diode. Considering the charge compensation effects by the multilayer of buried opposite doped regions, it improves the breakdown voltage a lot in comparison with conventional one with the same on-resistance. The forward resistance of the floating junction Schottky barrier diode consists of several components and the electric field can be understood with superposition concept, both are consistent with MEDICI simulation results. Moreover, device parameters are optimized and the analyses show that in comparison with one layer floating junction, multilayer of floating junction layer is an effective way to increase the device performance when specific resistance and the breakdown voltage are traded off. The results show that the specific resistance increases 3.2 mΩ·cm2 and breakdown voltage increases 422 V with an additional floating junction for the given structure.


The central role of reasoning about change in planning and control is studied. Some of the basic insights of control theory regarding the connection between observability and controllability are reviewed, and how these insights should inform research in planning is considered. A decision-theoretic approach to planning that subscribes to a basic cycle of prediction, observation, estimation and action selection is proposed. Some of the practical issues relating to this approach and alternatives in the form of offline compilation of decision models and learning systems to circumvent the need for accurate predictive models are examined. Problems in mobile robotics that require integrating obstacle avoidance, position estimation, and path planning are used to illustrate the approach.<<ETX>>


This paper describes a localization algorithm necessary for building small-sized network's position reporting system using wireless sensor network. In existing sensor networks, much of the localization algorithm is devoted to making position estimations by learning a minimum of 3 position values of anchor node that's aware of absolute position value under the environment where sensor nodes are fixed. The proposed algorithm has an indefinite traveling direction and has shown in performance analysis that it is possible to estimate positions even with a small number of anchors. Also, by using the implemented board, although practicality has been proven with implementation of realistic distance measurement through distance measurement using RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) and traveling distance measurement using acceleration sensor.


Introduction In 1889 the Second International Working Men's Association was formed at a congress in Paris of trade unionists and socialists from several countries. In the following decades this organisation became the forum of major debates between different kinds of socialists. The Second International was not simply a talking shop for intellectuals, however; its membership embraced mass organisations, such as the Austrian, German and Russian Social Democratic parties, the Belgian Labour Party, the French socialists, who united in 1905 to form the Section Francaise de l'Internationale Ouvriere (SFIO), and the Italian Socialist Party (PSI). Between 1889 and 1914 Marxist intellectuals were not detached from practical party politics: socialist theory flourished hand in hand with the growth of the labour movement. Eighteen eightynine, for example, was a year of massive strikes, including the great London dock strike and industrial action on the part of thousands of miners in the Ruhr. In the next fifteen years millions of workers joined unions; a third general strike led to the introduction of universal male suffrage in Belgium; in the wake of the Dreyfus affair a socialist (Millerand) actually entered the French government; Russia experienced revolution in 1905; and the PSI gained control of local government in several cities in northern Italy shortly before the outbreak of the First World War. War. In 1910 the British Labour Party secured forty-two parliamentary seats; and just two years later the German Social Democratic Party (SPD) mobilised four million voters and over one million individual members.


—The profile of axonally transported [3H]leucine-labelled proteins in motor fibres of rabbit cervical vagus nerve was studied at time intervals after the appearance of fast-phase and before the slow-phase proteins, viz. 16 h after labelling of the cell bodies. No moving peak of radioactivity was seen. The transport blocking agents colchicine and vinblastine in vitro showed no difference in the mechanisms of anterograde transport between fast-phase and later-phase proteins, but differed in their effects on the retrograde flow. Double-ligature experiments in vitro indicated the presence of rapidly-migrating labelled proteins in cervical vagus up to 23.5 h after labelling and demonstrated the retrograde redistribution of proteins from nerve terminals and from a ligature. There was no evidence for an intermediate rate of protein transport.


In previous works, we have presented two methodologies to obtain fuzzy rules in order to describe the behaviour of a system. We have used Artificial Neural Netorks (ANN) with the {\it Backpropagation} algorithm, and a set of examples of the system. In this work, some modifications which allow to improve the results, by means of an aptation or refinement of the variable labels in each rule, or the extraction of local rules using distributed ANN, are showed. An interesting application on the assignement of semantic to the classes obtained in a classification without previous classes process is also included.


A regional‐scale transport model is introduced that is applicable to nonstationary and statistically inhomogeneous fractured media, provided that hydraulic flow, but not necessarily solute transport, can be approximated by equivalent continuum properties at some block scale. Upscaled flow and transport block properties are transferred from multiple fracture network realizations to a regional model with grid elements of size equal to that found valid for continuum approximation of flow. In the regional‐scale model, flow is solved in a stochastic continuum framework, whereas the transport calculations employ a random walk procedure. Block‐wise transit times are sampled from distributions linked to each block based on its underlying fracture network. To account for channeled transport larger than the block scale, several alternative sampling algorithms are introduced and compared. The most reasonable alternative incorporates a spatial persistence length in sampling the particle transit times; this tracer transport persistence length is related to interblock channeling, and is quantified by the number N of blocks. The approach is demonstrated for a set of field data, and the obtained regional‐scale particle breakthroughs are analyzed. These are fitted to the one‐dimensional advective‐dispersive equation to determine an effective macroscale dispersion coefficient for the regional scale. An interesting finding is that this macroscale dispersion coefficient is found to be a linear function of the transport persistence, N, with a slope equal to a representative mean block‐scale dispersion coefficient and a constant that incorporates background dispersion arising from the regional heterogeneous conductivity field.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this project was to evaluate a long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics program regarding the quality of care and outcomes of individuals with schizophrenia.

DESIGN AND METHODS
Observational design with retrospective chart review and survey was utilized in an outpatient clinic.

FINDINGS
Individuals on LAIs receive the quality of care by exhibiting favorable knowledge about LAIs, positive attitude toward medications, and satisfaction with care. They take higher dosages of medications than those who take oral antipsychotics and report decreases in hospitalizations/emergency room visits after LAIs.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
Reducing reservations about LAIs may provide awareness of the positive effects of treatment leading to viable management options and patient satisfaction.


In this study, some novel plasmids have been constructed for flexible and zero-background molecular cloning, more efficient expression, and purification of proteins with improved strategies. The plasmids pANY4-pL18-ccdB and pANY4-pR18/pL18-ccdB have different promoters in the complementary DNA strands. Therefore, recombinant plasmids for either isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactoside-induced or temperature-induced protein expression could be simultaneously constructed in a single molecular cloning process for parallel comparison. Intriguingly, the mutated pL18 and pR18/pL18 promoters performed similar to or even better than the T7 promoter when used for promoting the expression of the GFP or pfLamA enzyme. Moreover, the plasmid pANY8 containing the His-elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-intein multifunctional tag was constructed, and special purification protocol was designed to obtain purified proteins without the requirement of time-consuming dialysis steps to remove imidazole and high concentration of salt ions. Additionally, the urea-based denaturation and refolding processes can be conveniently integrated into the ELP-mediated precipitation protocol for purification of insoluble inclusion bodies, omitting the time-consuming dialysis steps.


Cyber-physical security is vital for protecting key computing infrastructure against cyber attacks. Individuals, corporations, and society can all suffer considerable digital asset losses due to cyber attacks, including data loss, theft, financial loss, reputation harm, company interruption, infrastructure damage, ransomware attacks, and espionage. A cyber-physical attack harms both digital and physical assets. Cyber-physical system security is more challenging than software-level cyber security because it requires physical inspection and monitoring. This paper proposes an innovative and effective algorithm to strengthen cyber-physical security (CPS) with minimal human intervention. It is an approach based on human activity recognition (HAR), where GoogleNet–BiLSTM network hybridization has been used to recognize suspicious activities in the cyber-physical infrastructure perimeter. The proposed HAR-CPS algorithm classifies suspicious activities from real-time video surveillance with an average accuracy of 73.15%. It incorporates machine vision at the IoT edge (Mez) technology to make the system latency tolerant. Dual-layer security has been ensured by operating the proposed algorithm and the GoogleNet–BiLSTM hybrid network from a cloud server, which ensures the security of the proposed security system. The innovative optimization scheme makes it possible to strengthen cyber-physical security at only USD 4.29±0.29 per month.


Vorinostat and other inhibitors of different histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes are currently being sought to modulate a variety of human conditions, including chronic inflammatory diseases. Some HDAC inhibitors are anti-inflammatory in rodent models of arthritis and colitis, usually at cytotoxic doses that may cause side effects. Here, we investigate the dose-dependent pro- and anti-inflammatory efficacy of two known inhibitors of multiple HDACs, vorinostat and BML281, in human macrophages and in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis by monitoring effects on disease progression, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Both HDAC inhibitors differentially modulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine release from human macrophages, suppressing release of some inflammatory mediators (IL12p40, IL6) at low concentrations (<3 µM) but amplifying production of others (TNF, IL1β) at higher concentration (>3 μΜ). This trend translated in vivo to rat arthritis, with anti-inflammatory activity inversely correlating with dose. Both compounds were efficacious only at a low dose (1 mg⋅kg−1⋅day−1 s.c.), whereas a higher dose (5 mg⋅kg−1⋅day−1 s.c.) showed no positive effects on reducing pathology, even showing signs of exacerbating disease. These striking effects suggest a smaller therapeutic window than previously reported for HDAC inhibition in experimental arthritis. The findings support new investigations into repurposing HDAC inhibitors for anti-inflammatory therapeutic applications. However, HDAC inhibitors should be reinvestigated at lower, rather than higher, doses for enhanced efficacy in chronic diseases that require long-term treatment, with careful management of efficacy and long-term safety.


There is now a vast range of powered toothbrushes (PTBs) available on the market and the efficacy of each product is usually determined in one, or a series of controlled clinical trials. This article reviews briefly the design of PTBs, some of the proposed indications for their use, and the principal observations from published studies of these products. The important issues regarding the regulation and design of trials involving PTBs are discussed and some recommendations are proposed with a view to developing a more structured approach to testing these products.


Background Children with a Fontan operation represent a unique form of congenital heart disease (CHD) that requires multiple cardiac surgeries and procedures with an uncertain long-term outcome. Given the rarity of the types of CHD that require this procedure, many children with a Fontan do not know any others like them. Methods With the cancelation of medically supervised heart camps due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we have organized several physician-led virtual day camps for children with a Fontan operation to connect with others in their province and across Canada. The aim of this study was to describe the implementation and evaluation of these camps via the use of an anonymous online survey immediately after the event and reminders on days 2 and 4 postevent. Results Fifty-one children have participated in at least 1 of our camps. Registration data showed that 70% of participants did not know anyone else with a Fontan. Postcamp evaluations showed that 86% to 94% learned something new about their heart and 95% to 100% felt more connected to other children like them. Conclusion We have demonstrated the implementation of a virtual heart camp to expand the support network for children with a Fontan. These experiences may help to promote healthy psychosocial adjustments through inclusion and relatedness.


A new algorithm for three-phase active power filters is proposed, which is expanded current synchronous detection (ECSD) theory. It can detect the active or the fundamental reactive currents in each phase symmetrically and equally, based on the decomposition of the fundamental reactive component and the harmonics under unbalanced power condition. Nonlinear load is composed of a 2-hp three-phase squirrel-cage-type induction motor and motor drives (inverter). To prove the validity of the proposed ECSD algorithm, some experiments were performed in steady states and transient states under 15% unbalanced power system. A stand-alone-type TMS320C31 digital signal processor (60 MHz) board is employed to calculate and to decompose the power and the current components of nonlinear load. The experimental results show that the active and the fundamental reactive components detected by the proposed theory were balanced and equal in each phase despite an unbalanced power source.


Locating a parking space in central city areas, especially during the peak hours, is cumbersome for drivers. The issue arises from not having the knowledge of where the available spaces may be at the time, even if known, many vehicles may seek very limited parking spaces to cause severe traffic congestion. In this paper the design and implementation with a prototype of Reservation-based Smart Parking System (RSPS) that permits drivers to effectively locate and withhold the vacant parking spaces in mentioned. This system use cluster based algorithm which helps in periodically learning the parking status from the sensor networks deployed in parking spaces, the reservation service is influenced by the change of parking status. The drivers are allowed to access this said cyber-physical system with their personal communication devices. The system implemented is cost efficient smart parking system for multi-level parking facility using WSN (IR Sensor) and develop an android based application, by cluster based allocation method and performs automatic billing process. The system monitors the availability of idle parking slots and guides the vehicle to the nearest free slot. Cost is minimized by keeping the number of sensors low without sacrificing the reliability. Energy consumption of each mote is kept in check by allowing the systems to sleep periodically and by reducing their communication range. This system"s reservation-based parking policy has the potential to smoothen the operations of parking systems, as well as mitigate traffic congestion caused by searching for parking.


We present a genome assembly from an individual male Agrochola circellaris (the Brick; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 572 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 30 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the Z sex chromosome. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.5 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl has identified 18,319 protein coding genes.


This paper summarizes a body of research being conducted in the Cockpit Display Research Group at NASA Ames Research Center to support the development of a Cockpit Situation Display (CSD) for en route free flight and terminal area operations. The paper first presents an airline and FAA perspective on en route free flight operations. This discussion is followed by perspectives of free flight based on interactions with controllers from an Air Route Traffic Control Center. Next we discuss a concept of strategic en route separation and its benefits for both the airlines and ATC. We follow this with a brief summary of work in progress in the laboratory in support of the CSD design. Finally we conclude the paper by summarizing a completed CVSRF B-747 full mission simulation, where crews utilized an initial CSD designed to support en route free flight. The characteristics of the display, a temporal predictor, and a Route Assessment Tool that supported the flight crews' assessment of all traffic conflicts within ADS-B range (120NM), is discussed.


The market is currently sated with mobile medical devices and new technology is continuously emerging. Thus, it is costly, and in some cases impractical, to replace these devices for new ones with greater security. In this paper, we present the implementation of a prototype for Personal Security Device—a self-contained, specialized wearable device that augments security to existing mobile medical devices. The main research challenge for, and hence the state of the art of, the proposed hardware design is that the device, to work with legacy devices, must require no changes to either the medical device or its monitoring software. This requirement is essential since we aim to protect already existing devices, as making modifications to the device or its proprietary software often impossible or impractical (e.g., closed source executables and implantable medical devices). Through performance evaluation of this prototype, we confirmed the feasibility of having a special-purpose hardware with limited computational and memory resources to perform necessary security operations.


Presents a recursive algorithm for a deadbeat predictive controller design. The method combines together the concepts of system identification and deadbeat controller designs. It starts with the multi-step output prediction equation and derives the control force in terms of past input and output time histories. The formulation thus derived satisfies simultaneously system identification and deadbeat controller design requirements. As soon as the coefficient matrices are identified satisfying the output prediction equation, no further work is required to compute the deadbeat control gain matrices. The method can be implemented recursively just as any typical recursive system identification techniques.


The concrete aspect of Righteous Army in Sonanjido, which was transmitted only by word of mouth, was verified academically by the excavation of relevant references such as the report of Japanese Police Force. The battle of Righteous Army in Sonanjido with Japanese Police Force broke out on March 15 in 1908. The Japanese Police Force dispatched from Hongju Police landed in Sonanjido, driving the captured Korean fishing boat around 6 in the morning. The Righteous Army combated fiercely with Japanese Police Force for about 9 hours. However, the Righteous Army could not overcome the inferiority of fire power, and the Army was thrust to the edge of shore in the east. As a result, there were 36 casualties in this battle. The 5 righteous soldiers who struggled inside the cave in north of the island also died in battle. Mote than 50 soldiers were missing. Japanese Police Force committed an act of brutality by pouring petroleum on food taken away from the Righteous Army, and burning the food. Through this study, the resistances and sacrifices of righteous soldier, Won-sik Hong(洪元植), and his anonymous soldiers were historically proven to occur in Sonanjido. At the same time, we could certify for the first time that Sonanjido was the main base of Righteous Army's activity in the Naepo(內浦) area after 1906, and the nearby sea of Sonanjido was the major arena for the operations of Righteous Army as well. In addition, we could validate the brutality of Japanese Police Force to the Righteous Army. Japanese Police Force slaughtered sailors and wounded soldiers. The history of Righteous Army in Sonanjido might have disappeared in history but became alive. The purpose of this study is very meaningful in that the history reminds us of the fact once again; history has ups and downs. nonetheless it can never be vanished.


The suggested regenerative method for surgical treatment of panaritium with placing a blind suture at the period of formation of lipoblasts (at day 3 after the operative intervention) permits to prevent development of purulent complications, accelerate the process of wound healing within a period approximating that in wound healing by primary intention with complete restoration of the hand and digit function.


As a vital derivative of graphene, graphene oxide (GO) is widely applied in various fields, such as transparent electrodes, solar cells, energy storage, and corrosion protection due to the large specific surface area and abundant active sites. However, compared with graphene, the application of GO has been less reported in metal corrosion protection field. Therefore, in our study, 3-aminobenzenesulfonic acid was selected to combine with oligoanilines to fabricate the GO-based sulfonated oligoanilines coatings for marine corrosion protection application. The obtained composite coatings were covered on the surface of Q235 steel, which is one of the most important structural marine materials. Fourier transform infrared spectra were utilized to prove the existence of different bonds and functional groups of aniline trimer and sulfonated aniline trimer (SAT). Scanning electron microscopy was applied to verify the combination of GO and SAT. What's more, transmission electron microscopy was applied to observe the surface appearance of the obtained GO-SAT composite material. Besides, the results of electrochemical measurements performed in 3.5 wt % NaCl solution showed excellent corrosion-protective properties of GO/SAT-coated epoxy resin with a dosage of 10 mg of GO compared with the pure epoxy resin. Moreover, the enhancement of surface hydrophobic property, to some extent, is in favor of preventing the absorption of corrosive medium and water molecules revealed by contact angle test. The addition of GO can make the diffusion pathway of the corrosive medium longer and more circuitous, while SAT has displayed excellent solvent solubility while maintaining corrosion-protective properties similar to those of polyanilines so that the corrosion-protective properties of the modified coatings improve significantly due to the synergistically enhanced corrosion protection of GO and SAT.


In conventional wire bonding process optimization, the crescent bond is tested by destructive pulling the loop and measure the pull force (PF) required to break the bond. While this method assures the final quality, it does not necessarily minimize production stoppages which can reduce throughput significantly. Many stoppages are caused by short-tail and tail-lift errors which in turn are caused by reduced tail bond strength. The tail breaking force (TBF) is a measure for tail bond strength. A consistent tail breaking operation is needed for robust Cu wire bond production with little operator assistance required to restart stopped machines. We report the concurrent (simultaneous) optimization of PF and TBF using standard pull testing and a method that directly measures the tail bond strength in-process, respectively. The example process uses standard 25-mum-diameter Cu wire on standard Ag-plated leadframe diepads and wire loops oriented perpendicular to the ultrasonic horn. The optimization consists of (1) finding the factors to obtain a symmetrical bond shape, (2) choosing fixed values for bond time (25 ms) and heater stage temperature (220degC), and (3) adding the new optimization step of maximizing the TBF by iteratively optimizing the impact force (IF), bonding force (BF), and ultrasound (US) parameters. Among these parameters, the US and BF are the most significant. A process window (PW) is defined as the set of US/BF parameter combinations that result in a response being inside a previously defined range. PWs for PF and TBF are determined and compared with each other. There is only a partial overlap of these PWs. To increase the process capability index (cpk) for TBF, it is recommended to first carry out conventional PF optimization followed by a minimization of the bonding force parameter to the lowest value still fulfilling the PF cpk requirement.


Coronary artery fistulas are rare, but one of the most common forms of congenital coronary abnormalities. These patients are often diagnosed incidentally undergoing coronary angiography, but with the advent of novel cardiac imaging tools, there is an increasing rate of detection as well as transcatheter management of these fistulas. Our case is unusual in a way that it involved a combination of two separate coronary artery fistulas arising from both the coronary systems draining into the same site.


We examine the problem of bandwidth allocation (BA) on flexible optical networks in the presence of traffic demand uncertainty. We assume that the daily traffic demand is given in the form of distributions describing the traffic demand fluctuations within given time intervals. We wish to find a predictive BA (PBA) model that infers from these distributions the bandwidth that best fits the future traffic demand fluctuations. The problem is formulated as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process and is solved by means of Dynamic Programming. The PBA model is compared to a number of benchmark BA models that naturally arise after the assumption of traffic demand uncertainty. For comparing all the BA models developed, a conventional routing and spectrum allocation heuristic is used adhering each time to the BA model followed. We show that for a network operating at its capacity crunch, the PBA model significantly outperforms the rest on the number of blocked connections and unserved bandwidth. Most importantly, the PBA model can be autonomously adapted upon significant traffic demand variations by continuously training the model as real-time traffic information arrives into the network.


Direct payments are meant to support EU farmers being the main component of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and receiving special attention during the new 2014-2020 reform. First introduced in 1992 after MacSharry reform and known as coupled payments (payments per hectare and animal head), they were designed to support farmers income. In 2003, the decoupled payments focused at encouraging farmers have been introduced in order to enhance the competitiveness and sustainability of the EU agriculture. In Spain, in 2006 the new changes in the Single Payment Scheme (SPS) were introduced, at the beginning according to the regime of partial decoupling. In 2012, the coupled payments were integrated under the SPS or transformed into additional payment. The aim of this paper is to analyze the application of direct payments, as the main support tool for EU farmers based on Spain experience. In this context, the authors have used secondary data provided by the Spanish Agrarian Guarantee Fund (FEGA) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment of Spain (MAGRAMA) concerning the amount of allocated direct payments in Spain, number of beneficiaries and their distribution by territorial aspect. So far, the distribution of direct payments in Spain, similarly to other member states, is unequal, as a result of CAP development, diversity of production and the use of historical references to fix the decoupled payments per farm.


The expertise of editorial board members are called in settling refereed conflicts about acceptance/rejection and their opinion is considered as final. Message from the editor Thank you for downloading the Journal of Emerging Trends in Computing and Information Sciences first issue. The main objective of the journal is to publish refereed papers in the area Computing and Information Sciences. It is a quarterly published online international scientific research journal focusing on issues in active research. This issue contains seven research papers selected after pear review. It reflects the quality and style of the journal's content in the future. Our ambition is to publish work that is truly valuable to both authors and readers. The secondary objective is to assist in the evolving and maturing of IT-dependent organizations, as well as individuals, in information and knowledge based culture and commerce which includes but is not limited to Information Looking forward to welcoming you as a regular reader. ABSTRACT Information, intelligence and knowledge are required in corporation to detect and prevent white-collar crime. Information and to a similar extent intelligence consist of facts and other data which is organized to characterize or profile a particular situation, incident, or crime and the individual or group of individuals presumed to be involved. This article presents knowledge management, knowledge categories that are applied in the value configuration of a value shop to combat financial crime.


Abstract:    The use of animal models in research on human and veterinary diseases and disorders is retracting, though it is likely to remain critical for decades.  In light of increasing regulation and expectations of judicious use of animal subjects, we examine the idea that the use of animal models can be guided by phylogenetic relationships and modern evolutionary and cladistic analyses.  Given that inherited disorders, and indeed, even the developmental and physiological responses to non-inherited conditions, are subject to evolutionary forces, it follows that the observed differences in model organisms are the products of evolutionary divergence.  Understanding that divergence has the potential to elucidate which taxa are most likely to exhibit any given symptom or manifest a reaction in a broadly predictable fashion.  We examine two case studies, one the inherited disorder Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, and the other an entirely environmentally induced problem, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, or Fetal Alcohol Syndrome.  Both case studies reveal symptoms are largely congruent with phylogeny, suggesting relatively conservative evolution of developmental pathways.  It follows that it is possible to characterize the manifestation of symptoms or dysmorphologies to broad phylogenetic groups.  These data can then be used to inform research into possible treatments based on molecular genetic techniques sourced from unaffected taxa or even provide an evolutionary rationale for maximizing ethical decisions in the use and development of animal models in biomedical research.  We argue that the technique should become standard practice in the development of animal models.


To obtain DNA markers on human chromosome 1, we first isolated 500 cosmid clones from mouse A9 cells containing a human chromosome 1 tagged with pSV2neo. Of these, 186 were localized on each band of human chromosome 1 by R-banding fluorescence in situ hybridization; 118 and 68 were on the short and long arms, respectively. We performed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of these cosmid clones, and polymorphism was recognized with one or more enzyme in 43 of them. Two markers proved to have variable numbers of tandem repeats. Since several tumor suppressor genes, as well as genes responsible for hereditary disorders, may be located on this human chromosome, the DNA markers will be useful for RFLP analysis or the isolation of new genes related to various disorders.


<ABSTRACT> Uterine myomas (fibroids) are the most common benign tumors in women and occur in 20%–40% of women of reproductive age. Myomas are benign monoclonal tumors that develop from the smooth muscle cells of the myometrium. Most pregnant women with myomas do not have complications during pregnancy, but complications can occur. Among the complications, pain is the most common, and the risks of miscarriage, preterm labor and delivery, abnormal positioning of the fetus, and placental abruption increase slightly. There are also concerns about the potential effects of uterine myomas on infertility and reproductive function. Therefore, there are frequent clinical concerns about the presence of myomas during pregnancy; however, the treatments are unclear. In this study, we summarize the latest trends in uterine myomas and pregnancy and consider the treatments.


Background and Objective: Sweetpotato is an important crop widely cultivated in many developing countries and insect pests are major production constraint. This study aimed to examine the response of different varieties to sweetpotato weevils (SPW) infestation under different ecological and cropping conditions. Materials and Methods: Ten sweetpotato plants were randomly harvested from each of 125 farms in 3 ecological zones. Leaves were examined for characteristic punctures, base of vines bisected for presence of tunnel and larvae and storage roots assessed for burrows. Results: Four sweetpotato weevils, Cylas puncticollis, Cylas formicarius, Cylas brunneus and Alcidodes spp. were identified with C. puncticollis as the pre-dominant species. Population density of SPWs and damage to foliage, vine base and storage root yield loss were significantly higher in transitional than savanna and semi-deciduous ecological zones. Local sweetpotato varieties did not show superior tolerance to SPW over improved varieties. The influence of cropping system on C. puncticollis was also not explicit. Conclusion: Sweetpotato in the transitional zone was more prone to SPW and driving factors must be further investigated. Local sweetpotato varieties did not exhibit higher tolerance to SPW over improved ones and therefore; increased adoption will enhance productivity and improve nutrition.


In this paper, we introduce a class of flow control problems in a network which involves dynamic optimization. As opposed to the static flow control problem where the source rates are determined as a result of a static optimization problem, in our formulation the rates are adjusted according to the solution of an infinite-horizon discounted optimal control problem. The objective is to maximize the aggregate source utility over transmission rates, while at the same time keeping the buffer occupancies throughout the network at an acceptable level.


Value Shifting

The word 'value' is derived from the Latin valere, which means 'to be strong or worthy.' Since this origin, 'value' has developed new connotations:
[Value] "The regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something.

The material or monetary worth of something.
The worth of something compared to the price paid or asked for it.
(Values) Principles of standards of behaviour; one's judgement of what is important in life."

The emphasis, in economics, on moral values, and economic scientific value, has evolved from an initial focus mainly on values in early societies, as social interactions dominated, to a greater focus on value in modern societies, as economic interactions have come to dominate (p19 Heilbroner et al., 2012). According to Heilbroner (1985 p107-118), in the early nineteenth century with the rise of Utilitarian philosophy, values became null and void as Utilitarianism asserted that:

"…whatever served the individual served society. By logical analogy, whatever created a profit (and thereby served the individual capitalist) also served society, so that a blanket moral exemption was, so to speak, extended over the entire range of activity that passed the profit-and-loss test of the marketplace." Heilbroner (1985)

Up until the mid-nineteenth century, economists believed that a clear objective theory of value was a prerequisite to having a clear appreciation of the prices of services and goods in the economy.

However, after the mid-nineteenth century, the understanding of economic value shifted towards one of 'subjectivity;' where the price which is paid by the consumer (who has subjective 'preferences') in the 'market,' determines the value of the goods or service, which are now regularly conceptualised as being 'scarce' (p7 Mazzucato, 2018).

Modern economics has, according to Mazzucato (p8, 2018), all but left the study of value behind (in all its forms). What resides, such as theories of 'share-holder value,' 'adding value,' and 'value chains' (Porter, 1998) are often found in greater presence in modern business schools, than in the study of economics.

The business strategist, academic, and writer Michael E. Porter defines value as the following:

"In competitive terms, value is the amount buyers are willing to pay for what a firm provides them. Value is measured by total revenue, a reflection of the price a firm's product commands and the units it can sell. A firm is profitable if the value it commands exceeds the costs involved in creating the product." Porter (1998) p38

Competitive Value Chains

Arguably, one of the most famous studies and visual models of a 'business view' of value, was developed by Michael E. Porter, which he explains in his book 'Competitive Advantage.'

Porter (1998) describes a model, that has two main levels of abstraction, the 'macro view,' is called 'The Value System' (Figure 2); and the 'micro view,' which Porter (1998) calls 'The Generic Value Chain' (Figure 3).
Porter (1998) states that, it is here, at the level of the 'Generic Value Chain,' that the most effective form of analysis can be made:

"The relevant level for constructing a value chain is a firm's activities in a particular industry (the business unit). An industry- or sector- wide value chain is too broad, because it may obscure important sources of competitive
advantage." Porter (1998) p36
Therefore, Porter (1998) therefore, that it is within 'The Generic Value Chain,' a form of minimal unit or cell, where internal production processes can be disaggregated (isolated and separated) into a sequence of discrete tasks (divisional 'silos' of labour and or mechanical processes), where they can then be analysed for improvements (relative to competitivity).
Porter does not suggest that these distinct internal 'building blocks' are independent of one-another; acknowledging instead, that they are interdependent activities – with specific forms of 'linkages' and 'interrelationships,' shown in Figure 4 and 5.
Need for more Systemic Models

Due to planetary wide issues such as climate change, and the destruction and pollution of eco-systems, for example, ; there is an amplified imperative for production firms (i.e., industry, agriculture, forestry and fisheries) to evolve how they do business.

And so, the reductionist emphasis on the Business Unit by Porter (1998), with its linear, disaggregated representation (at least in the visual models), combined with a predominant focus on competition and subjective value, without any explicit or implicit inclusion of moral values, may not be so relevant (or at least, sufficient) for this transition. And so, this is arguably the reason why there has been a plethora of systemic/holistic models over the last few decades.

Possibly the most internationally recognised model in this 'systemic' field to date, is the 'circular economy system diagram,' (Figure 6) developed by the Ellen MacArthur Foundation. The model builds on a central linear value chain a more expansive system of material feedback flows.
Prior to the CE diagram, there has been other 'circular' models, such as the 'Cradle to Cradle' model by Walter Stahel (Figure 7), or the 'Comet Circle TM,' developed by Ricoh., Ltd (Figure 8).
Also, there are input-output diagrams, promoted by the ZERI (and others,
including the Systemic Approach Foundation for instance (Figure 9).'Input-output' can also be used as a tool for designing new material flows through integrated production systems.

These models mentioned thus far, focus on material flows and transformations, however, there are also models within this theme that are based around embedded capitals/systems (which often also include material flows).

For example, 'The Five Capitals' (Figure 10), the 'Vision – Pursuing the Ideal Society (Three Ps Balance TM)', shown in Figure 11, and the 'Embedded Economy' diagram (Figure 12). There has also been a model developed by Alexandre Lemille, within his 'Circular Humansphere' (Figure 14), that also integrates some social priorities within the 'circular economy system diagram.' And Kate Raworth has also developed
another model, known as 'The Doughnut,' (Figure 13) which brings fundamental human needs and planetary boundaries together into one vision. The overall purpose of many of these visual models, is to illustrate some of the key elements (and the relationships) and, sometimes, the potential strategies which are available. These models can also describe different visions of the economy's place and role in our societies, and their relative (perceived) importance.

2 The Developed Regenerative Value Systems Model

2.1 Resources Renewal – All land and ocean regenerative practices used when producing resources (e.g. bio- chemicals, fibres, and foods). Practices that also build healthy soil, ocean ecosystems, or regenerate local water and mineral cycles, bio-diversity and resilience for instance.

2.2 Systems Renewal – All regenerative practices that are used to develop natural, cultural, and economic systems within a region. Large scale land regeneration projects, social networks and festive activities, social financing and policy work for instance.

2.3 Resources Conservation – All product eco-design, production machines, and the structures in which production and transformation takes place. These structures are interdependent 'Holon's.'

2.4 Systems Conservation – This includes product-life-extension processes, product-service-systems, and the integration of related goods and services. These systems keep materials flowing for longer and reduce asset redundancy, whilst increasing overall efficiency of the system.

2.5 Resources Cascading – All systems that use residuals for further production activities, creating new income streams. This includes biological materials, gases or liquids, heat, or minerals for instance.

2.6 Systems Cascading – The outputs of one firm becoming the inputs of others – across industries and across firms. This includes biological materials, gases or liquids, heat, or minerals for instance.

2.7 Holistic Principles – This is the central node, the place where the context can be understood, shared, and transmitted. Where decision making can be viewed from, when actors are in the other nodes.


Recent epidemiological studies on the management of arterial hypertension confirm the need to reserve special attention to diuretics in our prescription routine. The author analyzes briefly the eight essential points in favour of a first-intention treatment of hypertension. The cost-efficiency ratio of diuretics remains extremely favourable, and the success in a reduction of arterial blood pressure is still comparable to that of other classes of antihypertensives.


We study the starting conditions for a large diameter (diameter/wavelength=4.8) finite length backward wave oscillator designed for 24-GHz operation at the fundamental TM/sub 01/ mode. This geometry is very promising for high power handling capability. We analyze two separate threshold conditions. First, finite length effects give rise to a threshold in electron beam energy below which oscillations cannot be sustained at any beam current. The second is the more familiar current threshold known as a start current. It is also found that the growth rate for the fundamental mode can be much larger than those of other higher order modes thus leading to coherent operation of large diameter sources free from mode competition. >


As open access (OA) publication of research outputs becomes increasingly common and is mandated by institutions and research funders, it is important to understand different aspects of the costs involved. This paper provides an early review of administrative costs incurred by universities in making research outputs OA, either via publication in journals ("Gold" OA), involving payment of article‐processing charges (APCs), or via deposit in repositories ("Green" OA). Using data from 29 UK institutions, it finds that the administrative time, as well as the cost incurred by universities, to make an article OA using the Gold route is over 2.5 times higher than Green. Costs are then modeled at a national level using recent UK policy initiatives from Research Councils UK and the Higher Education Funding Councils' Research Excellence Framework as case studies. The study also demonstrates that the costs of complying with research funders' OA policies are considerably higher than where an OA publication is left entirely to authors' discretion. Key target areas for future efficiencies in the business processes are identified and potential cost savings calculated. The analysis is designed to inform ongoing policy development at the institutional and national levels.


Abstract The pure rotational spectrum of trioxane, (H2CO)3 the trimer of formaldehyde, has been recorded with high resolution in the frequency range between 326 and 947 GHz for the main isotopomer, the 13 C, and the 18O isotopic species in the vibrational ground state. These new high J and K data reveal that the molecule is fairly rigid. For the constants determinable from the recorded high J and K spectra (J = 90 and K = 75) the rotational constant B = 5273.257 180(33) MHz, the two quartic centrifugal distortion constants DJ, and DJK, and the three sextic constants HJ, HJK, and HKJ are needed in the fit to reproduce the measured spectra within experimental accuracy. In addition, for the 13C isotopomer the sextic constants HJK and HKJ are determined as well as the off-diagonal parameters d1 and d2.


In this paper, Fe/Ti and Co/Ti bi-layered catalysts were used to study the growth and field emission characteristics of carbon nanotubes(CNTs). Nanoparticles of Co/Ti bi-layered catalyst are uniform in size and smaller than those from Fe/Ti bi-layered catalyst. Well graphite structure of CNTs grown by Fe/Ti and Co/Ti bi-layered catalysts were confirmed by TEM and Raman analyses. Besides, CNTs grown by Co/Ti catalyst show better field emission image uniformity and stability than that by Fe/Ti catalyst. Besides, the turn-on fields of CNTs Grown by Fe/Ti and Co/Ti bi-layered catalysts were about the same (1.6 V/μm for Co case and 1.9V/μm for Fe case). The field emission current density at 6.667V/μm achieved 678.2A/cm2 and 730.7 mA/cm2 for Fe/Ti and Co/Ti bi-layered catalysts, respectively.


Sleep disordered breathing patients may undergo surgical treatment after history, clinical examination and polysomnographic study if they demonstrate upper airway obstruction. This article focus on the surgical treatment designed for these patients. Sino-nasal surgery, rhinopharyngeal procedure, velopharyngeal procedures (Uvulopalato-pharyngoplasty, Laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty, Radiofrequency tissue volume reduction) as well as base of the tongue procedures were discussed among a panel of Belgian ENT specialists offering their experience in this field. Algorithm on corrective surgery as well as guidelines for postoperative management are proposed in the management of sleep disordered breathing patients.