Introduction: As a result of hyperextension of the axis bone (C2), fracture occurs in posterior elements of the same bone. It causes a forward shift of spine C3 on spine C2 (traumatic spondylolisthesis). Because this mechanism is the cause of death during hanging, this name was given. In sudden braking and collisions at traffic accidents, it occurs as a result of the head hitting the windshield when the neck is in hyperextension Case Report: A 68-year-old male patient presented to our emergency unit because of neck pain after an intravehicular traffic accident. Neurologic evaluation of the patient revealed no deficit. X-ray showed a dislocation of 2 mm due to fracture in the posterior elements at the C2 level. There was no angulation accompanying the dislocation. Based on the radiologic evaluation, the case was diagnosed with type 1 hangman's fracture. The patient was prescribed 6-month collar use. Eventually, the fracture exhibited fusion, and the dislocation resolved. Conclusion: In the literature, there is not much visual evidence involving such a fusion of type 1 hangman's fracture achieved only by collar use. We presented this case because of its rarity and achievement of a positive outcome with only conservative treatment.


Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) aims to improve the generalisation of gradient-based learning by seeking out flat minima. In this work, we establish connections between SAM and Mean-Field Variational Inference (MFVI) of neural network parameters. We show that both these methods have interpretations as opti-mizing notions of flatness, and when using the reparametrisation trick, they both boil down to calculating the gradient at a perturbed version of the current mean parameter. This thinking motivates our study of algorithms that combine or in-terpolate between SAM and MFVI. We evaluate the proposed variational algorithms on several benchmark datasets, and compare their performance to variants of SAM. Taking a broader perspective, our work suggests that SAM-like updates can be used as a drop-in replacement for the reparametrisation trick.


Proteins in solution can form objects of various shapes. One fascinating possibility is the formation of fibres with a length up to micrometers, but with a thickness of a few nanometers, therefore referring to them as nano-fibres. Many proteins show this behaviour under the appropriate conditions. Gel properties of nano-fibre containing systems can be manipulated by adjusting the fibre properties. The systems exhibit particular behaviour under flow, which can be utilised in processing. Such nano-fibres have innovation potential for foods in terms of for example extremely low weight fraction gels, and their presence may give rise to unexpected novel, including sensory related, material properties


MENINGITIS, particularly that caused by Hemophilus influenzae type B, presents an emergency greater than does acute appendicitis because an inadequacy in treatment usually results in permanent injury or death. The fate of the child with influenzal meningitis hinges so completely on the promptness and intensity of treatment that presentation of further data on both chemotherapy and Alexander's anti-influenzal rabbit serum seems justified. The need for impressing physicians with this fact is presented in the following series of 47 patients admitted to the Milwaukee Children's Hospital from January 1939 to April 1946, which is the span of time since Alexander's serum has been available and sulfonamide compounds have been given in massive dosages. Previous to this time, from 1923 to 1939, there had been admitted to this hospital 66 patients with proved influenzal meningitis who were treated with a great variety of ineffective methods. All but 3 died, a mortality rate


The conserved heterochromatic location of centromeres in higher eukaryotes suggests that intrinsic properties of heterochromatin are important for chromosome inheritance. Based on this hypothesis, mutations in Drosophila melanogaster that alter heterochromatin-induced gene silencing were tested for effects on chromosome inheritance. Here we describe the characterization of the Su(var)2-10 locus, initially identified as a Suppressor of Position-Effect Variegation. Su(var)2-10 is required for viability, and mutations cause both minichromosome and endogenous chromosome inheritance defects. Mitotic chromosomes are improperly condensed in mutants, and polytene chromosomes are structurally abnormal and disorganized in the nucleus. Su(var)2-10 encodes a member of the PIAS protein family, a group of highly conserved proteins that control diverse functions. SU(VAR)2-10 proteins colocalize with nuclear lamin in interphase, and little to no SU(VAR)2-10 is found on condensed mitotic chromosomes. SU(VAR)2-10 is present at some polytene chromosome telomeres, and FISH analyses in mutant polytene nuclei revealed defects in telomere clustering and telomere-nuclear-lamina associations. We propose that Su(var2-10 controls multiple aspects of chromosome structure and function by establishing/maintaining chromosome organization in interphase nuclei.


Abstract Hydrothermal alteration of the Meiduk porphyry copper deposit, south of the Kerman Cenozoic magmatic arc and southeast of the central Iranian volcano-plutonic belt has resulted in three stages of mineralisation characterised by veins and veinlets. These are, from early to late: (1) quartz + K-feldspar + biotite + pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrrhotite ± magnetite (early potassic alteration and type-A veins); (2) quartz + chalcopyrite + pyrite + bornite + pyrrhotite + K- -feldspar + biotite + magnetite (potassic-sericitic alteration and type-B veins); and (3) quartz + pyrite + chalcopyrite + sericite (sericitic alteration and type-C veins). Most ores were formed during stages 2 and 3. Three main types of fluid inclusions are distinguished based on petrographical, microthermometrical and laser Raman spectroscopy analyses, i.e. type I (three-phase aqueous inclusions), type II (three-phase liquid-carbonic inclusions) and type III (multi-phase solid inclusions). The fluid inclusions in quartz veins of the stages are mainly homogenised at 340-530°C (stage 1), 270-385°C (stage 2) and 214-350°C (stage 3), respectively, with salinities of 3.1-16 wt.% NaCl equivalent, 2.2-43 wt.% NaCl equivalent and 8.2-22.8 wt.% NaCl equivalent, respectively. The estimated trapping pressures are 97.9-123.6 MPa (3.7-4.6 km) in stage 1 and 62.5-86.1 MPa (2.3-3.1 km) in stage 2, respectively. These fluid inclusions are homogenised in different ways at similar temperatures, suggesting that fluid boiling took place in stages 2 and 3. The fluid system evolved from high-temperature, medium-salinity, high-pressure and CO2-rich to low-temperature, low-pressure, high-salinity and CO2-poor, with fluid boiling being the dominating mechanism, followed by input of meteoric water. CO2 escape may have been a factor in increasing activities of NaCl and S2- in the fluids, diminishing the oxidation of the fluids from stage 1 to 3. The result was precipitation of sulphides and trapping of multi-phase solid inclusions in hydrothermal quartz veins.


This book is a reassessment of the international monetary crises of the post-World War I period that led to the Great Depression of the 1930s. It also analyses the responses of the world economic powers to the Depression and how new monetary policies set the stage for the watershed post-World War II system established at Bretton Woods. It offers new theories of what effect the Great Depression had on the collapse of the world monetary system, and what effect the collapse had on deepening and prolonging the Depression, by exploring the link between global economic crisis and the the gold standard (the framework for international monetary affairs until 1931). The events described had a profound effect upon twentieth-century history: the Depression abetted the rise of Hitler and the demise of the gold standard is a historical cause of inflation.


This paper discusses the approximations with the local basis of the second level and the sixth order. We call it the approximation of the second level because in addition to the function values in the grid nodes it uses the values of the function, and the first and the second derivatives of the function. Here the polynomial approximations and the non-polynomial approximations of a special form are discussed. The non-polynomial approximation has the properties of polynomial and trigonometric functions. The approximations are twice continuously differentiable. Approximation theorems are given. These approximations use the values of the function at the nodes, the values of the first and the second derivatives of the function at the nodes, and the local basis splines. These basis splines are used for constructing variational-difference schemes for solving boundary value problems for differential equations. Numerical examples are given


In this paper, I reflect on queer (non-heteronormative) interests in tango. Puzzled, I wonder why tango, an icon of hyper-heteronormative 'love', attracts dancers with queer sensibilities. In order to begin exploring answers, I look into tango as a commodity, composed of aesthetics and affects, which circulates as a fetish that can be consumed in globalisation unhinged from its socio-cultural moorings, gaining power precisely in its transgressive performance of same gender, counter-heteronormative 'passion'. I will look into the queer milongas of Buenos Aires attending to local and foreign dancers, into the presence of same gender dancers in regular Buenos Aires milongas and the traditional milongueros/ as' responses to male and female tango partnering; and into queer tango expectations shared at a conference in Berlin in 2008 and a queer tango festival in Buenos Aires in 2010. Questions throughout, and only begun to be addressed, include: How does capitalism tap into queerness and tango, and how does globalisation enable connecting for marketing and consumption purposes? How is tango marketed to queer culture? How does queer tango intervene in the formation of queer subjectivities at 'home' and abroad? And how does it affect local Argentine milonga culture?


Pancreatic explants from perinatal or 1-week-old rat circumfusion organ cultured with an insulin-free variant of Trowell's Medium T8 survive functionally, as judged from tissue amylase content, for about 3 days. When hydrocortisone 21-sodium succinate, 1.0 mg/liter, is added to the chemically defined medium, high levels of anylase persist for longer periods. Explants from 7-day-old animals, circumfusion cultured with hydrocortisone-supplemented medium, maintain tissue amylase levels equal to or greater than those of uncultured control pancreas for at least 5 days of culture, and over this period they release amylase into culture medium at a stable rate. Methods for maintaining functional pancreatic acinar tissue in culture provide a new biological model for in vitro analysis of the early defects of potential chemical carcinogens on this target organ.


From a symbolic interactionist perspective, this work looks at the construction of self and identity through MySpace. Using ethnographic methods, I look to answer two questions: (1) how does the physical architecture of the personal interactive homepage (PIH) facilitate interaction and self presentation in particular ways? (2) How does self presentation through the PIH impact processes of negotiated self construction more largely? I discuss three architectural aspects of MySpace which influence the self construction process in particular ways. First, self presentation is predominately overt rather than covert. Second, the structure of MySpace allows for actor contextualization of ambiguous symbols. Third, MySpace facilitates a presentation created temporally prior to negotiation. These findings imply that through the PIH, actors may be granted greater control over the ways in which their self presentation is received, negotiated and interpreted.


This paper presents a new orthogonal neural network (ONN) which is utilized successively for online identification and control of nonlinear discrete-time systems. The proposed network is designed with auto regressive with exogenous (ARX) terms of inputs and outputs, and their orthogonal terms by Chebyshev polynomials. The network is a single layer neural network and computationally efficient with less number of parameters. The identification by the network is performed in stable sense by using Lyapunov stability guaranteed learning rate. Hence, the learning rate depends on the current knowledge of the system instead of using constant learning rate. This learning rate provides fine online optimization. In simulation study, one benchmark nonlinear system is identified and results are compared. Then, one nonlinear functioned system is identified and controlled by model reference control. From results, it is seen that the proposed model has good learning capability for identification and control.


BACKGROUND
Thumb web contracture is a common complication after hand injury, and can markedly affect whole hand function. Therefore, surgery involving thumb web reconstruction is often necessary to restore normal function of the involved hand. In this study, we present the application of the lateral tarsal artery (LTA) flap in first web reconstruction.

METHODS
From November 1, 2005 to October 31, 2007, seven patients with severe post trauma or burn contractures around the first web space were treated with a LTA flap. All the patients were followed up.

RESULTS
All flaps survived, with an average size of 6.7 cm x 4.8 cm. There were no complications or recurrent contractures during follow-up. All patients were satisfied with the esthetic appearance and functional outcome of the reconstruction.

CONCLUSION
The LTA flap could be an excellent option for covering various defects in the thumb web space, serving as an excellent alternative for the thumb web space reconstruction.


At the present time vendor-saturated markets have forced the drop in computer retail prices allowing a large percentage of today's households to have a computer or enter the market for one. Quite ofien these consumers call back to support hotlines for help in everything from getting started to troubleshooting various problems associated with computers. In many cases support personnel are swamped with angry, frustrated customers wanting some answers. We have proposed to alleviate problems of overload and inaccessibility by developing an expert system that would emulate a computer consultant to on-line and potential on-line customers. Theoretically, this system could be used by support personnel or by a user inte~acing directly either by terminal or modem. This paper will describe our approach to solving this problem as well as the design of an expert system.


Background: Migraine is a common disabling brain disorder. Headache accounts for 4.4% of all consultations in general practice, approximately 5% of all medical admissions to hospital, and approximately 20% of neurology outpatient consultations. Hence, the present study was undertaken for assessing the MRI findings in patients with migraine. Subjects and Methods: A total of 5 patients with migraine headache were included in the present study. Complete demographic details of all the patients were obtained. Thorough clinical examination was carried out and routine hematological and other biochemical investigations were also done. Patients underwent MRI investigations. Imaging was performed using a head coil with patient in a supine position. All the MR imaging examination were performed on a Seimen's Avento 1.5 Tesla Magnet MR System, slice thickness was 4-5mm with an inter slice gap of 0.5mm. MR imaging findings were compiled as per proforma and subjected to analysis using SPSS software. Results: Out of 5 migraine patients, significant abnormal MRI findings were present in 40 percent of the patients. One patient showed T2and T2 FLAIR Hyperintensities in subcortical white matter in frontal region. In the second patient with migraine, MRI finding revealed an area of diffusion restriction in left basal ganglia region which was hypointense on T1, T2 FLAIR and Hyperintense on T2 consistent with chronic infarct. Conclusion: Migraine headache patient occasionally have abnormal MRI findings to explain their headaches. Neuroimaging of headache sufferers in the general population yields few findings of clinical importance.


【Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report that acupuncture of Damjeonggyeok(tonifying GB in Sa-Am acupucture) can be effective on chronic insomnia. Methods : The patients were treated with Sa-Am acupucture(Damjeonggyeok) added with HT8 and KI6, once a week. Treatments were performed for 20 minutes. The effectiveness was evaluated using total sleep hours and subjective sleep quality based on the Insomnia Severity Index. Result and Conclusions : In all patients, the sleep quality evaluated with the Insomnia Severity Index has shown amelioration and sleeping time was increased. Also, they quit the insomnia pills. Acupuncture at Damjeonggyeok added with HT8 and KI6 seems to be able to one of useful therapies for the sleep disorder in chronic insomnia.】


Sedimentological characteristics of the Bara Formation sandstone which is exposed at BhitNala Section (BHNS), Laki Range, Lower Indus Basin are studied based on textural and petrographic attributes in order to determine depositional environment,provenance and tectonic setting. The Bara Formation of middle Paleocene is dominantly composed of sandstone along withsiltstone shale and carbonaceous shale.Statistical parameters (kurtosis, skewness, sorting, median and mean) calculated through sieve analysis suggest that the Bara Formation sandstone is medium to fine grained, moderately sorted, ranging in skewness from near symmetrical, positive to negative with very Leptokurtic, Leptokurtic and Mesocratic kurtosis. Based on textural parameters and discriminatory diagrams Bara Formation sediments deposited in fluvial to deltaic environment.The modal analysis data of 10 studied sandstone thin sections dominantly plot on cratoninterior along with few points plot at recycled orogen. Hence, it is inferred that the source of Bara Formation sediments isgranitic Indian craton occurring on the south east of study area with contribution from recycled detritus from post Bara Formations. Besides, Bara Formation sandstone is classified as ferruginous quartz arenite and quartz wacke.


Dogs homozygous for missense mutations in the SOD1 gene develop a late‐onset neuromuscular disorder called degenerative myelopathy (DM) that has many similarities to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Both disorders are characterized by widespread progressive declines in motor functions, accompanied by atrophic changes in the descending spinal cord tracts. Some forms of ALS are also associated with SOD1 mutations. In end‐stage ALS, death usually occurs as a result of respiratory failure from severe functional impairment of respiratory muscles. The mechanisms that lead to this loss of function are not known. Dogs with DM are euthanized at all stages of disease progression, providing an opportunity to characterize the onset and progression of any pathological changes in the respiratory muscles that may precede respiratory failure. To characterize such potential disease‐related pathology, we evaluated intercostal muscles from Boxer and Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs that were euthanized at various stages of DM disease progression. DM was found to result in intercostal muscle atrophy, fibrosis, increased variability in muscle fiber size and shape, and alteration in muscle fiber type composition. This pathology was not accompanied by retraction of the motor neuron terminals from the muscle acetylcholine receptor complexes, suggesting that the muscle atrophy did not result from physical denervation. These findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms that likely lead to respiratory failure in at least some forms of ALS and will be useful in the development and evaluation of potential therapeutic interventions using the DM model. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Neuroscience Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Liquid-rich shale (LRS) reservoirs, particularly lean and rich gas-condensates, are economically attractive but pose unique production challenges. These include productivity losses caused by condensate banking, saturation pressure changes due to pore confinement, and the associated rock-fluid interactions. In recent years, development of these types of reservoirs has advanced with optimal lateral well placement and innovative completion designs. It has been well recognized that initial production rates, their decline during depletion, and the ultimate liquid recoveries are severely impacted by the fluid, rock, rock-fluid properties, and the completions design. Thus, it is critical to have an in-depth understanding of the controlling factors related to fluids, rock and rock-fluid parameters that affect the long-term production performance of these reservoirs. We have conducted detailed reservoir simulation studies based on a sector model to investigate the sensitivity of rock, fluid, and rock-fluid parameters, and modeling fracture properties on reservoir performance. The reservoir model consists of a horizontal well and a network of hydraulic, induced. and natural fractures embedded in the rock matrix. The model also includes the effects of changes in fluid saturation pressures due to pore confinement and altered fluid phase behavior in nano-pore environments, interfacial tension (IFT)-dependent gas-condensate relative permeability curves and end-points, and the matrix and fracture properties. Sensitivity runs allow comparisons of reservoir performance predictions of rates, condensate dropout and the resulting condensate blocking, and ultimate liquid recovery potential. We developed a number of gas-condensate fluid models covering a range of Condensate to Gas Ratios (CGRs) (50 to 250 stb/MMscf) and implementing dewpoint suppression/elevation in nano-pore matrix and its impact on liquid dropout and condensate banking. In this article, we illustrate the results of the simulation study using a relatively rich condensate with a CGR ~100 stb/mmscf. We also used interfacial-tension dependent relative permeability curves and critical condensate saturations (Scc) for the matrix and for fractures. The compaction effects of matrix and the fractures during depletion were also accounted for. We conducted a number of sensitivity runs, including elevation/suppression of fluid saturation pressures, IFTdependent relative permeability, critical condensate saturations, and condensate blocking. Based on the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn: • Well rate and its decline with time (pressure) are highly sensitive to the fluid, rock, and the rock-fluid parameters, such as the dewpoint pressure, the relative permeability Corey exponents and ends point saturations. • Ultimate liquid recovery is impacted by the condensate dropout characteristics, IFT, and saturation pressure changes. • The liquid recovery is impacted by the leaning of produced fluids with pressure decline, mobilization of dropped-out condensates, and IFT effects on the relative permeability. • Condensate blocking severely affects gas rates and hence the well productivity. The results served as a basis for and guided reservoir development strategies and production planning.


Fluorescence imaging is a promising visualization tool and possesses the advantages of in situ response and facile operation; thus, it is widely exploited for bioassays. However, traditional fluorophores suffer from concentration limits because they are always quenched when they aggregate, which impedes applications, especially for trace analysis and real‐time monitoring. Recently, novel molecules with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics were developed to solve the problems encountered when using traditional organic dyes, because these new molecules exhibit weak or even no fluorescence when they are in free movement states but emit intensely upon the restriction of intramolecular motions. Inspired by the excellent performances of AIE molecules, a substantial number of AIE‐based probes have been designed, synthesized, and applied to various fields to fulfill diverse detection tasks. According to numerous experiments, AIE probes are more practical than traditional fluorescent probes, especially when used in bioassays. To bridge bioimaging and materials engineering, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the development of AIE bioprobes. It begins with a summary of mechanisms of the AIE phenomenon. Then, the strategies to realize accurate detection using AIE probes are discussed. In addition, typical examples of AIE‐active materials applied in diagnosis, treatment, and nanocarrier tracking are presented. In addition, some challenges are put forward to inspire more ideas in the promising field of AIE‐active materials.


White privilege is rarely manifested in intentional, positive acts. It is, in Peggy McIntosh's terms, "invisible," "unearned," and "cashed in each day" ("White Privilege and Male Privilege" in Critical White Studies: Looking Behind the Mirror [Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1997]: 291). To be White is to be the norm, universal. This norm functions automatically, and unless the universality of White experience is explicitly questioned or subverted, racial distortions may appear even against the conscious intent of an author. Such distortions appear throughout Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale (NY: Houghton-Mifflin, 1986). Atwood attempts to offer an archetypal account of female exploitation, but the stand-in for this universal experience is Offred, a White, college-educated American. Offred would seem an unlikely victim, but at no point in the text does Atwood acknowledge that sexism in America has, generally, been modulated by forms of race and class oppression, nor does she acknowledge the parallels between her own story and the experience of Black slavery. Because these historically-specific oppressions are removed from their broader context, the Tale drifts from speculative fiction, which is anchored in reality, into conceptually suspect and politically hazardous fantasy. Atwood's dystopia is set in the late 20th Century, when a cadre of fundamentalist Christians have overthrown the U.S. government and created the theocratic Republic of Gilead. Due to an unexplained fertility crisis, the government has impressed unmarried women of proven fertility into a state of sexual servitude. Many others work as domestic slaves in an autarkic, inefficient command economy. Women are forbidden to read or to meet without supervision. The novel thus places particular emphasis on the most persistent forms of female victimization: the sexual exploitation, isolation, and compelled ignorance that accompany severe economic and political powerlessness. These forms of victimization do not function in a vacuum, and in the United States they have been associated most strongly with the enslavement of African-Americans. Forced procreation arose from widespread slavery associated with plantation agriculture, particularly during in the 19th Century, when the Trans-Atlantic slave trade was on the wane and industrialization increased the demand for raw materials. This form of abuse followed a specific vector, from the White slaveholding man to the Black enslaved woman. In The Handmaid's Tale, victimization does appear to function in a historical and causal vacuum. The Republic of Gilead is an all-White enclave, and Blacks are erased from the novel in a single line, cloaked in Old Testament euphemism: "'Resettlement of the Children of Ham is continuing on schedule,' says the reassuring pink face, back on the screen. …


INTRODUCTION: Salivary gland tumors comprise three to ten percent of all head and neck tumors. The parotid gland is affected most often (64-80%). Malignant tumors constitute a minority, occurring in 15-32% of cases. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor, while mucoepidermoid carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm characterized by the highest incidence. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to conduct a cross-sectional study of all salivary gland tumors diagnosed in a tertiary hospital in the period between 1995 and 2013. METHODS: We reviewed all salivary gland histopathological reports completed at a single institution. Patient demographics and clinical data were analyzed. We used Pearson's chi-square test (χ2) to determine statistical significance for the variables. RESULTS: Neoplastic lesions amounted to 271 cases (37,27%). Pleomorphic adenoma was the most frequent benign tumor, while mucoepidermoid carcinoma was the most commonly found malignant tumor. Parotid gland showed a clear, statistically significant (p=0.045) preponderance of benign tumors. Age was the only predictor of malignancy (OR 1.03). CONCLUSION: The present study is in agreement with the current literature regarding the most frequent types of tumors, incidence according to a type of gland and gender.


Proton NMR relaxation times have been used to probe the pH of water inside reverse micelles of a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-hexanol-aq microemulsion. T(2) relaxation times were found to change with pH; however, T(1) relaxation times remained unaffected. This behavior was attributed to acid-catalyzed exchange between protons of water and hydroxyl protons of the cosurfactant hexanol. The rate of exchange and its influence on the T(2) relaxation time of water, inside the reverse micelle, were investigated as a function of water-to-surfactant ratio (ω(0)) and ionic strength. This exchange behavior and pH-dependent T(2) relaxation time were also observed for two other microemulsions--CTAB-hexane-pentanol-aq and Triton X-100-cyclohexane-hexanol-aq. Using this pH-dependent T(2) relaxation time, it was possible to monitor pH changes in the bromate-sulfite reaction inside a CTAB-hexanol-aq microemulsion.


The brain contains an intrinsic vasopressin fiber system the function of which is unknown. It has been demonstrated recently that astrocytes express high levels of a water channel, aquaporin-4 (AQP4). Because vasopressin is known to regulate aquaporin expression and translocation in kidney collecting ducts and thereby control water reabsorption, we hypothesized that vasopressin might serve a similar function in the brain. By recording intrinsic optical signals in an acute cortical slice preparation we showed that evoked neuronal activity generates a radial water flux in the neocortex. The rapid onset and high capacity of this flux suggest that it is mediated through the AQP4-containing astrocytic syncytium that spans the entire thickness of the neocortical mantle. Vasopressin and vasopressin receptor V1a agonists were found to facilitate this flux. V1a antagonists blocked the facilitatory effect of vasopressin and reduced the water flux even in the absence of any exogenous agonist. V2 agonists or antagonists had no effect. These data suggest that vasopressin and V1a receptors play a crucial role in the regulation of brain water and ion homeostasis, most probably by modulating aquaporin-mediated water flux through astrocyte plasma membranes.


Principal TopicLearning is often assumed to be inherent in the entrepreneurship process (Corbett, 2005). Sarasvathy (2001) argued that entrepreneurs are entrepreneurial because they act effectually. Entrepreneurial learning can thus be conceptualized as development of effectual logic. Entrepreneurs use both causation and effectuation logic; however, expert entrepreneurs are more likely to act effectually and/or adapt their dominant logic to the nature of the task while novice entrepreneurs use predominantly causal logic (Sarasvathy, 1998; Gustavsson, 2004). Perceived control motivates individuals to engage in action. Individuals often reason from their identity to explain their behavior and in that sense the social identity offers a linkage between their identity and their action. In particular, it has been argued that individual exhibit either professional or managerial identity. How these preferences influence the self-regulatory processes and the prevailing logic has not been researched in entrepreneurship process so far. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to develop a conceptual framework illustrating the factors determining the process of development of effectual logic.Method This paper adopts agency perspective and social identity theory to develop a framework for understanding the development of effectual logic. Agency builds the fundamental element of personal control (Bandura, 2001), while social identity is defined and bounded by membership in social groups (Tajfel, 1974). Thus, by focusing on both the individual elements inherent in the self-regulatory mechanism as well as on the social aspects and expectations of the chosen role a better understanding of the development process is created.Results/Implications By drawing specific attention to both the role perceived control and social role identity I illustrate their importance to the entrepreneurship process and to individuals who manage this process. Insofar, the paper contributes to the entrepreneurship by extending understanding of effectual logic; as well as contributes to more contextualized view of learning process through linking both the individual and social facets. A new definition is proposed.


Modelling and simulation approach is widely used in the management, manufacturing and services industries. The purpose of using modeling and simulation is to improve in business performance and achieve in business goals and targets. However, there is lack of such an application in the customer service operation for the logistic industry. The project is performed to evaluate the roles and responsibilities of Customer Service Officer (CSO) in the import and export operations for a logistic service company, to ensure customer satisfaction for the services provided by CSO from a logistic service company in the import and export operations and to recommend appropriate parameters for a logistic service company for improvement of business performance after operation re-engineering. The research method consists of interview, observation, document review and simulation. The project was conducted in DNE group, a logistic service company located in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The general manager and CSO of import and export operation (five CSO for each operation) were interviewed. The work of CSO of both import and export operations were observed. The relevant forms for the import and export operations and the CSO import and export operational procedure where the company intends to adhere to ISO 9001:2008 were reviewed. ARENA simulation was used to simulate the suggested methods for the purpose of improving business performance. There are four proposals for the import operation. The proposals are to add two working hours for each CSO, to add an extra officer to each import process, to allow two shifts for the CSO and to have more job separation. The export operation consists of three proposals. The proposals are to add two working hours for each CSO, to add an extra officer to each export process and to allow two shifts for the export CSO. These suggestions can be applied to other logistical companies and a conceptual model can be established for future research.


To the Editor.— Erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) is an inherited disorder of heme synthesis due to a defect in the enzyme activity of ferrochelatase, which results in the accumulation of free protporphyrin IX in erythrocytes and plasma, and is associated with cutaneous photosensitivity to UV light (around 400 nm). It is one of the two most common porphyrias, rivaling porphyria cutanea tarda in prevalence. Treatment of the cutaneous symptoms of EPP entail avoidance of sunlight and wearing of protective clothing. Beta carotene, used systemically in doses that produce clinical carotenodermia (recommended serum carotene levels above 400 μg/dL), affords most patients limited photoprotection. It has long been recognized that erythrocyte protoporphyrinis significantly increased in lead toxicity and some anemias without cutaneous photosensitivity. 1 In these cases, protoporphyrin is mainly bound to zinc in the form of zinc protoheme, whereas, in EPP, the accumulated protoporphyrin is metal free. The affinity of zinc for protoporphyrin, and the reduction in erythrocyte photohemolysis that results from cheletion of free protoporphyrin, has been previously demonstrated. 2


The paper focuses on the design of look-ahead cruise control systems which can adopt the behavior of the driver in the velocity selection process. The automatic system uses information about the oncoming road sections to calculate an economically optimal velocity for the vehicle. This velocity profile may differ greatly from the one selected by a human driver, who only has visual and acoustic information of the oncoming road section. The motivation of the paper is to analyze the behavior of the driver in terms of velocity selection in order to set up a longitudinal driver model. By adopting the driver model in the automatic system's velocity selection process, the motion of the vehicle can be more comfortable for the driver and the passengers of the vehicle, and the traveling time may be closer to that of the human driver.


The systematic study of human variation in China has only recently begun. Over the last decade extensive data have been collected that document the distribution of dermatoglyphic parameters, genetic markers, and anthropometric measurements in both majority Han and diverse minority populations of China. Here, I review recent syntheses of these studies made by Chinese investigators. These syntheses demonstrate the role that the study of human biological variation can play in reconstructing the population history of a vast and complex demographic unit such as China.


Critical thinking is an active and organized cognitive process which intends to understand the individual himself/herself, the events, situations and thoughts around him/ her by taking into consideration the individual and the thoughts of others that he/she interacts with. For this cognitive process, it is vitally important to be willing. Because of the need for a valid and reliable scale to measure critical thinking disposition especially in secondary education, the present study conducted aims to determine the validity and reliability of UF/EMI (University of Florida Engagement, Maturity and Innovativeness) Critical Thinking Disposition Instrument in Turkey conditions. The five-point Likert Scale composed of 26 items was applied to 342 Grade 9 and Grade 10 students. In order to analyse the triple factorial structure of the scale, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was carried out. As a result of analysis, one item was excluded from the scale. The obtained results indicated that 25-item scale resulting in three factors is consistent and compatible with the data. For the reliability of the scale, internal consistency coefficients of the entire scale and its sub-dimensions were checked out. The obtained Cronbach's Alpha internal consistency coefficient is 0,91 for the entire scale, 0,88 for engagement sub-dimension, 0,70 for cognitive maturity sub-dimension and 0,73 for innovativeness sub-dimension.


22 Purpose: Prior to 90 Y radioembolization procedure a pretherapy simulation using 99m Tc-MAA 23 is performed. Alternatively, a small dosage of 90 Y microspheres could be used. We aimed to 24 assess the accuracy of lung shunt fraction (LSF) estimation in both high activity 90 Y 25 posttreatment and pretreatment scans with isotope activity of ~100 MBq, using different 26 imaging techniques. Additionally, we assessed the feasibility of visualising hot and cold 27 hepatic tumours in PET/CT and Bremsstrahlung SPECT/CT images. 28 Materials and Methods: Anthropomorphic phantom including liver (with two spherical 29 tumours) and lung inserts was filled with 90 Y chloride to simulate an LSF of 9.8%. The total 30 initial activity in the liver was 1451 MBq, including 19.4 MBq in the hot sphere. Nine 31 measurement sessions including PET/CT, SPECT/CT, and planar images were acquired at 32 activities in the whole phantom ranging from 1618 MBq down to 43 MBq.


In the context of expert assessments in the fi eld of social medicine, a series of important data is collected concerning the ability of the individual undergoing rehabilitation to take part in a reha- bilitation measure as well as the chances of suc- cess. The socioeconomic relevance of restoring work capacity and the still-to-be optimised state of knowledge regarding the conditions of such a restoration form the backdrop of the current paper, which was produced in the framework of the special research program on rehabilitation sciences. In a sample of 290 individuals receiv- ing after-care treatment following fi rst-time intervertebral disc operations, the hypothesis was tested that comprehensive evaluation, i.e. evaluation by the patient and the physician, can greatly contribute to the accuracy of prognoses regarding return to work. To this end, data gath- ered from rehabilitation patients at three meas- urement occasions was analysed and compared with the statements of attending physicians. Major differences between patient and physician evaluations, in the sense of, for example the pa- tient rating their employment-related achieve- ment potential considerably lower or their phys- ical limitations considerably higher, were not confi rmed. Similarly, no evidence was found to support the assumption that employment status at a twelve month follow-up disconfi rms previ- ous " subjective " ratings.


A large class of entropy functions and corresponding relative entropies is considered. Inequalities are derived, proving continuity with respect to specific distance functions. As an application it is shown that these entropies satisfy Lesche's continuity condition. The entropies of Tsallis' nonextensive thermostatistics are taken as examples.


: The front-line employees of an enterprise are the main force in the direct value creation of the enterprise. Decent work is related to the development and external image of the enterprise, as well as the construction of harmonious labor relations in China. This paper starts with the definition of front-line employees, and finds out the statusquoof decent work for front-line employees through secondary data. The study found that the decent work of front-line employees in China needs to be improved. Therefore, this paper analyzes the promotion path of decent work from the enterprise aspect and individual aspect respectively. From the enterprise aspect, we should pay more attention to the awareness of human resources, the management level of human nature and the construction of employer brand; from the individual aspect, we should cultivate employees' awareness of decent work and improve their engagement and skill training level.


The rising tide of ethnic, political and sectarian conflicts at both national and regional levels, the growing role of non-state actors in these conflicts and the spread of international terrorism have brought state failure back to the centre of world politics. While the widely employed functionalist–institutionalist approach to the failure of nation-states focuses on the state, this article introduces a contextual framework, which highlights the role of the nation.This framework is then utilised to examine Pakistan, which on the one hand has been categorised as failing in many indexes and studies and on the other has raised debate about the contradictory forces that shape its strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes that the social contract between the state and society goes beyond the obligation of the former to fulfil the basic needs of its citizens. State–society relations and sociopolitical interactions among subnational identities within fractionalised societies should be directed at political arrangements that could abate conflict and promote a shared sense of nationhood.


Background: The functional outcomes and therapeutic costs between digit replantation and revision amputation have remained controversial. Methods: A total of 1023 patients with single-digit traumatic amputation or devascularization who underwent successful digit replantation (failure excluded) or revision amputation from January 1, 2013, to January 1, 2016, were included in this study. All cases were subgrouped based on Tamai level of amputation and the injured digit. The clinical outcomes were assessed using the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire 1 year after the initial operation. The authors also compared the cost of treatment, the duration of hospitalization, and the duration of sick leave between the two treatments. Results: Replantation of small (level I to V), ring (level I to III), and long (level I) fingers showed no functional benefit compared with initial revision amputation. In contrast, replantation of thumb (level I to V), index (level I to V), long (level II to V), and ring (level IV to V) fingers had better outcomes. The cost of replantation was higher and the durations of hospitalization and sick leave of replantation were also longer compared with the revision amputation group. Conclusions: Single amputated injuries of small (level I to V), ring (level I to III), and long (level I) fingers are a relative contradiction for replantation. Replantation of thumb (level I to V), index (level I to V), long (level II to V), and ring (level IV to V) fingers showed extra benefit compared with revision amputation.


The present study is aimed to synthesize V2O5 using V(OR)3 precursor and study its anti-microbial activity. The V(OR)3 was prepared by reaction of VCl3 and isopropanol alcohol. The synthesized V(OR)3 was hydrolyzed to yield black V(OH)3 gel using concentrated HCl as gelling agent. Yellow V2O5 obtained by thermal treatment of V(OH)3 gel at110oC and 380oC. All products were characterized using FT-IR Spectroscopy method. IR spectral revealed to found V(OR)3, V(OH)3 gel and V2O5 were formed. The V2O5 has been tested in vitro against numbers of microorganisms, to assess their antimicrobial activity using disc diffusion method, according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Guidelines. The results showed that V2O5 is active against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and partial active against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial Study of VO(OR)3 is required.


Many authors today address the topic of the use of project work for schools in general. Many publications can be found on the market, dealing with the art of successful presentation – in business, that is. Nonetheless, it is quite difficult to find a useful source which would address specifically the issue of using presentations for educational purposes, specifically in ESL / EFL classes or generally in the school environment. That is also one of the reasons why this work has been written – to present all the facts collected over a period of time and support them by practical experience from real life lessons of English.


Objectives
Colon cancer is one of leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Sorghum is the fifth most largely cultivated crop for human diet in the world. Most sorghum varieties contain high content of phenolic compounds. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the anti-cancer properties of a novel high phenolic sorghum bran extract prepared under 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent.

Methods
High phenolic sorghum, accession number PI570481, was grown in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico winter nursery during the 2018 and high phenolic sorghum bran extract was prepared using 70% ethanol with 5% citric acid solvent at room temperature for 2 hours. Human colon cancer cell lines (HCT15, SW480, HCT116 and HT-29) were treated with different doses of high phenolic sorghum bran extract. Cell proliferation and apoptosis was measured using MTS assay and Alexa Fluor 488 Annexin V/Dead Cell Apoptosis system, respectively. Distribution of cell cycle was measured Texas Red channel using BD LSRFortessa system. Cell migration and invasion was measured using wound healing assay and Matrigel, respectively. The luciferase activity of reporter genes was measured using a dual-luciferase assay and Western blot was performed to measure expression of cancer phenotype-associated proteins.

Results
Cell proliferation was inhibited and apoptosis was induced in the human colon cancer cells treated with high phenolic sorghum bran extract in a dose-dependent manner. High phenolic sorghum bran extract led to S phage arrest. Cell migration and invasion was also repressed in the human colon cancer cells treated with high phenolic sorghum bran extract. The change of cancer phenotypes was associated with up- or down-regulation of regulatory genes.

Conclusions
The present study expands our understanding on the potential use of high phenolic sorghum bran for prevention of human colon cancer.

Funding Sources
Cooperative Agreement grant from USDA-ARS to S-HL.


PURPOSE
Even after comprehensive evaluations, the etiology of 25-39% ischemic stroke remains unknown, and such a stroke often labeled as cryptogenic. Herein, we report a young patient with "cryptogenic stroke" caused by an intracranial atheroma, which was only visible on high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (HR-MRI).

CASE REPORT
A 22-year-old male presented with acute right limb weakness. He was a smoker and had been in good health without hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia or cardiac diseases. Diffusionweighted imaging revealed ischemic lesions at left basal ganglia and left centrum semiovale. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) showed left middle cerebral artery (MCA) stenosis (>50%). Six days later, this stenosis disappeared on repeated MRA and digital subtraction angiography. HRMRI suggested a superior-wall atheroma at the location where the stenosis previously existed. We hypothesize heavy thrombosis formation at the surface of atheroma may have caused a stenosis, while the subsequent spontaneous fibrinolysis may gradually eliminate this thrombosis and make the stenosis invisible.

CONCLUSION
Intracranial non-stenotic atheroma is a potential cause of a stroke. Our observation support HR-MRI as a tool for the etiology evaluation in young patients with cryptogenic stroke.


Women bring into the birthing unit values which include preferences, concerns and expectations that are involved in decision-making during intrapartum care. When midwives fail to meet the women's values, they experience such care as being inhumane and degrading, thus affecting the childbirth outcomes. The inhumane and degrading care includes a lack of sympathy and empathy, as well as a lack of attention to privacy and confidentiality. Midwives' possession of the required personal values and the ability to integrate women's values are vital to enhance ethical best practice during intrapartum care. The aim of the study was to explore and to describe the midwives' personal values that are required for ethical best practice during intrapartum care. The birthing unit at a public hospital in the Gauteng province of South Africa formed the context of the study. A qualitative research design that was explorative, descriptive and contextual in nature was used. The following personal values emerged: (1) respect, trust and dignity; (2) justice, equality and fairness; (3) freedom of choice and autonomy; (4) integrity, honesty and consistency; (5) good character and personality; (6) self-control and rapport; and (7) open-mindedness and flexibility. The midwives' personal values form a strong precursor that is crucial for ethical best practice during intrapartum care. The individual midwives, nursing education institutions and health facilities can use the study findings in areas such as reflective midwifery practice, the midwifery curriculum, recruitment and selection processes, and as part of key performance areas and indicators in performance reviews.


The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (IOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of IOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization. Technologies being demonstrated include: (1) Advanced petrophysics; (2) Three dimensional (3-D) seismic; (3) Cross-well bore tomography; (4) Advanced reservoir simulation; (5) Carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) stimulation treatments; (6) Hydraulic fracturing design and monitoring; and (7) Mobility control agents.


The main serpentine and greenstone block of Unst is traced into Fetlar and shown to be a nappe (the lower nappe) folded into a southerly-trending synform. It lies above a basement of high-grade regional metamorphic and migmatitic rocks and is separated from this basement by the lower schuppen zone. The lower nappe is overlain by an upper nappe (the Vord Hill serpentine in Fetlar and the Clibberswick serpentine in Unst) which forms the core of the synform. It is separated from this nappe by the middle schuppen zone. The upper nappe is overlain in Fetlar by the upper schuppen zone. The three schuppen zones contain slices of migmatite-gneiss and schist from the basement, serpentine and greenstone from the nappes, and Norwick Hornblendie Schist and Phyllite Group rocks which occur only in these zones. Sedimentary structures in the Phyllite Group show that they were formed, in part at least, of the erosion products of the nappes as they were being emplaced. Continued movement of the nappes resulted in the metamorphism and deformation of the rocks in the schuppen zones and of the nappes and basement beside the zones. This, the second metamorphism, was a constructive synkine-matic greenschist facies metamorphism, which completely or partially transformed both metamorphic and sedimentary rocks of the schuppen zones into phyllites. During the metamorphism these rocks were folded and elongated parallel to the fold-axes as a result of constriction in the plane normal to the fold-axes. This deformation was not directly caused by movements on the thrust-planes; it was caused by the flow of the relatively incompetent rocks of the schuppen zones towards the direction of the easiest relief, due to pressure from the relatively rigid masses of the nappes. The direction of movement of the nappes themselves cannot be determined as the roots are not exposed and the thrust-planes lack directional structures.


Child well-being is inextricably linked to the performance of the macroeconomy. Although not always explicit, there are very clear and powerful channels that need to be understood, monitored and linked to decision-making processes, including economic growth, labour markets, price levels and the fiscal balance. As the young and fast-growing population in the Eastern and Southern Africa region (ESAR) explodes from 540 million today to more than a billion in less than 30 years, the stakes for children have never been higher. And this is the main objective of the report: to understand whether macroeconomic forces will catalyse sustainable change for children – or not. When looking at recent trends and projections, optimism is hard to come by: * Economic growth is not nearly fast enough to propel incomes and poverty alleviation on a meaningful scale. * Labour markets are not providing the quality jobs needed by parents and young workers to improve their lives and the lives of children. * Rising prices are negatively influencing real economic output, the impact of government investment and household welfare. * Continuous budget deficits, rising debt and the changing foreign aid landscape limit available funding for children's services. * The current levels, design and performance of social sector budgets prevent systems from delivering the services demanded by children and their families. However, many factors could influence the outlook. Economic growth could outperform expectations… Labour markets could rapidly expand and create formal sector opportunities for young and adult workers… Price levels could permanently stabilize… Domestic resource mobilization and other financing efforts could produce unprecedented returns… And social sector investment could suddenly grow in size and impact… Sound policies and favorable external conditions could help improve the macroeconomic trajectory for children, but achieving meaningful improvements in child well-being will largely be dictated by the investment choices of governments starting today. UNICEF country offices can play a critical role in influencing budgets for children as well as in protecting and promoting child well-being in response to different macroeconomic situations.


Tea crop damage is caused by mites and insect pests, and each year a significant amount of crop loss is occurring
 due to their damage. The efficiency of synthetic pesticides has permitted for their widespread usage as a control
 tool over several decades. Synthetic pesticides, on the other hand, have resulted in the development of insect pest
 resistance, pollution, and pesticide residues in the finished product, etc, forcing the planting community to look for
 the development of an alternate strategy. Microbial pesticides have been employed to counter the mite and insect
 pest-damaging tendencies while a significant portion of scientific data suggests that their actions are both desirable
 and environmentally beneficial. The efficiency of entomopathogenic microorganisms against several tea pests was
 examined and the microbial biopesticides were found to be successful and demonstrated promising effects against
 tea pests. In this mini-review, we have combined fundamental and integrated pest management information into an
 easy-to-follow method for control the tea pests.


An intellectualized voltage-regulator has been developed. When the tolerance between a setting voltage and power transformer output voltage is greater than the allowable voltage error, the voltage-regulator can control the load tap switch to regulate power transformer primary winding tap location. In this way, a steady power supply voltage can be gained by means of the control with the voltage-regulator in order to ensure electric-equipment reliable operation. The voltage-regulator has a serial communication function with the host computer in a transformer substation. The distributing control system of the power supply can be realized by receiving workshop information and sending the control command to voltage-regulators from the host computer.


A batch process is finite in duration and can be separated into two stages: startup and production. We develop a methodology to monitor a batch process during the startup stage to reduce the length of the startup stage. We focus on processes that are characterized by multiple process parameters and product characteristics. Because of the complex interdependencies characterizing the process parameters and product characteristics, it is more effective to evaluate them simultaneously. To address the multivariate nature of the process we use a multivariate statistical model: PLS (Projection to Latent Structures). PLS has been applied to several applications in statistical process monitoring. We present a new application of PLS to the startup stage of a batch process. Iterative adjustments made during startup in search of an acceptable production zone consume considerable amounts of material, labor and equipment time. We develop a monitoring procedure to reduce the time as well as the number of iterations and adjustments needed for startup. A PLS model is constructed, using baseline data, to characterize the relationship among process parameters during good production. The startup stage is monitored using the PLS characterization to determine if the process is consistent with good production. We illustrate the improved startup operations with an example from a batch process in filament extrusion, the application that motivates this work. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to develop an indicator of household resilience as a measure of progress towards achieving the first of four elements identified in the Framework for African Food Security. A review of the literature provided support for the use of assets owned by a household as an indicator of household resilience. Several methods of constructing household asset indices emerged from the literature reviewed. The application of four of these methods to Demographic and Health Survey data from six African countries is presented in this paper. The resulting indices were used to estimate individual socio-economic status scores for all households. All four methods performed similarly across the assessment characteristics, but yielded different results when the households were grouped into quintiles based on the estimated socio-economic status scores. As suggested by the literature, quintiles were used to classify the study households into categories of socio-economic status based on the estimated socio-economic status scores. However, socio-economic status was not evenly distributed across the study households making the use of a quintile approach inappropriate for grouping the households. Cluster analysis was applied as an alternative to the quintile classification to group the study households. Cluster analysis appeared to be a more effective approach to grouping households, both in that it does not assume an even distribution of socio-economic status across households – as the quintile approach does – and it provides a useful indication of changes in the per cent of households falling into different socio-economic status groups over time.


In the early 1990s, South Africa experienced a remarkable transition to democracy. Nelson Mandela was freed from prison, his previously outlawed ANC was legalized, and all-race elections were held in 1994. What motivated South Africa's former white leaders to hand over the reins of power to a black government? And what are the prospects for economic and political freedom in post-apartheid South Africa?"The Origins and Demise of South African Apartheid" addresses these questions, using public choice models to distill the essence of apartheid, to examine the reasons for its emergence in the first instance, and to study its subsequent evolution as the economy's structure changed. The authors evaluate the role of foreign economic sanctions and other international pressures in precipitating the fall of apartheid but find that domestic economic problems, caused by apartheid policies themselves, were more important than foreign sanctions in crippling the South African economy. Further perpetuation of apartheid would have meant even further declines in living standards for white as well as black South Africans.The authors also examine the postapartheid constitution for clues on South Africa's future prosperity. Finally they identify procedural and substantive weaknesses in the constitution that need to be addressed in order to create the foundations for a truly free society.The book will appeal to a wide audience of economists and political scientists, especially those interested in public choice and comparative systems, as well as to South Africa scholars in the fields of political science, history, and economics.Anton D. Lowenberg is Professor of Economics, California State University, Northridge. William H. Kaempfer is Professor of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder.


The Saturation Flow Rate (SFR) is a primary measure that can be used when estimating intersection capacity. Further, the efficiency of signal control parameters also depends on the accuracy of assumed SFR values. Driver behavior, type of movement, vehicle type, intersection layout, and other factors may have a significant impact on the saturation flow rate. Thus, it is expected that driving environments that have heterogeneous driver populations with different driving habits and cultures may have different SFRs. In practice, the proposed SFRs based on US standards (Highway Capacity Manual, 2016) have been adopted in the State of Qatar without validation or calibration to consider the local road environment and the characteristics of the driving population. This study aims to empirically analyze the saturation flow rates for exclusive left-turn lanes and shared left- and U-turn lanes at two signalized intersections in Doha city, while considering the effects of heavy vehicles and U-turn maneuvers. Empirical observations revealed that the average base SFR, i.e., when the influences from heavy vehicles and U-turns were excluded, could vary approximately from 1800 vehicles per hour per lane (vphpl) to 2100 vphpl for exclusive left-turning lanes and approximately from 1800 vphpl to 1900 vphpl for shared left- and U-turning lanes. Furthermore, this study proposed different adjustment factors for heavy vehicle and U-turn percentages which can be applied in practice in designing signalized intersections, particularly in the State of Qatar.


In this paper, we present an adaptive algorithm based on direct data domain which can compensate the mutual coupling with only one snapshot of the received signals. Without any auxiliary sensors and calibration sources, this algorithm can accurately estimate the coupling coefficients and recover the desired signal. Numerical simulation shows that the recovery of the desired signal is accurate in the presence of mutual coupling.


Background: AZD1775 (formerly MK-1775) is a selective inhibitor of WEE1 kinase, which has been shown to sensitize TP53-mutant cancer cells to genotoxic agents such as platinum-based chemotherapies. Mutation of TP53 abrogates the G1/S checkpoint in cells, which may enhance their dependency on the G2/M checkpoint and WEE1 kinase activity for control of the cell cycle and effective repair of DNA damage. The results from a randomized Phase II trial (NCT01357161) evaluating the effects of adding AZD1775 to carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with TP53-mutant ovarian cancer showed an increase in progression-free survival (PFS) for the AZD1775 arm versus placebo (enhanced RECIST: median PFS 34.14 vs 31.86 weeks; HR = 0.63, 80% CI: 0.45-0.89, P = 0.080; RECIST 1.1: median PFS 42.86 vs 34.86 weeks; HR = 0.55, 80% CI 0.39-0.79, P = 0.030; Oza et al, ASCO 2015). We investigated whether particular genetic factors were associated with an increased response to the combination of AZD1775 and chemotherapy in this trial. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed to determine whether any specific subtype of TP53 alteration was associated with a greater response to the AZD1775 combination compared with placebo. In addition, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on archival tumors from a subset of patients who provided consent in an effort to identify additional genetic alterations that may predict increased clinical benefit following the addition of AZD1775 to chemotherapy. Results: TP53 data were available for 136 patients (15 patients from an initial open-label safety run-in and 121 patients from the randomized trial) and 133 patients were evaluable for response. Fifty-five patients provided additional consent for NGS of tumor samples. The genetic aberrations observed in the NGS subset of tumors from this trial were heterogeneous, and the total mutational load in cancer-related genes was also variable across tumors. Although the small number of patients with a tumor BRCA mutation limited the statistical power of the comparison between randomized arms, the median PFS was longer in those patients treated with AZD1775 (53.86 weeks, 95% CI 24.43-66.57) versus placebo (45.86 weeks, 95% CI 35.71-55.86) in this BRCA-mutated subgroup. TP53 subgroup analyses showed a similar benefit for patients with missense mutations compared to those with splice site, nonsense and frameshift TP53 mutations. The heterogeneity of the G1/S checkpoint gene aberrations limited the statistical power of the subgroup analysis, but specific genes that warrant further investigation were identified. Conclusions: These results highlight a number of potential candidate genes for increased response to AZD1775 and chemotherapy compared with chemotherapy alone. Citation Format: Naomi Laing, Zhongwu Lai, J. Carl Barrett, Mark J. O'Connor, Amit M. Oza, David Lawrence. Genetic analysis of tumors from a phase II trial evaluating AZD1775, carboplatin and paclitaxel in patients with TP53-mutant ovarian cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 337.


In this article we present a caracterization of the vibrational spectrum of the H5+ molecule using the correlation function quantum Monte Carlo (CFQMC) method and a genetic algorithm study of the topology of the potential energy surface used in this work. The vibrational modes associated with the H3+ - H2 torsion and stretching posses very flat minima. As a consequence the fundamental frequencies corresponding to these modes are poorly described in the harmonic approximation. The vibrational frequencies obtained in this work are in good agreement with the available experimental data as well as other computational methods found in literature. In our genetic algorithm study of the potential energy surface using cartesian coordinates we have found some unexpected minima. A careful analysis shows that some of these minima are described by the same curviliniar coordinates in which the potential is described. However, they represent nonequivalent molecular geometries.


Chronic endotoxicosis was modeled by subcutaneous injection of the sepharose in complex with LPS. In these conditions we have studied morphofunctional changes of the immune system of BALB/c and C57Bl/6 mice, which are characterized by the different types of the immune response (Th2 type is predominant in BALB/c, Th1--in C57Bl/6). In the 1st-7th day t in the serum of BALB/c mice the endotoxin level increased in 21.3 times, in C57Bl/6--in 20.6 times. The endotoxin antibodies significantly decreased in 1th-7th days, on the 14th day it increased in the serum of both mice's strains. Morphofunctional changes of the immune system after chronic endotoxicosis were different in BALB/c and C57BI/6 mice. On the 1th day after injection of LPS and sepharose, in the thymus of C57Bl/6 mice the cortex layer was exhausted because of cell death, in the thymus of BALB/c mice II-III stages of accidental involution were developed. On the 7-14th day after injection of LPS and sepharose in the spleen of C57Bl/6 mice T- and B-zones were hyperplastic, however in spleen of BALB/c mice only T-zone were enlarged. After LPS and sepharose injection changes of cytokine production synthesized by KonA activated splenic cells were found out. In both strains the level of proinflammatory cytokines--TNFalpha and IL-1beta decreased, as well the Th1-cytokine IL-2. The production o fTh2-cytokine - IL-4, significantly decreased only in C57BI/6 mice. We suggest that damaging effect of LPS injection is determined by predominant Th2 or Th2 types of the immune response.


The development of wireless sensor networks has greatly encouraged the use of sensors in the location tracking industry by introducing various researches have exploited the high accuracy of position determination using distinct tracking models predominantly as low-cost solutions. This paper presents an indoor tracking model that uses the depreciated IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio frequency and immersive 3-D graphics to present data in an extraordinary way. Our motivation is to manipulate the erratic and unstable received signal strength indicator (RSSI) signal to deliver stable and precise position information in an indoor environment. A sensor (target node) receives RSSI signals from at least three designated sensors (reference nodes) and predicts the location on the basis of trilateration. The nature of a limited indoor space is such that there is signal fluctuation and noise in radio-frequency transmission between sensors. In light of this issue, we proposed an accuracy refinement algorithm to filter out noise in the received RSSI signals. To display useful 3-D information, an additional feature is required in conjunction with the user's position to illustrate the view of the user. Therefore, a digital magnetic compass is used to determine the orientation of the target in real- time and a sensor transmits DMC data to a receiver in wireless transmission.


The Maroochy River, which is located on east coast of Australia, provides a variety of uses and values to the community. Changes in structure, function and management of the river will influence the value that the community derives from it. Therefore, critical to the river's continued management is the development of policy relevant tools based on the community's value of the river. This paper focuses on estimating the fi-nancial value the local residents derive from living close to the river through investigation of changes in residential property values due to attributes of the Maroochy River. It is a complex analysis since there are several confounding geographical and property variables. Given a large and complete dataset of 28,000 properties for the Maroochy region, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) was applied to estimate the economic value of the properties. This ANN was then able to simulate scenarios for property values with respect to changes in environmental features. It showed the Maroochy River contributed AU$900,000,000 to the unim-proved capital value of the whole region, a value that could not be estimated previously, and much higher than anticipated. Calculating potential annual payments to the Shire Council through land tax analysis from these property values, provides the council with means to justify expenditure to maintain a standard of water quality and ecosystem health.


This study was designed to evaluate the use of predictors and methods of improving patient compliance. A survey of 118 items was developed by searching the literature for items that other researchers have found to be significant. The new questionnaire contained six sections. Sections 1 and 2 pertained to predictors of patient compliance; sections 3 and 4 related to methods of improving compliance. In section 5, the respondents were asked to evaluate patient personality traits that might be important in evaluating compliance, and in the last section, demographic background information on the respondents was collected. Questionnaires were mailed to 1,262 practicing orthodontists in the United States, and 429 responses were received. Patient-related items, such as desire for treatment and relationship with parents, were ranked as important factors motivating patients to comply. Verbal praise and communication were rated as important methods for improving compliance. Personality traits that orthodontists found to be predictive of patient compliance were: high self-esteem; obedient; accommodating; and self-confident. Patients' perceptions of their malocclusions, combined with their desire for orthodontic treatment, may be good indicators of compliance. Doctor-patient rapport and verbal praise may be useful ways to improve compliance.


Abstract Objective Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), a transcription factor, is regarding critical regulator of the function of regulatory T (Treg) cells and plays a crucial role in the development of autoimmune diseases. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is an autoimmune disease; however, little is known about the association between FOXP3 variants and the susceptibility to POI. Methods Long-range polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze complete FOXP3 gene sequences from 153 patients with POI. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the FOXP3 gene were compared between patients with POI and 269 East Asian women from the Genome Aggregation (gnomAD) database. Results Forty-three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, including 25 known SNPs and 18 novel SNPs. The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of two known SNPs (rs17847094 and rs76798919) and three novel SNPs (NC_000023.11:g.49112832G > A, NC_000023.11:g.49112833G > A, and NC_000023.11:g.49120479CT > C) were significantly different between the two groups. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses of the rs57734889, rs2232365, rs3761548, and rs34629506 SNPs in FOXP3 were performed and compared, and the high D′ (standardized disequilibrium coefficients) value indicated that these polymorphisms may contribute to the risk of POI. Conclusions This study is the first to show that genetic variants in the regulatory regions of FOXP3 play a vital role in idiopathic POI in the Chinese population.


Most jurisdictions require that a mental capacity assessment be conducted using a functional model whose definition includes several abilities. In England and Wales and in increasing number of countries, the law requires a person be able to understand, to retain, to use or weigh relevant information and to communicate one's decision. But interpreting and applying broad and vague criteria, such as the ability 'to use or weigh' to a diverse range of presentations is challenging. By examining actual court judgements of capacity, we previously developed a descriptive typology of justifications (rationales) used in the application of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) criteria. We here critically optimise this typology by showing how clear definitions—and thus boundaries—between the criteria can be achieved if the 'understanding' criterion is used narrowly and the multiple rationales that fall under the ability to 'use or weigh' are specifically enumerated in practice. Such a typology-aided practice, in theory, could make functional capacity assessments more transparent, accountable, reliable and valid. It may also help to create targeted supports for decision making by the vulnerable. We also discuss how the typology could evolve legally and scientifically, and how it lays the groundwork for clinical research on the abilities enumerated by the MCA.


Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide and arises secondary to the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in normal colon cells, which results in a polyp-to-cancer progression sequence. It is known that individuals with a personal history of colon adenomas or cancer are at increased risk for metachronous colon neoplasms. One explanation for this increased risk could be field cancerization, which is a phenomenon in which the histologically normal tissue in an organ is primed to undergo transformation. Epigenetic alterations appear to be promising markers for field cancerization. In this review, we discuss field cancerization in the colon and the data supporting the use of methylated DNA as a biomarker for this phenomenon.


This article is devoted to the constitutional analysis of the genesis of the concept of "public control of power". We affirm that an analysis of the genesis of the concept of "public control of power" in constitutional law will allow us to identify specific priorities for ensuring the exercise of the right of citizens of the Russian Federation to exercise public control.


An open‐label, nonrandomized study was conducted to assess the effect of ravuconazole on the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered nelfinavir. Healthy volunteers received 750 mg nelfinavir on day 1, 750 mg nelfinavir and 400 mg ravuconazole on day 2, 400 mg ravuconazole on days 3 to 28, and 750 mg nelfinavir and 400 mg ravuconazole on day 29. The geometric means of Cmax and area under the curve of nelfinavir coadministered with ravuconazole were 30.7% and 31.9% higher on day 2 and 7.9% and 16.2% lower on day 29, respectively, compared to the corresponding values on day 1. These findings are consistent with the potential for ravuconazole to both inhibit and induce CYP3A isozymes. The alterations in the systemic exposure to nelfinavir were within the range defined by the 90% confidence interval. The study data indicate that coadministration of ravuconazole did not result in a clinically significant change in the plasma levels of nelfinavir.


Researchers have used various techniques to form pneumothorax in animals, but to date, no standard method or rate of pneumothorax has been defined. We tried to develop a standard and a safe method of pneumothorax model in this study. 12 female Wistar Albino rats weighing 200 - 220 g were used. Two groups (6 rats in each) were formed. Open pneumothorax was formed by 0.5 cm incision through the right, 5 th intercostal space. The first group was held in open pneumothorax position for 1 min and the second group, for 2 min and the incisions were sutured. After 48 h, computed tomography of the rats were obtained and the pneumothorax rates were measured. The mean pneumothorax value was greater in Group II (13.89%) than in Group I and it was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The above mentioned method produces low rates of pneumothorax (10 - 15%), without injuring lung tissue. It should be useful for researchers, who plan to study lung physiology with low rates of pneumotohorax.


This study analyzed the relationship between image restoration strategies and media coverage, specifically, the image restoration strategies utilized by Bill Clinton in 1992 and George W. Bush in 1999 in response to questions of past drug use and the ensuing media coverage during the respective campaigns. A literature review of political apologia and image restoration strategies is presented, followed by potential explanations for the extensive media coverage of the drug issue. Articles published in 7 newspapers during the respective political campaigns were retrieved and textually analyzed to determine the candidates' image restoration strategies. The reported presidential comments were then critically analyzed to demonstrate the potential influence of image restoration strategies on the media coverage of the drug questions. Introduction During their respective campaigns, Bill Clinton in 1992 and George W. Bush in 1999 used multiple image restorations strategies when questioned about past drug use. Their responses to these questions provide interesting examples for political communication research and analysis. Future political candidates and their staffs may find it useful to review notable candidates' strategies and the influence of these strategies on media coverage when developing rhetoric to promote and protect the candidate's political image. Trent and Friedenberg (2000) describe one's political image as how voters perceive a candidate or elected official. This perception is based on "a candidate's personal traits, job performance, and issue positions" (Denton & Stuckey, 1994, p. 7). Once an image has been established, strategies may be required to protect that image. Brinson and Benoit (1996) recognize that "when a reputation is threatened, individuals and organizations are motivated to present an image defense: explanations, justifications, rationalizations, apologies, or excuses for behavior" (p. 30). Sellnow, Ulmer, and Snider (1998) agree, "[Individuals] must engage in a discourse with their public that provides an adequate justification for whatever actions are under scrutiny" (p. 62). It is in this discourse that political candidates may utilize apologia or image restoration strategies to defend their image against overzealous questions and accusations. While candidates cannot dictate the media's coverage of certain issues, by taking into account other potential influencers, one can analyze media 1 Veil: To Answer, or Not to Answer That is the Question of the Hour: I Published by Cornerstone: A Collection of Scholarly and Creative Works for Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2005 Speaker & Gavel 2005 59 Speaker and Gavel, Vol 42 (2005) www.dsr-tka.org/ coverage and determine if image restoration strategies can also influence the media. Research Questions To determine the potential influence of image restoration strategies on media coverage, three relevant research questions were asked. RQ1) What image restoration strategies were utilized by Bill Clinton and George W. Bush in response to questions about past drug use? RQ2) Was there a difference in the amount of media coverage of the drug issue pertaining to the candidates? RQ3) Is there a relationship between the image restoration strategies utilized and the media coverage of the candidates' responses to questions of past drug use? To investigate these questions, a literature review of political apologia and image restoration strategies is presented, followed by potential explanations for the extensive media coverage of the drug issue. Retrieved articles are then textually analyzed to determine candidates' image restoration strategies. Finally, the media coverage in correlation to the image restoration strategies used is analyzed to provide implications of the study and offer suggestions for future research.


Iberia" by Isaac Albeniz is a piano masterpiece and a crucial piece in the Spanish musical panorama. In order to understand it and interpret it correctly, we need to analyse its historical context and the musical events that occurred during the life of Albeniz. Firstly, great changes in the Spanish musical scene during the second half of the 19th century (the debate for the creation of the National Opera, the Spanish Zarzuela, musical nationalism and the exaltation of popular music). Secondly, the separation between flamenco and folklore through the professionalisation of flamenco artists in the so-called cafe-cantantes. Finally, it is worth mentioning the French modernism that would accompany Albeniz in the change of the century. Being a formal musical composition, "Iberia" is impregnated with Spanish popular music elements recreated by the author. The main objective of this study is to identify those elements and then understand their process of elaboration.


The demand for energy has increased recently worldwide, requiring new oilfield discoveries in order to supply this need. Following this demand increase, challenges grow in all areas of the petroleum industry especially those related drilling operations. Due to hard operational conditions found when drilling complex scenarios such as high pressure/high temperature zones, deep and ultradeep waters and other challenging ones, the use non-aqueous drilling fluids became a must. The reason for that is because this kind of drilling fluid is capable to tolerate these extreme drilling conditions found in those scenarios. However, it can experience changes in its properties as results of pressure and temperature variations, requiring special attention during some drilling operations, such as the well control. The well control is a critical issue since it involves safety, social, economic and environmental aspects. To support well control operations and preserve the well integrity, well control simulators are very useful to verify operational parameters and to assist drilling engineers in the decision making process during well control operations and kick situations. Well control simulators are also important computational tools for rig personnel training. This work presents well control research and development contributions, as well as the results of a computational well control simulator that applies the Driller's Method and allows the understanding the thermodynamic behavior of synthetic drilling fluids, such as n-paraffin and ester base fluids. The simulator employed mathematical correlations for the drilling fluids PVT properties obtained from experimental data.The simulator results were compared to a test well data set, as well to published results from other kick simulators.


Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic elements that make up a large fraction of mammalian genomes. While select TEs have been co-opted in host genomes to have function, the majority of these elements are epigenetically silenced by DNA methylation in somatic cells. However, some TEs in mice, including the Intracisternal A-particle (IAP) subfamily of retrotransposons, have been shown to display interindividual variation in DNA methylation. Recent work has revealed that IAP sequence differences and strain-specific KRAB zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) may influence the methylation state of these IAPs. However, the mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of interindividual variability in DNA methylation still remain unclear. Here we report that sequence content and genomic context influence the likelihood that IAPs become variably methylated. IAPs that differ from consensus IAP sequences have altered KZFP recruitment that can lead to decreased KAP1 recruitment when in proximity of constitutively expressed genes. These variably methylated loci have a high CpG density, similar to CpG islands, and can be bound by ZF-CxxC proteins, providing a potential mechanism to maintain this permissive chromatin environment and protect from DNA methylation. These observations indicate that variably methylated IAPs escape silencing through both attenuation of KZFP binding and recognition by ZF-CxxC proteins to maintain a hypomethylated state.


Allosyncarpia ternata S. T. Blake dominates closed forests on rugged sandstone escarpments on the western edge of the Arnhem Land Plateau, northern Australia. The forests occur in a floristic continuum between fire-protected wet monsoon forests in the base of canyons and frequently burnt, eucalyptdominated savannas that occur in all other topographic positions. An indirect gradient analysis of 69 quadrats from these three vegetation types at six different localities showed that no measured edaphic variable was correlated with this floristic transition. A detailed study of a single patch of Allosyncarpia on level terrain with rock-free, sandy soils showed that Allosyncarpia trees occur on sites with significantly deeper soils and higher concentrations of available K in the surface soil compared to surrounding eucalypt savannas. However, there was no significant difference in dry season surface soil moisture content between these communities. There is also evidence that there is no significant difference in subsoil moisture supply. Xylem pressure potential of Callitris intratropica (which is equally abundant in both Allosyncarpia and eucalypt communities) was found to be statistically similar at the beginning and end of the dry season. The Allosyncarpia forest was made up of a mosaic ranging from stands co-dominated by savanna species with grassy understoreys to stands co-dominated by monsoon forest species with dense understoreys. No measured environmental factors were significantly related to the patterning of these stands within the forest. Seed throw of Allosyncarpia is limited to several metres from the canopy edge and seedlings were only observed beneath the canopy. Field experiments demonstrated that seedling survival in the savanna can be enhanced by the provision of shade, and nursery experiments demonstrated that the growth of seedlings provided with ample water is suppressed by full sunlight. Dry season fires in grass fuels ranging from 2 to 8 t ha-1 were found to be lethal to seedlings <100 mm tall. Although most Allosyncarpia trees recover following fire damage, the present distribution of the species may be best explained as a consequence of wildfires. However, there is need for confirmation that the species range is contracting under current fire regimes. This is probably best derived by analysis of existing remote sensing data.


In recent years, ingenious entrepreneurs have invented new commodities by bundling contingent claims and marketing them. A liability right can be viewed as a contingent claim and analyzed like stock options or commodity futures. Since law prohibits markets for liability rights, no one knows how they would work. I assume no legal impediments to unbundling, packaging, and selling liability rights, and then I imagine how such markets might solve some legal problems. When contracts reallocate tort liability, courts often invalidate the terms on grounds of inadequate consent. Competitive markets for liability rights could solve this problem by pricing liability rights at the true value of the underlying risk. Tort reformers also struggle for a way to combine efficient deterrence and efficient insurance. Competitive markets for liability rights could solve this problem by the potential accident victim retaining the rights desired for insurance and selling the rest to, say, a lawyer whose assertion of the rights would deter.


It has been shown that noscapine, an opium-derived phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid that is currently being used as an oral antitussive drug, induces apoptosis in myeloid leukemia cells. The molecular mechanism responsible for the anticancer effects of noscapine is poorly understood. In the current study, the apoptotic effects of noscapine on two myeloid cell lines, apoptosis-proficient HL60 cells and apoptosis-resistant K562 cells, were analyzed. An increase in the activity of caspase-2, -3, -6, -8 and -9, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase cleavage, detection of phosphatidylserine on the outer layer of the cell membrane, nucleation of chromatin, and DNA fragmentation suggested the induction of apoptosis. Noscapine increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio with a significant decrease of Bcl-2 expression accompanied with Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Using an inhibitory approach, the activation of the caspase cascade involved in the noscapine-induced apoptosis was analyzed. We observed no inhibitory effect of the caspase-8 inhibitor on caspase-9 activity. In view of these results and taking into consideration that K562 cells are Fas-null, we suggested that caspase-8 is activated in a Fas-independent manner downstream of caspase-9. In conclusion, noscapine can induce apoptosis in both apoptosis-proficient and apoptosis-resistant leukemic cells, and it can be a novel candidate in the treatment of hematological malignancies.


This paper presents the main findings of a study on the translation of national court names in United Nations texts as an illustrative group of culture-bound terms. It focuses on documents produced as part of several mandatory compliance monitoring procedures in the field of human rights. The study is part of a broader project on legal translation in international organisations (LETRINT), which considers terminological consistency and adequacy as indicators of translation quality, and examines the impact of legal asymmetry on both dimensions. To shed light on the first of these indicators, a comprehensive analysis of intertextual and intratextual variations of English-Spanish and French-Spanish translations of thirty terms was conducted. Over five thousand bi- and trilingual segments, extracted from three ad-hoc multilingual and parallel corpora, were examined. They cover the period between 2000 and 2017, and refer to six legal systems. At the intertextual level, the results corroborate that legal asymmetry has a significant impact on translation decision-making, while the assessment of intratextual variation points to a link between source text length, documental series and the degree of terminological consistency.


Abstract The aging of the population has increased concern about how to motivate health profession students to choose careers in geriatric medicine. A cross-sectional survey of first-year medical (n = 83), nursing (n = 131) and pharmacy students (n = 127) was used to explore variation in students' interest in working in the field of geriatrics. One-third of all the students said they were at least somewhat interested in the field, with pharmacy students having the most interest. Significant determinants of student interest in geriatric medicine included having a previous course in aging, student age, and interest in making home visits.


When simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed mouse kidney cells (mKS) were grown in the presence of susceptible indicator cells, SV40 was readily recovered from: (i) 15 transformed cell lines, (ii) transformed cells subcultured 45 times over a 7-month period in medium containing antiviral serum and bromodeoxyuridine (dBU), (iii) 45 of 46 clonal lines isolated in the presence of antiviral serum, (iv) 19 of 19 secondary clones isolated from two clonal lines, and (v) dBU-resistant transformed cell lines. dBU-resistant SV40-transformed mouse kidney cell lines were selected and shown to contain the T antigen and to have normal levels of thymidylate kinase and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) polymerase, but to be deficient in thymidine (dT) kinase. Radioautographic and biochemical experiments demonstrated that very little 3H-dT was incorporated into DNA of dBU-resistant cells during a 6-hr labeling period. After infection of dT kinase-deficient mKS cells with vaccinia virus, high levels of dT kinase were induced. The properties of SV40 recovered from dBU-sensitive and dBU-resistant cells were studied. SV40 recovered from transformed cells was shown to express in CV-1 cells at least six functions characteristic of parental virus: synthesis of capsid antigen, synthesis of T antigen, synthesis of viral DNA, induction of dT kinase, induction of DNA polymerase, and induction of host cell DNA synthesis. In addition, SV40 recovered from the transformed cells induced T antigen, dT kinase, deoxycytidylate deaminase, thymidylate kinase, and DNA polymerase in abortively infected mouse kidney cultures, and the virus was also capable of transforming primary cultures of mouse kidney cells.


Over the last two decades, the development of chemical biology and the need for more defined protein conjugates have fostered active research on new bioconjugation techniques. In particular, a wide range of biorthogonal labelling strategies have been reported to functionalize the phenol side chain of tyrosines (Tyr). Tyr occur at medium frequency and are partially buried at the protein surface, offering interesting opportunities for site-selective labelling of the most reactive residues. Tyr-targeting has proved effective for designing a wide range of important biomolecules including antibody-drug conjugates, fluorescent or radioactive protein probes, glycovaccines, protein aggregates and PEG-conjugates. Innovative methods have also been reported for site-specific labelling with ligand-directed anchors and for specific affinity capture of proteins. This review will present and discuss these promising alternatives to the conventional labelling of the nucleophilic lysine and cysteine residues.